80602_1
Dirty to Mighty; Brown is the New Green
Dirty to Mighty is a response to two major issues Australia faces in relation to energy and sustainability. 1. Australia’s declining oil production with merely 3.9 billion barrels of proved oil reserves (0.2% of the world) coupled with the increasing oil consumption, exceeding 1 million bpd of oil in 2011, pose a threat to the country’s energy security. At this rate, self-sufficiency in oil is predicted to drop from the current 50% to 20% by 2020. 2. The world coal consumption continues to rise, especially in Australia´s prime export countries such as China and India. (2.8 and 0.6 billion short tons in 2010 respectively.) How can Latrobe City act as the key catalyst in providing a solution to such critical and urgent problems? Currently, the power stations in Latrobe Valley together emit around 65 Mt of carbon dioxide each year. The stations, however; cannot simply be terminated as they generate 90% of Victoria´s electricity and employ 3100 people. In addition, the area is gifted with 65 billion tonnes of brown coal with an estimated 33 billion tonnes to be “potentially economic”. Dirty to Mighty proposes to use brown coal to produce not only electricity but also liquid fuel as well as many other high value products, while utilizing the CO2 released during the conversion process into additional products including oil, creating a highly viable yet sustainable means of achieving energy security and economic diversification. Brown coal becomes the essential element leading to a completely new vision of Latrobe Valley, which utilizes its abundant natural resources without compromising environmental impacts. Along the axis of the provided site, the project introduces a technological corridor of research/innovation facilities focused on the liquefaction and gasification of brown coal as well as the sequestration and conversion of carbon dioxide. Innovations in the clean coal technology will greatly benefit not only Latrobe city but also countries around the world. Because of the high demand on coal and estimated increase in demand in the future, especially in the prime export markets of China and India, clean coal technology will have an enormous reduction on the future emission quantity at a worldwide scale. The research facilities are connected on a regional, national, and global level with other industries and universities that share similar aspiration for sustainability, establishing a network of excellence. As TAFE and Go8 take the central role in developing relevant skills and knowledge, industries take an active role in the process, supporting research and stimulating employment.
Coal ports
World coal consumption per capita
Australia - Oil Consumption and Production
1000 bpd 1000
Brisbane Dudgeon Point Balaclava Point
900
Wiggin Island
800
Abbot Point
700 Northern Territory
600 Black Coal Sedimentary basins with:
500
Queensland
<100 mt Western Australia
100 mt - 1 bt
400
1
South Australia
1 - 10 bt 300
>10 bt
New South Wales
Perth
tonnes oil equivalent
200
0-0.25
100
Consumption
0.25-0.5
Production
0.5-1.0 1.0-1.5
0 1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
> 1.5
Prime coal export countries Japan China Korea India Taiwan
115.3 mt 42.4 mt 40.7 mt 31.93 mt 26.53 mt
Brown Coal Sedimentary basins with: <1 bt 1 - 10 bt 10 - 100 bt >100 bt
8 7
4
3
2
Sydney
Victoria
6 5
Melbourne Newcastle Port Kembla
Coal mines Collinsville Newlands Hail Creek Burton Goonyella/Riverside Broadmeadows Coppabella Coal mined every year Moorvale Amount of CO2 emitted Peak downs Saraji Lake Vermont Blair Athol Norwich Park Capcoal Jellinbah Curragh Callide Blackwater Dawson Leigh Creek Ulan Bengalla Drayton Mount Arthur Coal Moranbah North Beltana Bulga Coal Wesfarmers Premier Coal Yallourn Hazelwood Loy Yang Anglesea
National / Global network of excellence
1
The University of Queensland
2
The University of New South Wales
3
The University of Sydney
4
The Australian National University
5
Monash University
6
The University of Melbourne
7
The University of Adelaide
8
The University of Western Australia
80602_2 Latrobe City Population: 72.402 Land area: 12,481 HA Density: 0.51 PPH
Year 3
Year 4
Year 5
Year 6 and beyond
IGCC power station completes and Hazelwood power station is discontinued
The PRT line completes. Construction of adjacent research facilities commences
Research facilities complete
Hazelwood renovation completes
The PRT line is extended to connect all townships in Latrobe City
Interventions around stations commence
Morwell city centre densification completes
Renovation of Hazelwood power station commences
Interventions take shape
The plantation of a buffer forest around Hazelwood Mine commences The construction of IGCC power station commences
Glengarry Tyers
Traralgon Population: 25,597 Land area: 9,108 HA Density: 2.81 PPH
Yallourn North
to Melbourne
Year 2
The construction of the PRT line commences Rehabilitation of Yallourn Mine and Hazelwood Mine commences
Toongabbie
Agricultural Parkland Residential Other
Year 1
Densification of Morwell commences
Princess Freeway to Sale Gippsline
Population: 73,564 Land Area: 142,481hectares (1,425km2)
2 Moe Population: 9,319 Land area: 3,082 HA Density: 3.02 PPH
3 1
Hyland Highway to Yarram
Morwell Population: 13,942 Land area: 4,483 HA Density: 3.11 PPH Traralgon South
Yinnar
Strzelecki Highway to Leongatha
Churchill Population: 4,939 Land area: 2,118 HA Density: 2.33 PPH
1
Boolarra
2
3
Hazelwood power station Capacity: 1600 MW Power: 12.1 TWh/yr Carbon intensity: 1.53 tCO2/MWh Carbon emission: 18.4 Mt CO2
The technological corridor is self-sustained through a network of interdependent nodes, which constantly exchange resources and information. In the system, universities, R&D institutions, industries, and governments collaborate to foster a vibrant innovative ecosystem.
Hazelwood power station Capacity: 1480 MW Power: 11.7 TWh/yr Carbon intensity: 1.42 tCO2/MWh Carbon emission: 16.6 Mt CO2 Loy Yang A Capacity: Power: Carbon intensity: Carbon emission:
Loy Yang B 2210 MW Capacity: 16.7 TWh/yr Power: 1.21 tCO2/MWh Carbon intensity: 20.2 Mt CO2 Carbon emission:
The stations are strategically placed to either augment the already existing condition or bring out the full potential of the site in a way that beneficially contributes to the system. The stations are accompanied by labs, each of which specializes in researching certain technologies that are suited to the unique environment of the vicinity. Specialized resources and information collected through fieldwork and research are shared amongst the facilities.
1000 MW 8.6 TWh/yr 1.24 tCO2/MWh 10.6 Mt CO2
Existing Existing Existing Carbon Farming
Algae Farm
CO2
Existing 11 year 1year year
1Existing year
Restored Wetlands
Existing 1 year22 year 2year year
Hazelwood Museum / Pilot Plants
electricity from syngas delivered to all stations underground coal gasification
54year 3year year
5 year
4 year
Rehabilitated mine: grassland
CO2
carbon to oil
23year year 55 year 5year 4year year
IGCC Power Plant
CO2
agricultural carbon sequestration; carbon credit
21 year year33 year 3year year 2 year 3 year 44 year 4year year
5 year Agroforestry
Densified Morwell Town Center
CO2
CO2
soil carbon sequestration
regenerative agriculture
Rehabilitated mine: lake
CO2
Electricity
liquification; ultra clean diesel
Oil/Gas
product upgrade for export
biogas from methane fertilizer
Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
algae fuel R&D; algae oil production
R&D; carbon sequestration
fertilizer, construction material, algae fuel, carbon fibre, methanol
fertilizer
R&D; carbon capture
R&D; clean coal technologies
R&D
collection and organization of data
R&D; mine rehabilitation
biomass; integrated harvest and conversion waste water treatment
Coal products
fertilizer
R&D; carbon sequestration
Carbon Dioxide
Biomass
biomass for biofuel water filtration
Waste water
waster water / run off
Water
water storage / flood mitigation
Food
beef, poultry, chicken, dairy, vegetable, fruit fish and wildlife restoration
Ecosystem
ecological restoration
Tourism
tourism as economic catalyst
supply
CO2
receive
9.1 km-Morwell 13 min 98 Hectares
Animal farm Vegetable farm
CARBON FARM STATION
supply
CO2
receive
At this station, traditional farming is augmented financially and environmentally by carbon farming. CO2 from IGCC is sequestrated at appropriate points, deep into the ground. Manure from the animals is collected in a pond with an impermeable cover to collect biogas and prevent the release of methane into the atmosphere. In both cases, farmers are able to obtain carbon credits and sell them to industries.
6.2 km-Morwell 9 min 105 Hectares
ALGAE FARM STATION
supply receive
At this station, algae farms receive CO2 from IGCC to produce biofuel. In the meantime, run off / waste water is treated. Different forms of algae farms, such as closed loop and open pond, are tested and developed to find the optimal condition that leads to the most economically viable option.
4.7 km-Morwell 7 min 52 Hectares
Open pond Closed loop CO2 pipe
Biogas Collection CO2 pipe CO2 Injection point Injection point
WETLAND STATION
At this station, the wetlands provide multiple benefits to the overall system. Firstly, the restoration of wetlands help to prevent carbon emission from degradation. Secondly, the wetlands filter and purify any run off and waste water. Thirdly, the wetland is a source of biomass, a renewable resource, for the power plant. Last but not least, the wetlands are a home to one of the most diverse and productive ecosystems.
Pond
CO2 sunlight
CO2
4 3
Coal museum 2 Preserved 3 Pilot plant A 4 Pilot plant B Public platform Public garden 1
2 1
receive
At this station, the Hazelwood power plant is discontinued to house a coal museum / pilot plants. The museum helps to inform the public about the true clean potential of coal while the pilot plants demonstrate to potential investors new technologies. The public platform in front of the building is used for public fairs, concerts, or screenings.
2.7 km-Morwell 4 min 3.3 Hectares
biofuel
IGCC power station Buffer forest Coal mine Fische Tropsch Liquids ultra clean diesel / petrol waxes LPG
Particulate Scrubber Methanation Gas Turbine Syngas
SNG
Electricity
biomass accumulation wildlife habitat
Town/stations
contaminants and sediment filtered
Excess Heat
SNG
nutrients
Sulphur CO2
water stored
slow release of stored water to a stream
IGCC STATION
At this station, the Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle power station with Carbon Capture Storage gasifies coal into synthetic gas to produce electricity much more cleanly than traditional coal powered stations. Most of the CO2 is captured and sequestrated. Equally important is the range of clean products that can be produced from the syngas, such as ultra clean diesel.
Construction Material (Slag)
Market
Steam Turbine
Market Carbon capture and sequestration
Electricity
SYNGAS
Biogas
4 km-Morwell 6 min 29 Hectares
supply
CO2
Oxygen Recycled Water Coal
photosynthesis
Depleted oil and gas reservoirs CO2 in enhanced oil recovery Deep unused saline water-saturated reservoir rocks Deep unmineable coal seams CO2 in enhanced coal bed methane recovery
receive
HAZELWOOD MUSEUM STATION
Gasifier
methane from manure
carbon credit
supply
Methanol fuel cells propylene acetic acid acrylic acid ethylene Carbon carbon fibre activated carbon carbon semiconductors Ammonia fertilisers Hydrogen power/fuel By-product building product algae fuels and feeds
80602_3 resource / information sharing network
Rehabilitated Mine: Lake
Yallourn Mine
neighbourhood connection and creation
Old Melbourne Rd
Agroforestry
areas of intervention and regionally specialized research facilities
Princess Freeway
Morwell Station
Gippsland Logistics Precinct
Rehabilitated Mine: Grassland
Hazelwood Mine
IGCC Power Plant
PRT line / stations
The series of facilities are connected by a personal rapid transit system which forms the infrastructural backbone of the network. Because of the elevated structure, it provides a direct and efficient means of travel from one node to another in addition to a scenic view of Latrobe’s eclectic landscape. The vehicles are highly efficient electric cars that take passengers directly to the desired destination with no congestion. PRT can diminish the reliance on cars in Latrobe City, which accounts for 70% of journeys, reducing the city’s emission of carbon.
Musuem / Pilot Plant
Wetland
Hazelwood Pond
Algae Farm
existing condition
Switchback Rd.
Underneath and around the area of the station is enhanced by a public space which offers a gathering point for the local residents, researchers, and visitors. Shipping containers are used for a quick and flexible construction of shops, offices, and public amenities. A gallery space displays the ongoing research of the labs and keeps people up to date on recent findings. In this manner, the station becomes more than a mere infrastructural node, but forges a sense of unique community while establishing connectivity to the overall network. Rather than a technology park, Latrobe City is a technology community, strengthened by the innovative development rather than hindered by it.
2.438m
6.058m
2.591m
2,200kg
Monash University Churchill
Carbon Farming
Pedestrian Path
PRT
Road
Monash Way
Electricity Water Gas CO2
20km x 1.5km 3000HA
supply
CO2
receive
1.45 km-Morwell 2 min 61 Hectares
IGCC power station Buffer forest Coal mine
MINE TO GRASSLAND STATION
supply receive
At this station, a part of the coal mine is rehabilitated to be a grassland. In a process called phytoremediation, after layers of clay and soil, plants are planted to treat the contaminated soil. People from all the townships are invited to volunteer in a community program to help in the restoration process.
2.7 km-Morwell 4 min 48 Hectares
MORWELL STATION
CO2
receive
At this station, the city core of Morwell is densified to reverse the sprawl towards north east. In the five minute walking radius of the Morwell station, buildings are raised up to three storeys high. The first floor is dedicated to commercial use creating a lively and vibrant neighborhood throughout the day. The second and third floors are for any combination of residence, lab, light industry, and office. The town center acts as the central hub of R&D, human capital, and transportation.
3.8 km-Morwell 6 min 230 Hectares
Agroforestry Existing forestry CO2 pipe CO2 injection site
Use: Recreational, Ecological Regeneration
Morwell Moe Traralgon
Residential
Phytoremediation
Light industrial
existing condition mustard plant
alpine pennycress
supply
Lab
densification
Office
existing condition
hemp
PRT station Public space Train station Bus terminal Underground parking
densification
Commercial
AGRO FORESTRY STATION
At this station, the existing agroforestry business is enhanced by implementing a more diverse method and carbon farming. Instead of planting solely trees, animals and plants of various kinds co-exist in the same area and benefit from each other, multiplying the efficiency and productivity. In one unified area, it is able to produce trees for lumber, biological material for biomass and animals for food.
supply receive
6.1 km-Morwell 9 min 423 Hectares
MINE TO LAKE STATION
At this station, the mine is rehabilitated and filled with ground water to form a lake with adjacent wetlands and parks. The adverse impacts of mining on the neighbouring environment and communities is reversed, providing the residents of Latrobe, tourists, and the ecosystem alike a pleasant area to dwell.
Wetland Lake
PRT line station wetlands stroll / bike path