El gerundio – La forma “ing” del verbo. Gerund – the “ing” form of the verb Para formar el gerundio en inglés se agrega 'ing' al verbo en infinitivo. Corresponde a la terminación 'ando' 'endo' de los verbos en español. También veremos que su uso es un tanto complejo. El gerundio es un sustantivo derivado del verbo. Se forma por medio de agregar -ing al verbo. Puede tener cualquiera de las funciones del sustantivo. Sujeto
Running keeps me fit. Correr me mantiene en forma. Swimming has always been my passion. Nadar siempre ha sido mi pasión. Quarrelling will get us nowhere. El pelear no nos llevará a ninguna parte
The best way to see different cultures is travelling. La mejor forma de ver culturas distintas es viajar. I don't like spending money on useless things. No me gusta gastar dinero en cosas inútiles. Complemento del verbo "to be", y objeto a los verbos Después del las preposiciones Siempre se usa un verbo en su forma de gerundio después de una preposición.
Mr. Johnson is thinking about selling the company. El señor Johnson está pensando en vender la empresa. Close the door after leaving! ¡Cierra la puerta al salir!
We're looking forward to meeting our new grandson. Estamos ansiosos por conocer a nuestro nuevo nieto. I want to visit uncle Frank before going back to Canada. Quiero visitar al tío Frank antes de volver a Canadá. They won't be able to enter without paying. No podrán entrar sin pagar. Dave has been arrested for stealing a TV set. Han arrestado a Dave por robar un televisor.
El gerundio puede tomar modificadores de verbos y de sustantivos, tales como posesivos, adverbios y adjetivos.
Paul's snoring never let Jane sleep. Los ronquidos de Paul nunca la dejaban dormir a Jane. Peter had considered not going to the party. Peter había considerado no ir a la fiesta. We were tired of his constant complaining. Estábamos cansados de sus quejas constantes
Los gerundios también pueden modificar a los sustantivos. En este caso el gerundio se refiere al propósito.
I need a new pair of running shoes. Necesito un nuevo par de zapatillas para correr. Have you seen grandpa's walking stick? ¿Has visto el bastón del abuelo? Sarah's painting book had been a gift from Jill. El libro para pintar de Sarah había sido un regalo de Jill. That sleeping bag won't be enough. Esa bolsa de dormir no será suficiente.
Verbs followed by infinitives or gerunds Cómo veremos algunos verbos pueden ser sucedidos por gerundios o infinitivos. A veces hay cambios en el significado de la oración. Con poca o ninguna diferencia en el significado Algunos verbos pueden ser seguidos por un infinitivo o un gerundio sin casi diferencia en su significado. Entre estos verbos podemos encontrar: afford - bear - begin - cease - commence - dread - hate - like - loathe - love - neglect prefer - propose - (can't) stand – start
Jerry hates being/to be late for work. Jerry odia llegar tarde al trabajo. They don't like borrowing/to borrow money from anyone. A ellos no les gusta pedirle dinero prestado a nadie. Louisa began paying/to pay attention to the teacher. Louisa empezó a prestarle atención a la maestra. Hank has always dreaded travelling/to travel by plane. A Hank siempre le ha aterrado viajar en avión. Christian had preferred studying/to study Architecture. Christian había preferido estudiar arquitectura. I can't afford losing/to lose one of my best employees. No puedo permitirme perder a uno de mis mejores empleados.
Verbs followed only by gerunds Admit He admitted stealing the ring. Anticipate We didn`t anticipate winning this match. Appreciate I really appreciate you coming. Avoid Let`s avoid being late Can`t help I can`t help counting those calories. Complete He completed baking the apple pie. Consider She never considered moving to England. Delay We delayed moving to the new house until the spring. Deny He will deny stealing that car. Despise She despises asking for favors. Discuss We discussed buying a bigger apartment. Dislike She dislikes cooking and baking. Don`t mind I don`t mind waiting. Enjoy She enjoys reading.
Forgive Can you forgive me for not fixing the car? Imagine Can you imagine living on the moon? Involve The new project involves writing many reports. Keep She keeps coming late! Mention I never mentioned meeting him. Mind Will he mind switching rooms? Miss I miss chatting with you Postpone Let`s postpone going out of town. Practice He practices playing the guitar daily. Recall Can you recall ordering this product? Recommend The doctor recommends resting in bed. Report They reported seeing him leave with a stranger. Resent He resents doing it all by himself. Resist I can`t resist liking him. Resume
They resumed talking after the teacher left. Risk Would you risk losing everything? Suggest I suggest not taking him too seriously. Tolerate We can`t tolerate being screamed at. Understand He couldn`t understand her leaving so suddenly. VERBS FOLLOWED ONLY BY INFINITIVE Agree They agreed to give him a try. Appear He appeared to know everything. Arrange I have arranged to meet him on Monday. Ask She asked to see her doctor. Care He doesn`t care to answer. Choose We chose to ignore it. Claim He claims to be an expert. Decide She decided not to go to the party. Demand I demand to see the person in charge! Deserve
He deserves to win the contest. Expect He expected to be home sooner. Fail They failed to follow the instructions. Get It`s not fair that she gets to see him before the others. Happen I happen to pass by, so we had a chat. Hesitate Don`t hesitate to call. Hope I hope to see you soon. Intend She didn`t intend to hurt you. Know how He knows how to run a business. Learn He learned to speak. Spanish very quickly. Manage We managed to finish everything on time. Offer He offered to go for a walk. Plan You planned to meet us here. Prepare We were preparing to leave when the phone rang. Pretend He pretended not to hear a word.
Promise She promised to take us with her new time. Refuse I refuse to cooperate. Seem It seems to be broken. Sweat He swore to revenge. Tend These plants tend to grow slowly. Threaten He has threatened to hurt us. Undertake She undertook to design the new collection. Wait The runners were waiting to start Want I want to speak with you in private Wish I wish to change my address Would like I would like to add something before we continue.
VERBS THAT TAKE A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE Begin When 'begin' is used in non-continuous tenses, you can use a gerund or an infinitive: She began singing. She began to sing. When 'begin' is used in continuous tenses, an infinitive is used: She is beginning to sing. Dread 'Dread' is usually followed by a gerund: He dreaded facing his debtors. 'Dread' is sometimes used with infinitives such 'Think' or 'consider' He dreaded to think of the dangers of the trek in the Alps. In this sentence 'dreaded to think' means 'did not want to think' Forget Sarah forgot travelling to London when she was a child. When 'forget' is used with a gerund, it means 'forget you have done something'. The sentence means Sarah travelled to London as a child and now she forgot/can't remember this. Sarah forgot to pay her phone bill. When 'forget' is used with an infinitive it means that she should have paid the bill but she didn't remember to do so. Keep Danny Kept talking "Keep" is normally used with a gerund to mean that the action is continued. My neighbors kept a hunting dog to scare off intruders. When 'Keep' is normally used with an infinitive it normally means 'in order to' Need The house needs cleaning. When 'need' is used with a gerund, it takes on a passive meaning. He needs to call his parent. In this sentence 'needs' means it is necessary.
Regret I regretted being late to the interview. 'Regret' is normally used with a gerund. We regret to inform you that your position at the company is being eliminated. 'Regret' is sometimes used with phrases such as 'to inform'. The meaning is 'we are sorry to inform'. Remember I remember meeting him last year With a gerund 'remember' means 'recall' from your memories He remembered to call his parents on their anniversary. When 'remember' is used with an infinitive it means 'to remember to do something' or 'not to forget'. Start Marc started talking really fast. 'Start' is normally used with a gerund Marc started to talk really fast. With an infinitive 'start' can mean the action was not completed. Marge started to talk really fast. Stop His doctor told him to stop smoking 'Stop' is normally used with a gerund. It shows that an action ended. He stopped (what he was doing) to smoke a cigarette. 'Stop' is used with an infinitive to mean that an action was stopped in order to do something else. Try
I tried learning Japanese but it was too difficult. 'Try' with a gerund means to experiment I tried to speak Japanese but I couldn't remember anything from my lessons 'try' with an infinitive means you did not succeed. Verbs that take a gerund or an infinitive with no difference in meaning Can’t bear
I can't bear being alone. / I can't bear to be alone.
Can’t stand
Anne can't stand working the late / Anne can't stand to work the late shif.
Cease The government ceased providing free provide free health care. / The government ceased to health care Continue
Sarah continued talking. / Sarah continued to talk.
Hate
He hates cleaning dishes. / He hates to clean dishes.
Like
Chris likes reading. / Chris likes to read.
Love
We love scuba diving. / We love to scuba dive.
Neglect
He neglected doing his daily chores. / He neglected to do his daily chores.
Prefer
He prefers eating at 7 PM. / He prefers to eat at 7 PM.
Propose
Peter proposed paying for the trip. / Peter proposed to pay for the trip.
Los 100 verbos mas comunes en inglés
Accept
Break
Admit
Bring
Answer
Buy
Ask
Call
Begin
Can
Belive
Cancel
Belong
Change
Clean
Cambiar
Close
Limpiar
Complain
Cerca
Cook
Quejar
Count
Cocinar
Cry
Contar
Cut
Llorar
Dance
Cortar
Decide
Bailar
Draw
Decidir
Drink
Dibujar
Drive
Beber
Eat
Conducir
Explain
Comer
Fall
Explicar
Fight
Caer
Aceptar
Pelear
Admitir Responder
Fill
Pedir
Find
Empezar
Finish
Creer
fix
Pertenecer a
Fly
Descansar
Follow
Traer
Forget
Comprar
Forgive
Llamar
Give
Poder
Go
Cancelar
Hate
Have
Ir
Hear
Odio
Hide
Tener
Know
OĂr
Learn
Esconder
Leave
Saber
Listen
Aprender
Live
Dejar
Look
Escuchar
Lose
Vivir
Love
Mirar
Make/do
Perder
Need
Amar
Open
Hacer / hacer
Order
Necesitar
Organize
Abrir
Pay
Ordenar
Play
Organizar
Put
Pagar
Rain
Jugar
Llenar
Poner
Encontrar
Llover
Terminar Reparar
Read
Volar
Remember
Seguir
Run
Olvidar
Say
Perdonar
See
Dar
Sell
Send
Ver
Sign
Vender
Sing
Enviar
Sit
Firmar
Sleep
Canta
Smile
Sentar
Smoke
Dormir
Speak
Sonreír
Spend
Fumar
Stand
Hablar
Start
Gastar
Stop
Estar
Study
Comenzar
Swim
Detener
Take
Estudiar
Talk
Nadar
Teach
Tomar
Tell
Hablar
Think
Enseñar
Touch
Decir
Translate
Pensar
Travel
Tocar
Try
Traducir
Type
Viajar
Understand
Intentar
Leer
Escribir a máquina
Recordar
Entender
Correr Decir
Use
Wait
Esperar
Walk
Caminar
Want
Querer
Watch
Observar
Work
Trabajar
Worry
Preocupar
Write
Escribir
Usar
13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH 700 AND ENOUGH TOO+ ADJETIVE + (FOR SOMEONE) + Infinitives often follow INFINITIVE expressions with too. Too comes (a) A piano is too heavy in front of an adjective. (b) That box is too heavy for me In the Speaker's mind, the use of (c) That box is too heavy for Bob too implies a negative result. COMPARE ENOUGH + NOUN+ INFINITIVE (d) I don't have enough money to buy that The box is too heavy. I can't lift it. car. (e) Did you have enough time to finish The box is very heavy, but I can life it. the test? ADJETIVE + ENOUGH + INFINITIVE Infinitive often follow (f) Jimmy isn't old enough to go to expressions with enough. school. Enough comes in front of a noun (g) Are you hungry enough to eat three Enough follows an adjective sandwiches? *Enough can also follow a noun’s. I don't have money enough to buy that car. In everyday English, however, enough usually comes in front of a noun.
EXERCISE 32. TOO and ENOUGH + Infinitive (Chart 13-10) Directions. Combine the sentences. PART I. Use too 1. We can't go swimming today. It's very cold. It's too cold (for us) to go swimming today.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
I couldn't finish my homework last night. I was very sleepy. This jacket is very small. I can't wear it. Mike couldn't go to his aunt's housewarming party. He was very busy. I like far from school. I can't walk there. Some movies are very violent. Children shouldn't watch them
PART II.
Use enough
7. I can't reach the top shelf. I'm not that tall I'm not tall enough to reach the top shelf 8. I can't lift a horse. I'm not that strong 9. It's not warm today. We can't go outside in shorts and sandals. 10. I didn’t stay home and miss work. I wasn't really sick, but I didn't feel good all day.
EXERCISE 33. TOO and ENOUGH + Infinitive (Chart 13-10) Directions. Complete the sentences by choosing from the words in italics. Use too or enough + an infinitive. 1. Strong / lift I'm not ___strong enough to lift____________ a refrigerator. 2. Weak / lift Most people are___ too weak to lift___ a refrigerator without help. 3. Busy / answer I was__ too busy to answer____ the phone. I let it keep ringing until the called gave up. 4. Early / get We got the concert___ Carly enough to get ____ good seats. 5. Full / hold My suitcase is___ too full, to hold_____ any more clothes. 6. Large / hold My suitcase isn't___ large enough to hold______ all the clothes. I want to take on my trip. 7. Big / get Rex is___ too big, to get_____ into Bobo's doghouse. 8. Big / hold Julie's purse is ___ big enough, to hold _____ her dog Pepper.
EXERCISE 34. TOO and ENOUGH + Infinitive (Chart 13-10) Directions. Complete the sentences with too and enough. Use -/- if nothing is needed. 1. Alan is _____ too ____ smart ___ Ø ____ to make that kind of mistake. 2. Alan is_____ Ø______ smart ___enough_____ to understand how to solve that problem. 3. My pocket is____ Ø____ big___ enough ____ to hold my wallet. I always carry my wallet there. 4. A horse is_____ too______ big___ Ø______ for a person to life. 5. I'm uncomfortable. This room is___ too_______ hot______ Ø_________. Why don’t you open the window? 6. That watch is_____ too ________ expensive_____ Ø_______. I can't afford it.
7. Are you______ Ø_______ tall ______enough_________ to reach that book for me? The green one on the top shelf. Thanks. 8. Ask John to move that box. He' s________ Ø_________ strong __enough___ to lift it. 9. I am_____ too______ busy ______ Ø__________ to help you right now. EXERCISE 35. TOO and ENOUGH + Infinitive (Chart 13-10) Directions. Complete the following sentences. Use infinitives in the completions. 1. I'm too short…. Play volley 2. I'm not tall enough... to play racquetball 3. I'm not strong enough…. To more a car 4. Last night I was too tired… to study 5. Yesterday I was too busy… to dance 6. A Mercedes-Benz is too expensive…to buy 7. I don't have enough money… to buy a car 8. Yesterday I didn't have enough time… 9. A teenager is old enough… to drink a beer... But too young…to get married 10. I know enough English… to write… but not enough… to speak
EXERCISE 36. TOO and ENOUGH + Infinitive (Chart 13-10) Directions. Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses gerund or infinitive. 1. 2. 3. 4.
It's difficult for me (remember) ___to remember____ phone numbers. My cat is good at (catch) ____ catching_____ mice. I bought a newspaper at (catch) __ to look___ at the ads for apartments for rent. Touristic like (go)___ to go_______ (swim)___ swimming____ in the warm ocean in Hawaii 5. I called my friend (invite) ___ to invite_________ her for dinner. 6. Hillary talked about (go) ____ going _______ to graduate school. 7. Sarah found out what was happening by (listen)____ listening _______ carefully to everything that was said 8. Children, stop (draw)__ drawing____ pictures on the tablecloth! 9. Professor Amani has a strong accent. It is difficult for his students (understand) _ to inderstand_________ him. He needs (improve)___to improve____ his pronunciation if he wants (be)__to be____ a good lecturer. (lecture) ___lecturing_____ requires good communication skills. 10. A: Hi. I'm home B: Welcome back. Did you have a good trip?
A: Yes, thanks. How's everything? How are goldfish? I hope you didn't forget (feed) ___to feed______ them. B: Oh, my gosh!
EXERCISE 2 adjective clauses with WHO and WHOM (charts 12-1 and 12-2) Directions: complete the sentences with who or whom. Put parentheses around the entire adjective clause. Identify the subject and verb of the adjective clause. 1. The children (who live down the street in the yellow house) are always polite. 2. The children (whom we watched in the park) were feeding ducks in a pond. 3. The people whom we visited gave us tea and a light snack. 4. I know some people who live on a boat.
5. I talked to the woman who was sitting next to me. 6. Saw the people who were playing football at the park. 7. My mother is a person whom I admire tremendously. 8. Marie and Luis Escobar still keep in touch with many of the students whom they met in their English class five years ago. 9. People who listen to very loud music may suffer gradual hearing loss. 10. At the supermarket yesterday, one of the store employees caught a man who had put a beefsteak in this coat pocket and attempted to walk out without paying. 11. The couple whom I invited to dinner at my home were two hours late. I thought that was very rude. They didn’t call. They didn’t have an excuse. They didn’t apologize. I’ll never invite them again. EXERCISE 3. Adjective a clauses with who (charts 12-1 and 12-2) Directions: insert who where it is necessary. 1. The man who answered the phone was polite. 2. I liked the people who sat next to us at the soccer game. 3. People who paint houses for a living are called house painters. 4. I’m uncomfortable around married couples argue all the time 5. While I was waiting at the bus stop, I stood next to an elderly gentleman who started a conversation with me about my educational plants EXERCISE 4. Adjective clauses with who (charts 12-1 and 12-2)
Directions: complete the sentences in column A with the adjective clauses in column B. consult your dictionary if necessary. Example A Bostonian s someone … → A Bostonian is someone who lives in Boston. Column A
Column B
1
A Boston is someone
E
A Who was trouble sleeping
2
A pilot is a person
C
B Who seeks to overthrow the government
3
A procrastinator is someone
G
C Who files an airplane
4
A botanist s a scientist
J
D Who studies weather phenomena
5
A revolutionary is someone
A
E
Who lives in Boston
6
A revolutionary is someone
B
F
Who hates people
7
A misanthrope is a person
F
G Who always puts off doing things
8
A meteorologist is a person
D
H Who knows a lot about a little and a little about a lot
9
A jack –of-all-trades is someone
I
I
Who has many skills
10 An expert can be defined as a H J Who studies plants person EXERCISE 3. Adjective a clauses with who (charts 12-1 and 12-2) Directions: complete the sentences with your own words. Consult your dictionary if necessary 1. A baker is a person who makes bread, cakes, pies etc. 2. A mechanic is someone who fixes cars 3. A bartender is a person who serves drinks 4. A philatelist is someone who collects stamps 5. A spendthrift is somebody who waste time 6. An astronomer is a scientist who studies the galaxy 7. A carpenter is a person who makes tables 8. A miser is someone who doesn’t waste money 12-3 USING WHO, WHOM(M), AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES s In addition to who, that can be used as (a) The man is friendly HE lives next to the subject of an adjective clause me. (b) and (c) have the save meaning. A subject pronoun cannot be omitted: who INCORRECT: the man lives next to me that is friendly.
CORRECT: the man who/that lives next to me is friendly s v (b) The man who lives next to me is friendly (c) the man that lives next to me is friendly s v (d) The man was friendly. I met o him whom that o s v (e) The man who (m) I met was friendly. (f) The man that I met was friendly. (g) the man ⌀ I met was friendly.
In addition to who(m), * that can be used as the object in an adjective clauses (e) and (f) have the same meaning An object pronoun can be omitted from an adjective clause (e), (f) and (g) have same meaning In (g): the symbol “⌀” means “nothing goes here ”
EXERCISE 6. Adjective clauses with WHO, WHOM(M) and THAT (chart 12-3) Directions: complete the sentences using who, who (m), and that. Write ⌀ if the pronoun can be omitted. 1. The woman who(m)/that/ ⌀ I met last night was interesting 2. The man who/that answered the phone was polite 3. The people who(m)/that/ ⌀ Nadia is visiting live on Elm Street 4. The students who/that came to class late missed the quiz 5. The man who that married my mother is now my stepfather 6. The man who(m)/that/ ⌀ my mother married Is now my stepfather 7. Do you know the boy who/that is talking to Anita? 8. I’ve become good friends with several of the people who(m)/that/ ⌀ I met in my English class last year 9. The woman who(m)/that/ ⌀ I saw in the park was feeding the pigeons 10. The woman who/that was feeding the pigeons had a sacksful of bread crumbs 12-3 USING WHO, WHOM(M), AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES s Who and whom refer the people. (a) The river is polluted IT flows through the Which refer the things. That can own. refer to either people or things which that
In (a): to make an adjective clause, change it to which or that. It, which, and that all refer to a
s v (b) The river which flows through the town is polluted. (c) The river that flows through the town is polluted. s v 0 (d) The books were expensive. I bought them
which that
thing (the river). (b) and (c) have the same meaning When which and that are used as the subject of an adjective clause, they CANNOT be omitted INCORRECT: the river flows through town is polluted Which or that can be used as an object in an adjective clause, as in (e) and (f) An object pronoun can be omitted from an adjective clause, as in (g). (e), (f) and (g) have same meaning
o s v (e) The books which I bought were expensive. (f) The books that I bought were expensive. (g) The books ⌀ I bought were expensive.
EXERCISE 7. Adjective clauses with WHO, WHO(M), WHICH and THAT. (charts 123 and 12-4) Directions: combine the two sentences in to one sentences into one sentence. Make “b” an adjective clause. Give all the possible forms. 1. a. the pill made me sleepy b. I took it. The pill which I took made me sleepy The pill that I took made me sleepy The pill ⌀ I took made me sleepy 2. a. The soup was too salty. b. I had if for lunch the soup which I had for lunch was too salty 3. a. I have a class b. it begins at 8:00 am I have a class which begins at 8:00 am 4. a. I know a man b. he doesn’t have to work for a living I know a man who /that doesn’t have to work for a living 5. a. The information helped me a lot b. I found it on the internet the information which I found on the internet helped me a lot 6. a. The people waved at us b. we sad then on the bridge the people whom we saw on the bridge waved at us 7. a. My daughter asked me a question b. I couldn’t answer it My daughter asked me a question which/that I couldn’t answer it 8. a. The woman predicted my future
b. She read my palm The woman who predicted my future she read my palm 9. a. Where can I catch the bus? b. It goes down town where can I catch the bus which/that it goes down town 10. a. All of the people can come. b. I asked them to my party all of the people whom I asked to my party can come
EXERCISE 8. Adjective clauses with WHO and THAT. (Charts 12-3 and 12-4 ) Directions: complete the definitions that begin in column A with the information given in column B. use adjective clauses with who or that the definitions *consult your dictionary if necessary Example: A hammer is a tool… Column A 1. A hammer is a tool 2. A barometer is an instrument 3. Plastic is a synthetic material 4. An architect is someone 5. A puzzle is a problem 6. A vegetarian is a person 7. Steam is a gas 8. A turtle is an animal 9. A hermit is a person 10. A pyramid is a structure
Column B B F G E H J C I A D
A. She or the leaves society and lives completely alone B. It is used to found nails C. It forms when water boils D. It is square at the bottom and has four sides that come together in a point at the top E. He (or she ) designs buildings F. It measures air pressure
G. It can be shaped and hardened to form many useful things H. It is difficult to solve I. He or she doesn’t eat meat j. it has a hard shell and can live in water or on land
→ A hammer is a tool that is used to found nails.
EXERCISE 9. Adjective clauses (charts 12-1 → 12-3) Directions: In groups or pairs, provide definitions for the words listed bellows. Consult your dictionary if necessary. Example: A telephone directory is a book →A telephone directory is a book that lists telephone numbers. 1. A dictionary is a book A dictionary is a book that all the phrases 2. A nurse is someone 3. Birds are creatures 4. A key is a piece of metal 5. A prisoner is a person 6. A giraffe is an animal 7. Photographers are people 8. A hero is a person 9. An adjective is a word 10. A friend is a person EXERCISE 10. Object pronouns in adjective clauses (charts 12-3 and 12-4) Directions: cross out the incorrect pronouns in the adjective clauses. 1. The books I bought them at the bookstore were expensive 2. I like the shirt you wore it to class yesterday. 3. Amanda jones is a person I would like you to meet her 4. The apartment we wanted to rent it had two bedrooms 5. My wife and I are really enjoying the TV set that we bought it for ourselves last week. 6. The woman you met her at aunt Martha’s house is a pharmacist 7. Anna has a cat that it likes to catch birds 8. The birds that Anna’s cat catches them are very frightened 9. Yesterday, Anna rescued a bird that the cat Had brought it into the house. When she set it free, it flew away quickly
12-5 SINGULAR AND PLURAL VERBS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (a) I Know the man who is sitting over In (a): The verb in the adjective clause there (is) is singular because who refers to a singular noun, man. (b) I know the people who are sitting In (a): The verb in the adjective clause over there (are) is plural because who refers to a plural noun, people. EXERCISE 14. Subject- verb agreement in adjective clauses (chart 12-5) Directions: circle the correct word in parentheses. Underline the noun that determines whether the verb should be singular or plural 1. A saw is a tool that (is, are) used to cut wood 2. Hammers are tools that (is, are) used to pound nails 3. I recently met a woman who (live, lives) in Montreal 4. Most of the people who (live, lives) in Montreal speak French as their first language 5. I have a cousin who (work, works) as a coal miner 6. Some coal miners who (work, works) underground suffer from Jung disease 7. A professional athlete who (play, plays) tennis is called a tennis pro 8. Professional athletes who (play, plays) tennis for a living can make a lot of money 9. Biographies are books which (tell, tells) the stories of people’s lives 10. A book that (tell, tells) the story of a person life is called a biography 11. I talked to the man who (was, were) sitting near me 12. The woman that (was, were) sitting in the front of me at movie was wearing a big hat.
12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (a) The man called the police His car stolen.
was
Whose car
Whose *shows possession. In (a): His car can be changed to whose car to make an adjective clause. In (b): whose car was stolen = an adjective clause
(b) The man whose car was stolen called the police. (c) I know a girl
Her brother
is a movie star
In (c): Her brother can be changed to whose brother to make an adjective clause.
Whose brother
(d) The know a girl whose brother is a movie star. (e) The people were friendly. We bought their house
In (e) their house can be changed to whose house to make an adjective clause
Whose house (f) The people whose house we bought were friendly.
EXERCISE 19. WHOSE in adjective clauses (chart 12-7) Directions: combine the two sentences into one sentences. Make “b� an adjective clause use whose SITUATION: you and your friend are at a party. You are telling your friend about the people at the party.
1. a. There is the man b. His car was stolen There is the man whose car was stolen 2. There is the woman. b. Her cat died 3. a. over there is the man b. His my daughter is in my English 4. a. Over there is the woman b. Class you met her husband yesterday 5. a. There is the professor b. I’m taking her course 6. a. That is the man b. his daughter is in an astronaut 7. a. That is the girl b. I borrowed her camera 8. a. There is the boy b. His mother is a famous musician 9. a. They are the people b. we visited their house last month 10. a. That is the couple b. Their apartment was burglarized EXERCISE 20. WHOSE in adjective (chart 12-7) Directions: work in pairs Speaker A: read the cue aloud Speaker B: combine the sentences. Use whose. Look at your book only if necessary. Speaker A: if speak B’s information is correct, say “yes” and repeat the sentences Example: 1. The man called the police. His car was stolen 2. The women was sad. Her cat died 3. The man is friendly. His daughter is in my English class. 4. The professor gives hard test. I’m talking her course. 5. The man is very proud. His daughter is an astronaut. 6. The girls is a good friend of mine. I borrowed her camera. 7. The people were very nice. I visited their house Switch roles 8. I have a friend. Her brother is a police officer 9. I have a neighbor. His dog barks all day long 10. I like the people. We went to their house 11. I thanked the woman. I borrowed her dictionary 12. The woman shouted “stop! Thief!” her purse was stolen 13. The man is famous. His picture is in the newspaper.
14. I know a girl. Her family never eats dinner together. EXERCISE 21. Review: adjective clauses. ( chapter 12) Directions: which of the following can be used in the blanks who, who(m), which, that, whose, and/or ⌀ 1. The people who/that moved into town are Italian 2. The lamp which/ that/⌀ I bought downtown is beautiful but quite expensive 3. Everyone who/that came to the audition got a party in the play 4. Ms. Laura Rice is the teacher which/that/⌀ class enjoy most 5. Flowers who/that grow in tropical climates usually have vibrant colors 6. The man whom I found in the doorway had collapsed from exhaustion 7. I like the people with whom I work 8. I have a friend which father is a famous artist 9. The camera whom I bought has a zoom lens 10. Students who have part-time jobs have to budget their time very carefully 11. The person to which you should send your application is the director of Admissions 12. Flying squirrels who live in tropical rainforests stay in the trees their entire lives without ever touching the ground. 13. The people whom window I broke got really angry
14. Monkeys will eat eggs, grass, fruit, birds, snakes, insects, nuts, flowers, leaves, and frogs. Monkeys will eat almost anything which/that/⌀ they can find.
I WISH and IF ONLY Speaking 1 In paĂrs, answer these questions. 1. Do you have a cell phone? 2. If you have one, how often 3. do you use it? Do you mostly make calls or send text messages as well? How much does your cell phone cost you every month? 4. If you don't have one, would you like to? 5. Why / Why not?
Language focus
8 get a new job
Second conditional Look at the examples of the second conditional and complete the rules. lf I won the lottery, I'd buy a new computer. If I didn 't have a games console, I wouldn 't waste so much time. To form the second conditional, we use: If + simple past, would + infinitive. The contracted form of would is d · The negative form of world is wouldn´t
2
Match the columns to make sentences in the second conditional
1 if I had more time, 2 if I did more sports, 3 ifi didn´t have a television, 4 if I had a better car, 5 if I earned more money, 6 if I didn´t work / study
a) I wouldn´t get ahead in life. b) I would study more English. c) I would go on vacation to Australia d) I would drive more often. e) I wouldn´t waste so much time. f) I would be in better shape.
Note: Sometimes we use were instead of was
If I were you, I'd get a new cell phone.
3 Complete the phrases in the left-hand column of exercise 2 so that they are true you.
Which situation is more probable? Look at the examples and complete the rules below.
EXAMPLE: If I had more time, I would go to the movies more often
in second conditional sentences.
First conditional If he loses his cell phone, he will be really upset. (He is always losing things.) Second conditional If she lost her cell phone tomorrow, she would
Practice be really upset. (She's usually careful with ít.)
1 Do you think these things are We use the probable (P)first conditional to express a or improbable (1) in your lite? Make future possibility and its consequence. a first or second sentence to forexpress each We useconditional the second conditional one. that arebreaks improbable, 1 situations my computer down impossible or imaginary in the present or future. lf my computer broke down, I · would lose all my work 2 lose my cell phone 3 Translate appear on thetelevision two examples above into 4 your do an on1ine course language. English Do you form them in the 5 same go toway? the gym every day 6 be sunny tomorrow 7 fail my exams
Pronunciation ´d and ´ll 1 Listen to these conditional sentences. In which do you hear ´d and which do you hear ´ll 2 Turn to the transcription section and look at transcription 9.2. Practice saying the sentences with short forms.
Unit 2
Music Legendes
Are you a true friend?
Page 71
(Page
19)
Work out your score. 1 a) 10 points 2 a) 15 points 3 a)
5 points
4 a) 15 poínts 5 a)
5 points
6 a)
5 points
Student A: read text A
b) 15 points b) 10 points b) 15 points b) 5 points b) 15 points b) 15 points
70-90 points
e) 5 points e) 5 points e) 10 points e) 10 points c) 10 points e) 10 points
You are a loyal and faithful friend. You stand by your friends and help them if they have problems. But dont forget to think of yourself, too! 50-70 points You are a good friend when times are good, but you can be a bit selfish as well. Remember-a good friend is one of the most important things in life. Dorr't let thern disappear! 30-50 points You are a selfish person and only think about yourself. A friend far you is someone who you can use to get what you want. You should learn to think of other people, or you could becorne a very lonely person! Unit 9
You and your messages (page 80)
Can you identify the music legends and the groups they belonged to? Match them with the photos of their fans on page 71. Work in groups of three.
Student B: read text B Student C: read text C A He was born in Liverpool in 1940 and die exactly 40 years later. He left school when he was 16 and went to Liverpool Art College. There he formed a group called The Quarrymen. Later they changed their name and became perhaps the most popular music band of all time, with hits like “A Hard Day´s”. In the 1960s, this group dominated the music charts, having the most N°1 hits in rock and pop history. He was well known for his peace protest. Tragically, in 1980, he was shot dead in New York City by a crazy fan. Even now, wherever you go in the world, you are still more likely to hear his group´s music than any other. B She was born in 1950 in New Haven, Connecticut and became famous for the songs she recorded with her brother Richard. Although they didn´t write their own songs, the duo became one of the most popular acts in the 70s, whit hits like “We´ve Only Just Begun” and “Top of the World”. They developed a cult following that loved their soft, romantic music. They sold more records than anyone in the United States in the decade. She died unexpectedly at age of 32 from a heart attack, caused by chronic anorexia. Her death opened many people´s eyes to his terrible disease. C He was born in 1967 in Washington State. He became famous for introducing a new typeof music called “grunge”- a form of hippy punk that became a cultural phenomenon in the early 1990s. His band´s songs-for example, “Smells Like Teen Spirit and “Come As You Are”- were often dark and depressing and spoke about his difficult life. ore than ten million copies of the group´s first LP were sold worldwide. He developed a drug habit and was hospitalized for heroin abuse. In1994 he committed suicide in Seattle, leaving his wife Courtney Love, also a well-know singer, and a young daughter. His untimely death has made him a popular music legend.
RED: You love getting messages and you answer them immediately. But without a cell phone, you would be completely lost. You don´t go to the movies because if you went, you would have to turn off your phone and risk losing a message. Be careful-there is more to life than your cell phone YELLOW: You love fun with text message and you´ve developed an almost perfect relationship with your cell phone. You understand the limits and the potential of text messages. If you lost your phone tomorrow, you´d be upset but you wouldn´t die! BLUE: For you, text message are annoying, inhuman and just a waste of time. When you do use your cell phone, you know exactly why and the effect it will have. It´s not your favorite form of communication-you would only send a text message if you didn´t have any other choice
1 Discuss these questions. 1 Do you use e-mail or the Internet? 2 If you do, how often do you log on? How long do you spend online? 3 lf you don´t would you like to? Why/Why not?
2 Make a list of the uses of the Internet. You can use it to ...
3 Look at the home pages of two websites and answer the questions.
4 Listen to Nat talking about one of the websites. Answer the questions. 1 Which one does he prefer? Why? 2 What is his favorite section? 3 What other features does he mention? 4 Does he still buy a daily newspaper?
5 Work in pairs. Ask and answer about your favorite website. 1 How often do you log on to it?
1
If you wanted to read the news online, which website would you prefer? Why?
2 Do you prefer to read the news in the newspaper or online? What's the difference?
2 What features does it include? 3 Why would you recommend it?
1What is a chat room? Have you ever chatted with strangers on the Internet? 2Read this chat room conversation and answer the questions. 1 Do the two people know each other well? 2 Have day met before? 3
What do you think will happen on their date? Cute Chick 24> So, shall we meet and have a coffee? Boy Next Door > GR8. When is good for you? Cute Chick 24> What are you doing on the weekend? Boy Next Door> On Sunday, nothing. Cute Chick 24> Let's eat out. Boy Next Door> It will be wonderful to find out what you look like at last. Cute Chick 24> I can't wait. Boy Next Door> I'll take you to a great place I know, very fancy. Cute Chick 24> GR8. Boy Next Door> And I've bought you something special as well!
3 Listen to Cute Chick 24 telling a friend about her date with Boy Next Door. Answer the questions. 1 Did the date go well? Cute Chick 24> Oh, wow! 2 What lies had he told her? 3 What did they do on the date? 4 What happened in the end? Speaking What do you think of chat rooms? Why do you think they are so popular? What are the dangers of making frĂends this way? Practice Rewrite these direct statements as reported statements. 1 You are really sexy. (He said) He said that I was really sexy. 2 We'll be at the restaurant at 9 p.m. (We told her) 3 I've sent him a lot of e-mails, but I haven't met him. (She said) 4 We went home right after the meal. (She told me) 5 I'm going to study English in Seattle over the summer. (He said) 6 They are really excited about their date. (She said)
IF' SENTENCES AND THE 'UNREAL' PAST In this section you will find information on sentences containing the word 'if', the use of conditional tenses, and the 'unreal past', that is, when we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to past time. IF AND THE CONDITIONAL¡ there are four main types of 'if' sentences in English: 1. The 'zero' conditional, where the tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present: IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE If + simple present If you heat ice
Simple present it melts. you get wet
If it rams In these sentences, the time is now or aiways and the situation is real and possible. They are often used to refer to general truths. 2. The Type 1 conditional, where the tense in the 'if clause is the simple present, and the tense in the main clause is the simple future IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE If + simple present if it rains
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train.
If you don't hurry In these sentences, the time is the present or future and the situation is real. They refer to a possible condition and its probable result. 3. The type 2 conditional, where the tense in the 'if' clause is the simple past, and the tense in the main clause is the present conditional: IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE If + simple past
Present conditional
If it rained
you would get wet
If you went to bed earlier
you wouldn’t be so tired
In these sentences. the time is now or any time, and the situation is unreal. They are not based on fact and they refer to an unlikely or hypothetical condition and its probable result. 4. The type 3 conditional, where the tense in the 'if' clause is the past perfect, and the tense in the main clause is the perfect conditional: IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE If + past perfect Perfect conditional If it had rained you would have got wet If you had worked harder you would have passed the exam In these sentences, the time is past, and the situation is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed, and they refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result.
GRAMMAR EXPLANATION
WISHES about present events:
WISH + past simple I am not very tall . I wish I were taller My father only speaks Spanish. He wishes he spoke
English or French WISHES about past events: WISH + past perfect We couldn't attend the meeting. We wish we had attended the meeting. I rained so hard that the party was cancelled. I wish it hadn't rained WISHES about future events: WISH + would/could (use always when talking about annyoing habits) He leaves his clothes on the floor and his room is a mess. I wish he tidied up after himself Mr. Urban wants to have an interview with you. He wishes you would meet him next week IF ONLY is used to make emphatic wishes: I can't restart the computer. If only I knew how to fix it! We are completely lost. If only you had brought your GPS!
EXERCISES: Complete the sentence with the correct tense of the verb in brackets. 1. We always have to take the bus home. I wish we (not live) didn't live so far from the city centre 2. We are completely soaked. I wish we (bring) had brought the umbrella 3. He is always whistling. I wish he (not do) wouldn’t do that all the time 4. We are having a wonderful holiday on the beach. I wish you (be) were here 5. This computer is useless. I wish my parents (choose) had chosen a better one when they bought it 6. She's got a new job but she feels bored. She wishes her boss (give) would give her more responsibility. 7. He's sorry he missed the wedding ceremony. He wishes he (go) had gone 8. Citizens wish their leaders (start) would start doing something to improve the economic situation 9. They have lots of money. Even so, they wished they (have) had more and more
Write a sentence using "wish": 1. I ate too much and now I have stomachache. I wish wouldn’t ate too much 2. His parents would like him to look after himself I wish would like him to look after himself 3. I can't smoke anywhere now. The anti-smoking law is so restrictive! If I would just stop smoking 4.- It's a pity we don't own a boat, I love sailing. I wish a pity in a boat 6. Visiting the museum was interesting but it would have been nicer to go to the beach I wish visit the museum 7. Next Christmas I would like to stay at home for a change next Christmas I wish stay at home for a next christmas 8. He never brings me flowers on our anniversary I wish that brings me fower on our anniversary 9. I failed all my exams. I should have studied harder. If only I had studied. I have a pass the exam 10. I don't like being so tall I wish being small
EXPRESSING A WISH OR A REGRET Use of I wish / if only: There are three distinct types of I wish / if only sentences: Wish, wanting change for the present or future with the simple past. Regret with the past perfect. Complaints with would + verb. Expressing a wish: Form: If only / I wish + simple past Example: If only I knew how to use a computer. (I don’t know how to use a computer and I would like to learn how to use it) Use: To express a wish in the present or in the future. The simple past here is an unreal past. When you use the Example: I wish I were a millionaire!
verb
to
be
the
form
is
Expressing regret: Form: If only / I wish + past perfect Example: If only I had woken up early. (I didn't wake up early and I missed my bus.) Use: To express a regret. The action is past. Complaining: Form: I wish / if only + would + verb Example:
“were”.
I wish you wouldn't arrive so late all the time (I'm annoyed because you always come late and I want you to arrive on time) Use: To complain about a behavior that you disapprove. Expressing impatience, annoyance or dissatisfaction with a present action. 10. Grammar Exercises - If only / I wish ... Do the exercises and click on the button to check your answers. Before doing the excercises you may want to read the lesson on "wish" and "regret": 1. I wish I could fly. Wish 2. If only she had seen the doctor earlier. He could have saved her. Regret 3. If only I traveled to New York. Wish 4. I wish I were a doctor. Wish Choose the correct answer: 1. Alice didn't get a good grade. She wishes she (work) had worked
harder
2. Tom likes football very much. He wishes he (become) became a professional football player. 3. He was running very fast when he had a heart attack. If only he (not/run) hadn't run
so fast.
4. She's keen on computers. She wishes she (study) studied next school year.
computer science
5. I am sorry I don’t know how to use the computer.If only I knew it.
how to use
6. I stayed late at work and missed the last bus. I wish I had not stayed late.
at work
Grammar Exercise - Wish and regret Do the exercises below on wish and regret then click on the button to check your answers. (Before doing the exercises you may want to read the lesson on wish and regret ) Choose the correct preposition 1. I wish I had talked
to him yesterday.
2. I need help badly. If only you could
help me.
3. My old car often breaks down. I wish I bought
a new car.
4. He didn't pass the exam. If only he had worked
hard.
5. She was absent. I wish she had attended 6. What a beautiful house! I wish I had
the conference. a house like this one.
7. I wish I was / were rich. I would buy a farm and enjoy the calm of the countryside. 8. They had that bad accident because they were careless. If only they had been more careful. 9. We saw the film. I wish you had seen
it with us. It was an amazing evening.
10. I like traveling around the world. If only I had EXPRESSING A WISH OR A REGRET
time to realize my dream.
Use of ! wish / if only: There are three distinct types of I wish ! if only sentences: 1.
Wish, wanting change for the present or future with the simple past.
2.
Regret with the past perfect.
3.
Complaints with would + verb.
Expressing a wish: IF ONLY/ WISH + SIMPLE PAST .Example: lf only I knew how to use· a computer. (1 dcin't know how to use a computer and I would Like. to learn how to use it) . •
To express a wish in the present or in- the future.
•
Thestrnple past here is an unreal past. ·
•
Wheh you use the verb to be the form is "weré" ..
Example: I
wish I were a millionaíre !
Expressing regret: IF ONLY / I WISH + PAST PERFECT
Example: Toexpress a regret. •
The action is past.
Grammar Exercises - lf only / I Wish Do the· exerdses andclick on the button to check your answers
I wish I had enough money to travel to New York. If only I had enough money to travel to New York.
If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam. I wish I had studied (study) harder. My friends invited me to a party, but I didn't go. I wish I had gone (go) to the party with them. My car is old but I can't afford a new one. If only I could (can) afford a new car. My sister phoned me but I wasn't at home. I wish I
had been (be) in.
My dog needs to go for a walk, but I haven't got time right now. If only I had more
free
(have) time.
If I want to be promoted, I need to speak a foreign language. I wish I could (can) speak French. If I were younger, I would be able to play tennis. If only I were (be) younger. I like traveling around the World. lf only had a time to realíze my dream.
APPENDIX 1 Phrasal verbs Contents A1-1 Phrasal verbs: introduction A1-2 Phrasal verbs: intransitive A1-3 Three- Word phrasal verbs A1-4 Phrasal verbs: a reference list EXERCISE: 1. Preview phrasal verbs. (Appendix 1) Directions:Complete the sentences whith the given words. The words mayu sed more than once. Away Back Off On Up 1.-The children´s toys are all aver the floor during the day but before they go to bed they always put their toys away 2.- In the Winter, I never go outside without a coat. Before I go out I always put on my coat. 3.-I took a book from the shelf and then returned it ton the exact same place:In ther words when I was finished looking al the book, I put it back away where I found it. 4.- Sometimes I postpone doning my homework in the evening and watch TV or talk on the pone instead. I probably should do my homework first , but sometimes.I put it off and do it later 5.- I am not a late sleeper .I get up early almost every day. 6.-I usually take the bus to work. I get on the bus near my apartment and get off just a block from my office. 7.- We´re leaving on May 1. We´ll return May 7.As son as we get back away from our tip on the 7 We´ll call you. 8.- When I entered the back dark room I turned on the lights. When I left, I turned them off because it´s important to sabe electricity
PHRASAL VERS: INTRODUCTION a.- We put off our trip. We´ll go next month insted of this month. (put off=postpone) b.- Jimmy, put on your coat before you go outdoors (put on = place clothes on one bady) c.-someone left the scissors on the table(put away= put something in its usual or proper place d.- After Iused the dictionaty ( put back=return domething to its original)
In (a) put off =a phrasal verb Phrasal verb=a verb and a particle that togerther have a special meaning examplo Put off means “postpone” A particle= a “small word” Note date the phrasal verbs with put in a,b,c and d all have different meanings
AEPARABLE e.- We put off our trip= (vb+particle+NOUN) f.- We put our trip off=(vb+ NOUN+ particle) g.- We put it off= (vb+PRONUN+ particle)
Someone phrasal verbs are separable: A NOUN OBJECT can either 1.- follow the particle as in e or 2.-come between (separate) the verb as in f If phrasal verb is separable a PRONUN OBJECT comes between the verb and the particle as in g INCORRECT :We put off in If a phrasal verb is nonseparable a NOUN or PRONOUN always follows (never precedes) the particle as in h and i INCORRECT:I ran bob into INCORRECT:I ran him into
NO SEPARABLE h.- I ran into bob= (vb+ particle+ noun i.- I ran into him =(vb +particle + pronun
EXERCISE 2: PHRASAL VERBS: SEPARABLE VS. NONSEPARABLE (charts A1-1 and A1-49 Directions: If the phrasal verb is separable, mark SEPARABLE . If it is not separable, mark NOSEPARABLE 1.CORRECT: I turned the light on SEPARABLE
X turn on =
CORRECT: I turned on the light SEPARABLE
NO
2.CORRECT: I ran into María
run on =
SEPARABLE
INCORRECT: I MarÃa into SEPARABLE
X
NO
X
SEPARABLE
3.CORRECT: Joel looking up the definition
look up =
CORRECT: Joel looking the definition up
NO SEPARABLE
4.CORRECT: I got off the bus
get off=
INCORRECT: I got the bus off
SEPARABLE X
NO SEPARABLE
5.CORRECT: I took off my coat
tale off=
X
CORRECT: I took my coat off SEPARABLE
SEPARABLE NO
6.CORRECT: I got in the car and left
get in=
INCORRECT: I got the car in and left SEPARABLE
SEPARABLE X
NO
X
SEPARABLE
7.CORRECT: I Figured out the answer
figure off=
CORRECT: I Figured the answer out SEPARABLE
NO
8.CORRECT: I turned the radio off
turn in=
X
CORRECT: I turned off the radio SEPARABLE
SEPARABLE NO
EXERCISE 3: Identifying phrasal vs. Nonseparable (chart A1-1) Directions: Underline the second part of the phrasal verb in each sentence 1.- I Figured the answer our 2.- The teacher called on me in class. 3.- I made up a story abaout my childhool. 4.- I feel okay now. I got over my cold last week.
5.- The students handed their papers in
at the end of the last.
6.- I woke my rommate up when I got home. 7.- I picked up a book and started to read. 8.-I turned the radio on to listen to some music. 9.- When I don´t know how to spell a word, I look it up in the dictionary. 10.- I opened the telephone and looked up the number of a plumber. 11,- I put my book down and turned off the light. EXERCISE:4 phrasal verbs. Separable vs. Nonseparable. (Chart A1- 1) Directions: Complete the sentences with pronouns. If the phrasal verb is separable circle SER .If it is nonseparable, circle NONSEP mark SEPARABLE. 1.- I got over my cold - I got over it
SEP NONSEP
2.- I made up the story – I made it up
SEP NONSEP
3.- I put off my homework – I wrote If off
SEP NONSEP
4.- I wrote down the numbers – I wrote them down
SEP NONSEP
5.- I ran into Robert – I ran into him
SEP NONSEP
6.- I Figured the answer out – I figure it out
SEP NONSEP
7.- I took off my shoes - I took them off
SEP NONSEP
8.- I got over my could I got over it
SEP NONSEP
9.- I turned off the lights - I turned them off
SEP NONSEP
10.- I threw away thew newspaper – I threw it away
SEP NONSEP
GROUP A: PHRASAL VERBS (SEPARABLE) VERB Figure out Hand in Hand out Look up Make up Pick up Put down Put off
DEFINITION Find the solution to a problema Give homework papers etc. to a teacher Give something to this person then to That person then to another person etc. Look for information in a dictionary a telephone directory an eneyelopedia etc Invent (a story) lift stop holding or carrying postpone
EXAMPLE I Figured out the answer We handed in our homework The teacher handed out the test papers I looked a word up in the dictionary Children like to make up stories Tom picked up the baby I put down the heary packages We put off our trip until next summer I put on my coat before I left I took off my coat whem I arrived
Put on Take off Throw away Throw out Turn off
place clothes on ones body remove clothes from ones body
Turn on
stap a machine or a light
Wake up Write down
stop sleeping
I threm away my old notebook I threm out my old notebook I turned off the lights and went to bed I turned on the lights so I could read My wife woke me up at six
write a note on a piece of paper
I wrote his pone number down
put in the trash discard stop a machine or a light
EXERCISE 5: Phrasal verbs. (group A) Directions: Complete the sentences with the given particles. Away
Down
In
Off
On
1.- Defore I left home this morning I put on my coat 2.- When I got to class this morning I took my coat off 3.- The students handed their homework in 4.- Johnny made up a story .He didnt tell the truth 5.- The weather was bad so we put off the picnic until next week. 6.- Alice looked a word up in her dictionary 7.- Alice wrote the definition down
Out
Up
8.-My rommate is messy. He never picks up his clothes 9.- The teacher handed the test papers on at the begining of the class period. 10.-A strange noise woke up the Children in the middle of the night. 11.- When some frends came to visit chris stooed watching TV. He turned the televisiรณn set off 12.- It was dark when I got home last night so I turned the lights on. 13.- Peggy finally Figured out the answer to the arithmetic problem 14.- When I was walking through the airport my arms got tired. So I put my suitcases down for a minute and rested. 15.- I threw away yesterday newpaper EXERCISE 6: Phrasal verbs (Group A) Directions: Complete the sentences with pronouns and particles 1.- A: Did you postpone your trip to Puerto Rico? B: yes we Did. We put it off until next summer 2.- A: Is pats pone number 322-4454 or 322-4455? B: I dont remember youd better look it up the telephone directory is in the kitchen 3.- A: Is Mary asleep? B: Yes. Id better wake her up she has a class at nice 4.- A: Do you want to keep these newpapers? B: No. Throw them out 5.- A: Im hot. This sweater is too heavy B: Why dont you take it off? 6.- A: Is that story true? B: No I made it up 7.- A: When does the teacher want our compositions? B: We have to hand them in tomorrow 8.- A: I made an appointment with DR. Armstrong for three o clock next thursday B: youd better write it down so you wont forget 9.- A: Do you know the answer to this problem? B: No i cant figure it out
10.- A: Johnny youre too heavy for me to carry. I have to put you down B: Okay Mommy 11.- A: Oh dear I dropped my pen. Could you pick it up for me? B: Sure 12.- A: How does this tape recorder work?? B: Push this button to run it on and push that button to turn it off 13.- A: I have some parpers for the class Ali would you please hand them out for me? B: Id be happy to 14.- A: Timmy heres your hat put it on before you go out Its could outside B: Okay, day GROUP:B PHRASAL VERBS (NONSEPARABLE) VERB Call on Come from Get over Get off Get on Get in Get out of Look into
DEFINITION As (someone) to speak in class originate recover from an illness or a shock leave enter a bus airplane train subway enter leave investigate
Run into meet by chance
EXAMPLE The teacher called on Ali Where do these bananas come from? Sue got over her couland returned to work I got off the bus at Maple Street I got on the bus at Pine Street I got in the taxi at the airport I got out of the taxi at the hotel Someone needs to look into this problem I ran into peter at the market
EXERCISE 7: Phrasal verbs. (Group B) Directions: Complete the sentences with particles. 1.- When I raised my hand i class the teacher called on me 2.- While I was walking down the streer I ran into an old frend 3.- Fred feels okay today. He got over his cold 4.- Last week I flew from Chicago to Miami I got on the plane in chicago I got off the plane in Miami. 5.- Sally took a taxi to the airport. She got in the taxi in front of her apartment building .She got out off the taxi at the airport
6.- I take the bus to school every day.I get on the bus at the corner of first Street and Sunset Boulevard I get off the bus just a block away from the classtoom building. 7.- Mr Zabidi will look into renting a car for his weekend trip 8.- Where do snow leopards come from? EXERCISE 8 Review. Phrasal verbs (Group A and B) Directions: Complete the sentences with particles and pronouns. 1.- I had the flu but I got over it a couple of days ago 2.- I was wearing gloves. I took them off before I shook hands with Mr . Lee 3.-Stacy needed to find the date India became independent. She looked if up on the Computer and wrote it down in her notebook 4.- I tried to solve the math problem but I couldnt figure it out 5.- It looked like rain so I got my rain coat from the closet and put it on before I left the apartment. 6.- A: Have you seen Dan This morning? B: Not this morning I ran into him at the movie last night. 7.- A: Why do you look so married? B: I dont have my homework. My mother threw it away with the trash this morning . If Ms Annthony calls on me in class to answer homework questions I LL have to tell her what happened. A: Shell never believe your story. Shell think you make
it up
8.- A: Miss Smith our supply room is out of pencils again why are we always running out of pencils? What is the problem B: I dont know sir PLL look into it right away EXERCISE 9. Review phrasal verbs. (Group A and B) Directions: Work in pairs Speaker A: Read the cue. You book is open Speaker B: Finish speaker As sentence. Your book is closed Example: Speaker A: (book open) : yesterday I cleaned my closet. I found an old pair of shoes that I dont wear anymore I didnt keep the shoes I threw Speaker B: (book closed) Them away/out
1.- The teacher gave us some important information in class yesterday. I didnt want to forget it so I wrote………. 2.- When I raised my hand in class the teacher called on me 3.-I was carrying a suitcase but it was too heavy si I put it down 4.- I didnt know the meaning of a word so I looked it up 5.- I havent finished my work ILL do it later. Im going to put it off 6.- The lights were off in the dark room so I turned them on 7.- it off isnt wearning his/her hat right now. When s/he got to class s/he took it off 8.- My pen just fell on the floor, Could you please pick it up Switch roles 9.- I saw…. At a concert last night. I was surprised when I ran into her 10.- When you Finish using a stove you should always be careful to turn it off 11.- When I Finished my test I handed it in 12.- Is her up sleeping? Would you please wake him up 13.-Whats the answer to this problem? Have you Figured it out 14.- I dont need this piece of paper anymore. Im going to throw it away/out 15.- I had the flu last week but now Im okay. I got
over it
16.- I told a story that wanst true. I made it up Switch roles 17.- Name some means of transportation that you get on bus traim 18.- Name some that you get in cars taxi 19.- Name some that you get off bus traim subway Switch roles 20.- Name some that you get out of cars taxi 21.- Name some things that you turn on rights cellphone 22.- Name some things that you turn off TV radio
GROUP C: PHRASAL VERBS (SEPARABLE) VERB Ask out
DEFINITION Ask (someone ) to go a date
Call cack Call off
Return a telephone call Cancel
Call up Give back
Make a telephone Return something to someone
Hang up Pay back Put away
Hang on a hanger or a hook Return borrowed money to someone Put something in its usual or proper place Return something to its original place Estinguis (stop) a fire a cigarette
Put back Put out Shut off
Stop a machine or light turn off Try on Turn down
Put on clothing to see if it fits Decrease the volume
Turn up Increase the volume
EXAMPLE Tome asked Mary out They went to a movie PLL call you back tomorrow We called off the picnic due to bad weather I call up my friend in New york I borrowed Als pen then I gave it back I hung my coat up in the closet Thanks for the loan. I put the clean dishes away I put my papers back into my briefease We put out the campfire before we left I shut off my printer before I left the office I tried on several pairs of shoes Sire turned down the music. It was too loud Al turned up the radio.He likes loud music.
EXERCISE 10: Phrasal verbs. (Group C) Directions: Complete the sentences with pronouns and particles 1.- A: Could you lend me a couple of bucks? B: Sure 2.- A: Thanks ILL pay you back tomorrow A: The radio is too loud. Could you please tur it down? B: Sure 3.- A: I cant hear the TV. Could you? Please turn it up? B: Id be glad to
4.- A: Have you heard from Jack lately? B: No. I think ILL call him up tonigh and see how he is 5.- A: Someones at the door. Can I call you back? B: Sure 6.- A: Wheres my coat? B: I hung it up 7.- A: Did you leave the wรกter on? B: No I shut it off when I finished washing my hands 8.- A: Mary I borrew your calculator? ILL give it back to you tomorrow B: Sure. Keep it as long as you need it 9.- A: You cant smoke that cigarette in the auditรณrium. Youd better put is out before we go in B: Okay 10.- A: Do you have any plans for Saturday night B: Yes I have a date. Jim Olsen asked me out 10.- A: Did you take my eraser off my desk B: Yes but I put it out on your desk when I was finished A: Oh? Its not here B: Look under your notebook 12.- A: Your toys are all over the floor kids. Before you go to bed be sure to put them away B: Okay Daddy 13.- A: Did you go to Kathy pary last night? B: She didnt have the party. She called if up 14.- This is a nice- looking coat. Why dont you try it on B: How much does it cost 15.- A: Thats Annies toy Tommy Give it back to her B: No! EXERCISE 11: Review phrasal verbs (groups A, and C)
Directions: Complete the sentences with pronouns and particles. Word in pairs in groups or as a class. Example: SPEAKER A (Book open): I wanted to be sure to remember (Anna)s pone numbers so I wrote SPEAKER B (Book closed): ‌.. it down 1.- I cant hear the tape. Could you please turn it up 2.- I dropped my book: Could you please pick it up 3.-This is a hard problem I cant figure
it out
4.-I bought these shoes a few days age. Before I bought them I tried them on 5.- Wheres your homework? Did you hand it in 6.- victo asked her to go to a movie with him. He asked her out 7.- We postponed the pinic. We put it off 8.- I didnt know the meaning of a word so I looked it out 9.- We dont need that light. Would you please turn it off 10.- My coat was too warm to wear inside so I took if off Siwich roles if working in pairs 11.- That music is too loud. Could you please turn it down 12.- These papers are for the class. Could you please hand them out 13.- MarĂa was going to have a party but/she canceled it. S/he called it off 14.- My coat is in the closet. I made it up 15.- The story I told wasnt true. I made it up 16.- I was cold. So I reached for my sweater and put it on 17.- Vilma fell asleep in class so I woke her up 18.- I was finished with the tolos so I put it away 19.- I dont need these papers so Im going to thow them out 20.- Lets listen to the radio. Would you please turn it on
GROUP D: PHRASAL VERBS (SEPARABLE) VERB Cross out Fill in Fill out Fill up Find out Have on Look over
DEFINITION Draw a line through Complete by writing in a blank space Write information on a from Fill completely with gas wáter coffee etc Discover information wear examine carefully
Point out
EXAMPLO I crossed out the misspelled word We fill in blanks in gramar exercises I filled out a job application We filled up the gas tank I found out where he lives She has a blue blouse on Look over your paper for errors before you hand it in The teacher pointed out a misspelling I finished the letter and printed it out
Print out
call attention to créate a paper copy from a Computer
Tear down
destroy a bulding
Tear out (of) Tear up Turn araund Turn back Turn over
They tore down the old house remove (peper) by tearing and built a new one Tear into small pieces I tore a page out of a magazine Change to the opposite direction I tord up the secret note After a mile we turned Turn the top side to the botton araund/back I turned the paper over and wrote on the back
EXERCISE 12: Phrasal verbs (Group D) Directions: Complete the phrasal verbs 1.- There was no name on the front of the paper so I turned it over and looked on the back 2.- My wife pointed out an interesting article in the newpaper 3..-Before you submit the job application, look it over carefully to make sure you’ve filled it out correctly. 4.- A: Good news! I’ve been accepted at the University of Florida. B: Great .when did you find out. A: I got a letter in the mail today.
5.- A: My roommate moved last week. Before he left, he filled out a change-ofaddress card at the post office, but I’m still getting some of this mail. What should I do ? B: Cross out the old address on a letter and write in this new one. Also write “please forward” on the letter . You don’t have to use another stamp. 6. How much does it cost to fill up your gas tank? 7.- We’re doing an exercise . We’re filling up blanks with prepositions. 8.- When I went to Dr.Green”s office for the first time, I had to fill out a long form about my health history. 9. - I made a mistake on the check I was writing, so I tore it up and wrote another. 10.- An old building was in the way of the new highway through the city, so they tore the old building down. 11. - San has his new suit on today .He looks very handsome. 12.- My employer asked for the latest sales figures, so I went to my computer and quickly printed up a new report. 13. - I think we’re going in the wrong direction. Let’s turn around back EXERCISE 13. PHRASAL VERBS (GROUP D) Directions: Work in pairs, in groups, or as a class Example Speaker a (book open) : When your cup is empty you fill it out Speaker
b (book closed): up
1. - I made a mistake, so I crossed it out 2. - when you read your composition carefully for mistakes, you look it over 3. - when you’re done writing something on the computer and you want a hard copy, you print it up 4. - you look in reference books when you want to find something out 5. - if you want to remove a page from your notebook, you tear it out. 6. - it you destroy an old building, you tear it down 7. - it you tear something into many small pieces, you tear it up
SWITCH ROLES IF WORKING IN PAIRS 8. - if you want to see the back of a piece of paper, you turn it over 9. - if you discover you are walking in the wrong in the wrong direction, you turn back, around 10. - if you put water in a glass to the very top, you fill it up. 11. - if you give information on an application form, you fill it up 12.-when you write words in a blank, you fill the blank in 13. - when you’re wearing something, we say that you have it on 14. - When there’s something the teacher wants to make sure we notice, she points it out. GROUP E : PHRASAL VERBS (SEPARABLE) Verb Blow out Bring back Bring up
Cheer up Clean up Give away
Definition Extinguish( a match, a candle) Return (1) Raise (children) (2) Mention,start to talk about Make happier
Help out
Make neat and clean Donate, get rid of by giving Assist( someone)
Lay off
Stop employment
Leave on
Take back
(1) Not turn off (a light, a machine) (2) Not take off (clothing) Return
Talk out
Invited out and pay
Talk over
Discuss
Example He blew the candies out. She brought my books back to me. The lees brought up six children. He brought he news up in conversation. The good news cheered me up. I cleaned up my apartment. I didn’t sell my old bike. I gave it away. Could you please Help me out? The company laid off 100 workers. Please leave the light on. I left my coat on at the movie theater. She took a book back to the library. He took Mary out. They went to a movie. We talked the problem
over. Think over Consider I thought the problem over. Work out Solve We worked the problem out. EXERCISE 14. PHRASAL VERBS (GROUP E) Directions: complete the sentences. 1.- when I am sad, my friends can always cheer me up 2.- these are bad economic times .businesses are laying off hundreds of worker. 3.- after I lit the candles, I blew out the match. 4.- jack and an are having some problems in their marriage, but they are trying hard to work them out 5.- when they have a problem, they always try to talk it over to makes sure they are communicating with each other. 6.- a: I’m leaving. Should i turn the TV off? B: no. please leave it on 7.-satuday night i took my parents out to a fancy restaurant. 8.- after dinner Michael helped me clean up the kitchen. 9.- I was brought up in the south. 10.- you’re welcome to borrow my tools, but when you finish, please be sure to bring them back. 11.- don’t forget to take the video back to the store today. 12.-I didn’t take off my hat when I came inside. I left it off 13.- I hate to bring this problem up , but we need to talk about it. 14.- a: are you going to accept the job offer? B: I don’t know. I’m still thinking it over. 15.-i can’t sell this old sofa. I guess i”ll give it away .someone will be able to use it. 16.- my parents usually help me out with a little money when pm having trouble paying my bills. EXERCISE 15 PHRASAL VERBS (GROUP E) Directions: Work in pairs, in group, or as a class. 1. - you need to return that book to the library. You need to take it back. 2.-I lost my job. The company I’m working for laid me off.
3. - if you don’t need the light from a candle anymore, you blow it out. 4. - if we need to discuss something, we need to talk it over. 5. - you waked into a cold building .instead of taking your coat off, you left it on. 6. - if you give your old clothes to charity, you give them away. 7. - when we have a problem to solve, we need to work it out. 8. - if I lend you something, I want you to return it to me. I want to bring it back. Switch roles if working in pairs 9.- parents feed education, and love their children, they bring their children up. 10.- when I finish using my computer , I don’t turn it off each time. Instead. I often leave it on 11.- someone offered you a job. Before you give an answer, you need some time to think it over. 12.- when you take guests to a restaurant and pay bill, you take them out. 13.- if you introduce a topic into a conversation, you bring it up. 14.- if you make a mess, you need to clean it up. 15.- you rented a video . When you were finished with it, you took it back. 16.- when friends need our assistance, we offer to help them out. PRASAL VERBS: INTRANSTIVE (a) The machine broke down. (b) Please come in. (c) I fell down.
Some phrasal verbs are intransitive; I.e.; they are not followed by an object.
GROUP F: PHRASAL VERBS (INTRANSITIVE) VERB
DEFINITIVE
EXAMPLE
Break down
Stop functioning properly.
Bread out
Happen suddenly.
Break up Come up Dress up
Separate end a relationship. Enter a room or building. Put on nice clothes.
Eat out
Eat outside of one’s home.
My car broke down on the highway. War broke out between the two countries. Ann and tom broke up. May I come in? People usually dress up for weddings. Would you like to eat out tonight?
Fall down
Fall to the ground.
Get up
Get out of bed in the morning. Quit doing something or quit trying. Continue. Not stay home.
Give up Go on Go out Grow up Hang up Move in (to)
Become an adult. End a telephone conversation. Start living in a new home.
Move out (of)
Stop living at a place.
Show up
Come, appear.
Sit back Sit down Speak up
Put ones back against a chair back. Go from standing to sitting. Speak louder.
Stand up
Go from sitting to standing.
Start over
Begin again
Stay up Take off
Not go to bed Ascend in an airplane.
I fell down and hurt myself. What time did you get up this morning? I can’t do it. I give up. Let’s not stop .let’s go on. Jane went out with her friend s last night. Jack grew up in Sweden. When we finished talking, I hung up. Some people moved in next door to me. My roommate is moving out. Jack showed up late for the meeting. Sit back and relax. I’ll get you a drink. Please sit down. I can’t hear you. you’ll have to speak up. I stood up and walked to the door. I lost count, so I started over. I stayed up late last night. The plane took off 30 minutes late.
EXERCISE 165 PHRASAL VERBS (GROUP F) 1.-A: are you comfortable? B: yes. This is a very comfortable chair. A: good. Now just sit back and take it easy. There’s nothing to worry about. 2.- A: I’m exhausted . I can’t go on. I have to stop and rest. B: let’s sit in the shade of that tree. I’ll get you some water. 3.- A: I don’t feel like cooking tonight .let’s ear out. B: okay .where do you want to go?
4.- A: are you going to get dressed up for the symphony tonight? B: yes. I think so. You? 5.- A: what time do you usually get up in the morning? B: around seven. 6.- knock, knock. Hello? Is anyone here? Professor cook? B: ah miss Sweeney. Hello. Come in, come in. Here, have a seat please sit down. 7.- A: I couldn’t print out my composition. B. WHY NOT? A: my printer broke down 8.- A: are you going to bed soon? B: no. I think I’ll stay up for a while and read. 9.-A: when I saw a pregnant woman on the crowded bus, I stood up and gave her my seat. B: good for you, that’s very considerate. 10.- A: I don’t feel like staying home. Let’s go out this evening. I’m bored. B: how about going to a movie? A: great! Let’s go! 11.- A: a riot broke out after the soccer finals. B: I find it hard to believe that people riot over a sports event. 12.- A: are you all right ?what happened? B: I tripped on the rug and fell down. A; let me help you up. 13.- A: shall we begin the meeting without Ms. Lane? B. yes. She’ll probably show up soon, but we can begin without her. 14.- A. when are bill and Gloria getting married? B: they”s not. They broke up. 15.- A: don’t forget that grandma is a little hard of hearing. B: I won’t. I’ll be sure to speak up when I’m talking to her. 16.- there “s an empty apartment next to mine, my neighbors moved out. Why don’t you move in? It’d be fun to live next to hang out now.
17.-A: it’s been fun talking to you, but i need to hand out now. B: okay. Let’s talk again tomorrow. 18.- I can’t solve this math problem. I give up. 19.- Dan had trouble figuring out what to say in this letter to this girlfriend . he had to start over three times. 20.- my flight was supposed to leave at 6:30 but the plane didn’t take off until nearly 8:00. READING AND SPEAKING 1. - READ THIS ARTICLE ON SPANGLISH IN NEW YORK. WHICH IS THE BEST TITLE? a) Spanglish – a dead language b) A history of Spanglish c) Spanglish invades New York d) Spanglish – in defense of a new language. 2. - ARE THESE SENTENCES TRUE (T) OR FALSE (F) .IF FALSE, EXPLAIN WHY. 1.-The Spanish – Spaking population has grown very fast recently. (t) 2. - more people are interested in studying Spanish than before (t) 3. - Spanglish is mainly used in formal contexts. (f) 4. - Norma Rodriguez doesn’t notice when she is speaking Spanglish. (t) 5. - Juan Cortes is against Spanglish because he feels stupid speaking. (f) 6. - most academics are against Spanglish because they see it as vulgar (F) 3. - TEST YOUR PARTNER. WHAT DO THESE NUMBERS IN THE TEXT REFER TO? 1.2 million 1 in 5 400000 3rd IN WHICH CITY CAN YOU READ SIGNS LIKE “APARCA YOUR CAR AQUIO” OR “CUIDADO CON LOS PICKPOKETS “? TRAVELGUIDE INVESTIGATES. There are 1.2 million Hispanics living in the big apple and one in fine New Yorkers speaks Spanish at home. In the last ten years, the Hispanic population has grown by
400000. The whole city is learning Spanish like crazy from businessmen to schoolchildren. People are also speaking a new language Spanglish a strange mixture of Spanish and English that has invaded the city. The New York Times recently said that it had become the city’s third official language .its use is colloquial and often limited to short sentence and signs. Many new Yorkers now wear socketines on their feet; drop something on the carpet shop for groceries and have cornily (cornflakes) for breakfast. Norma Rodriguez. A 45 year old Cuban living in Washington heights says it forms a part of her life now: sometimes you don’t realize that you’re mixing the two languages. You just hear them both all the time and find that youo”re-inventing new words.
WORLD LINGO 1.-IN PAIRS, ANSWER THE QUESTION .CHOOSE FROM THESE LANGUAGES. CHINESE, ENGLISH, HINDI, SPANISH, YIDDISH. 1. - Which is the third, most spoken language, with 250 million speakers? Spanish 2. - which language is spoken by 4.5 million people but belongs to no country? Yiddish 3. - which language is spoken by the greatest number of people as a first language? Chinese 4. - which language is one of 950 language and dialects spoken in one country? Hindi 5.-which language has grown 50 percent in the last 50 years? English.
LANGUAGE IN DANGER Over 50 percent of the world’s 5000 language will be extinct by the end of the next century, according to a recent study. one cause of this is the invasion of territories in which indigenous people live; another is mass migr ation; a third is the advantage gained by spiking one of the world’s most popular language –Chinese (the language with the greatest number of native speakers), Spanish (with over quarter of a billion speakers),Hindi and ,of course , English. Knowledge of English has increased around 50 percent in the last 50 years. There are now, incredibly 700 million speakers. It is used as an official language in 60 countries and is one spoken by more people as a second language (over 350 million) than as a first. Against this monster, there is little that minority language can do. 3. - COVER THE TEXT AND FILL IN THE BLANKS BY .USE WHO, WHICH, OR WHERE. 1.-Name a language which is spoken by more than 700 million people. 2. - name a language which is spoken by only one person. 3. - name the last person who spoke Cornish before it was revived in the 20th century. 4. - name a country where a lot of languages have become extinct in the last 200 years. 5. - name a part of the use where more than 50 languages are spoken. 6. - name a language which is a mixture of German and Hebrew. LANGUAGE FOCUS Relative pronouns: who, which, that, where. Look at the example and complete the rules. I’ve met a lot of people who speak Spanish. There are now a few people that speak. Cornish We use who or that in a relative clause to talk about people. English is a language which/that is spoken by millions of people. Yiddish and Hebrew are language that is spoken in Israel. We use which or that in a relative clause to talk about things.
The country where they speak most language is India. We use where in a relative clause to talk about places. Remember that we use who/that/which to replace he/she/they/it, ect. Do you know the language which is spoken by most people? PRACTICE Complete the sentence with who, that, which or where 1.-New York is a city where lots of people speak Spanish. 2. - Gaelic is a language which /that is dying out. 3. People who/that are bilingual are very lucky. 4. - German is the language which/that I want to learn right now. 5. - the Basque region is a place where many people speak two languages. 6. - the thing which /that I find most difficult in English is the pronunciation. CHAPTER 12 Adjective clause CONTENTS 12-1 adjective clause introduction 12-2 using who and whom in adjective 12-3 using who, who (m) and that in adjective clauses 12-4 using which and that in adjective clauses 12-5 singular and plural verbs in adjective clause 12-6 using preposition in adjective clauses 12-7 using whose in adjective clauses 12-1 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES: INTRODUCTION ADJECTIVE An adjection modifies a noun.” Modify”means to change a little. An adjective describes or give information about the noun,(see chart6-8) An adjective usually comes in front of a noun.
(a) I met a kind man
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES An adjective clause modifies a noun .it describes or gives onformation about s noun. N adjective clause follows a noun
© I met a man who is kind to everybody
Adjective + noun (b) I met a famous man Adjective
+
noun
Noun
adjective clause
(c) I met a man who is a famous poet Noun
adjective clause
GRAMMAR TERMINOLOGY (1) (2) (3) (4)
I met a man = an independent clause; it is a complete sentence. He lives in Chicago = an independent clause; it is a complete sentence. Who lives in Chicago= a dependent clause; it is not a complete sentence. I met a man who lives in Chicago= an independent clause+ dependent a complete sentence. A CLAUSE IS A STRUCTURE THAT HAS A SUBJECT AND A VERB THERE ARE TWO KINDS OF CLAUSES: INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT.
12.2 USING WHO AND WHOM IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (a) the man is friendly v He lives next to me who s who lives next to me v
In (a): he is a subject pronoun. He refers to $the man” To make an adjective clause, change he to who. Who is a subject pronoun who refers to ”the mam”
(b) The man who lives next to me is (b) An adjective clause immediately follows friendly. the noun it modifies. Incorrect: the man is friendly who lives next to me. © THE MAN WAS FRIENDLY IN ©: him is an object pronoun. him refers to “the man” S V O To make an adjective clause, change him I MET HIM to whom. Whom is an object pronoun WHOM Whom refers to “ the man” Whom comes at the beginning of an adjective clause? WHOM I MET
O
S
V In (d): an adjective clause immediately follows the noun it modifies. Incorrect: the man was friendly whom I met.
(d) The man whom I met was friendly
EXERCISE 1. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES WITH WHO AND WHOM (CHARTS 121 AND 12-2) 1.- a ) Do you know the people ?
b) They live in the white house
Do you know know the people who live in the white house? 2.- a )the woman gave me some information
b) I called her
The woman whom I called gave me some information. 3.- a ) the police officer was friendly
b) she gave me directions.
The police officer who gave me directions was friendly. 4.- a) the waiter was friendly
b)
he served us dinner.
The waiter who served us dinner was friendly. 5.- a)the people were very nice
b) I met them at the party last night.
The people whom I met at the party were very nice 6.- a) the people have three cars
b) they live next to me
The people who live next to me have three cars. 7.- a) the man talked a lot
b) I met him on the plane
The man whom I met on the plane talked a lot 8.- a) the man talked a lot
b) he sat next to me
The man who sat next to me talked a lot. 9.- a) three woman walked into my office
b) I didn’t know them
Three woman whom I didn’t know walk into my office. 10.- a)I talked to the women
b) they walked into my office,
I talked to the women who walked into my office.