AGE-FRIENDLY ENVIRONMENT - Thesis Research by danieIfavaro

AGE-FRIENDLY ENVIRONMENTS

POLITECNICO DI MILANO Scuola AUIC Master of Architecture - Building Environment - Interiors A.Y 2019/2020

AH 2019 - AFFORDABLE HOUSING DOMESTICTY RELOADED

Form, Uses, Spaces, Practices and Policy for Contemporary Dwelling

Students: Daniel Favaro Giulia Gallani Federica Ponticelli Bassam Sherif Ardit Tashi Victoria Zavala

- Final Design Studio 2019/2020 -

AH 2019 - AFFORDABLE HOUSING DOMESTICTY RELOADED

Form, Uses, Spaces, Practices and Policy for Contemporary Dwelling

AGE-FRIENDLY ENVIRONMENTS Students: Daniel Favaro Giulia Gallani Federica Ponticelli Bassam Sherif Ardit Tashi Victoria Zavala

Professors: Massimo Bricocoli, Gennaro Postiglione, Stefania Sabatinelli. In collaboration with the Research Team“ForDwell-DASTU Dipartimento d’Eccellenza”: Gaia Caramellino, Stefano Guidarini, Fabio Lepratto, Simona Pierini, Roberto Rizzi; and with AIUC School scholars: Barbara Brollo, Antonio Carvalho, Lorenzo Consalez, Elena Fontanella, Francesca Gotti, Marco Jacomella, Massimiliano Nastri, Ingrid Paoletti; in coopertion with Double Degree programme TU Graz prof. Andreas Lichtbau.

#03 AGE FRIENDLY HOUSING: intro

Glossary THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Historical Framework - Timeline: from Ancient Age to Modern Era - History: from Ancient Age to Modern Era - Timeline: from Modern Era to nowadays - History: from Modern Era to nowadays Social Framework and Policies - Ageing in human body and mind - Mental illness - Dementia - Body degrade - Ageing in Place Demographic Analysis - Study of ageing in the different areas of the world - Facts about seniors by the numbers THE TYPES

INDEX

Intro: the six types

Life-cycle Storytelling Parameters - Level of Assistance needed - Level of Cohabitation provided - Relation between the parameters - The Universal Design Pyramid Description of the Types - Independent Living - Shared Living - Co-Housing - Assisted Living - Supported Living - Institution Bibliography of the Theoretical Framework and the Types

GUIDELINES

119

The Relation Between the Human and the Living Space

Elements of Design: - Roads - Parking Spots - Sidewalks - Street Furniture - Outdoor Greenery - Entrance to Building

- Handrails and Hardware - Doors - Windows - Lighting Solutions and Electic Switches - Technology and Equipment

- Bathrooms - Kitchens - Bedrooms

- Furniture Design - Material Selection - Indoor Plants

Practices - Intergenerational Housing - Granny Pad Conferences & Exhibitions - Second World Assembly on Ageing 2002 - CittĂ 5th annual conference on Planning research: Planning and ageing - Ageing in place guide for building owners - Sustainable space for seniors - design for ageing and the environment - Barcelona housing & rehabilitation forum ARCHITECTURAL QUALITY Definition: what is Beauty in Architecture?

Bibliography of the rules and guidelines HISTORICAL PROJECTS Intro

Case Studies List

Timeline - Traverse City State Hospital - Saint Elizabeths Hospital - Bethel Hospital

245

Projects - De Drive Hoven - Seniorenresidenz Spirgarten - Orestad Nursing Home - Via Verde - Kalkbriete - Kampung Admiralty - Bayview Senior Service

The Properties of Elements Design

- Vertical Circulation - Horizontal Circulation - Signage and Way-Finding

- Public Hospital - Trenton State Hospital

REINVENTING PROJECTS, PRACTICES, CONFERENCES & EXHIBITIONS

The Scales of Design

197

Projects Selected: - Housing for the Elderly - Day Care Centre - Walumba Elders Centre - Kampung Admiralty - Nursing Home - Pilgrim Gardens Bibliography of the Case Studies

373

GLOSSARY

#03 AGE FRIENDLY HOUSING: INTRO

(1)

elderly adj.

‘right to the city’ n. pl.

commons n.

1. The term ‘elderly’ has been defined as a chronological age of 65 years old or older, while those from 65 through 74 years old are referred to as ‘early elderly’ and those over 75 years old as ‘late elderly’. 2. This category belonging to the ‘weak people’, i.e. those who find impossible or difficult to manage their own interests; those who are exposed to exclusion, marginalization, dependence. Therefore all those people who are destined to be part of a minority.

1. Literally is the right to shape urban life. 2. Phrase originally coined by the sociologist Henri Lefebvre in Le Droit à la Ville (published in 1968) as a ‘demand for a transformed and renewed access to urban life’. Conceptrecently popularised by geographer David Harvey in ‘The Right to the City’, (in the magazine New Left Review n. 53 published in 2008) as in ‘the freedom to make and remake our cities and ourselves is one of the most precious yet most neglected of our human rights’. 3. Aligns with Age-friendly principles that foreground older people’s active participation in urban life. Benefits: a healthy alternative to health-focused public policy discourse on ageing.

1. A commons is a piece of land that belongs to everyone in a community. The commons in the middle of a village might be a green space that’s available for gatherings and celebrations. 2. According to roman law, where there are the “res communes omnium” which included all those resources given by nature as: air, water, sea and consequently the shore of the sea, intended according to the natural ius for the use of all, without the possibility of individual appropriation. 3. Historically, commons are presented as those resources used by the community for its own subsistence; those “resources shared, administered and used by the community that embody a system of social relations based on cooperation and mutual dependence”.

all-age friendly adj. 1. A general term applied to mean favourable to and accommodating of all generations. 2. Often used to broaden relevance of an older- age- focused policy agenda to other policy agendas. (e.g., ‘child- friendly’, ‘dementia friendly’), and/or to create a (false?) sense Age- friendliness (as in ‘creating an Age- friendly city means creating a city that is friendly and good for all’).

participation n. 1. Literally, the action of taking part in something. 2. In urban practice, the way in which users are empowered to shape the urban environment around them. 3. A guiding principle in the age-friendly cities movement where older people are seen as active participants in the production and shaping of urban life.

shared ground adj.

1. capable of being easily reached and or is available to as many people as possible. 2. as a spatial concept, relates to inclusive design principles. 3. a legal requirement under the Disability Discrimination Act (1995 and 2002). 4. literally means easily used, read and seen (legibility).

1. Literally, it refers to those territory used, occupied or experienced with others. The historic origin evolves out of feminist urban practices working in the public realm (c., 1990s). 2. It implies an alternative reading of urban space that involves the principles and practice of negotiation (as in a ‘shared ground negotiated through its varied use’) 3. Acknowl- use (and production) of urban space. Not to be confused with the term shared surface (an urban design approach that seeks to minimise demarcations pedestrians). 4. As a spatial principle, increasingly, applied in the context of Age- friendly urban practice (see, for instance, the design studio model of Sharing the City).

affordable adj.

outdoor spaces and buildings n. pl.

inclusive design adj.

1. Literally, it can mean ‘cheap’, or it can imply that even if it’s expensive, you a person have enough money to easily buy it. The verb afford is at the root, and its earliest meaning was ‘accomplish’. Gradually, afford came to have the meaning ‘manage to buy’. 2. Affordable housing is referred to housing units that are affordable by that section of society whose income is below the median household income.

1. The first of the eight domains of an Age-friendly city. 2. Literally is the space beyond the front door (i.e., public domain), public- use buildings and outdoor spaces (from pavements to open spaces ‘of public value’). 3. Typically, used to refer to the physical fabric of the built environment. A domain commonly associated with inclusive design principles.

1. A design approach where the built environment is designed and adapted in such a way that it meets the needs of all, regardless of age or ability. Origins: emerges as a response to demographic trends of population ageing and growing movement to integrate disabled people into mainstream society. 2. Often used in conjunction with regulatory and advice-giving guidance (including checklist formats).

age-friendly adj. 1. It means favourable to and accommodating of older people in some form. 2. A World Health Organization policy concept designating: ‘policies, services and structures related to the physical and social environment that are designed to support and enable older people to “age actively” – that is, to live in security, enjoy good health and continue to participate fully in society.’

accessibility n.

The fact that the populations of the developed world live more and more frequently up to 80 and 90 years of age, and health systems are increasingly successful in treating diseases that were once the cause of death of people about 60 years of age (diseases such as heart or vascular, stroke, cancer, emphysema), is causing a massive reassessment of the way in which ageing people are considered, treated and integrated into society. Some countries are realizing the inappropriateness of accomodations and care they provide: scandals emerges on an almost monthly basis, revealing shoddy hospital or care-home treatment, and widespread loneliness and isolation. (1) It is heartening to report that both politicians and those involved in designing and developing housing for the elderly are suddenly showing new vigor in grappling with how to do it better than through the frankly shameful ‘warehousing of the old’ that has been the default position for the past 50 years. The main question is how to provide good quality, easy to reach and affordable housing in the cities, because it seems that the popular belief that people want to move to the countryside when they get older is not so true. In fact, people who have spent their lives in the city maintain a much better quality of life if they stay within their community, closer to their friends and family, and nonetheless to the services they are most used to. Design for Homes, together with the Housing and Community Agency and a team of architects and experts, has produced a brochure about the best design practices for ageing communities, called the HAPPI report. (2) The purpose of this booklet is to provide guidelines that make the needs of older people understandable. The goal of this research is to identify different types of housing for the elderly, which have different needs and habits, in order to offer the best solution for each user. Thanks to the selection of these types and following some guidelines regulating the management of spaces dedicated to the elderly, the research aims to highlight some exemplary case studies, underlining their potentialities and shortcomings. Furthermore, studying the relation between the urban policies and the scientific discoveries in the past, with their consequences in the design of seniors’ housing shows how, starting from ancient times and arriving to the present days, the conception of the figure of seniors in the society has undergone numerous changes, often shifting from being considered the weak link in society to have instead a value of wisdom and arousing attention and respect.

Left page: (1) “An Friendly Handbook *”

Alternative

Age-

* For the socially engaged urban practitioner Sophie Handler, 2014

(1) “Third Age Architecture” Veronica Simpson May 2015

(2) “Rental Housing For An Ageing Population” Richard Best, APPG Inquiry Chair, Anya Martin, APPG Inquiry Secretary [Housing and Care for Older People]

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

First pension | France

Codex Iustiniani

In France the first pensione is established for those who had worked for the service of the state.

Private donations for works of free support to strangers and the needy; then established in the Codex Iustiniani through references to philanthropic institutions for the sick and beggars.

Ordinance of Labourers, poor laws |England

Created ayuProject from the by Noun

Poor Laws | England The English Poor Laws were a system of poor relief in England and Wales that developed out of the codification of late-medieval and Tudor-era laws.

Poorhouses / Almshouses They were present in the U.S. founded by english settlers. When it was harder for people to take care of their elders in their own homes, the poorhouses became a sort of last-resort option in spite of their reputation for deplorable conditions.

VI CENTURY

1350

1587 - 98

XVIII CENTURY from ancient age

I CENTURY

MIDDLE AGES

XV CENTURY

Nursing began to emerge as a profession along with professional “home health care”.

XVII CENTURY 1740 - 1860

Lilian Wald convinced metropolitan life insurance company to finance home care

Employer-sponsored pension program They deals specifically with the reception and care of the elderly

From the lat. hospitium, hospitality, food and lodging granted in ancient Rome to the hospes (guest, stranger).

ANCIENT AGE

Nursing

Charity hospices

/osp-ice/

National disability and old age pension fund for manual workers | Italy

XIX CENTURY

It established a system of old-age benefits for workers, benefits for victims of industrial accidents, unemployment insurance, aid for dependent mothers and children, the blind, and the physically handicapped.

America developed the first private employer - sponsored pension program.

1875

1888

1909

1866

Hospitia

The establishment of modern medical schools led to the construction of the general hospitals, which in the Renaissance offered care to the elderly, sometimes in exchange for their belongings.

Origin of the hospitality for the poor people in Jersualem.

The reception is organized in convent and monastries.

Slaves and the courts New Jersey law included a provision forbidding emancipation of slaves who were 40 years old or more “for fear of the distant contingency, that this freedman might become a public burthen to the township, by being a pauper in his old age, and rather than subject the towns to that they preferred to let the man and his posterity remain in slavery.”

Spreading of the poor peopleʼs hut | Europe this is characterized by pavilions for work activities introduced inside serial buildings with internal courtyard-garden, hierarchized by the nodal spaces of the guesthouse, church and collective services.

1935

to modern era 1883

XX CENTURY

State old-age assistance law

Birth of the first large general hospitals

Social Security Act

ʻLeçons cliniques sur les maladies des viellards et les maladies chroniquesʼ This research by Jean Martin Charcot was about studies on ageing and its pathologies and it strongly stimulated the innovation of care modes. This studies were the starting point for the updating of distribution characteristics in buildings built after the mid XIX century.

a law had been passed giving money to anybody over sixty who was in need. It provided no system of administration. It could be just given out by the counties. That was the first law in this country for what you would say was an old age pension. That went on until 1895 when the country ran into the depression of the ’90s and the State Treasury was being drained. By that time, the number of people getting pensions had increased so much that the legislature had to abolish it

1914 ʻGeriatrics: the diseases of old age and their treatmentʼ Geriatrics became an autonomous branch of medicine thanks to new studies by Ignatz Leo Nascher and the consequent enactment of new regulations on institutions of public assistance.

Birth of the visiting nurse association

Arizona Law Arizona enacted a law which abolished almshouses and provided pensions for aged persons and people with disabilities; in order to provide public cash assistance to the poor elderly to keep them out of the poorhouses.

Spreading of the old peopleʼs home 12

Theoretical Framework / Historical Framework

HISTORICAL FRAMEWORK

Etimology / hos - pis / From the lat. hospitium, hospitality, food and lodging granted in ancient Rome to the hospes (guest, stranger). Specialist building originally intended to accommodate strangers, the sick and the poor of any age. In the modern sense, the hospice has the function of welcoming elderly people with different degrees of selfsufficiency. Process The reception of the poor and the elderly has a remote origin: already in the first century BC in Jerusalem a public hospice was founded to assist pilgrims and the needy, while there is information of private donations for works of free support for strangers and the needy in the fourth century AD, later affirmed in the Codex Iustiniani (1) through references to institutions for the sick and beggars. In the Middle Ages, the recovery of strangers, lepers, elderly and needy took place in monasteries and convents or in buildings located along the main pilgrimage routes, financially supported by donations

from private individuals who often reserve part of their homes to offer assistance. The Hospital of Santa Maria della Scala in Siena, built along the Via Francigena (one of the first in Europe), and the Abbey of San Gallo in Switzerland, are among the most important examples of the period. The establishment of modern medical schools in the 13th century led to the construction of the first large general hospitals, which in the Renaissance offered care to the elderly, sometimes in exchange for their belongings. During the Enlightenment, the strong increase in the elderly population living in the city and the birth of “design” manuals, created the conditions for the spread throughout Europe of the poorhouses (or almshouses), that were characterized by pavilions for work activities into serial buildings with inner courtyardgarden, hierarchized by the nodal spaces of the guesthouse, church and public services. These houses, born in England and exported in the Americas, were the precursors of the nursing home and their name derived from the reason that the poorhouses hosted those who were called “undeserved poor”,

Theoretical Framework / Historical Framework

i.e. those whom the community considered unworthy of economic help. The residents were not only the “undeserving” elderly, but also orphaned children and people with mental disabilities or illnesses. Although some poorhouses were in terrible condition, many of them were worthy of consideration. For example the Friends’ Almshouse of Philadelphia was founded in 1713, making it one of the first organizations created to care for seniors and people in need. After the English Civil War in the 18th century these buildings became more and more crowded also because of the poverty that increased among the families who could no longer take care of the elderly. Thankfully, after the civil war, the 14th amendment (2) was approved, which made poorhouses voluntary instead of involuntary. It was at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries that another step forward was taken for the elderly: after the establishment of the hospice, in France was established the first form of pension for those who had worked for at least 30 years in the service of the state.

The 18th century was also marked by the creation of industries, which led to a general improvement in health and food conditions. The benefits of this economic development, however, were initially directed only at the privileged classes. The only hope for those who did not have a solid economic situation were the hospices and charity associations. In the mid-19th century religious groups opened nonprofit homes for seniors; this was to offer an alternative to the terrible conditions in many poorhouses. These charity hospices were specifically dedicated to the reception and care of the elderly who were housed in collective dormitories, unlike contemporary elderly homes, which have small selfsufficient accommodation. The innovation of forms of care in the second half of the 19th century receives strong impetus from studies on aging and its diseases, as for example the “Leçons cliniques sur les maladies des vieillards et les maladies chroniques”, published in 1866 by Jean Martin Charcot, a famous French neurologist. This research served as a basis for changing and updating the distribution characteristics of buildings built after the mid-19th century. The General Charity Hospice of Turin in 1887 and the Hospice for Old Musicians in Milan in 1889, commissioned and financed by the composer Giuseppe Verdi on a project by Camillo Boito, are among the most important examples of this period. The Pio Albergo Trivulzio in Milan, founded in 1771 and rebuilt in 1910, is probably the most complete expression, at the beginning of the 20th century, of the introduction of standards based on new medical research. In those years Geriatrics became an autonomous branch of medicine, thanks to the Austrian doctor Ignatz Leo Nascher, who in 1914 published

“Geriatrics: The Diseases of Old Age and Their Treatment”. The consequent enactment of new regulations on public care institutions changed the functional characteristics of the type of reception building for the elderly, giving rise to the old people’s home in the following decades; basically it is a collective building that offers cultural and recreational activities in “family” contexts that promote socialization, in addition to the normal functions of accommodation, lodging and medical care. When the Social Security Act (3) was passed, many elderly people chose to live in a board-and-care home rather than a hospice: due to the fact that seniors who continued to live in poorhouses were not able to receive Social Security payments, many of the decided to move to specific homes where they were allowed to rent a room and provided two meals a day, receiving a basic amount of care while there.

(2) The 14th amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America is one of the amendments adopted after the war of secession known as the Reconstruction amendments. The amendment was approved with the aim of guaranteeing the rights of ex slaves. (3) On 14 August 1935, the Social Security Act established a system of old-age benefits for workers, benefits for victims of industrial accidents, unemployment insurance, aid for dependent mothers and children, the blind, and the physically handicapped.

Theoretical Framework / Historical Framework

Private nursing homes started popping up About half of the residents in private nursing homes were public assistance recipients and that the federal, state, and local governments were paying about half the total cost of all nursing home care in the country.

The Moss amendments

Second World War

the Great Depression Severe economic and financial crisis that disrupted the world economy.

first ever US national inventory of nursing homes

De Drie Hoven by Herman Hertzberger |Netherlands Old Peopleʼs Home by Herman Hertzberger | Netherlands

From the early 1950s to the 1970s, the number of nursing homes increased significantly, from 6,500 to 16,000.

1950

1954

1964 - 74 from modern era

1934

1935

1946

Created ayuProject from the by Noun

Old Age Security Staff Report

1965

the Hospital Survey and Construction Act (aka Hill-Burton Act) Congress passed a law that gave hospitals, nursing homes and other health facilities grants and loans for construction and modernization.

Theoretical Framework / Historical Framework

1968

Medicaid and Medicare programs became law On July 30 President Lyndon B. Johnson signed into law the Social Security Act Amendments, popularly known as the Medicare bill. It established Medicare, a health insurance program for the elderly, and Medicaid, a health insurance program for the poor.

1980 - 84

Nursing Home Reform Act

Foro de vivienda y rehabilitación de Barcelona by Institut Municipal de l'Habitatge i Rehabilitació | Spain

It clarified the services seniors would receive.

for debating, working and posing with dignity the right to live in the city.

1987

luglio 2002

marzo 2019

to nowadays 1974

The first hospice was founded |Connecticut

A special Senate Subcommittee on Elderly problems was establish

Old Age Security is a universal retirement pension available to most residents and citizens aged 65 and over.

1959

“Problems of the Aged and Aging”

Social Security Act The Social Security Act of 1935 is a law enacted by the 74th United States Congress and signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The law created the Social Security program as well as insurance against unemployment.

Based on the theme of Building a Society for All Ages, the United Nations Second World Assembly on Ageing was held in Madrid, Spain from April 8-12, 2002. Its main objective was to adopt a revised version of the 1982 International Plan of Action on Ageing, including a long-term strategy on aging.

They established a standard of care in nursing homes and regulated the industry.

Many seniors came out of retirement to help with the war effort. Their employment income probably kept many of them off the welfare rolls during the war, but they had to retire once again when the servicemen returned home and needed jobs.

1939 - 45

1929

Second World Assembly on Ageing by UN | Spain

luglio 1982

marzo 1998

novembre 2017

Decreto Legislativo 128/98 | Italy Activities designed to remove and overcome situations of difficulty that a person encounters in his life.

World Assembly on Ageing by UN | Austria it provides a basis for the formulation of policies and programmes on ageing. It includes 62 recommendations for action addressing research, data collection and analysis, training and education, as well as the following sectoral areas: health and nutrition, protection of elderly consumers, housing and environment, family, social welfare, income security and employment, and education.

Global Approaches to Age-Friendly Design by AIANY (American Institute of Architects of New York) The AIANY for Aging Committee is dedicated to the needs of the aging population in an urban environment, by exploring design issues, developing universal design recommendations, increasing public awareness, and educating professionals in various fields of those needs, to create a more age-friendly city.

Theoretical Framework / Historical Framework

HISTORICAL FRAMEWORK 2.0 Process Family life and working conditions changed dramatically during the Great Depression: almost half of the working age population remained unemployed in the US. This type of problem particularly affects the elderly; those who were retired or close to it lost their savings and this made them completely dependent on their families, but the hard times for younger family members meant little or nothing to provide for their parents. For the unluckier ones, they were more likely to end up in the poorhouse or dependent on charity. Shortly before the beginning of the Great Depression, only six states in US had laws on care for the elderly. As the Great Depression worsened, that number increased, until in 1934 there were 28 states with elder care programs. Unfortunately, plans were rather limited and inconsistent from state to state.

•Most had property and income caps to limit eligibility, generally a maximum of $3,000 in property and $300-$365 a year in income. •Most required that benefits would be denied to anyone who gave away property in order to qualify for public assistance. •Most required that a lien be placed on the estate of the beneficiary to be collected upon their death. •Most required that recipients be “deserving”, and benefits were denied to anyone who deserted a spouse, failed to support their families, had committed any crime, or had been a tramp or beggar. •Benefits were denied to inmates of jails, prisons, infirmaries, and insane asylums, although a few permitted the payment of assistance for inmates of a benevolent fraternal institution. •Most set a cap on monthly payments at $30 a month, although they actually paid about half of that or $15 a month on average. The “Old Age Insurance” (OAI) program we call “Social Security” today was created as Title II of the Social Security Act. It established a

Title I of the 1935 Social Security Act created a program, called Old Age Assistance (OAA), which would give cash payments to poor elderly people, regardless of their work record. OAA provided for a federal match of state old-age assistance expenditures. Among other things, OAA is important in the history of long-term care because it later spawned the Medicaid program, which has become the primary funding source for long-term care today.

As summarized in the final report of the Old Age Security Staff to Chairman Witte, the state plans included the following features and restrictions: •All but Arizona and Hawaii refused to make payments to older people who had children or relatives who could support them. •Most limited assistance to elderly people who were age 65 or older, but quite a few set the limit even higher, at age 75. •Most required that beneficiaries must have been citizens and residents of the state for 15 years, some had even longer residency requirements than that. •Many required that the beneficiary must transfer to the pension authority any property they possessed before any payment would be made.

Theoretical Framework / Historical Framework

Picture: Construction of Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital in Greensboro, N.C., was partially funded by the Hill-Burton Act. The hospital, seen circa 1973, was at the center of a court case, Simkins v. Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital, that brought an end to racially segregated health care.

pool of funds that workers would pay into while they were working, which they could draw upon to support themselves in retirement. The government would not pay for it. Instead, it would be funded out of contributions of both workers and employers. To keep the cost of the program down, the initial Social Security law limited the program to workers in commerce and industry other than railroads. However amendments to the law in subsequent years have added more and more groups to the program until it is now nearly universal.

Cone Health Medical Library

A 1937 Social Security pamphlet said, “Old people, like children, have lost much of their economic value to a household. Most American families no longer live in houses where one can build on a room or a wing to shelter aging parents and aunts and uncles and cousins. They no longer have gardens, sewing rooms, and big kitchens where old people can help make the family’s living. Old people were not dependent upon their relatives when there was need in a household for work they could do. They have become dependent since their room and their board cost money, while they have little to give in return. Now they need money of their own to keep the dignity and independence they had when their share in work was the equivalent in money.” (Social Security, 1937) During World War II many seniors came out of retirement to help with the war effort. Their employment income probably kept many of them off the welfare rolls during the war, but they had to retire once again when the servicemen returned home and needed jobs.

De Drie Hoven, Herman Hertzberger 1964-74

After the war, the size of the elderly and disabled population

was growing, and many of them were now eligible for government payments, as veterans benefits, oldage assistance, Social Security, and unemployment assistance. Many of those payments could be used to pay for nursing home care, further encouraging the development of care facilities. World War II halted the construction and development of every kinds, and at the end of the war, many buildings needed to be replaced or modernized. The U.S. national health insurance program under discussion highlighted the poor quality of the country’s health infrastructure, which could be improved only by allocating major funds to the construction and modernization of hospitals. During the National Health Insurance controversy, Senators Joseph Lister Hill of Alabama and Harold Burton of Ohio included hospital construction funding in a separate bill and introduced the Hospital Survey and Construction Act of 1946 (commonly referred to as the Hill-Burton Act). Hill-Burton created a federal funding system for the construction of new hospitals in rural and poor areas that

did not already have them, and for the modernization of hospitals in metropolitan areas. Sponsors did not want to create an uncontrolled explosion of unnecessary buildings, so the bill called for each state to develop an agency to organize and coordinate health planning for the state, and to determine where state hospitals should be built. These agencies were also tasked with approving the design of buildings prior to their construction, a level of supervision and consistency in the design of health care buildings that had never existed. Sponsors believed that the wealthiest areas would be able to build their own hospitals without federal aid, so funding should be directed principally to poor or rural areas. One of the disputes that arose before the final text of the bill was approved was whether or not to provide federal funding to nonpublic hospitals; the concern was that it would not be appropriate to donate taxpayers’ money to nonpublic entities because there had never been any consideration of including proprietary hospitals in the program, but eventually a decision was made to allow the financing of nonprofit hospitals as loans that would be repaid by providing

Theoretical Framework / Historical Framework

Old People’s Home, Herman Hertzberger 1980-84

a certain amount of free care to people who would otherwise end up under the responsibility of the government. Hill-Burton financing lead to an explosion in public and non-profit hospital construction, and provided a model for federal and state standards for the design, regulation, and financing of healthcare institutions that was later used for nursing homes. An unexpected result of Hill-Burton’s legislation was that many of the old hospitals that were being replaced were converted to another “medical” use: they became nursing homes. At the end of the 1940s, all types of residential and commercial buildings resumed, after having completely stopped during the war and the end of this period inaugurated the conversions of nursing homes: Hundreds of hotels, houses and other existing buildings of all kinds have been converted into nursing homes. One of the problems designers of the surveys had was in defining what constituted a “nursing home”. They settled on four classifications: nursing care homes, personal care with nursing homes, personal care homes, and domiciliary homes, and decided to count all facilities with 3 or more beds. The “personal care home” classification more nearly resembles what we today call “assisted living” and the “domiciliary care home” is more of a board and care home, neither of which are included in modern statistics about nursing homes. To make things even more confusing, in later reports, the term “nursing home” sometimes refers to the first two categories combined, and in other reports only homes in the first category are counted as “nursing homes” and all three of the lower categories are grouped together as “personal care and other homes”.

that meant closing facilities, which were already in short supply. They were concerned that there would be no place to put the dispossessed patients. The 1968 Moss amendments were among the first attempts to regulate nursing homes for the benefit of residents. They established safety codes that nursing homes had to follow such as, for example, ensuring that there were professional nurses who knew how to provide quality care and thus reduce abuse and fraud.

The first ever US national inventory of nursing homes was done in 1954. When the first survey was tabulated, it was estimated that there were about 270,000 people living in 9,000 homes classified as “nursing care home” or “personal care home with nursing”. Virtually all the homes were for-profit facilities — 86% of all nursing homes were proprietary, 10% were voluntary, and only 4% were public. While the first nursing homes solved many problems, there were many more to deal with: the elderly may be mistreated or may not have the kind of care they needed. Without formal regulations, conditions may still be very bad. Over the course of the 20th century, more and more norms and guidelines, many of which have become law, have emerged that have improved the quality of life of residents and health care in nursing homes. In the 1950s, it was common for the elderly to go to hospital and end up staying there for long periods of time. In response to this, the government developed subsidies for the construction of nursing homes that provided care similar to that

Theoretical Framework / Historical Framework

which the elderly would receive in hospital, but better equipped for longer stays. From the early 1950s to the 1970s, the number of nursing homes grew significantly from 6,500 to 16,000. In 1959, a special Senate subcommittee on “Problems of the Aged and Aging” was established. The subcommittee reported that few nursing homes were of high quality and that most of the facilities were substandard, had poorly trained or untrained staff and provided few services. However, they concluded, “due to a shortage of beds for nursing homes, many states did not fully implement the existing standards, without reflecting the states’ policy of giving sufficient time to nursing home owners and operators to bring the facilities up to standard. The Senate created the Special Committee on Aging in 1961, chaired by Senator Frank Moss, and they began to hold hearings on nursing home problems. The Moss Committee hearings in 1965 documented a huge lack of consistency in state nursing home standards and enforcement efforts, but they expressed caution about increasing enforcement because

It is therefore since the 1960s, especially in Northern Europe, that research into the reception of the elderly has been carried out in two ways: inside small buildings with independent accommodation, i.e. in large complexes which, unlike 19th century hospices, are as integrated as possible into the urban fabric to allow intergenerational exchange. In England, small granny annexes and sheltered houses spread. In the Netherlands both miniapartments and large multipurpose buildings have libraries and auditoriums to promote social relations with visitors. The De Drie Hoven retirement home in Amsterdam (1964-’74) and the Old People’s Home in Almere Haven (1980-’84), both designed by Herman Hertzberger, are emblematic of this. The building in Amsterdam is organized according to a “centripetal” distribution scheme, with the housing bodies connected to the core of the common areas, and is characterized by the extensive use of prefabrication and the careful ergonomic study of the housing. Before the opening of nursing homes, elderly people who needed an advanced level of care, such as those with Alzheimer’s disease, went to hospital and stayed for a long period of time. Hospitals were not necessarily equipped for these long stays, but the elderly had no other

options. The government therefore decided to create subsidies for the construction of nursing homes, with the idea that they would offer the same type of care as hospitals, but for a longer period of time. The Nursing Home Reform Act of 1987 established and defined the types of services that nursing homes were required to provide to the elderly and introduced The Resident’s Bill of Rights which had outlined the rights that all residents of a nursing home are entitled to. These rights address issues of abuse, privacy, type of care, social interactions between residents and family members, personalised care plans and discrimination. The Charter of Rights reaffirms the importance of certain human rights, such as “the right to be treated with dignity” which is still one of the major concern for social workers today.

degree of self-sufficiency of the elderly and the collective functions offered, but united by the search for the small size and the connection with the urban fabric, following the current international regulatory framework which also favours home care.

In recent years we have witnessed the proliferation of numerous variants of the residence for the elderly which, in addition to the old people’s home, includes hotel houses, housing communities, sheltered homes and assisted healthcare residences, distinguished according to the

foro de vivienda y rehabilitación by institut municipal de l’habitatge i rehabilitaciò Mrch 2019

Theoretical Framework / Historical Framework

SOCIAL FRAMEWORK AND POLICIES

(a) As historians have helped to clarify, there is no golden age for seniors, and anthropologists have recorded the widespread habit in primitive societies to kill the elderly when they became a burden on others. In the social sciences, the elderly have been marginalized, meaning that sociology has taken little care of them and neglected their point of view; they have run the risk of studying them to better know and prevent their needs in the last years of life, aggregating the multiple experiences of seniority within a broad category risking to cancel out all the differences. The definition of old age is based on those who are ‘no longer young’ and coincides with the demographic indication ‘those over 65’, in turn prompted by an economic interpretation ‘who no longer works and/or acquires the status of pensioner’. These definitions, however, are not able to exhaust the complexity and differentiations marking the elderly condition; moreover, the lengthening of life also determines a lengthening of old age, with the possibility that very different conditions coexist. “A condition whose beginning is also variable but certainly much more responsive to the classic model of old age, as understood traditionally and as it has been handed down to us

Theoretical Framework / Social Framework and Policies

by the works of art and literature.”* Therefore it is important to imagine ageing as a process that can follow different speeds according to the characteristics of employment and domestic work, family responsibilities, relational experiences that the life path. Certainly, the general indication is that those who occupy the upper strata of the social pyramid age slowly and later than those who are at the base of this stratification, who feel first the weight of the years. The elderly of today, in general, have lived or felt towards the end a period of great political, social and economic changes, in the scientific and technological field. For some of them the relationship with the following generations, with their children in particular, has been heavily conditioned by two elements: the traumas experienced (the Second World War and the fascist dictatorship, the tragedy of the Holocaust and the division of the world into two enemy blocs) and the lack of collective elaboration of a historical responsibility; the drive to focus on the private, on freedom, on rights coming from the new political experience (of democracy and welfare state) and from the momentum of the economy.

The elderly themselves have experienced the change in the family sphere, particularly regarding the role of women within and outside the house, and the changed role of the family in the division of labour. The spread of divorce, the emergence of single-parent families and, more slowly, those not based on marriage, are also today’s practices. All the elderly have lived, elaborating different readings, the years of terrorism, the massacres, the first oscillations of our young democracy. This phase was followed, for some, by the detachment from political life and, for others, by the perception of a greater protagonism of civil society. Some of them try to keep up with the times, inform themselves, participate; others instinctively retract from them.

1 - Money-Time-Energy diagram Differences among the different stages of human’s life. (a) A partire dagli anziani, Liberetà, Roma Fantozzi P., Licursi S., Marcello G. (213), * Enrico Pugliese

Theoretical Framework / Social Framework and Policies

AGEING Brain Shrink / Degrad Hearing and Vision Decline

MENTAL

BODY

SOCIAL

Endocrine Dysfunction

Reduced Control of the Extremities

mental disease

Muscle Loss

Joints Stiffening

muscle joints disfunction

The proper functioning of organs depends on how well cells work in them. Older cells work less well, die and are not replaced, so their number decreases. With aging, the number of cells becomes too low, and organs cannot function normally. The muscle mass and strength tend to decrease throughout life. This reduction is partly caused by decreasing levels of growth hormone and testosterone, which stimulate muscle development. In addition, muscles cannot contract as quickly, as most of the muscle fibres that contract rapidly are lost. Bones tend to have a lower density: this loss of bone density is called osteoporosis. Bones weaken and are more susceptible to fractures. The cartilage covering the joints tends to become thinner, partly due to years of movement. The surfaces of a joint may not slide as smoothly over each other as they used to and the joint may be more sensitive to fractures.

Different ways of aging and living the retirement age can also be identified through gender differences; women and men have lived their adult lives differently, and they often arrive in different conditions at the third and fourth ages: gender inequalities among the elderly also weigh on the economic resources available for them. The Inps and Istat (2) survey clearly shows the gap between men and women with respect to the average annual amount of their pensions; there is therefore a recurrence of unequal economic treatment, followed by a growing risk that in family balances women feel the need to be financially supported by their partners. Another important difference in the way old age is dealt with and lived in may come from having a different level of education: not only because education has been the resource used in the past to enter the world of work and occupy positions of

Theoretical Framework / Social Framework and Policies

prestige, but also because it is the main instrument to read the reality and the changes of the world in which we live. The composition of the family is certainly influenced by the passing of the years: for those who have not formed a family of choice, relationships with living relatives may be reduced and/or weakened; among those who have married, some may find themselves widowed and have to redefine themselves with respect to this new status; and the experience of the loss of the spouse is closely linked to the elaboration of their own death. Others may experience a new balance in the couple, as a result of the longer time available to spend together. For those who have had children, the elderly age allows them to be aware that they have grown up and they have left home, starting new cohabitations and forming families. Some changes in the demographic

composition of the population and the family structure mean that the more people have the opportunity to meet their grandchildren before dying and the more children are born with at least one living grandfather and often all four of them, even if the number of grandchildren for grandparen are decreasing. Much of the socialisation in old age passes through ties with grandchildren. These links do not always exist, however, or are significant: letâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s think not only of the effects of reduced fertility, but also of those linked to the growing incidence of separations and divorces. The latter often lead not only to a weakening of relations between children and parents (in particular between children and the non-custodial parent) but also to an interruption of ties with other relatives (especially with those of the non-custodial parent). For the elderly, confrontation and relations are very important in supporting the definition of their

organs malfunction

identity. In some historical and cultural circumstances and/or in some societal models, heterogeneous age groups are flanked by homogeneous age groups, which equally support the continuity of the social system and (or through) the socialization of the individual. For these, the shared experience of the same age is central. These groups provide important support in defining the roles to be played in society and encourage the development among peers of a tendency to solidarity. The relationship between generations certainly involves an intense transmission, but the absence or weakness of a reflection on what is witnessed and delivered can contribute to an intellectualisation of this experience, in the sense that the legacy of a generation is recognized only to the extent that the heritage transmitted is appreciable to a superficial and instrumental evaluation.

depression

loneliness

2 - Ageing changes in the mind, organs bones, muscles and joints Source: Alzheimerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Disease: Unraveling the Mystery, National Institute of Health (NIH), National Institute on Aging (NIA).

3 - Mental, Body, Social changes in

aging

(2) Istat - Istituto Nazionale di Statistica

RAPPORTO ANNUALE 2019

La situazione del Paese.

Theoretical Framework / Social Framework and Policies

MENTAL ILLNESS DIFFICULTY PLANNING OR SOLVING PROBLEMS POOR OR DECREASED JUDGMENT CHANGES IN MOOD OR BEHAVIOUR PROBLEMS COMMUNICATING CHANGES IN PERSONALITY

MISPLACING THINGS

FORGETFULNESS THAT AFFECTS DAY-TO-DAY FUNCTION

CONFUSION OF TIME AND PLACE WITHDRAWAL FROM SOCIAL ACTIVITIES

ALZHEIMER’S

DEMENTIA

DEPRESSION LATE IN LIFE - OVER 65+

20%

RISK FACTORS FOR LATE LIFE DEPRESSION

AGING IN PLACE

STATISTICS

AGING IN PLACE IS : the ability for the elderly to continue to live in their own homes for as long as possibile.

90%

54%

80%

79%

49%

38%

60%

27%

PERCENTAGES OF SENIORS 65 & above

10%

of the â&#x201A;¬214 billion home improvement industry is dedicated to aging in place 31

12% 25% 21% 28%

11% 25%

6% 10%

20% 25%

24% 34%

DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

25% to 30% 20% to 25% 15% to 20% 10% to 15%

data in 2020

5% to 10%

expected data in 2050

1% to 5%

2020

no data

The consideration of the social and cultural organization, allows us to define the era in which we live with the concept of “modernity”. A modernity that in a limited time, especially from the end of the Second World War onwards, has undergone multiple transformations and has subjected us to an accelerated rythm, which affects urban and rural contexts and is reflected more or less strongly depending on the age to which we belong. This chapter is focusing on the change related to the global demographic structure. Several studies and collection of datas estimated that the number of elderly people will grow from 600 million to more than two billion in the next forty years, reaching more than the number of young people in the world. (1) Life expectancy * is a continuously increasing data, especially in some countries that are undergoing a strong ageing process: as shown in

the figure, in Japan and Europe the population is the oldest respect to the rest of world. Most notable opposite is represented in ‘men and women’s life expectancy at birth’, infact it is show that the highest value is in Hong Kong (82 years for males, 88 years for females) and the lowest is located in Central African Republic (50 years for males, 54 years for females). Countries in Africa are home to some of the world’s youngest populations, those ages 15 or below, including Niger (50 percent); Angola, Chad, and Mali (48 percent); and Uganda and Somalia (47 percent). In contrast, 27 percent of India’s population is age 15 or below. China’s young population is at 18 percent, and in the United States, it’s 19 percent. Asia and Europe are home to some of the world’s oldest populations, those ages 65 and above. They include Japan (28 percent), Monaco (26 percent), and Italy (23 percent). Twelve percent of China’s population

Theoretical Framework / Demographic analysis

is age 65 or above. That share is 16 percent in the United States, 6 percent in India, and 3 percent in Nigeria.

(1) The World Bank Life expectancy at birth, total (years) * Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019. *Excluding Australia and New Zealand.

1 - Population percentage aged 65 or over (2020); Source: United Nations (UNDESA) Population Division

2 - Population percentage aged 65

or over: expected growth by 2050;

Source: United Nations (UNDESA) Population Division

3 - Distribution of Population aged

65 or more by region (2020 and 2050)

Source: United Nations - department of economic and social affairs.

Globally, there were 703 million older persons aged 65 or over in 2019. Eastern and South-Eastern Asia was home to the largest number of the world’s older population (260 million), followed by Europe and Northern America (over 200 million) (table 1). Over the next three decades, the global number of older persons is projected to more than double, reaching over 1.5 billion persons in 2050. All regions will see an increase in the size of their older population between 2019 and 2050. The largest increase (+312 million persons) is projected to occur in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia, growing from 261 million in 2019 to 573 million persons aged 65 years or over in 2050. The number of older persons is expected to grow fastest in Northern Africa and Western Asia from 29 million in 2019 to 96 million in 2050 (+226 per cent).

The second fastest rise in the number of older persons is foreseen in subSaharan Africa (+218 per cent), with an expected growth from 32 million in 2019 to 101 million in 2050. In contrast, the projected increase is relatively small in Australia and New Zealand (+84 per cent) and Europe and Northern America (+48 per cent), regions where the population is already significantly older than in other parts of the world. Among development groups, less developed countries excluding the least developed countries will be home to more than two-thirds of the world’s older population (1.1 billion) in 2050. The fastest increase of the older population between 2019 and 2050 is projected to happen in the least developed countries (+225 per cent), rising from 37 million in 2019 to 120 million persons aged 65 years or over in 2050.

Europe+Northern America Sub-Saharan Africa Norther Africa+Western Asia Central and Southern Asia Eastern+South-Eastern Asia Latin America+Caribbean Australia+New Zeland 2050

Theoretical Framework / Demographic analysis

50’s TODAY

STAGES OF AGEING

0-11 years children

0-10 years children

As populations age, shares of working-age (25 to 64 years) and older (65+ years) persons rise, while shares of children (0 to 14 years) and youth (15 to 24 years) fall. In 1990, the working age population (25 to 64 years) constituted the largest share of the global population (42 per cent), followed by children aged 0 to 14 years (33 percent), youth aged 15 to 24 years (19 per cent) and older persons aged 65 years or over (6 per cent) (figure 2). Between 1990 and 2050, the share of the older as well as the working age population will increase to 16 per cent and to 49 per cent of the world’s population respectively, while the share of children and youth will drop to 21 per cent and 14 per cent respectively.

0-11 12-19 years years children teenagers

0-1011-20 years years children teenagers

20-24years years 12-19 young teenagers

25-60 years adults

21-25years years 26-34 years 35-54 years 11-20 years26-3421-25years young young adults young adults teenagers young adults

The speed of population ageing is fastest in Eastern and SouthEastern Asia. Between 2019 and 2050, 9 out of the 10 countries with the largest percentage point increase in the share of older persons in the world will be in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia (figure 3). The largest increase is foreseen in the Republic of Korea (23 percentage points), followed by Singapore (20.9 percentage points) and Taiwan Province of China (19.9 percentage points). Spain will be the only country in Europe to remain among the 10 countries with the largest increase in the share of older persons by 2050. About one in three older persons is living in Eastern and SouthEastern Asia today and in 2050. Eastern and South-Eastern Asia are

Theoretical Framework / Demographic analysis

20-24 years 25-60 years young adults

home to the largest share (37 per cent) of the world’s older population in 2019 and this is expected to remain so in 2050 . The second largest share of older persons currently lives in Europe and Northern America (28.5 per cent), which is expected to shrink to 19.1 per cent in 2050. Central and Southern Asia host onesixth of the global older population (16.9 per cent) in 2019, a figure that is foreseen to increase to one fifth (21 per cent) in 2050. Between 2019 and 2050, Latin America and the Caribbean will see an increase in its share of the world’s older population from 8 per cent in 2019 to 9 per cent in 2050. SubSaharan Africa and Northern Africa and Western Asia will also experience a rise in their share of older persons, from 5 to 7 per cent, and from 4 to 6 per cent, respectively.

over 60 years seniors

35-54 55-54 yearsyears 65-75 55-54 years years 65-75 years 75-84 years adults late adults young lateseniors adults young seniorsseniors

All regions have experienced an increase of life expectancy, with the largest gains in sub-Saharan Africa. In addition to the significant role of fertility decline, improvements in survival into older ages have also contributed significantly to population ageing (Lee and Zhou, 2017; Murphy, 2017; Preston and Stokes, 2012). This refers not only to improvements in life expectancy at birth, but also to the even more rapid improvements in life expectancy at older ages. Between 1990-1995 and 2015-2020, the global average life expectancy at birth has increased by 7.7 years (12 per cent) and is projected to increase by an additional 4.5 years (6 per cent) between 20152020 and 2045-2050 (figure 4). SubSaharan Africa has experienced the largest increase from 49.1 years in

75-84 overyears 85 seniors late seniors

over 85 late seniors

1990-1995 to 60.5 years in 20152020 (11.4 years) and is projected to encounter a further gain of 7.6 years between 2015-2020 and 2045-2050.

older persons in Oceania* and subSaharan Africa are foreseen to only live an additional 14.0 and 14.2 years respectively in 2050.

Throughout most of the world, survival beyond age 65 is improving. Life expectancy at age 65 reflects the average number of additional years of life a 65-year-old person would live if subjected to the agespecific mortality risks of a given period throughout the remainder of his or her life. Globally, a person aged 65 could expect to live an additional 17 years in 2015-2020 and an additional 19 years by 20452050. The life expectancy at age 65 is presently highest in Australia and New Zealand at 17.5 years and it is expected to increase further to 23.9 years in 2050. At the lower end,

stages of aging in the 50’s and today.

1 - Rosina diagram

Theoretical Framework / Demographic analysis

Expected data from 2020 to 2050

100

Republic of Korea Singapore

20,9

China, Taiwan province of China

19,9

China, Macao SAR

17,7

Maldives

17,2

Thailand

17,2

China, Hong Kong SAR

17,2

Spain

17,2

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050

Evolution of the ageing concept In the current sense, ageing is a multifactorial process characterized by a progressive loss of functional capacity and increasing comorbidity, proportional to the advancement of age and affecting the entire life span. The state of health of the elderly is no longer identified only with the reduced presence of disease, but with the maintenance of psychophysical and relational wellbeing, even in the presence of polypathologies. For this reason, one of the most frequently used indicators to measure the well-being and health status of the population is disability free life expectancy (DFLE), a composite indicator that combines information on mortality and disability, extending the concept of life expectancy beyond the simple number of years lived, quantifying how many of these are actually lived without limitations in daily activities (ADL, activities of daily living and IADL, instrumental activities of daily living). The originality of the new orientation lies in having identified

75-84 years seniors 36

Male

This orientation has been taken on board by the European Union, which has proclaimed 2012 the “European Year of Active Ageing and Solidarity between Generations”, and by the World Health Organization, which has dedicated World Health Day 2012 to “Aging and Health: Good Health Adds Life to the Years”. (b). Social, health and welfare perspectives In order to face the challenge of an ageing population, it is necessary that the technical-organisational response of the social and health system is adapted promptly to the changes in progress and new needs, avoiding hospitalization

Theoretical Framework / Demographic analysis

Eastern+South-Eastern Asia

Average

as fundamental objectives the maintenance of self-sufficiency and quality of life of the elderly. In addition to the specialized and rehabilitative treatment of the disease, a task that remains essential, the goal that must be set is to implement preventive interventions that can minimize the main risk factors and promote appropriate lifestyles at all ages, while promoting access to services and integration of the subject in its social context.

over 85 late seniors

Central and Southern Asia

16,5

Brunei Darussalam

Female

Norther Africa+Western Asia

Kuwait 1950

Europe+Northern America

and favouring interventions in the territory, aimed at prevention, rehabilitation, environmental facilitation, economic, social and motivational support for the elderly and their family, in the context of life. One of the possible answers to this need is represented by the integrated network of social and health services that sees the interaction of different professional figures (doctor, social worker, professional nurse, physiotherapist, etc.), in order to frame the elderly person in his unity, identifying at an early stage the “fragile” elderly person (at risk of losing self-sufficiency), outlining a personalized intervention programme and periodically checking its effectiveness, adapting it to the evolution of the situation.

Through multidimensional assessment it is possible to analyse the degree of physical and mental health, the level of disability and handicap, the family, socialenvironmental and economic situation, and the risk of losing selfsufficiency. In order to outline a programme of intervention, which is not only suitable for the subject but also feasible, the evaluation activity must know in detail what facilities (geriatric ward, nursing home, day hospital, retirement home, etc.) and services (integrated home care, home hospitalization, day centres, social services, voluntary work, etc.) are available in the territory. The figure who manages the indications matured through multidimensional evaluation

2010

and who organises and links the interventions related to the health, social, individual and family sphere is the so-called case manager. This role can be held by the subject himself, if in discreet psycho-physical conditions, or alternatively by a family member, a social worker, a volunteer, or the treating doctor. In conclusion, the integrated network of services should be the instrument to coordinate interventions for the elderly, in order to improve their beneficial impact and to direct, according to ethical, logical and economic criteria, the allocation of the scarce resources available to prolong the maintenance of an active life, both physically and intellectually and socially.

2050

3 - Areas with the largest percentage point increase in the share of older people aged 65 years or over between 2019 and 2020

(b) World Health Organization. World Health Day 2012 - Ageing and health 2012

2 - Life Expectancy of 65+ people in Italy. Source: United Nations (UNDESA) Population Division

Unfortunately, according to the results of the project “ULISSE Observatory for the Quality of Care of the Fragile Elderly” this objective in Italy is still a long way off (7): health services for the elderly, whether in the home, acute or long-term care, are generally insufficient and suffer from a consistent heterogeneity and fragmentation; the individuals who access them have an average age over 80 years, a high prevalence of multimorbidity and a high consumption of drugs. They are also characterized by high levels of disability and as many as 70% of institutionalized people suffer from cognitive impairment, of which 40% are severe.

Source: United Nations - department of economic and social affairs.

people 16-64

people 65+

people 16-64

people 65+

4 - Dependency ratio 65+ to 15-64 source: Bacovsky, 2014

Theoretical Framework / Demographic analysis

FACTS ABOUT SENIORS

BY THE NUMBERS 21% 147%

49%

483

MILLION

974

MILLION

86,7 MILLION

12%

THE TYPES

Independent Living

Shared Living

In this chapter different types of housing for seniors citizens will be analyzed according to two parameters: the level of assistance needed and the level of cohabitation allowed/provided. Each type answers to different needs and it is appropriate for various users: in fact, these housing types allow the cohabitation of elderlies with other social classes like students, workers, medical staff.

Co-Housing

The parameters help the users to select the best option according to his/her requirements.

Assisted Living

Supported Living

Institution

RECEPTION

Types / Intro

LIFE CYCLE STORYTELLING

independent living

shared living

birth of the offspring

leaving the family unit

aging of the family unit

start of an independent life

departure of a member

alternatives

co - housing

assisted living

rejoining the family unit

The meaning of this diagram is showing the life path a person is likely to experience; starting from the formation of the family unit, with the birth of the offspring. When time passes, and the children have become adults, they are going to leave their parentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; house to start a new indipendent life. Parents have now to face the aging process, alone or as a couple, and they can chose among different

Types / Life cycle storytelling

options offered both by the family and by the mucipalities. According to their nedds and habits, they can keep on living indipendently, or asking for help just for some tasks they are not anymore able to accomplish. Otherwise, they can decide to move in specialized housing systems thougt and designed appropriately for them.

supported living

institution

Types / Life cycle storytelling

Level of assistance needed

PARAMETERS

self-sufficient

mental / mobility difficulties

disability mental illness

max

e needed mental / mobility difficulties

Level of assistance needed

self-sufficient

disability mental illness

max

min

single

needing help

This second parameter allows the analysis of the type of housing with respect to the level of cohabitation scheduled by the organization of the min facility. As the level of cohabitation grows, the number of people who share the space also grows: this parameter is strictly related to the previous one, in fact if there is a greater need of assistance there also is a greater single level of cohabitation. The combination of two parameters aims to define and describe the single different residential solutions in which a senior could live.

body disability

CHARLIE and THE CHOCOLATE FACTORY needing help

needing professional help

body disability

mental disability

couple single

needing professional help

mental disability

couple

together

alone

This first parameter is necessary in order to understand the needs of the users. In fact, the type of living chosen by elderly is strictly realted to the different necessities and requirements: there min might be users who do not need any help and can perform all the most common activities without any important problematic; these people are the ones who are able to live independently or with their spouse. single Growing the level of assistance needed, the presence of other people able to help the seniors is often required. single

PRANZO DI

couple

community

elderly group

max

Level of cohabitation allowed/provided

alone

together

community

max

min

single

couple

single

with help

elderly group

seniors with help with young

with help

FERRAGOSTO

seniors with help

with adult

mixed group

with young

Types / Parameters

with adult

Types / Parameters mixed group

co abitazione e livello di assistenza

RELATION BETWEEN PARAMETERS

co-habitation

co abitazione shared living

Institution

co-housing assisted living Home care

The six different types offer various solutions in terms of degree of freedom and level of control provided: as the graph shows, the former is inversely proportional to the latter. The more assistance is required by the users of a type, the more the degree of freedom is consequently reduced. As one can imagine, institution presents a maximum degree of control provided, while independent living presents a maximum degree of freedom: all the other types are in the middle between these two opposite poles. This graph offers a rapid view of the different solutions provided, in order to clarify the differences among them.

institution INSTITUTION

independent

livello leveldiofassistenza assistance

THE 100 Y.O. MAN

WHO CLIMBED OUT THE WINDOW AND DISAPPEARED

max mi n

home HOME CARE care assisted ASSISTED LIVINGliving

The diagram that is shown upwards represents the combination of the two parameters already explained in the previous pages. Here it is possible to notice how the two parameters are not directly proportional, in fact the growing of one does not always mean the reduction of the other one: the cases of shared living and co-housing, for example, present a great level of cohabitation and a low level of assistance. Home care, on the contrary, shows a medium-high level of assistance, and a low level of co-habitation.

co-housing CO - HOUSING share SHARE LIVINGliving independent INDEPENDENT

THE LONGEST

RIDE

mi n max

degree of freedom

degree of freedom degree of control provided level of assistance provided

Types / Parameters

THE UNIVERSAL DESIGN PYRAMID (1)

This diagram shows a pyramid of building users. For a building that is to cater conveniently for the needs of all its potential users, the architect, moving up from one row to the next, looks to expand the accommodation parameters of normal provision, and by doing so minimise the need for special provision to be made for people with disabilities. The aim will be to ensure, so far as possible, that no one will be threatened by architectural disability – from being unable or finding it very difficult to use a building or a feature of it on account of the way it was designed – or (meaning in effect the same thing) be subjected to architectural discrimination. In row 1 at the foot of the eight-level pyramid are fit and agile people, those who can run and jump, leap up stairs, climb perpendicular ladders, dance exuberantly and carry loads of heavy baggage. In row 2 are the generality of normal adult able-bodied people, those who, while not being athletic, can walk wherever needs or wishes may take them, with flights of stairs not troubling them. It needs, however, to be noted that there are no small children in rows 1 and 2. Like those in rows 1 and 2, the people

Types / Parameters

in row 3 are in the main also normal able-bodied people, and in the public realm the architect frequently fails them. These are women, the users of public buildings who when they attempt to use public toilets are regularly subjected to architectural discrimination because the number of wcs provided for them is typically less than half the number of urinals and wcs that men are given, the effect being that they can be obliged to join a long queue or abandon the quest. In row 4 are elderly people who, although perhaps going around with a walking stick, do not regard themselves as being ‘disabled’. Along with them are people with infants in pushchairs, who – men as well as women – can be architecturally disabled when looking to use public toilets on account of stairs on the approach to them and the lack of space in wc compartments for both the adult and the infant in the pushchair. In row 5 are ambulant people who have disabilities. Broadly, the building users who are in rows 3, 4 and 5 are people who would not be architecturally disabled if normal provision in buildings were suitable for them, if it were standard practice for architects to design

buildings to the precepts of universal design, with public toilet facilities being more accommodating and conveniently reachable, and steps and stairs being comfortably graded and equipped with handrails to both sides. The people in row 6 are independent wheelchair users, and with them Part M comes into the reckoning. The physically disabled people whose particular needs are at the top of the pyramid. In row 7 are wheelchair users who need another person to help them when they use public buildings, and be for a suitably planned unisex toilet facility where a wife could help her husband, or a husband his wife. This would be special rather than normal provision, but for universal design purposes it would be admissible; the rule is that where normal provision cannot cater for everyone, supplementary special provision may be made.

(1) The Universal Design Pyramid Source: Selwyn Goldsmith, 2000)

Types / Parameters

INDEPENDENT LIVING 52

Types / Independent Living

Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve always lived alone, because I need my own space and privacy!

independent homes that present all the comforts required by an elderly user. The main feature of this type is to be completely autonomous: there are no common and shared spaces with other users. Here the degree of freedom is maximum, precisely because of the choice of the user to be autonomous. A problem related to this typology occurs in case of domestic accidents, or during periods of illness of the user: if the senior is alone at home, it is not so easy to ask for help when it is needed.

SELF SUFFISELF CIENT SUFFICIENT LEVEL of ASSISTANCE

NEEDED

LEVEL of ASSISTANCE

NEEDED

I feel better living in my house: here I lived the best moments of my life! Independent living is for seniors who are able to live on their own in an apartment or house, and do not need any help or care from other people, and they do not share any need with anyone else. As it often happens, seniors who live indipendently are used to their own indipendence and habits, because they simply age in their house. The elderly who live independently are often simply aged in the house they have also lived in during their working life: the interior spaces are therefore not designed for elderly users, and may sometimes present different architectural barriers. Despite these lacks, however, the user often binds himself to his home and does not want to leave it because he is accustomed to living with his own furniture, spaces and uses.

Types / Independent Living

This typology is not only applicable in the case of single inhabitants, it is also valid for a couple in which both spouses are elderly. It is the most diffuse type in the world, because in most cases it does not require an economic commitment dedicated to the assistance of the inhabitant, or even a search for a particular solution for the needs of the user. As long as the user is in good physical and mental health, he will continue to live in his own home. In other cases, the type of independent living is something designed: we therefore think of

ALO NE ALO NE LEVEL of COHABITATION

TOGETH TOER GETH ER

ALLOWED | PROVIDED

LEVEL of COHABITATION

ALLOWED | PROVIDED

Types / Independent Living

PROS I keep on living in my own home, without facing drastic changes.

NADIA 75 YO

My private apartment is served with all the furniture I need there.

ERNESTO 86 YO

Living independently means that the social interaction is chosen by the individual.

CONS

Houses not always have the necessary facilities that a senior needs. GINO 90 YO

The Independent Living type is reasonable only for self sufficient seniors, as these users do not have special requests, or special needs from both non-professional and professional medical care. The level of cohabitation is quite low, since the elderly person in question usually lives alone or in the company of his spouse or life partner, and even

Types / Independent Living

in this case both are self-sufficient. The positive aspect of keep on living in oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s home, is negatively balanced by the fact that if the users need help they are alone and mybe far from relatives who can help them.

Being alone, I have no help in case I need it!

GIOVANNI 79 YO

If the house is located far from otherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s dwelling, it is difficult for the individual to keep a social interaction. Types / Independent Living

MRS

DOUBTFIRE

picture from the movie “Mrs Doubtfire”

Types / Independent Living

SHARED LIVING 62

Types / Shared Living

Seniors share the units for daily needs like bathrooms or kitchen or also bedrooms. This type encourages the development of strong, supportive, often roommate-like relationships, and pushes the users to be connected to and embraced by a community; Furthermore, it allows a great level of independence, fostering the users’ interests and allowing to build new skills.

worried about sharing space. In frontier days traveling strangers were welcome bearers of companionship and news.

Many people feel they could never allow a stranger to live within the walls of their own home, watching TV with them in the living room and sharing cabinet and refrigerator space in the kitchen. Looking back, people were less

Complementary abilities can make for an excellent match of roommates for “aging in place”—for example, a college student matched with an ailing senior can ease the financial burdens of both and perhaps provide services like lawn care or

They were often offered meals, a place to bed down, and water and feed for their horses. Renting rooms or turning one’s home into a boarding house was a respectable profession for a widow in the Civil War era.

I could not afford an apartment, so I decided to share it with a very nice old couple!

driving in exchange for a break on utility payments or other bills. This solution can be perfect for seniors who do not want to be always alone in their home: they can decide to share their apartment with a friend, or to host a young student for a short or long period of time. Shared-living is an option already common among the University students, especially who decides to study in a big metropolis: it is only a matter of time and this type will be often chosen also by seniors. The positive aspects of shared-living system, are not only related to the willing to avoid loneliness; in fact, sharing an apartment or a house means also sharing costs. For some categories of people, like seniors and students, this is a crucial point. Furthermore, for a senior, having other people around instead of being alone at home, means a greater sense of safety: in case of a domestic accident, or in a period of indisposition there would be someone ready to help them.

MENTAL MOBILITY

SELF SUFFICIENT

DIFFICULTIES

LEVEL of ASSISTANCE

NEEDED

COMMUNITY

My friend and I decided to share home and costs, and now we are less worried about our very low pension.

TOGETH ER LEVEL of COHABITATION

ALLOWED | PROVIDED

Types / Shared Living

PROS We benefit from not being alone, and feels a greater sense of safety.

Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s very affordable because we can share expenses and costs.

OLGA 80 YO

MARCO 76 YO

Sharing means also increasing the social activities.

CONS

Houses not always have the necessary facilities that a senior needs. KARLA 92 YO Seniors who remains alone often decide to spend their live in a shared living type of dwelling to avoid loneliness. In this case the level of cohabitation is increasing if compared to a private independent house, while the level of assistance required

Types / Shared Living

may change due to the fact that these users are often self-sufficient, or they have some initial mental or physical problems: living with other people allows them to be helped if the need arises.

Me and my husband arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t able to sufficiently help eachother.

PAOLA 71 YO

Sharing spaces could also sometimes mean disagreeing on some issues. Types / Shared Living

AWAY

FROM HER

CHARLIE and THE CHOCOLATE FACTORY

Types / Shared Living

CO HOUSING 72

Types / Co-housing

Me and my daughter’s family decided to move in the same buinding, so that I can keep an eye on my grandchildren and spend time with them!

that type of interaction can be critical to their physical and emotional health. Loneliness in older adults has been linked to an increased risk of coronary disease, stroke, dementia, and a shortened life expectancy. Loneliness has also been tied to poorer mental health overall. Senior cohousing communities can also be a more cost-effective option for older Americans who need to stretch their retirement savings as far as possible. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Americans aged 65 and older spend an average of 35 percent of their income on housing each year. Co-housing allows seniors to maintain some control over what they do, set their own schedules, and maintain their own friendships. It could be the perfect fit for many seniors who don’t need constant care.

It is a cooperative in which seniors decide to live together with other elderlies they know or with younger relatives in the same house/building and share expenses and services. Every user can benefit from this typology, for many reasons. Seniors can feel safe avoiding loneliness, but they can keep their own indipendence; they can feel useful controlling the house while younger users are at work, or in case of sharing the building with relatives, a grandmother or grandfather can take care of their grandchildren after scool. This type also brings economical benefits: as for shared living, the users can decide to share costs and expenses, helping each other. The main difference between shared living and Co-housing is that in the

MENTAL MOBILIMENTAL TY MOBILITY

SELF SUFFISELF CIENT SUFFICIENT LEVEL of ASSISTANCE NEEDED LEVEL of ASSISTANCE NEEDED

I love grandpa’s stories, he’s so wise! Let’s go downstairs and eat something with him!

former, users also share daily needs like bathroom and kitchen while in co-housing, different users do not live in the same apartment: they have a private flat, in the same building of the other users. Co-housing celebrates having your own private home with access to community. Community activities, such as weekly potluck dinners, movie nights and parties, are designed to bring residents together on a regular basis. The idea is to help residents draw closer connections in a mutually beneficial environment. For seniors,

DIFFICULTIES DIFFICULTIES

TOGETH TOER GETH ER

COMMUNITY COMMUNITY

LEVEL of COHABITATION ALLOWED | PROVIDED LEVEL of COHABITATION ALLOWED | PROVIDED

Types / Co-housing

PROS It's great to share experiences with new people you're comfortable with.

I've met wonderful people and I'm finally not lonely anymore.

EUGENE 78 YO

ANNA 82 YO

Sharing knowledge and avoiding loneliness.

CONS

Sometimes it's hard to live with different people and not have too much privacy. JOSEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; 85 YO Co-housing is the ideal solution for those who want to feel part of a community; if initially living together with people of different ages can present difficulties, in a short time the inhabitants will be able to help each other, thus providing support to those

Types / Co-housing

who are most in difficulty, such as the elderly. The level of co-habitation is highest when each person helps the others, giving a stronger meaning to the sense of community.

I just got here and I miss the people I've known since forever.

MARIA 95 YO

It is difficult to manage common spaces with so many people with different habits. Types / Co-housing

ET SI

ON VIVAIT

TOUS ENSEMBLE?

Types / Co-housing

ASSISTED LIVING 82

Types / Assisted Living

Home care, also referred to as domiciliary care, social care, or in-home care, is supportive care provided in the home. Care may be provided by licensed healthcare professionals who provide medical treatment needs or by professional caregivers who provide daily assistance to ensure the activities of daily living are met. In-home medical care is often and more accurately referred to as home health care or formal care. Often, the term assisted living is used to distinguish it from medical care, custodial care, or private-duty care which refers to assistance and services provided by persons who are nurses, doctors, or other licensed medical personnel. In fact, Assisted living is a solution that includes non medical care givers. Seniors live in their own apartments

or houses, with all their commodities such as their bedroom, bathroom and kitchen. The largest segment of assisted living consists of unlicensed caregivers who assist the care seeker. Care assistants are useful to help the individual with daily tasks such as bathing, cleaning the home, preparing meals and offering the recipient support and companionship. Caregivers work to needs of individuals such assistance. These services help stay at home versus institutiolnal structure.

support the who require the user to moving in an

Assisted Living is helpful both for by the individual or family. This solution has traditionally been

privately funded as opposed to home health care which is task-based and government or insurance funded. These traditional differences in assisted living services are changing as the average age of the population has risen. Individuals typically desire to remain independent and use this housing solution in order to maintain their existing lifestyle. Government and Insurance providers are beginning to fund this level of care as an alternative to facility care. Assisted Living is often a lower cost solution compared to long-term facilities, and this allows seniors to avoid the stress of leaving their comfortable dwelling.

SELF SUFFISELF CIENT SUFFICIENT

LEVEL of ASSISTANCE NEEDED LEVEL of ASSISTANCE

MENTAL MOBILITY MENTAL

MOBILITY

DIFFICULTIES DIFFICULTIES

NEEDED

I help Mrs. Smith with housekeeping, she is self-sufficient but starts to struggle with the heaviest tasks.

Thanks to Johnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s help I can keep living in my own flat: the things Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve always done on my own are now tiring me.

ALO NE ALO NE

TOGETH TOER GETH ER

LEVEL of COHABITATION ALLOWED | PROVIDED LEVEL of COHABITATION ALLOWED | PROVIDED

Types / Assisted Living

PROS I feel safe and in good hands.

Fortunately I can keep lving in my dwelling without stressful changes.

AMELIA 80 YO

LUCIA 79 YO

Seniors benefit from the presence of an external help.

CONS

Houses not always have the necessary supports seniors. LILIAN 88 YO This type of accommodation mainly involves elderly people who need a major help at home or for the care of their body. Often left alone or no longer able to do all the housekeeping works, they benefit from the assistance of an external person.

Types / Assisted Living

The level of care required can be low or medium according to the elderlyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s need and the problems he encounters; the positive aspect is that the needy can enjoy company and also have support at home.

Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m feeling inadequate in achieving tasks that I was previously able to do.

SOFIA 70 YO

Seniors could be sceptical about the abilities of their help and try to control him/her in every tasks. Types / Home care

GRAN TORINO

DRIVING

MISS DAISY

Types / Assisted Living

SUPPORTED LIVING 92

Types / Supported Living

MENTAL MENTAL MOBILITY MOBILITY

The users know they can find specialized staff if they need specific assistance. Today my legs hurt, maybe later Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m going downstairs for a medical check.

LEVEL of LEVEL ASSISTANCE NEEDED of ASSISTANCE NEEDED

thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s often attributed to the fact that women are expected to live longer than men.

A system of housing units equipped with bathroom, kitchen and bedrooms that is designed for senior citizens in order to promote autonomy. Here elderlies can find extra medical services and help managed by an external source. Supported living facilities are similar to nursing homes in which there is 24-hour care, but usually patients in supported living do not need as intrusive care as nursing home residents. Like nursing homes, patients in supported living facilities are expected to stay for a long-term period of time, with an average staying of around three years. About seven times more women live in nursing homes than men, but

Types / Supported Living

Those who enter in supported living facilities can often do many activities on their own, but not enough to allow them to stay comfortably and safely alone anymore. Residents usually have their own living space and have to possibility to socialize with other residents freely. Meals are provided to residents, but some facilities allow patients to cook for themselves, if they are still able to do it. A supported living usually resembles an upscale apartment community. Residents here usually have their own apartment or suite. Older adults have a variety of choices in SLFs, ranging from smaller, simple home-like environments, to larger, fancier accommodations. This wide range in types of Supported Living Facilities allows people to choose the dwelling which best suits their needs, tastes, and financial situation.

DIFFIDIFFICULTIES CULTIES

TOTOGETH GETH ER ER

Most Supported Living Facilities offer private rooms or apartments. This residential option is ideal for an elderly parent who does not need many nursing cares but has difficulty living alone. Such a parent requires only few medical care, a supervision and a sense of communal living. Supported living facilities also offer multiple services to help elderly parents handle daily tasks and challenges such as laundry, bathing, housekeeping, and managing meds. Outside providers offer the residents healthcare services when needed. Residents in supported living facilities live in private or semi-private rooms located in a complex.

COMMUCOMMUNITY NITY

LEVEL of COHABITATION LEVEL ALLOWED | PROVIDED of COHABITATION ALLOWED | PROVIDED

Types / Supported Living

PROS Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m never left alone and I feel safe.

I have the medical facilities I need close to the dwelling. HECTOR 80 YO

ANNA MARIA 69 YO

Seniors benefit from the presence of both an external help and control on their health.

CONS

I think that buildings are impersonal and alienating. MARY 78 YO Supported Living is targeted at elderly who are beginning to have major mental or physical problems; they are no longer allowed to live in a dwelling alone or without specific guidance for their needs. The convenience of having a clinic that can support them 24

Types / Supported Living

hours a day is combined with the opportunity to feel part of a community with people with their own problems.

Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m feeling negative about being dependent on the others.

FRANK 70 YO

Seniors could feel oppressed by the constant presence of the staff. Types / Assisted Living

POMODORI

VERDI

FrITTI

INTOUCHABLES

100

Types / Supported Living

101

INSTITUTION 102

103

RECEPTION 104

Types / Insititution

105

An organisation providing health and living care in a confined setting for people with special needs. This system does not allow freedom, and the access to it is controlled and restricted, it often presents a lack of individuality. One of the toughest decisions people can make is putting a loved one into hospice-like care, but it is the best and most comforting choice in certain situations. Institutions are described as “the model for quality, compassionate care for people facing a life-limiting illness or injury” by the National Hospice Organization. It focuses on making sure patients

live their last days in the most comfortable and pain-free environment possible. Hospice care has some of the most expansive rules on the Medicare website as to what is and isn’t covered, but they largely revolve around if the care is focusing on treating and attempting to cure any sort of malady. This type of care is specifically made for people with Alzheimer’s disease. Though that sounds like a specific type of care, more than five million people every year are affected with the disease. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia

I have to visit the residents before the nurses bring them lunch.

(memory loss), and, at its more advanced stages, can cause patients to become immobile. Alzheimer’s care is tailored specifically for the disease. For example, there is greater security because patients with Alzheimer’s are known to wander, and it’s important to make sure that patients can’t escape the area. There are many different forms of care, though, just as there are different types of senior care that vary based on the severity of the disease. Sometimes, Alzheimer’s care is incorporated to other types of senior care like nursing homes and assisted living facilities. Placing a loved person into an institution may seem the last choice, because in our society it is often associated to the idea of disinterest towards the elderly. This conception is in conflict with the truth: an institution is often the best option especially for specific needs related to medica issues.

MENTAL MOBILITY MENTAL MOBILITY DIFFICULTIES DIFFI-

DISABILITY DISABIMENTAL LITY MENTAL

ILLNESS ILLNESS

CULTIES LEVEL of ASSISTANCE NEEDED LEVEL of ASSISTANCE NEEDED

TOGETH TOER GETH

We moved here a couple of years ago. Living in an institution was not our first choice, but now we can say we are happy about the services provided.

COMMUNITY COMMUNITY

LEVEL of COHABITATION ALLOWED | PROVIDED LEVEL of COHABITATION ALLOWED | PROVIDED

106

Types / Insititution

107

PROS I'm never alone and I'm always checked by the staff, I'm safe from my illness.

I have all the medical facilities and supports I need. SANDRO 84 YO

GIANNA 78 YO

Seniors benefit from the presence of a constant control on their health conditions.

CONS

I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t appreciate the institution lifestyle and I miss my privacy. GILDA 88 YO Institution belongs hospital category.

the

It is a facility in which the elderly can benefit from a maximum level of medical care, so that they feel welcomed both for minor and more serious problems, such as mental illness or disability.

108

Types / Insititution

This type of accommodation welcomes patients who are no longer able to live alone or in an independent community.

I feel negative about leaving my home and my family.

ANNA 83 YO

Seniors could feel depressed due to their illness and the hospital environment. Types / Insititution

109

THE

NOTEBOOK

THE

110

Types / Insititution

LONGEST

RIDE

111

BIBLIOGRAPHY 112

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53) Carvalho, A., Lisbon: Apartments for ageing in place, 54) Morgenroth, L., Hunter, C., Testimony on an Aging in Place Guide before the New York City Council Committee on Aging, AIA (American Institute of Architects), USA, 2015. 55) Bricocoli, M., Cucca, R., Social mix and housing policy: Local effects of a misleading rhetoric. The case of Milano, Sage Publications, article in Urban Studies, vol. 53., 2016

70) Park, J. , Porteous, J. , Age-Friendly Housing, article in Routledge, 2019. 71) Amable, M. , Hargrave, J. , Clark, G. , Simunich, J. , Cities Alive: Designing for Aging Communities, ARUP, London, 2019. 72) Ranci, C. , In-Age, inclusive Ageing in Place, research for Fondazione Cariplo, 2019.

56) Aileen W.K. Chan, Helen Y.L. Chan, Ivy K.Y. Chan , Bonnie Y.L. Cheung and Diana T.F. Lee, An Age-Friendly Living Environment as Seen by Chinese Older Adults: A “Photovoice” Study, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, China, 2016. 57) Carvalho, A., Design Workshop ‘’Portela de Sacavem: how age-friendly can it become?’’ , 2016. 58) Carvalho,A., Pereira, R., Byrne, G., Edificios hibridos:unir territórios para unir pessoas, 2016. 59) Government Issued, Aging in Place: Guide for building owners, AIA (American Institute of Architects), 2016. 60) Jan Gehl, Città per le Persone, Maggioli Editore, Sant’Arcangelo di Romagna, 2017. 61) Arvedlund, E., Atul Gawande, author of ‘Being Mortal,’ to speak on senior ‘villages’ as movement turns 15, The Philadelphia Inquirer, Philadelphia, 2017. 62) Wigglesworth, S. , Age-friendly housing: how good design can improve later life, the Architects Journal, 2017. 63) Carvalho, A. , never too old to move: The Elderly and the City, in CITTA, 6TH Annual Conference on Planning Research: Responsive Transports for Smart Mobility, 2013.

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GUIDELINES

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HUMAN & LIVING SPACE 120

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THE RELATION BETWEEN THE HUMAN AND THE LIVING SPACE

Architecture and Interior design is inspired and affected directly by the human measurements. These measurements are used to define the dimensions of any given spcace, ranging from furniture design and room designs to larger scale elements such as building designs and public spaces designs to projects of a grand scale like urban planning. As the human body ages, most of these measurements are affected and are subject to change. The measurements of a human child are completely different to and adult,

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which by turn differs greatly from the measurements of a senior adult. As the human body grows, and after a certain age starts to shrink, elements of architecture and furniture design should be modified accordingly to ensure the living space accomodates the needs of all the users. Additionally, the human body is also affected by many physical conditions which maybe occur due to natural or external factors. These changes can limit the movement and daily activities of these users.

Guidelines / Human and the Living Space

LOSS IN BODILY FUNCTIONS

As humans age, the body becomes more fragile and susceptible to injuries, while movement becomes more limited and rigid. Some of the changes that occur could result in partial or complete immobilization. This by turn affects the usage of the living space, if the place was not designed to be flexible for change, the whole space could be rendered unusable for these users.

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BODY MEASUREMENTS FOR ADULTS

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Guidelines / Human and the Living Space

BODY MEASURMENTS FOR CHILDREN

Guidelines / Human and the Living Space

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BODY MEASUREMENTS FOR A DISABLED PERSON

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Guidelines / Human and the Living Space

BODY MEASUREMENTS FOR A DISABLED PERSON

Guidelines / Human and the Living Space

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BODY MEASUREMENTS FOR A DISABLED PERSON

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Guidelines / Human and the Living Space

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SCALES & PROPERTIES 130

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SCALES OF DESIGN

When designing a living space, it is crucial to identify the scale of the element in question. There are three main scales of design that deal with the usage of the living space and the relation between the user, living space and the surrounding environment. Three main scales of designs that affect the design proccess are user scale, building scale and neighborhood scale. The user scale deals mainly with the relation between the user and his own private space, this space could be considered as his apartment, office, house, garage, etc. All of these spaces are related as they have an important factor in common, which is that all of them are private spaces that are only subject for use by a limited number of fixed users. It can range from a single man working in his own private office to a family of four sharing an apartment. The elements present in these private spaces should be specifically customized to accomodate the needs of the users. As these some of these users might have special requirements for their living space to make it easier to operate. The building scale refers to all the spaces and services shared by a community of people that live within the same building, or complex of buildings. As these spaces are shared by many users of different backgrounds and needs, they should not be specifically customized to cater to the needs of

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Guidelines / Scales and Properties

every single user. But a more general approach is recommended to satisfy a larger group of people. This approach should target mainly the accessibility and safety issues that present themselves during the design process. This approach should render the shared spaces within the building accessible and safe to navigate through to all users regardless of their age, physical or mental condition.

are legally obliged to repair any damages that might occur to it. Other design element involved in the neighbourhood scale is the implimentation of way-finding techniques and the usage of clear signage to help with the navigation of the public space and ensure all users reach their destinations safely and efficiently.

On the Scale of a Single Unit

On the other hand, the neighbourhood scale deals with the building and its relation with the surrounding environment. This relation is more limited when compared to the other two scales, as it deals with the placement of a building or a complex within an existing urban fabric.

Throughout the Building

Several restrictions might be placed on the design process depending on the rules and regulations of the project site. However there are several factors that remain constant regardless of the location of the project. These factors deal mainly with accesibility and safety concerns. It is of crucial importance to ensure that the surrounding pavements, roads and public spaces are rendered safe for usage by all users. In fact, it is obligatory in some cities to maintain the surrounding space. Such is the case in New York, where all building owners and users are directly responsible for the maintenance of pavementation surrounding the building; and they

Relation Between the Building and its Surrounding Environment

Guidelines / Scales and Properties

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PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS OF DESIGN

When designing the living space, regarding all three scales of design; user, building and neighbourhood scale, several properties should be taken into consideration. These 'trinity' of properties ensure that the designed space is safe, secure and easy to use by all users. Due to all the physical and mental conditions mentioned above. The three main properties chosen are accessibility, safety and comfort of space. Every element of design chosen for a given space should abide by these trinity of properties. In order to accomodate the changes that occur to the human body due to the passage of time and/or external factors.

Accessibility

Safety Measurements

Comfort of Space

All the living spaces within the a single unit should be designed to be accessible to all users, regardless of their age, physical and/or mental condition. A successful design should be an all inclusive one.

Special measurements should be taken to ensure the safety of the users. These measurements should render the living space safe, accessible and easy to navigate through.

Applying good architectural and interior design to the living spaces ensures the comfort and safety of all users.

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ELEMENTS OF DESIGN 136

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ROADS REFUGE ISLANDS *

Roads surrounding the building complex should be compliant with safety measurements to ensure the safety of all pedestrians in the area. • Roads should have a non-slip smooth pedesetrian crossing spots that are regularly spaced. • Roads should have well designed, safe to use traffic islands. To help pedestrians safely cross the roads. • Other physical structures that promote safety to be considered are overpasses and underpasses. • Make sure that the traffic lights are adequately time to allow sufficient time for older users to cross the roads at their own pace. • Use both visual and audio signals for pedestrians. - Drawings marked with an asterisk (*) are an excerpt from "Design for Access" published by the Manchester City Council.

I am so happy there is a controlled crossing next to my house

Design measurements for refuge islands at controlled crosswalks.

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139

PARKING SPOTS PARKING SPOTS *

Private parking spots next to the building should be designed for ease of access to building and usage by the disabled users. • Provide a well lit parking with a pedestrian path that leads directly towards the building entry. • Provide special accessible parking spots that are in close proximity to the building entry. • Identify and mark drop-off areas. These areas should be close to the building entry and have access points to the sidewalks. - Drawings marked with an asterisk (*) are an excerpt from "Design for Access" published by the Manchester City Council.

Having a private parking spot next to the house makes it easier to reach my patients on time

Design standards for disabled parking.

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SIDEWALKS RAISED ENTRANCES

ACCESSIBILITY

SIDEWALK MAINTENANCE

In case of a raised entrance to the building, make sure to add both ramps and a staircase to facilitate access.

Sidewalks should be designed to be accessible, suitable materials and dimensions should be chosen.

Make sure that sidewalks are always clear of debris. Maintenance procedures should also be done regularly.

KERBS DESIGN *

DESIGNING ACCESS ROUTES *

Always include dropped kerbs near crossing points for easier access for wheelchairs, and elderly with limited movement.

Access routes should always be clear of obstacles. Place street furniture and natural features (trees) at a recessed distance from the clear path.

Sidewalks next to the building should always be regularly checked by the building owners and users to ensure that they are in a good condition. • Maintain the sidewalk adjacent to the building. • Check the sidewalk for loose pavings. • Always make sure that walkways are not blocked and are clear of debris. • Mark safe to walk through areas with different colors or materials. • Use different colors and textures to identify trip hazards such as sidewalk edges. • Make sure the walkways are wide enough to allow for wheelchair accessibility - Drawings marked with an asterisk (*) are an excerpt from "Design for Access" published by the Manchester City Council.

My granddaughter takes me on walks around the building every day

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STREET FURNITURE OUTDOOR SEATING ARRANGEMENTS

Creating unique outdoor spaces surrounding the building requires a smart placement and choice of street furniture. Clustered seating around the building encourages an outdoor social interaction between the residents. • Place the seating areas at level flooring or pavings. • Avoid the areas where the floor is sloped. • Arrange seating in clusters to encourage social interaction betweeen the users. • Provide and maintain adequate exterior lighting systems. • Use the lighting systems to eliminate all the dark spots, even on sidewalks. - Drawings marked with an asterisk (*) are an excerpt from "Design for Access" published by the Manchester City Council.

Add outdoor seating in clusters around the building complex, add the seating in both sunny and shaded areas. Provide the outdoor spaces with weather protection elements such as umbrellas and shades.

RECYCLE BINS

OUTDOOR LIGHTS

OUTDOOR HEATING SYSTEMS

Provide the exterior zone with recycle bins and ashtrays at different spots.

Use outdoor lights at critical spots, such as entrances, signs, stairs, pathways and social areas.

Use outdoor heating systems and equipment around seating clusters.

My friend and I love sitting outdoors to enjoy the sun. I am waiting for her now!

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STREET FURNITURE PLACEMENT *

Always provide a clear pathway when placing street furniture and decorations.

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OUTDOOR GREENERY NATURAL SHADING

AIR FILTERING

NOISE CANCELLATION

Designing outdoor green spaces surrounding the building is very crucial to create a more ecological space. These green elements provide the space with both beauty and function. • Provide the exterior space with plants and trees. • These green elements help with the environment, acting as an air filter. • They also provide sound proofing and increase privacy. • On sunny days, the shade of the trees would create a cool environment by the sidwalks.

Trees are a great source of natural shading.

Placing green elements between the building and the street acts as a natural air filter that cleans the air from pollution.

Trees act as excellent sound barriers. Placing trees frequently creates a noise reducing effect.

These trees are both beautiful and useful. I live on the ground floor and they protect my privacy

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Guidelines / Elements of Design

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ENTRANCE TO BUILDING LIGHTING THE ENTRANCES

WEATHER PROTECTION

AUTOMATIC DOORS

Use lights from different sources to ensure that the entrance to the building is always well illuminated.

Provide the entrance to the building with weather protection systems.

If the main entrance is designed from heavy material that is not easy to move, consider the addition of automatic opening systems.

TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

NO-STEP THRESHOLDS

Use technological equipment such as intercoms with facial video call and security cameras to increase security. Provide the a clear to read tennant directory next to intercom systems.

Design building entrances to have the same floor level at both sides of the door. Avoid using step thresholds, or use compressible rubber thresholds.

The entrance to the building should be specially highlighted to make sure it is well defined and easy to identify. Several technological measurements could be applied to facilitate the daily usage of the entrance, and ensure the safety of the residents. • Install anti-slip flooring materials both inside and outside the building. • Avoid slippery or uneven materials. • Install easy-open doors with lever handles and viewing panels. • Install an easy to use intercom that connects the apartments to the building entrance. • A visual intercom would increase building security, and would greatly help users with hearing or speaking disabilities. • Provide shade and weather protection systems near the entrance to the building. • Consider installing electric/radiant heating systems at the sidewalks to melt ice and create a safer walking path to the building.

I am teaching my grandson how to use the new intercom. It made my house much safer!

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Guidelines / Elements of Design

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VERTICAL CIRCULATION RESTING SPOTS

CLEAR ZONE

ESCALATORS

Provide waiting areas surrounding the elevators with seating.

Leave an unobstructed area of 180 cm by 180 cm infront of elevator openings and staircase landings.

Escalators are a better option than stairs. Escalators should also run at a speed which is lower than normal.

STAIR LIFTS

STEPS DESIGN

In case a stair case is inevitable, add stair lifts to facilitate the usage by the disabled and elderly.

Stair steps should be designed with lower risers and longer treads. Anti-slip strips should also be added at the age of the steps.

Special attention should be given due to the design of the elements that aid with vertical circulation. As the building would be used by different users with varying capabilities and physical limitations. • Provide the site with both stairs and ramps if the building is at a different level from the sidewalk level. • Keep stairs, ramps and their landings clear of debris and obstructions. • Provide dual handrails, both high and low, at both sides of stairs and ramps. • Provide the stairs and ramps with weather protection systems. • Add anti-slip adhesive strips with constrastic colors at the edge of each tread. • Provide landings at both the top and bottom of each staircase. • Elevators should be designed as wide and rectangular to accomodate wheelchairs and stretchers. • Escalators are easier to use than ordinary staircases. • Seating should always be provided next to the elevators. • Leave an unobstructed area of 180 cm by 180 cm infront of elevators and stairs / escalator landings. - Drawings marked with an asterisk (*) are an excerpt from "Design for Access" published by the Manchester City Council.

I am going to rest a while on this couch until the elevator arrives

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Guidelines / Elements of Design

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ELEVATOR DESIGN *

Design measurements for elevators. Elevators should be designed with enough floor area to support strollers, wheelchairs and stretchers if needed be.

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Guidelines / Elements of Design

STAIRCASE DESIGN *

Design measurements for stair cases. Add frequent flights along the stairs, and always provide handrails at both sides.

Guidelines / Elements of Design

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RAMP DESIGN *

Always provide ramps whenever a change of floor level occurs, in addition to stairs.

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Guidelines / Elements of Design

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HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION HALLWAYS

HALLWAY FURNITURE

FLOOR LEVELS

Design hallways with enough width to support both pedestrians and wheelchair-bound users.

All hallway furniture should be recessed into the walls in order to leave the passage clear of obstructions..

Floor levels should remain constant within all rooms of the same area.

ACCESS TO ROOMS

NO-STEP THRESHOLDS

NO NARROW PASSAGES

Provide spaces with multiple entrances to facilitate access.

Avoid the usage of step thresholds when transitioning from one room to the other.

Ensure that all passages entrances are wide enough to allow the passage of wheelchairs.

All floor surfaces should be designed to provide maximum safety during usage. Hallways and corridors should be easy to navigate, while all spaces should be easily accessible for disabled users. • All the floor levels should remain the same within floor of the building. With no steps or raised thresholds when moving from one space to the other to reduce tripping hazards. • If change in floor level is unavoidable, use adequate ramps instead of stairs, that are always accompanied by a handrail, even at the slightest change in floor levels. • All the apartments, rooms and areas within the building should be accessible to wheelchair users. • Doors and hallways should be wide enough to allow for wheelchair access. • Hallways should allow space for wheelchair maneuvering. • Ramps should be designed with adequate sloping and should have a clear area infront of landings. - Drawings marked with an asterisk (*) are an excerpt from "Design for Access" published by the Manchester City Council.

Walking through long hallways makes me feel tired, I have to rest every few minutes

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Guidelines / Elements of Design

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HALLWAY DESIGN *

Hallways should be designed for maximum efficiency, recessing appliances and providing turning spots for wheelchairs ensures a clear passage for all users. Unobstructed areas should be left infront of doors, stairs, elevators and ramps.

CHANGES IN FLOOR LEVELS

LOBBY DESIGN *

WHEELCHAIR MANEUVERING *

Always add ramps in addition to staircases at the slightest change of height. They should also be accompanied by double-sided handrails.

Design lobbies with enough space for maneuvering of wheelchairs to increase accessibility.

Design hallway corners with enough space to allow wheelchair-bound users to rotate safely.

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Guidelines / Elements of Design

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SIGNAGE AND WAYFINDING WAY-FINDING TECHNIQUES

Good architectural and interior design influence the ability of users to move freely within the building. By using way finding techniques, this ensures that all users can move and find their way safely in both vertical and horizontal planes. • Use visual cues to indicate different spaces. • These visual cues could be used in the form of different colored themes for different buildings, zones, areas and floors. • Use consistent floor surfaces for similar areas., such as hallways. • Add easy to read signage and house numbers to the buildings. • Use big lettering and a contrasting color scheme. • Use minimum character height of 1.5 cm for text that would be read up close. • Use big lettering for signs, with contrasting colors. Light colored text on a dark background is the optimal solution. • Use pictograms and symbols to identify special functions easily. • Provide strong lighting over signage for easy identification at night. Use different visual cues, such as different colors, materials and facade designs to indicate different buildings within a complex.

INDICATION FOR DIFFERENT ZONES

CONSISTENT FLOOR SURFACES

INDICATION FOR CHANGE

Use different materials and colors to indicate different zones, areas and floors.

Use consistent floor surfaces for areas of the same function. Such as hallways and lobbies.

Indicate the presence of stairs, ramps and/or elevators by change in floor material or color.

I always forget which floor my brother lives on, but then I remember his floor has a big blue sign

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Guidelines / Elements of Design

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APARTMENT SIGNAGE

DIFFERENTIATING THE USAGE

SIGN DESIGN

Use signage systems to indicate apartment directories and numbers.

Use different sign colors to indicate doors of different usage, such as apartment doors, service doors, staircase doors, elevator doors, etc.

Use light colored letters on dark backgrounds for a better contrast. Use lights to illuminate the signs.

PICTOGRAMS

BRAILLE SIGNS

DIRECTION INDICATION

Use different pictograms as they are easy to read.

Add braille writing on signs for the visually impaired users.

Add indications for directions at critical points throughout the building. For example, infront of elevators, staircases and inside the reception halls.

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Guidelines / Elements of Design

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HANDRAILS AND HARDWARE HALLWAYS

STAIRS AND RAMPS

HANDRAIL PLACEMENT

Add handrails throughout long hallways. Provide the space with dual handrails at both sides.

Handrails should extend a bit beyond the landing of stairs and ramps.

Place handrails at the same height of door handles, typically around 85 cm to 90cm.

MATERIAL SELECTION

HANDLE DESIGNS

Use easy-grip materials for handrails. Such materials include timber or plastic.

Lever type handles are easier to operate than other types, such as round knobs.

Handrails and hardware are a crucial element when designing and age-friendly housing project. They provide support to all users regardless of their age of physical condition. • Install lever-type hardware on all exterior and interior doors, instead of round knobs or handles. • Grab bars should be installed with wall reinforcement, securely anchored to wall studs or masonry. • Always provide dual handrails alongside ramps even if they were not steep enough. • Install dual handrails on both sides of stairs, ramps, and hallways. • High handrails should be installed 85 cm to 95 cm above stair treads or floor surface, while low handrails should be placed at 70 cm maximum • Handrails should be 2.5 cm to 5 cm in diameter

These handrails make the stairs safer both for me and my granddaughter to use.

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167

DOORS

PEEPHOLE PLACEMENT

INWARD DOORS

OUTWARD DOORS

Install peepholes at different heights, one at 155 cm for standing users, and the other at 120cm for wheelchair-bound users.

Doors should always open inwards into rooms.

Except for bathroom doors, which need to be designed to open outwards, or to slide into the walls.

DOOR TYPE A *

DOOR TYPE B *

DOORWAY PLACEMENT

Install doors with large handles and kick plates at the bottom to be easily operated by all users. These types of doors work best in common spaces.

Install large vision panels within interior doors so that the users can be monitored by their co-living housemates in case of emergencies.

Do not place doors too close to the internal walls, to allow space for users to approach door handles.

Doors should be designed for maximum efficiency, safety and security. Several techniques and measurements should be applied to facilitate the usage of doors. • Install easy-open doors throughout the building. • External doors should be opened with a force that does not exceed 28 N, while that for internal doors should not exceed 18 N. • Provide door openings with 80 cm clear width minumum, with 90 cm minimum width of main entrance doors. • Install automatic door opening mechanisms for heavy doors. • Install focused light spots to make keyholes more visible. • Provide a shelf or other flat surfaces next to building and apartment doors. • Install exterior and interior entry doors with dual-height peepholes, a viewing panel, or security technology. - Drawings marked with an asterisk (*) are an excerpt from "Design for Access" published by the Manchester City Council.

My father uses the kickplate to open the door because his arms are not as strong as they used to be

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WINDOWS

• When chosing the window type, the awning type is preferable, as they are the easiest to operate. • Use windows to provide the space with natural lighting. • The positioning of those windows could also help create natural ventilation paths. • Include shading systems for windows such as sun louvres or window blinds.

NATURAL VENTILATION

WINDOW TYPE

Position the windows to provide the space with natural sunlight, position windows according to sun chart graphs in a given area.

Optimize natural ventilation pathways by placing multiple windows in the same space that relate to the wind paths and speed patterns.

When choosing window frames, choose awning windows as they are are easier to operate than other types.

BLINDS AND SHADING SYSTEMS

PLACEMENT FOR VIEWS

WINDOWS IN HALLWAYS

Use blind systems and external louvers to control (or limit) the amount of sunlight entering the space.

Place windows at appropriate height and locations to allow the users to enjoy the external view.

Avoid placement of windows at the end of long and dark hallways to prevent glare effects.

USER SCALE

Windows are unique elements of interior design, they have many usages and functionalities. Stategic placement of window elements can affect the living space positively. Several factors should be taken into consideration when placing these windows; Environmental factors such as sun direction and air flow paths, and visual factors depending on the surrounding environment.

NATURAL SUNLIGHT

I enjoy looking at the view from the windows. They also let in a natural breeze in the summer!

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LIGHTING SOLUTIONS AND ELECTRICAL SWITCHES MULTIPLE LIGHT SOURCES

LIGHT CONSISTENCY

GRADUAL TRANSITIONS

Place multiple light fixtures adjacent to one another to eliminate shadows within the space

Maintain a consistent level of light throughout the various areas of common spaces.

Transition of light levels should be done gradually when moving from one space to the other.

ILLUMINATION LEVEL

LIGHT ANGLES

AUTOMATIC LIGHT SYSTEMS

The ideal light level should be measured at 120 lux at any given floor level.

Choose light fixtures with wide angles instead of narrow ones for better diffusion of light.

Consider the usage of automatic light systems in areas such as storage rooms and closets.

By using the appropriate lighting solutions, the living quality of the space increases. As does the general safety within the living space. • Utilize natural lighting provided by the sun by the introduction of large windows to the living spaces. • Try to balance the level of brightness changes between the natural lighting outdoors and the artifical light indoors to avoid glare effects. • Use sun louvers or window blinds to control the levels of natural lighting. • Light levels should remain consistent throughout the building and site, especially at hallways and entrances. • While transitioning to other areas should be accompanied by gradual changes in light levels. • Provide the users with the means to modify the light as they see fit within the space, with multiple options such as dimming. • Insuring that all exterior and interior spaces are well lit reduces risks of dangers and creates a safer space.

I always feel safe walking in the hallway because it is so well lit. I am not afraid of tripping and falling!

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LIGHT BULBS

LIGHT TEMPERATURE

INDIRECT LIGHT

LED light bulbs provide optimal results, as they use less energy and have high durability. Flourescent bulbs come in second pace, followed by tungsten bulbs.

Choose lightbulbs with warm temperatures, preferably within the range of 2700 K to 3000 K. They should have a color rendering index (CRI) close to 100.

Use indirect light sources to avoid a direct eye contact with the light.

PLACEMENT OF SWITCHES

SWITCHES TYPES

Place light switches at same height as door handles. The number of switches installed should also be higher than that required by the code.

Use glow in the dark switches, and provide the users with dimming options for better control of the light levels within the building.

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TECHNOLOGY AND EQUIPMENT KEYCARD READERS

PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS

INTERCOM COMMUNCATIONS

Use keycard readers instead of regular door locks as they are easier to operate.

Provide all common spaces with speakers to act as a public address system to be used for general announcements.

Install intercom communication systems with live video panels for increased security.

Using tecnology and communication systems can help all users of the building, especially those with physical constraints such as hearing, visual or mobility impairments. • Install an easy to use intercom that connects the apartments to the building entrance. • This intercom system should always undergo regular maintenance. • A visual intercom would increase building security, and would greatly help users with hearing or speaking disabilities. • Consider installing a public address system. • Install small speakers inside apartments, and large speakers in common areas to allow for easier communication between the building staff and the users. • Install emergency help buttons in hazard prone zones such as bathrooms. • Install CCTV systems in apartments where users need 24 hour surveillance for their own safety and security. • Consider equipping the users with medical alert systems or devices. • These systems should have GPS tracking devices. • This would provide more security for the users as they can get the help they need regardless of where they are located.

SECURITY CAMERAS

My mom is happy that she doesn't have to carry a heavy keychain anymore! Now she uses keycards instead.

Install security cameras and CCTV systems in critical zones that require constant mointoring.

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177

BATHROOMS TOILET SEATS

SHOWERS

BATHTUBS

Install grab bars by the toilet seat and bidet. Toilet seats should also be compliant with accessibility requirements.

Add foldable seating inside shower. Shower dimensions should be at least 90 cm by 150 cm.

Choose a bathtub with built-in transfer chairs. Accessible bathtub doors could also be a good choice for wheelchair-bound users.

TOILET SINK AND CABINET

FLOORING MATERIAL

WATER HEATING SYSTEMS

Use removable under the sink cabinets for easier access to wheelchairs. And use anti-fog coating on the mirrors.

Use anti-slip flooring materials and add shower mats. Flooring and walls should have contrasting material colors and patterns to identify the boundaries easier.

Use anti-scald equipment to limit water temperature to 50°C.

Bathrooms are very critical spaces within the apartment. To optimize the design, several considerations regarding safety and hardware design should be studied in detail, to provide easier accessibility and safer usage. • Bathroom doors should be designed to be open outwards. Two-way doors and sliding doors are also viable solutions. • Grab bars and handrails should be installed at critical spots. Mainly by the sink, toilet seat, bathtubs and showers. • Use lever type handles instead of round knobs or handles for easier grip. Toilet seats should be accessible to people with disabilities, and should comply with the governing rules, such as the ADA (American with disabilities act) compliance. If not possible, use a toilet seat riser to provide height. • Consider using bidet toilet seat units. • Use easily visible, lever type flush controls instead of push buttons. • Bathtubs should be designed with a built in transfer seats. • Showers should be designed as walk-in or no-threshold showers with appropriate drainage systems. • Showers should be a minimum of 90 cm by 150 cm, with enough space for foldable seats. • Install handheld and adjustable shower heads. - Drawings marked with an asterisk (*) are an excerpt from "Design for Access" published by the Manchester City Council.

These grab bars make getting off the toilet seat so easy for me. I don't struggle anymore!

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BATHROOM WITH BATHTUB *

Design measurements for a bathroom layout with a bathtub.

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Guidelines / Elements of Design

BATHROOM WITH SHOWER *

Design measurements for a bathroom layout with a shower.

Guidelines / Elements of Design

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BATHROOM DESIGN *

Design measurements for a bathroom unit.

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Guidelines / Elements of Design

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KITCHENS

• Install soft-closing cabinets, and a removable under the sink cabinet. • Install drawers instead of base cabinets. • Install upper cabinets at a lower than usual height. Such that the lowest shelf on the upper cabinet would be accessible at a height of 120 cm to 150 cm. • Install lighting systems near work areas, such as sinks, ovens and countertops. • Install wall ovens and microwaves at the same height levels as countertops. • Use anti-tip brackets to secure heavy appliances in their place.

KITCHEN DRAWERS

NO OVER-THE-STOVE CABINETS

Upper cabinets should be placed at a lower than usual height. Around 120 cm to 150 cm. Light spots should be installed to cast light on working surfaces

Lower cabinets should be designed as drawers instead of cabinets to facilitate usage.

Avoid placing upper cabinets over stoves as they cause a fire hazard.

EXHAUST SYSTEMS

KITCHEN SINK

EQUIPMENT PLACEMENT

Use ducted exhaust systems instead of electrical ones as they are safer to operate.

Use removable under the sink cabinets for easier access to wheelchair users.

Place equipment such as microwaves and wall mounted ovens at appropriate height such as working surfaces. Secure equipment in place with anti-tipping brackets.

USER SCALE

Kitchens should be designed to be practical and efficient, different techniques should be used to customize the space to the needs of its unique users. These changes are to be done to make the space easily accessible by all users, regardless of their age or phyiscal condition.

UPPER CABINETS

We installed a wall mounted oven for my mom because it is hard for her to bend downwards now!

184

Guidelines / Elements of Design

185

BEDROOMS

• Bedrooms should always have clear paths, especially the area adjacent to the beds. • Install double-switch systems, with one light switch by the bedroom door and the other adjacent to the bed. • Install control systems next to the bed. These systems should control the lighting, fans, air conditioners, heating systems, audio systems, telephones, etc. • Install an emergency button close the sleeping area for easy access.

DOUBLE SWITCHES

EMERGENCY SYSTEMS

Place control systems around the sleeping area, these systems could control light, air ventilation, air conditioning, heating, audio, etc.

Place A double swtich system for light control, one switch next to the door while the other next to the sleeping area.

Install emergency call buttons and systems next to the sleeping area.

USER SCALE

Bedrooms should be designed to provide the users with maximum comfort and efficiency. Several technological techniques are recommended to create a user-friendly sleeping area.

CONTROL SYSTEMS

CLEAR PATHS

I use the double swtich next to my bed so I wouldn't have to walk in the dark to reach my bed

Ensure the existence of clear paths without any obstructions throughout the room.

186

Guidelines / Elements of Design

187

FURNITURE DESIGN

• Install seating of different types in common areas. Such as benches, chairs, sofas and tables. • Use sturdy and comfortable seating, with arms and backs. • Seats should be 45 cm to 50 cm high, and 60 cm deep. • Use tables that are 70 cm to 85 cm high, with 70 cm minimum knee clearance and adjacent area of 75 cm by 120 cm of clear space to allow for wheelchair usage. • Avoid sharp-edged protuding furniture. • Use easy to clean materials for furniture and flooring. • Avoid installing storage spaces at high altitudes to avoid falling hazards due to bending and stretching. • Avoid external clothing racks and drying systems. • Provide garbage bins in all common areas, especially next to seating arrangements.

MATERIAL CHOICES

AUTOMATIC LIGHT SYSTEMS

Avoid choosing furniture with sharp edges. Softer or round edges are recommended as they are less dangerous.

Choose water-resistant material for furniture as it is easier to clean.

Consider installing automatic lights inside large cabinets and storage units.

NO OUTDOOR RACKING SYSTEMS

PLACEMENT OF LARGE RUGS

AVOID SMALL RUGS

Avoid outdoor racking and clothes drying systems as they pose a falling hazard.

Secure large rugs firmly and safely to the ground using non-slip mats or double sided tapes.

Avoid the usage of small rugs as their ages cause a tripping hazard.

USER SCALE

Different considerations should be considered when designing and choosing furniture pieces for any given space. These considerations are mainly for conerns about safety of usage and ease of operation of these furniture pieces.

AVOID SHARP EDGES

The lights inside the cabinet help me find my stuff easily

188

Guidelines / Elements of Design

189

MATERIAL CHOICES

• Install soft and resilient floor materials across the building. • For example, cork, rubber and linoleum are excellent materials that are gentle on foot and provide a safe surface in case of falls. • If carpets were chosen for a given space, install a tight-looped carpet with a low profile and a thin or no pad. • While carpets have sound proofing properties and provide warmness to the space, thick carpets can be tripping hazards. • Avoid aggressive patterns, lighting glares and high contrasts in floor materials. As they can act as a poor indication to changes in floor levels, either by masking actual changes, or confusing users into thinking a change exists when it does not.

NO AGGRESSIVE PATTERNS

SOFT FLOORING MATERIALS

Use sound proofing materials to reduce the echo within the space and to filter the external noise.

Avoid aggressive patterns where there is no distinction of the border between the wall and floor surfaces. Floors and walls should have contrasting materials to be easier to navigate through.

Install soft and resilient floor materials across the building. Such as cork, rubber and linoleum that are gentle on foot and provide a safe surface in case of falls.

CARPETS

AVOID REFLECTIVE MATERIALS

SLIP-RESISTANT MATERIALS

Install a tight-looped carpet with a low profile and a thin or no pad. While carpets have sound proofing properties and provide warmness to the space, thick carpets can be tripping hazards.

Avoid the usage of shiny and reflective flooring finishing materials, such as marble, glazed tiling and the like.

Use slip resistant flooring materials and coverings throughout the whole building.

USER SCALE

Safe and efficient materials should be used for both wall and walking surfaces. These surfaces should be used to create safe spaces that is accessible to all the users regardless of their age or physical conditions.

NOISE REDUCING MATERIALS

I forgot my walking cane in my apartment, but I can walk safely on these floors until I go back to get it

190

Guidelines / Elements of Design

191

INDOOR PLANTS

• Use indoor plants and greenery in common areas. • While choosing plants, take note of its characteristics. Including smell, color, tactile qualities, movement and seasonal changes. • While plants contribute in creating better looking spaces that are also environmental friendly, they also contribute to the general well being of al the users of the space. • Avoid plants that could encourage allergies and trigger sensitivities. • Avoid plants that attract bugs and insects.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTS

CHOICE OF PLANTS

Place indoor plants frequently accross common spaces and areas.

Choose plants based on their characteristics. Such as smell, colour, tactile qualities, movement and seasonal changes.

Avoid choosing plants that attract insects or trigger allergic reactions.

USER SCALE

Providing the interior space with different green elements, such as plants, flowers and small indoor trees, creates a more enjoyable environment for all users.

PLANTS IN COMMON AREAS

These plants are so beautiful, they make me feel like there is a garden inside the building!

192

Guidelines / Elements of Design

193

BIBLIOGRAPHY 194

1) Labour and Welfare Bureau of Hong Kong, Design Guidelines for the Elderly and Elderly with Fraility, Labour and Welfare Bureau of Hong Kong, 1997. 2) American Institute of Architects, Aging in Place Guide, American Institute of Architects New York, 2016. 3) Manchester city council, Design for Access 2, Manchester City Council, 2003. 4) Handler S., An Alternative Age Frienldy Handbook, The University of Manchester Library, 2014. 5) World Health Organization, Global Age-friendly Cities: A Guide, World Health Organization, 2007. 6) Amable M., Hargrave J., Clark G, Simunich J, Cities Alive: Designing for Aging Communities, Arup, 2019 7) LEEDSs, Age Friendly Leeds Culture Checklist, LEEDS, 2014 8) Barron A., Age-Friendly Seating & Sense of Place, 2015 9) Farage M. A., Design Principles to Accommodate Older Adults, Global Journal of Health Science, 2012 10) Aileen W.K. Chan, Helen Y.L. Chan, Ivy K.Y. Chan , Bonnie Y.L. Cheung and Diana T.F. Lee, An Age-Friendly Living Environment as Seen by Chinese Older Adults: A “Photovoice” Study, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2016. 11) American Institute of Architects, Testimony on an Aging in Place Guide before the New York City Council Committee on Aging, American Institute of Architects New York, 2015. 12) Regnier, V., Housing Desing for an increasingly older population: redefining assisted living for the mentally and physically frail, Wiley, 2018. 13) United Nations Population Fund, Ageing in the Twenty-First Century: A Celebration and A Challenge United Nations Population Fund, 2012. 14) Buffel T., Researching Age-Friendly Communities. Stories from Older People as Co-Investigators, The University of Manchester Library, 2015. 15) Sinclair J, Building a Seniors Campus: A sustainable model to support positive aging and strengthen our communities, County of Simcoe, 2017. 16) Boydell K. M., Best Practice in Housing Design for Seniors’ Supportive Housing, Regional Municipality of Waterloo, 2007 17) Hong-Li Wong, Architecture without Barriers: Designing Inclusive Environments Accessible to All, Ryerson University, 2014. 18) Kluger A., Inclusive Design - Architecture for Everyone, Politecnico di Milano, 2011.

Guidelines / Bibliography

195

HISTORICAL PROJECT

196

197

PROJECTS

INTRO

198

The goal of this chapter is to see how the housing and elderly care developed through the years. Here the historical case studies are analyzed, which include hospices and hospitals; in fact most of these buildings from the past were institutions built with the purpose of hosting and curing patients sufering from mental illnesses. The list of case studies starts with the Abbazia di San Gallo (612 a.C.) and concludes with St. Monicaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Home of Rest (1925) In order to adress our research a first filter was applied, based on those projects that had a stronger impact in the medical and social attention dedicated to elderlies. A second filter was then applied considernig those few projects which have led to a substantial evolution in the age-friendly design. Finally a third filter is used in order to get a constrasting result the avaible material founded.

1st Filter / Mentions

2nd Filter / Age-friendly

3rd Filter / Contrast

Historical Projects / Intro

199

CASE STUDIES LIST

Switzerland 612

1650 12.

XVIII sec. 8.

Graham Home for Old Ladies

United States

1817

22.

United States

13.

1817

23.

1882

Seacliff Lunatic Asylum United States 1884

1851

United States

32.

Traverse City State Hospital United States

1862

33.

1885

Bethel Hospital

Bloomingdale Asylum

House of The Good Shepherd

Ospizio Generale di Carità

United Kingdom

United States

Italy

1821

1868

1713

14.

24.

34.

1887

Friends Almshouse

The Hartford Retreat

Baptist Home

Ricovero Per Vecchi Musicisti

United States

Italy

1713

United Kingdom 1750

15.

1824

16.

25.

1869

35.

1899

The Buffalo State Asylum

Old LAdies Home

United States

1828

1872

Western State Hospital

26.

36.

1900

Home for the Aged Little Sisters of the Poor

St. Elizabeths Hospital

Yardley Almshouses

United States

United Kingdom

1770

1840

1874

17.

27.

Pennsylvania Hospital

Trenton State Hospital

Brooklyn Home for Aged Men

United States

1775

18.

1848

28.

37.

1878

1902

Pio Albergo Trivulzio Italy 38.

1910

Bootham Park Asylum

Aged Women’s Home

German Evangelical Home

Geffrey Almshouses

United Kingdom

United States

United Kingdom

1777

19.

The New York Hospital United States 1791 10.

200

Friends Asylum

United Kingdom 1668

31.

21.

Danvers State Hospital

Public Hospital in Virginia

1851

Indigent Widows&Single Women’s Society

Old Bethlehem Hospital

United States

1817

The Hungerford Almshouses

XIX sec.

XVII sec.

Italy

Greenpoint Home for The Aged

United States

11.

Albergo dei Poveri di Genova

Harrisburg State Hospital

United States

XX sec.

McLean Asylum

XIX sec.

VII sec.

Abbazia di San Gallo

20.

Historical Projects / Case Studies List

1850

29.

1881

39.

1922

Home for Aged

Brooklyn Methodist Episcopal Church Home

St. Monica’s Home of Rest

United States

United Kingdom

1850

30.

1882

40.

1925

Historical Projects / Case Studies List

201

BETHEL HOSPITAL UNITED KINGDOM

TRENTON STATE HOSPITAL NEW JERSEY

1713 1848 1770 PUBLIC HOSPITAL VIRGINIA

202

Historical Projects / Timeline

TRAVERSE CITY STATE HOSPITAL MICHIGAN

1885 1874

SAINT ELIZABETHS HOSPITAL WASHINGTON D.C.

Historical Projects / Timeline

203

T RAVE RS E CIT Y ST AT E HO SP I T AL 204

205

TRAVERSE CITY STATE HOSPITAL

206

Location:

Traverse City, Michigan, USA

Year:

1885

Architect:

Gordon W. Lloyd

Historical Projects / Traverse City State Hospital

207

TYPE

Floor plan

Institution

Area:

35.922 sqm

Number of Rooms: Patients:

480

up to 750

Home Care

1 - Ground Floor Plan Administration and Services

Assisted Living

Day Hospital Rooms Independent Rooms Comunicating Rooms

Circulation Spaces

0 5 10

Co-Housing

Shared Living

Independent Living

208

Historical Projects / Traverse City State Hospital

209

CONTEXT

BUILDING COMPOSITION Distribution Scheme

Circulation Area Rooms and Services

The Traverse City State Hospital, located in Traverse City, Michigan, is a decommissioned psychiatric hospital that has been variously known as the Northern Michigan Asylum and the Traverse City Regional Psychiatric Hospital. It is the last Kirkbride Building of Michigan’s original four left in the state. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1985. The hospital contains multiple buildings located on a large rolling campus. Many of the buildings are constructed from matching buff brick. Building 50, the visual

210

centerpiece of the complex, is a three-story building on a stone foundation containing 35 929 square meters of space. Towers, bracketed eaves, and dormers demonstrate a Victorian ambiance. The hospital was established in 1881 as the demand for a third psychiatric hospital, in addition to those established in Kalamazoo and Pontiac, began to grow. Lumber baron Perry Hannah, “the father of Traverse City,” used his political influence to secure its location in his home town. Under the supervision of prominent architect Gordon W. Lloyd, the first building, known as Building 50,

Historical Projects / Traverse City State Hospital

was constructed in Victorian-Italian style according to the Kirkbride Plan. The hospital opened in 1885 with 43 residents. GSPublisherVersion 0.1.100.100 Under Dr. James Decker Munson, the first superintendent from 1885 to 1924, the institution expanded. Twelve housing cottages and two infirmaries were built between 1887 and 1903 to meet the specific needs of male and female patients. The institution became the city’s largest employer and contributed to its growth. In the 1930s three large college-like buildings were constructed near the present site of the Munson Hospital parking deck and the Grand Traverse Pavilions.

Historical Projects / Traverse City State Hospital

211

ST . E LIZ A BE T H HO SP I T AL 212

213

ST. ELIZABETHS HOSPITAL

214

Location:

Washington D.C., USA

Year:

1874

Architect:

Thomas U. Walter

Historical Projects / St. Elizabeths Hospital

215

TYPE

Floor plan

Institution

Area:

over 40 000 sqm

Number of Rooms:

Residents: up to 8000

Home Care

1 - Second Floor Plan, Center Building Kitchens and Dining Rooms Bathrooms and Services Bedrooms

Assisted Living

Circulation Spaces

5 10

Co-Housing

Shared Living

Independent Living

GSPublisherVersion 0.1.100.100

216

Historical Projects / St. Elizabeths Hospital

217

CONTEXT

5 10

BUILDING COMPOSITION Distribution Scheme

St. Elizabeths Hospital is a psychiatric hospital in Southeast, Washington, D.C. It opened in 1855 as the first federally operated psychiatric hospital in the United States. Housing over 8,000 patients at its peak in the 1950s, the hospital had a fully functioning medical-surgical unit, a school of nursing, accredited internships and psychiatric residencies. Its campus was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1990. It was founded in August 1852 when the United States Congress appropriated $100,000 for the construction of a hospital in Washington, D.C., to provide care for indigent residents of the District of Columbia and members of the U.S. Army and Navy with brain illnesses. In the 1830s, local residents, including Dr. Thomas Miller, a medical doctor and president of

218

the D.C. Board of Health, began petitioning Congress for a facility to care for people with brain diseases in the City of Washington. Their efforts were given a significant boost by Dorothea Dix (1802– 1877), a pioneering advocate for people living with mental illnesses who helped convince legislators of the need for the hospital. In 1852 she wrote the legislation that established the hospital. After his appointment in the fall of 1852, Nichols and Dix began formulating a plan for the hospital’s design and operation and set out to find an appropriate location, based upon guidelines created by Thomas Story Kirkbride. His 1854 manual recommended specifics such as site, ventilation, number of patients, and the need for a rural location proximate to a city. He also recommended that the

Historical Projects / St. Elizabeths Hospital

location have good soil for farming and gardens for the patients. Dr. Nichols oversaw the design and building of St. Elizabeths, which began in 1853. The hospital was constructed in three phases. The west wing was built first, followed by the east wing and finally the center portion of the building, which housed the administrative operations as well as the superintendent’s residential quarters. All three sections of the hospital existed under one roof, keeping with Kirkbride’s design. Two other buildings, the West Lodge (1856–98) for men and the East Lodge for women, were built to house and care for AfricanAmerican patients. Soon after the hospital opened to patients in January 1855, it became known officially as the Government Hospital for the Insane.

Circulation Area Rooms and Services

GSPublisherVersion 0.1.100.100

Historical Projects / St. Elizabeths Hospital

219

BETHEL HOSPITAL 220

221

BETHEL HOSPITAL

222

Location:

Norwich, United Kingdom

Year:

1713

Architect:

Edward Bardman and others

Historical Projects / Bethel Hospital

223

TYPE

Floor plan

Institution

Area:

over 30 000 sqm

Number of Rooms:

Residents: over 1000

Home Care

1 - Ground Floor Plan Administration and Services

Assisted Living

Patient Rooms

Circulation Spaces

GSPublisherVersion 0.1.100.100

Co-Housing

GSPublisherVersion 0.1.100.100

Shared Living

Independent Living

224

Historical Projects / Bethel Hospital

225

CONTEXT

BUILDING COMPOSITION Distribution Scheme

Bethel Hospital is the first purposebuilt lunatic asylum to be built outside London and the oldest surviving purpose-built lunatic asylum in the country. When it opened in 1713, its approach to treating those affected by mental illness was unusual in its compassion. During its lifespan, it was important locally both for being the only specific charitable institution in Norwich for the treatment of the mentally ill for a century and also for its association with important and influential local people. The early history of the site is unclear but it is thought to have been the site of the Committee House, later the County Armoury, which was destroyed in the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Great Blowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; during the Civil Wars. The original U-shaped hospital building was constructed in 1713 by Mary Chapman who founded the Bethel

226

Historical Projects / Bethel Hospital

as a godly asylum for lunatics. The building was extended in the early 1750s with two southern ranges to form an H-Block; the eastern range contains the double height Boardroom. In the early nineteenth century, the hospital was considerably expanded with extensions to the north of the H-Block, as well as a central passage, so that it ran up to Bethel Street. Further wings connected to the H-Block were constructed to the east whilst to the west was built a separate four-sided block around a courtyard with a long range along Little Bethel Street. The hospital continued to evolve with regular alterations and additions through the nineteenth century. In 1899, local architect Edward Boardman designed a new range on Bethel Street, incorporating some of the existing ground floor

structures, building two floors of additional accommodation over and refurbishing the central passage. Further changes in the early twentieth century included the addition of the south range of Little Bethel Court by Grahame Cotman, an architect at Boardman & Son. Having continued as a lunatic asylum since its foundation, the Bethel was incorporated into the National Health Service in 1948 and ceased to provide in-patient accommodation in 1974. After serving as a Child and Family Psychiatry Unit, it was sold in 1995. After proposals for a variety of uses including a hotel and offices, a large proportion of the site was converted into residential units although a significant amount remains in various states of disuse.

Circulation Area Rooms and Services

Historical Projects / Bethel Hospital

227

PUBLIC HO SP I T AL I N VIRGI NIA 228

229

PUBLIC HOSPITAL IN VIRGINIA

230

Location:

Williamsburg, Virginia, USA

Year:

1770

Architect:

Robert Smith

Historical Projects / Public Hospital In Virginia

231

TYPE

Floor plan

Institution

Area:

1400 sqm

Number of Cells:

Residents: up to 48

Home Care

1 - Ground Floor Plan Administration and Services

Assisted Living

Berooms Circulation Spaces

N Co-Housing

Shared Living

Independent Living

232

Historical Projects / Public Hospital In Virginia

233

CONTEXT

BUILDING COMPOSITION Distribution Scheme

Circulation Area Rooms and Services

First public building in North America devoted to treatment of mentally ill. The “Public Hospital for Persons of Insane and Disordered Minds” was the first building in North America devoted solely to the treatment of the mentally ill. The first patient was admitted October 12, 1773. Hospital founded at urging of Governor Fauquier. Like many men of the 18th-century Enlightenment, Fauquier believed science could be employed to cure “persons who are so unhappy as to be deprived of their reason.” Philadelphia architect Robert Smith submitted design for hospital. George Wythe, Thomas Nelson, John Blair, John Randolph,

234

and John Tazewell were among the directors appointed. William Byrd III invited Philadelphia’s Robert Smith to submit a design for the hospital building. Contractor Benjamin Powell began construction in 1771. The building stood 100 feet long and about 38 feet wide with a central hall leading to the keeper’s quarters and, beyond them, to patients’ cells. A central staircase led to a meeting room for the court of directors and to more patients’ cells. Before he was finished, Powell was directed to provide “yards for patients to walk and take the Air in” and to put a fence around the lot. Thomas Jefferson thought the building resembled “rude mis-

Historical Projects / Public Hospital In Virginia

shapen pile”. The structure was crowned with a cupola that carried an expensive weathervane imported from England, and it resembled the Wren Building at the College of William and Mary. The building housed 24 cells, all designed for the security and isolation of their occupants. Each cell had a stout door with a barred window that looked on a dim central passage, a mattress, a chamber pot, and an iron ring in the wall to which the patient’s wrist or leg fetters were attached. Neither harmless nor incurable people were admitted; the cells were reserved for dangerous individuals or for patients who might be treated and discharged.

Historical Projects / Public Hospital In Virginia

235

TRENTON STATE HOSPITAL 236

237

TRENTON STATE HOSPITAL

238

Location:

Trenton, New Jersey, USA

Year:

1848

Architect:

Samuel Sloan, Thomas Kirkbride

Historical Projects / Trenton State Hospital

239

TYPE

Floor plan

Area after expansions:

Institution

Number of Rooms: Patients:

2,6 sqkm nd up to 7700

Home Care

1 - Ground Floor Plan Administration and Services Patio

Assisted Living

Bedrooms Circulation Spaces

5 10

Co-Housing

Shared Living

GSEducationalVersion GSPublisherVersion 0.1.100.99

Independent Living

240

Historical Projects / Trenton State Hospital

Historical Projects / Trenton State Hospital GSEducationalVersion GSPublisherVersion 0.1.100.99

241

CONTEXT

BUILDING COMPOSITION Distribution Scheme

Circulation Area Rooms and Services

The Trenton Psychiatric Hospital is a state run mental hospital located in Trenton and Ewing, New Jersey. It previously operated under the name New Jersey State Hospital at Trenton and originally as the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum. Founded by Dorothea Lynde Dix on May 15, 1848, it was the first public mental hospital in the state of New Jersey, and the first mental hospital designed on the principle of the Kirkbride Plan. The architect was the Scottish-American John Notman. Under the Hospital’s first superintendent, Dr. Horace A. Buttolph, the hospital admitted and treated 86 patients. In 1907, Dr. Henry Cotton became the medical direc-

tor. Believing that infections were the key to mental illness, he had his staff remove teeth and various other body parts that might become infected from the hospital patients. Cotton’s legacy of hundreds of fatalities and thousands of maimed and mutilated patients did not end with his leaving Trenton in 1930 or his death in 1933; in fact, removal of patients’ teeth at the Trenton asylum was still the norm until 1960. The necessity of erecting an asylum for the care and treatment of the insane was advocated by Dr. Lyndon A. Smith, of Newark, in an address read before the Medical Society of New Jersey in 1837,.The interest of the medical men being aroused by this ad-

dress, they made their influence felt in the various communities, which resulted in an appeal being made to the Legislature in 1839. An appropriation of $500 was made to defray the expenses of the investigation. Two wings were added to the main building in 1855. New additions were estimated to afford easy accommodation for 250 additional patients and their attendants. The Randolph museum and reading room was erected the same year. This structure, built of brown stone in the octagon form, was 32 feet in diameter, surrounded by a wide portico and lighted from the top.

GSEducationalVersion GSPublisherVersion 0.1.100.99

242

Historical Projects / Trenton State Hospital

243

REIVENTING PROJECTS, PRACTICES, CONFERENCES & EXHIBITION

244

245

PROJECTS 246

More than 100 projects that promote age-friendly design were enlisted, following three different filters to be able to pass from a quantity approach to a quality one in order to carry out an objective analysis based on: what kind of age-friendly house it is, its levels of assistance and cohabitation, architectural relevance concerning the elderlies, guide-lines evaluation. The outcome is a contrasting serie of outstanding projects, understanding its architectural and social importance, which will serve as a guide for a possible good design of an age-friendly housing.

Letâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s check these projects !

Reinventing case / Methodology

247

CASE STUDIES LIST Wildernesse Mews England

2018 13.

248

Reinventing cases / Case Studies List

22.

WOHA Architects

Three-Generation House

WeLive

Netherlands

United States

BETA

23.

Matthias Hollwich

India

United States

John Ronan Architects

14.

Mindspace

SilviaBo

Yiyuan Service Center for Elderly

Sweden

China

IKEA & Skanska

15.

24.

Beijing Tianhua Northem Architects

3six0

Alchemika Complex Spain 25.

Oliveras Boix Architecture

Town Square

Housing Complex

Epilepsy care home

United States

Spain

France

Douglas Pancake & Marsha Sewell

Oscar Miguel Ares

16.

26.

Atelier Martel

Granny Pad

KAAI37

Elderly Home

United States

Belgium

Norway

Best Practice Architecture

17.

David Baker & Partners

18.

META architectuurbureau

Home for dependent Elderly France

Plurielles Architectes

Elderly Home Belgium 19.

Dominique Coulon & Associés 20.

Haptic

France

England Coffey Architects

27.

Residence Stephane Hessel

Moor’s Nook

France 10.

La Meridiana

United States

Housing for Elderly People

3rd Filter / Contrast

Singapore

Annex for elderly

2017

2018 9.

Italy

Parkside Retirement Homes

United States

2nd Filter / Age-friendly

Kampung Admiralty

Independence Library & Apartment

Bayview Senior Services

Il Paese Ritrovato

2016

Kjellander Sjoberg 21.

2017 12.

Panorama

1st Filter / Mentions

Morris+Company

ACDF

Sweden

11.

England

Canada

Elderly Care Skärvet

Portugal Nuno Piedade Alexandre

Morris+Company

Belle Vue

Santa Casa da Misericordia-Care

DRDH & adVVT

28.

Dominique Coulon & Associés

Residence Planchette

2015

2019

The main idea was to achieve a list with a reasonable number of projects by using a wide scope, consulting magazines, books, university thesis and internet sites in order to collect a fruitful content, where were applied three different filters in order to gather a series of contrasting projects to be analyzed. In the scope frame were considered different aspects, -including also the sites’ caracteristics of the future thesis projects- some of them were: location in all different continents, urban context more than a rural one, and a period compressed between 1970 and 2019. In order to adress our research a first filter was applied, based on those projects that had more than one mention on relevants book and architectural magazines that promote architectural quality and social awerness as: Domus, Dezeen, eVolo, World Habit and more. A second one based on those projects that promote an age-friendly design within an clear architectural value, and a third filter used in order to get a constrasting result based on the different types of senior housing achiving it by the avaible material founded.

France 29.

AZC

Club House

Nursing Home

Germany

France

LIN Architects

30.

Dominique Coulon & Associés

Reinventing cases / Case Studies List

249

Elderly Residential Building

BBK Sarriko Center

The IGLOO

France

Portugal

Spain

France

Atelier Du Pont

Atelier dArquitectura J.A.Lopes

DMAA

33.

34.

35.

42.

2014

38.

2013

39.

40.

250

France

Galli Rudolf

52.

RSA Montemurlo

a/LTA

Italy 62.

Ipostudio

Morangis Retirement Home

Assisted Living in Utebo

The Walumba Elders Centre

Netherlands

France

Spain

Australia

Vous Etes Ici Architectes

Basilio Tobías

2by4-architects

43.

53.

63.

Iredale Pedersen Hook Architects

Home Farm

Concoret Housing for the Elderly

Establishment for Elderly

Le Monolithe

Singapore

France

Sephen Pimbley

44.

Nomade Architects

54.

Parallele

House-Shaped

Ørestad Nursing Home

Intergenerational Building

Japan

Denmark

Spain

Hkl Studio

45.

55.

Switzerland

2012

Studio Farris architects with ELD

JJW Architects

More than Housing

Belgium

37.

Seniors’ Residence + Nursery

Switzerland

Union Sociale pour L’Habitat

Eltheto Housing & Healthcare

Park Tower

36.

Multi-generational building

61.

46.

Baugenossenschaft 56.

64.

MVRDV

House for Elderly people Portugal Aires Mateus Arquitectos

Equipo Propio Arquitectos

65.

32-Apartment and Day center

Wiekslag Krabbelaan

Spain

Netherlands

Abalo Alonso Architects

66.

Jorissen Simonetti Architecten

Nursing & Retirement Home

Nevele rest home

Residence Mas Piteu

Weidevogelhof

Austria

Belgium

Spain

Netherlands

51N4E

Estudi PSP Arquitectura

Dietger Wissounig Architekten

47.

57.

2010

2015

32.

2013

Austria

IDOM

2011

Geriatric Centre Donaustadt Vienna

51.

2012

41.

2011

31.

Nursing Home

67.

DAT Architectenwerkgroep Tilburg

Kalkbreite

Homes for elderly

Armstrong Place

Senior Housing De Dijken 10

Switzerland

United States

Netherlands

Müller Sigrist

48.

Von Ballmoos Krucker Architekten

58.

David Baker & Partners

68.

HVE architecten

Antonie de St. Exupery home

Social Complex

Torre Júlia

Leonard Florence Center for Living

France

Portugal

Spain

United States

Elizabeth Naud & Luc Poux

Guedes Cruz Architects

49.

59.

Pau Vidal, Segi Pons and Galiana

69.

DiMella Shaffer

Centre da dia i casal de Blancafort

Parc Central Housing

Belong Atherton

Via Verde

Spain

United Kingdom

United States

Guillem Carrera

Basilio Tobías

Pozzoni LLP

Reinventing cases / Case Studies List

50.

60.

70.

Dattner + Grimshaw Arch. +JRC

Reinventing cases / Case Studies List

251

Dorsky Hodgson & Partners

Baena Casamor Arquitectes

81.

91.

SFCS Inc.

Oficina TĂŠcnica del Patronato

82.

United Kingdom

Germany

ASI Architects

103.

Kohlhoff & Kohlhoff

Neptuna

Ballybane Neighbourhood

Sweden

Ireland

KWL Architects

Perkins Eastman

Arkitektgruppen i Malmo AB

83.

93.

104.

Galway City Council

De Hogeweyk

NPO Group Fuji

Salem Nursing Home

Setagaya-Ku Fukasawa Japan

Netherlands

Japan

Denmark

Iwamura Atelier

Landbrain LLC1-2-10

Rune Ulrick Madsen Arkitekt

Molenaar&Bol&VanDillen

84.

94.

105.

META architectuurbureau

85 Sheltered Housing Units

Sir Montefiore Home Randwick

Wildernesse Mews

Wintringham Port Melbourne

Spain

Australia

Denmark

Australia

GRND82

Flower and Samios Pty Ltd

86.

2007 86.

95.

Tegnestuen Vankunsten

Heisdorf Residence for the Elderly

Ex-Ospedale Naldini-Torrigiani

Germany

Italy

Hermann & Valentiny & Partners

Ipostudio

97.

LAR Residencial e Centro de Act.

Senior Citizens Residence Altenmarkt

RSA Poggibonsi

Portugal

Austria

Italy

Antonio Carvalho

Johannes Kappler Architekten

Ipostudio

77.

87.

RSA Torrita di Sienta Italy

2008

Multi-generational House Stuttgart

United States

76.

Ipostudio

88.

106.

Wintringham

Toa Payoh Town Renewal Belgium 107.

HDB

Residential home for Elderly Switzerland

98.

108.

Peter Zumthor

Palladiumflat

Nuovo Tambroni

The Frank G. Mar Community

Netherlands

Italy

Housing United States

Nomade Architects

Ipostudio 99.

109.

MacDonald Architects

Casa Grande Senior Apartments

51 Apartments

Lar de Terceira Idade de Macainhas

Residenza anziani e centro diurno

United States

Spain

Portugal

Italy

Archumana

89.

30 Senior Housing Bastiaan Jongerius Architecten

Reinventing cases / Case Studies List

Morris+Company

Seniorenresidenz Spirgarten

2006

Netherlands

252

Brook Coleraine

Childrens Place

Ipostudio

80.

Studio Equattro

United Kingdom

Italy

79.

102.

Sandford Station

Istituto Vismara de Petri

78.

92.

Italy

Oomen Architecten

1998 - 1990

75.

Spain

Residenza Santa Margherita

Netherlands

Switzerland 90.

Miller & Maranta

100.

Antonio Carvalho

110.

Plaza America Spain 101.

Carmen PĂŠrez Molpeceres

M. Bacchi Tanani e G. Pennestri

Gojikara Mura Village

1987

2009

74.

United States

2005

73.

72 Intergenerational Apartments

2003

72.

Deupree Cottages

Wiekslag Boerenstreek

2001

Spain

2006

Home for the Elderly

United States

2008

71.

Montgomery Place

Japan 111.

Takatsugu Oi

Reinventing cases / Case Studies List

253

CASE STUDIES’ LIST

112.

Elderly Home

30 alloggi per anziani

Germany

Italy

J. Thoma

122.

De Drie Hoven elderly housing

Casa Protetta

Netherlands

Italy R. Botti

Germany 114.

1989 - 1980

115.

116.

117.

118.

Studio Behnisch & Partner

1979 - 1970

Elderly Home

123.

Residential district for older workers Scotland 124.

Basil Spence & Associates

Bomi-Parken

Italy

Denmark

Arch. V. De Stefano + P. De Stefano

125.

Lungeforeningen Boserup Minde

Elderly Home

Israel

Spain

Studio Arieh and E. Sharon

126.

L. Domenéch

Elderly Home

Autonomous accommodation

Switzerland

England

Helfer

127.

MOHLG

Residential Complex

Guild House

Canada

United States

A.J. Diamonds e B. Myers

De Overloop care home

128.

Herman Hertzberger

Robert Venturi

Fredensborg Denmark

Netherlands 119.

Herman Hertzberger

Centro polivalente per anziani

1969 - 1962

113.

A. Cortesi e B. Cortesi

129.

Spain 17 Italy 16 France 15 United States 14 Netherlands 10 England 7 Denmark 7 Switzerland 6 Japan 6 Germany 6 Austria 5 Portugal 5 Belgium 3 Singapore 3 Australia 3 Sweden 2 Scotland 2 Canada 2 Ireland 2 Isreal 1 Norway 1 India 1

List reflected in a world map

10 %

76 %

2% 1%

As a conclusion it can be seen a high percentage of project founded in Europe, where countries as Spain, Italy, France and Netherlands propose a quality level of architecture for the problem of senior housing. On the other hand should be highlighted the offer of the United States, Japan and Singapore, non-European countries that also face the senior housing situation. These data is coherent with the demographic analysis exposed previously, where these countries with a high level of life expectancy are answering to it.

2% 2%

7% 3% 6% 15 % 6 %

5% 16 %

17%

The awareness of senior housing necessity and its reproduction can be seen observe that after the 2000 how started to increase exponential, where architects find viable solutions for these type promoting independent living and considering the architecture implications.

120.

Gropiusstadt district

Italy

Germany

J. Filizzola

130.

K. Bhohm e W. Korth 10

Barbaraheim Austria J. Klingerer 121.

254

Reinventing cases / Case Studie´s List

Europe as a main region and its internal distribution

Jørn Utzon

Casa per aziani

0 1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

Senior Housing production

Reinventing cases / Case Studie´s List

255

CASE STUDIES SELECTED Having an already previous selection of renowned projects aiming to an age-friendly design with enough material avaible, an analysis was carried out, following a layout based on: - Type of elderly housing, understanding the different approaches of apartments units offered. - Level of assistance given by the building and level of cohabitation that is promoted, following the parameters previously mentioned. - The architectural relevance related to an age-friendly design that stick out. - Evaluation of the guidelines that influence the design process in the building and human scale.

3.1

Amsterdam

3.3

3.5

Copenhagen

Zurich 3.2

Zurich

3.4

3.7

New York

San Francisco

The result is a contrasting series of projects analyzed from the point of view of an architecture that promotes wellbeing for seniorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; inhabitants, understanding the aspects of an inclusive design that guarantees aging in place. Subsequently this outcome would help to have a considerable approach of a possible right design for senior housing, considering social and architectural aspects.

3.6

Singapore

3.1 De Drie Hoven

3.2 Spirgarten

256

3.3 Orestad Nursing Home

Reinventing cases / Selected case studies

3.4 Via Verde

3.5 Kalkbreite

3.6 Kampung Admiralty

3.7 Bayview Senior Service

Reinventing cases / Case studies

257

DE DRIE HOVE N

258

259

260

Location:

Amsterdam, Netherlands

Year:

1974

Architects:

Hertzberger Arch.

Reinventing cases / De Drie Hoven

261

CONTEXT Institutionalization of senior care became a major part of public policy in the Netherlands when the national pension program was initiated in the mid-twentieth century. After 1965, the large scale development of â&#x20AC;&#x153;serviceâ&#x20AC;? homes in the Netherlands was supported by government subsidies. This resulted in an abundance of privately-operated, institutional care homes. It was in this context, between 1964 and 1974, that De Drie Hoven was constructed, just west of central Amsterdam. With a heavily subsidized senior care program, many elders were incentivized to move into service and care homes throughout the country during this era. Intended to allow for a service home as well as a nursing home, De Drie Hoven originally accommodated dwellings for 55 couples, 190 single units, and 250 nursing home beds.

DE DRIE HOVEN

SLOTERVAART DE DRIE HOVEN

The building serves as a clear case study on the various policy and regulatory changes in the Netherlands. Although the open layout of the building and its mix of public and private spaces were well received at first, nowadays, many older people want to stay in their own home for as long as possible, and if forced, they prefer larger semidetached retirement homes. For this reason, and because of technical shortcomings related to a working conditions act, renovating the outdated building was no longer an option. Three-quarters of the vast complex is being demolished. Amsterdam

262

Reinventing cases / De Drie Hoven

263

TYPE

PLAN FLOOR

Institution

Area:

Number of Apartments: Residents:

18.000 sqm aprox. 55

190 residents + 250 nursehome beds

Apart. Studio Apart. with 1 bedroom Shared Rooms w/WC Single Room w/WC

Supported Living

Common Shared Areas Services Areas

1 - Floor Plan Studio Apartment

Assisted Living

Apart. with 1 bedroom Shared rooms w/Wc Single rooms w/Wc Common Shared Areas Service Areas

Co-Housing

Shared Living

Independent Living

264

Reinventing cases / De Drie Hoven

B + WC + K + Lv/D + St + Rc + Balc.

B + WC + K + Lv/D

B (4beds) + WC

Reinventing cases / De Drie Hoven

265

LEVELS The residential complex is intended por physically or mentally handicapped people, most of whom have reached an advanced age. All of them need care, and more especially, attention. The main aim of the project was to create an environment in which each person, according to its limitations, would have maximum scope por social intercourse. The objective of the complex was to create a real home, one that was warm and open to people, where elderly people with different needs could live together, and where people from the neighborhood could also use the communal facilities. All sections of the building converged at a large central square containing a launderette, a shop, a café, and a library; this allowed residents to buy all their necessities in the ‘village’ shop without having to leave the premises. The building also included several shared living rooms, allowing for larger family gatherings that would normally have taken place in cramped apartments.

Self-sufficient

Mental/mobility difficulties

min

Should I move from my house? I’m having more trouble with daily chores. Luckily I can just move to a single nursing room on the same floor

I love it here...We have so many spaces to share that I don’t feel lonely or isolated It’s so good I have the grocery shop on the building! I will have dinner with Maria today

disability mental illness

Level of assistance Alone

Together

Community

Level of cohabitation

266

Reinventing cases / De Drie Hoven

267

ARCHITECTURAL RELEVANCE

HOUSES

COUPLE APARTMENTS

HOUSES

1. Structure Frame HOUSES

HOUSES

ROOM APARTMENTS ROOM APARTMENTS

STAFF / SMALL HOMES

LIVING BEDROOMS

CENTER

LIVING BEDROOMS

CARE HOME

DIRECTION

ADMINISTR.

2. Window Frame

MEDICAL DEPT.

PARAMEDIC DEPARTMENT

NURSING DEPT.

LIVING BEDROOMS

NURSING HOME

NURSING DEPARTMENT

LIVING BEDROOMS

3. Window design Human Scale

STORAGE SPACE

268

Reinventing cases / De Drie Hoven

WORK SPACE

LIVING BEDROOM

BEDROOM

LIVING ROOM

LOGGIA

Reinventing cases / De Drie Hoven

269

GUIDELINES Guideline

Assessm ent

Window

Signage and Wayfinding

Living spaces

Street Furniture

Accessibility

Entrance to Building

Common Spaces

Immediate Surroundings

The complex consists of a nursing home, a section where a degree of care is provided, and a section with independent dwellings and central amenities. The combination of these different categories of accommodation was aimed at max. interchangeability, so that residents whose condition improved or worsened would have to be moved from one section

270

Guideline

Reinventing cases / De Drie Hoven

or another as little as possible. The complex had to be conceived not as a conglomerate of separate buildings but as an urban area, in which all amenities would be accessible to all. These considerations led to the idea of creating a single continuos structural framework, based on the same modular unit, to meet the re-

As s e s s me nt

quirements of the highly varied and complex programme. The smallest unit capable of serving as the basic component for rooms of any size was calculated to be 92cm. The programmes for the respective categories were fitted into an overaal building order, consisting structurally of a system of column, beam and floor elements.

271

SENIORENRESIDENZ SPIRGART EN 272

273

274

Location:

Zurich, Switzerland

Year:

2006

Architects:

Miller & Maranta Architects

Reinventing cases / Seniorenresidenz Spirgarten

275

CONTEXT The Senior housing residence, designed by Miller & Maranta, is located in the center of ZurichAltstetten, situated right on the main axis of the Badenerstrasse. The access of the senior housing Spiragararten is oriented laterally towards the Spirgartenstrasse. The south-facing space not only serves as an access, but is also designed as lounge area and serves the public coffee of the house as an outdoor area.

SENIORRESIDENZ SPIRGARTEN

SPIRGARTEN

DISTRICT 9

The architects connect the housing for the elderly with a high degree of opening, so that the residents get an increased contact with the outside world and thus the design helps to reduce the risk of an increasing isolation. The urban planning approach therefore contains one of the essential typological approaches. In addition, the result is a mediation between the significant construction volume and the neighbouring smallscale structure. On the tight parcel the volume develops in a bonelike figure, and the available area is well exploited to accommodate the considerable spatial program.

Zurich

276

Reinventing cases / Seniorenresidenz Spirgarten

277

TYPE

PLAN FLOOR

Institution

Area:

Number of Apartments: Residents:

9.200 sqm 60

up to

1 - 4th Floor Plan

Supported Living

Studio Apartments 1 Bedroom Apartments 2 Bedroom Apartments Nursing Bed Rooms Common Shared Areas

Assisted Living

Open-plan dining and lounge area, roof terrace

Co-Housing 2 - Roof Floor Plan

Shared Living

Independent Living

278

Reinventing cases / Seniorenresidenz Spirgarten

R + B/ K/D + Wc + Balc.

R + B + Wc + K + Lv + Ba

R + 2B + Wc + K + Lv + Ba

Reinventing cases / Seniorenresidenz Spirgarten

279

LEVELS Much like the structure of a hotel there are many opportunities for community involvement within the Senior Residence. All of the communal spaces, except for the recreation room, occur on the ground floor, which overflow into the forecourt and garden courtyard. The amenities of the building include cafĂŠ, library, meeting room, laundry, hairdresser, workroom, gym, dining room, and the recreation room on the top floor. The ground floor is designed as a kind of comprehensive, large living room. In the attic floor the common room of the nursing department and the roof terrace, also oriented towards the square, are accessable for all residents. In the residential floors the zones in front of the elevators are open to the court as well. This layout facilitates orientation in the entire building and creates additional space for encounters between residents.

min

So nice to meet you here, should we have dinner on the restaurant later?

My grandma will have a nice apartment with big windows, and I will not have to worry about her

Self-sufficient

Mental/mobility difficulties

I love to sit here and see the people walk by. Maybe I could walk around later also.

disability mental illness

Level of assistance Alone

Together

Level of cohabitation

280

Reinventing cases / Seniorenresidenz Spirgarten

281

GUIDELINES

ARCHITECTURAL RELEVANCE

I nte r n a l Fre e Pat hways Apa r t me nts

Diagram S h a red/ Co mmo n Area s

Gui deli ne

282

Reinventing cases / Seniorenresidenz Spirgarten

Assessment

Gui deli ne

Window

Signage and Wayfinding

Living spaces

Street Furniture

Accessibility

Entrance to Building

Common Spaces

Immediate Surroundings

As s es s ment

The six-storey building contains public spaces on the ground floor, four floors with small apartments of one to three rooms, and the nursing department of the house in the recessed attic floor on top. Within each of the apartments, a coherent and continuous spatial figure with differentiated zones arises by opening the sliding doors. This spatial constellation is enriched through a variety of relationships and connections through the entrance area and the retracted Loggia. Due to this design, the small apartments receive an unexpected generosity of large spaces. In these apartments, the kitchens has been minimized, since the operational concept stipulates that the meals are mainly prepared by the staff and served in the communal spaces.

Reinventing cases / Seniorenresidenz Spirgarten

283

ORESTAD NURSING HOME 284

285

286

Location:

Copenhagen, Denmark

Year:

2012

Architects:

JJW Arkitekter

Reinventing cases / Orestad Nursing Home

287

CONTEXT Orestad Nursing Home is a municipal nursing of Health and Care in Copenhagen, driven by the housing association KAB. The Home is located in Orestad Syd overlooking the scenic nature of Kalvebod, in the middle of a local area of rapid development. Orestad Nursing Home supports each resident to continue living their lives, using its resources in daily activities and believing in prolonging an independent life as long as possible.

ORESTAD

AMAGER VEST

The Nursing Home residential units forming various building masses arranged on internally lit communal areas, communal terraces and short wide ails. ORESTAD PLEJECENTER

Copenhagen

288

Reinventing cases / Orestad Nursing Home

289

TYPE

PLAN FLOOR

Institution

Area:

Residents:

Supported Living

20.150 sqm

Number of Apartments: 88 up to 176

Typical plan flroor Apart. with 1 bedroom - A Apart. with 1 bedroom - B Common Shared Areas Services

Assited Living

Co-Housing

Shared Living

Independent Living

290

Reinventing cases / Orestad Nursing Home

B (single bed) + Wc + K + Lv/D

B (double bed) + Wc + K + Lv/D

Reinventing cases / Orestad Nursing Home

291

LEVELS The nursing home supports each individual resident to continue living their lives, using its resources in daily activities and believing in prolonging an independent life as long as possible. All mutual rooms have kitchen facilities with dining areas, areas for relaxation and activities and access to large balconies and roof terrace where the view of Orestad and Amager Common can be enjoyed, at the same time Interior themes included are from the 40ties, 50ties and 60ties. This is visible in the choice of furnishing using classic furniture from these time periods understanding the importance of furniture in a inclusive design. Aesthetics are as important as functionality, our personal belongings and surroundings â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;communicate strong messages about identity, social position and valuesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;.

Self-sufficient

WOW ! Really beautiful these domestic designs, it takes me back to my old house !

Yes indeed Maria, and the big balconies give individual expression to each area

Mental/mobility difficulties

Level of assistance Alone

Together

Community

Level of cohabitation

292

Reinventing cases / Orestad Nursing Home

293

GUIDELINES

ARCHITECTURAL RELEVANCE

Gui deli ne

Assessment

Gui deli ne

As s es s ment

The shared spaces

Mutual dinning and living room

Window

Signage and Wayfinding

Living spaces

Street Furniture

Accessibility

Entrance to Building

Common Spaces

Immediate Surroundings

Shared services and room

The added on balconies are in a similar colour, making the colours come alive enabling the colour to be experienced from many different close angles at the same time. Some enjoy balcony in extension of the bedroom and can from a sick-bed still keep taps on life outside from

the big balcony rather than through a bedroom window. Some balconies follow the daylight and the position of the sun. By using colours and a variety of materials, we could observe the transition from large to small.

The project developed as it moved along and the many different materials turned into a majority of plastered surfaces in a variety of colors.

Mutual terrace

294

Reinventing cases / Orestad Nursing Home

295

VIA VERD E

296

297

298

Location:

New York, United States

Year:

2012

Architects:

Grimshaw + Dattner Architects

Reinventing cases / Via Verde

299

CONTEXT The Bronx, the northern-most of New York Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s boroughs, has been a part of New York City since the middle of the 19th century. It is one of the most densely populated counties in the country, even though almost a quarter of it is open space. Since its evolution from a rural area to an urban community in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Bronx has always been home to immigrant groups The neighborhood surrounding the Via Verde site is at the convergence of three urban renewal areas. With its cascading roof gardens and distinctive facade, it stands out among the other brick buildings and towers in the neighborhood. The building represents an attempt to demonstrate that density can be accomplished in a mixed-income development, using high quality design to overcome some of the problems of the past. It is also an example of a creative approach to the process of affordable housing design and development in New York.

VIA VERDE

SOUTH BRONX VIA VERDE

New York

300

Reinventing cases / Via Verde

301

TYPE

PLAN FLOOR

Institution

Area:

Number of Apartments: Residents:

26.900 sqm 222

from 550

Supported Living

1 - Floor Plans Studio Apartments

Assisted Living

Apart. with 1 bedroom Apart. with 2 or 3 bedrooms Common Shared Areas Commercial Spaces

Co-Housing

Shared Living

Independent Living

302

Reinventing cases / Via Verde

3B + 2Wc + K + Lv/D + Balc.

2B + Wc + K + Lv/D

2B + Wc + T + K + Lv

Reinventing cases / Via Verde

303

LEVELS Via Verde was one of the first buildings in New York to make use of the Active Design Guidelines, â&#x20AC;&#x153;a manual of strategies for creating healthier buildings, streets, and urban spaces, based on the latest academic research and best practices in the field,â&#x20AC;? published by the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene in 2010. The purpose is to use design to support increased levels of physical activity, in response to very high levels of related diseases including obesity and diabetes, both of which are a major problem in the South Bronx. These guidelines encourage the use of stairs over elevators by making stairways open, attractive and well-lit with electrical lights and daylight, and by placing them in prominent positions where they are encountered before elevators. They also encourage providing space and paths to increase walking. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s so colourfull! It makes me want to walk or go up stairs

Via Verde is considered to be a small community in and of itself, organized around shared common spaces and activities taking place in the courtyard and green roofs

Maybe I can check the vegetable garden see if the tomatoes are growing

Look How many kids there are!

Self-sufficient

Level of assistance Alone

Together

Level of cohabitation

304

Reinventing cases / Via Verde

305

GUIDELINES

ARCHITECTURAL RELEVANCE

Gui deli ne

Assessment

Gui deli ne

As s es s ment

min

Window

Signage and Wayfinding

Living spaces

Street Furniture

Accessibility

Entrance to Building

Common Spaces

Immediate Surroundings

min

Community Terrace

Accesible green roof

Amphitheatre Community Garden

Conifer Garden Orchard

Urban Farm

The green roofs incorporate a series of connected, habitable garden spaces that step up from the courtyard to the seventh floor and are designed and programmed for a variety of uses. They include an amphitheater, fir (evergreen) tree grove, an orchard with apple and pear trees, a vegetable garden and

306

Reinventing cases / Via Verde

a landscaped terrace adjacent to the fitness room. The initial proposal listed a primary care and health education center, case management and wellness services for seniors. There are no Via Verde offices or staff for these services, but health services are

offered by the Montefiore Medical Center which opened in the onsite retail space in 2013.

Reinventing cases / Via Verde

307

ARCHITECTURAL COMPETITION/AWARDS

Via Verde is the product of two architectural competitions that were a response to declining federal support for housing at the onset of the 21st century, which contributed to a significant shortage of affordable units in New York City. In 2005 a NHNY (New Housing New York) Steering Committee formed, which developed plans for a Legacy project to carry forward ideas from the first 2004 competition as criteria for affordable housing projects that would be implemented. The goal of this competition was to not only develop a design that could be built, but also one that could fundamentally change expectations for affordable housing in the eyes of the general public and, more specifically, the New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development. They hoped that the winning project would have a design worthy of serving as a model for the next generation of social housing in New York City.

“The project adresses the scale of urban housing needs with a large-scale intervention along with a commitment to active, healthy living”-

•

American Institute of Architects (AIA), Housing Awards, 2013

•

American Institute of Architects (AIA) / U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Secretary’s Housing and Community Design Award, Excellence in Affordable Housing Design, 2013

•

Society of American Registered Architects New York, Finalist, 2013

•

Urban Land Institute, Global Awards for Excellence, 2013

•

Urban Land Institute Terwilliger Center for Housing, Jack Kemp Workforce Housing Models of Excellence Award, 2012

•

American Society Architects, 2013

•

Big Apple Brownfield Green Building Award, 2012

•

Society for Marketing Professional Services, NY Industry Award, 2012

2013 Selection Committee

Landscape

Via Verde has clearly succeeded in transforming a site that might never have been seriously or intensely used, least of all for housing, into a desirable urban residential community. Moreover, it did so with an architectural style that is much admired, and in a way that inventively created opportunities for open and green space. Via Verde has also succeeded in providing a more fully articulated set of sustainable design features. As such, within the protected sphere of the building’s perimeter, residents enjoy far greater access to open spaces, trees and plant life, and opportunities for walking and physical activity than is common in affordable housing.

308

Reinventing cases / Via Verde

309

KALKBREITE

310

311

312

Location:

Zurich, Switzerland

Year:

2014

Architects:

MĂźller Sigrist Architekte

Reinventing cases / Kalkbreite

313

CONTEXT The Kalkbreite Cooperative, founded in June 2007, obtained a building permit for the Kalkbreite site from the City of Zurich in September 2007. The decisive factor was that the project integrates the site into the urban context both structurally and socially, facilitating its growth into a lively center. Not long afterwards, responsible members of the Cooperative began developing the cooperative structures, strengthening the financial foundation and designing the space allocation plan. On the lower three floors (ground floor, mezzanine, 1st floor), which border on the inside of the tram hall, there are catering and retail areas as well as offices and services. The commercial spaces range between 25mÂ˛ and 520mÂ˛ in size and vary from one to three storeys high at different room heights. Some spaces even have galleries.

KALKBREITE

DISTRICT 4 KALKBREITE

Zurich

314

Reinventing cases / Kaklbreite

Reinventing cases / Kalkbreite

315

TYPE

PLAN FLOOR

Institution

Area:

22.900 sqm

Number of Apartments: Residents:

up to 250

Supported Living

1 - Floor 3 Single rooms with bathroom

Assisted Living

Studio Apartments Apart. with 1 bedroom Apart. with 2 or 3 bedrooms Apart. with more than 3 bedrooms Common Shared Areas Commercial Spaces

Co-Housing

Shared Living

Independent Living 2 - Floor 2

316

Reinventing cases / Kaklbreite

3 - Floor 4

4 - Floor 5

Reinventing cases / Kalkbreite

317

LEVELS Müller Sigrist’s design for the Kalkbreite cooperative orchestrates a skillful expression of complex programmatic function that manipulates views. The public street, stair, courtyard, roof terraces, and inner street stage a sequence of differentiated ascending spaces that emphasize viewing at multiple spatial levels. The sequence invites exchange, both externally with those in the surrounding neighborhood and internally for its inhabitants By targeting a mix of inhabitants and the inclusion of alternative configurations of living, the social tolerance that Kalkbreite fosters benefits the economic development of the city at large. The Kalkbreite acts as a social condenser, where practicing tolerance is part and parcel of sharing common territory and forms of ‘civic urbanity’ beneficial to an open society.

Self-sufficient

Its so family friendly Its so family friendly in here! in here!

What should I What cook should I cook today for all today for all roomates? roomates?

I love being able I love to being able to walk around and walk around and meet everyonemeet everyone

Those are the Those next are the next door kids, theydoor are kids, so they are so nice! nice!

Mental/mobility difficulties

Level of assistance Alone

Together

Community

Level of cohabitation

318

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Reinventing cases / Kalkbreite

319

ARCHITECTURAL RELEVANCE B=bedroom

Apartment types

Wc=bathroom

T=Toilette

Lv=Living

K=Kitchen

Ba=Balcony

St=Storage

Plr=Playroom

3B + Wc + T + Lv + K

3B + Wc + T + 1St + Lv + K + Ba

2B + Wc + Lv + K + Ba

4B + 2Wc + 1St + Lv + K + Ba

7B + 2Wc + T + Lv + K + Ba

2B + Wc + Lv + K + Ba

B/Lv + Wc + K

2B + Wc + Lv + K + St

B/Lv + Wc + K

B + Wc + Lv + K + Ba

3B + Wc + T + Lv + K

5B + 2Wc + T + 2Plr + Lv + K + Ba

5B + 2Wc + Lv + K

4B + 2Wc + T + Lv + K + Ba

B + Lv + K

B/Lv + Wc + K

5B + 2Wc + Lv + K

2B + Wc + Lv + K + Ba

3B + Wc + T + Lv + K 2B + Wc + Lv + K

B + Wc

6B + 2Wc + T + Lv + K

3B + Wc + Lv + K

4B + 2Wc + Lv + K

8B + 3Wc + K + St(Sh)

B + Wc + Lv + K

320

Reinventing cases / Kaklbreite

6B + 3Wc + Lv + K + Ba

B + Wc + K

B + Wc + Lv + K

Reinventing cases / Kalkbreite

321

GUIDELINES Guideline

ARCHITECTURAL COMPETITION Assessm ent

Window

Signage and Wayfinding

Living spaces

Street Furniture

Accessibility

Entrance to Building

Common Spaces

Immediate Surroundings

The Kalkbreite residence offers a wide range of spaces for living, working and culture. The complex is serving as a model for new dwelling forms, offering high flexibility and a variety of housing types. The circulation inside is staggered, helping to break up the large building into distinct units of housing and working spaces. In the event of life changes, it is possible

322

Guideline

Reinventing cases / Kaklbreite

for residents to switch apartments within the cooperative, which in turn prevents under-occupancy. The cooperative employs a caretaker, and a number of on-site services are provided to residents and others in the neighbourhood. Communal facilities compensate to some degree for the lack of private living

As s e s s me nt

space (32m2 per person). Rooms and functions normally used for temporary occasions are taken out of peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s homes and put in rentable units elsewhere in the building.

In a participatory process, interested Cooperative members worked in groups to define a concept for the architectural competition. The space allocation plan was to be flexible and modular so that it can easily be adapted to future needs. In addition, it was agreed that several units of different sizes and for a range of purposes should be created.

The new spatial qualities and functionalities created greatly reduce individual living space requirements and favor communal space both indoors and outdoors

The planned buildings were to be smartly connected, flexible and modular. The space allocation plan of the competition was to be easily adaptable to changing needs or to new uses that may arise up to the start of construction or after occupation. This included a suitable accessibility concept, simple statics and a continuous simple system for home technology. In February 2009, MĂźller Sigrist Architekten AG was chosen as the winner of the competition with its ARPA project.

Reinventing cases / Kalkbreite

323

KAMPUNG ADMIRALTY 324

325

326

Location:

Singapore, Singapore

Year:

2017

Architects:

WOHA Architects

Reinventing cases / Kampung Admiralty

327

CONTEXT As part of the Singapore Governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s effort to transform housing and healthcare, Kampung Admiralty is the nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first public housing innovation for seniors aged 55 years and above. It integrates residential with healthcare, recreational and commercial facilities. Set amidst a lush green environment and offering Universal Design elements, this modern kampung (a Malay word which means village) serves as a onestop hub that helps senior citizens age-in-place, encouraging them to live active and healthy lives through its innovative design, communal spaces and sustainable features.

WOODLANDS

KAMPUNG ADMIRALTY

The location of the site, in the northern part of Singapore next to Admiralty Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station in Woodlands town, presented an opportunity to introduce innovative land use strategies, such as the vertical integration of various facilities under one roof.

Singapore

328

Reinventing cases / Kampung Admiralty

329

TYPE

PLAN FLOOR

Institution

Area:

Number of Apartments: Residents:

Supported Living

32.500 sqm 104

up to 200

1 - Floor 9 1 Bedroom Apartments Common Shared Areas

Assisted Living

Co-Housing

Shared Living

Independent Living

330

Reinventing cases / Kampung Admiralty

B + Wc + K + Lv/D

Reinventing cases / Kampung Admiralty

331

LEVELS WOHA devised a vertical village comprised of three ‘strata’. The lower level accommodates a community plaza, with a medical center above, and the upper storey features a community park with living accommodation for senior citizens. A key feature is the fully sheltered Community Plaza on the ground level, an ideal venue for large scale fitness activities, performances, festivities and so on. Within the development, a childcare centre is co-located with an Active Aging Hub, which provides care services for seniors in the vicinity. The Community Park and a playground are located in front of the two centres, so the young and old can interact and bond when using these facilities. At the AAH, active ageing and preventive health programmes help keep seniors healthy and safe. A community nurse is on site to check the senior’s vitals and advise seniors, referring them to specialised care if necessary. On the 3rd and 4th level, the Admiralty Medical Centre provides one-stop, comprehensive medical services. A Community Farm is also located on the rooftop, where residents bond over gardening activities. “Buddy benches”, designed to encourage residents to sit together and socialise, are strategically placed at entrance points. Self-sufficient

I will rest 10 min, and then I can keep walking around here for another 20 min

There’s a cooking activity in the seniors HUB..I will check it

Its like a big park inside a building!

Mental/mobility difficulties

Level of assistance Alone

Together

Community

Level of cohabitation

332

Reinventing cases / Kampung Admiralty

333

ARCHITECTURAL RELEVANCE

COMMUNITY GARDEN Studio Apartments

TERRACES FITNESS & PLAYGROUND

Childcare Centre Active Aging Hub

Medical Centre

Food Centre

Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Plaza / Retail

334

Reinventing cases / Kampung Admiralty

335

GUIDELINES Guideline

ARCHITECTURAL AWARDS Assessm ent

Guideline

Window

Signage and Wayfinding

Living spaces

Street Furniture

Accessibility

Entrance to Building

Common Spaces

Immediate Surroundings

As s e s s me nt

At Kampung the units are in move-in condition, complete with finishes and fittings carefully chosen to provide the elderly with a safe and comfortable living environment. For example: • Resilient (vinyl) strip flooring has been chosen for its slip- and moistureresistant quality. It is safe, durable and easy to clean. • Elderly-friendly and safety features, such as grab bars, a ramp at the entrance of the unit and bigger switches, are also provided to aid mobility and ageing-in-place. • The kitchen has induction hob, chosen as a safer and cleaner option. Unlike conventional gas or electric stoves, induction hobs do not involve open flames for cooking, eliminating the risk of fire or gas leakage. The cooking zone also cools down faster and is easier to clean.

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Reinventing cases / Kampung Admiralty

WOHA’s Kampung Admiralty in Singapore has been named the 2018 World Building of the Year at the World Architecture Festival (WAF) in Amsterdam. The project beat 535 others which were shortlisted from 57 countries. ‘the judges admired the project for the way in which it dealt with the universal condition of longevity and health treatments, social housing provision, and commercial space, which enabled substantial public realm benefits,’ said Paul Finch, programme director of the World Architecture Festival. ‘this hybrid building also incorporates a huge amount of greenery (more than 100% of its footprint) in a series of layered levels which have generated welcome biodiversity.’ In the topic of landscape, the design by Ramboll Studio Driestl has won several awards for its integration of blue-green infrastructure throughout the built form.Moreover, the project has won several local Housing and Development Board (HDB) awards in design and construction.

WOW! The jury felt this was a project with potential lessons for cities and countries around the world

Reinventing cases / Kampung Admiralty

337

BAYVIEW SENIOR SERVICES 338

339

340

Location:

San Francisco, United States

Year:

2018

Architects:

David Baker Architects

Reinventing cases / Bayview Senior Services

341

CONTEXT The Dr George Davis Senior Building is located in Bayview-Hunters Point, a historic African-American neighbourhood in San Francisco. The building is named after the late executive director of Bayview Senior Services, who worked to create an affordable housing complex in the area for senior residents. “This vibrant building is the realisation of a multi-decade dream pursued by the late Dr George W Davis – a community activist and head of Bayview Senior Services – to build housing and a community hub that would support seniors to age in place in this under-served San Francisco neighbourhood,” said local firm David Baker Architects. The African-American heritage was a trace in the design process, the architects took cues from West African culture while conceiving this affordable housing complex for people aged 62 or older. “The bustling new centre serves as a social hub and meeting place – a true community centre where seniors can relax, catch up with friends and neighbours, play pool and dominoes, and drink coffee,” the team said. “The commercial kitchen serves more than 500 lunches daily.”

DR. GEORGE W. DAVIS SENIOR CENTER

BAYVIEW

DR. GEORGE W. DAVIS SENIOR CENTER

San Francisco

342

Reinventing cases / Bayview Senior Services

343

TYPE

PLAN FLOOR

Area:

Number of Apartments:

Institution

Supported Living

Residents:

31.400 sqm 121

up to 240

Typical plan flroor Apart. with 1 bedroom Apart. with 2 bedroom Common Shared Areas

Assited Living

Co-Housing

Shared Living

Independent Living

344

Reinventing cases / Bayview Senior Services

B + Wc + K + Lv/D

2B + 2Wc + K + Lv/D + Ba

Reinventing cases / Bayview Senior Services

345

LEVELS The building contains 121 one- and two-bedroom apartments that are available to low-income people aged 62 years or older. Twenty-three of the apartments are reserved for seniors who were chronically homeless, and two units are dedicated to elderly residents who were formerly incarcerated. The apartments are dispersed across four levels, with each floor containing a laundry room and lounges. Additional tenant amenities include a fitness center, a common area with a fireplace, an event kitchen, and a soon-to-open beauty salon. Onsite staff members provide a range of social services and case management. The complex also contains a 1,301-square-metre community center that can be used by all seniors in the neighborhood. Situated on the ground floor of the west wing, the center offers classrooms, a commercial kitchen, lounges and other spaces where seniors can socialize. The heart of the complex is a landscaped courtyard, with pavings and plantings influenced by West African fractal patterns â&#x20AC;&#x201C; one of many references to the regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s culture that was incorporated into the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s design and decor.

Self-sufficient

I feel identify with this building, it represent my culture !

INCREDIBLE ! that from 4,000 applicantions mine was taken, that highlight the critical need for affordable senior housing

A truly hub for elderlies to be reunited after years of separation, we can play dominoes and drink cofee

Mental/mobility difficulties

Level of assistance Alone

Together

Level of cohabitation

346

Reinventing cases / Bayview Senior Services

347

GUIDELINES

ARCHITECTURAL RELEVANCE

Building image to the community

Gui deli ne

Based on the desires and sense of identity of the local community, the building incorporates a work facade inspired on African design elements.

Assessment

Gui deli ne

Window

Signage and Wayfinding

Living spaces

Street Furniture

Accessibility

Entrance to Building

Common Spaces

Immediate Surroundings

As s es s ment

A right use of windows layout that allows senior to have a dynamic and interactive continous sight to its surroundings. Even those residents with a high level of dependency can have different views from its bed.

The complex consists of two bars connected by a sculptural central volume. The curved natural organic form of the central tower marks the entrance to to the building, straight way so seniors know where to access.

The colour blocking on the facades takes inspiration from Malian mud cloth, a type of handmade fabric that is often dyed with fermented mud. Other aspects of the building allude to rural West African villages.

348

Reinventing cases / Bayview Senior Services

349

PRACTICES 350

How an architecture practice can promote aging in place with essential solutions allowing the different generation to live together and to collaborate between them in the key moments of a lifetime cycle as the birth of the offspring and anticipate a dependency.

How can I best support aging family members when I live in a city with minimal housing options?

Practices / Methodology

351

INTERGENERATIONAL HOUSING Until the Second World War, intergenerational living was a common phenomenon in The Netherlands. With the advent of the Welfare State in the 60â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and 70â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, it became possible - and common - for families to split up geographically. Changing political and economic times now require Western societies to reconsider this situation. Contemplating this new paradigm where generations must once more look out for one another, a family comprising of two households decides to build a house together. While the younger couple already lives in the city, the Grandparents were keen on moving back to the vicinity of urban amenities.

352

Practices / Intergenerational House

The goal of the project was to create a building where both families could enjoy each otherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s company without sacrificing the advantages of private family life. As such two separate apartments are stacked on top of one another with the only connection being a communal entrance. While the project anticipates a greater dependency of the Grandparents, the immediate advantage of the close proximity of the two families is enjoyed through activities such as running errands, shared social gatherings and the occasional daycare for the children. For this mini-apartment building a concept was devised that would allow the building to accommodate

changing spatial demands over time. The bottom apartment has an office and a direct relationship with the garden, making it ideal for a working family with young children. The elderly couple occupies the top apartment with generous views.

Amsterdam - Netherlands, 2018 Architect: BETA office

Practices / Intergenerational House

353

ADAPTING WITH TIME

I Stage

Apartment 1 Independent

Apartment 2

Independent

II Stage Dependent

Independent

III Stage Independent

Independent

354

Practices / Intergenerational House

355

GRANNY PAD The Granny Pad was commissioned when the family were struggling to find housing for their ageing grandmother. The clients could not afford to relocate to a larger house in Seattle’s competitive housing market, so the conversion provided a cost-effective alternative. ”The residential addition was built to give the ageing family member a safe and well-designed home, bring childcare to the growing family, and to maintain privacy for everyone involved,” said architecture studio Best Practice. “They also considered future uses of the space as a possible rental unit, studio, office or other incomegenerating projects for the family,”

356

Practices / Granny Pad

Seatle - United States, 2018 Architect: Best Practice Architecture

Practices / Granny Pad

357

ADAPTING WITH TIME

I Stage Starting situation where the family propose how to help an aging family member

II Stage Win-win situation where the senior inhabitant brings childcare to the existent family and anticipate his dependency

III Stage Future use that could accommodate a new tenant, belonging to the family or alien to it as a new rental house

358

Practices / Granny Pad

359

EXHIBITIONS

CONFERENCE

360

The Aging topic has been of interest in recent decades among university students and scholars. Understanding how this subject is addressed at different scales and points of view helps to have a more integral comprehension on the topic regarding its architectural implications. Five different events will be shown, from the less recent one in 2002, to the most recent one in 2019. Each one approach the topic of friendly housing -design in different ways, magnitudes and perspectives. Some of them has it as the main topic and in other cases just represent a portion of the discussion. This serie of conferences & exhibitions goes through, global awarness, policies, design guidelines, market, and finally , historical and contemporary existing projects, all of them approaching afforadable senior housing.

Letâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hear what differents experts and steakholders have to say...

Conferences & Exhibition / Methodology

361

SECOND WOLRD ASSEMBLY ON AGEING 2002

CONFERENCE RESOLUTION

Objective related to elderly housing

The Second World Assembly on Ageing (WAA) was held in Madrid, Spain, from 8 to 12 April 2002. Over 150 states were represented at the Assembly along with a number of United Nations bodies and programmes, specialised and related organisations and intergovernmental organisations. The government of Spain hosted the WAA, which was opened by Kofi Anan, the SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations. The purpose of the WAA was to finalise and adopt a Political Declaration and an International

Plan of Action on Ageing. From all the 35 objectives that were set on the conference 3 of them mentioned the elderly housing topic. I Objective Integration of older migrants within their new communities : (d) Encourage housing design to promote intergenerational living, where culturally appropriate and individually desired; II Objective - Maintenance of max functional capacity throughout the life course and promotion of the

full participation of older persons with disabilities : (f ) Encourage the development of housing options for older persons with disabilities that reduce barriers to and encourage indep. and, where possible, make public spaces, transportation and other services, accessible to them; III Objective - Promotion of â&#x20AC;&#x153;ageing in placeâ&#x20AC;? in the community with due regard to individual preferences and affordable housing options for older persons :

Senior SENIOR Inmigrants INMIGRANTS

WAA

Ageing AGEING IN in place

PLACE

2nd World Assembly on Ageing 2002

Senior SENIOR WITH with DISABILITIES disabilities

Madrid - Spain, April 2002 Author: United Nation

(e) Promote equitable allocation of public housing for older persons; (f ) Link affordable housing with social support services to ensure the integration of living arrangements, long-term care and opportunities for social interaction; (g) Encourage age-friendly and accessible housing design and ensure

362

Conferences & Exhibition / Second World Assembly on Ageing 2002

easy access to public buildings and spaces; (h) Provide older persons, their families and caregivers with timely and effective information and advice on the housing options available to them; (i) Ensure that housing provided for older persons takes appropriate account of their care and cultural needs.

The proposed 2002 plan of action would call for changes in attitudes, policies and practices at all levels in all sectors, so that the enormous potential of ageing in the twenty-first century may be fulfilled.

Conferences & Exhibition / Second World Assembly on Ageing 2002

363

CITTA 5TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON PLANNING RESEARCH: PLANNING AND AGEING CITTA - the Research Centre for Territory, Transport and Environment â&#x20AC;&#x201C; organized its 5th Annual Conference, on the theme Planning and Ageing: Think, Act and Share Age-friendly Cities, took place at the Faculty of Engineering of University of Oporto, on 18th May of 2002. The conference offered the opportunity to discuss the development of new approaches centred on the city and ageing. It emphasized the importance of planning services and

infrastructures for all ages, changing patterns of behaviour, taking account the life-style and expectations of new generations of older people. The theme of the conference had the capacity to join papers from different research interests and fields of knowledge, focusing on diverse topics like: urban policies, social patterns and behaviours, urban design, mobility and transports, urban infrastructures and services.

The conference was parallel sessions.

CONFERENCE RESOLUTION

Sessionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Topic

Urban policies Urban policies

based in four

Session A : It included five papers organizing under the heading Urban Policies and Ageing, focusing on urban policies and (new) agendas regarding better results in the planning of services and infrastructures for all ages. Session papers

B : under

Gathered eight the heading

CITTA Research Centre for Territory, Transport and Environment - 5th Conference

friendly environFriendly ments environments

Oporto - Portugal, May 2002 Author: The research centre for territory, transports and enviroment

New paradigms New paradigms

Inclusive Communities - Tools and Approaches, highlighting new opportunities and solutions for building inclusive communities; Session C : included six papers under the heading Designing Age-Friendly Environments, addressing how age friendly design can support active living, healthy environments and

364

Conferences & Exhibition / CIITA 5th annaul conference on planning research: Planning and ageing

Inclusive commuInclusive nities communities

social connectedness for all citizens and ages; Session D : Organized with seven papers under the heading New Paradigms for Ageing Cities, discussing the need to shift the planning paradigm facing the new challenges of ageing cities.

Conferences & Exhibition / CIITA 5th annaul conference on planning research: Planning and ageing

365

AGIGN IN PLACE GUIDE FOR BUILDING OWNERS

CONFERENCE RESOLUTION

Arguments reviewed

On November of 2017 was celebrated the creation and publication of translated versions, in Spanish and Mandarin, of the Aging in Place Guide for Building Owners, which was created in 2016 by the NYC Department for the Aging with the assistance of AIA New York. The “Aging in Place Guide for Building Owners,” created through a collaboration of the New York City Department for the Aging and the American Institute of Architects

New York Design for Aging Committee, recommends residential building upgrades to accommodate older tenants. By making these improvements, building owners can help residents remain in their homes as they age – safely, comfortably, and independently. While the recommendations are made with seniors in mind, many of the suggested improvements would make buildings and apartments more livable for residents of all ages.

A panel discussion reviewed the four arguments discussed in the book.

Throughout the

Building building

I Argument - Throughout the building : Based on the strategies that can help to make the interior and exterior building II Argument - Building entry and exterior areas : mentions that all residents should be able to move comfortably and safely from outdoors to their apartments.

Building entry and Exterior exterior areas areas

AGB

Agign in place guide for building owners

Interior common Interior areas

areas

New York - United States, November 2017 Author: Sustainable Space for Seniors Design for Aging and the Environment

–

Aparments

Apartments

III Argument - Interior common areas : states Well-designed common areas can encourage socializing and reduce feelings of isolation. The recommendations below are for the most typical apartment building common areas.

366

Conferences & Exhibition / Ageing in place guide for building owners

IV Argument - Apartments : Apartment renovations can help improve quality of life, especially for residents who are not fully mobile, and can prevent falls in the bathroom and other areas.

The panel concluded how different countries and cultures addressed the needs of their senior populations, also the importance of awareness by governments and architects on the meaning and importance of universal design and what were the benefits of aging in place, both for seniors and for society as a whole.

Conferences & Exhibition / Ageing in place guide for building owners

367

SUSTAINABLE SPACE FOR SENIORS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; DESIGN FOR AGING AND THE ENVIRONMENT

CONFERENCE RESOLUTION

Key topics

On May 1st, 2018, Steven Winter, founder and chairman of Steven Winter Associates (SWA), and Harold Bravo, Accessibility Consulting Director at SWA, moderated an event at the Hafele Showroom to discuss senior housing in New York City and its relation to accessible and sustainable design. The event was organized jointly by the AIANY Design for Aging Committee and the AIANY Committee on the Environment.

A panel of experts presented perspectives from architecture, real estate development, and municipal government. The first key topic of discussion was the affordable housing stock currently available for seniors and the high demand for such buildings. Kleo J. King pointed out that over the last decade, the number of New Yorkers over 65 years old has grown approximately 20% and now

comprises almost 15% of the total population. This increase in the aging population has created a rising interest in affordable senior housing options and the possibility of aging in place. Isaac Henderson also highlighted the lack of affordable senior housing and that the City and several real estate developers are working hard to provide more housing options to seniors.

Stock of afford-

Senior able housing Housing available for market seniors

SSS

Sustainable space for seniors â&#x20AC;&#x201C; design for aging and the environment

Showcase of

senior housing Projects in New York projects located in NY

New York - United States, Jun 2018 Author: Steven winter associates

The second key topic was pointed out by Rich Rosen and Jack Esterson, a showcase of senior housing projects located in the Bronx and in Brooklyn, respectively. Henderson provided also an overview of the Essex Crossing project, which includes two affordable buildings for senior residents and seeks to meet the needs of aging New Yorkers.

368

Conferences & Exhibition / Sustainable space for seniors-design for aging and the environment

New York City certainly presents wonderful opportunities for its residents. Its dense urban environment, far reaching transportation options, and access to many services, amenities, and cultural places offers endless possibilities to live an active life. Aging New Yorkers can benefit greatly from living in their city, especially when both accessible and sustainable design are employed

by architects and developers. This allows seniors the opportunity to age in their own homes, to remain part of the community that they have helped shape, to benefit from programs that enable them to live a healthy and fulfilling life, and to find affordable housing that suits their needs.

Conferences & Exhibition / Sustainable space for seniors-design for aging and the environment

369

BARCELONA HOUSING & REHABILITATION FORUM

CONFERENCE RESOLUTION

Presentations’ Themes

The Barcelona Housing and Rehabilitation Forum (FHAR) is an initiative of the Municipal Institute of Housing and Rehabilitation (IMHAB) of the Barcelona City Council organized with the objective of bringing together professionals from the sector, public and private, to discuss, work and Value the future of the right to housing in the city. The FHAR program has been organized from five broad areas: planning housing policies; create

and rethink the affordable housing stock, respond to the emergency, co-produce with other agents and regulate the market. On the area of responding to the emergency, “Intergenerational housing. Approaches to the different vital needs” was the title of the round table which had three main speakers that present their experience in the design or promotion of intergenerational housing.

I Presentation - Different experiences in the Neatherlands : Fernández explained that in Holland there are some long-standing housing associations that enjoy a series of economic and fiscal advantages by the State. Among the examples of intergenerational homes we find a building built in 1976 that, initially, was only inhabited by young people, that later become an intergenerational housing.

Different experi-

Netherlands’ ences in The experience Netherlands

FHAR

The sum of Seniors + old and young people young people

Foro de vivienda y rehabilitación de Barcelona

Society changes, Society housing too changes

Barcelona - Spain, March 2019 Author: Institut Municipal de l’Habitatge i Rehabilitació

II Presentation - The sum of old and young people : Gaspar Mayor has been in charge of explaining the intergenerational rental housing project that have been carried out in Alicante where can be found young people under 35 years old living with elderlies.

370

Conferences & Exhibition / Barcelona Housing & Rehabilitation Forum

II Presentation - Society changes, housing too : Zaida Muxí states ‘‘... society is increasingly diverse and changing, family groups have changed...’’ Muxí has released the example in Spain of a new neighborhood created with women in mind, which entailed mixing uses

in the same complex, and that it brings together a shopping area, a nursery, an educational center. Architects must rethink how we live and understanding the needs of different groups in order to anticipate trends.

Conferences & Exhibition / Barcelona Housing & Rehabilitation Forum

371

ARCHITECTURAL QUALITY

372

373

B EAUTY IN

Many designers, succeeding in the designing of a space that was generally considered successful in functional and aesthetic terms, tried to give rules to be respected in order to obtain a quality architectural project; think, for example, of the five points of Le Corbusierâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s architecture, with which the architect intended to provide a list of actions to be appealed to in order to innovate modern architecture in a positive way. Unfortunately, however, compliance with rules such as these does not always lead mathematically to the creation of a high-quality architecture. What then determines the aesthetic value of a space? What is Beauty in architecture? Since ancient times, researchers like Vitruvius have defined this concept, expressing its complexity. Vitruvius himself in his De Architetturae (I, III, 2) writes: â&#x20AC;&#x153;in every construction, account must be taken of solidity, usefulness, venusty. Solidity is achieved when the foundations are based on hard work, and good materials are used without avarice; usefulness requires that the construction meets its purpose, and everything is put in its place; venusty, or grace, when the appearance of the work pleases for its elegance and when the mutual commensurability of the parts is established by regular and prudent calculations of symmetriesâ&#x20AC;?.

374

A RC H I TE CTU RE ?

W H AT I S

Architectural Quality / Beauty

375

We note the distinction between firmitas and utilitas, on the one hand, and venustas, on the other, the one rational knowledge, the other sensitive knowledge; as well as the fact that the Roman treatise also gives a rule to achieve beauty in architecture, that is, that reference to symmetry. Still in more recent times these are key themes in aesthetic research, as Dostoevsky writes in his L’Idiota: “Good, if divided from Truth and Beauty, is only an indefinite feeling, an impulse without strength; and Beauty without Good and Truth is only an idol. Beauty is that same Good and that same Truth embodied in a living and concrete form”. The author writes of a living and concrete form, which can be declined to indicate the places of man, the spaces in which he moves and lives: it is important and necessary to think of buildings in the light not of an ideal beauty that would deny the inseparable pact between Good and Truth, but of one that takes into account man, time and his objects. Architecture is suited to this task for at least two reasons, apparently obvious, but which in reality are not, because the evidence of the degradation of certain environments shows how the art of building suffers from an inappropriate ideality and perhaps from a presumption of greatness that falls on the quality of social and individual life: first, its humanistic ancestry as it deals with man in relation to space; secondly, all the means, from design to execution, which it uses to build places for living. The concept of beauty is therefore articulated in an abstract form of concept and in a more concrete form and space, and therefore Architecture: because the art of building is in close relationship with nature and with the spirit of man. As Renzo Piano says: “Architecture is the art of giving shelter to man’s activities: living, working, caring, teaching and, of course, being together. It is therefore also the art of building the city and its spaces, such as streets, squares, bridges and gardens. And, inside the city, the meeting places. Those meeting places that give the city its social and cultural function. But of course that’s not all. Because architecture is also a vision of the world. Architecture can only be humanist, because the city with its buildings is a way of seeing, building and changing the world. And then architecture is a yearning for that beautiful thing that is beauty.” When is a space considered of quality from an architectural point of view? Perhaps a unique answer does not exist, aesthetic judgement is something personal and changes in every human being. Yet some architectures are universally recognized as being of quality, because they respect the above mentioned canons: they satisfy both the abstract and the concrete.

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Architectural Quality / Beauty

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HOUSING FOR THE

ELDERLY

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Designed by: Dominique Coulon & AssociĂŠs Location: Huningue, France Client: Ville de Huningue Floor area: 3932 mq Year of Completion: 2018 Submitted for: Co-Living Complex of the Year Award: Frame Awards

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Architectural Quality / Housing for the Elderly

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about the project This housing for elderly people is located on the banks of the Rhine. The location of the site allowed the architecht to turn the common areas and the hall towards the river: the residents can enjoy the choreography of passing boats. The programme consists of 50 sq.m. units, a restaurant in three sections, a computer room, a hobby workshop, a vegetable garden, and an area for playing pĂŠtanque. Everything is organised to foster relations among the

residents. Collective living spaces are as generous as possible, with abundant natural light. The staircase stands at the centre of the building, in order to make it unavoidable: in combination with the wide central space, it invites mobility.

Red concrete, terracotta and wood produce a benevolent atmosphere. Outside, the building is enveloped in brick on all sides. By emphasising its rustic port setting, the building connects itself to the history of the Rhine.

Upstairs, the patio brings light from the south into the heart of the building thanks to the white volume inside that seems suspended: it deconstructs the empty space.

why it is unique The exceptional situation of the site: the building is located on the bank of the Rhine, so that from the private rooms it is possible to enjoy a beautiful view on the boats sailing the river.

Choice of materials producing a homely, warm atmosphere; Interiors: in the dwelling, a smart solution to divide the night zone from the day zone is designed.

Abundance of natural light obtained with the study of the material used in the facade, and with the patio and thanks to the white volume inside that seems suspended;

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Architectural Quality / Housing for the Elderly

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DAY CARE CENTRE 384

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Designed by: studio VRA Location: Benavente, Spain Client: Asociaciรณn de Familiares y Enfermos de Alzheimer de Benavente y Comarca Floor area: 1470 sqm (Built Area) + 2999 sqm (Outdoor Area) Year of Completion: 2017 Submitted for: Architectural Design / Healthcare Architecture Award: Architecture Masterprize

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Architectural Quality / Day Care Centre

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about the project The new Day Care Center for People with Alzheimerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Disease in Benavente (Spain), arises from the aging of the regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population. The context and the functionality motivated the positioning of the building in the upper part of the plot, in order to facilitate a stratum of it to rotate and tear the slope to create a new plain area. Thus, a new line of the horizon is created, which not only symbolizes the synergy of the community in the face of this disease but also creates a dialogue

with the landscape. Once on the surface, the emerging stratum is excavated to house the different spaces. These are divided into four zones according to their degrees of privacy and use. On the one hand, two large retaining walls extend outwards to mark the entrance and separate the public spaces (differentiated as administrative and multipurpose areas) from the private ones. While the latter are articulated around two corridors of great width, their diversity assists in spatially orienting visitors.

All of them are designed according to the specific needs of people with Alzheimerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s disease. Thus, it is designed with a clear and resounding scheme that optimizes the operation of the building, allowing for simple, simultaneous and independent use of the different areas, and a maximized use of its energy resources.

why it is unique The location of the project: it is erected between hills, valley and and plains, with a historic condition of crossing roads, and some of the main arterial roads of the country. The design elements chosen, help to qualify the space and make it more recognizable: for example, the continuity of the railings in the corridors, the courtyards (classrooms) that allow inhabitants to engage in activities while in clean air and natural lighting, or the use of materials that improve the

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Architectural Quality / Day Care Centre

comfort of the user and the use of the Center. In this sense, the classrooms gain importance for their position, and for their use of the large windows that connect the excavated space to the landscape.

Architectural Quality / Day Care Centre

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WALUMBA ELDERS C.

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Designed by: Iredale Pedersen Hook Architects Location: Warmun, Australia Client: Building Management and Works, the Department of Finance and the Warmun Community Floor area: 929 sqm - 2322 sqm Year of Completion: 2014 Submitted for: Public Architecture / Health centre Awards: Architecture Masterprize/ 2015 WA Architecture Awards / international 2016 Architecture of Necessity triennial

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Architectural Quality / Walumba Elders Centre

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about the project The building was sited adjacent to the community school â&#x20AC;&#x201C; to act as a focal point for bringing the community back together and to aid in the transmission of the unique Aboriginal Lore, Gija Language and cultural knowledge to the younger members of the community. The facility provides self care accommodation to some residents and high-level care to others. To avoid potential future flooding activity the centre is built 2.4 metres above the natural ground level and is conceptually linked with the

idea of a bridge. The concept relates to bridge not only as physical infrastructure but also as passage of knowledge between generations and as a place of care and respite before the possibility of passing from this existence to the next. The unequivocal beauty of this project lies in its ability to distil a renewed sense of whumanity within the greater community, encouraging care and sensitivity beyond the bounds of this project. The Walumba Elderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Centre reframes our societal

constructs of aged care, from the all too frequent place of isolation and depression towards a central role in the community, allowing elders to age gracefully while nurturing the sacred inter-generational transfer of culture, knowledge and history.

why it is unique The facility manages factors inherent in Aboriginal culture such as balancing privacy, gender separation, supporting cultural activities including ceremonies that may involve fire and smoke (...) High levels of natural light are desired by the users, and the pavilions are spaced to provide breeze paths across activity areas to provide for natural cooling.

a continuous flow pump and cooling is obtained via DX Split ACs with reed switches to openings and run-down timers on all units to ensure system shutdowns. The landscape is continually celebrated through the built form, with bedrooms overlooking tree canopies and outdoor fire-pits designed for the community to cook bush foods and partake in traditional ceremonies.

Low energy level: long life LED lamps, water heating via Solar Hot water system with

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Architectural Quality / Walumba Elders Centre

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KAMPUNG ADMIRALTY 396

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Designed by: WOHA Location: Singapore Client: Building Management and Works, the Department of Finance and the Warmun Community 8981 mq Floor area: 8981 mq Year of Completion: 2017 Submitted for: Building of the Year Award: World Architecture Festival

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Architectural Quality / Kampung Admiralty

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about the project Kampung Admiralty is Singapore’s first integrated public development that brings together a mix of public facilities and services under one roof. This one-stop integrated complex, maximises land use, and is a prototype for meeting the needs of Singapore’s ageing population. Located on a tight 0.9Ha site with a height limit of 45m, the scheme builds upon a layered ‘club sandwich’ approach. The building is organised in three layers: The lower levels contain the People’s Plaza, a “community living room” with shops,

eateries, and access to a tropical garden. The medical centre is located in the middle floors, while the topmost layer contains studio apartments, as well as the green spaces. These three distinct stratums juxtapose the various building uses to foster diversity of cross-programming and frees up the ground level for activity generators. The close proximity to healthcare, social, commercial and other amenities support inter-generational bonding and promote active ageing in place. The Community Plaza is a fully public, porous and

pedestrianised ground plane, designed as a community living room. A total of 104 apartments are provided in two 11-storey blocks for elderly singles or couples. “Buddy benches” at shared entrances encourage seniors to come out of their homes and interact with their neighbours. The units adopt universal design principles and are designed for natural cross ventilation and optimum daylight.

why it is unique The amount of green space on the building greater than the building’s overall footprint. This includes small farm plots for residents to tend to, organised as part of a “village green” at the centre of the 11 housing blocks.

to layer a series of buildings rather than separating them into separate tall blocks,” said WAF director Paul Finch.

“This is a project that does something necessary in an intelligent fashion from the way it connects to transport to its natural ventilation strategy, all benefitting from a decision

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Architectural Quality / Kampung Admiralty

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NURSING HOME 402

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Designed by: Dominique Coulon & AssociĂŠs Location: Pont-sur-Yonne (France) Client: Maison de retraite LAMY-DELETTREZ Floor area: 5350 mq Year of Completion: 2014

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Architectural Quality / Nursing Home

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about the project The building completed by Dominique Coulon & associĂŠs blends into the sloping landscape of Pont-sur-Yonne. The dark blocks house the 96 rooms: the main entrance is arranged around a courtyard resembling a village square, facing the Yonne valley. There are views of the scenery on all sides, the terraces look towards the river. The common areas of the living spaces are arranged to benefit from the energy of light from the south, with wide openings looking out over the park. Two planted patios provide the building with depth. All traffic routes have natural light, making them ideal for

strolling. They widen with changes of direction, accommodating sitting areas in warm shades of pink and red where ergonomically designed banquettes are conducive to group conversations among the residents. Particular attention has been paid to making the collective areas both fluid and transparent. The dining rooms occupy a central balcony position looking towards the lobby, opening broadly to the south. Sheltered terraces are a further addition to the residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; quality of life. The rooms, each measuring

20 square metres, have been very carefully designed. The combination of bay windows and furnishings reinforces the feeling of thickness of the facade. The differences among the three types of room are underlined by the attention paid to both colour and solar orientation. The building is certified to high energy performance standards. The exterior insulation confers good inertia and provides a high level of thermal comfort. In drawing up this project, particular care has been paid to use and functionality.

why it is unique There are views of the scenery on all sides; the terraces look towards the river. The rooms, each measuring twenty square metres, have been very carefully designed. The combination of bay windows and furnishings reinforces the feeling of thickness of the facade.

careful attention paid to both colour and solar orientation. Everything has been done to use routes, natural light and materials to best advantage, producing living spaces which respect the dignity of their residents.

The diversity of the three types of room is enhanced by the

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Architectural Quality / Nursing Home

407

PILGRIM GARDENS 408

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Designed by: PRP Architects Location: Evington (UK) Client: Pilgrim Homes Trading / Pilgrimsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Friend Society Floor area: 2025 mq Year of Completion: 2014 Submitted for: Building Awards 2014 Awards: HAPPI Completed Award - Housing Design Awards 2014 Winner - Housing Project of the Year

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about the project Located in Evington, Leicester, the Pilgrimâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Homes scheme embraces HAPPIâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s recommendations, with a particular attention to the easy access to high quality external services. It is built on the site of a small existing residential nursing home, managed by the client, which is a Christian charity called the Society of Pilgrimsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Friends. The new horseshoe shaped block creates a cloister formation in conjunction with the existing building; The scheme tends to confuse the boundaries of communal gardens with the large balconies and winter gardens that are present in the project, thus driving people to feel closer to nature. In fact, the presence of well-kept

outdoor spaces encourages older people to spend more time outdoors. This is due to a study that demonstated how these people often spend too much time indoors, showing a serious deficiency of vitamin D. Furthermore, a series of safe and protected courtyards are opened, which are positioned so as to be easily guarded by the surrounding buildings. Thanks to the use of walls, plants and water features, it is possible to subtly separate the protected homes from the nursing home, so that the landscape seems to flow smoothly and naturally through the development of the project. The open-air living and dining rooms with their generous private patios that are

bordered by flower boxes, encourage residents to deal with the landscape and to spend time with each other. The apartments are of large proportions: 54 square meters for apartments for one person and 73 square meters for houses for two guests. They are developed on two floors and they are doublefaced, both avoiding the living rooms to face the northern side and offering a wonderful view inward over the tree, and outward over a pastoral landscape; In addition to its own landscaped garden with a Japanese-style outdoor area, Pilgrim Gardens is located next to the 44 acres of Evington Park, with its abundant trees and flowerbeds.

why it is unique The cure and different scale of the outdoor spaces allows the users to feel comfortable in the openair;

light, that is fundamental for the seniors and connects the interiors with the outdoor spaces.

The interiors are organized so that the user can enjoy the staying both in the various common spaces and in the private apartments, provided with all the necessary facilities;

The location of the site near to nature is another strength of the project: users feel protected from the city noise and pollution.

The use of large glazed doors allows the passage of natural

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