At-Turaif Diriyah Museum
At-Turaif Diriyah Museum
“Creativity takes courage.� -Henri Matisse
Dalal Altassan I Chair: Philip Horton I Spring 2020 I MArch Independent Thesis
TABLE OF CONTENTS 06
INTRODUCTION
08
THESIS
10
THE EVOLUTION OF ARCHITECTURE: SAUDI ARABIA
12
ANTITHESIS
13
SYNTHESIS
14
DIRIYAH TIMELINE
19
CASE STUDIES
27
EXISTING PLANS
37
NAJD ARCHITECTURE
38
INFLUENCES
42
LIVING BUILDING CHALLENGE
44
DESIGN CHALLENGES
47
DESIGN PROPOSAL
62
AKNOWLEDGMENTS
63
REFERENCES
RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIA 6
Population 7,231,000
CHALLENGES
The two biggest challenges that Riyadh faces are:
Thunderstroms which occur in the rain season that is from November to April and causes flashfloods.
Sandstorms that occur from February to March which causes zero visibilty and when mixed with thunderstorms it can trigger Hail. Air pollution associated with sandstorms, exposure to infrared and ultraviolet radiation, and heat stress create a threat to the public health that results in many respiratory diseases that shortens the average Saudi’s lifespan by almost 1.5 years.
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THESIS 8
Riyadh is the largest city in terms of population, landmass, and density. Because of the hot, arid climate Saudi Arabia has very little and irregular rain, dry winds, and high evaporation rates that result in a scarcity of freshwater and reduced vegetation throughout the region. Groundwater accounts for 50% of the irrigation system, which sometimes dries up due to a lack of rainfall. According to Tolba and Saab (2009), the minimal rainfall that helps sustain aquifers is expected to reduce by 20-25% annually.
Passive design strategies assist buildings in sustaining normal temperatures, and therefore minimize the extent to which buildings are affected by the surrounding environment. Consequently, passive design strategies such as glazing to wall ratio, thermal mass and insulations in buildings can save a lot of maintenance costs and positively impact public health. “LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is the most widely used green building rating system in the world. It provides a framework that project teams can apply to create The climate change Riyadh is challenged with healthy, highly efficient, and cost-saving green affects air pollution and contributes to the urban buildings� -(USGBC). heat islands due to the lack of vegetation or bodies of water. There are many new construction projects that are located 12-15 miles outside of Riyadh, SA Because of this type of climate, a great that are currently under development which are amount of energy consumption goes LEED certified. However, clients and business towards the air-conditioning of buildings developers are not using local firms, architects during the summer, which contributes to or other local sources to lead these designs. 95% the environmental problem and the heat of these projects are being led by architectural generation from human activity becomes firms that are outside of Saudi Arabia. The more burdensome with climate change. lack of local knowledge and training about sustainability is concerning in terms of where the Air pollution associated with sandstorms, idea of using sustainability in new constructions exposure to infrared and ultraviolet radiation, came from, as well as the loss of vernacular and heat stress create a threat to the architecture which Saudi Arabia was known for. public health that results in many respiratory diseases that shortens the average Saudi’s lifespan by almost 1.5 years.
Existing buildings that are in central Riyadh are not LEED There are currently no Living Building Challenge certified and consume about 40% more energy than projects in Saudi Arabia, therefore, this project will explore opportunities to design an inexpensive passive/ LEED buildings. Living Building Challenge using vernacular architecture “The Living Building Challenge is attempting to raise techniques and implementing them to the 21st century the bar and define the most advanced measure using new technologies. This project will be a reof sustainability in the built environment, using a adaptation of the Diriyah Museum in Riyadh and could benchmark of what is currently possible and given the work as a cost efficient way to achieve sustainability best knowledge available today. Projects that achieve in buildings. This effort will be locally driven by myself, this level of performance can claim to be among the a Saudi architect to make a change in the built ‘greenest’ anywhere and will serve as role models to environment and spread knowledge about the benefits others that follow.” - (International Living Future Institute). of having sustainable buildings in the long term. LBC not only works on new construction, but also on existing buildings as well. The process of retrofitting existing buildings is environmentally sustainable because it averts waste generation from building demolition and can be cheaper than new constructions.
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THE EVOLUTION OF ARCHITECTURE IN SAUDI ARABIA 10
Vernacular Architecture - 15th Century
Features:
Charactaristics:
Airventilation using courtyards, thermal comfort and suitable lighting. The exterior walls consist of geometric shapes which is usually located in the upper part, where as the interior walls are also covered with geometric figures carved with plaster and flowers pressed with molds. These decorative motifs were based on the use of mud reliefs.
Local resources were used such as limestone, which was the main building material due to its availability at local quarries in Najd until mudbrick and wooden beams were used as the main building material in recent decads which reflects local traditions, history, culture, environment and climate. Mudbrick was used for the upper part of the walls whereas the bottom part was made up with four or five cut-limestone. The pillars of a house or mosque is usually built with stone to last longer and is more resistant to corrision.
Late Modern/Postmodern Architecture - Late 1970s This international style emerged in the 1960s as a result of a reaction against the lack of variety in modern architecture and has influenced contemporary architecture. This style was unknown in Saudi Arabia until it was imported from abroad in the late 1970s and has since then been used in all parts of the country which caused the shift from the traditional vernacular architecture that Saudi was known for and therefore was lost. Ministry of Interior Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
General Organization for Social Insurance (GOSI) Headquarters Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
ANTITHESIS
There are many articles that talk about using sustainability in the world of new construction but, the question remains whether it’s simply used because it is the new trend or is it a genuine concern for the environment and the threat that climate change poses to humanity. Outsourced design concepts led by foriegn companies that result in producing designs that are unresponsive to our climate and takes away from the rich heritage and culture the country has. This method leads to high energy demand in cooling/ heating process and increased value in buildings that will require a lot of maintenace in the short and long term.
Today’s building process includes: - Outsourced materials that cannot retain heat properly and costs more money for transportation. - Foriegn design methods that cannot survive in a hot and arid climate.
12 Jeddah Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
SYNTHESIS
There is a great interconnection between the type and design of buildings in an area, the surrounding climate and environment. Creating a new building concept by learning from the history of architecture in Saudi Arabia that will help in reviving the old architectural traditions that were considered more sustainable than the new building designs now. The project will be strategically located in a tourist area that is a gateway to historic Diriyah, which is located 12 miles north-west of central Riyadh in Turaif District. The site uses vernacular architecture driven from the existing historic buildings that surround the area. This area is a new development of tourist attractions that can be used as a hub that introduces the city properly, promotes and teaches the wellness that LBC brings to the occupants of the building, and can work as a model for new construction and cultural expectations. The goal is to turn existing buildings into sustainable buildings using 21st century technology to connect with the history of traditional buildings methods. The living building challenge can be used as a bridge to a more sustainable future. Making the first LBC project in Riyadh, SA that is led by a local Saudi architect can be a step forward in building a livable environment.
This new design concept will: - Incorporate a more sustainable solution without the need to spend as much by using local materials. - Giving job opportunities to local designers that understand the heritage and therefore give them more recongnition. - Reviving the vernacular architecture that Saudi Arabia was known for.
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DIRIYAH TIMELINE
Diriyah was founded in the 15th century
It is located on the northwestern outskirts of the capital of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh
Established along and on the edge of Wadi Hanifah (Valley), over a distance of 8km
The structures were developed by using available local materials such as limestone for foundations and lower structures, mud brick (adobe), and palm wood.
The buildings reflect the original architectural style of Najd region which is the center of Arabian Peninsula
At the center of the historic city At-Turaif, Salwa Palace was built. It was the main residence of the Saud family in the 18th century.
1744 the capital of the first Saudi State was born “Diriyah�
Its total surface area was around 2.5 Acres and consists of seven seperate units made up of palaces or buildings with rectangular or trapezoid ground plans.
1818 the invasion of Arabia led by Ottoman and Egyptian forces brought the state to an end resulting in the destruction of Diriyah
The original inhabitants left Diriyah after 1818 moving to the now capital Riyadh.
At-Turaif remained abadonded until it was resettled in the late 20th century by former nomads. A new city was founded by the Saudi government in the 1970s
2017 Saudi Arabia has formed the Diriyah Gate Development Authority (DGDA) to oversee preservation and development of the historic site
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CASE STUDIES
Abu Dhabi, UAE
Masdar Institute
Climate Region: Subtropical, Arid Yearly Temperature: An average temperature high of 98 F and low of 79 F with the hottest season being from May to September and the coldest from December to March. Area: 340,000 m2
Charactaristics and Structure Traditional architecture in the region was influenced by the desert landscape and available building materials such as palms, a mixture of seashells, limestone, and mud bricks. Architectural Aspects The buildings have self-shading facades that are orientated to provide maximum shade, reduce cooling loads, and sheltering adjacent buildings as well as the pedestrian streets below. Windows in the residential buildings are protected by a contemporary reinterpretation of ‘mashrabiya’ an arabic term which is a type of projecting oriel window that was traditionally enclosed with carved wood latticework. It is constructed with sustainably developed, glass-reinforced
concrete, coloured with local sand to integrate its desert context and to minimise maintenance. The perforations for light and shade are based on the patterns found in the traditional architecture of Islam. The open facades are varied between lower areas that are shaded and upper areas that are exposed. There are over 5,000 square metres of roof mounted photovoltaic installations that provide power and additional shading for the street.
Aknaibich, Morocco
Aknaibich Preschool
Climate Region: Moderate and subtropical Yearly Temperature: An average temperature high of 73 F and low of 22 F with July being the hottest month of the year and January as the coldest. Area: 55 m2
Charactaristics and Structure Tightly Spaced alleys confined by compound walls of rammed earth and mud brick giving way to wider streets lined with isolated reinforced concrete structure. In the past buildings were constructed using load-bearing walls made from mud brick rendered with earth plaster where the roofs were made with eucalyptus or palm timbers and finished with a layer of earth. Architectural Aspects Each face of the bulding is used to control the climate of the interior by its orientation through the position and size of its openings and the design of its earth masonry. The south facade is an ideal location for controlling solar heat gain and daylight. The north facade has tall glass doors that are used for
indirect lighitng while the south wall is positioned to absorb heat during the day and to radiate warmth during the cooler evening hours made possible with minimum openings to avoid direct sunlight and overheating of th interior spaces. Openings on the north and south walls are used to increase ventilation and to keep the classroom cool during summer. The east and west facing walls have no openings and were constructed using two layers of brick facing the exterior and a 10 cm air gap with a single layer of masonry facing the interior. The total thickness of the walls are 70 cm to insulate the building and enhance the acoustic performances of the classroom with the exterior finishing done with “tamelass� render which is a mix of 2 earths, straw, and sand, while the interior finish is made of polished half half of earth gypsum to create breathable interior plaster which diffuses indirect light as well.
Jiroft, Iran
Concave Roof
Climate
movement between the outer and inner shell.
Region: Hot, arid
The placement of reservoirs between buildings helps with further controlling the temperature of indoor spaces and lower the overall carbon footprint of air-conditioning. The addition of date palms are used to provide shade for the concave roof as well as used as a visual structure and enclosure.
Yearly Temperature: An average temperature of 49.9 F with August being the hottest month and January the coldest. Area: 720 m2
Charactaristics and Structure The traditional persian architecture has the consistency of decorative prefrences, high arched portal set within a recess, and columns with bracket capitals. The available materials that were used in buildings were of heavy clays, molded mud, heavy plastic earth with lime mortar, and brick. Architectural Aspects The building’s roof has a steep slope that resembles a bowl which serves as a rainwater collecting system. This roof system helps make the smallest quantities of rain flow down the roof for harvesting purposes. The outer shell of the roof provides shading and works as a cooling system that allows air
The building’s structure is to be built using date-palm leaflets to make the columns that will further reduce the carbon footprint.
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EXISTING PLANS
SITE
Aerial view of Addiriyah Museum
DN
21
FLOOR PLAN
OLD BUILDINGS NEW FORMS 32
In the book Old Buildings New Forms by Francoise Bollack, she examines recent architectural projects that are related to the cultural and artistic shift.
She explores 5 interventions which are:
METHOD USED
Where a building or space is insterted into the older volume, using existing structure as protection. The inserted piece has its own identity “the new”, using “the old” as a container and carrier of memories and emotions. The original building is often a vernacular architecture.
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BUILDING ANALYSIS
CONSERVATION TRUSS SHADING CANOPY
GALLERY ROOF
GLAZED ENCLOSURE
STEEL STRUCTURE
GALLERY
SALWA PALACE RUIN
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Exploded View of the Museum
MATERIALS
Insulated Glazing Aliminum Composite Panel (Cladding System)
Terrazzo Floor tiles
Painted Metal Plate Laminated Tempered Glass Poured Terrazzo Finish on Steel Bent Plate System 35
CONTEMPORARY
TECTONICS
The approach used for this project doesn’t adress the climate of Saudi Arabia nor the culture and history of its architecture.
The language of vernacular architecture was lost in the process and therefore isn’t significant to the region of Najd.
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NAJD ARCHITECTURE
VERNACULAR
Charactaristics of Najdi Architecture: • • • • •
The use of adobe for wall. Clay mud for rendering. Stone columns. Triangular openings in the upper parts. The use of wooden lintels painted with geometric motifs.
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Cologne, Germany
Kolumba Museum
Peter Zumthor’s design respects the site’s history by preserving its essence. He used grey brick to unite the remaining fragments of the Gothic church, the stone ruins from the Roman and Medieval periods, and German architect Gottfried Böhm’s 1950 chapel for the “Madonna of the Ruins.” and managed to successfuly add to this project while embracing the existing fragments. The bricks were specifically developed for this project. They were fired with charcoal to imbue a warm hue, and the perforations found in the work allows diffused light to fill specific spaces of the museum during the day.
Hamar, Norway
Hedmark Museum
Sverre Fehn’s museum creates a harmonious structure that has a clear distinction between the old and the new, The north ruin consists of 18m long wooden beams with a V-shaped section and narrow glass skylights, and a small covered walkway that is used to connect the structure with the existing museum. The west ruin has cast concrete coverings that were inspired by the remains of a vault, light glass roofs to cover each end, a lower ramp that leads through the ruins and into the cellar adjacent to the building, and an upper ramp that connects to the first floor.
Athens, Greece
Acropolis Museum
Bernard Tschumi used the simplicity of horizontal lines to shift the visitor’s focus of the works of art displayed at the museum. The museum is built over the remains of the ancient city with more than 100 concrete pillars used as a support system. Various types of glass was used for the skylights at the top floor of Parthenon Gallery that allows light to fliter and flood through the galleries reaching the archeological excavations below the building. The use of glass walls allows the exhibits to be viewed in natural light.
Barcelona, Spain
Santa Caterina
This project consists of the reuse of a market that was built in 1848 along with 59 apartments, an underground garage, and a waste-processing facility for the market and the La Ribera district. The original white masonry walls were reused, while a new roof design hovers above the walls with minimal contact supported by tree like columns. The roof is made of several free-form vaults covered with colorful tiles from Sville, and is supported by three main girders running across the vaults and cutting through them in some areas. This roof works as a wrap strategy and gives the market its new identity.
The Living Building Challenge is a standard for green buildings which goes beyond the LEED certification. It strives for net-zero energy, is free of toxic chemicals, and aims to lower the energy footprint below the generic commercial structures. A Living Building aims to generate more energy than it consumes, harvest and treats all water on site, and is made using healthy materials to create spaces that reconnect occupants with nature. These buildings are regenerative.
There are three types of certifications under the Challenge: • Living Building Certification • Petal Certification • Net Zero Energy Building Certification.
The Petal Certification consists of 7 petals:
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These 7 petals are composed of 20 imperatives:
The take away from Najdi Vernacular architecture and how it falls under the lens of LBC: • The use of natural and local materials for building construction. • Using its surrounding environment and learing from its past. • The potential of rainwater harvesting. • Reduction of energy consumption by incorporating natural ventelation. • Natural ventelation provides good in door air quality and daylight. • It can be a learning hub that inspires future architects and provides more job opportunities. • Its connection to nature.
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DESIGN CHALLENGES
Existing Ruins Structure
Museum Artifacts 45
SITE PLAN
DESIGN PROPOSAL
SUN STUDY
DESIGN PROPOSAL
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22 July 5:16 AM
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6:00 PM 6:41 PM
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DIAGRAMS
DESIGN PROPOSAL
WATER COLLECTING SYSTEM Proposed sloped roof that will help in rain water harvesting.
SUN LIGHT Minimal openings on the upper part of the walls will allow for natural light and ventilation for the interior.
Using the existing structure of the ruins to restore the top part The use of the geometric shapes that Najd is known for Rainwater harvesting system Mashrabiya Adobe roof Radiant Ceiling Cooling System Water Cooling Tower
MASHRABIYA
Mashrabiya is a traditional aesthetic aspect and and efficient function in old times. The decline in its use over time is due to the lack of its efficiency as a solution in modern times. these architectural solutions are not developed and are no longer applicable to the contemporary changes and the new environmental challenges.
Functions:
Manufacturing:
• Controls the passage of light. • Controls the air flow. • Reduces the temperature of the air current and increases the humidity. • Ensures privacy.
Fitted with timber panels composed of lathe fashioned wooden balusters creating an overall pattern of lattice work arranged at specific regular intervals with various geometric designs.
RADIANT CEILING COOLING
Most of the body heat generates from the upper part of the human body specifically the head
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SITE PLAN
2 A-9.12
DN
DN
1 A-9.12
1
SITE 1/8" = 1'-0" 0'
4'
8'
16'
32'
FLOOR PLAN
DN
1
GROUND FLOOR 1/8" = 1'-0"
0'
4'
8'
16'
32'
SECTIONS 3 A-9.12
1
Section 1 1/8" = 1'-0"
RAMMED EARTH GLASS 1/2” STEEL PLATE MASHRABIYA
2
Section 2 1/8" = 1'-0"
3
Section 1 - Callout 1 1 1/2" = 1'-0"
ELEVATIONS
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EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC
3D SCANNING AND CNC
The use of contemporary digital tools to connect to history.
3D scanning the upper part of the existing ruins
Water jet cutting new glass and CNC Mashrabiya to replicate the 3D scan
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Rainfall (mm)
7 1
0
0
0
0
7
10
12
16
RAINWATER HARVESTING
Riyadh Average Rainfall: 4.4 Inch per year
Existing Roof Area: 3,113 SF
New Roof Area: 5,536 SF
Water Collected: 13,697 Gallons
Water Collected: 24,358 Gallons
Potable Water: 34,087 Gallons Per Year
Potable Water: 60,619 Gallons Per Year
Required Potable Water Reduction: 17,043 Gallons Per Year
Required Potable Water Reduction: 30,309 Gallons Per Year
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WATER COOL COOLING TOWER
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Firstly, I would like to thank my thesis chair, Professor Philip Horton for encouraging me throughout my studies and my research. His motivation and knowledge was essential in completing my thesis. I would also like to thank Professor Milagros Zingoni for helping me come out of my shell and becoming the woman I am today. Without her pushing me to explore my full potential and her support, none of this would be possible. I would like to thank Professor Brie Smith for her full support throughout my Concurrent Masters degree and for believing in me even when I couldn’t. Besides my professors, I would like to thank the guest critiques for their insightful feedback and advice that helped pave the way and widen my perspective for this thesis. To my family, I am forever grateful for having your support in pursuing my Masters degree. To my mom, my strength, you have always seen my full potential even as a little girl and have always been my rock. I am grateful for the many friendships I’ve made throughout my time at ASU, and to the guys at shop for letting me have a place to be creative with my skills.
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REFERENCES
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REFERENCES
• ShaimaaEl-Ghobashy, G. M. (2016). Nature Influences on Architecture Interior Designs. • https://www.dezeen.com/2017/01/04/concave-roof-rainwater-harvesting-bmdesign-studiosproposal-iran/ • https://www.archdaily.com/802377/this-concave-roof-system-collects-rainwater-in-arid-climates • https://www.designboom.com/architecture/bmdesign-concave-roofs-solution-water-scarcityiran-08-07-2017/ • https://www.archdaily.com/517456/inside-masdar-city • https://www.archdaily.com/72192/kolumba-musuem-peter-zumthor • https://arcspace.com/feature/kolumba-museum/ • https://www.designboom.com/architecture/peter-zumthor-kolumba-museum-cologne-germanyrasmus-hjortshoj-07-26-2017/ • https://www.archdaily.com/61898/new-acropolis-museum-bernard-tschumi-architects • https://www.archdaily.com/search/projects/categories/museum/country/greece/offices/bernardtschumi-architects • https://www.dezeen.com/2009/04/10/new-acropolis-museum-by-bernard-tschumi-architects/ • http://www.tschumi.com/projects/2/ • https://www.archdaily.com/82712/video-santa-caterina-market-embt-associated-architects • https://archinect.com/embt/project/santa-caterina-market • https://www.atlasofplaces.com/architecture/hedmark-museum/ • https://miesarch.com/work/278 • https://www.archdaily.com/793286/spotlight-sverre-fehn • http://joshuamings.com/newsite/files/Mings_fellowship_lecture.pdf
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• https://masdar.ae/en/masdar-city
REFERENCES
• https://www.archdaily.com/91228/masdar-institute-foster-partners • https://www.whatdesigncando.com/stories/bowl-shaped-roofs-collect-rainwater-iran/ • Building from Tradition: Local Materials and Methods in Contemporary Architecture. (2017). Elizabeth M. Golden. • https://asg-architects.com/portfolio/ada-atturaif-living-museum/ • https://dgda.gov.sa/Home.aspx • Atturaif Living Museum. (2011). Ayers Saint Gross.
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