Cambridge Nationals Sport Studies Revision Guide Issuu Sample by Cambridge International Education

CAMBRIDGE NATIONAL LEVEL 1 / LEVEL 2

Sport Studies

Revision Guide and Workbook

Duncan Jagger

Digital Access Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

FT A R D Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

CAMBRIDGE NATIONAL LEVEL 1 / 2

Sport Studies

Duncan Jagger

Revision Guide and Workbook

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

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Contents Preparing for the exam Your Revision Guide and Workbook

Planning your revision

Revision techniques

Getting ready for the exam

What to expect in the exam

Revision checklist

Unit R184: Contemporary issues in sport Revision Guide Issues which affect participation in sport

TA2:

The role of sport in promoting values

TA3:

he implications of hosting a major sporting event for a T city or country

he role national governing bodies (NGBs) play in the T development of their sport

The use of technology in sport

TA5:

Workbook

TA4:

TA1:

Issues which affect participation in sport

TA2

The role of sport in promoting values

TA3

he implications of hosting a major sporting event for a T city or country

he role national governing bodies (NGBs) play in the T development of their sport

TA1

TA4

The use of technology in sport

TA5

106

Glossary

Key terms

117

Command words

119

Answers Answers to Practise it! activities

120

Answers to Workbook questions

131

3 Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

Preparing for the exam Your Revision Guide and Workbook This Revision Guide will support you in preparing for the exam for Unit R184 Contemporary issues in sport. This is the externally assessed unit of your Sport Studies J829 course. The Revision Guide contains two types of pages as shown below: •

Revision pages help you revise the content you need to know.

•

Workbook pages with practice exam-style questions to help you prepare for your exam.

Practise it

Use these page references to move easily between the linked Revision Guide and Workbook pages.

activities to help you, test your knowledge and practise your skills for the exam.

What you need to know summarises key things you need to know for the topic.

provides the key points you need to remember.

Revision summary

Activities

help you revise topics, test your knowledge and practise questions.

Workbook pages match the Revision Guide pages.

Practise short answer and longer answer questions to help you prepare for the exam.

Write your answers in the spaces provided. Some of these answers have been started for you.

Preparing for the exam

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Planning your revision Countdown to the exam Revision planner checklists are a good way for you to plan and structure your revision. They also allow you to make sure you have covered everything you need to cover.

Revision planner checklist Time before Things to do the exam

•

Use the Revision checklist on page 18 to work out which topics you need to cover.

•

Use the topic area headings and bullets to organise your notes and to make sure you’ve covered everything in the specification.

•

Don’t do too much in one day – a couple of hours of good-quality work in a day is better than trying to cram.

•

Work out which of the topic areas you still find difficult and plan when you’ll cover them.

•

You may be able to discuss tricky topics with your teacher or class colleagues.

•

As you get to grips with some of the knowledge you need, you can ‘tick off’ the topic areas that have been worrying you.

Draw up a revision timetable so that you know how much time you have to get through everything.

4−6 weeks

•

6−8 weeks

Make the most of the revision sessions you’re offered in class. Don’t skip them!

1 week

•

Make a daily plan to revise those few topic areas you’re not confident about and look back at your revision cards (see ‘Revision techniques’ section below) if you’ve made some.

Day before

•

Try not to cram today – get some exercise and relax in the afternoon.

•

Make sure you know what time and where the exam is, and put all your things out (pencils, pens, calculator, bus pass, water) ready for the next day.

•

Get a good night’s sleep!

•

Revise it! Using the example above, create your own revision planner checklist. Identify areas that you are not so confident about and think of ways to tackle these.

Preparing for the exam

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Revision tips

Plan your revision

Choose the methods Make a list of all the key that work for you dates from when you For example: • use highlighters for key words and phrases

start your revision up to the exam date.

• make note cards

Plan to space your revision out so that you don’t try to do everything at once!

Take breaks Plan regular breaks during your revision. Go for a short walk or get some fresh air. It will make you more focused when you do revise!

• use mnemonics made up of the first letters of words (for example, use ‘UPS’ to remember ‘User groups’, ‘Possible barriers’ and ‘Solutions to barriers’).

Don’t cram!

Identify your strengths and weaknesses

Questions can be asked about any area of the specification. It is easier to answer a question if you have revised everything.

Complete the ‘Revision checklist’ at the end of each chapter and identify areas that you feel less confident about. Give yourself additional time to revise these areas.

Lear n ever ythi ng!

Stay healthy!

Exercise, fresh air, good food and staying hydrated will all help you to revise.

Practis e! Practising exam-style questions will help you get to grips with the question types, as well as the time pressure and the format of the exam.

Att end revi sion clas ses !

Use mind maps!

Don’t skip revision classes – it can really help to revise with your friends as well as by yourself.

Mind maps are great for connecting ideas and memorising information more quickly and easily. Preparing for the exam

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

Revision techniques Flash cards/revision cards These are useful for summarising content, key word definitions and important facts. Use colours to make certain things stand out – for example, you could use different colours for advantages and disadvantages or for key words. You can test yourself using these revision cards.

Mind maps These are a really useful visual summary of information and you can put them on the wall. They allow you to show links between ideas and concepts. You can start by adding the topic to the centre of the diagram and then add the sub-topics around that and a summary of the information.

Paralympic values • • • •

Courage Determination Inspiration Equality

These values are different to the sporting values. Make sure that you learn these.

Olympic values • • •

You Can

The Olympic and Paralympic Movement

Excellence Friendship Respect

The text for the Olympic Creed was taken from a speech given at the London 1908 games.

This design represented the 5 continents of that time, rather than the 7 continents that make up the modern world

The 5 colours – blue, yellow, black, green and red – represented the colours of the flags of all nations at that time

The Olympic rings are really recognisable. These are known as the Olympic symbol.

The Creed “The most important thing is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered, but to have taught well.”

The symbol The five interlocking rings represent the closeness between the 5 continents.

Revise it! Create a mind map activity for a topic of your choice.

Preparing for the exam

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Highlighting Making notes and highlighting key areas to go back to is a good way of working out what you know and don’t know. You can then use these notes as you come to your final revision. You can use different colours to highlight different factors or different types of information. For example, you could highlight any key sports terminology in yellow.

Summaries On the revision pages of this book, you’ll find summaries of key ideas and themes. Use these to help you summarise the key points you’ll need to remember to answer questions on those topics. For example, you need to know factors affecting participation in sport. You can make a summary of these yourself – and if you think through these points in the exam, you are more likely to remember them.

Mnemonics

A mnemonic is another useful way of remembering key facts by using the first letter of each of the parts to make up a memorable phrase. For example, you could use ROORR to remember the types of scheduling for major sporting events: ‘Regular’, ‘One-Off’ and ‘Regular and Recurring’.

Quizzes

Many people enjoy quizzes and creating, and sharing quizzes with your friends and class is a great way to remember facts and concepts. You could suggest to your teacher that, in pairs, you create a quiz of ten questions each week and go through the questions with another pair, swapping your answers. This is also a good way for you to check your knowledge. Make a note of the topic areas where you didn’t know the answers and add these to your revision list.

Practice questions

Doing past papers and practice exam questions is an essential part of your revision. It prepares you for answering different types of exam questions and allows you to become familiar with the wording of the questions used by OCR.

You should also use the mark scheme. This will help you understand how to get full marks for each question. It is helpful to highlight key words in exam questions so you’re clear what the question is asking before you answer it.

Preparing for the exam

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

Getting ready for the exam Use the revision checklist and all your revision material to make sure you are as prepared as possible. Practise plenty of exam questions and quick quizzes.

Get plenty of sleep

Keep hydrated but don’t drink too much

Eat a good, healthy meal Have a nutritious healthy meal that you enjoy the night before the exam and a filling breakfast on the day of the exam to give you a boost ready for your exam.

It’s important that you stay hydrated but don’t overdo it or you’ll be running to the toilet. Exams can make you a bit nervous too, which means you might need to go to the toilet a bit more frequently. Water is best.

Make sure you get a good night’s sleep the night before the exam. Don’t stay up late cramming as you need time to switch off and relax before going to bed.

Getting ready for the exam

Make sure you have all the things you need

Get everything ready the night before – including all writing equipment, a calculator if you need one (and are allowed one), a water bottle, tissues if you have a sniff, and any identification you might need (candidate number if you have been given one).

Set your alarm If your exam is in the morning, set an alarm or two so you have plenty of time to get to the exam. If you’re still worried about oversleeping, ask a friend or someone in your family to make sure you’re up.

Arrive in plenty of time

Don’t be tempted to cram

Know when and where the exam is. Get there at least 15 minutes before it starts. If your exam is in an unfamiliar part of the school and away from where you normally study, you might have to leave home a bit earlier. Don’t be distracted on the way!

Too much last-minute cramming can scramble your brain! You may find that being relaxed rather than attempting last-minute cramming will help you recall the facts you need, but you may also want to revise the key facts before setting off for the exam.

Preparing for the exam

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

What to expect in the exam As part of your qualification in Sport Studies you will take an exam that is worth 40% of your marks. It is important that from the beginning you start to think about the exam and the skills you’ll need to get the best possible grade. Answering exam questions is a skill. Like any other skill, it can be learnt, practised and improved. The following is an outline of what to expect in the exam, the types of questions and what the paper looks like. You need to answer all the questions.

Types of questions to expect in the exam Exam questions can be asked about any area of the specification, which means that you have to learn everything! The exam paper will contain three types of question: Description

Multiple-choice question (MCQ)

• A question with four answer options. • Worth 1 mark.

Short-answer question

• A question usually requiring a one-word answer or a simple sentence. • Worth 1–4 marks.

Long-answer question

• An open-response question where you are expected to do a piece of extended writing. • Worth up to 8 marks. • These questions allow you to be assessed on the quality of your written communication.

Question type

Understanding the language of the exam

The command word is the key term that tells you how to answer the question. It is essential to know what the different command words mean and what they ask you to do. It is easy to confuse the words and provide too much information, not enough information or the wrong information. The following tables will help you understand what each command word is asking you to do.

Command words that ask you to get creative Command Word

OCR definition

How you should approach it

Create

• Produce a visual solution to a problem (for example, a mind map, flowchart or visualisation).

Show your answer in a visual way. You might want to use a mind map, a flow chart or a diagram. Think about the best way to show the required information.

Draw

• Produce a picture or diagram.

Create a picture or diagram to show the relevant information.

Command words that ask you to do your maths Command Word

OCR definition

How you should approach it

Calculate

• Get a numerical answer showing how it has been worked out.

Do your maths. Give the final answer but make sure you show how you got there.

Preparing for the exam

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Command words that ask you to choose the correct answer Command Word

OCR definition

How you should approach it

Choose

• Select an answer from options given.

Pick the option that you think is correct.

Circle

• Select an answer from options given.

Draw a circle around the right answer.

Identify

• Select an answer from options given. • Recognise, name or provide factors or features.

Either choose the correct answer from those given or write the name, factors or features that are asked for.

Command words that ask you to add to something OCR definition

How you should approach it

Annotate

• Add information, for example, to a table, diagram or graph until it is final. • Add all the needed or appropriate parts.

Add short notes to the table, diagram or graph to say what each part is.

Complete

• Add all the needed or appropriate parts. • Add information, for example, to a table, diagram or graph until it is final.

Add the information that is missing. Often you will need to give just one word as an answer, but sometimes you may need to write more. You may need to finish drawing a diagram or graph.

Fill in

• Add all the needed or appropriate parts. • Add information, for example, to a table, diagram or graph until it is final.

Add the information that is missing. Often you will need to give just one word as an answer, but sometimes you may need to write more.

Label

• Add information, for example, to a table, diagram or graph until it is final. • Add all the necessary or appropriate parts.

This often refers to a diagram or a picture. Add words or short phrases to say what each part is. You could add arrows next to your label that point to the right part of the diagram or graph.

Command Word

Command words that ask you to give the main points OCR definition

How you should approach it

Outline

• Give a short account, summary or description.

Write about the main points. Don’t write lots of detailed information.

State

• Give factors or features. • Give short, factual answers.

Give a short answer that names factors or features of something. Sometimes you will be asked to give a certain number of factors or features.

Command Word

Command words that ask you to be factual Command Word

OCR definition

How you should approach it

Describe

• Give an account including all the relevant characteristics, qualities or events. • Give a detailed account of.

This is the ‘what’. Write about what something is.

Explain

• Give reasons for and/or causes of. • Use words or phrases such as ‘because’, ‘therefore’ or ‘this means that’ in answers.

This is the ‘how’ and the ‘why’. Write about how something happens or works and why it does.

Preparing for the exam

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Command words that ask you to give an opinion OCR definition

How you should approach it

Analyse

• Separate or break down information into parts and identify its characteristics or elements. • Explain the pros and cons of a topic or argument and make reasoned comments. • Explain the impacts of actions using a logical chain of reasoning.

This term wants you to write about the details. Write about each part in turn, giving key information and saying what is positive or negative about it.

Compare and contrast

• Give an account of the similarities and differences between two or more items or situations.

‘Compare’ means to say what is the same about two (or more) things. ‘Contrast’ means to say what is different about two (or more) things.

Discuss

• Present, analyse and evaluate relevant points (for example, for/against an argument).

Write about something in detail, including its strengths and weaknesses. Say what you think about each side of the argument. You don’t need to take a side.

Evaluate

• Make a reasoned qualitative judgement considering different factors and using available knowledge/experience.

Write down the argument for and against something, then give your opinion about which is the strongest argument.

Justify

• Give good reasons for offering an opinion Write what you think would be the best option or reaching a conclusion. and say why you think this. Give evidence to support your answer.

Command Word

Practise it!

Now go to https://www.cambridge.org/go/ and complete the practice questions on understanding the exam command words.

Why it matters!

Solutions

Not attempting a question

You won’t get any marks for a blank answer.

• Answer every question. • Write something – you may pick up a few marks, which can add up to make the difference between grades. • Use your general knowledge. • State the obvious. • Think ‘What would my teacher say to that?’

Not answering the question that is asked

You won’t get any marks • Know what the command words are looking for. for writing about another • RTQ – read the question. topic or for answering the • ATQ – answer the question. wrong command word.

Not providing enough points to achieve the marks

You won’t gain full marks if you haven’t expanded on your answer.

Common mistakes

Common exam mistakes

• Look at the number of marks next to the question. 1 mark = one point; 2 marks = two points, 3 marks = three points, etc. • Consider whether the question requires further explanation or discussion.

Preparing for the exam

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Answering long-answer questions Planning your answer It is helpful to plan your answer for 8-mark questions to help you organise your thoughts. You don’t need to take too long. A spider diagram will help you get your answer in the right order and make sure you don’t forget anything. For example: Legacy of new sporting facilities

Increase in traffic, litter and noise

Raising the profile of the host nation

New facilities not used after the event

Event costs more to host than revenue generated

Impacts on the host country

Greater interest in a wide range of sports

Possible negative media coverage

Improved national morale

Revise it!

Create a spider diagram plan like the one below for the following question:

‘Discuss the potential positive and negative aspects of hosting a major sporting event.’

(8 marks)

Tip: You could refer to pages 38–47 of the Revision Guide to help you.

Preparing for the exam

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

The exam paper

Make sure you know how long you have got.

Write your first name and last name clearly in the boxes.

Ensure that you write clear, structured answers so that you can get maximum marks.

Preparing for the exam

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

The number of marks indicates the number of values to match to a definition. In this case, four need to be matched.

The question is asking you to draw four lines to match. Be sure to draw four matching lines to get full marks.

Highlight or underline key words in the question. Here you need to give intrinsic factors.

Preparing for the exam

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

Revision checklist Topic Area

What you should know

Topic area 1:

User groups

Issues which affect participation in sport

•

User groups who participate in sport

•

People with disabilities

Possible barriers •

Barriers to participation in sport 1

•

Barriers to participation in sport 2

Possible barrier solutions Solutions to barriers affecting participation

•

Factors which can positively and negatively impact upon the popularity of sport in the UK •

Factors affecting the popularity of sport

Emerging/new sports in the UK

•

The growth of new and emerging sports 1

•

The growth of new and emerging sports 2

Topic area 2:

Sport values

The role of sport in promoting values

•

Sporting values 1

•

Sporting values 2

The Olympic and Paralympic movement The Olympic movement

• •

The Paralympic movement

Sporting values initiatives and campaigns •

Sporting initiatives and campaigns

The importance of etiquette and sporting behaviour

•

The importance of performer etiquette

•

The importance of spectator etiquette

Preparing for the exam

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

The use of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) in sport

Topic area 3:

•

Why people use PEDs in sport

•

Reasons why PEDs shouldn’t be used

•

The role of WADA – drugs testing

•

The role of WADA – education

The features of a major sporting event

The implications • The features of a major sporting event 1 of hosting a major sporting event for a • The features of a major sporting event 2 city or country Positive and negative pre-event aspects of hosting a major sporting event •

Positives and negatives before hosting 1

•

Positives and negatives before hosting 2

Potential positive and negative aspects of hosting a major sporting event Economic and sporting benefits of hosting

•

Social benefits of hosting

•

Drawbacks of hosting 1

•

Drawbacks of hosting 2

•

Positive aspects after the sporting event

•

Negative aspects after the sporting event

•

Topic area 4:

The role national governing bodies (NGBs) play in the development of their sport

National governing bodies (NGBs)

•

NGBs – promoting participation

•

NGBs – working with partners to promote participation

•

NGBs – developing coaches and officials

•

NGBs – organising competitions

•

NGBs – providing rules, discipline and support

•

NGBs – developing policies and initiatives

•

NGBs – receiving and distributing funding

Preparing for the exam

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

The role of technology in sport

The use of technology in sport

•

Technology enhancing performance – wearable technology

•

Technology enhancing performance – other methods 1

•

Technology enhancing performance – other methods 2

•

Technology increasing participants’ safety

•

Technology improving fair play and officiating

•

Technology improving decision-making

•

Technology enhancing spectatorship 1

•

Technology enhancing spectatorship 2

Topic area 5:

Positive and negative effects of the use of technology in sport Positive and negative effects of technology

•

Preparing for the exam

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User groups who participate in sport

see p.64

What I need to know •

The different user groups who participate in physical activity or sport.

•

The different needs and issues that affect participation.

We place people into groups so that we can discuss and try to solve any problems with their different needs. People are grouped by the things that they have in common, like their beliefs, economic situation or family commitments. It is important to know what these user groups are and how they all differ.

The different user groups People from different ethnic groups

Retired people and people over 60

Families with children

Carers

People with family commitments

Young children

Teenagers

People with disabilities

Parents (singles or couples)

People who work

Unemployed or economically disadvantaged

Gender

You will need to know the needs of and differences between all these user groups. Some of these groups are described in more detail below.

Retired or over 60s

Somebody’s gender identity is who they know themselves to be. Traditionally people are grouped into two genders (male and female), but this is not an accurate reflection of the world. Transgender athletes have only been allowed to participate in the Olympic Games since 2004. Sports such as football have male and female teams, who don’t play together or compete against each other.

Retired and older people often have more time as they do not work, but they are also more likely to have physical difficulties. Many older people still enjoy sports such as running, but activities for this group are often low-impact, such as bowls, aqua aerobics and Nordic walking, or adapted from traditional sports, such as walking football/netball.

Gender

Practise it!

Remember it!

•

Needs can be very specific to a user group and only apply to those people.

•

Most people are in more than one group. For example, somebody might be a single parent from a minority ethnic group who works.

Describe two needs of young children when they are taking part in sports. (2 marks) Explain why unemployed people might have specific needs when taking part in sports. (2 marks)

Revision Guide

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

People with disabilities

see p.65

What I need to know •

People with disabilities often face extra challenges when accessing sport.

•

There is a wide range of disabilities that are not always visible or obvious.

A person with a disability is someone who has a long-term physical or mental impairment that has a negative effect on their ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities, such as sport.

Wheelchair sports

It is important to understand that people with disabilities don’t have only physical disabilities or are wheelchair users. Examples of disabilities include:

Sportspeople who use wheelchairs usually have the same needs as sportspeople who are not wheelchair users. Existing facilities rarely need to be adapted, other than allowing access with a lift or a ramp.

•

hearing impairment

•

neurological conditions

•

learning disabilities.

Common mistakes

Different types of disabilities

Wheelchair sports are popular around the world. At the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games, athletes in wheelchairs competed in events such as athletics, basketball, fencing, boccia, shooting and table tennis.

A common error when answering questions about people with disabilities is to assume that all disabilities that affect participation in sport are physical, or that they all require a wheelchair. Another is the assumption that all people with disabilities have the same lifelong aim to take part in the Paralympics. You need to know that not all people with disabilities share the same dream, and many use sport purely as a means of socialising.

Practise it!

Remember it!

•

If sports facilities adapt their access and equipment, more people with disabilities will be able to take part in sport.

•

People with disabilities aren’t always wheelchair users and their disabilities won’t always be visible.

Identify four needs of people with disabilities participating in sport.

(4 marks)

Identify one sport that can be adapted for people with the following disabilities and give an example of each adaptation. (4 marks) •

Visual impairment

•

Learning disabilities

Revision Guide

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

Barriers to participation in sport 1

see p.66

What I need to know •

Some people can’t access sporting activities in the same way that others can.

•

There is a wide range of reasons why people find it difficult to participate in sport.

Barriers for different user groups Example of a barrier

Gender

Media portrayal of gender stereotypes in sports. This can lead to people lacking confidence to participate.

Different ethnic groups

A lack of relevant role models in some activities. This might lead to low participation in these sports.

Retired or over 60

A lack of appropriate activities. This could make people in this demographic (group) feel too worried to join a session at a gym.

Families with children

The cost of taking part in sporting activities. This can be too high if paying for every member of a large family to participate.

Carers

The inability to leave alone the people who they care for. This might make it hard or even impossible for carers to make it to timetabled activities.

User group

People with family commitments Lack of sessions at a suitable time to fit in around a person’s commitments to their elderly parents.

Teenagers

Lack of transport. The children probably need to be taken to activities by a parent or guardian so have to go when the adult is available.

Young children

Small range of activities on offer. This could be because of a lack of specialist facilities or accessibility issues.

People with disabilities

Lack of activities that appeal to teenagers, and some gyms don’t allow under-16s to attend without an adult.

A lack of crèche/nursery provision at the gym. This would mean that single parents would struggle to find time to participate.

People who work

Lack of time. Sessions and opening times may also be incompatible with their working hours.

Parents (single/couples)

Unemployed or economically disadvantaged people

Lack of disposable income. They may not be able to afford to pay for classes, travel to the venue, or sports clothing and equipment.

Practise it!

Remember it!

•

Create a table showing the barriers that affect participation and write an example next to each one.

•

Different user groups have different barriers preventing them from participating in sporting activities.

•

Write the barriers on individual sticky notes. Pick one up at random and give an example of how this barrier affects a user group.

•

Just as everyone belongs to more than one user group, they may also face several barriers to participation.

Revision Guide

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

Barriers to participation in sport 2

see p.67

What I need to know •

The barriers that affect participation in sport and physical activity.

•

Some of the barriers are very complex and not easy to solve.

The lack of equal coverage in the media in terms of gender

In the UK, women’s sport receives just 7% of the total sports media coverage. This makes it more difficult for women and girls to find positive role models, especially in sports that are traditionally considered to be ‘male’, such as rugby, where the media broadcast mostly men’s competitions. This may mean that women don’t continue participating in sport once they leave full-time education.

Other barriers to participation

Wanting to be like a sporting hero or role model can make someone more likely to participate in sport. Not having somebody like you as a role model in a sport might make you think that it’s not an acceptable sport for somebody in your user group. For example, a lack of ethnic minority role models in sports like skiing and rowing can lead people in this user group to not participate in these sports.

Employment (having a job) could mean that you have less time available to commit to a sport. On the other hand, unemployment (not having a job) could mean that you have a lack of disposable income (money that is available to spend on leisure time after bills, etc., have been paid).

Lack of positive role models

A lack of appropriate activity provision is a common barrier, especially for younger and older age groups, and for people with disabilities.

Practise it!

Remember it!

•

The lack of equal media coverage has an impact on many different user groups.

•

A lack of role models can prevent people from participating in sports.

•

It can be very difficult to overcome some barriers to participation.

Identify four ways that a sport of your choice could be made more accessible for (4 marks) wheelchair users. State one barrier that might affect participation in sport for each of the following user groups: teenagers (2 marks) and women (gender).

Revision Guide

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

Solutions to barriers affecting participation

see p.68

What I need to know •

How to overcome barriers to participation for a range of user groups.

•

The different solutions and how they apply to different user groups.

The barriers that prevent people from participating in sport are often complex and difficult to solve. Finding solutions to barriers to help everybody take part is a key aim of sports organisations.

Promotional strategies

OPENING SOON!

This advert is an example of a targeted promotion aimed at teenagers. The poster advertises the opening of a new gym, focusing on the discount for teenagers.

Complete Fitness Gym

Special offer this month only! Teenagers go free! Plus discounted membership for 13–19 year olds: £19 per month – includes swimming

Other promotional strategies include: •

using role models (e.g. using a photo of the England women’s football team in an advert to attract more girls to a local football club)

•

initiatives (e.g. the Youth Sport Trust ‘Young Ambassador’ programme to get more young people involved in sport as volunteers).

Visit completefitnessgym123.uk.com

Offering sessions to meet users’ needs

Sporting facilities may:

open 24 hours a day to allow more people to access the facilities

•

offer classes and activities at a range of times to appeal to everybody

•

offer online classes that are accessed at the gym or at home.

Practise it!

Remember it!

•

Solutions to barriers can often be simple – try not to overthink the problem!

•

Appropriate pricing will help sports to appeal to most user groups.

•

Make sure that you remember some examples of initiatives for getting users involved in sport.

2 3

Identify one barrier that could prevent young children from participating (1 mark) in sport. Describe two solutions to the barrier (2 marks) you identified in Question 1. Identify one example of using role models to attract people into a (1 mark) particular sport.

Revision Guide

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

Factors affecting the popularity of sport

see p.69

What I need to know •

Positive and negative reasons for sport being popular.

•

How a range of different factors influence the popularity of a sport.

Some reasons for a sport’s popularity in the UK are straightforward, such as because a sport has traditionally been played in the UK. Other reasons are more complicated and link to people’s individual beliefs or ideals.

Positive and negative impacts on popularity Example of a positive or negative impact

Number of people participating

The more people take part in a sport, the more popular it will become. Reasons for this may include, for example, media coverage, British successes in the Olympic Games and Tour de France, and the ease/low cost of getting involved in cycling.

Provision of facilities/ appropriate climate

People are more likely to participate in and watch sport if they can access facilities close to where they live. For example, only people who can easily reach mountains, e.g. in Scotland, can regularly take part in winter sports in real conditions in the UK.

Live spectator opportunities

Living near a rugby stadium where a professional team play could lead a person to participate because they see and are inspired by the professional players.

Factor

Level of success (individuals or teams)

Amount and range of The more a sport is in the media or in the news, the more likely it is that people will want media coverage to play it. Men’s football gets more coverage than other sports, whereas some sports, such as boccia or lacrosse, get little or no TV coverage. The success of individual sportspeople can lead to an increase in popularity. For example, when Scottish player Andy Murray won Wimbledon, more people in the UK started playing tennis.

Number and range of When Team GB won a gold medal in women’s hockey at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games, role models the players became role models overnight and the number of people playing hockey in the UK increased.

Social acceptability

Boxing has not always been socially acceptable because some people think it is violent and because of boxers’ injuries. If protective equipment like padded headgear is used to make the sport safer, it could become more socially acceptable. Horse racing is another example of a sport that is often classed as being socially unacceptable in the UK.

Practise it!

Remember it!

•

Sports that are often on television will be the most popular.

•

Positive role models will lead to increased participation, especially among younger user groups.

Identify two examples of how the environment or climate can impact on the participation (2 marks) levels of a sport. Describe one example of a specific sport that is not seen as socially (1 mark) acceptable.

Revision Guide

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

The growth of new and emerging sports 1

see p.70

What I need to know •

Examples of new and emerging sports in the UK.

•

The opportunities to participate in new and emerging sports.

New and emerging sports haven’t been well-known in the past in a country or area, but are now becoming more popular and increasing in participation rates.

Examples of new and emerging sports There are many new and emerging sports in the UK, such as: footgolf, obstacle course races, ultimate frisbee, padel, futsal and handball.

•

It is an Olympic sport so it receives media attention.

Making them more accessible

Reasons for handball’s growing popularity include the following.

Provide suitable and affordable facilities and clubs for people to try out the sport.

•

Train coaches and officials.

•

Advertise and promote the sport, increase media coverage and use role models.

•

Offer the sport in schools, either as part of PE or as an extra-curricular club.

•

Adapt the activity for different user groups, such as making it wheelchair-accessible.

•

It can be played without specialist equipment (e.g. using smaller footballs or volleyballs).

•

It can be played by all ages and abilities.

•

It allows players to use skills found in other sports, such as passing.

•

Players feel more involved because smaller team and pitch sizes mean that they are more likely to have contact with the ball compared to sports like football.

•

Handball in the UK

Handball is becoming more popular in the UK, although the GB handball teams have not yet been successful in international competitions. The sport’s national governing body (NGB) is British Handball. There are competitive handball leagues for children, women and men.

Revise it!

Remember it!

Add to your knowledge of handball by using the internet to find out:

•

An emerging sport might have been around for a long time but is only now becoming popular.

•

New/emerging sports in one country/ region might be established or traditional elsewhere.

•

Opportunities to participate are limited, but will improve as more people become involved.

•

the number of participants in the UK

•

where you can play it (locations)

•

why it is becoming popular.

Make a mind map to summarise what you now know about handball.

Revision Guide

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

The growth of new and emerging sports 2

see p.71

What I need to know •

Examples of new and emerging sports in the UK.

•

The opportunities to participate in new and emerging sports.

Footgolf Footgolf combines football and golf. Players kick a football into a cup or hole in as few kicks as possible.

•

It can be played by all ages and abilities.

•

It has an NGB (UK FootGolf Association) and a World Cup.

•

About 30 000 people play footgolf in the UK every week, with more than 200 affiliated footgolf courses, some of which are adapted from traditional golf courses.

•

It is cheaper to play than golf and doesn’t require golf clubs.

•

Padel

Ultimate frisbee

Padel is a racket sport like tennis and is played mainly in doubles on a court that is one-third the size of a tennis court.

•

Ultimate frisbee is a non-contact sport played by two teams of seven on a large rectangular pitch, outside or in a hall, with no referee.

•

It was incorporated into the Lawn Tennis Association (LTA) in 2019.

•

It doesn’t involve expensive equipment and is easy to learn for all ages and abilities.

•

There are more than 6000 active padel players across the UK and this number is increasing.

•

The number of clubs is growing, but it is easy to set up a game with enough people and space.

•

There are only around 65 padel clubs in the UK, so not everyone can access it easily.

•

The NGB, UK Ultimate, arranges leagues and tournaments.

•

Practise it!

Remember it!

•

New and emerging sports become more popular if many user groups can play or take part.

•

New and emerging sports compete with established sports for people’s time.

•

Opportunities to try new and emerging sports are limited in many areas of the country.

Explain why ultimate frisbee has become more popular in the (2 marks) UK in recent years. Outline two reasons why schools might decide to offer footgolf as (3 marks) a part of their PE classes.

Revision Guide

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

Sporting values 1

see p.72

What I need to know •

How a range of values can be promoted through sport.

•

Examples of team spirit, fair play, and tolerance and respect in sport.

As well as fitness and skill, sports performers need to live up to certain values and behave in certain ways to be successful. Performers and fans can also apply these values to everyday life.

Tolerance and respect

This means supporting fellow team or squad members and working together to reach a common goal.

This is treated as one value, not two separate ones. It relates to how sport can unite people and generate a better understanding of other cultures.

For example, the British and Irish Lions rugby team comes together every four years. Players are selected from different clubs and countries, however, when they play as the Lions against other countries’ teams, the players work together and support each other to try to defeat the opposition.

During the 2020 European men’s Football Championship, three black England football players, including Marcus Rashford, were racially abused online after missing penalties in the final against Italy. Other England players spoke out, saying that there is no place for racism in football and society. Some fans showed their tolerance and respect for the players by covering a defaced mural of Marcus Rashford in Manchester with flowers, poems and positive messages.

Team spirit

Fair play

This is when performers follow the rules and sporting etiquette, and do not cheat.

For example, if a tennis player is ready to serve and their opponent is using time to collect their towel when they should be ready to receive the ball, the opponent might not be demonstrating fair play.

Revise it!

Remember it!

•

Fair play means that competitors play their sport correctly and respect its traditions and spirit.

•

Tolerance and respect means the way that sport has the power to teach fans and participants about other people and cultures.

Go to the Stonewall website and read their ‘Make Sport Everyone’s Game’ toolkit. Note down a list of improvements to your sports club to make it more inclusive for LGBTQ+ participants. In pairs, pick a sport and give examples of how the values discussed on this page are shown in it. For example, how many ways to show fair play can you think of?

Revision Guide

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

Sporting values 2

see p.74

What I need to know •

How a range of values can be promoted through sport.

•

Examples of inclusion, citizenship, national pride and excellence in sport.

Inclusion

Citizenship and national pride

Sport has the power to make everybody feel included. For example:

Citizenship means creating community sports links. For example, the world heavyweight champion boxer Anthony Joshua invested money into his childhood boxing club in north London. He often visits the club to help out and to inspire young people in boxing.

‘This Girl Can’ is a campaign that aims to encourage women and girls, whatever their abilities and backgrounds, to get active.

•

Stonewall is an LGBTQ + rights organisation that developed a toolkit called Make Sport Everyone’s Game, to help sports clubs be welcoming of everyone.

•

The England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) published an action plan in 2019 to increase participation in women’s and girls’ cricket and create career pathways to help women become professional cricketers. They also launched The Hundred, a cricket competition where men and women compete on the same platform.

National pride means creating a feeling of togetherness in the country from everyone supporting an athlete or national team. For example, when the cyclist Geraint Thomas took part in the Tour de France in 2018, there was lots of support for him in his home country of Wales. Even people who knew nothing about cycling made flags and banners and supported, which brought people together.

Excellence

•

...means performers striving to be the best that they can be in their chosen activity.

...is not always measured by success and failure or winning and losing.

Excellence in sport...

...can be an athlete’s good performance compared with their previous achievements.

...involves developing skills like mental resilience as well as physical skills.

Practise it!

Remember it!

•

Inclusion means that anyone should be able to participate. To make sports inclusive, there must be equal opportunities for all user groups.

•

National pride can influence the mood of an entire country. It is usually a very positive and unifying experience, making people happy and boosting the economy.

2 3

State two reasons why it is important that participants in sport demonstrate (2 marks) positive values. Identify two examples where team spirit has been shown in sport. (2 marks) State one example of tolerance and (1 mark) respect being shown in sport.

Revision Guide

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

The Olympic movement

see p.75

What I need to know •

The Olympic creed and values, and examples of how these can be applied in sport.

•

What the Olympic symbol represents.

Many countries come together for the Olympic Games, which promotes friendly competition. Its principles are represented by the Olympic creed, values and symbol (which is also known as the Olympic rings).

The Olympic creed

Olympic values

This was first spoken by Pierre De Coubertin, the founder of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and of the modern Olympic Games, in 1908.

Somebody doing the best that they can in sport and in life.

Friendship

Using sport to develop understanding between nations and cultures for athletes, spectators and citizens.

Respect

Respecting the rules, the officials, the opposition, each nation and oneself.

The Olympic symbol

Excellence

‘The most important thing in life is not the triumph, but the fight; the essential thing is not to have won, but to have fought well.’

Remember these three values and examples of them being demonstrated in sport:

Pierre De Coubertin created the Olympic symbol in 1913.

•

Each ring represents the five continents that produce Olympic athletes: Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe, and Oceania.

•

The rings interlock to demonstrate the closeness of the continents.

•

The different colours on a white background represent the fact that the Olympic values are universal, because the colours are used in many of the world’s national flags.

•

Practise it!

Remember it!

1 2

Identify two Olympic values. (2 marks) Identify which one of the following statements is an accurate reflection (1 mark) of the Olympic creed.

•

The Olympic creed outlines the morals of the Olympic Games and emphasises the importance of hard work and effort to overcome challenges.

It is most important to have won, not to have played well.

•

The most important thing is not winning, but the way you played.

The interlocking rings in the Olympic symbol show the closeness and good relationship between the five continents and their athletes.

Revision Guide

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

The Paralympic movement

see p.76

What I need to know •

The Paralympic values and how they are different to the Olympic values.

•

Examples of the Paralympic values being demonstrated.

There are four Paralympic values, and they reflect the different challenges faced by Paralympic athletes.

The Paralympic values Explanation

Courage

Overcoming difficulties to compete in their event. Paralympic athletes rise above their circumstances to show what they are capable of.

Determination

Having the strength to overcome barriers to train and compete at the highest level. Paralympic athletes push themselves to their limits to achieve their aim.

Inspiration

Being a positive role model to others, by taking part or by achieving success. Other people appreciate the hurdles that a Paralympic athlete has overcome to get to this level of competition or to the start line at their event.

Equality

Celebrating diversity and showing that difference is a strength. Paralympic athletes help to challenge stereotypes, transform attitudes and fight discrimination towards people with disabilities.

Value

An example of Paralympic values

Team GB swimmer Ellie Simmonds has won five gold medals at three Olympic Games (Beijing 2008, London 2012 and Rio 2016).

•

Simmonds competed in the S6 classification for athletes with major limb impairment, cerebral palsy, loss of limbs and dwarfism.

•

She displays the Paralympic values of inspiration and equality because she acts as a role model for young people with disabilities. She is the patron of the Dwarf Sports Association UK, has an MBE and is a Girlguiding leader.

•

Ellie uses her fame and platform to campaign to improve sporting facilities and opportunities for disabled people in the UK.

•

Practise it!

Remember it!

1 2

•

The Paralympic values are different to the Olympic values.

•

They are courage, determination, inspiration and equality.

State the four Paralympic values. (4 marks) Explain what the Paralympic (2 marks) value of equality means. Explain one example of a Paralympic athlete demonstrating one or more of the Paralympic values. (2 marks)

Revision Guide

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

Sporting initiatives and campaigns

see p.77

What I need to know •

Organisations create initiatives and campaigns to promote certain sporting values.

•

Examples of current initiatives that promote sporting values and encourage participation.

Initiatives and campaigns are ideas and activities designed to solve barriers to participation and promote sporting values. They can take place at a local level, a regional level and a national level.

Initiatives and campaigns and the values they promote Initiative/campaign

Values promoted Details

Football Association: We Only Do Positive

Tolerance and respect, fair play and inclusion

• •

Sport England:

Inclusion

This Girl Can

Part of the FA’s Respect campaign, which was designed to address behavioural problems in football. Key message: children play and learn better when they receive positive encouragement. Key aim: create a respectful environment between officials, parents, coaches and players.

•

• •

Key aim: get girls and women of all sizes, abilities and backgrounds to take part in sport. Key focus: inclusion, engagement and building confidence.

•

Key aims: increase the number and diversity of people enjoying swimming regularly and create a world-leading talent system for all swimming disciplines.

England Cricket Board: Chance to Shine and Chance to Shine Street

Inclusion and team spirit

•

Chance to Shine aims to make cricket available to all children. Chance to Shine Street is targeted at inner-city areas, encouraging a form of low-cost street cricket called tapeball.

Sport Relief

Citizenship

Excellence and inclusion

•

Swim England: Towards a Nation Swimming

•

A national charity comedy and sporting event that takes place every two years in the UK. Celebrities and the public take on challenges such as running multiple marathons or swimming the length of the River Thames.

Practise it!

Remember it!

•

Campaigns and initiatives promote sporting values and encourage people to participate in sport.

•

Many campaigns will cover other values as well as the ones listed. Give clear reasons why you think a campaign or initiative promotes a value.

Name one initiative or campaign and identify the value that (2 marks) it promotes. Describe the values promoted by the FA’s We Only Do (2 marks) Positive campaign. Identify two aims of Swim England’s ‘Towards a Nation Swimming’. (2 marks)

Revision Guide

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

The importance of performer etiquette

see p.78

What I need to know •

Why good etiquette and positive sporting behaviour are important.

•

The difference between sportsmanship and gamesmanship and the importance of following the rules.

Sport is more enjoyable to play and watch when everybody follows the rules and demonstrates positive sporting behaviour. This leads to a better experience and a safer environment for all.

Why is good etiquette and sporting behaviour important? It sets a positive example and allows sportspeople to be role models for others.

•

It protects and improves the reputation of the sport.

•

It keeps performers and their opponents safe.

•

It makes the game or event more enjoyable for performers and for spectators.

•

It promotes the values of tolerance and respect, and of fair play, and ensures that the result is fair.

Examples of etiquette

•

The losing team or athlete applauding and shaking hands with the winning team or athlete.

•

Rugby players remaining silent when an opponent is kicking for goal.

•

A tennis player admitting that a ball was out.

•

Applauding a new cricket batter onto the pitch.

Sportsmanship means playing fairly by the rules. Gamesmanship means bending the rules to gain an advantage.

•

Sportsmanship and gamesmanship

Examples of sportsmanship include: •

helping an opponent back to their feet after they lose their footing in a boxing match

•

clapping the other team’s goal.

Examples of gamesmanship include: •

faking a foul or injury

•

time-wasting in a timed match such as hockey

•

trying to put off an opponent from shooting in basketball by verbally intimidating them.

Practise it!

Remember it!

•

Showing good etiquette and sporting behaviour is not a rule, but it is an essential part of making sport competitive, fun and safe for performers.

•

Sportsmanship means following the rules and the spirit of sport. Gamesmanship means bending the rules to gain an advantage.

2 3

State two reasons why sports performers should follow good (2 marks) sporting etiquette. State the difference between sportsmanship (2 marks) and gamesmanship. Identify one example of sportsmanship and one example (2 marks) of gamesmanship.

Revision Guide

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

The importance of spectator etiquette

see p.79

What I need to know •

Appropriate etiquette and behaviour for spectators at sporting events.

•

The behaviour of spectators can have an impact on everyone’s enjoyment.

Spectators have a part to play to ensure that other spectators and players enjoy the sport in an appropriate way. Teams may face fines and sanctions if their spectators behave badly.

Good spectator etiquette

Why is etiquette important?

•

Being quiet when a tennis player is about to serve.

Good spectator etiquette:

•

Showing tolerance and respect for other countries and cultures by respecting the national anthems of both teams.

Allows the game to flow, which is better for players and spectators

•

Remaining in their seat during a cricket match and not getting in a batter’s line of vision.

•

Respecting the decisions of referees and officials, even when they disagree with them.

Helps keep players and spectators safe Shows respect for players

Shows respect for other spectators

Bad spectator etiquette

Provides good role models for younger supporters

Booing the national anthem of another team or positive gestures by players (e.g. helping an opponent back to their feet).

•

Invading the pitch when their team scores a last-minute winning goal, risking players’ safety.

•

Shouting abuse at a referee when they don’t agree with an on-field decision.

•

For example, at the final of the European men’s Football Championship between England and Italy in 2021, hundreds of England fans came to Wembley Stadium without tickets. These fans pushed past security guards, police officers and other fans to get into the ground illegally.

Practise it!

Remember it!

Identify two reasons why it is important for supporters to show positive behaviour and good etiquette. (2 marks)

•

The behaviour of spectators can have a positive or negative impact on their team’s performance.

State two examples of how supporters might behave inappropriately during a (2 marks) sporting performance.

•

Sometimes it is appropriate for spectators to be quiet. At other times, it’s okay for them to be loud and enthusiastic.

Is this statement true or false? A fan running onto the pitch to celebrate their team winning is showing (1 mark) good spectator etiquette.

•

Poor spectator behaviour can risk everyone’s safety and can lead to their team being fined or punished.

Revision Guide

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

Why people use performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) in sport see p.80 What I need to know •

There are many reasons why sportspeople might use PEDs.

•

Examples of high-profile sportspeople who have been found using PEDs.

Performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) are drugs taken by sportspeople to artificially improve their sporting performance. Athletes who take PEDs risk being banned and ruining their reputations if they are caught.

* To win, no matter what the cost

Example: Lance Armstrong •

Lance Armstrong won the Tour de France cycling race seven years in a row.

Why some sports performers use PEDs * To improve performance (e.g. by becoming stronger or faster)

* To get money and/or fame (e.g. by getting better sponsorship deals because of improved performance)

He also recovered from cancer during this period of success, so he was seen as a hero.

•

After allegations of doping throughout his career, he admitted in a TV interview in 2013 that he took PEDs.

•

He said that he did it because he had been ‘a guy who expected to get whatever he wanted, and to control every outcome’.

* To level-up the playing field (because the athlete believes everyone else is using PEDs)

•

* To recover from an injury more quickly * Peer pressure from other athletes

* To be able to train for longer and/or harder

Example: CJ Ujah CJ Ujah is a British sprinter on the 4 × 100m relay team who won silver medal at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics. After the race, Ujah’s samples tested positive for two banned substances. He was later found guilty, and he and his team mates lost their medals.

Practise it!

Remember it!

•

There are many reasons for deciding to use PEDs. Some athletes do it for the money or fame, but others do it out of desperation, such as to recover from a long-term injury.

•

Be factual when writing your answers in the exam. Give reasons for taking PEDs without offering your own opinions on the negative aspects of using PEDs.

Identify three reasons why an athlete (3 marks) might use PEDs. Explain two reasons why an elite cyclist like Lance Armstrong might (4 marks) justify taking PEDs. Is this statement true or false? An athlete might use PEDs to get a more lucrative deal with a (1 mark) sportswear manufacturer.

Revision Guide

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

Reasons why PEDs shouldn’t be used

see p.81

What I need to know •

Reasons why sports performers shouldn’t use PEDs.

Risk of long-term health damage, including addiction

Damage to the reputation of the individual, their team and their nation

Risk of serious consequences (e.g. life ban or loss of income)

Why PEDs shouldn't be used

Damage to the reputation of the sport

Gives athletes an unfair advantage over those who don’t use PEDs

Makes people mistrust athletes’ results and achievements

It is cheating, which is completely against the spirit of the sport

Remember it!

Describe three reasons why a sports performer shouldn’t use PEDs. (3 marks)

•

There are many reasons why sports performers shouldn’t take PEDs.

Identify which one of the following (1 mark) statements is not true.

•

Sanctions for the use of PEDs include lifetime bans and loss of trophies or medals. Performers may also lose earnings and sponsors.

•

Even though the risks are huge, some performers will still decide to use PEDs to achieve their goals.

Practise it!

The use of PEDs gives sports performers an advantage over ‘clean’ athletes.

The use of PEDs reflects well on the performer’s sport.

The use of PEDs reflects badly on the individual performer.

The use PEDs has long-term risks, including addiction.

Revision Guide

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

The role of WADA – drugs testing

see p.83

What I need to know •

How WADA uses the Whereabouts Rule to monitor athletes.

•

WADA’s methods of testing and the sanctions they use.

The primary role of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is to ensure that the global sporting environment is PED-free. It uses scientific research, education and monitoring as its main methods to do this.

The Whereabouts Rule This is WADA’s main strategy to make elite sport a PED-free environment.

•

Selected elite athletes must be available for random drug-testing at any time. Athletes must:

•

always provide information about their location (when not in competition)

provide information about their overnight accommodation

provide details of their training and competition schedules

be available for testing at a pre-agreed place for one hour every day

understand that missing three tests in one year will result in a sanction.

Testing methods

In 2016, Team GB Cyclist Lizzie Deignan missed three random drugs tests in one year and was at risk of being banned from competition for four years. She argued that she only missed the first test because the tester didn’t try hard enough to contact her. Arbitrators agreed that it wasn’t her fault.

Drugs tests are carried out by officials under close supervision in a laboratory. The test samples can be blood, urine, hair or nail.

Sanctions and consequences Severe sanctions and consequences may convince somebody not to take PEDs. These include: •

suspension, long-term ban or lifetime ban from competing

•

loss of medals and prizes

•

removal of results, records and achievements

•

loss of sponsors and commercial partners

•

loss of income or funding.

Revise it!

Remember it!

Look again at the table of things that athletes must do as part of the Whereabouts Rule. Write each one on its own sheet of paper. Study them for 10 minutes, then ask somebody to test you on what you remember. See if you can build up to remembering all five of them.

•

The Whereabouts Rule requires elite athletes to declare where they will be for one hour every day in case of a random drugs test.

•

Drugs tests can be carried out as often as WADA or UKAD decide. For some athletes, this might be several times a year.

Revision Guide

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

The role of WADA – education

see p.84

What I need to know •

Initiatives and campaigns used to educate sports performers about the dangers of PEDs.

•

How athletes found guilty of using PEDs can educate others not to use PEDs.

What else is being done?

This is an education campaign for sports performers designed by UKAD. It teaches athletes about topics including testing procedures, dietary supplements and anti-doping rules.

•

WADA partners with national anti-doping organisations like UKAD to monitor athletes.

•

Guilty athletes are punished to discourage other sports performers from using PEDs.

Passion

•

Role models and spokespeople tell performers about the reputational and health risks of using PEDs.

Enjoyment

Respect

The values of 100% Me

Determination

100% Me

•

Performers are educated about the risks of using PEDs (UKAD runs courses for athletes, coaches and parents).

Integrity

Anti-doping spokespeople

David Millar returned to cycling after serving a ban for taking the banned substance EPO.

•

He became a spokesperson for WADA.

•

Athletes like Millar sharing their experiences may convince others not to use PEDs and improve their sport’s reputation.

•

Millar became a spokesperson for WADA, educating other performers about why taking PEDs isn’t worth it.

•

Athletes like Millar sharing their experiences may convince others not to use PEDs and improve their sport’s reputation.

•

Practise it!

Remember it!

State the five values of the 100% (5 marks) Me campaign.

•

Education may be the best weapon in the fight against doping in sport.

Describe one strategy used to prevent the use of PEDs by sports performers.

•

UKAD’s 100% Me campaign is an example of an educational campaign to prevent the use of PEDs.

•

Athletes caught doping damage their own reputation and the reputation of their sport.

(1 mark)

Explain three possible impacts of the use of PEDs on a named sport. (6 marks)

Revision Guide

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

The features of a major sporting event 1

see p.86

What I need to know •

The differences between regular, one-off, and regular and recurring sporting events.

•

Some examples of each type of sporting event.

A huge number of major sporting events regularly take place around the world. Some events happen in the same place every year, but others only happen very rarely in a particular city or country.

Regular, one-off, and regular and recurring scheduling One-off events

Regular and recurring events

Regular events happen at set intervals, usually annually (at the same time every year), e.g.: • the golf Open Championship is at the same time each year but in a different UK venue • the European Rugby Champions Cup final is held in a different European city each year.

One-off events might happen regularly but are held in each place very occasionally, e.g.: • the Olympic and Paralympic Games are held in a different city/country every four years • the Hockey World Cup is held every four years at a different venue.

Regular and recurring events events take place regularly at the same place, e.g.: • the FA Cup final takes place at the same time every year at London’s Wembley Stadium • the Formula 1 British Grand Prix takes place at the same time every year at Silverstone.

Regular events

Nature of participants and spectators

‘Once-in-a-generation’ events

The London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games was a one-off event because it will not be held in London or the UK again for many years.

Most one-off events are ‘international’ because they include competitors from more than one country. An event like the Wimbledon Tennis Championships is international because it is attended by players and spectators from all over the world. A half-marathon that takes place in the same town every year is a regular and recurring event. Over 500 half marathons take place in the UK every year.

Revise it!

Remember it!

Make a list of all the regular, one-off, and regular and recurring sporting events that you can find. Note which ones are annual, biennial and every four years, and present this information as a poster to use as a revision aid.

•

Regular events take place at the same time, but in a different venue each time.

•

Biennial means occurring every two years.

•

Regular and recurring events take place at the same time and venue.

Revision Guide

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

The features of a major sporting event 2

see p.87

What I need to know •

Some examples of one-off, regular, or regular and recurring events.

•

Where and when these events are held.

Major sporting events are usually held on a regular schedule and are arranged years in advance. The Covid-19 pandemic meant that many events had to be rescheduled.

Examples of one-off events Biennial one-off

Held in different cities every other year (e.g. the 2019 championships were held in Doha).

Paralympic Games

One-off every four years

Held every four years, after the Olympic Games, and in the same host city (e.g. the Rio 2016 Paralympic Games).

World Athletics Championships

ICC Women’s T20 World Biennial one-off Cup (cricket)

Example of a regular event

Held in one of the participants’ countries every other year (e.g. the 2018 tournament was in the West Indies).

Regular and recurring events Event

Description

British Basketball Cup Finals

Held every January in Birmingham. It has a group stage, a knockout stage and the final.

The UEFA Champions League Final takes place every year in a different city. In 2019, Liverpool beat Tottenham Hotspur in Madrid, bringing thousands of spectators to the host city.

Wimbledon Tennis Held every June and July at the Championships All-England Club in London. It is one of the four ‘Grand Slam’ events in world tennis. Women’s FA Cup Final

Held every November or December at Wembley Stadium, after the Women’s Super League (WSL) season ends.

Practise it!

Remember it!

Give two examples of each of the following types of sporting events:

•

A recurring event is held in the same place or venue every time.

•

regular and recurring

•

one-off events every four years

•

one-off events every two years.

One-off events usually take place every two or four years and in a different place each time.

•

The Covid-19 pandemic meant that many events had to be moved from their usual schedule.

(6 marks)

Explain two differences between a one-off sporting event and a regular (2 marks) and recurring sporting event.

Revision Guide

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

Positives and negatives before hosting 1

see p.88

What I need to know •

Positive and negative elements of bidding for a major sporting event.

•

Losing a bid can be positive for the bidding city or country.

Everything that a city or country does before the actual event takes place is classed as pre-event activity, because it happens before the event begins. This includes bidding to hold the event.

Bidding to host a major sporting event Positive: Local schools, clubs and community groups could benefit if they can input into the design of facilities that they can use after the event.

Positive: Bidding may focus attention on the city or country as an area for investment.

Positive: Bidding can help a host country or city develop a strategy for the future (e.g. plans to build a centre of excellence for a particular sport), even if their bid is unsuccessful.

Some positives and negatives of bidding for an event

Negative: Bidding is expensive and might be unsuccessful. This can make governments and governing bodies unwilling to bid because they need to find the money to do so.

Negative: England bid unsuccessfully to host the 2018 Football World Cup. The bid cost a reported £21 million, which could have been used to develop grassroots football instead.

Negative: The reputation of the bidding country or city may be damaged if the bid goes badly.

Revise it!

Remember it!

Search the internet for ‘unsuccessful bids for sporting events’ and choose one example. Find two positive things and two negative things from the bidding process for that event. Make notes for yourself about these things or show your information as a slide presentation.

•

Bidding for a major sporting event takes years and costs millions of pounds.

•

The bidding process can cause arguments in the city or country because not everyone will want the bid to go ahead.

•

Even unsuccessful bids can leave a positive sporting legacy.

Revision Guide

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

Positives and negatives before hosting 2

see p.89

What I need to know •

Bidding for events is very expensive process and lots of factors need to be considered.

•

Involving commercial partners can increase the chances of winning a bid.

Many pre-event factors need to be considered before bidding to ensure that the host city or country will be able to hold a successful event.

Financial investment in the event

Local and national objections

•

Governments and organisations try to sell the idea of hosting an event to residents by saying that the event will: •

improve the status or reputation of the host city and increase national pride.

•

improve the local area and community.

Negatives: Only a few wealthy countries can afford to host the biggest major sporting events because they are so expensive. It is estimated that the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games cost the Japanese government more than £13 billion.

Positives: Companies invest in global events, often by becoming sponsors, which is good publicity for the company and gives events and their hosts the money that they need.

This can create conflict in communities because: •

the social impacts may not meet the expectations created by the bid

•

the costs are usually higher than planned

•

the failure of the bid might mean that the promised benefits never happen.

•

Infrastructure, transport and employment

If a bid is unsuccessful these benefits don’t happen. For example, Chicago was expected to win their bid to host the 2016 Olympic Games, but it lost. This had consequences.

•

The Olympic village site was bought with taxpayers’ money for £75 million and was never developed. Chicago is expected to pay back the debt from the bid by 2024.

•

The new jobs created by the event would have helped tackle Chicago’s high unemployment rates and left a positive legacy, but they didn’t happen.

Practise it!

Remember it!

Describe two potential positives of bidding to hold a major (2 marks) sporting event.

•

Television footage of many spectators enjoying major sporting events doesn’t always reflect the feelings of local residents.

Identify two potential negatives of bidding to hold a major (2 marks) sporting event.

•

Bidding to host a major sporting event requires an enormous financial commitment.

Explain one reason why major sporting (2 marks) events need sponsors.

•

Bidding can create jobs and improve social infrastructure.

Revision Guide

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

Economic and sporting benefits of hosting

see p.91

What I need to know •

The benefits of hosting sporting events can be financial (economic), social or sporting.

•

Some benefits of hosting won’t be immediately obvious or glamorous.

Hosting a major sporting event can bring huge benefits. Some of these can be easy to measure, like money made from tourism, but others are more difficult to measure, such as increased national interest in sport.

Some benefits of hosting a major sporting event

(Economic) Increased short-term employment Shops and other businesses hire more staff to serve spectators and other visitors. The event may create other jobs in construction, cleaning, security and so on.

(Economic) Increased indirect tourism Tourists continue to visit after the event because the global media made people aware of the host country or city as a destination.

(Economic) Increased direct tourism Spectators stay in the host city or country to see the event. They may be domestic (from the same country) and international tourists. They support the local economy by spending money on accommodation, event tickets, souvenirs and eating out.

(Sporting) Increased national interest in sport Some sports get a boost in local participation and spectator numbers because local people saw them live during the event. New role models are created and people are inspired to join local sports clubs.

Revise it!

Remember it!

Using the internet to help you, make a list of all the economic benefits of hosting a major sporting event that you can think of. Present all the benefits on a large piece of paper. Add some colour to make them stand out so they will be easier for you to remember.

•

Tourism is a huge benefit of hosting a major sporting event. The tourists who visit the host country or city will help its economy.

•

Increased interest in sport during an event can lead to local people getting involved in sport. This can have social and health benefits for the host city or country.

Revision Guide

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

Social benefits of hosting

see p.92

What I need to know •

The social benefits of hosting are different to the economic benefits.

•

Social benefits can be just as important as economic benefits.

Hosting a major sporting event can have social benefits as well as economic and sporting benefits. Social benefits are those that improve the local community, the surrounding region and the country.

Social benefits of hosting a major sporting event During the London 2012 Olympic Games: there was a strong feeling of national pride and social cohesion in the UK

•

strangers came together at public events and street parties to celebrate Team GB and the UK’s successful hosting of the Games.

If a country hosts an event successfully, the world’s media celebrates their success. This can improve other people’s opinion of the host country, which is known as the shop-window effect.

•

Increased national status

Improved social infrastructure

A wider benefit of increased morale and national pride could be that communities feel united and become more tolerant and understanding of one another, particularly in cities or countries with a diverse mix of cultures.

For example, choosing South Africa to host the 2010 Football World Cup was seen as a ‘risky’ choice due to the country’s lack of infrastructure and experience of hosting events. However, their hosting of the event was a success.

Hosting an event can improve the following types of social infrastructure, which usually benefits the local community. •

Better transport systems

•

Improved walking and cycling paths and travel solutions (e.g. bicycle and e-scooter hire schemes)

•

New shops and shopping centres providing leisure facilities and employment for local people

Practise it!

Remember it!

State two sporting benefits of hosting a major sporting competition. (2 marks)

•

Identify two economic benefits of hosting a major sporting competition. (2 marks)

The whole world watches major sporting events so a successful event can improve the host nation’s global reputation.

•

Explain two social benefits of hosting a major sporting competition. (4 marks)

Local people often benefit from the new facilities that are built in the host city.

•

A well-run event can lead to a feeling of national pride and a sense of unity across different communities.

Revision Guide

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

Drawbacks of hosting 1

see p.93

What I need to know •

The potential negative aspects (drawbacks) of hosting a major sporting event.

•

Some drawbacks cannot be controlled because they happen during the competition.

Negative media coverage For example, the 2016 Rio Olympic and Paralympic Games suffered from media reports about the host city’s struggle to complete everything on time. Issues included: unfinished buildings and leaking toilets in the athletes’ village

•

raw sewage found in the bay used for the rowing and sailing

an unfinished metro railway line to the Olympic venues.

By the time the Paralympic athletes arrived, these problems had been solved. However, the media coverage had already had a negative impact on Brazil’s reputation and its ability to host a major event.

•

Impact of poor performances by the host nation

For example, England hosted the 2015 Rugby World Cup. England was one of the teams expected to win, but they were knocked out in the group stages.

A poor sporting performance by the host nation is another risk that they take when hosting an event. Some of the potential drawbacks include: less press coverage of and interest in the competition, because local people are only really interested in the home nation’s performance

•

reduced income, especially if the host nation is knocked out, because local people won’t want to spend as much money on tickets, tourism and merchandise

•

a negative impact on national pride and morale of the country, because of the disappointment.

•

Revise it!

Remember it!

Find more examples of negative media coverage of the hosts of major sporting events. Create a table with the headings:

•

A poor sporting performance by the host nation can have a big negative impact, both financially and on national pride.

•

Example

•

What was the impact?

If the media broadcasts negative stories around the country or even around the world, this can damage the reputation of the host nation.

Complete the table. Memorise one or two of your examples in case you need to use them in an answer during the exam.

Revision Guide

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

Drawbacks of hosting 2

see p.94

What I need to know •

Hosting a sporting event can cause division if only the host city or region benefits financially.

•

All events have problems – the most important thing is how problems are managed.

Potential for terrorism and crime

Lack of investment in regional areas

Major sporting events often suffer from an increase in crime. Here are some examples.

When public taxes pay for an event, people expect to benefit from the event, wherever they live.

At the 1972 Munich Olympic Games, 11 Israeli athletes were taken hostage by a Palestinian terrorist group. A failed rescue attempt led to the deaths of all the hostages.

•

At the 2021 European Football Championships Final at Wembley between England and Italy, parts of the crowd behaved very badly. Their violence reflected very badly on England as a nation.

For example, some people in other areas of the UK resented the London 2012 Olympic Games because they felt that only London benefitted financially and socially. They thought this because most of the events were held in London.

•

Increased traffic, litter and noise

More people visiting the host city means more:

traffic – transport to get athletes, workers and spectators to venues quickly and safely may disrupt local people’s travels

•

noise – near venues and on the streets, with events finishing later at night than other events

•

litter – organisers usually increase the number of waste and recycling bins and have volunteers to clean up, but large numbers of spectators create a lot of litter. For example, during the 2020 European Football Championship Final between England and Italy, almost 30 tonnes of litter was left in Leicester Square, London.

•

Practise it!

Remember it!

State three drawbacks associated with hosting a major sporting event. (3 marks)

•

Explain how a host nation’s poor performance might negatively affect (2 marks) the nation and the event.

The risk of a terrorist attack or criminal activity increases with the large number of people at a major sporting event

•

People accept that noise, litter and traffic will increase, but they will expect that this will be planned and managed effectively as part of the pre- and post-event processes.

Revision Guide

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

Positive aspects after the sporting event

see p.95

What I need to know •

The long-term benefits of hosting a major sporting event.

•

The positive aspects are not just financial.

There are many ways in which the host nation or city will continue to benefit after the event if everything runs smoothly. Ideally, this legacy will earn back a lot of the costs of the event.

Immediate and long-term benefits of hosting a major sporting event

Increased participation in sports involved More people get involved with or play sport. Sports clubs can take the opportunity presented by increased interest to offer taster sessions for children and adults.

Better or new facilities Most of the facilities built for the event are available for the public to use afterwards as the event's legacy for sport and leisure. The Olympic arenas in Seoul, Sydney and Beijing are now major music venues.

Examples of a positive legacy

Raised profile of host nation A successful event enhances the reputation of the city or country. Because of this, companies may choose to invest in the city or country and other countries may want to work with them.

Improved transport and infrastructure Local people benefit from improvements to the travel network after the event has finished. New train or tram systems and cycle lanes will last long after the event is over.

Increased financial investment The host nation receives future financial backing if the event was successful because large companies and sponsors want to be associated with success.

Practise it!

Remember it!

Identify three long-term benefits to a country or city of hosting a major (3 marks) sporting event.

•

Explain what is meant by the ‘legacy’ (2 marks) of a major sporting event.

The benefits of hosting a major competition differ between the pre-event stage, during the event, and after the event has finished.

•

Because hosting is so expensive, the event’s legacy can determine whether the organisers make enough money to cover their costs.

Explain why a city or country might receive more financial investment after hosting a (2 marks) major sporting event.

Revision Guide

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

Negative aspects after the sporting event

see p.97

What I need to know •

Some purpose-built facilities are abandoned because there are no plans for them after the event.

•

It is often cheaper to abandon facilities rather than repurpose or remove them.

Often, the host nation never earns back the money that they spent on hosting the event.

Immediate and long-term drawbacks of hosting an event Facilities may be underused or not used at all after the event. Some activities are so specialist and expensive to operate for the public that the facilities built for them are abandoned.

For example, after the Athens 2004 Olympic Games, several facilities were never used again. This is a photograph of the empty pool and stadium where the diving events took place.

Loss of national reputation/status

•

When South Africa hosted the 2010 men’s Football World Cup, the organisers spent almost £3 billion on new stadiums and infrastructure. They hoped these would host a new domestic league after the event, but this never happened.

The Sochi 2014 Winter Olympic Games was the most expensive. One reason for this was that Sochi’s mild climate meant a lot of construction and snow machines were needed to make it suitable for winter sports. Other problems included:

•

Few Olympic Games earn more than they cost (make a profit). The Los Angeles 1984 Games made a profit because it used existing stadiums and infrastructure. The Rio 2016 Games made a $2 billion loss after the number of spectators was less than expected.

Event cost more than it earned

•

the organising committee being accused of employing illegal workers to build the facilities with no regard for their safety or welfare

•

Russia being stripped of its top spot in the medals table after an investigation into statesponsored doping.

Practise it!

Remember it!

Explain two possible long-term drawbacks of hosting a major (2 marks) sporting event.

•

The host city or country is responsible for making sure that facilities continue to be used and are not abandoned or wasted.

Are the following statements true or false?

•

The reputation of a host nation or city suffers if there are scandals, such as accusations of corruption or human rights abuses.

(2 marks)

It is good if an event costs more money to host than it earns.

Hosting an event always leads to an increase in participation in the sport/s hosted.

Revision Guide

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

NGBs – promoting participation

see p.99

What I need to know •

The role of an NGB in promoting participation in its sport.

•

An NGB is responsible for all user groups, ages, cultures and ability levels.

National governing bodies (NGBs) are independent organisations responsible for managing and governing their sport. Most sports have an NGB recognised by the five UK Sports Councils.

What strategies do NGBs use?

Example: No Strings Badminton

NGBs use targeted promotion to focus on helping a specific, often underrepresented, user group.

Run by the NGB Badminton England, No Strings Badminton aims to: •

encourage anybody over 16 years to play badminton

•

make it easy to play badminton by providing equipment and a low-cost ‘pay-and-play’ scheme, so participants don’t need to join a club or be a member of a leisure centre to access the sport

•

hold sessions for all abilities that provide a fun and relaxed environment so participants return week after week.

For example, the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) runs Chance to Shine. This campaign aims to get children involved in all forms of cricket by: offering free resources to help schools deliver cricket activities

•

running a ‘street cricket’ campaign to help children in urban areas access cricket

•

promoting participation in hospitals and specifically for children with disabilities.

•

Example: Back to Netball

Run by the NGB England Netball, Back to Netball aims to: •

get women of all ages involved in netball (it has attracted 110 000 to the game since it started)

•

attract women who have previously played netball, but not since school

•

hold sessions that are skills-based, relaxed, friendly and fully inclusive.

Practise it!

Remember it!

Identify one reason why an NGB might use targeted promotion. (1 mark)

•

Describe two aims of the Back to Netball campaign.

NGBs promote their sports by attracting media coverage, running promotional campaigns and providing equal opportunities.

•

NGBs run campaigns to make it easier for different user groups to access their sport.

(2 marks)

True or false: the Chance to Shine campaign is not aimed at minority (1 mark) user groups.

Revision Guide

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

Cambridge Nationals Sport Studies Revision Guide Issuu Sample

Articles inside

TA4: The role national governing bodies (NGBs) play in the development of their sport

TA3: The implications of hosting a major sporting event for a city or country

TA1: Issues which affect participation in sport

TA2: The role of sport in promoting values

What to expect in the exam

Planning your revision

Getting ready for the exam

Your Revision Guide and Workbook

Revision techniques