My Graduation Book I - Aqaba Business Bay in jordan by Dalal Alhourani

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DALAL ABDULMOHSSIN ALHOURANI Bachelor degree in architectural engineering

DR. BASSIM Salah

GRADUATION THESIS BOOK

AQABA BUSINESS BAYIn Jordan Supervised by: Dr. Bassim Salah Eng. Niveen Eng. Taghreed

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve always been lucky because of the perfect people that I have in my life. First, to be born in a great family and then by meeting good people through every stage of my life. This is a great opportunity to express my gratitude to those who stood by my side throughout my academic tough journey. Foremost, I want to offer this endeavor to ALLAH Almighty for this wisdom he bestowed upon me, the strength, peace of mind and good health that helped me of my higher education study. Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;am deeply indepted to my family for the encouragement which helped me in completion of this thesis. My beloved and supportive Parents who are always by my side at all times I needed them most. Thanks to my lovable Sisters and Brothers who inspire me to think positively. I would like to express the deepest appreciation to DR. Bassim Saleh, who has the attitude and the substance of a genius; he continually and convincingly conveyed a spirit of adventure in regard to research, and an excitement in regard to teaching. Without his guidance and constant help this research would not have been possible. I am highly indebted to Eng. Niveen and Taghreed for their constant supervision as well as providing necessary information regarding this research and also for their support. My thanks and appreciations also goes to my Bestfriends, Mona and Asala, who have willingly helped me out with their abilities. And appreciations to all my Colleagues for their keen interest and encouragement. I humbly extend my thanks to all concerned persons who co-operated with me in this regard.

INTRODUCTION

The business bay is necessary for the rapid growing of business needed in the city of Aqaba. The present potentially enhances its post as the regional hub for business and finance. This bay is the way for new technology and opportunities for future mega investment, hence for remarkable economy. The mission is to boost Jordanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economy for better life to all Jordanians by creating jobs. This book consists of 5 chapters: It defines Aqaba as business bay. It sets objectives of the project after construction. It handles and discusses diversity of case studies of the exsiting business centers. The program of qualitative and quantitative studies is developed. Site selection for the project. Finally the conclusion and number of design alternative are elaborated.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Making money is art and working is art and good business is the best art.â&#x20AC;&#x153;

Andy Warhol

INDEX

CHAPTER 2 CASE STUDIES 2.1. TECHNO GROUP HEADQUARTERS AMMAN\JORDAN 2.2. WORLD TRADE CENTER - DUBAI\ UAE 2.3. WORLD TRADE CENTER - MANAMA\ BAHRAIN 2.4. WORLD TRADE CENTER - BUSAN\ KOREA 2.5. DnB NORD OFFICE BUILDING RIGA\LATVIA 2.6. DIAGONAL TOWER - SEOUL\ SOUTH KOREA

24 36 46 64 82 96

CHAPTER 3 PROGRAM 3.1. INTRODUCTION 3.2. PROGRAM 3.3. FUNCTIONS RELATIONSHIP

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. DEFINITIONS 14 1.2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 16 20 1.3. OBJECTIVES

CHAPTER 4 SITE ANALYSIS 132 136 141 141

4.1. INTRODUCTION ABOUT AQABA 4.2. POTENTIAL SITE ANALYSIS 4.3. SITE COMPARISON CRITERIA 4.4. THE SELECTED SITE

120 121 129

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND DESIGN CONCEPT 144 147

5.1. CONCLUSION 5.2. DESIGN CONCEPT CRITERIA

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1. DEFINITIONS 1.2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 1.3. OBJECTIVES

1.1. DEFINITIONS 1.1.1. AQABA

According to oxford dictionaries: Jordanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s only port, at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba.

1.1.2. BUSINESS

(also known as an enterprise, a company or a firm) is an organizational entity and legal entity made up of an association of people, it is natural, legal, or a mixture of both who share a common purpose and unite in order to focus their various talents and organize their collectively available skills or resources to achieve specific declared goals and are involved in the provision of goods and services to consumers.

1.1.3. BAY

A building used as a meeting place for a particular group or having facilities for certain activities.

1.1.4. BUSINESS BAY

Organization or enterprising entity engaged in commercial, industrial or professional activities. And has commercial premises usable by the occupiers for a short period on a membership basis of the center. Usually, a business center charges for the full service accommodation, which is generally substantially higher than the rental of a standard office space and includes cost of HVAC, housekeeping, electricity, and security systems.

1.1.5. TYPES OF BUSINESS

1.1.5.1. Construction and Real state. 1.1.5.2. Education and health. 1.1.5.3. Manufacturing. 1.1.5.4. Leisure and recreation. 1.1.5.5. Natural resources and mining. 1.1.5.6. Transportation, warehousing, utilities. 1.1.5.7. Wholesale and retail trade.

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Oxforddictionaries.com

Fig.1.01.: Ancient methods of exchanging needs CHAPTER 1

1.2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 1.2.1. HISTORY OF BUSINESS

Business in antiquity was surprisingly similar to that of today. It therefore provides a relatively simple model showing the dynamics that affect business prosperity, however, business have been developed through periods of time:

1.2.1.1. Iron Age, Around 1000 B.C.

During the period of business’s early formation in the Middle East, quite possibly the greatest single social change was the coming of the Iron Age, around 1000 B.C. Iron dramatically undercut the cost of tools, armor, and weaponry. Cheap iron bought many tools and implements within reach of ordinary people, greatly increasing productivity and wealth. Inexpensive iron armaments equipped huge armies, making great empires possible, such as those of the Assyrians (1000-640 CE) Babylonians (640-580 CE), and Persians (580-334 CE). Yet the Iron Age changed business very little. Fig.1.02.: World’s first ancient coin

1.2.1.2. Invention of Coins “late in the 7th century BCE” Invention of coins profoundly altered the role and practices of business. Coins made possible the markets and entrepreneurial businesses that would shape urban economies throughout the Mediterranean and Roman worlds. The first coins appeared in the Anatolian kingdom of Lydia, late in the 7th century BCE. which soon supplanted barter in their economic transactions. and coins became a reliable way to hold wealth.

1.2.1.3. Globalization

Globalization has attracted enormous attention and generated undeniably important consequences. While wreaking havoc on U.S. and European workforces it has considerably raised the level of manufacturing productivity, brought vast new populations into the modern economy, and lowered consumer prices almost everywhere.

1.2.1.4. The Invention of Microprocessors The invention of microprocessors has brought

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Fig.1.03.: The ancient periods of business around the world

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changes that seem more fundamental to business, Computers, running on microprocessors, have enabled whole new fields of knowledge (like genomics), new types of work, and new businesses. high technology, in general, offers better investment possibilities than does globalization.

1.2.1.5. Finance

Finance has become a central issue for investors in recent years. It is a huge and dynamic business sector in its own right, and critical to the general business climate. A river of words has flowed about the financial events that brought the developed world to its knees in 2007.

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1.2.2. HISTORY OF TRADE’S COMMUNICATION The history of business is connected with the history of international trade which chronicles notable events that have affected the trade between various countries. In the era before the rise of the nation state, the term “international trade” cannot be literally applied, but simply means trade over long distances; the sort of movement in goods which would represent international trade in the modern world.

1.2.2.1. Ancient Ages

-The domestication of camel allows Arabian nomads to control long distance trade in spices and silk from the far east. -The Egyptians trade in the Red Sea, importing spices from the land “Land of Punt” and from Arabia. -Tiglath-Pileser III attacks Gaza in order to control trade along the incense route. -Due to its prominent position in the incense trade, Yemen attacks settlers from fertile crescent. -Pre-Islamic Meccans use the old incense route to benefit from the heavy Roman demand for the luxury goods.

1.2.2.2. Middle Ages

-The Abbasids use Alexandria, Damietta, Aden, and Siraf as entry ports to India and China. -The Hanseatic League secures trading privileges and market rights in England for goods from the Leagues’s trading cities in 1157. -Due the Turkish hold on the Levant during the second half of the fifteenth century the traditional spice route shifts from the Persian Gulf to the Red Sea.

1.2.2.2. Early Modern

-In the 1530s, the Portuguese shipped spices to Hormuz. -The first English outpost in the East Indies is established in Sumatra in 1685. -In 1799, the Dutch East India company, formerly the world’s largest company goes bankrupt, partly due to the rise of competitive free trade. Fig.1.04.: The Ancient Incense Trade

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1.2.2.3. Later Modern

-By 1815, the first shipment of nutmegs from Sumatra had arrives in Europe . -Geranda becomes involved in Spice Trade. -Free Trade Agreement (1860) finalized between Britain and France. -In 1946. The Britton Woods system goes into effect; it had been planned since 1944 as an international economic structure to prevent further depressions and wars. -European Free Trade Association is established in 1960. -Octobers 16, 1973: OPEC raises the Saudi light crude export price, and mandate an export cut the next day, plus an Embargo on oil exports to nations allied with Israel in the course of the Yom Kippur War. -January 1, 1995: world trade organization is created to facilitate free trade.

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1.3. OBJECTIVES

Nowadays jordan has became the place for many nationalities (Palestinian, Iraqi and Syrians), and its economy is not enough for both locals and other nationalities. Therefore increasing the economy by having large investments and business will keep jordan’s economy prosperous. Aqaba is the only coastal city in Jordan, the largest and most populous city. Benefiting from its location and status as Jordan’s special economic zone, Aqaba’s economy is based on the tourism and port industry sectors.The economic growth in Aqaba is higher than the average economic growth in the country. Therefore choosing it as a location for large business bay to boost the economy more, that will attract investments as well as tourism. The mission and main objectives for Aqaba Business Bay are:

1.3.1. Mission

Its mission is committed to making a better life for all Jordanians through job creation, economic development and public reform.

Fig.1.05.: Aqaba’s Investment Port

1.3.2. Objectives

1.3.2.1. Giving the necessary means of development to achieve their business missions in a professional atmosphere designed solely for its improvements. 1.3.2.2. To boost the global recognition of the city. 1.3.2.3. Be a contributor for future employment growth. 1.3.2.4. Promote diversification of new and innovative ideas. 1.3.2.5. Provide technical, financial, business, and marketing support for investments start-ups. 1.3.6. Accommodation for business travellers in the city. 1.3.2.6. Represent, defend and protect general and individual professional interests of members. 1.3.2.7. Develop an infrastructure (platform) to promote business development in Jordan, and facilitate interaction of members with the local, regional, and international community. 1.3.2.8. Be active and successful in voicing and influencing policies of interests to Aqaba Business Bay’s members towards local, regional, and international public. 20

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CHAPTER 2 CASE STUDIES

2.1. TECHNO GROUP HEADQUARTERS - AMMAN\JORDAN 2.2. WORLD TRADE CENTER DUBAI\UAE 2.3. WORLD TRADE CENTER - MANAMA\BAHRAIN 2.4. WORLD TRADE CENTER - BUSAN\KOREA 2.5. DnB NORD OFFICE BUILDING - RIGA\LATVIA 2.6. DIAGONAL TOWER - SEOUL\ SOUTH KOREA

TECHNO GROUP HEADQUARTERS - AMMAN\ JORDAN 25

2.1. TECHNO QUARTERS

GROUP

HEAD-

Architect: Symbiosis Designs LTD Location: Amman, Jordan Client: Techno Group Land area: 2,000 sq. m Built-up area: 12,000 sq. m Project year: 2011 Symbiosis Designs LTD recently won the design competition to build Techno Group Headquarters in Amman, Jordan. The building massing concept creates a negative space that would be a certain interruption to the continuous street frontal faรงades, hence a specific and differentiated visual field is announced where the void becomes a captive.

2.1.1. SITE PLAN DESCRIPTION

Its located in the middle of the downtown Amman, Jordan, next to Intercontinental, Zahran street, between 2nd and 3rd circle.

Intercontinental

Zahran street

Fig.2.01.: Techno Group Headquarters site plan 26

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Fig.2.02.: Techno Group Headquarters Front elevation CHAPTER 2

2.1.2. DESIGN CONCEPT

The building concept brings all building elements into a rigorous concealed framework. Redundancies are collapsed into single expression tidy within the structural skin and floor assembly reducing unnecessary articulations. Its seamless assembly stands representative of a sophisticated design and fabrication industry, that of the client. A unique resonating form of L shape along with a captive void that catches wind more, and prevailing balances were the sought after expression.

Fig.2.03.: L shape concept of catching wind

Fig.2.04.: Phasing Concept

Fig.2.05.: Exploded Isometric

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Fig.2.06.: Functional relationship diagram as going up in floors

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Functions:

1- Meeting rooms 2- Open offices 3- Resting area 4- Entrance hall 5-Auditorium 6- Parking Entrance

Circulation:

2.1.2.1. FUNCTIONS Horizontal circulation Main functions in ground floor are: meeting rooms, offices, setting areas and circulation. Typical floor plan consists of offices and meetVertical circulation ing rooms. PLANS

2 2 4 3 1

2 Fig.2.07.: Ground floor plan

2 1

Fig.2.08.: Typical floor plan CHAPTER 2

2 1

1 Fig.2.09.: First floor plan

Fig.2.10.: Executive floor plan

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2 5

Fig.2.11.: Section A-A

2 1 1

5 2

Fig.2.12.: Section B-B CHAPTER 2

2.1.2.2 FORM AND GEOMETRY

The austerity of the building exterior is quickly balanced by the softness of the floating and humming wooden clouds on the inside. The visitorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s path is treated as a celebratory narrative or scenographic revelation of the contents and values of the client. The building interior is constructed to offer pure and simple working halls that balance light and shade and drive at reducing visual noise, offering pensive spaces and very synergetic working environment.

Fig.2.13.: Headquarter Interior shot

Fig.2.14.: Headquarter Interior shot

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Fig.2.15.: Headquarter Captive void shot

Fig.2.16.: Headquarter Interior shot CHAPTER 2

2.1.3. CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY 2.1.3.1. CONSTRUCTION

The design incorporates most modern construction technologies, that was constructed with reinforced concrete and steel with structural exterior enclosure that is a prefabricated, pre-glazed, bay-size, steel hollow structural section (HSS) frame with structural shear panels at the jambs and a single cross-brace of pre-stressed stainless steel rods. The design retains the transparency and depth of a conventional curtain wall, while its steel structure enhances the stiffness of the building frame under wind load, reducing serviceability-level movement.

2.1.3.2. STRUCTURAL SYSTEM ANDMATERIALS

The facade of the building is a steel structural skin that is a grounding continuum and an assurance of rigor, noise reduction and simplicity. Materials: reinforced concrete, steel and glass.

2.1.3.3. SUSTAINABILITY AND ADAPTABILITY

Steel structural skin works as noise reduction and simplicity. L shaped building mostly effective for wind direction to gain wind (ventilation).

Fig.2.17.: Structural skin of the building

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Fig.2.18.: Structural skin detail

Fig.2.19.: Structural detail section CHAPTER 2

WORLD TRADE CENTER - DUBAI\UAE 36

2.2. WORLD TRADE CENTER

Architect: Robert Matthew and Hohnson Marshall Building Hight: 184 m Built up area: 40000 sqm Number of Floors: 40 stories Structure System: Rainforced Concrete. Date: 1997

Was inaugurated in 1979. It is a purpose-built complex for events and exhibitions. The building is featured on the 100 Dirham bank note. With over 1.3 million square feet of covered exhibition and event space, comprising 21 halls and over 40 meeting rooms across 3 floors, Dubai World Trade Centre hosts over 500 events annually. In 2015, the venue held 396 trade events and welcomed over 2.74 million visitors.

2.2.1. SITE PLAN DESCRIPTION

Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s located in Sheikh Zayed Road which is a highway in Dubai, UAE, running parallel to its coastline from Trade Centre Roundabout to the border with the emirate of Abu Dhabi, in the Jebel Ali. The road was known as Trade area Centre Road, The first stretch of the highway is home to most of Dubaiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s skyscrapers, including Burj Dubai and Emirates Towers, It is also connected to new development such as Palm Jumeirah. The road has Dubai Metro running parallel to it.

Fig.2.20.: World trade Center site plan

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Fig.2.21.: World Trade Center Site view

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2.2.2. DESIGN CONCEPT

Main concept was to try to make it comparable with a top-quality office building youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d find anywhere else in the world, So they negotiated the first in-building post office, they had courier offices and on-site banking, and they had not only a staff canteen but one or two nice restaurants. they introduced serviced offices ahead of Regus and the other big players, and they tried to provide a high standard of management, welcome and assistance.

2.2.2.1. FUNCTIONS AND CIRCULATION Program:

- Federal Express. - Commercial companies. - Consulates of Australia, Italy, Japan, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United States of America. - Business club. - Leasing and marketing offices. - Conferences and serviced apartments complex. - Management training centre. - Arabic language centre. - Events management. -Apartments.

Fig.2.22.: DWTC functional relationship

Fig.2.23.: DWTC Ground floor

VERTICAL CIRCULATION HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION ENTRANCE SERVICES OFFICES

Fig.2.24.: World Trade Center corridor

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Fig.2.25.: Top tower design

2.2.2.2. FORM AND GEOMETRY

The tower incorporated elements of traditional Islamic architecture. “This is one of my favourite buildings,” says Ahmed Al Ali, an Emirati and a principal of X-Architects in Dubai. “It’s quite beautiful because it is really strict modernist architecture, but at the same time it has another layer of respect for the place itself. “I really love it. Even though it was built in the ‘70s it should be looked at as an example for the future.”

Fig.2.26.: Tower facade CHAPTER 2

2.2.2.3. FUNCTIONS DUBAI FINANCIAL MARKET (DFM)

DFM operates as a secondary market for the trading of securities issued by public shareholding companies, bonds issued by federal or local governments, local public institutions and mutual funds as well as other local or foreign DFM approved financial instruments. DFM has the main entrance for both DFM and DWTC, and its two floor building with mainly services and offices.

Fig.2.27.: DWTC Site plan

Fig.2.29.: DWTC

Fig.2.28.: Main entrance for DWTC AND DFM

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DFM PROGRAM AND PLANS

MAIN HALL VERTICAL CIRCULATION HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION SECURITY SERVICES

DFM provides educational and informative industry-leading events for investors, DFM listed companies, companies looking to go public, brokers, custodians and the wider financial community. From international roadshows, seminars, roundtable discussions, to workshops and conferences, DFM proactively brings together leading industry specialists to share, debate and discuss the most pertinent subject areas.

OFFICES PUBLIC GALLERY BROKERS OFFICES VIP AREAS RECEPTION AND INFORMATION DESKS TRADING OFFICES COMPUTER ROOMS STORES PRAYER ROOM CAFE

Fig.2.30.: DFM Ground Floor

Fig.2.31.: DFM First Floor

Fig.2.32.: Main lobby (Plazza) between DWTC and DFM Fig.2.33.: Main hall of DFM CHAPTER 2

2.2.3. CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY 2.1.3.1. CONSTRUCTION

The design incorporates some modern and old construction technologies, that was constructed with reinforced concrete and glass with islamic facade of triangular arches that provide shades for interiors.

2.2.3.2. STRUCTURAL SYSTEM ANDMATERIALS

The structural system is a colonnade system of columns around the plan with different spans according to the shape of the building. Structural joints or air-conditions are covered with glazed aluminium or stainless steel elements. Materials: reinforced concrete and glass.

Fig.2.34.: DWTC facade 44

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2.2.3.3. SUSTAINABILITY AND ADAPTABILITY Elegant facade of pointed arches of colonnades to catch the breeze and to work as a shading device. Fig.2.35.: Sketch showing the facade design

Fig.2.36.: DWTC facade 45

WORLD TRADE CENTER - MANAMA\BAHRAIN 46

2.3. BAHRAIN WORLD TRADE CENTER

Architect: WS Atkins Built up area: 16500 sqm Building Hight: 240 m Number of Floors: 53 Type: Mixed-use, Retail, Office Building Structure System: Reinforced Concrete, steel Built in: 2003-2007 Not wanting to be left behind by Saudi Arabia and Dubai, the country of Bahrain has been approving some interesting and eye-popping developments in the realm of green architecture. Especially interesting is the new Bahrain World Trade Center located in the city of Manama. The 50-story complex contains two identical towers that rise over 240 meters in height. The sail-shaped buildings offer a visually striking silhouette, appropriately referencing the maritime environment of this small Middle Eastern island, and boast one very unique feature 3 giant wind turbines tying the two “sails” together.

2.3.1. SITE PLAN DESCRIPTION

The building is in Bahrain, an Arabian country in the middle-east that is subject to extreme high temperatures as well as a coastal winds. And it is the first Persian Gulf nation to establish a post-oil economy built on banking and tourism. Due to it’s locale the facade is mainly composed of glass that allows for sunlight but reflects heat away from the building. It is also necessary to take advantage of the coastal views and urban city views that are accessible from this point. It is located on the King Faisal Highway in Manama. The trade centre faces north, the direction from which air blows over the Persian Gulf. The orientation also creates a dramatic entry point for the entire complex.

Fig.2.37.: Location map

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1- The tower 2- New shopping mall 3- Existing shopping mall 4- Existing Sheraton hotel 5- Entrance 6- Road way 7- Green space 8- Sidewalk 9- Parking

Fig.2.38.: Site view of the towers with the surroundings

7 3

Fig.2.39.: Ground floor master plan CHAPTER 2

2.3.2. DESIGN CONCEPT

The concept design of the Bahrain World Trade Center towers was inspired by the traditional Arabian “Wind Towers” in that the very shape of the buildings harness the unobstructed prevailing onshore breeze from the Gulf, providing a renewable source of energy for the project. The towers are now well known for their striking architecture that mimics an ancient Arabian “wind tower” design. What truly sets the BWTC apart, however, is its status as the first commercial building to fully integrate three large-scale wind turbines into its design. The project also aims to show the world that countries of the United Arab Emirates, known globally for its oil production, also have launched renewable energy.

2.3.2.1. FORM AND GEOMETRY There are 3 bridges that connect the twin towers to each other, each has a wind turbine on it. These turbines are the highlight of the form of this building, however they also affect it structurally as they need to be strong enough to withstand the funneling of wind that is sent their way as well as any possible drag that affects the building. the towers’ shape was literally carved out by the wind to create optimum airflow around the buildings. The elliptical plan forms act as aerofoils, funneling the onshore breeze between them, creating a negative pressure behind, thus accelerating wind velocity between the two towers. Vertically, the sculpting of the towers is also a function of airflow dynamics.

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Fig.2.40.: Bahrain world trade center

Fig.2.41.: Concept sketch CHAPTER 2

2.3.2.2. FUNCTION AND CIRCULATION The towers are integrated on top of a three-storey podium, which accommodates a new 9,600m² MODA shopping centre (200 boutique stores), fine restaurants, food court, hotel space for the Sheraton, business centre, health club and spa, and 1,700 onsite parking spaces. The podium accommodates a one-storey extension to the existing shopping mall to give a total floor space of 16,500m². Each of the 50-story towers houses offices and a watchtower on the 42nd floor. PROGRAM: - Reception - Maintenance - Security - Parking service - 1,000 dedicated car parking spaces for office tenants - A mix of high-end restaurants and casual cafés - Business Centre facility - Five-star Sheraton Hotel - Fitness centre - Car rental service - Photocopy centre - Commercial banks managed by international property management specialists cushman & Wakefield

Functions:

1- Open offices 2- Entrance hall 3- New shopping mall 4- Existing shopping mall 5- Existing hotel 6- balcony 7- Parking

Circulation: Horizontal circulation Vertical circulation

Fig.2.42.: BWTC functional relationship

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1 7

7 7

Fig.2.43.: Podium third floor plan

2 3

Fig.2.44.: Ground Floor plan CHAPTER 2

Fig.2.45.: 37th floor plan - upper turbine leevel

Fig.2.46.: 27th floor plan - middle turbine leevel

Fig.2.47.: 17th floor plan - lower turbine leevel

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Fig.2.48.: Individual north tower plan

6 1

6 1 Fig.2.49.: Eleventh floor plan of east tower showing the leasable area CHAPTER 2

3 Fig.2.50.: Twin tower cross section

Fig.2.51.: Twin towers cross sections

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3 7

Fig.2.52.: Podium cross section CHAPTER 2

2.3.3. CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY 2.3.3.1. CONSTRUCTION

The design incorporates most modern construction technologies, that was constructed with reinforced concrete and steel. The towersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; constructed in a shape that was literally carved out by the wind to create optimum airflow around the buildings. The elliptical plan forms act as aerofoils, funneling the onshore breeze between them, creating a negative pressure behind, thus accelerating wind velocity between the two towers. Vertically, the sculpting of the towers is also a function of airflow dynamics. As they taper skywards, the aerofoil sections reduce. This effect, combined with the increasing onshore wind velocity at higher altitudes creates a near equal regime of wind speed on each of the three turbines, irrespective of height, allowing them to rotate at the same speed and generate the same energy levels. The three 29-meter (95-foot)-diameter, 11 ton wind turbines are supported on 31.5-meter (103-foot), 70 ton bridges between the towers. Each turbine generates 225kW. The buildings have been sculpted to funnel the uninterrupted on-shore breeze onto the turbines and create a perpendicular slip stream that corrects the wind direction to take advantage of 70% of Bahrainâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wind energy. The facade of the building consist of aluminium cladding panels with glass panels.

Fig.2.53.: Twin towers construction

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Fig.2.54.: Location of the tower facing the gulf for wind gain.

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Fig.2.55.: Towers’ turbines with bridges

Fig.2.56.: Towers’ bridges before adding the turbines CHAPTER 2

2.3.3.2. STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

Vertical Loads: The structure of the Bahrain World Trade Center consists primarily of a main and secondary concrete core. The floor plates are framed with reinforced vertical concrete columns and raking columns which follow the tapered edges of the towers. The columns are positioned in a 26 ft grid pattern and the floor plates have a typical storey height of 12 ft. The raking columns triangulate both of the cores providing the towers with a stiff framework. Due to the tapering shape of the towers, the secondary core terminates before reaching the highest office. The main core extends to the height of the highest office floor, but then also terminates. The panoramic core extends higher into the towers supporting the duplex offices and viewing gallery. Above the gallery, lattice steelwork is used to structure the top clad section to help reduce weight. The tapering shape of the towers also means that the center of gravity, center of mass, and center of stiffness vary on each floor, moving towards the panoramic lifts with increasing height. The results of this may lead to dead load sway, however the possibility of that is very small because of the stiffening framework provided by the raking columns and the concentration of piles beneath the main core to reduce base rotation.

Horizontal Loads: The wind load on the towers is resisted primarily by the main concrete core; however the secondary concrete core helps to relieve some of the main cores loads. The load transfer between the two cores occurs between the 20th and 24th floor levels. Materials: reinforced concrete, steel, Glass panel, Aluminum Cladding panels.

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Fig.2.57.: Floor plan view of structural system the turbines

Fig.2.58.: Vertical load transferding the turbines

Fig.2.59.: Horizontal load transfer adding the turbines

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2.3.3.3. SUSTAINABILITY AND ADAPTABILITY

Additional high-quality solar glasses used with low-shading coefficient reduce the air temperature of the building. Balconies to the sloping elevations with overhangs also provide appropriate shading. The opaque fabric elements of the building are given enhanced thermal insulation. There are also reflection pools at entry points of the building, providing local evaporative cooling. extensive landscaping reduces site albedo, generates CO2 and shades the on-grade car parks. The sail-shaped towers funnel the sea breeze into the three 29m-diameter wind turbines. The turbines are supported by three sky bridges that connect the two towers. They act as aerofoils, funnelling and accelerating the wind velocity between them.

Fig.2.60.: Shows the turbines and balconies

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Fig.2.61.: shows the high quality solar glasses and obaque fabric elements CHAPTER 2

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WORLD TRADE CENTER - BUSAN\KOREA 65

2.4. WORLD TRADE CENTER BUSAN Architect: Ben van Berkel, Caroline Bos, Tobias Wallisser. Built up area: 50465 sqm Building Hight: the tallest one 400 m hight, and the other two 200 m hight. Number of Floors: the tallest one 100 storey highrise and the other two 50 storey high rise Structure System: Reinforced Concrete Date: 2011

The metropolis Busan is in continuous change, evolving to become the most technological city in the world. The Concept of the project: is to create a landmark for the city and the region with a family of high-rise towers at the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most select location, crowned by a super high-rise which is to be the tallest tower in Asia. Our proposal responds to this challenge by presenting a strategy for an economically and structurally safe and sustainable development, enabling a phased realization.

2.4.1. SITE PLAN DESCRIPTION

The position of the buildings on site enables the integration into the existing infrastructure of Centum City. The super high-rise tower of block 23 is located next to busy streets facing the Shinsangae entertainment center, Shinsangae creek, shielding the open public space from the influences of highway traffic. An additional connection to the surroundings is established by pedestrian bridges, reaching to the Shinsangae center to the one side and the Olympic park on the other side of the plot. The smaller towers on block 24 are arranged in a way that guaranties maximum ocean view for both towers and as little overshadowing as possible.

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Fig.2.62.: Tallest skyscraper in Asia after burj Dubai

Fig.2.63.: Site view of the towers with the city CHAPTER 2

2.4.2. DESIGN CONCEPT

The towers are all based on the same mathematical principle of rolling curves, which in plan result in a circular core with smaller circles woven into its circumference like the petals of a flower. This principle has the potential of being worked out in different ways for each of the towers and affords the user-based features of an open, adaptable plan, and panoramic and diverse views. Design coherence is achieved by applying the same geometrical and organizational concept to each of the three towers. The geometrical diagram is an epicycle generating set of algorithms. Two algorithms are utilized to script floor plans for each programmatic use.

2.4.2.1. FORM AND GEOMETRY

The geometry of their overall shape generates different elevations - a more complex side and a simpler, calmer one. By just a slight rotation of the two identical towers against each other the Fig.2.64.: Plans types and propotions proposal achieves the impression of similar but different versions of the same shape. This shape is generated by the parameters given by the brief. Starting at the bottom as four leafed, it transforms into a three leafed structure at the top, which allows for identically sized units on each floor with the same view quantities. Each unit has similar possibilities to be orientated towards the ocean in the south.

Fig.2.65.: WBCB plans overlaying to eachother

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Fig.2.66.: Masterplan showing the orientation of the towers

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Fig.2.67.: Digital sketches shwoing the elevation development

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2.4.2.2. FUNCTION AND CIRCULATION

Each unit consists of a flexible open loft space, suitable for office use and a separate lodging area of master bedroom and bathroom. A lobby at grade level is equipped with reception and back office for the served office-tel, clearly separated from the commercial facilities, which are located at street level in respect to adjacent blocks, positioned as required in the brief.

Functions:

Entrances Services

Lodging area of master bedroom and bathroom Loft space for open offices Entrance hall

Circulation:

Horizontal circulation Vertical circulation

Fig.2.68.: Ground floor plan

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Fig.2.69.: Functional relationship diagram as going up in floors

Fig.2.70.: Open plan office (type 1) CHAPTER 2

Fig.2.71.: Open plan office (type 2)

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Fig.2.72.: Typical floor plan office (type 3)

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Fig.2.73.: Tower one Cross section

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Fig.2.74.: Tower two Cross section

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Fig.2.75.: Tower Program analysis CHAPTER 2

2.4.2.3. ENTRANCES AND PEDESTRIAN FLOW

Topological strata based on sloping paths, based on a three-dimensional grid organize the traffic flows on site. Pedestrian and vehicular flows are separated and distributed to different levels. Easy way finding is afforded by view connections related to the slopes of the landscape, as well as by distinctive materials and a color codes given by the planting. On street level, each tower can be approached by cars and pedestrians. The main entrance of the big tower is facing the street, tuning into the main local traffic flows. Arriving by car, the valet parking allows a comfortable access to the lobby through the significant and illuminated folds inthe faรงade. The lobby level provides different reception areas for the different user groups of the building. By providing separate entrances access to the commercial facilities is separated from the other programmatic uses in the plinth and in the towers.

Fig.2.78.: Topological strata

Fig.2.76.: Showing the topology of the plot

Fig.2.77.: Showing the topology of the plot

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Fig.2.79.: Types of pedestrian flows

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2.4.3. CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY 2.4.3.1. CONSTRUCTION

Adaptable facades: The topological configuration results from continuously changing elements that evolve in space and time. Conceived as grid-based strata, the ground level is affected and deformed by inserted attractors and the existing landscape condition. Like a tensile skin, the surface of the plinth is informed by the implementation of programmatic elements and the position of the towers. It adapts by changing densities and orientation, resulting in a lively urban environment. At the point where the towers meet the plinth this tensile grid allows a unification of the two surfaces and a smooth transition from the one to the other. The façade structure is extended into the surface of the plinth, blending in a fluent artificial Fig.2.80.: Showing the point where the towers meet the plinth landscape, forming cuts and apertures to create this tensile grid allows a unification of the two surfaces and a entrances and natural lighting for the spaces un- smooth transition from the one to the other. derneath. Transformative glass facade: They propose a façade treatment that alters in appearance and materialization. The glazed façade, which illuminates the interior and gives occupants a panoramic view, is treated in different ways - the finish and transparency follows the function of the interior. At the innermost parts of the façade, where two units meet, the glass is treated to become translucent and light reflective, like traditional Korean porcelain. Towards the outer extremes of the façade, the treatment fades out, transforming into a transparent window, just slightly reflective to protect the inhabitants from total exposure. The façade of the public circulation space is totally transparent, emitting the brightest light during night time, allowing unobstructed views.

Fig.2.81.: Showing the Transformative glass facade

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2.4.3.2. STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

Fig.2.82.: Facade finish detail

The towers are proposed in reinforced concrete with outriggers. This proposal is an economic, sound and fitting structural solution for a tower of this use, size and proportion, within this structural system the core canies lateral shear loads and the outriggers mobilize the columns to carry vertical bending forces, limiting lateral movements and accelerations at the top of the building. The outriggers are storey deep trusses between the core and outer columns, The outriggers mobilize the columns in tension and compression to limit the lateral deflections and more importantly the accelerations at the top of the building as described above. Outriggers are required at the top of the building as well. There are several inclined columns in the transfer zone. There are 12 columns making the transition from 8 to 6. That is each of the 6 upper columns splits into 2 creating 12. These then rejoin such that 4 of the lower columns receive 2 raked transfer columns from above and are tied laterally by the inclined geometry of the raking columns. This however is tied laterally to the adjacent column in the pair and resolved back into the curved wamen truss system. The formal transition zone in which the cruciform plan configuration adjusts to a triform occurs within a defined centre portion of the building. Within this zone are two sets of outriggers at the top and bottom of the transfer structure. The transfer structure is formed by a triangulated cylindrical warren truss making the transfer between the six upper columns and the eight lower columns. Outriggers are required at the top and bottom of these transfer columns. Materials: reinforced concrete and glass.

Fig.2.51.: 3D Facade finish detail

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2.4.3.3. SUSTAINABILITY AND ADAPTABILITY

Public landscape: The landscape in between the buildings transforms from an urban, public atmosphere to a more private, nature related scenery. Evolving garden: A system of sloping paths acts as a framework, generating fields. Utilizing the level difference given by the surroundings, slopes generate an artificial mountain accessible and occupyable via ramps and stairs, providing distinctive atmospheres for permanent tenants, customers and visitors. And garden generated inside the towers that gives fresh air of O2 and suck the Co2 because the height of the tower. and gives natural atmosphere to the place.

Fig.2.83.: Public landscape

Fig.2.84.: Public landscape

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Fig.2.85.: Evolving garden

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DnB NORD OFFICE BUILDING - RIGA\LATVIA 83

2.5. DnB NORD OFFICE BUILDING Architects: Audrius Ambrasas Architects. Location: Skanstes str. 12, Riga, Latvia Foot print: 1,530 sqm Built up area: I4,445 sqm Net area of typical floor: I,035 sqm Project Year: 2007-2008 Construction Year: 2008-2010

DnB NORD bank building is situated along Skanstes Street in a newly developed multifunction area to the north of Riga’s Old Town. Bank building is the first office building in the newly shaped block and individually interpret planned urban / architectural block conception. Angular location suggested the building should be a clear boundary / corner formant of the block. But at the same time the building was created as an open, inviting and involving inside both visitors and workers.

2.5.1. SITE PLAN DESCRIPTION

Plot of land for the Bank’s office building is situated on a corner of the Block No.15 in Riga, Skanstes Street. Also, the outdoor space of Skanstes street is kind of “sucked in” under the roof plane and in spite of the short front side of the building creates a spatial connection with main Skanstes street.

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Fig.2.86.: BnD NORD office building

Ska

nst

Str

eet

Fig.2.87.: Site plan

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2.5.2. DESIGN CONCEPT

The concept of the building is an urban solution to emphasize the angular location â&#x20AC;&#x153;block cornerâ&#x20AC;?, to make it clear and sharp. It is important for the spatial system of the block and for the whole district (crossing spaces, street spaces or inner yard spaces). The proposal of the sketch forms the future space of Skanstes Street and also marks its crossing with the planned street.

2.4.2.1. FORM AND GEOMETRY

Fig.2.88.: Form concept

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Fig.2.89.: Urban situation concept

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2.5.2.2. FUNCTION AND CIRCULATION

The building consists of two separate 10 storey volumes connected by a transparent vertical communication unit. Volumes are covered by a rectangular one-storey roof slab on the top. Free area under the roof creates a new type of space. Using this space is seeking to blur the boundaries between buildings inside and outside, to create cozy surrounding and a comfortable and smooth entry way to the bank from outside space to inside space. The building is accessed through the following two entrances under the roof. One entrance is set for the visitors of bank branch on the first floor, the other â&#x20AC;&#x201C; to the bankâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s employees working in the building. Mainly bank floors are planned as open type office working spaces for the bank employees. It is also planned a dining hall, training classrooms, meeting rooms, server room, in the console roof floor - meeting rooms, exposition space. A small amount of parking places are planned in the basement, rest of the cars are planned to store in common parking building in the middle of block, which is going to be build in the future.

Functions:

1- Meeting rooms 2- Open offices 3- Restaurant 4- Auditorium 5- Entrance hall and canteen 6- Parking 7- Lobby 8- Bank open offices 9- Dining hall 10- Training classrooms 11- server room 12- exposition space 13- Technical permises Entrances

Circulation:

Horizontal circulation Vertical circulation

Fig.2.90.: Ground floor functional relationship

Fig.2.91.: Functional scheme

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Fig.2.92.: Ground floor plan

1 2

1 8

Fig.2.93.: first to forth floor plan

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10 10 1 10

10 10

Fig.2.94.: Fifth to eighth floor plan

11 9 12

7 4

Fig.2.95.: Ninth floor plan

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Fig.2.96.: Fig.2.59: Tenth floor functional relationship

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5 6 Fig.2.97.: Cross section CHAPTER 2

2.5.3. CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY 2.5.3.1. CONSTRUCTION

The design incorporates most modern construction technologies, that was constructed with reinforced concrete with mat finish of dark stones slabs.

Fig.2.98.: BnD NORD office building construction

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2.5.3.2. STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

Building facades are covered by a dark stone slabs with mat finish surface, a series of aluminum profile glazing, aluminum panels and white frosted glass lines with integrated lighting. Materials: glass, aluminum, reinforced concrete and dark stone.

Fig.2.99: Structural details

Fig.2.100.: Side elevation showing the stone facade CHAPTER 2

2.5.3.3. SUSTAINABILITY AND ADAPTABILITY

The new office building is equipped with a building control system BMS allowing for a flexible centralized control and adjustment of indoor climate, security systems, lighting, etc. To ensure the climate most suitable for the work environment, innovative and technically difficult solutions have been employed â&#x20AC;&#x201C; such as closed faĂ§ade system, as well as a special system for humidifying, ventilation and cooling of indoors air. The building is also be fitted with automatic external shutters.

Fig.2.101.: Control system BMS in the building

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Fig.2.102.: closed facade system of the building

Fig.2.103.: Automatic external shutters in the building CHAPTER 2

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DIAGONAL TOWER - SEOUL\SOUTH KOREA 96

2.6. DIAGONAL TOWER

Architect: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) Location: Seoul, South Korea Design Completion: 2012 Project Area: 171,285 m2 Number of Stories: 64 stories Building Height: 343 m Function: Commercial + Office American architects Skidmore, Owings & Merrill have designed a skyscraper with glazed triangular facets for emerging commercial centre the Yongsan International Business District of Seoul, exuded a modern take on structural expressionism. The tower progressively addressed the critical issues associated with skyscraper design in an iconic and refined manner. From structural and energy efficiency to reduced construction costs that the tower must meet, SOM had strove to integrate these aspects holistically into the overall aesthetics.

1- The tower 2- Auditorium 3- The two pavilions 4- Entrance 5- Road way 6- Green space 7- Sidewalk 8- Parking entrance

2.6.1. SITE PLAN DESCRIPTION

SOMâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 64-storey Diagonal Tower is located in the developing commercial and mixed-use Yongsan International Business District in the heart of Seoul, South Korea.

4 5

Fig.2.104.: Site plan

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Fig.2.105.: Site view Diagonal Tower CHAPTER 2

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2.6.2. DESIGN CONCEPT

The main concept is rotating the tower to address Seoul landmarks in International Business District. Offers varying octagonal floor plates and engages nearby landmarks. Instead of penetrating the interior of each floor plate.

Fig.2.106.: Site view Diagonal Tower

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2.6.2.1. FORM AND GEOMETRY

Process of the towerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s form: 1- Typical square tower form. 2- Rotated to address seoul landmarks. 3- Diagonal mega frame increase structural efficiency. 4- Faceted form decreases effects of the wind. 5- Louvers spacing and orientation varies for optimal shading on each facet.

Fig.2.107.: Process of the towerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s form

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2.6.2.2. FUNCTION AND CIRCULATION The skyline-defining skyscraper contains office space, two double-height sky lobbies with a cafeteria and fitness center, and a penthouse executive lounge. Also includes two retail pavilions and a multifunctional auditorium, cubic in dimension, directly to the west of the tower. Diagonal Tower is distinctive for its rotated profile and integrated, energy-efficient enclosure. The tower commences at grade with a conventional square floor plate, which is rotated 45 degrees at one third the height of the tower and then rotated again at two thirds the height of the tower.

Functions:

1- Meeting rooms 2- Open offices 3- Closed offices 4- Restaurant 5- Auditorium 6- Fitness center 7- Lobby 8- Parking 9- Penthouse executive lounge at the roof 10- Retail pavilions

Circulation: Horizontal circulation Vertical circulation

Fig.2.108.: Functional relationship diagram as going up in floors

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2 7

Fig.2.109.: 8th floor plan

Fig.2.110.: 13th floor plan CHAPTER 2

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Fig.2.111.: 24th floor plan

3 1

Fig.2.112.: 25th floor plan

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Fig.2.113.: 42th floor plan

1 7

Fig.2.114.: 47th floor plan CHAPTER 2

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5 10 10 8 Fig.2.115.: Section

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Fig.2.116.: Diagonal tower CHAPTER 2

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The ground floor lobby: The ground floor lobby at the base of the tower is clad in a cable net wall, minimizing the appearance of the towerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s structural supports and creating a grand and inviting entrance to the building. The ceiling of the lobby slopes up and away from the core wall to hide the transferring columns, which allows the lobby to remain column-free with the exception of four corner piers. The piers, sloped ceiling and core walls are all clad in the same grey stone, providing the impression of monolithic stability at the base of the tower.

Fig.2.117.: Sloped ceiling and grey stone clad lobby

Fig.2.118.: The ground floor lobby at the base of the tower

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The auditorium: Located to the west of the tower, a perfectly cubic 40m x 40mx 40m glass auditorium provides multifunctional space that can transform to offer a variety of spatial configurations. An iconic solid mass is present within this ethereal glass enclosure; depending on the event within, this solid mass can open up and become transparent, offering passers-by views of the events inside. The openness on all four sides of the cube provides visual and physical connections to the Diagonal Tower, retail pavilions, and adjacent buildings.

Fig.2.119.: Auditorium at the west of the tower CHAPTER 2

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2.6.3. CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY 2.6.3.1. CONSTRUCTION

The design incorporates most modern construction technologies, that was constructed with reinforced concrete and steel frame, the diagonal megaframe reduces the amount of steel required by over 25% when compared to conventionally framed buildings. In addition the non-linear vertical surface mitigates wind loading and vortices. Primary structural support is achieved via 4 piers at the corners of the building, which in turn opens up the interior lobby and atrium.

2.6.3.2. STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

The building faรงade consists of a custom unitized curtain wall system with thermally broken aluminum framing and two-sided structurally-sealed, triple-insulated low-E glazing. Floor to ceiling glass units extend seamlessly to cover both vision and spandrel areas, and are broken only by a narrow horizontal track at each floor for the attachment of curtain-wall supported, aluminum fin shading devices. Materials: glass, aluminum framing ,steel, reinforced concrete.

Fig.2.120.: Custom unitized curtain wall of the tower

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The exterior façade’s cable net wall system of the auditorium minimizes the wall’s structural members and exemplifies the concept of a pure glass volume. This concept is reinforced by the frit pattern on the glass, which not only reduces direct solar insolation, but also softens the cube into an abstract and ethereal volume, preventing it from becoming sterile and un-inviting.

Fig.2.121.: The exterior façade’s cable net wall system of the auditorium

Fig.2.122.: Custom unitized curtain wall of the interior’s tower CHAPTER 2

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2.6.3.3. SUSTAINABILITY AND ADAPTABILITY

Passive environmental control strategies employed within and on the faĂ§ade of the tower include Sun shading fins that are positioned according to their orientation, horizontal, vertical, and diagonal, thus, mitigating heat gain in the summer and permitting direct sunlight during winter months. Atypical of skyscraper curtain walls is the triple pane glazing utilized, instead of the standard dual pane seen on the majority of towers. A critical decision in choosing this type of glazing stemmed from SOMâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s goal to meet Seoul Green Guideline criteria. Internally, the building incorporates a chilled beam system whereby, thermally active hydronics transfer heat and cooling instead of air. The resultant system surpasses traditional air driven systems both in efficiency and human occupant comfort.

Fig.2.123.: Different orientation of the sun shading fins shown in the facade

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Fig.2.124.: triple pane glazing curtain wall

Fig.2.125.: Chilled beam system process inside office CHAPTER 2

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2.7. Comparison of Case studies: 2.7.1. Comments:

the highest in floors: World Trade Center – Busan\Korea

the largest built up area: Diagonal Tower –

Seoul\South Korea Most of the case studies have the same functions but the Dubai world trade center has more functions like: Consulates, Federal Express, Management training centre, Arabic language centre and Events management. and most of the case studies constructed with reinforced concrete with different facade materials. Also each case study has different sustainability methods according to the region and the building it self.

Fig.2.126.: Techno Group Headquarters

Fig.2.127.: Dubai World Trade Center

2.7.2. Findings:

It was agreed to locate my project facing the coastline of aqaba to benefit from the direction of the wind in jordan and because it’s an touristic area with many investments that can encourage business. According to built up area that was given to me which is 15000 Sqm, making the project as midrise building of 8 floors is good to accommodate most of the functions that recommended to be apply in. The structure initially can be reinforced concrete as most of the case studies and also according to the most material used in Jordan. with different facade of glass and aluminium panels that can be decided later.

Fig.2.128.: Bahrain World Trade Center

Fig.2.129.: Busan World Trade Center

Based on the climate of Jordan the best sustainability methods that can be used are: balconies, evolving garden, sun shading fins with triple glazing to minimize the heat gain. And more can be mentioned later after the concept. Fig.2.130.: DnB Nord Office Building

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Fig.2.131.: Diagonal Tower

Case study Site

Built Num- “Components” up ber of area floors

Building materials, Cons. Structure

Climatic Sustainability

Techno Group Headquarters – Symbiosis Designs LTD

12000 Sqm

3 Floors basement + 7 Floors

Meeting rooms, Open offices, Resting area, Entrance hall, Auditorium, Parking.

1- Reinforced concrete. 2- Steel structural skin. 3- Glass.

1- Steel structural skin. 2- L Shaped building.

Located in World Sheikh Zayed Trade Cen- Road, Dubai, UAE ter – Robert Matthew 1997 and Hohnson Marshall

40000 Sqm

G + 39 Floors

Federal Express, Commercial companies, Consulates of Australia, Italy, Japan, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United States of America. Business club, Leasing and marketing offices, Conferences and serviced apartments complex, Management training centre, Arabic language centre, Events management, Apartments. Main hall, Security, Services, Offices, Public gallery, Brokers offices, VIP areas, Reception and information desks, Trading offices, Computer rooms, stores, Prayer room, Cafe.

1- Reinforced concrete. 2- Glass.

1- Colonnades of pointed arches.

World Trade Center – WS Atkins

16500 Sqm

3 Floors Podium + G + 49 Floors

Reception, Maintenance, Security, Parking service, 1,000 dedicated car parking spaces for office tenants, A mix of high-end restaurants and casual cafés, Shopping mall, Business Centre facility, Open offices, Five-star Sheraton Hotel, Fitness centre, Car rental service, Photocopy centre, Commercial banks.

1- Reinforced concrete. 2- steel. 3- Glass panel. 4- Aluminum Cladding panels.

1- The turbines. 2-high-quality solar glasses. 3- Balconies. 4- The opaque fabric elements. 5- Reflection pools. 6- Extensive landscaping. 7- The sail-shaped towers.

Located next World to busy streets Trade Cen- facing the Shinsangae enterter – Ben tainment center van Berkel, and Shinsangae creek, Busan, Caroline Korea Bos, Tobi2011 as Wallisser Situated on a DnB Nord corner of the Office Block No.15 in Riga, LSkanstes Building Street, Riga, – Audrius Latvia Ambrasas 2010 Architects

50465 Sqm

The tallest one: G + 100 Floors. The other two: G + 50 Floors.

Loft space for open offices, Lodging area of master bedroom and bathroom, Services, Retail, Lobby at grade level is equipped with reception and back office for the served office-tel, Spa and club house, penthouse, sky lobby.

1- Reinforced concrete. 2- Glass.

1- Public landscape. 2- Evolving garden.

I4445 Sqm

Basement + 11 Floors

Meeting rooms, Open offices, Restaurant, Entrance hall and canteen, Auditorium, Parking, Bank open offices, Dining hall, Training classrooms, Server room, Exposition space, Technical permises.

1- Reinforced concrete. 2- Aluminum panels. 3- Frosted glass. 4- Dark stones.

1- Control system BMS. 2- Automatic external shutters. 3- closed facade system of the building.

Diagonal Tower –

171285 Sqm

G + 64 Floors

Meeting rooms, Open offices, Closed offices, Restaurant, Auditorium, Fitness center, Lobby, Parking, Penthouse executive lounge at the roof, Retail pavilions.

1- Reinforced concrete. 2- Aluminum framing. 3- Glass. 4- Steel.

1- Sun shading fins. 2- Triple pane glazing. 3- Chilled beam system.

SOM

Located at the middle of the downtown Amman, Jordan

2011

Located on the King Faisal Highway in front of Persian Gulf, Manama, Bahrain.

2007

Located in the developing commercial and mixed-use Yongsan International Business District in the heart of Seoul, South Korea.

2012

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2.8. Findings of Case stud-

Supportive Activities

Main Activities

Techno Group HeadquartersAmman\Jordan 12000 Sqm

World Trade Center â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Dubai\ UAE - 40000 Sqm

World Trade Center â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Manama\Bahrain 16500 Sqm

Business offices Financial offices

60 %

58 %

56 %

35 %

37 %

39 %

5 %

Shops Auditorium Accomedation area Restaurant & coffee shops Fitness center Gallery penthouse

Services

Maintenance rooms Kitchen Restrooms Technical services Store Prayer room

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World Trade Cen- % ter – Busan\Korea - 50465 Sqm

60 %

35 %

5 %

DnB Nord Office Building – Riga\Latvia I4445 Sqm

58 %

37 %

5 %

Diagonal Tower % – Seoul\South Korea - 171285 Sqm

53 %

42 %

5 %

Comments

The size of main function will accommodate most of my program as noticed in most of case studies.

Having Different supportive functions in my project will make it more functional.

Having enough efficient services is important to serve the users of my project.

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118

CHAPTER 3 PROGRAM

3.1. INTRODUCTION 3.2. PROGRAM 3.3. CONCLUSION

119

3.1. INTRODUCTION

The business bay is a way to increase the economy by having large investments and business that will keep jordanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economy prosperous. The business bay is a collection of different business sectors. Program has two main zones. Each one plays major role in developing design concept, these are financial zone and business zone.

Financial zone:

Banking: an institution where one can place and borrow money and take care of financial. A branch office of such an institution. A safe and guaranteed place of storage for and retrieval of important items or goods Exchange: marketplace in which securities, commodities, derivatives and other financial instruments are traded. The core function of an exchange is to ensure fair and orderly trading, as well as efficient dissemination of price information for any securities trading on that exchange. Exchanges give companies, governments and other groups a platform to sell securities to the investing public. Trading: a transaction of a security or commodity. The exchange of products and/or services without the use of money. also called barter. More generally, same as commerce. Real State: generates income or is otherwise intended for investment purposes rather than as a primary residence. It is common for investors to own multiple pieces of real estate, one of which serves as a primary residence, while the others are used to generate rental income and profits through price appreciation. The tax implications for investment real estate are often different than those for residential real estate. Customer service: Customer service provides help to answer questions customers have about a product or service, and assists them in whatever help they may need.

Business zone: Head office. Security. Meeting rooms. Offices. waiting area. Archives.

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Auditorium Fitness center

Training classrooms Gallery

Penthouse

Accomedation area

Restaurants

Maintenance rooms MEP

Pantry

Strong relaionship Medium relaionship Weak relaionship

Generator

Prayer room

Toilets

Fig.3.01.: Functional program interaction

3.2. PROGRAM

1- Main Activities: 1- Financial zone: - Bank - Exchange - Trading - Real state - Customer service center. 2- Business zone: - Head office - Archives - Security - Waiting area - Meeting rooms - Offices - Consulates

Customer service center

Real state

2- Supportive Activities: 1- Auditorium 2- Accomedation area 3- Restaurants 4- Fitness center 5- Gallery 6- penthouse 7- Training classrooms

Bank

3- Services: 1- Maintenance rooms

Trading Offices

Exchange Head office Security Consulates Waiting area

Meeting rooms

2- Kitcehen 3- Restrooms 4- Technical services 5- Store 6- Prayer room

Archives

F5 F4 F3 F2 F1 G B1 B2 Fig.3.02.: Functional program section interaction CHAPTER 3

121

3.3. FUNCTIONS RELATIONSHIPS 3.3.1. MAIN ACTIVITIES 3.3.1.1. FINANCIAL ZONE

Banking and Exchange zone Space

Number of units

Lobby Department head’s office Reception Tellers office Banking Exchange offices Setting rooms Total Area

Customer service center

Real state

Area per person (sqm)

Area per unit (sqm)

Total area (sqm)

1 1

Number of users per unit 100 2

1 30

100 30

1 1 2 3

50 4 500 400

1 10 2 2

50 40 1000 800

50 40 2000 2400

40 4660

Lobby

Bank

Trading Offices

Exchange Head office Security Consulates Waiting area

Meeting rooms

Exchange offices

Archives

Reception Setting area

Tellers offices

Banking

Head’s office

Fig.3.03.: Functional relationship diagram of banking and exchange zone

Fig.3.04.: Banking and Exchange zone chart

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*Neufert, Wiley-Blackwell, Fourth edition, 2015

Trading center and real state zone Space

Number of units

Number of users per unit

Area per person (sqm)

Area per unit (sqm)

Total area (sqm)

Lobby

100

Customer service center Reception Trading center Real state offices Setting rooms Total Area

1 1

50 1000

1 1

50 1000

450

40 1670

Lobby Customer service center

Real state

Bank

Trading Offices

Exchange Head office Security Consulates Waiting area

Archives

Trading center

Reception

Meeting rooms

Setting area

Headâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s office

Trading center

Fig.3.05.: Functional relationship diagram of trading center and real state zone

Fig.3.06.: Trading center and real state zone chart *Neufert, Wiley-Blackwell, Fourth edition, 2015

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3.3.1.2. BUSINESS ZONE

Space

Number of units

Area per person (sqm)

Area per unit (sqm)

Total area (sqm)

Number of users per unit 100

Entrance lobby Administration Reception

100

Head office

Security

Meeting rooms offices

600

450

open offices

135

Waiting area

Archives

Companies branches Consulates

150

2100

180

Total Area

3882 Lobby

Customer service center

Real state

Bank

Offices

Trading Offices

Exchange Head office

Meeting rooms

Security Consulates Waiting area

Archives

Open Offices

Archives

Waiting area

Trading center

Fig.3.07.: Functional relationship diagram of business zone

Fig.3.08.: Business zone chart

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*Neufert, Wiley-Blackwell, Fourth edition, 2015

Security

Admistration

Reception Headâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s office

Trading center

Consulates

3.3.2. SUPPORTIVE ACTIVITIES

Auditorium, Gallery and classrooms Space

Number of units

Number of users per unit

Area per person (sqm)

Area per unit (sqm)

Total area (sqm)

Lobby and reception Foyer

100

Auditorium

250

0.6

150

Stage and back stage Project room

Gallery Training classrooms Offices

1 6

200 10

1 2

200 20

200 120

Total Area

694 Lobby & Reception

Offices

Foyer Auditorium Fitness center

Training classrooms Gallery

Penthouse

Accomedation area

Restaurants

Gallery

Training classrooms Auditorium

Stage & backstage

Project room

Fig.3.09.: Functional relationship diagram of Auditorium, Gallery and classrooms

Fig.3.10.: Auditorium, Gallery and classrooms chart *Neufert, Wiley-Blackwell, Fourth edition, 2015

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Accommodation area and Penthouse Space

Number of units

Number of users per unit

Area per person (sqm)

Area per unit (sqm)

Total area (sqm)

Lobby and reception Offices

Single bedrooms Penthouse

350

Total Area

484

Lobby & Reception

Auditorium Fitness center

Training classrooms Gallery

Penthouse

Offices

Single bedrooms

Accomedation area

Restaurants

Penthouse

Fig.3.11.: Functional relationship diagram of Accommodation area and Penthous

Fig.3.12.: Accommodation area and Penthouse chart

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*Neufert, Wiley-Blackwell, Fourth edition, 2015

Restaurants and Fitness center Space

Number of units

Number of users per unit

Area per person (sqm)

Area per unit (sqm)

Total area (sqm)

Restaurants

120

1.5

180

360

Cafes

1.5

240

Kitchens

2.5

Prayer rooms 2

Reception

Gym

100

300

600

Lockers

100

0.5

100

Offices

Total Area

1474 Offices

Gym

Auditorium Fitness center

Training classrooms Gallery

Restaurants

Reception

Penthouse

Accomedation area

Kitchen

Restaurants

Lockers

Prayer rooms

Cafes

Fig.3.113.: Functional relationship diagram of Restaurants and Fitness center

Fig.3.114.: Restaurants and Fitness center chart

*Neufert, Wiley-Blackwell, Fourth edition, 2015

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127

3.3.3. SERVICES

Space

Number of units

Area per person (sqm)

Area per unit (sqm)

Total area (sqm)

Number of users per unit -

Maintenance rooms Kitchen

150

2.5

150

Restrooms

0.9

Shower rooms Technical services Storage

1.2

14.4

300

440

160

Prayer rooms 4 Total Area

1260

Maintenance rooms MEP

Generator Pantry

Prayer room

Toilets

Fig.3.115.: Services chart

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*Neufert, Wiley-Blackwell, Fourth edition, 2015

3.3.4. CONCLUSION

Space

Total area

Percentage

Main activities

10212

58%

Supportive activities

2652

15%

Services

1260

Circulation and internal spaces Total

3531

20%

17655

100%

*Uncounted internal spaces and volumes (Courts, Auditorium).

Fig.3.16.: Total areas chart

*Neufert, Wiley-Blackwell, Fourth edition, 2015

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129

130

CHAPTER 4 SITE ANALYSIS

4.1. INTRODUCTION ABOUT AQABA 4.2. POTENTIAL SITE ANALYSIS 4.3. SITE COMPARISON CRITERIA 4.4. THE SELECTED SITE

131

4.1. INTRODUCTION ABOUT AQABA 4.1.1. GENERAL INFORMATION

Country: Jordan City: Aqaba Density of Aqaba: 502 p/km2 (1,300 p/sq mi) Area of Aqaba : 375 km2 (145 sq mi) Subdivisions of Governorate: 3 Nahias, some of which are divided into districts and further divided into neighborhoods Time zone: Eastern European Standard Time Population of Aqaba in 2014: 188,160 p

4.1.2. POPULATION OF AQABA

The latest census of Jordan, taken in 2015, showed the population numbered some 9.5 million. 2.9 million were non-citizens, including refugees and illegal immigrants. There were 1,977,534 households in Jordan in 2015, with an average of 4.8 persons per household (compared to 6.7 persons per household for the census of 1979). The vast majority of Jordanians are Arabs, accounting for 98% of the population. The rest is attributed to Circassians, Chechens and Armenians. As the population has increased, it has become more settled and urban. In 1922 almost half the population (around 103,000) were nomadic, whereas nomads made up only 6% of the population in 2015. The population in Amman, 65,754 in 1946, has grown to over 4 million in 2015. The city of Aqaba has one of the highest population growth rates in Jordan in 2011, and only 44% of the buildings in the city had been built before 1990. A special census for Aqaba city was carried by the Jordanian department of statistics in 2007, the total population of Aqaba by the census of 2007 was 98,400. The 2011 population estimate is 136,200. The results of the census Fig.4.01.:Jordan nationalities chart compared to the national level are indicated as follows:

Fig.4.02.:Demographic data of the city of Aqaba (2007) compared to Kingdom of Jordan nationwide

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqaba#Climate

4.1.3. CLIMATE

The climate in Aqaba is called a desert climate. There is virtually no rainfall all year long in Aqaba. This climate is considered to be BWh according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. The average temperature in Aqaba is 24.6 °C. The rainfall here averages 32 mm. The driest month is June. There is 0 mm of precipitation in June. With an average of 6 mm, the most precipitation falls in February.

Fig.4.03.:With an average of 32.4 °C, August is the warmest month. January has the lowest average temperature of the year. It is 15.6 °C.

Fig.4.04.: Average Rainfall chart

Fig.4.05.: Aqaba’s sun path

Fig.4.06.: The predominant average hourly wind direction in Aqaba is from the north throughout the year. http://www.holiday-weather.com/aqaba/averages/

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133

4.1.4. LAND USE MAPS

Selected coastal area because itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the most prosperous and touristic area in Aqaba.

Fig.4.07.: Coastal area land use (Economic zone)

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https://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?webmap=d7f591c9dff647068e01de91988048fa

Fig.4.08.: Aqaba land use

CHAPTER 4

135 85

4.2. POTENTIAL SITE ANALYSIS

Selected 3 sites from Aqaba economic zone

Fig.4.09.: Aqaba economic zone master plan

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https://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?webmap=d7f591c9dff647068e01de91988048fa

SITE 1

AYLA OASIS SPECIAL USE ZONE

SITE 2

ALKHALIFA HILL INSTITUTIONAL ZONE

SITE 3

PORT RESIDENCE MIXED USE ZONE

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137

4.2.1 SITE 1

Location: Ayla oasis Accessibility: Alfarouk street Surroundings: Aqaba resort, king summer retreat, Ayla island, aqaba port Area: 48000sqm

Plot

Surroundings Summer sun

Winter sun

Summer and winter wind

Main road

Fig.4.10.: Bird eye view of the plot

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Municipality information from a graduation book of Jordan university of science and technology

4.2.2 SITE 2

Location: Alkhalifa hill Accessibility: Alhussein bin ali street Surroundings: Safeway supermarket, Alqaba grand store Area: 28000sqm

Plot

Surroundings Summer sun

Winter sun

Summer and winter wind

Main road

Fig.4.11.: Human eye view for the plot CHAPTER 4

139

4.2.3 SITE 3

Location: Port residence Accessibility: King hussein street, Mecca street Surroundings: Intercontinental aqaba resort, Aaqaba museum Area: 40000sqm

Plot

Surroundings Summer sun

Winter sun

Summer and winter wind

Main road

Fig.4.12.: Bird eye view of the plot

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Municipality information from a graduation book of Jordan university of science and technology

4.3. SITE COMPARISOM CRITERIA

Criteria Program fitting in the plot Accessbility Location Amenities Visibility Shape of The Plot Surroundings Sound Pollution View Orientation Total

Weight

AYLA OASIS

Site 1

ALKHALIFA HILL

Site 2

PORT RESIDENCE

Site 3

100

420

444

504

4.4. THE SELECTED SITE

After studying 3 proposal sites, the third site of port residence is the suitable site for business bay in Aqaba-Jordan.

Fig.4.13.: Selected site of port residence

4.4.1. THE ADVATAGES OF THE SELECTED SITE -Aqaba port residence site which is a mixed use zone that help boost investments for all fields. -The selected site fits with the program. -Access is secured from 2 main roads for public. -The location is facing the gulf of aqaba and surrounded by aqaba museum and intercontinental resort.

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141

142

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CONCLUSION AND DESIGN CONCEPT 5.1. CONCLUSION 5.2. DESIGN CONCEPT CRITERIA

143

5.1. CONCLUSION The business bay is necessary for the rapidly growing business in Jordan to make their economy adequate for both locals and other nationalities. And for progressing the reputation as the regional hub for financial, technological and investment opportunities, FINDINGS - FUNCTIONS, FORM AND SUSTAINABILITY Amman Techno Group Headquartes -Is an L shaped buiding which speed up air movement around. -Brings all the building elements in concealed framework. DnB Nord Building -The volumes are covered by a rectangular one-storey roof slab on the top for functional and climatic aspects. -Free area under the roof creates a new type of space. Using this space is seeking to blur the boundaries between buildings inside and outside, to create cozy surrounding and a comfortable and smooth entry way to the bank from outside space to inside space Dubai World Trade Center -Main concept was to try to make it comparable with a top-quality office building youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d find anywhere else in the world. -Distributing the functions vertically as a tower. Manama World trade center -Has 3 bridges conncect two towers together. -Towers shape mimics ancient arabian wind towers a sailed-shaped towers that catches the wind for 3 turbines attached to the bridges to achieve climatic sustainability requirements and energy conservation. Busan World Trade Center -Is a tower based on principle of rolling curves that results on circular core generate different views. -Distributing the program vertically as a tower. Diagonal tower -Main concept is rotating the tower to address all landmarks of the district and distributing the program vertically with an octagonal plan.

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Fig.5.01.: Techno Group Headquarters

Fig.5.02.: DnB Nord Office Building

Fig.5.03.: Dubai World Trade Center

Fig.5.04.: Bahrain World Trade Center

Fig.5.05.: Busan World Trade Center

Fig.5.06.: Diagonal Tower

PROGRAM BRIEF The business bay is a collection of different business sectors. Program has two main zones. Each one plays major role in developing design concept, these are financial zone and business zone.

Auditorium Fitness center

Training classrooms

Accomedation area

Penthouse

Gallery

Restaurants

Maintenance rooms

Customer service center

Generator

MEP

Pantry

Prayer room

Real state

Bank

Trading Offices

Exchange

Toilets

Head office Security

Strong relaionship

Consulates Waiting area

Medium relaionship Weak relaionship

Meeting rooms

Archives

Fig.5.07.: Functional program interaction F5 F4 F3 F2 F1 G B1 B2 Fig.5.08.: Functional program section interaction

Space

Total area

Percentage

Main activities

10212

58%

Supportive activities

2652

15%

Services

1260

Circulation and internal spaces Total

3531

20%

17655

100%

*Uncounted internal spaces and volumes (Courts, Auditorium).

Fig.5.09.: Total areas chart

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145

Fig.4.01.: Selected site of port residence

SELECTED SITE -Aqaba port residence site which is a mixed use zone that help boost investments for all fields. -The selected site fits with the program. -Access is secured from 2 main roads for public. -The location is facing the gulf of aqaba and surrounded by aqaba museum and intercontinental resort.

Fig.5.10.: New Aqaba port next to my plot

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CHAPTER 5

Location: Port residence Accessibility: King hussein street, Mecca street Surroundings: Intercontinental aqaba resort, Aaqaba museum

Plot

Area: 40000sqm

Main road

Surroundings Summer sun Winter sun Summer and winter wind

5.2. DESIGN CONCEPT CRITERIA -Having the shape that its suitable for gaining wind and generating energy to benefit from a coastal area of the Aqaba. -The bay should fit in the available site selected and emphasize the irregular shape of the plot. -Distributing the program into horizontal and vertical ways. -Each zone has its own spaces that connected with others by special relationships to form in the end the design concept.

-Make the bay more accessible within the district to easy reach all the activities in the bay.

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147

5.2.1. DESIGN CONCEPTS

Glass-fiber reinforced concrete

Reinforced concrete

5.2.1.1. THE WIND ROSE CONCEPT -The rotation of 4 volumes in a way to locate each zone in a different wing. -It will be oriented toward north sign to catch winds. -The wind will rotate through the voids of the building to pass through the whole building. Fig.5.11.: Top view 1-One rectangular shape for all the activities

2-Pushing in to create 4 rectangular wings orianted toward north sign

Fitness center Penthouse

3-One wing longer than the others to emphazise the entrance

Accommodation area Auditorium, Gallery and classrooms Business zone Trading center and real state zone Restaurants

4-Creating voids of floors to let the winds pass through all the wings

Banking and Exchange zone

5-Having shell for climatic aspect.

Fig.5.12.: Section

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CHAPTER 5

Glass-fiber reinforced concrete Reinforced concrete

5.2.1.2. THE PLOT LINES IMITATION CONCEPT -It imitates the lines of the plot to avoid having the wasted spaces. -Distributing zones into two ways vertically and horizontally to avoid interuption between the business zone and social zone. -Providing courtyard to catch light, that will be shaded by the vertical mass and the shell.

Fig.5.13.: Top view 1-Imitate the lines of the plot to avoid having wasted areas

2-Offset the line to create entrance inside

Fitness center Penthouse Accommodation area Auditorium, Gallery and classrooms Business zone Trading center and real state zone

3-Creating courtyard in the center for catching light and for social activities

4-Increasing the heights toward the courtyard, and adding shell for climatic aspect.

Restaurants Banking and Exchange zone

Highrise volume

Fig.5.14.: Section

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149

Glass-fiber reinforced concrete

Reinforced concrete

5.2.1.3. HIGH HILLS CONCEPT -It represents the nature of Aqaba. -Separated program into 4 masses. -Representing the topography through the broken lines of the form. Fig.5.15.: Top view 1-One irruglar shape for all the activities

2-Cutting the shape into 4 masses Fitness center Penthouse 3-Broken cutting lines.

Accommodation area Auditorium, Gallery and classrooms Business zone Trading center and real state zone Restaurants

4-Shifting the masses to create voids through them.

Banking and Exchange zone

5-Having shell for climatic aspect.

Fig.5.16.: Section

150

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APPENDIX

“In the business world, the rearview mirror is always clearer than the windshield.“

Warren Buffett

CHAPTER 5 APPENDIX

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