NAKAGIN CAPSULE TOWER History and Theory of Architecture (BE1212) Precedent Study Berboso Danielle Gritnee Reyes P2000622
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 7 POINTS OF INQUIRY 1: MASSING 2: STRUCTURE 3: INTERIOR VS EXTERIOR 4: PUBLIC VS PRIVATE 5: PROGRAMMATIC DISTRIBUTION 6: CIRCULATION 7: FACADE
CONCLUSION REFERENCES
Page 5 Pages 8-29 Pages 8-11 Pages 12-15 Pages 16-19 Pages 20-21 Pages 22-23 Pages 24-25 Pages 26-29 Pages 32-33 Page 35
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THE BUILDING
INTRODUCTION
The Nakagin Capsule Tower is a metabolist residential building by architect Kisho Kurokawa. Constructed in 1972, the building, most recognisable by the 140 capsules, sized 2.5m x 4m, protruding out of the core ranging from 11 to 13 stories. This building has been an iconic piece of architecture coming out of the metabolist movement. Nakagin Capsule Tower is considered as a Megastructure, being a large structure and a structure that is built with modular units, unlimited expansion, an pluggable structural framework, prefabrication, and having a structural framework that outlasts the units it supports, as referred to by Ralph Wilcoxon.
METABOLISM Metabolism was a creation of 4 young Japanese Architects - Kisho Kurokawa, Fumihiko Maki, Noboru Kawazoe, after witnessing the devastation of World War 2 on Japan. This urbanist movement, founded in the post-war era in the 1950s and 60s was focused on the organic growth of the city. This movement became a way to find a solution to the growing urban issues of Japan, which was quickly booming after the war. The cities simply could not handle the immense population boom of the city. The organic nature of metabolism was inspired by its literal meaning of the chemical reactions occurring in the human body in order to maintain life. Its Japanese root word, shinchintaisha, is reflective of the Buddhist concept of impermanence, renewal and regeneration. This meant that the modernist architecture sought for ways the city’s architecture could expand exponentially without needing changes much like how a biological being would grow, yet retain its qualities. Buildings like the Nakagin Capsule Tower mimics this organic growth through the expansion of its structure, and its ability to adapt to the changing needs of society according to its time. This aspect of adaptability to change to maintain relevance and sustainability mirrors the literal adaptation of biological creatures to the environment in order to survive.
This report aims to explore if Nakagin Capsule Tower embodies the principles of metabolism and also analyse the effectiveness of the metabolist movement on modern Japanese society and architecture.
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7 POINTS OF
INQUIRY
1: MASSING
CROWN The crown’s hollow trapezoidal mass simply brings about ornamentation into the boxy form of the tower. It functions to hide the water tanks at the top of the tower. Overall, this form makes the tower more grandiose, by increasing its height significantly.
CAPSULES The cuboid capsules, the most iconic part of the tower, cluster around the core, appearing at an almost random order. However, these pods are actually arranged into 2 different configurations.These configurations are simply stacked onto one another, to create an organised cluster. The regular cuboidal shape of the units allow for convenient stacking of the capsules and for the capsules to be configured onto the rectangular core with ease. Therefore, the pods can be easily configured into a new tower if needed, as they would simply have to be stacked according to the floor plans, and allow for a limitless height in which the capsules can be arranged. This follows the ideas of metabolism, where the number of units can grow exponentially.
CORE The core is a rectangular shape, Being merely a core housing the lifts and the stairs leading up to the units, this rectangular massing allows for the units to be easily arranged along it, fitting 2 capsules on each face. This shape also allows for a convenient extrusion, if ever a similar tower had to be erected and with more levels, the core wo his flexibility in planning aligns with metabolic ideas, as it means that the building can be easily replicated and adjusted with ease according to the needs of the site.
PODIUM The podium is hexagonal in shape, following the outline of the site to capitalise on the space that can be utilized on site. This is reflective of the aims of metabolism for a building fo be adaptable to its vicinity. With the podium’s footprint similar to the site, it implies that the project can be easily implemented elsewhere, as the automatic shape of the podium of the tower will be the same shape as the site. This idea thus supports the goals of metabolism, as the tower can be erected elsewhere if a dense residential tower was needed somewhere else in Japan, or anywhere else in the world. Fig. 1: Model of Nakagin Capsule Tower
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Fig. 2: Massings
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CONFIGURATION OF UNITS
The capsules are unconventionally arranged in a way that every two units on each face is half a unit higher than the other. This is created in-lieu with the stair-core, so that every stair landing can be doubled as the entrance way to every unit.
The different unit types allow for the maximum utilisation of space. With the faces of the rectangular core being the point of attachment for the units, Kurokawa had to find a way to maximise the number of units that can be attached onto the face of the core. By creating 4 different unit types, each with a different door and window positions, each face of the core can hold up to 2 units.
Legend
Configuration 1
Capsule Type A Capsule Type B Capsule Type C Capsule Type D
Capsule Type A
Capsule Type B
The differing placement of windows in the units allows for every unit to have access to views, which is necessary, especially with every unit having an extremely small living space.
CapsulecType C Fig. 3: The different capsule types
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The overall massing of the Nakagin Capsule Tower reflects Kurokawa’s metabolism ideas from how the tower was designed to be easily replicated due to its regular arrangement and simplistic forms. It is a true reflection of Kurokawa’s metabolism ideals, as his design allows for the expansion of these capsule towers, which other rapidly growing cities can construct, and allows for the exponential growth of the tower.
Capsule Type D Fig. 4: The unit configurations
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2: STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION OF THE TOWER The Nakagin Capsule Tower is mainly constructed using steel and concrete. Much of the construction of the building involved pre-cast concrete, to make the construction process efficient. This was especially needed during the post-war era of Japan in the 1970s when the country was still facing economic recovery and construction costs had to be minimised.
The construction of the towers involved 2 days of construction of the steel framing, and another 2 days of construction for the pre-cast concrete, involving the floorplates and elevator shafts. This meant that all the floors were ready for operation shortly after the completion of the steel framing. Through this process, the entire building was constructed within 30 days.
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Construction Materials Basement to 2nd Storey: Cast-in Situ Concrete Upper Floors: Light-weight Concrete
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The podium is constructed using cast in-situ concrete which has a high-level of strength. It is also a good construction material to use in the context of Japan, as it is relatively resistant to structural damage in the event of an eartquake, and other natural disasters.
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As the podium’s thick columns hold up the towers, it’s carrying sufficiently more load as compared to the upper floors, thus having the need to be constructed using a material with the a higher structural integrity.
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2 Steel Frame
1
Podium
Fig. 5: Exploded view of the order of construction
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Lift Core Pre-cast
Concrete Frame
Crown
Capsules Pre-fabricated
Service Ducts
The service ducts are hollow and contain the necessary Stairs service fixtures. The pipes are fully enclosed and openings Pre-cast are only located to connect the pipes and the units This thus makes maintenance of the services highly inaccessible as any maintenance to be done would likely need units above to be removed to conduct any fixes. This likely contributed to the inability of the building to be effectively maintained.
Since the core is constructed with light-weight concrete which is not as strong as cast-in situ concrete, it needs to be reinforced usings steel I-columns and I-beams in order to ensure that the core will be strong enough to carry the load of all 140 units. It is also essential for its sound-insulation properties which is needed when so many residents are living in such a dense space. The noise made in the core should not be able to be heard from where the residents are staying. 13
CONSTRUCTION OF THE CAPSULE
CONNECTION OF THE CAPSULE TO THE CORE
The capsule size had to be carefully considered due to the lack of space for the storage of the units on site, located at the densely populated Ginza, Tokyo. Thus, the capsules, resulting to be 2.5m x 4m x 2.5m, constructed within 3 hours, had to be pre-fabricated and transported from an assembly facility to the site using trucks.
High-tension bolt connection
Considering the fact the capsules have to be lifted to the core using a crane during construction, creating a lightweight unit was important. Each of the capsules are only attached to the core at 4 points, thus a lightweight consruction was essential to maintain the security of the capsules to the core. The capsules ended up being only 1.4 tonnes.
To go along Kurokawa’s aim for the units to be replaced or changed over a span of 25 years, the units had to be removable.
Kurokawa also intended the capsules to be interchangeable and replaceable after 25 years. Thus, the capsules have to maintain this light-weightedness even after the capsules are occupied to facilitate ease in moving them using a crane.
By having the capsules only connected to the core using 4 high-tension bolts at the top and 2 brackets at the bottom, the units can be easily plugged in and out of the core.
Bracket
Fig. 7: Attachment of a capsule
Ceiling Cloth ceiling Walls Plaster Wall
Steel Frame By having this welded steel frame, the weight of the structural elements of the unit themselves are minimised due to the minimal steel components used to construct the frame, which still effectively carries the load of the capsule and its components.
Floor Carpeted Floor
Window 1.3m dia. Circular Aluminium Frame Window
Exterior Steel Panels Galvanised steel sprayed with rust preventive paint and finished with a coat of Kinetex glossy spray.
A circular window is used as it is stronger than a rectangular or a square window. The stress is evenly distributed within the perimeter of the circular window while the stress is concentrated on the edges of a rectangular or square window.
The exterior was ensured to stand the test of time and need little maintenance. It was also sprayed with asbestos in order to create a fire-resistant exterior.
This was a very functionalist choice to make a capsule as strong as possible, as a possible window breakage can pose as a threat to the structural integrity of each capusle, which is already constructed with minimal structural elements to maintain lightweightedness.
Door
In conclusion, the structure is very functionalist in a way that it can capacitate the replacement of the individual units, which aligns to Kurokawa’s vision of creating a metabolist building.
This is also a demonstration of how functionalist choices can actually create a naturally beautiful form as the circular window cleverly complements the boxiness of the capsule. Fig. 6: Exploded view of a capsule
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The building is constructed in a way that can be replaced in other sites, as many components of the building are pre-cast (lift core, staircase, floor slab) and pre-fabricated (capsules), which aligns to the metabolistic ideals of growth not just on the pre-exisitng building, but also in other parts of the dense city of Tokyo. 15
3: INTERIOR VS EXTERIOR VIEWS FROM THE CAPSULES The capsules are arranged around all 4 sides of the tower, providing views for the full 360 degrees peripheral of the building. Currently, 3 the north-east, south-east and south-west views are unpleasant views looking directly into the buildings adjacent to the site. However, this oversight was crucial as Ginza was located in the centre of Tokyo, which was rapidly getting built up As this building is supposed to be metabolist architecture, it should be able to adapt to the potential changes in the future. Changes include the densification of the city, in which the arrangement of the capsules had overlooked. Fig. 7: Views from the unit
Wall Area: 5.76m2
The ratio of the window to the wall is large enough to make the small unit less claustrophobic with a large view to the outside
Window Area: 1.33m2
With the units only being 2.5m x 4m x 2.5m, the living area is quite miniscule. The units have to be strategically sized Average Japanese in order to ensure that the living space is comfortable enough for a typical man’s height: 170.8cm Japanese salaryman. The headroom in the capsule is ample for them to do their daily routines, as well as live comfortable in, without feeling excessive claustrophobia. Fig. 10: Headroom inside of the capsule
With only the circular window being the sole opening of the caosule to the outside, it can feel almost cave-like, where there is only a singular source of natural light in the capsule. With the miniscule size and tight space in the capsule, it is important to provide this large opening in order to create a more breathable living space within a box. The window, being so large acts as the feature space for the capsule.
Fig. 11: Components inside of the capsule
Upon opening the door and entering the capsule, the salaryman is driven to move towards the end of the capsule where the window is located. The bed is also always located adjacent to the window, thus this movement towards the window is natural to the tired salaryman retiring to rest on his bed late at night.
Legend Bed Other applicances
Furthermore, with this bed and window arrangement, the salaryman can have a moment of contemplation and relaxation looking out into the city through his large window.
Fig. 8: Ratio of the window to the wall
Ratio of the window to the wall: 0.2 Fig. 9: Views from the interior of a capsule
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INTERIOR OF THE CAPSULE
Fig. 12: A salaryman walking towards his bed
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According to a review from failedarchitecture.com, the scale of the capsule is “about right”, even for a couple to live in for an entire year Some capsules continued to be occupied, thus some residents do not actually feel excessively claustrophobic in these spaces which are scaled perfectly for the Japanese demographic.
Fig 13. Couple in comparison to the capsule
Fig 16. Interior of a capsule
Fig 14. (left) Workplace of Japanese salarymen, (right) Perspective view of the interior of the capsule
The tight living quarters however parallels the working space of the salarymen who also have to work in close quarters with each other. Therefore, this compact space might be something that these salarymen are particularly used to and do not mind living in. However, it is important to note that after living and working in such tight spaces for long periods of time, it is still important to ensure these people have breathing spaces, in which the capsules may not provide the best of.
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However this small confines of a space makes the notion of the capsules unattractive as a place of residence over time. These capsules, only designed for a single man, has an extremely high likeliness of its residents moving out. The idea of living in such a claustrophobia-inducing space might not be something a salaryman would want to live in permanently. The building relies on the constant flow of salarymen moving in and out of Tokyo, and with the rapid expansion of the city over time, there might be bigger and more comfortable residential opportunities in the area. Thus, the idea of the interior of the unit solely targeted for a single user contributed to the downfall of the building rapidly being out of use within 20-30 years of its use. This thus shows how metabolism, though an ingenious idea to solve Tokyo’s housing issue, is not an ideology that remained popular with society over time.
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4: PUBLIC VS PRIVATE Capsule Private The 140 capsules occupy the the largest portion of the building.
Core Semi-private The core acts as the transitional space between the public area and the capsules. This transitional space in a typical multi-storey residential setting, is most likely where the neighbours will interact with one another. With the building meaning to be used by single Japanese salarymen, they do most of their socialising after work in izakayas where they drink with their colleagues or close friends. In Japanese culture, neighbours are mostly only friendly to each other, simply only interacting to exchange greetings or during community festivities Japanese people are more likely to make friends with people they interact frequently with like their co-workers , as they are extremely reserved people. As salarymen who come home late at night at around 10pm, there is a possibility these residents are too exhausted to even interact with their neighbours from other capsules. Thus, due to the residents most likely only having brief interactions with one another, a large dedicated transitional space for interaction is unecessary. The semi-private space being extremely small in comparison to the individual private space in the building then makes sense.
Podium Public The public spaces located at the podium ensures that the public space experiencing heavy foot traffic is as far away as removed from the capsules as much as possible. Due to the light-weightedness of the capsules, sound insulation might become an issue. Fig 17. A sectional cut illustrating the private and public areas
Legend PRIVATE 20
PUBLIC
In order for the salarymen to have quality rest, the private areas should be detached from the public. To these salarymen, interaction with the other residents of the building is not as important, thus having a large public space where the residents can interact is not of importance. Thus, the podium has not much shared public spaces meant for interaction 21
5: PROGRAMMATIC DISTRUBUTION
Capsules Residential units for single Japanese Salarymen The capsules were meant to cater for single Japanese salarymen. They mostly spend their day outside of their homes, often starting their day at work from 7:30 am and only reaching home to rest at around 10pm, spending a whopping 15 hours outside of their home.
Core Circulation Space There is only one way to get in or out of the building from their individual capsules, which is through the core.
Therefore, the capsules for the salarymen should be sufficient for the needs of a salarymen to simply rest comfortably in at night . The capsules also provides the men with sufficient entertainment from the in-built television, and radio. There is also sufficient working space at the foldable table. This ensures that the capsules are able to provide for the basic needs of a person to live comfortably.
By having the core be minimised in space, the efficiency of these salarymen is highly increased Since most of these salarymen are rushing to work and are often coming home from tired late at night, tired, there is not a need for these circulation space to provide them with opportunities to interact with other residents from other units By also having one point of circulation, the time taken to reach the units is highly minimised.
However, the Nakagin Capsule Tower was actually unable to be forward looking in terms of how the Japanese salarymen used the capsules.
The core also acts as a fire-escape route. There is a bridge that connects the two towers at intermediate levels to aid in the ease of fire access This central core actually aids in creating a quick fire escape from the individual capsules and out of the buildings in case of any fire emergencies.
Upon its construction in 1972, one would only expect its younger single salarymen residents to get older and eventually start families on their own. Due to the miniscule size of the capsules, it is of no doubt that these salarymen would have to move out, despite these salarymen having similar 15-hour work days even after starting a family.
Podium 1st Storey: Convernience Store 2nd Storey: Office Complex
Thus, many capsules got vacated once they got married and started their own families. This resulted in many capsules to be abandoned and be ill-maintained. No new salarymen had taken over these capsules, leading to the lack of upkeep and a destined abandonment of the entire building.
The podium is effectively used not just to create a strong and rigid basefor the towers . Providing a convenience store ensure that the needs of the salarymen is met while residing in Nakagin Capsule Tower. With the aim of the building to minimise the commute these salarymen have from their home to their respective offices, having a convenience store can ensure that even more travelling is minimised when getting essential items. This being a rentable spaces by tenants, can adapt to the growing needs of the residents (for example, if the residents are in need a barber shop, a barber shop can be implemented into these shop spaces to cater to their needs) This is extremely helpful for the salarymen who have very little time for themselves due to their long working hours and decreasing the time wasted from travel can ease their way of living. 22
Despite the Nakagin Capsule Tower aiming to be a residential building for single Japanese salarymen throughout multiple generations, it was unable to attract a second generation of residents. Though it was meant to grow, with capsules being replaced or removed after 25 years, none of the capsules were touched at all. As it turns out, having buildings constantly change with the use of heavy equipment like cranes are not being sought after by members of the public, leaving the units to decay instead of living their intended 25 year lifespan.
Fig 18 . An exploded view of all 3 habitable areas of the building
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6: CIRCULATION The circulation of the entire building is fairly straight forward, where the residents simply have to either take a spiral staircase or a lift to the level of their capsule. In each storey, there are 2-4 units. And every half a storey, there are another 2 units. The spiral staircase is a direct connection point at each unit. For the units not directly facing the lift core, it is actually quite vague which storey the unit resides in
Spiral Staircase 1st Storey: Convernience Store 2nd Storey: Office Complex
Fig 21. A typical storey plan to illustrate the levels on each storey
Moreover, this spiral circulation creates a straightforward route from the public space of the building, the podium where the residents will enter before going to their units. This spiral movement compacts the circulation into the core, which also acts as the main structural element holding all the units together.
The spiral staircase,which extends from the top to the entrance of the building, is enclosed and at only around 1m wide. This enclosure and miniscule size is juxtaposed to the more open space of the podium, indicating that the staircore leads to a more private space as seen in Fig. 19. Additionally, in normal stairwells, the landing acts as a resting space for the stairwell or a change in direction. In Nakagin Capsule Tower, it also serves as the direct entrance to to the capsules, which is infrequent in a residential setting, as seen in Fig. 21.
Lift Lobby Floor Lower floor
This aligns with the idea of metabolism where the building si literally growing to adapt to the every changing needs of people, in which if the area needs more capsules to reside in, more towers can be built, or existing towers can be extended vertically to carry more capsules.
Legend Circulation via staircase Circulation via lift
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Upper floor
By compacting these 2 functions into the core, there is a potential for the towers to expand vertically and attach more units.
Core
Fig 19. The core compared to the podium
Legend
Fig 20. A diagram illustrating the ciruclation from outide of the building and into the units
there is also a notion that resources are saved as there is not a need to design and construct a separate circulation space. This aligns with metabolism, as an ideology coming after World War 2, resources were not as readily available This also maximizes the spatial usage of the building, where in Ginza, the land is extremely valuable. Though the residential building provides 140 residential capsules, it takes up as little space as possible and is able to cope with the growing demands of city to build more office buildings while providing a sufficient number of homes for salarymen in Tokyo. 25
7: FACADE ARCHITECTURAL LANGUAGE
Grid Form In elevation view, the capsules appear to be arranged in a grid like fashion This correlates with metabolism having an organic growth The capsules will appear to have a cellular growth when the capsules are ever added or replaced The capsules stacked on top of one another mimics the growth and replacement of cells in living organisms where cells are organised in layers
Fig 22 . A diagram illustrating the grid form of the units
Fig 24 . A diagram illustrating the units arranged with the central core
Centralised Organisation Clustered Form Due to the 2 different arrangement of the units, the units appear to be clustered.
In order to maximise the units that can be placed into the core, the units are placed in 2-4 units for every face for every ½ a storey, making the units revolve around the central core. The central core being the heart of the building, where the most foot traffic is experienced, is rightfully where the capsules revolve around.
Though appearing random, there is an order in the way the capsules are clustered around the central core
Fig 23 . A diagram illustrating the cluster form of the units
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MATERIALS
The crown is characterised with the stark red finish, to create a break from the monotonous grey tones of the rest of the building.
Crown Corrugated Steel
Fig 25. Comparison between a slanted and straight termination
This shows how the modernists, though highly functional, are still seeking to maintain architectural beauty by adding subtle ornamentation to their designs.
Service Ducts Lightweight Concrete Units Galvanised steel sprayed with rust preventive paint and finished with a coat of Kinetex glossy
The crown and service ducts are slanted to make a less abrupt termination point.
The galvanised steel is merely an outer shell for the for the lightweight capsules.
By having a slanted termination point, it creates an edge that points upwards and connotes further vertical expansion, which aligns to Kurokawa’s aim of exponential growth oof the building.
Core Lightweight Concrete
Fig 27. A diagram illustrating an individual capsule
Podium Cast In-situ Concrete The core and podium have no finishes. It cearly distincts the megastructure from the replacable units.
Legend
The concrete, is commonly known as a strong material. By having no finishes, the core and podium distinguished to be a permanent part of the building as it can be visibly recognised to be the main support structure of the building.
Modular furniture Fig 28. A diagram illustrating the modularisation of furniture in the capsules
The podium is also a true reflection of the modernist movement, clearly demonstrating one of Le Corbusier’s Five Points of architecture, The Piloti. This is demonstrated by how the columns at the podium elevate the entire building off the ground.
The unit was shaped like a box to to ensure the convenient stacking and plugging onto the face of the core. This shape also allowed for easily modularisation of the furniture within the units, as seen in Fig. 28.
Furthermore, the ribbon window is also a clear inspiration from Le Corbusier, who has used the same window layout for his projects like Villa Savoye, in which he researched that the ribbon windows allows more light into the space.
It can be recognised as the part of the building which is replaceable, as the shell is often thought of something that is not as long lasting as having a solid concrete structure like the core and the podium.
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Fig 26. A diagram illustrating the Nakagin Capsule Tower in colour
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CONCLUSION
The 7 lines of inquiry shows how the Nakagin Capsule tower is a true demonstration of the essence of Metabolism. Its massing and facade clearly establishes Kurokawa’s aim to create a piece of architecture that can rapidly grow not just vertically, but to other parts of Japan. The structure complemented Kurokawa’s ideals on replaceability while maintaining structural rigidity, and the circulation, programmatic distribution and the public vs private domains of the building shows Kurokawa’s sensitivities to the evolving needs of the Japanese salarymen. However, the interior realm of the capsules shows the inherent flaw of the sheer size of the building, though perfect for a single salaryman, has extremely low marketability to allow the continuity of residents staying in the building. This eventually led to the building’s demise as its abandonment has cost the building a lack of maintenance and to a state of disrepair. The building is now set to be demolished by March 2022.
In my opinion, the Nakagin Capsule Tower has been an ingenious way of solving the issue of the need for housing for Japanese Salarymen after the economic boom in the 1960s. The idea of having small units still be a comfortable home for a singular user is a way good way to not only make commute easier for salarymen, but also provide full independence at an affordable rate to single adult men who would most likely stay with family members if it were not for the capsule tower. The Nakagin Capsule Tower is also an early example of Pre-fabricated Volumetric Construction which is more widely being used now. The speed in which the entire building was constructed, 30 days, with the level of technology in the 1970s shows how truly efficient this construction system is. The Nakagin Capsule Tower was truly ahead of its time.
Though in theory, the non-permanence of the building is a brilliant way to adapt to Tokyo’s needs of residential buildings for Japanese salarymen, it was not something society was receptive of. As forward looking Kurokawa has been to ensure that the needs of these Japanese salarymen are always met in the building, ultimately, Kurokawa could not control the fact that after the 1st generation of residents left, there was not enough appeal for a 2nd generation of single Japanese Salarymen to stay in these capsules to simply stay closer to their workplace. This lead to the overall abandonment of capsules, in which slowly made many of them rot beyond disrepair, instead of getting replaced after Kurkokawa’s initial idea of replacing them after 25 years for the new occupants to use.
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Fig 29. A full exploded diagram of Nakagin Capsule Tower
Fig 30. A full exploded diagram of a capsule
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