30 minute read
TA2: Factors influencing product design
What you need to know
• The five main purposes of media products and examples • How these purposes influence the design of products.
Product design is key to the successful creation of all media products. One of the factors which influences product design is purpose. The five main purposes of media products are: • To advertise/promote, for example a web banner to advertise a new product or brand. • To educate, for example a television programme about a historical event. • To entertain, for example a comedy film. • To inform, for example a digital textbook or eBook. • To influence, for example a charity campaign to encourage donations. When a creative team receives a client brief for a media product, they need to work out its purpose. The purpose determines the tone, feel, style of language and the way it is designed.
Advertise • bus stop advert • flyer • web banner Educate • textbook cover • revision website • educational podcast Entertain • music video • comic Inform • radio quiz show • instruction booklet • transport safety video • non-fiction eBook Colour Influence Conventions • charity campaign of genre • political leaflet • environmental sign Design style, content and layout are adapted to meet each purpose
Formal/informal language Positioning of elements
Style of audio representation Style of visual representation
Tone of language DRAFT
Revise it!
• Write all of the purposes on squares of paper and put them face down in front of you.
Shuffle them and then pick one. • In 30 seconds, write down as many examples of media products with that purpose as you can. • Choose one media product from your list and write down how the purpose has influenced that product.
Remember it!
• There are five main purposes of media products: advertise, educate, entertain, inform, influence. • Each purpose influences the media product and the way that it is planned.
How style, content and layout influence product design see p. 80
What you need to know
• What style, content and layout are • How these influence product design.
Style, content and layout are all important in product design. They are combined to make a product idea. This idea is then developed further to meet the purpose and audience needs. What are style, content and layout? Style The way that colours, themes and media forms are combined together to produce a look or feel for a media product. Style can also relate to the way in which audio or video content is represented or expressed. Content The message that the product is trying to get across to the audience which is usually outlined in the brief. This could be information, experiences, emotions or ideas. In a film, this is likely to be the plot or storyline, whereas in advertising this could instead be a product or a concept. The content will often be clear from the brief, but if not it will be developed during the design stage. Layout The way that a product is structured or arranged. This includes the placement and sizing of images, text and shapes. There are expected conventions for each media product: a predictable set of components that the audience would expect to see in a product. How style, content and layout influence product design These three elements are very influential on product design. Without them it would be difficult to create a product that is cohesive and meets audience expectations. They influence product design by giving structure and a set of rules/conventions to work from to create a media product. This calendar design has clear and specific content (days, months, dates) that must be included, and a recognisable layout as a calendar. The modern and clean style relates to the content and audience expectations.DRAFT
Revise it! Remember it!
Create a revision acrostic to describe each word: STYLE, CONTENT and LAYOUT. Example: Specific theme The way colours are used You can see different styles in music videos Look or feel of a media product Each media product has a style • Style, content and layout work alongside purpose. • Media products will always contain these three elements. • Style, content and layout influence product design by providing structure and rules to work with.
How style, content and layout are adapted to meet each purpose see p. 81
What you need to know
• How style, content and layout are linked to purpose • Which aspects of style, content and layout will be used, dependent on the purpose.
Style, content and layout of a product design are adapted to meet each specific purpose.
How are style, content and layout linked to purpose? Depending on the purpose of a media product, different aspects and combinations of style, layout and content will be used. Purpose Example Style, layout and content conventions Advertising/promotional products TV advert Use persuasive and positive language, products or services look good, use positive visuals and sound, lead to an action. Educational products Educational quiz Contain both visuals and text, accessible content, formal structure, contain detailed factual information. Entertainment products Video game Interesting, surprising or even shocking use of images, text, video and/or audio, evoke emotions in the target audience. Informational products Fact sheet Instructional information or facts, may not use many images or illustrations, often have a serious or straightforward tone. Influential products Fundraising website Use persuasive language, images, video and text to convince an audience of the message. The purpose of a media product along with its style, content and layout are all combined to heavily influence the product design. Other influences on product design are client requirements and targetaudience. 1 Rawlings’ Circus need an informational leaflet containing prices Practise it! • The use of style, content and layout are all linked to purpose. Remember it! DRAFT and directions. What layout elements • Other influences on product design are should be used? (2 marks) client requirements and target audience. 2 They also want a promotional video to be created. What style elements should be included? (2 marks) 3 How would the content differ between the informational leaflet and the promotional video for Rawlings’ Circus? (4 marks)
What you need to know
• What/who a client is • What a client brief is and how it is communicated • Different client brief formats.
Designers and creative teams create media products for a client. The client will need to provide them with a brief. Client briefs can come in different formats and will always contain several client requirements. What/who is a client? The client is the person or company who is financing the media product to be created. The client could be: • the owner of the company • an artist or musician.
• a project manager (on behalf of another person/company) The client will often have quite specific opinions and thoughts on the style, content and layout of the media product, but they might not have much experience in product design. What is a client brief? This is the key piece of written or verbal information that any designer or creative team will need and from which they will design a product. Key features of a client brief are that it: • comes directly from the client • will include requirements that are necessary to make a successful product • might include a clear target audience • has a purpose which is clear from the document. Client brief formats Commission Negotiated Meeting / discussion Formal Written Informal A brief can be as detailed as a multi-page formal written document, or as short as a few sentences communicated verbally. It is up to the design team to use the information they have received in the brief to influence the product design.DRAFT
Revise it!
Write definitions for each brief format then mix them up and match them to the right name. Rewrite your definitions so that they just contain bullet points or key words. Mix and match them again.
Remember it!
• The client brief comes from someone who is funding the product. • The client might have their own requirements. • Client briefs will be communicated in different formats.
What you need to know
• What client requirements are • Interpreting requirements in client briefs to generate ideas and plan media products • That client requirements shape and inform the planning that takes place.
Client requirements form the basis of any media product and provide a starting point for the design team. What are client requirements? Client requirements are needs or expectations that the client has. The client is likely to decide whether they are happy with the product based on how their requirements have been met. Interpreting client requirements Understanding client requirements is essential to being able to generate ideas and plan media products. By being able to recognise the keywords and information in client briefs you will be able to plan your media products so they meet the client’s requirements successfully. The simplest client requirement to interpret will be the type of product. Other client requirements may require more interpretation. Client requirement What it means Purpose The client will have a clear purpose for the product and a reason for it being created. Audience The client will have an idea of the group of people they are aiming to attract. Client ethos This is the way in which the company wishes to be viewed, their reputation and the values they want to promote. Content Content could be provided in a lot of detail or could be left up to the designer to create. Genre Not all media products have a genre, but some products will need one. Style This is the stylistic elements relating to colour, font and the look and feel of the product. Theme A main subject or idea that everything hangs upon. Timescale This will state by when the finished product is needed. Any or all these client requirements may be included in a client brief and are likely to inform choices made and information included at the planning stage.DRAFT
Revise it!
Create a mnemonic to remember the client requirements based on the letters PACCGSTT. You can put the letters in any order you like, for example, ‘Purple Slime Can Actually Cause Terribly Gooey Trousers’.
Remember it!
• Client requirements are expectations that can shape product design. • There are eight areas that client requirements may cover: purpose, audience, client ethos, content, genre, style, theme and timescale.
What you need to know
• Client requirements can constrain planning and production • Client requirements provide structure and design layout limitations.
Constraints
Client requirements can constrain both the planning and production of a media product. The designers of a media product must perform a balancing act between all the different client requirements. Type of constraint Examples Constraints of purpose, audience, client ethos and timescale: There are many ways in which the purpose, audience and client ethos may put constraints on the planning and production of a media product. Constraints may also result from the timescale of the project. • A tight timescale may mean that some of the designer’s initial ideas cannot be completed. • A requirement based on client ethos or reputation may stop the design team from coming up with other ideas that may have focused on other elements of the company. • If a client has a specific target audience in mind, this rules out any ideas that would not be suitable for that audience. Constraints of content: Client requirements could also constrain the content by providing ideas or requirements that must be included within the media product. • A specific logo or image might be required. • A key phrase or slogan might be required. • A colour scheme that is already in use in other products by the client or company might be required. Constraints of style, genre and theme: As well as providing structure to a media product, the client requirements of style, genre and theme can introduce design layout limitations.
• A specific number of pages might be required. • A maximum or minimum length for a film or programme might be specified. • Specific file types might be required for distribution. DRAFT
Practise it! Remember it!
1 How might content provided by the client be a constraint? (2 marks) 2 How would a client’s choice of audience constrain product design? (2 marks) 3 Give an example of a company or organisation that has a clear colour scheme used in all its products. (1 mark) • Some of the client requirements will restrict or limit product design, planning and production. • Some requirements may affect structure and layout or content and style.
What you need to know
• A definition of audience demographics with examples • A definition of segmentation and how it works.
Media organisations use demographics and segmentation to break down and define their target audiences.
What are demographics? Demographics are the different characteristics of the population. Age Gender Occupation Income Education Location Interests Lifestyle Ethnicity What is segmentation? Demographics can be broken down further to try to create a profile that addresses a target audience. This is called segmentation. There are several ways to segment demographics. Audience needs Geographical location Interests Aspirations Opinions Behaviours When several demographics are considered and are then segmented, a more specific target audience can be defined. Demographic + segmentation = Target audience For example, an 18-year-old male, with an interest in computer games, who has aspirations to be a graphic designer and strong opinions on who the best graphic artist is, and likes to play basketball for his local team at the weekends = the target audience for the latest virtual team manager basketball video game. Remember it!Revise it! DRAFT
List all the demographics, study them and then cover them. Now try to rewrite them in alphabetical order.
Try to combine and segment each demographic by breaking it down further.
For example, 16–18 year olds who are interested in Manga, or women aged 40–60 who hate Love Island. • Demographics are population characteristics. • Segmentation is a way that these population characteristics can be broken down further to identify a target audience. • The more segmentation that takes place, the more specific a target audience becomes.
What you need to know
• What the benefits of segmentation are • What demographic influence is.
This important stage of product design and planning involves finding out who the target audience is so that its needs can be considered. Segmentation helps with this process.
Benefits of segmentation Benefit What it means Specific Focus your message on the right group of people. Tailored message Create a clearer message rather than having to be vague for a larger audience. Identifiable There is a real group of people who can be contacted. Content matches preferences The likes, differences and opinions of the audience can be researched. Achievable It is much more manageable both in time and cost. Meeting needs When you know who the audience are, you can find out what they need. Success that is measurable You can obtain specific feedback. Demographic influence Audience demographics have a strong influence over the design and production of media products. Identify a clear target audience and you can find out what they want, need and their spending/listening/viewing/reading behaviours. If the target audience do not like a media product, it is unlikely to be successful. Playmobil: The Movie became one of the biggest box office flops of all time when it was released in 2019. The film opened on more than 2,337 screens in the US but only took $670,000 over its first three days of release. According to reviewers the jokes didn’t make children laugh and the music wasn’t catchy. Audiences didn’t seem to engage with the storyline either. This is an example where the media product was not liked by the target audience.DRAFT
Revise it!
Use the acronym ‘STICAMS’ to learn each of the benefits of segmentation. Think of a sentence made from the letters to help you remember (a mnemonic). For example, ‘Stripy Tablecloths In Castles Are Mighty Silly’.
Remember it!
• There are seven benefits of segmentation. • All these benefits relate to the target audience becoming smaller and more manageable. • Target audience influence is important for the success of a product.
What you need to know
• What primary research methods and secondary research sources are • What validity and reliability are and why research needs to be valid and reliable.
Research is an important aspect of the design, planning and production stages to inform the detail of the product. Audience research can have a huge influence on the design of a media product.
Primary and secondary research Design teams will often use a combination of primary research methods and secondary research sources to produce target audience research information. Primary research Secondary research Relates to first-hand accounts, data or opinions on something from someone who has had a direct connection with the product or idea. Methods: • Focus groups • Interviews • Online surveys • Questionnaires
Usually second-hand accounts of relevant information. They sometimes quote from or use primary research methods, but they might also provide some data analysis or commentary. Sources: • Books and journals • Internet sites and research • Magazines and newspapers • Television Validity and reliability • Validity: This is when the method you use to collect your data is measuring what you intended it to measure. • Reliability: This is how consistent and accurate the data is. Why are validity and reliability important? If sources are not reliable and valid, they will potentially provide incorrect information and the research may produce inaccurate results. Time and money would be wasted, and the product may not be successful.DRAFT
Revise it!
Create a mood board of secondary research sources that could be used, for example, a textbook. Create a mind map of the different primary research methods and add in how they could be created, distributed and when they might be useful.
Remember it!
• Design teams can complete primary and/ or secondary research. • Primary and secondary research techniques can be used together when developing a media product. • Research needs to be valid and reliable.
What you need to know
• What qualitative and quantitative data are • What the advantages and disadvantages are of both types of data.
Both primary and secondary research can provide us with two different types of data: quantitative and qualitative. Both have their own advantages and disadvantages. Media production companies will often use both.
Qualitative and quantitative data Data type Advantages Disadvantages Qualitative: • Detailed and individual information received through primary and secondary research • Not data that can be obtained with yes/no answers or multiple-choice questions • Can often produce key relevant details that would not otherwise have been found out • First-hand quotes and sound bites • Can be difficult and time-consuming to analyse • Hard to compare one response to another Quantitative: • Many short-answer responses • Building up a picture by analysis of the numbers and responses generated • Often called statistics • Gives a wider picture from more people • Quick and easy to analyse
• Data lacks depth and detail • May not get the whole picture or know the reasons why the statistics have come out that way 1 A company publishing an eBook wish to undertake research to gain data on what devices people read eBooks. What type of data is required for this? (1 mark) Practise it! • Qualitative means detail; quantitative relates to numbers. • Both types of data have advantages and disadvantages. • Companies will often use both types of Remember it! DRAFT 2 Name one type of research that data when designing products. would produce qualitative data and one that would produce quantitative data. (2 marks) 3 The client wishes to know what the advantages and disadvantages of qualitative data are for getting feedback on their new television programme. (4 marks)
What you need to know
• Know the differences between technical, symbolic and written media codes • The media elements used within technical, symbolic and written codes.
A media code is the use of different elements to convey meaning, create impact and/or engage audiences.
Technical codes The way that different pieces of equipment are used to create meaning, impact or engagement in a specific media form. Symbolic codes These codes use our understanding of society, culture and real life. They relate to the meanings we give to objects, locations and actions. Written codes These codes use formal written language: words and phrases. They refer to printed, written and spoken language in a media product. Media elements These media elements are used to create meaning, impact and engagement. Audio Animations Typography Transitions Colour Graphics Interactivity Lighting
Camera techniques Media elements
Movement Mise-en-scèneDRAFT
Revise it!
Create three columns: one for technical codes, one for symbolic codes and one for written codes. Place each of the media elements into the appropriate columns and provide an example of each.
Remember it!
• Technical codes = how equipment is used • Symbolic codes = how our lives are reflected • Written codes = how words and phrases are used
What you need to know
• Camera techniques: camera shots and angles that can be used • Camera movement – particularly for emphasis.
The specific camera techniques and movements chosen can happen individually or together. These media elements work together as a technical code.
Camera techniques Choosing the right camera angle, shot or movement is important because they convey meaning, and create impact on the audience. The wrong choice of camera technique may result in the audience not being engaged or the purpose of the photo or video not being fulfilled. Camera angle: The angle at which the camera is positioned so that it captures the subject of the shot in a certain way. Camera shots: The way the camera has been set up to start rolling, to film a scene or to take a photo. Camera movement: The camera will stay still for a lot of the shots and angles, but on occasion the camera will move to emphasise a particular point. • Low angle • High angle • Eye level • Dutch angle / canted angle / tilt shot • Bird’s eye view / overhead shot • Worm’s eye view • Long shot / wide shot • Establishing shot • Medium or mid shot • Close up / extreme close up shot • Two shot • Over the shoulder shot • Point of view shot • Tilt • Track • Pan • Zoom Low-angle shot of a horse and jockey in a racing programme to show their power and strength Extreme close-up of an American toad in a nature documentary to enable the audience to see its features
The camera has panned to keep up with the cyclist in this film, which has rendered the background blurry but has kept the cyclist in focus DRAFT
Revise it! Remember it!
Use your phone or a camera to take photos with different shots and angles. Using the photos you have taken, make a revision presentation document or flash cards with a definition of each shot and angle shown with an example. You could do the same for camera movement by taking videos on your phone/camera and then adding these to your presentation or flash cards. • There are various camera angles, shots and movements, which can be used to add emphasis. • Different angles, shots and movements can all be used together. • If a camera is not moving, it is referred to as a still shot.
What you need to know
• Lighting intensity/levels • Positioning of lights.
Lighting intensity and positioning are always used together as a technical code.
Lighting
Lighting refers to the use of natural, indoor and specialist lighting to light the objects within a shot. Intensity/levels The words intensity and levels both refer to a light’s brightness, and the output of light. Individual lights can be dimmed or brightened, the size of the lights can be controlled, and light can be blocked out or even diffused. Lighting can also be used to purposely create shadows and pockets of darkness which will add to the mood or tone of a scene. The scenes filmed with bright lights would be using high key lighting. The scenes that contain shadows and darkness with subdued lighting would be using low key lighting. The high key lighting in this shot of a football coach could alternatively be used to advertise the benefits of a particular brand of coffee in the mornings, showing everything in a natural, bright and positive light. The low key lighting in this shot could be used to give the audience visual cues about the nature of a character in a crime drama. Positioning This refers to the way that lights are placed in a scene, both in terms of location and angle.
Front lighting Three quarter lighting Back lighting Side lighting Practical lighting
Low angle DRAFT lighting
Revise it!
Find three light sources (phones, lamps) and place an object in the middle. Set up the lights to demonstrate the different positions and see what happens to the lighting of the object.
Remember it!
• Camera techniques would be used alongside lighting. • Both lighting intensity and positioning are important. • Light blocking, diffusion and creation of shadows are often used as lighting techniques to create mood.
What you need to know
• How graphic design combines graphics and colour as a technical code • How typography contributes to written codes.
Colour
Colours have meanings associated with them. These associated meanings are also called connotations. The connotations of colours vary with cultural and geographical differences. As an example, the table shows some of the generally recognised colour connotations in the UK. Red Blue Green Orange Black Gold / silver Yellow Purple White
Love Freedom Nature Warmth Power Purity Happiness Luxury Purity Anger Calm Good luck Joy Fear Wealth Creativity Nobility Innocence Fire Escape Health Fun Darkness Grandeur Optimism Royalty Cleanliness Passion Rest Jealousy Energy Shadows Courage Warmth Wisdom Perfection Danger Peace Life Strength Elegance Wisdom Hazards (with black) Wealth Goodness
Action Patience Mystery Hope Peace Heaven Graphics Graphics are visual images that have been created either by hand or on the computer, which represent or enhance the message. Text or sound is often used to add clarity to the graphic’s meaning. Diagrams Illustrations Drawings Cartoon characters Logos Abstract shapes Patterns Typography Typography involves creating a specific style and arrangement of letters to make words clear, readable and appealing. The letters can create a feeling, tone, mood or remind you of a particular brand. Emphasis Font size Font type DRAFT
Revise it!
• Type out all the colours, in their corresponding colour. Add in the associated meanings and provide examples. • Find examples of each graphic type and create an infographic explaining each one. • Visit Dafont.com and test out different fonts, font sizes and emphasis. Look at how different typography affects mood, tone or feeling.
Remember it!
• Different colours have different meanings. • Graphics can enhance a message. • There are seven different types of graphics. • Typography is about the size, font and emphasis of letters.
What you need to know
• How animations are made and the different types of transitions • Interactivity and examples of interactive products and elements.
Animations, transitions and interactivity are all enhancements that can be used as technical codes in visual products such as websites or videos. Animations Animations are used to improve or enhance a message or meaning for the audience. They are also used to show something that would otherwise be too difficult to portray. They could be hand drawn, designed on the computer or developed using green screen technology. The Wallace and Gromit animated films by Aardman Animations have been turned into merchandise, had spin offs (Shaun the Sheep) and even a ride based on them created at Blackpool Pleasure Beach. Interactivity Many media products are interactive, meaning that the audience can take control of them in some way. Examples of interactive products and elements are: • Computer games • Kiosk products • Websites • Apps
• Embedded links • Web menus • Online photo galleries Tankee, a gaming network app that streams gaming videos that are safe for children, is just one example of an interactive product. Transitions Transitions move the eye from one shot or slide to the next. These are applied postproduction, in the editing process. There are several types of transition. Cut Dissolve Cutaway Wipe Fade Split cut / sound bridge Match cut Jump cutDRAFT
Revise it!
• Find three animations that are used in media products and analyse how they enhance the message. • Watch a trailer and note down each transition, what type of transition is it and why has it been used. • Visit the eBay website and note down the interactivity that is available on the website.
Remember it!
• Animations can be hand drawn or digital. • Animations often make it easier to show a message or idea. • There are eight transitions that are applied in post-production. • Interactivity allows the audience to take control of the media product.
What you need to know
• The elements of mise-en-scène • What movement is and what it adds to a scene.
Mise-en-scène elements of actors, props, scenery and costumes, hair and make-up are combined to create a message. They are often combined with movement to create moving image products. Mise-en-scène The term mise-en-scène relates to the different elements placed in a shot or scene. These elements need to fit together well to convey a clear message. Scenery – Castle walls and snow Props – Swords Actors – Stood together, defensive but defiant postures Hair and make-up – Intricate plaits vs rugged hair and beard Costumes – Crown, regal robe, armour Movement • The term movement relates to characters and objects moving within a frame. • Movement can add more to a story, over and above the dialogue. • The more objects or actors are moving, the more energy is produced in the scene. Remember it!Revise it!DRAFT
Choose any television programme of any genre and fast forward through it.
Press pause at a random moment. Identify the mise-en-scène elements in that scene and how they contribute to the message that is being conveyed.
Now, play 30 seconds of the TV programme and analyse what movement there is in the clip and what it adds to the story. • There are six mise-en-scène elements that work together. • These elements all help to build the story or message of the scene/image. • The movement of the actors and objects works alongside the mise-en-scène elements.
Audio see p. 97
What you need to know
• The different types of audio • The meaning and impact of different audio types.
Audio can be used to add layers of meaning to a media product or create atmosphere so that an audience (often subconsciously) learns more. Types of audio
Types of audio Sound effects Silence Dialogue
E.g. hip hop A style of music E.g. whispering The way in which dialogue is spoken E.g. wind A sound other than speech or music E.g. characters do not speak and there is no ambient sound The absence of sound E.g. conversation between two people Lines spoken by a character or voice-over Music genre Vocal intonation Meaning and impact Dialogue, narration and voice-over can used as both a technical code and a written code. The language used and the way in which the words are spoken are both important and will add impact to the message being conveyed to the audience. Layers of sounds are added on top of each other to create a depth of sound, which adds meaning to the message being conveyed as well as having a stronger impact on the audience. DRAFT
Revise it!
Listen to any commercial radio station advert and note down all the different audio types you hear, along with how many layers of sound you think are being used. Explain what you think the impact of each sound layer is and how meaning is created for the audience.
Remember it!
• There are five different audio types: dialogue, music, silence, sound effects and vocal intonation. • Layers of sound using these audio types are built up.
see p. 97
What you need to know
• That technical, symbolic and written codes are in use at the same time • How the three types of code work together with the content to convey a message.
Combining content and media codes
• Symbolic codes allow the audience to make cultural and real-life connections to the media product. These are based on the meanings created by the choices a designer or director has made. • Technical codes enhance those connections and develop the storyline. They are the practical and equipment-based choices that are made for a media product. • Written codes can be both text and dialogue.
Lighting/colour: Modern coloured lights in green and blue indicate Lighting: High key (bright) lighting nature, but with a contemporary feel. Convey that the guests are up provided by multiple lights makes to date and current. This provides a natural environment to chat in. the show feel natural and laid back. Mise-en-scène (props/scenery): Artificial leafy bush adds to the natural / outdoor theme. Camera techniques: This camera is likely to take a two-shot and a mid-shot. Close ups could also be taken from this camera too. These shots will connect the cast with the audience so they feel part of the conversation.
Mise-en-scène: Orange rug fits Mise-en-scène (props): Yellow with the autumnal palette. sunflowers suggest positivity.
Mise-en-scène (costume): Informal clothes make the presenter seem relaxed. Mise-en-scène (costume): Guest is wearing brightly coloured, formal wear to suggest she is special/ different. This helps the audience focus on her and what she is saying. Mise-en-scène (scenery): Background image of horse in a field and another of a landscape. These are either part of the natural / outdoor theme of the show or may relate to the specific guest.DRAFT In this shot of a talk show, technical (camera techniques), symbolic (lighting, colours, mise-enscène) and written (audio dialogue) codes are being combined to create layers of meaning for the audience. If we also saw the opening shot of the talk show with the title, we would see the talk show name in text, which would add an additional written code for the audience.
Revise it!
Look at the media elements identified in the diagram above. Decide if each element is a technical, symbolic or written code or a combination of code types working together.
Remember it!
• Media elements will be used to form technical, symbolic and written codes. • These codes create meaning for and impact on the audience.
