Status paper on rice in uttar pradesh by DAILY RICE NEWS LETTER

RICE IN UTTAR PRADESH

Status Paper on Rice in Uttar Pradesh

Dr. J.L. Dwivedi Sr. Rice Breeder & Officer Incharge Crop Research Station, Masodha, N.D.U.A.T, Faizabad-224133(U.P.) Page | 1

For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP) Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: naiprkmp@gmail.com, pdrice@drricar.org, shaiknmeera@gmail.com Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217

RICE IN UTTAR PRADESH

STATUS PAPER ON RICE I. II.

NAME OF THE STATE: Uttar Pradesh INTRODUCTION: Uttar Pradesh is the fourth largest state in country. State covers an area of about 246413 km2 and possess varied topographic features ranging from plain to Vindhyan hills. State is divided in two physiographic regions viz. Gangetic plains and southern plateau. From cultivation view point gangetic plains cover major portion of the state. Uttar Pradesh is the most populous with a population density of 776 km2. State has 16.49% of the country population (U.P. population 19.95 crores, 2011 census) with 225 lakhs farm families. Agriculture is the most important in the state because about 80% of its population resides in rural areas and 75% of the total workers are involved directly or indirectly in cultivation/farming which accounts for 27% of stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s GDP. Agriculture is the main source of income for families in the state. It has 11.56 million hectare of cultivated area, constituting 70% of the total geographical area. The irrigated area is over 13.43 million hectare. The small and marginal farmers jointly contribute 19.46% of farming household in eastern region against that of 19.11% of Uttar Pradesh. The important crops include rice, wheat, maize, sugarcane, chick pea, pigeon pea, mustard, lentil, Urd and moong. Majority of the agriculture land is used to grow major cereal crops: rice & wheat. Rice is the major crop in Uttar Pradesh and is grown in about 5.90 mha which comprises of 13.5% of total rice in India. Uttar Pradesh has favourable and suitable climate, vast areas of fertile soils, sunshine and adequate water resources. The cropping intensity is 153%. The state ranks 3rd in the country in production of rice.

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III.

RICE PRODUCTION SCENARIO IN THE STATE: OVERVIEW Rice farming in the state is most vulnerable and risk prone due to complex ecological situations marked by frequent flood or drought or both. The area production & productivity during last 10 years is given in table-1. It is clear that yield is stagnating around â&#x2030;¤ 2.0 t q/ha since 2001-2002 except in the year 2002-2003, 2004-2005 and 20092010 due to erratic rainfall distribution causes excesss water stagnation/ drought or both in different years. Table â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1: Area, Production and Productivity of Rice during last ten years in Uttar Pradesh Year

Area (m ha)

Production (mmt)

Productivity (Qtls/ha)

2001-02

6.07

12.85

21.17

2002-03

5.21

9.59

18.40

2003-04

5.72

12.48

21.81

2004-05

5.34

10.75

18.11

2005-06

5.57

11.12

19.96

2006-07

5.82

10.88

18.69

2007-08

5.69

11.73

20.62

2008-09

6.01

13.05

21.71

2009-10

5.14

10.71

20.81

2010-11

5.63

11.94

21.20

Rice is grown in all the 72 districts of Uttar Pradesh with low to high acreage. It is part of the nearly every meal and it is grown on a majority of the rural farms. Uttar Pradesh is the leading producer of rice and rank 3rd in the country. Annual rice production is around 12 metric ton in state. Rice is cultivated mainly in Kharif season (wet season) in around 5.90 million hectare followed by zaid (summer season) 35000-40000 hectare only. As regards the boro rice, it is grown in only deeply flooded areas around 3000 ha or so Page | 3

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mainly in the eastern districts of the Uttar Pradesh. The average productivity of the state is around 2 t/ha. IV.

GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATOR: The fourth largest state of the country, Uttar Pradesh lies between 23052’ and 300 16’ N latitude and 77084’ and 840 38 E longitude surrounded by Nepal in North. The neighboring states are Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh in East; Uttarakhand in North; Madhya Pradesh in South; Rajasthan, Haryana and Delhi in West. The state covers an area of about 24613 km2 and posses varied topographic features spreading from plain to Vindhyan hills. Thus it has been divided into Gangetic plain and Southern plateau. State comprises the hub of Indo – Gangetic Plains one of the most fertile crescent of the world. a)

Climate: State climate is subtropical and congenial for agriculture. In winter the average minimum temperature ranges from 250C in northern part of the plains to 150C in eastern part of the state. The maximum temperature during hot season varies from 320C in Northern part to 460C in South Western part of the state. Annual relative humidity ranges from 60 to 70% in North Eastern Tarai region to 30 – 40% in South Western areas.

Rainfall: The normal annual rainfall of the state is 947.4 mm and it ranges from 710 mm to 1750 mm during 40 years. The tarai foot hill receives heavy rainfall while in south part rainfall decreases. The large percentage of the annual rainfall over the state is received during June to September. The winter rainfall is received during December to February that too is more in North-West part of the Uttar Pradesh. As regards the precipitation trend in the South West and South Eastern part of the state, it ranges from 672 to 1381 mm. Page | 4

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Decadal trend of rainfall distribution indicated that there is a gradual decrease in rainfall distribution between 1970â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and 2011. During 1971-81 average rainfall of the decade was 1280.10 mm while in the last two decades average precipitation was 859.00 mm. Table : 2 Decadal trend of rainfall distribution (in mm) Year

June July

Aug

Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Total

1971-72-1980-81

144.6 403.6 345.2 246.7 41.6 5.5

1981-82-1990-91

92.1 289.2 237.1 185.5 35.8 3.9 11.0 13.6 15.6 9.9

9.8 20.4

923.8

1991-92-2000-01

94.6 226.3 287.9 169.9 30.7 5.3

8.5 12.6 12.3 4.9

5.5 14.6

872.9

2001-02-2010-11

90.7 225.8 194.6 148.6 22.7 2.3

2.5

7.3 14.7 6.4

4.1 17.7

737.4

Average (1971-2010-11)

105.5 286.2 266.2 187.6 32.7 4.3

6.9 12.7 15.9 8.0

7.0 20.6

957.3

93.9 253.8 245.2 168.7 29.5 3.7 7.5 11.5 13.8 7.2

6.3 17.8

859.0

6.8 17.6 19.9 10.2 7.3 15.1

947.4

1980-81 - 2010-11 Normal

95.0 280.9 275.6 178.3 35.8 4.9

5.6 17.3 20.9 10.9 8.5 29.8 1280.1

The lowest average rainfall of the decade starting from 2001-2011 was recorded only 737.4 mm only. c)

Soil types: Six well defined and distinct soil groups differing from one another in their geological formation and pedogenic characters have been recognized. These are Bhabar soils, Tarai soils, Vindhyan soils, Bundelkhand soils, Aravali soils and Alluvial soils. Each of these soil groups have developed under the combined influence of a wide range of soil forming factors including climate, vegetation and parent materials. The major coverage of alluvial soil in further grouped as saline alkalinesoils, Karail soils and Bhatt soils. Again saline alkaline soils is divided in three groups Page | 5

RICE IN UTTAR PRADESH

i.e. Saline soils, Saline alkaline soils and alkali soils. The major soil types, area and their coverage is depicted in table 3. Table 3: Soil types of Uttar Pradesh and their area

Soil types

Area (ha)

Districts covered

Bhabar soils

510510

Saharanpur, Bijnour

Tarai soils

1686740

Pilibit, Bareilly, Rampur, Bahraich, Sarawasti, Balrampu, Siddharth nagar, Kushinagar, Maharajganj, Deoria

Alluvial soils

18185300

Central, eastern, western, south western part of the state

Vindhyan soils

1501290

Mirzapur, Varanasi, Allahabad, Sonbhadra

Bundelkhand soils

3192440

Jhansi, Jalaun, Hamirpur, Banda, Lalitpur, Mahoba, Chitrakoot

Aravali soils

63290

South western area of Agra

Agroclimatic Zones: Based on rainfall, terrain and soil characteristics, 9 agro climatic zones have been recognized in the state of Uttar Pradesh. These include Tarai Western Plain, Central Western Plain, South Western Semi Arid, Central Plain, Bundelkahnd, North Eastern Plain, Eastern Plain and Vindhyan hills zones as shown in figure-1. Agro climatically the south plateau is most erratic and diversified as it lies between Bundelkhand and Vindhyan agroclimatic zones.

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Figure-1: Nine Agroclimatic Zones of Uttar Pradesh RICE PRODUCTION SCENARIO: The overall production and productivity of the state is highly influenced by rainfall and its distribution during crop growth period. The drought year affects the production and productivity by reducing the area as well as yield. Area, production and productivity of rice of the state as influenced by rainfall is given in figure-2. It is observed that high production was achieved in the years where adequate rainfall was received. During 200304 and 2008-09 high rice production was achieved due to normal rainfall and its proper distribution. During drought years 2002-03 and 2009-10, drastic area in reduction in the area as well as yield was realized. In the year 2009-10 alone there was reduction in the area to the tune of ten lakhs and production has gone down by 1.07 million metric ton.

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Figure-2: Area, production and productivity of rice as influenced by rainfall a) Area: Rice is cultivated in Uttar Pradesh in about 5.90 mha covering five major ecological conditions including favourable irrigated; unfavourable rainfed upland; rainfed lowland; deep water and flood prone and inland salinity condition. Exact extent and area distribution, ecosystemwise is not known. b) Production: Rice production in Uttar Pradesh is stagnating between 11-12 million metric tons since 1990 onwards with slightly low or high production in unfavourable rainfall years and normal rainfall years.

During these decades the

highest rice production 13.05 million metric ton was achieved in 2008-09 which was most favourable year. c) Productivity: The average productivity of the state is almost equal to the national average i.e. â&#x2030;¤ 2.0 t/ha. However, natural hazards including submergence or drought or both adversely affect the productivity. The average productivity of favourable irrigated areas is more than 3.0 t/ha while rainfed lowland and upland areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s average productivity are 1.50 t/ha & 1.00 t/ha respectively. d) Contribution to the GDP: Uttar Pradesh has major share in rice area around 13.51% of the total rice grown in the country. It contributes about 18-20% to the national pool. As regards the percent share of SDP to gross state domestic product, it is around 29.10%. The details of area, production and productivity of last 30 years i.e. 1979-80 to 2010-2011 is given in Table-4. Page | 8

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Table 4: Area, Production & productivity during 1979-80 to 2010-2011 Year 1979-80 1980-81 1981-82 1982-83 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-20 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

Area (hectare) 4771140 5014679 5120175 4787674 5082167 5225206 5319654 5261487 4518012 5112221 5120932 5327047 5409704 5193060 5080778 5280502 5278812 5276843 5438809 5573067 5778812 5904128 6068496 5209137 5719933 5934405 5868870 5820022 5756233 6011761 5148046 5631949

Production (quintals) 2230233 5126677 5478354 5233134 6320258 6662587 7857601 6982115 6040970 8896593 8895225 9668710 9404255 9143421 9635570 9778369 9783559 11191321 11670220 10821093 12625566 11672250 12849116 9586935 12476923 10749989 11707282 10876390 11829177 13051365 10714990 11938078

Productivity (q/ha) 5.06 10.53 10.70 10.93 12.66 13.00 11.32 13.55 13.54 17.52 17.47 18.27 17.38 17.61 18.96 18.52 18.53 21.21 21.46 19.42 21.85 19.77 21.17 18.40 21.81 18.11 19.95 18.69 20.55 21.71 20.81 21.20

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VI.

DISTRICT WISE RICE ECOSYSTEM OF THE STATE: As such, no recent information on district wise rice ecosystems of the Uttar Pradesh is available. However, during 1996-97, Huke and Huke, 1997 estimated the area under different ecosystem in the state is reproduced below: S.No. 1 2 3 4 5

Ecosystems Upland Irrigated Deep water (>100 cm) Rainfed shallow lowland Intermediate Total

Area (ha 549463 2570000 218000 1352415 1069261 5729880

The major area under lowland and flood prone is located in eastern part of Uttar Pradesh covering 15 districts which constitutes about 30% area of total rice cultivated in the state. As regards the favourable irrigated area it is more than 50% while upland and very deep water and flood prone areas are restricted to 10% and 4% only. The rice areas where salts are problem is estimated to be â&#x2030;¤ 2%. Inland salinity areas are mainly concentrated in Raibarelly, Azamgarh, Sultanpur, Faizabad, Lucknow, Unnao and Pratapgarh districts. In western and central part of the states majority of the rice cultivated in favourable irrigated condition. Lowest rainfall coupled with low acreage of rice is reported in Jhansi and Chitrakoot divisions where water scarcity leads to cultivate only short and medium duration varieties. VII.

RICE PRODUCTION ANALYSIS IN THE STATE: A critical perusal of productivity at division level during 2010-2011 showed a wide range of variability from 11.02 q/ha Chitrakoot division to 24.11 q/ha Faizabad Page | 10

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division. The average productivity of the state during 2010-11 was 21.21 q/ha. Considering the overall productivity division wise there is substantial difference among the 17 divisions. The relatively high productivity was recorded during 2010-11 in Faizabad, Devipatan and Kanpur divisions while low productivity was reported in Chitrakoot and Jhansi divisions. A positive growth rate was witnessed in the districts of Ambedkar Nagar, Balrampur, Chandauli and Kushinagar falling in eastern part of the state while Auraiya, Kannauj, Etawah, Bijnour, Firozabad, Mainpuri and Mathura districts have shown better productivity in central and western regions of the state table-5. Table-5: Current status of Area, Production Productivity of rice during 2010-2011 Area- 000 ha Production- 000 mt Productivity- q/ha District Name Total Area Production Productivity 1 2 3 4 Saharanpur 54.830 120.023 21.89 Muzaffarnagar 37.128 82.944 22.34 Saharanpur div. 91.958 202.967 22.07 Meerut 17.605 36.608 21.93 Bagpat 4.575 10.756 23.51 B.shahar 74.827 168.885 22.57 Ghaziabad 30.102 76.730 25.49 G.buddha ngr. 23.459 48.701 20.76 Meerut div. 150.568 343.680 22.83 Aligarh 64.485 131.614 20.41 Hatharas 17.158 30.044 17.51 Etah 21.823 45.872 21.02 Kashiram nagar 17.901 37.216 20.79 Aligarh Division 121.367 244.746 20.17 Mathura 47.142 9.413 21.68 Agra 4.342 101.167 21.46 Firozabad 19.919 54.976 27.60 Mainpuri 49.602 120.434 24.28 Agra div. 121.005 285.990 23.63 Bareilly 163.015 270.279 16.58 Budaun 84.311 158.167 18.76 Shahjahanpur 211.075 430.171 20.38 Page | 11

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District Name 1 Pilibhit Bareilly div. Bijnor Moradabad J.B.fule nagar Rampur Moradabad div. Farrukhabad Kannauj Etawah Auraiya Kanpur city Kanpur dehat Kanpur div. Fatehpur Allahabad Kaushambi Pratapgarh Allahabad div. Jhansi Lalitpur Jalaun Jhansi div. Hamirpur Mahoba Banda Chitrakut Chitrakut div. Varanasi Chandauli Ghazipur Jaunpur Varanasi div. Mirzpur Sonbhadra S. Ravi das ngr Mirzapur div. Azamgarh Mau Ballia Azamgarh div.

Total Area 2 149.172 607.573 55.816 125.006 24.355 140.906 346.083 14.963 15.388 43.727 37.124 31.353 43.449 186.004 63.527 141.316 40.103 96.664 341.610 2.067 2.833 0.339 5.239 0.159 0.076 47.536 7.506 55.277 42.021 98.325 149.321 139.885 429.552 64.224 27.442 22.116 113.782 203.577 84.040 108.568 396.185

Production 3 370.692 1229.309 131.000 224.136 47.127 267.580 669.843 24.075 42.933 108.224 99.641 70.638 99.976 445.487 134.105 328.560 79.965 193.811 736.441 4.738 1.856 0.458 7.052 0.177 0.085 54.761 5.892 60.915 84.882 270.984 314.321 292.220 962.407 132.879 42.014 44.918 219.811 417.536 155.894 206.931 780.361

Productivity 4 24.85 20.23 23.47 17.93 19.35 18.99 19.35 16.09 27.90 24.75 26.84 22.53 23.01 23.95 21.11 23.50 19.94 20.05 21.56 22.92 6.55 13.51 13.46 11.15 11.15 11.15 7.85 11.02 20.20 27.56 21.05 20.89 22.40 20.69 15.31 20.31 19.32 20.51 18.55 19.06 19.70 Page | 12

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District Name 1 Gorakhpur Mharajganj Deoria Kushi nagar Gorakhpur div. Basti Siddharth nagar Sant kabir ngr Basti div. Lucknow Unnao Raebareli Sitapur Hardoi Kheri Shahu Ji Maharaj Nagar Lucknow div. Faizabad Ambedkar nagar Sultanpur Barabanki Faizabad div. Gonda Balrampur Bahraich Shravasti Devi Patan Div. Uttar Pradesh

VIII.

Total Area 2 153.977 167.451 128.344 125.415 575.187 102.314 175.157 90.035 367.506 48.833 81.000 80.776s 156.947 130.217 181.676 113.314 792.763 97.099 113.002 90.048 176.864 477.013 117.388 105.641 159.111 71.137 453.277 5631.949

Production 3 312.111 363.536 256.303 292.844 1224.794 215.473 415.297 173.768 804.538 93.320 138.186 172.941 310.441 265.252 393.329 236.940 1610.409 214.200 298.099 216.836 420.936 1150.071 263.888 230.192 329.519 135.658 959.257 11938.078

Productivity 4 20.27 21.71 19.97 23.35 21.29 21.06 23.71 19.30 21.89 19.11 17.06 21.41 19.78 20.37 21.65 20.91 20.31 22.06 26.38 24.08 23.80 24.11 22.28 21.79 20.71 19.07 21.16 21.20

CROPPING SYSTEM ZONE WISE: The cropping system has many dimensions and are product of many factors in combinations. These include physical environment production technology, resource constraints and socio economic conditions. Wheat and rice are the major cereal crops grown in Uttar Pradesh. Majority of the area is covered with rice wheat cropping system. The kharif pulses; and rabi pulses & oil seeds crops are also important. However their area Page | 13

RICE IN UTTAR PRADESH

is relatively low. The other major crops include sugarcane, maize, chick pea, pigeon pea etc. in kharif and rabi seasons. Ground nuts, smaller millets, sorghum, potato and mustard are also cultivated in different districts of the state. The major cropping systems followed in different zones are presented in table-6. Table 6: Cropping systems zonewise S.No. 123456789-

IX.

Zones Tarai Western plain Central western plain South western plain Central palin Bundelkhand North eastern plain Eastern plain Vindhyan

1st year Rice – Wheat Rice – Wheat/oil seed/pulse Rice – Wheat/oil seed/pulse Rice – Wheat/oil seed/pulse Rice – Wheat/oil seed/pulse Rice –oil seed/pulse Rice – Wheat/oil seed/pulse Rice – Wheat/oil seed/pulse Rice – Wheat/oil seed/pulse

2nd year Rice – Sugarcane Rice – Sugarcane Rice – Sugarcane Rice – Sugarcane-Pulse Rice – Sugarcane-Pulse -

RICE GROWING SEASONS & REGIONS: There are three rice growing seasons in the state. These are Wet season (Kharif), Winter season (Boro) and Summer season (Zaid). The growing period of rice in difference seasons are Kharif – June – July to October- November; Boro – October- November to April – May and Zaid – February to May- June Kharif is the main rice growing season in the state and more than 98% rice (around 5.9 mha) is cultivated during this season covering early, medium and long duration varieties. A Limited rice area around 35000-40000 ha in Zaid and hardly 3000 – 3500 ha area in boro season is being cultivated. During kharif season rice is cultivated in all the regions of the state while Boro rice is restricted to deeply flooded area of the eastern U.P. covering different districts viz. Gorakhpur, Basti, Deoria, Ballia, Ghazipur, Mirzapur and Varanasi. As regards the cultivation of Zaid rice in the state it is grown only in tarai Page | 14

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regions covering Pilibhit, Bareilly, Rampur, Bahraich, Sarawasti, Balrampur, Siddharth nagar, Kushinagar, Maharajganj and Deoria districts of the state. a)

Season wise varieties /hybrids: Most of the rice varieties developed by different institutions and universities are cultivated in kharif season. Mega varieties cultivated during kharif season are NDR -359, Narendra 97, Sarjoo-52, Kalanamak, Pusa basmati-1, BPT-5204, Swarna, Narendra -118 and Shushk Samrat. Details of the varieties grown in different ecosystems is given below in table-7.

Table 7: Lists of rice varieties/hybrids grown in kharif season Rice ecosystems Upland

Low land & Flood prone

Suitable varieties Baranideep, Jawahar Dhan 75, Nagina 22, Narendra Dhan 118, Narendra Dhan 80, Narendra Dhan 1, Renu, Sudha, Shushk Samrat, Narendra Lalmati, Narendra -97 Swarna (MTU 7029), Sambha Mahsuri (BPT 5204), Jalpriya, Jalnidhi, and Jallahri Swarna Sub-1, Barh Avrodhi (Intemittent flooding)

Irrigated

Malviya Dhan 2, Narendra Dhan 2026, Saket 4, Ashwani, NDR 2064 , Malviya Dhan 36, Narendra Sankar Dhan 2, Narendra 3112-1, Sarjoo 52, NDR 359, Type -21,

Hybrids

Narendra Sankar Dhan 2, PHB -71, KRH-2, Arize 6444, Arize 6201, PRH-10

Varieties for Boro season: Traditional boro rice varieties including China 4, Sarraiya, Jharanga, Kalaboro are still cultivated only in certain pocket of these districts. NDR 97, Baranideep, Gautham, Prabhat, Richhariya, Saroj, Dhanlaxmi, Joymati, Krishna Hamsa, Pant Dhan 12 have been found suitable for boro rice areas. Varieties for Zaid season: Only short duration rice varieties are preferred for Zaid season. NDR 97, NDR 118, Pant Dhan -12, Govinda, Manhar, Shushk Samrat etc are popular varieties for this season. Page | 15

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RECOMMENDED PACKAGE OF PRACTICES: As regards the cultural practices direct seeding is done in rainfed areas while transplanting is practiced in irrigated and favourable lowland. a. Traditional: 1. Varieties: Sarjoo-52, Pant Dhan 110, Pant Dhan-12, Lalmati, Badshahpasand, Basmati-370, Pusa Basmati-1, Kalanamak, Narendra -97, Shakkarchini etc. 2. Sowing & Seed rate: a. Broadcasting & ploughing with planking b. Sowing behind plough and planking and c. Sowing in puddle condition, 75 to 80 kg/ha seeds is required for direct seeding 3. Beusheninh/Bidahani: After 25 to 30 days after sowing-ploughing at 50 cm distance by desi plough and planking in rain flooded field condition is done to have better crop establishment and weed control. 4. Fertilizer management: Low dose of fertilizer without proper soil testing is applied. By and large farmers uses only nitrogenous fertilizers. 5. Weed management: One hand weeding is done to control the weeds. Virtually no weedicides is used by the farmers. 6. Plant protection: Application of 10% BHC @ 20 kg/ha after flowering is used to control Gundhi bug etc. 7. Harvesting-threshing: Crop is harvested and threshed at maturity 8. Post harvest operations: Produce is dried upto 14% moisture, bagged and stocked.

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b. Modern package of practices: 1. Selection of varieties: Based on ecological conditions prevailed in the area rice varieties are being selected for cultivation. By and large farmers are using improved high yielding short duration rice varieties namely

Narendra -97, Baranideep, Shushk Samrat, Pant Dhan -12,

Manhar etc. for rainfed upland direct

seeded and transplanted. Sarjoo – 52,

Narendra – 359, Malviya -36, Pusa Basmati-1 and Kalanamak in favourable irrigated and Usar Dhan-1, CSR – 10, Narendra Usar Dhan -3 and Narendra Usar Dhan 2008 are preffered in inland salinity areas. 2. Seed rate: 30-35 kg/ha based on grain types are being used for Nursery seeding in open pollinated varieties; 12-15 kg/ha for hybrid rice varieties and only 6 kg/ha for SRI cultivation. 3. Fertilizer management: Balance use of fertilizer after proper soil testing is being followed. Accordingly NPK: 120:60:60 kg/ha, FYM: 10-12 t/ha and ZnSO4: 20 kg/ha has been advocated for use. Nitrogen is applied in 3 split doses namely 50% at time of land preparation and remaining 25% each at maximum tillering stage and flowering stage is top dressed. As per requirement hybrid rice varieties are fertilized with 150:75:75 NPK with 20 kg ZnSO4. Farmers have been advocated to use more of FYM and least chemical fertilizers in SRI method of rice cultivation. 4. Transplanting: 21-25 days old seedling are transplanted at 20 X 15 cm spacing in open pollinated varieties and in hybrids transplanting is done at 15 X 15 cm

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spacing. However spaced planting i.e. 25X25 cm and only 12-14 days old seedlings are being used in SRI technique. 5. Weed management: Butachlor 50EC 3-4 ltr or 30-40 kg granule/ 2-4D Na salt 625 g/ha is being applied as pre emergence herbicide which is very effective. No or little weedicide is used in SRI technique where conoweeder is used to control the weeds. 6. Plant protection: Need based judicious application of fungicides/insecticides have been advocated. Farmers follow IPM and IDM to control insect and disease respectively. 7. Harvesting and threshing: Mature crop is harvested and threshed after at least 3 days of harvesting and produce is dried upto 14% moisture for bagging and stocking. c. Most popular varieties: MTU 7029, BPT 5204, Sarjoo 52, NDR 359, Narendra Dhan 118, Narendra -97, Shushk Samrat, Narendra Lalmati, Narendra Dhan 2026, NDR 2064, Narendra 3112-1, Malviya-36, NDR 8002, Jal Lahari, Jalpriya, Barah Avarodhi, Swarna Sub -1, Narendra Usar Dhan3, Pusa Basmati-1, Shakarrchini and Juhi Bengal. Hybrids: Pant Shankar Dhan -1, Narendra Shankar Dhan -2, Arize 6111, Arize 6201, Arize 6444, PHB 71, KRH-2 and Pusa RH-10 d. Post Harvest Operations: The Post harvesting technology affects not only quantity of the produce but also quality of rice and finished product of it. The loss estimated due to poor harvesting operation may go upto 10%. Therefore post harvesting operations of raw paddy and the storage of grains are very important. By and large farmers follow traditional methods of drying the paddy grain i.e. sun drying. The major quantity of produce is being Page | 18

RICE IN UTTAR PRADESH

dried in the state by this method. Mechanical drying is done only by big farmers and limited quantity of produce is dried. The grains are stored at three different level viz producers land, traders level and urban organizational storage level. e. Rice milling: In Uttar Pradesh, there are two types of paddy milling, either raw or parboiled paddy to convert into edible rice. Traditional method of rice milling i.e. hand poundering was practiced before the advent of mechanical milling. At present 95% produce is milled mechanically. The conventional mills in use can be categorized into three main types i.e. huller mills, sheller-huller mills and sheller-cone polisher mills. Nearly 50% of the total rice produced in the state is subjected to paraboiling. It is very common in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Three major steps in paraboiling is soaking, streaming and drying have a great influence on the quality of rice. The loss of nutrient is less in paraboiled rice. Sela rice is well known in western Uttar Pradesh. XI.

TRADITIONAL CULTIVARS/VARIETIES GROWN, IF ANY IN THE STATE: Traditional varieties are disappearing from the scene. However in certain pockets of Uttar Pradesh short grain aromatic rices are being cultivated in tarai, eastern and central plain, Vindhyan and Ganga basin regions of Uttar Pradesh. Few varieties which are still in cultivation include Kalanamk, Lalmati, Shakkar chini, Adamchin, Badshah Pasand, Vishnu Parag, Type-9 etc. a. Indigenous technical knowledge (ITKs): Double transplanting (Sanda )method of rice cultivation in eastern part of the state viz. Ballia, Gazipur, Mau and Chandauli, this method is most popular. In this crop establishment method, 20-25 days old seedlings are densely transplanted in nearby area of the field with judicious fertilization. On the onset of Page | 19

RICE IN UTTAR PRADESH

monsoon 40-45 days old seedlings are transplanted in water logged areas. If nursery is not sufficient to cover the area tillers may be separated and then again transplanted. Beushining system is a traditional practice of rice cultivation common throughout the rainfed and upland ecosystem of the Gangetic plain and tarai zone of eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Beushining facilitates stable rice yield under low input management and

uncertain climatic conditions through effective weed control, optimum plant stand and stimulated root growth with enhanced tillering. b. Germplasm resources: No systematic collection of traditional rices/ land races has been done in Uttar Pradesh to conserve the rice genetic wealth. However, surveys of different rice growing areas especially eastern districts of Uttar Pradesh which is also called â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;rice bowlâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and hilly areas have been done in piece meal. A good number of accessions have been lost due to improper management and non availability of regeneration of the accessions and lack of proper storage facilities. However, current status of working germplasm accessions maintained at different Agriculture Universities/Institutes of Uttar Pradesh appear in Table-7. Table-7: Current Status of working germplasm in Uttar Pradesh S.No. 1.

No. accessions (traditional + exotic)

University/Institution NDUAT, Kumarganj, Faizabad Masodha Ghagharaghat

2. 3. 4.

BHU, Varanasi Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel Univ. of Agri. & Tech., Merrut C.S.A. University of Agri. & Tech., Kanpur Total

1100 525 200 300 200 2320

These germplasm have been evaluated and categorized for different traits. Many donors tolerant to pest and diseases, abiotic stresses and quality rices have been identified

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RICE IN UTTAR PRADESH

and utilized in rice improvement programme. Among the donors identified N-22, Kalkari, Saria and Dular have high degree of drought tolerance while Madhujkar and Jalmagna posses submergence tolerance and elongation ability respectively and is being used in rice improvement programme. Recently in 2010 short grain aromatic rices have been catalogued by joint efforts of NDUAT, BHU and PRDF. c. Medicinal value: No information is available on medicinal value of the traditional rices grown in the state. But local/traditional short grain aromatic rices have maintained their supremacy over other rice varieties. Local scented varieties including Kalanamak, Badshahbhog, Adamchini, Lalmati, Vishnu Parag posses not only high degree of scent but better eating and cooking quality as well. These rices are easily digestible. Jalmagna, NDR 6279 and Shushk Samrat have high Fe and Zn content. XII.

BY PRODUCT OF RICE SPECIFIC TO THE STATE: By products of rice milling industries include rice husk, rice bran, rice straw and broken rice. a. Usage: These by product are being used in better and profitable manner both for industrial and feed purposes. These by products are used as follows: â&#x20AC;˘

Rice husk is used as boiler fuel wherever paraboiling is practiced. Rice husk is tough because of its silica cellulose content.

â&#x20AC;˘

Rice bran is the most valuable by-product of the rice milling industry. Rice bran consists of pericarp, aleurone layer, germ and a part of endosperm. Rice bran is a potential source of vegetable oil. Refined oil can be a supplementary source of edible oil. Crude bran oil contains high free fatty acids and is used for manufacture of soap and fatty acids. Deoiled/ defatted bran is used as fertilizer. Page | 21

RICE IN UTTAR PRADESH

•

Broken rice is another by-product of rice milling industry. Nutritionally there is no difference between whole rice and broken rice. But quality wise, broken rice becomes poor due to admixture with grit, stones and clay particles. It is being utilized for preparation of Idli, Dosa and other such preparation in which rice flour or wet-ground rice paste is needed.

•

Rice straw is used as cattle feed, thatching roofs, cottage industry etc.

•

Rice grain is also used for many local preparations including puffed rice. Chura, roasted rice locally called ‘Laiya’ and in spiritual occasions.

b. Market value: Rice by products in the state have reasonable market demand but due to poor industry growth of the state to utilize by products of the rice, there is improper marketing management. Accordingly appreciable prices of the by products are not being realized by the growers. c. Milling industry: In Uttar Pradesh there are two types of paddy milling, either paraboiled or raw paddy to convert into edible rice. Four types of rice mills exit in state are hullers, shellers, hullers cum shellers and modern rice mills. Among these hullers are prevalent in rural and urban areas. Modern mills are few in the state which produce better head rice and quality bran oil after processing. XIII SPECIAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME IN THE RICE SECTOR OF THE STATE: In order to increase the production & productivity of the state, Government of Uttar Pradesh under guidance of

Government of India is implementing special development

programmes in the state. These are:

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1. National Food Security Mission: Under this project all together 27 districts have been covered. These are Azamgarh, Badaun, Bahraich, Ballia, Balrampur, Banda, Barely, Basti, Devaria, Fatehpur, Gonda. Gorakhpur, Gajipur, Hardoi, Mainpuri, Mau, Mirzapur, Raibarely, Rampur, Sahjhapur, Sarawasti, Sidharthnagar, Sitapur, Sonbhadra, Sultanpur & Unnao. The objective of this programme include promotion and extension of improved technologies i.e. quality seeds, INM, IPM and resource conservation technologies alongwith capacity building of the farmers to produce more rice to strengthen food security of the state. 2. Macro â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Managements of Agriculture project: Under the guidance of Govt. of India, integrated rice development programme has been implemented in 45 districts of Uttar Prades. The districts are Gaziabad, Pilibhit, Kannauj, Lalitpur, Kaushambi, Allahabad, Kushinagar, Jaunpur, Muzaffar Nagar, Aligarh, Eta, Muradabad, Itawa, Jalaun, Gautam Budha Nagar, Chandauli, Paratapgarh, Meerut, Mathura, Bijnore, Kanpur Sahar, Kanpur Dehat, Chitrakoot, Hathras, St. Kabir Nagar, Varanasi, Faizabad, Barabanki, Baghpat, Agra, Hamirpur, J.P. Nagar, Ambedkar Nagar, St. Ravidas Nagar, Maharajganj, Lucknow, Lakhimpur Kheri, Bulandshar, Firozabad, Shahjhapur, Farukhabad, Jhansi, Mahoba, Auraiya & Kanshi Ram Nagar. The major activities under the project are crop production technology demonstration, farmers field school training, subsidy provision on seed, micro nutrient, insecticides and biopesticides etc. XIV Status of recent methods/technologies a. SRI: System of rice intensification is being adopted/demonstrated in 13 districts of the state. Preliminary results indicated that short duration varieties, optimum irrigation coupled with spaced spacing and use of cono weeder may give better results. However its Page | 23

RICE IN UTTAR PRADESH

adoption is very slow due highly technical nursery management and use of young seedlings (12 days) for transplanting. b. Hybrid rice: Eastern part of the state is considered a hub of hybrid rice cultivation. Hybrid rice cultivation in the state is getting momentum during last few years. Expansion of hybrid rice is depicted in figure -3.

At present around 1.0 mha area is covered with different hybrids of rice. Among the most popular hybrids Pant Shankar Dhan-1, Narendra Shankar Dhan-2, Arize 6444, Pusa RH 10, PHB-71, Arize-201, Ganga, Sahayadri -4, KRH-2 and DRR-3 have major share in the area coverage as well as production. During WS 2011, Government of U.P. have a provision of 25% subsidy on hybrid seeds in order to promote hybrid rice in the state. State government is targeting to increase 1.5 lakhs hectare area every year under hybrid rice varieties. c. Aerobic rice: Demonstration/validation of aerobic rice is only at the stage of experimentation at on station. So far none of the aerobic rice variety is under commercial cultivation. However results obtained at Crop Research Station (NDUAT), Masodha, Faizabad shows promise for areas where limited water facility exists.

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d. Breeder Seed Production: During WS 2010 altogether 231.80 quintals breeder seed was produced as against indent of 117.00 quintals of DAC. In addition to this 622.00 q breeder seeds and 15.00 q nucleus seeds of different mega varieties and new promising varieties popularly grown in the state, were also produced. The average seed replacement rate of the state is 25%. Efforts are being made to raise the seed replacement rate as high as 33%. In order to meet this challenge quality breeder and foundation seeds of all the mega varieties are being produced. XV INSTITUTES INVOLVED IN RICE DEVELOPMENT IN THE STATE AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION: At present, three Agriculture universities viz. N.D. University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad (NDUAT), C.S. Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur and Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel Univ. of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut (SBPUAT) are involved in the rice research and development programme. NDUAT has contributed substaintly in rice development of the state. Being responsible for eastern part of the state where rice is grown in all type of unfavourable ecological conditions viz. rainfed upland, flood affected situation and inland salinity condition its responsibility becomes most crucial. BHU, Varanasi and SAM Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture Technology & Sciences (Deemed university), Allahabad has little share in the rice development. The rice research centres in the state categorized in two groups: 1. Funded centres: Masodha, Ghaghraghat in NDUAT, Nagina, (SBPUAT, Meerut), Kanpur (CSAUAT) and Varanasi (BHU) have been funded by ICAR.

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RICE IN UTTAR PRADESH

2. Voluntary centres:

SAM Higginbottom Instute of Agriculture Technology & Sciences

(Deemed university), Allahabad and Meerut (SBPUAT) are partially financially supported centres. Contributions: As regards the contribution, NDUAT, Faizabad has major share in rice development followed by CSAUAT and BHU. Remaining two universities SBPUAT and : SAM Higginbottom Instute of Agriculture Technology & Sciences (Deemed university), Allahabad are in initial stage of rice development. NDUAT has developed 30 rice varieties covering all the ecosystems viz. upland, lowland and flood prone, irrigated and inland salinity and hybrid rice. The specific features of these varieties are furnished below: Variety

Narendra Dhan - 1 Narendra Dhan - 118 Narendra Dhan - 97 Barani Deep Shushk Samrat Narendra Lalmati

Narendra Dhan - 2 NarendraDhan - 80 NDR 2026

NDR 2064

Parentage/ Designation

Year of release

Yield (q/ha)

Grain Type

105

35-40

1987 1992 2001

85 90 100

35-40 35-40 35-40

MS LS LS

2007

105

35-40

Selection from local 2009 Lalmati B. Irrigated Ecology Early(l00-l15d) IR 8/Tadukan / (TKM6 1982 /TNI )/ /IR8/IR24 Nagina-22/IR 36 1986

105

30-35

115

40-45

115

40-45

2005

115

40-45

2007

115

50-55

A. Upland drought prone very early Belle PatnalL.8 1981 IR 36/Hansraj A N agina-22/Ratna C1064-5!IR9129 - 120-33-3/fR 54 C 1064-5/Kalkari//IR 54

SIPI 632063 /CHLANING SENYU47/ ITAICH UNG SEN 12 Pant Dhan 4/Saket4 // NDR 2017

Maturity (days)

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Medium Duration (120-130d) Sarjoo-52 TNl/Kashi 1980 130 Narendra Dhan -359 BG90-2-4/OYE77 1993 130 Narendra Dhan 3112-1 NDR 313-1/NDR 359 2009 125-130 Hybrid Rice Narendra Shankar Dhan-2 IR58025A/NDR3026- 3-1 1998 130 C. Rainfed Lowland Shallow Deep (30-50cm) NDR 8002 IR 67493-M â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2 2004 140 Jal Lahri Pankaj/Mahsuri// TKM6 1993 145 D. Deep Water & Flood Prone Jalpriya IET 4060 / Jalmagna 1993 160-170 Barah Avarodhi Madhukar / Sona 1995 155 Jalnidhi Sel. From Goanth 1993 180-200 E. Usar/Problem Soil IR1814/IR1366- 120 -3Narendra Usar Dhan - 2 1995 125 1//IR1539- 37-3-1 LeungYAI 148/IR 9129NarendraUsar Dhan -3 209-2-2-1 //IR 18272-271999 130 3-1 IR58025A/NDRK5026 -1 NDURH-3 2005 130 R Narendra Usar Dhan 2008 TCCP 266-249-B-B- 2009 120-125 3/IR 262-43-8-1

60-65 60-65 50-55

LB LS LB

65-70

40-45 40-50

LS MS

35-40 30-35 35-40

LS LB MB

30-40

45-50

50-55

45-50

The impact of green revolution is yet to be realized in fragile ecologies specially rainfed lowland, flood prone and rainfed upland due to non availability of suitable high yielding varieties suitable for target environments. The varieties namely Jalnidhi, Jalpriya and Barh Avrodhi have shown stable and potential yield under deep water, semi deep water and intermittent flash flooded situations. These varieties have been liked by the farmers and have contributed substantially in increasing the production and productivity of the area of this fragile ecology in addition to living status of the fragile farmers. Jallahari is suitable for lowland and shallow water situation. NDR 8002 is spreading in rainfed low land and water logged areas of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal due its quality grain

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and high yield potential. The adoption of the variety in this fragile situation will boost up the productivity of the area. Shusk Samrat (NDR 1045-2) is the recent release for direct seeded upland areas of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Orissa where low productivity is a rule due to unpredictable drought. It is anticipated that this variety will replace the most popular varieties of the states including NDR 97, Vandana, Narendra 118 and Manhar etc. This will serve as boon to resource poor farmers as it does well in low input management and moisture stress condition. Among the new releases, NDR 2026, NDR 2064 and NDR 3112-1 will replace popular varieties of irrigated areas being different maturity groups. Narendra Lalmati will be a boon for double cropping specially potato growing areas. Narendra Usar Dhan 2008 (NDRK 5088) will enhance the production productivity of coastal salinity areas of West Bengal, Orissa & Andhra Pradesh; and inland salinity/usar areas of Uttar Pradesh. Recently three rice varieties viz. value added scented NDR 6093 for favourable irrigated, NDR 2065 for irrigated mid early and NDR 50002 for inland salinity have been released by State Variety Release Committee under the Chairmanship of Principal Secretary, Agriculture on 12.10.2010 for Uttar Pradesh. These varieties are becoming popular in their respective ecology and areas. Seed production technology of rice hybrid Narendra Shankar Dhan 2 has been worked out, standardized and demonstrated. Trained a large number of officers of university, line departments and farmers have been trained. This resulted in adoption of hybrid rice varieties in larger acreage probably the highest in eastern region.

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CSSRI, Lucknow is focusing on testing and evaluation of inland salinity genotypes for their tolerance against salts. In addition state department of agriculture also helps in testing of genotypes in target environments through its Regional Agriculture Testing and Demonstration Stations located in different regions. XVI Constraints in rice production: Overall productivity of the state is low, not only due to the major share of rainfed rice but also frequent occurrence of biotic and abiotic streses a) Biotic Stress: The biotic stresses that impose limitations on rice productivity in the state include diseases, insect â&#x20AC;&#x201C; pests and weeds. Diseases: The major diseases are Blast, Bacterial leaf blight, Brown spot, Sheath blight and Neck blast in order of their occurrence. Insect-pests: Insect-pests pose serious threats to the rice crop by attacking every part of the plant at all the growth stages. The most severe damage is caused by pink stem borer and yellow stem borer. Stem borer accounts for 40% of loss under severe infestation. The other insects including leaf folder, white grub, gundhi bug and termite also limits the rice productivity of the state. Weeds: The heavy weed infestation ranks only second to moisture stress in reducing grain yield of rainfed rice in the state. Echinochloa crusgalli, E. colonum, Cyperus iria, C. rotundus, Cloeme viscosa, Eclipta alba and Fimbristylis dichotoma were common weeds. b) Abiotic stress: By and large rainfed rice suffers from three major abiotic stresses namely drought, submergence and Salinity. Besides nutrient deficiency (Zinc, Iron, Boron etc.) and iron toxicity limits the rice production. Cold is another stress severely affects the boro rice nursery performance and late duration rice varieties.

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In addition to these biotic and abiotic stresses low rice productivity may be ascribed to deteriorating soil health conditions due imbalance use of fertilizers, less use of organic manures, secondary and micro nutrients and soil ameliorants, poor seed replacement rate, lack of farm mechanization, mismanagement of water resources, large no. of resource poor farmers (92 % small & marginal), poor dissemination of appropriate and location specific technologies specially for rainfed environments and lack of efficient drawn extension system. c) Institutional constraints: The major constraints faced by different institutions located in the state are as follows: •

Poor infrastructure, Laboratory and field facilities available in different institution of state restricts the progress of the quality research.

•

Paucity of fund is one of the major constraints in conducting the research and development activities at the institution.

•

Coordination among the different institutions is also at low key which directly affects the sharing of valuable knowledge and technical information generated by them.

•

Weak institutional finance system.

•

Problem of marketing for rice hybrids.

•

Poor institutional coordination for ensuring facilities to the farmers.

XVII Strategies and modern techniques to enhance rice production The impact points adopted by the state for increasing the productivity or to fill the gaps of rice crop are as follows:

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RICE IN UTTAR PRADESH

•

Thrust on maximizing area under hybrid rice through popularizing high yielding hybrids and extending subsidy on costly seeds.

•

Spreading of suitable varieties for water logged/flood affected area: Ambitious programme of covering SWARNA Sub-1 variety in 0.5 mha water logged area of the state.

•

Spreading of suitable varieties for drought prone area through promotion of Shushk Samrat, Sahbhagi Dhan and Narendra 97.

•

Promotion of varieties tolerant to sodicity specially Naredra Usar Dhan-3, Naredra Usar Dhan-2008 and CSR-36 in the problem soil areas of the state.

•

By incorporating Dhaincha as green manure in the crop cycle.

•

In non –monetary inputs, timely completition of the planting and adoption of SRI techniques are being encouraged.

•

Improvement of soil health by use of green manure and compost for sustainability of rice productivity of the state.

XVIII Conclusion & Way forward Climate change brings new problems for the sustainability of rice production not only in state but globally. Efforts will be made to improve germplasm adaptation to cope up with the prevailing unfavourable rice environments. Development of aerobic rice, drought tolerant, submergence tolerant and efficient problem soil tolerant genotypes & hybrids will be our main focus of rice improvement research in future following both conventional as well as marker assisted backcross breeding techniques. Under IRRI – NDUAT collaborative project entitled “Stress Tolerant Rice for Poor Farmers of Africa and South Asia” and DBT funded project on abiotic stress ““From QTL to Page | 31

RICE IN UTTAR PRADESH

Variety: Marker Assisted Breeding of Abiotic Stress Tolerant Rice Varieties with Major QTLs for Drought, Submergence and Salt Tolerance” efforts are being made to transfer the submergence tolerant gene, drought tolerant gene & salt tolerant genes in mega rice varieties through Marker Assisted Backcross Breeding (MABC). Development of Swarna Sub-1 by IRRI, Manila, Philippines is good beginning. Field evaluation/testing is progress with IR 64 Sub-1 and Sambha Mahsuri Sub-1 at our university. Similarly drought tolerant gene from Ajucena (a drought tolerant japonica rice variety) is being introgressed in IR 64 and IR 64 isogenic lines possessing relatively higher degree of drought tolerance have been identified. In order to develop salt tolerant genotype for inland salinity areas, efforts are being made to transfer ‘Saltol’ gene in popular varieties following marker assisted backcross breeding. Phenotyping of these introgressed lines developed by MABC will be done in target environments to identify tolerant varieties to various abiotic stresses. Integrated crop management needs emphasis in future in order to increase production and productivity of rainfed rice besides developing short duration drought tolerant stable varieties responsive to low input for drought prone areas and high yielding submergence & salt tolerance rice genotypes for flood prone and inland salinity conditions. Keeping in the view the global warming photo and thermo insensitive varieties need to be develop for future. To refine and develop simple and holistic IPM, IDM and INM approach for increasing production and productivity of rice areas.

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