BO SHENG LIU and DANIEL FOX JACK L. HAWK METHODS AND MATERIALS II
LORAIN COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE
ENTREPRENEURSHIP INNOVATION CENTER
CONTENTS SITE......................................................................................... FORM..................................................................................... CLIMATE ANAYLSIS........................................................... CIRCULATION..................................................................... PROGRAMS........................................................................... DAYLIGHTING..................................................................... HEIGHTS............................................................................... SOIL........................................................................................ FOOTING............................................................................... FIRE........................................................................................ STRUCTURAL...................................................................... BUILDING ENVELOPE...................................................... HVAC..................................................................................... PLUMBING........................................................................... FIRE PROTECTION............................................................ ELECTRICAL......................................................................... COMMUNICATIONS/GENERAL.................................... CODE..................................................................................... CONCLUSION......................................................................
P3 P4 P5 P6 P7-8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P13 P14-19 P20-29 P30-34 P35-37 P38-42 P43-45 P46-48 P49-60 P61
Entrepreneurship Innovation Center January 25, 2013 The Entrepreneurship Innovation Center locates emergent technology businesses together to enhance their entrepreneurial spirit in a collaborative environment; all in support of Ohio’s shift from manufacturing and agriculture toward a knowledge-based economy. This certified LEED Silver project provides education space, training facilities, and business support amenities specifically suited to the requirements of the technology-based tenant companies. Further amenities include sophisticated conference and distance learning facilities, and highly adaptable tenant suites. Lincoln Street Studio developed the master plan for the Lorain County Community College’s Great Lakes Technology Park, placed delicately amid the area’s forest and wetlands, and in proximity to the College. The Entrepreneurship Innovation Center anchors the Park and provides a symbolic bridge between the academic and technology transfer communities. In keeping with the technology woods concept of the Park’s development plan, the building was designed to achieve LEED Silver certification, thus setting a benchmark of stewardship and sustainability for the College and further progress of the Park. Our good friends at Clark & Post Architects served as the architect of record and managed the construction process. By Lincoln Street Studio
SITE Sheffield City D
it R etro
Residential Zone / Mix Use
N. Abbe Road
oad
Gulf R
I-90
oad
Case Road
Lorain County Community College (LCCC) is located at the Southeastern portion in the city of Lorain. The circulation surrounding the site has no major intersections that would allow any heavy traffic to be possible. The majority of the students that commute to the college will generally take I-90 before exiting onto Detroit Road and then onto North Abbe Road to finally arrive at the college. LCCC is in a suburban residential area and was placed on the site in a way to respond to the forest and wetland area that surrounds the site to prevent any kind of impact on the environment.
1000 Ft.
3
FORM
DIAGRAMS
STEP ONE.
STEP THREE.
By placing a massing of the total gross square footage on the site it gives the designer the opportunity to understand the contextual relationship of the surrounding area. Additionally this allows the designer to compare the size of the proposed square footage to the site while taking the surrounding context into consideration.
Furthermore, the West end of the building overlapped the wetland area, resulting in pivoting the overlapped portion roughly 63 degrees to align with that particular are of the wetland. This further limited the overall impact of the building placement.
N 30’
0’
30’
N
60’
30’
0’
30’
60’
STEP TWO.
STEP FOUR.
Limiting the impact of the site, Lincoln Street Studio rotated the building’s footprint roughly 27 degrees to align it with the pre-existing wetland. By doing this it limits the amount the trees required to be cut down in order to construct the building compared to it being placed elsewhere.
The resulting form creates a unique space for a central communication space and vertical circulation. This zone provides a strong directional characteristic to the building, leading people to their destination in a more obvious way compared to other buildings.
N
N 30’
0’
30’
30’
0’
30’
60’
60’
4
CLIMATE
ANALYSIS
The Entrepreneurship Innovation Center does not have any sustainable energy technology throughout the entire building, but the design received a large amount of recognition from LEED and society alone. There are many reasons for the building to lack these passive characteristics, mainly due to the site’s location on a micro scale. With a Southern orientation and location on the campus it would make sense for the utilization of photovoltaic cells, but because of the tree height surrounding the building there is even less reason to use this technology on top of the fact that this part of Ohio receives many cloudy days throughout the year. With only the slight potential of photovoltaic cells being useful during the summer months, it would not have been an intelligent move. The use of wind turbines would also be affected by the surrounding trees, making these sustainable traits rather useless. Although these sustainable aspects could not be utilized, passive solar is still a large influence on the orientation of the building, allowing the tall trees to shade the south façade while allowing sunlight into the space during the winter months while the trees are left bare. The West and North sides of the building have polypropylene panels to protect the building’s privacy, but largely to reduce the amount of heat loss or heat gain depending on the time of year. These passive characteristics prevent an overuse of the buildings HVAC system. Trees surrounding the site are also great for shading the parking lot, preventing unwanted solar heat gain in the vehicles parked there. It is also convenient for the parking lot during the winter months in the same manner it is for the building, allowing the sun to heat the vehicles’ interiors subtracting the need to heat the vehicles before leaving the college.
N 30’
0’
30’
60’
Forest
100
500
90
450
80
400
70
350
60
300
50
250
100%
10000
90%
9000
80%
8000
70%
7000
60%
6000
50%
5000
40%
4000
40
200
30%
3000
30
150
20%
2000
20
100
10%
1000
10
50
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Average Temperature Farenheit
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Radiation Range
Btu/sq.ft per hr
0% Jan
Feb
Mar
0 Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Sky Cover Range Farenheit
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Illumination Range Footcandles
5
CIRCULATION
Circulation
Entries
The building includes four main points of entry for public access. The major access is located towards the center of the building; entering from both the South side of the building and the North side. The other two access points are located on both the East and West sides of the building for people who park closer to those particular ends of the building. Each side has vertical circulation through the fire stairs, but do not have an elevator on either end.
Entries/Public Ciculation Diagram
6
PROGRAMS Rentable space is largely located on the top two floors of the building since the tenant spaces require privacy. At ground level there are general office spaces, open work stations, conference rooms, as well as mechanical and electrical rooms. Service enters through the west side of the building, nearby the lobby. From a public circulation point of view, the public will not typically come in contact with this area of the building with the way circulation is laid out.
Third Level
Second Level
Supply Zone Ground Level
Offices and Conference Rooms 0’
20’
40’
80’ 100’
Rentable Spaces 7
PROGRAMS The elevation of the building is strongly related to the interior as the polypropylene louvers on the North and West sides located above the ground level prevent solar heat gain during the summer while allowing solar heat gain during the winter months. In addition to this passive design technique, these louvers also add a sense of privacy in the tenant spaces in the upper levels. The mechanical unit is also cleverly hidden with the use of this type of faรงade, located on the third floor with open air above. Instead of using this same method to add privacy to the lower offices and conference areas the floor plans demonstrate a set back on the ground level to add this sense of privacy.
Private Public
8
DAYLIGHTING
Third Level
N 30’
0’
30’
60’
Forest Second Level 40
Ground Level
0 Footcandles
0’
20’
40’
Since daylighting does not reach far enough into the interior of the ground level it is crucial that interior lighting is utilized. The forest surrounding the building causes this additional need of interior lighting, especially during summer months while on the other hand would require less lighting during the winter months as the trees are bare, allowing light to enter further into the interior. In the upper levels ambient and reflective light is largely utilized from natural daylight.
80’ 100’ 9
HEIGHTS
14’ 1 1/2”
Interstitial Space Office and Conference Room Rentable Space Water Closet
42’1 1/2”
14’0”
2’8” 2’8” 5’0”
Along the South façade of the building there is the use of a double height space, which provides the opportunity to use the stack effect while also maximizing the day light that enters the space. The interstitial space varies based on the purpose of the program; lowering the ceiling in certain areas to produce negative pressure to prevent the air from leaking out of the public spaces. As previously mentioned, the mechanical rooms are stacked, leaving the third floor mechanical unit out in the open air. Both the boiler and major ductal work are fed out from the second floor mechanical room while the third floor mechanical room is meant for exhaust and bringing in fresh supply air.
14’0”
Interstitial 2’8” 11’4”
MECH / ELEC
8’0”
Interstitial 6’0”
MECH / ELEC
8’0”
Interstitial 6’0”
Air
Water Closet Double Height Space 10
SOIL
BtA - Bogart Loam, 0 to 2 percent slpes HsA - Haskins Loam, 0 to2 percent slopes *Typical profile 0 to 13 inches: Loam 13 to 32 inches: Clay loam 32 to 60 inches: Silty clay loam *Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Very low to moderately low (0.00 to 0.06 in/hr) * Frequency of flooding: None * Frequency of ponding: None MgA - Mahoning Silt Loam, 0 ro 2 percent slopes * Typical profile 0 to 9 inches: Silt loam 9 to 30 inches: Silty clay 30 to 60 inches: Clay loam * Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Very low to moderately low (0.00 to 0.06 in/hr) * Frequency of flooding: None * Frequency of ponding: None
N
30’ 0’ 30’ 60’ Soil bearing capacities used for structural design: Strip Footing: 2500 psf Column Footing: 2500 psf Verify bearing capacity of soil at bottom of excavations before constructing footings. Structural Design Data Snow Floor Load Ground Snow Load: 200psf Corridors: 100psf Flat Roof Snow Load: 200psf Lobbies: 100psf Wind Offices: 100psf Basic Wind Speed: 90mph Storage: 125psf Components and Cladding Pressure: 19.5 Stair and Exits:
11
FOOTINGS CF-4 CF-2
F-3 6’x6’x1’3”
F-2 5’x5’x1’
Footing And Pier Schedule
0’
Mark F-1 F-2 F-3 Pier Size 20”x20” 20”x20” 20”x20” Reinforcing 8-#6 8-#6 8-#6 Ties #3@12”C/C #3@12”C/C #3@12”C/C Top/Pier EL 99’-4” 99’-4” 99’-4” Footing Size 4’x4’x1’ 5’x5’x1’ Reinforcing 6-#4 7-#4 7-#5 Top/Pier EL 95’-0” 95’-0” 94’-9” Combined Footing And Pier Schedule Mark Pier Size Reinforcing Ties Top/Pier EL Footing Size Reinforcing
F-1 4’x4’x1’
F-5 20”x20” 8-#6 Wetland #3@12”C/C 99’-4” The original idea for this 7’x7’x1’3” 8’x8’x1’6” building was to try avoiding 8-#6 unnecessary impact to the 94’-6” surrounding wetland as much as possible. The designers also attempted to limit the removal of trees, resulting CF-1 CF-2 CF-3 CF-4 CF-5 in the L shape form of the 20”x20” 20”x20” 20”x20” 20”x20” 20”x20” landscape. The exterior wall 8-#6 8-#6 8-#6 8-#6 8-#6 on the North side is equipped #3@12”C/C #3@12”C/C #3@12”C/C #3@12”C/C #3@12”C/C with a stronger foundation 99’-4” 99’-4” 99’-4” 99’-4” 99’-4” due to the soil conditions. see plan x 2’ see plan x 2’ see plan x 2’ see plan x 2’ see plan x 2’ #4@12 TOP #5@12 TOP #4@12 TOP #4@12 TOP #4@12 TOP #6@12 BOT. #6@12 BOT. #6@12 BOT. #7@12 BOT. #7@12 BOT.
F-4 7’x7’x1’3”
20’
40’
CF-5
80’
100’
F-4 20”x20” 8-#6 #3@12”C/C 99’-4” 6’x6’x1’3” 6-#6 94’-9”
N 30’
0’
30’
60’
12
Fire
Resistance
Building Code Information Fire Resistance Rating: Structural Frame 0 Hour Exterior Bearing Walls N.A. Interior Bearing Walls N.A. Exterior Non-bearing Walls 0 Hour Interior Non- bearing Walls 0 Hour Floor Construction 0 Hour Roof Construction 0
Concrete Concrete Compressive Strength, unless indicated: General Use: 3000 psi Slab-on Grade: 3500 psi Column: 4000 psi Reinforcment Bars: ASTM A615, Grade 60
Plumbing Plan The building has a fire sprinkler system along the length of the building; therefore it does not require fire resistance protection for the structural members.
0’
20’
40’
80’
100’
13
STRUCTURE
Lateral Forces
Proposed Floor Areas:
Third Floor: 15,566 sf
The highlighted areas in the diagrams are separated by the structural zones of the building. The majority of the structural members are located in the corridor/circulation areas, which allows the deck work to run through the interstitial spaces. Since all of the systems run through the interstitial space there is no need for an increase in building height. Vertical structural elements such as vertical circulation shafts that run from the footing to the roof act as shear walls. Therefore lateral loads will be transferred from the walls into the foundation. Since the soil conditions on the Northwest corner of the building is unstable, placing the central lobby in this space will reduce the dead and live loads, avoiding the building from sinking unevenly over time. WIND LOAD
Programs
0’ 20’
40’
Second Floor: 17,384 sf
First Floor: 15,336 sf
80’ Total 100’ 48,316 sf
LATERAL LOAD 14
STRUCTURE
Structural Grid
Typical Structural Grid Spacing: AAABAAAB A = 15’ - 8” B = 9’ - 4”
The structural grid maintains a rather consistent pattern in bay sizes along the longer axis of the building while exhibiting a different spacing along the shorter axis. This is most likely due to the horizontal dominance of the building, allowing for the various spaces to function better throughout the building. Shortly after analyzing the structural grid it is obvious that the tenant spaces including those below generally take on a shape in accordance with the structural grid. Spacing along the short axis includes a relatively long span of 38 feet before falling back to dimensions around 10 feet in span. These shorter spans block out the circulation of the building. With differing spans of beams come varying beam sizes to accommodate the weight displacement from the loads above.
15
STRUCTURE
Size/Form
Throughout the structure of the building there is a large variety of column heights, with a few different column sizes/types. The majority of the columns used throughout the building are W10X33 with three different heights. Column C-1 spans from the first floor to the roof while C-3 spans from the second floor to the roof leaving the least used column being C-2, which is only utilized on the first floor to accommodate the angled nature of the circulation present on the first floor. Another column used for the structure is an 8� diameter standard pipe column that seems to only be used in a single instance near the main entrances of the building, spanning from the first floor to the roof.
16
STRUCTURE
Load Distribution
Typical load distribution is simply passed through the floor plates and transferred to the beams or girders depending on the load’s location. Then the load continues down through the columns and into the footing where it is then displaced throughout the soil under that particular footing. If a particular load is located in the precise center of a bay then the beams and columns that make up that particular bay will share the load, splitting the total load between the supports. Assuming the load is not located at the exact center then the load will be distributed based on its offset from the center and distributed accordingly through the surrounding beams and columns.
17
STRUCTURE
System
WEST ELEVATION
NORTH ELEVATION
18
STRUCTURE
Special Loading Considerations
WT5x8.5
W12x14
FIRE RETARDANT TREATED 2X WOOD BLOCKING
(C-1) W10x33 W12x14 W12x14 (HOIST BEAM)
COMPOSITE METAL PANEL ON AIR & WATER BARRIER ON 1/2” EXTERIOR PLYWD SHEATHING
(C-1) W10x33
19
MATERIALS
Majority Aluminum Cap Fascia with Drip
The majority of the building is made out of clay tile veneer and glazing. Roughly twenty-five percent of the exterior surfaces are clay tiles with seventy-five percent glazing. The South faรงade has limited shading devise due to the nearby forest. Along the other three sides of the building is a louver system to prevent solar heat gain during the summer and heat loss during the winter months.
Aluminum Curtain Wall
Aluminum Curtain Wall
31% 53% 16% Glazing v.s. Louvers 3% Louvers Cover Mechanical 25% Clay Tile Veneer Color As Indicat72% Drainable Sight-Proof Aluminum LouClay Tiles v.s. Glazing
Polycarbonate Glazing System
20
MATERIALS
FORM/ORIENTATION
Throughout the entire system above the ground level is the presence of a louver system paired with the curtain wall. These same louvers strategically hide the mechanical unit located on the third floor of the building. By doing this the general public will not notice the location of the unit and it prevents unwanted noises throughout the building and removes excess heat gain by being exposed to the outdoors. N
At the ground level the faรงade is done in a different way than the levels above. This is because of certain privacy issues that are addressed in another manner; recessing the program further into the building than the proceeding floors. The North, East, and West facades incorporate horizontal and vertical louvers for privacy from the public as well as for the prevention of heat gain or heat loss.
Surrounded by forest along the South side of the building, glazing does not require the previously mentioned shading devices. Additionally, the major corridor is located in this region where it could act as a shading device in itself while also acting as the main means of circulation.
21
MATERIALS
SKIN RELATIONSHIP
Rentable Space Curtain Wall
Public Space
Even though the ground level is primarily a public space the architect decided to recess the ground level where conference rooms and offices are located. The screen used along the faรงade of the top two floors provides the privacy needs of the tenants in those rentable spaces. The louvers are also a way to control the overuse of the mechanical system by the tenants throughout the year. 22
ENVELOPE October 4 P.M.
DAYLIGHT
October 4 P.M.
Third Level
Second Level
Ground Level
Footcandles
0’ 20’ 40’
July 12 P.M.
80’ 100’
July 12 P.M. The South side corridor has limited solar heat gain since the program is set farther back to prevent the unwanted heat gains. During the winter the opposite effect will occur due to the Sun’s low angle in the sky, effectively heating up the entire mass.
South Facade
North Facade
23
EXPANSION
JOINTS
Along the North and South Faรงade there are both horizontal and vertical expansion joints while there appear to only be vertical expansion joints on the shorter East and West facades. These expansion joints blend into the rest of the facade, acting as a whole in an aesthetic sense, but functioning as a system.
24
FORCES
East Facade
In this diagram the East faรงade experiences lateral forces exhibiting a push that results in pressure on the exterior wall. This translates to the interior structure, adding pressure to the foundation as well as the girders and beams, causing stress on the columns as well. Although the lateral forces create a significant pressure on the exterior of the building, the pressure quickly displaces along the interior structure under common circumstances.
25
FORCES
South Facade
Along the curtain wall the lateral forces tend to pull at the glazing. Due to this it is necessary to hang the curtain wall system off of the main structural system of the building. The same lateral forces against masonry walls cause the most stress towards the base of the structure, testing the compressive strength of the concrete foundation.
26
WALL
COMPOSITION
CLAY TILE VENEER
In this instance of wall composition there is the use of clay tile veneer on the exterior. Inside of the wall the veneer is tied to the vapor barrier and gypsum board. These elements wrap around the structural element located towards the core of this particular wall.
MASONRY TIE GYPSUM BOARD
VAPOR BARRIER
27
VISIBLE
The buildings mechanical unit is located on the third floor instead of on top of the roof. It is still left in the elements, but hidden behind the faรงade. This mechanical unit can be accessed through the third floor mechanical room, separated from the circulation.
28
SIGNAGE Signage does not appear to be present on the exterior of the building, but there is a bold gesture with the glazing as it extends past the building; hiding the elevator behind it. This is obviously not verbal signage, but it does leave a type of signature much like verbal signage.
29
HVAC
System/Heating/Cooling/Dehumidification
The Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) system that is used in this building is an Air-water System, using the Variable Air Volume (VAV) Multizone units. This system allows individual tenants to alter the temperature in their rented space by changing the thermostat. The ground level is all controlled by a centralized system since it is a public space that is constantly being entered or exited. With such a diverse climate this is an ideal system to use.
VARIABLE AIR VOLUME HEAT PUMP 30
HVAC
USE/COST/PROGRAM/OPERATION EXPENSES/FLEXIBILITY/COMFORT This diagram represents the variation in HVAC used throughout the building. The ground floor is supplied with multiple supply air ducts as well as returns and exhaust air. The upper floors exhibit the VAV units in multiple rentable spaces.
EXHAUST DUCTS SUPPLY DUCTS RETURN DUCTS HEAT PUMPS BOILERS MECHANICAL UNIT
31
HVAC
UNIT LOCATION/TYPES/SIZES/BTUH/MECHANICAL ROOM SIZE/INTAKE & EXHAUST The mechanical unit is located on the third floor against the north facade behind the restroom wall. Placing the unit here seems to have been due to the prevention of having a rooftop unit. Furthermore it seems to be isolated enough that any kind of mechanical noises are brought to a minimum. There is also easier access to the unit by orienting it the way that it has been.
32
HVAC
PRIMARY DUCT RUNS/SUPPLY/RETURN/TYPICAL RUN OUT DUCTS & CFM Primary ducts run in a lot of different directions along the ceiling of the ground floor, but are a lot more organized in the upper floors. This is also due to the fact that the ground floor uses a centralized system while the upper floors utilize the VAV system.
33
HVAC
FIRE DAMPER LOCATIONS
Fire dampers have been located on the third floor within proximity to the restrooms. There are most likely others located throughout the building in areas where ducts run vertically. The fire dampers are utilized when smoke is detected and the dampers react accordingly as smoke rises through the ductal system.
34
PLUMBING
PRIMARY ELEMENTS/DOMESTIC HOT WATER SUPPLY The primary plumbing elements are primarily located at the South end of the building and branch to the neccessary areas of the building. The domestic hot water is supplied through the gas water heater at the East end of the building on the first floor.
GROUND WATER DOMESTIC HOT WATER RETURN DOMESTIC HOT WATER DOMESTIC COLD WATER FIRE WATER SOURCE 35
PLUMBING
WET COLUMNS/BACKFLOW PREVENTERS
Wet columns are located at four major points spread throughout the structure. These areas are where rain water is drained from the roof and down through the building. The roof has a couple of scenarios where two rain drains converge into one pipe that follows down through the building. Backflow preventers are located on the West side of the building, located nearby the restrooms. They are there to prevent any type of grey and black water from making an unwanted presence within the interior. The main prevention is that of gasses that could flow back into the interior if this device was not utilized.
36
PLUMBING
RESTROOMS/FIXTURES REQUIRED
There are restrooms accessible on each floor with the ground level restroom located in the West wing of the building while the other floors have a more centralized location. Each restroom is equipped with water fountains along the exterior that are ADA compliant. Inside each restroom is a handicap accessible stall with the appropriate handrails as well as a urinal or extra stall depending on the gender of the restroom. Additionally, there are sinks located in each restroom for sanitary purposes.
37
FIRE
PROTECTION Ohio Building Code (Chapter 9-2) Class I system. A system providing 2 1/2-inch(64mm) hose connections to supply water for use by fire departments and those trained in handling heavy fire systems. Class II system. A system providing 1 1/2-inch(38mm) hose stations to supply water for use by building occupants or by the fire department during initial respone. Class III system. A system providing 1 1/2-inch(38mm) hose stations to supply water for use building occupants and 2 1/2-inch(64mm) hose connections to supply a larger volume of water for use by fire departments and those trained in handling heavy fire streams. Relationship The standpipe is generally located in the fire stair, because the stair tower is designed to resist fire at a minimum of two hours. If the standpipe is located inside the floor system when a fire was to occur then the pipe could potentially melt and increase the damages. The system is also connected to the local fire department, allowing the fire department to be notified as soon as the fire starts to respond as quickly as possible.
2 1/2-inch Fire Department Connection
4 inch Standpipe Fire Department Connection
0’
20’
40’
80’ 100’
38
Fire
PROTECTION
2002 Ohio Building Code 302.1.1 Uncidental Use Areas Storage Rooms Over 100 S.F. 503 Height and Area Limitations 601 Fire Resistance Rating:
Automatic Fire-Extinguishing System Construction Type II-B Building Height - Group B 4/55 Building Area - Group B 23000 S.F.
Structural Frame Exterior Bearing Walls Interior Bearing Walls Exterior Non-bearing Walls Interior Non- bearing Walls Floor Construction Roof Construction
0 Hour N.A. N.A. 0 Hour 0 Hour 0 Hour 0 Hour
This building has a limited amount of sprinklers since it has a standpipe at either end of the building. The standpipe is very efficient since it can accurately fight a fire in a given area, resulting in minimum damages. No further fire proofing is required throughout the building because of this system.
Sprinkler Plan 0’
20’
40’
80’ 100’
39
Fire
PROTECTION
2002 Ohio Building Code 705 Fire Walls N.A. 105.3.2 Door Hardware Encroachment The Hardware Is Mounted Not Less Than 34 Inches or More Than 48 Inches Above the Finished Floor. 706.3.4 Incidental Use Areas 1 Hour - Less Than 4 Stories 0 Hour - Automatic Sprinkler System 3 Pipe Tube, Conduit, Wire, Cable 4 Vents Per Section 711.4 4 Ducts Per Section 711.4 9 Floor Opening Betwn A Mezz And The Floor Below 11 Where Permitted By Other Section 708 Fire Partition Corridors 0 Hour, Table 1004.3.2.1 709 Smoke Barriers N.A. 710 Horizontal Assemblies 0 Hour Table 601
The standpipe is located within the fire wall so that in the case of a fire the firemen can connect to the standpipe and control the fire with the supply of water. If the system is unable to contain the fire then backup arrives shortly after the start of the fire and will assist in putting out the fire.
Fire Wall
40
Fire
PROTECTION
N
Fire Truck Circulation on Site
30’
Pipes Plan 0’ Fire Command Center
20’
40’
80’
100’
0’
30’
60’
These two diagrams show where the circulation and fire command center are located. The building has an automatic sprinkler system on each floor, which allows architects to get around the Ohio Building Code in certain aspects. If the building is on fire then the system will begin to control the fire before assistance arrives. Both the telephone and electrical room would be utilized as a command post as they control the fire as it has easy access to each floor as well as the standpipes. 41
Fire
PROTECTION
Sprinkler Plan and Smoke Detecters 0’
20’
40’
80’ 100’
42
Electrical
Size/Location/Service
I
J
K
L
M
Third Level D
E
F
G
H
Second Level 400A. MLO A
B
C
Local Panel Box
MDP Main Distribution Panel Ground Level Power Co. Mounted Transformer
Exterior Offices and Conference Room Lobby, Conference Room Offices, Mechanical Room
43
Electrical
Size/Location/Service
Panel Box Size and Service Area
J
K
L
M
G
H
AI II BI II C D E F G H I J K M
I
E
F
D
208/120V.-3%-4W 208/120V.-3%-4W 208/120V.-3%-4W 208/120V.-3%-4W 208/120V.-3%-4W 208/120V.-3%-4W 208/120V.-3%-4W 208/120V.-3%-4W 208/120V.-3%-4W 208/120V.-3%-4W 208/120V.-3%-4W 208/120V.-3%-4W 208/120V.-3%-4W 208/120V.-3%-4W
Double Section Double Section Double Section Double Section Surface Surface Surface Surface Surface Surface Surface Surface Surface Surface
Surface Surface Surface Surface
Mechanical and Electrical Room Electrical Room B
A
Panel Box
C
Electrical Programs 0’
20’
40’
80’ 100’
44
Electrical
N A - 1, 2
Size/Location/Service
B M-1
P, C, D K-2
Size/ A 1 1-42 CF SP35 Aircraft cable suspended compact fluorescent luminaire with semitranslucent polycarbonate reflector, multivolt electronic ballast and universal lamp socket with die cast aluminum housing. 2 1-42 CF SP35 Same as detailed in fixture type A1 above except with remote mounted emergency battery pack, test switch and pilot light, 120V. B Per Plans Surface mounted single circuit track with supports, connectors, feed units and fittings for lengths indicated. fixtures shall be adjusable incadescent foodlight with accessory holder. C 1-50 PAR20 Recessed halogen eyeball luminaire with steel housing, 3 3/4” diameter aperture, black body with black baffle, mounting hardware and thermal protection. D 1-50 PAR20 Similar to type “c“ but straight luminare. F 1 1-50 PAR20 Aircraft cable suspended fluorescent luminaire with extruded aluminum housing, indirect light optic energy efficient lamps, continusous row mounting, dimming ballast, white finish, single circuit, specular parabolic downlight louver, 120V. F 2 1-50 PAR20 Same as detailed in fixture type “F-1“ above except with self contained emergency battery pack and test switch/pilot light, 120V. I 1-70 MHMED Metal halide exterior ADA compaiant wall sconce with UL wet location housing, diffuser, and cold temperature ballast. K 3-32 T8SP35 Fluorescent 2’*4’ recessed troffer for lay-in ceilings with 3” deep parabolic, 24 cell louver, and two electronic ballasts for multi-level illumination, two coversm fusing, 120V. M1 2-55 CF/ BIAX 2’*2’ compact fluorescent recessed video conferencing fixture with high SP 35 CRI = efficiency reflector, dinning ballast, 120V. 82 P 1-50 MR16 Incandescent round recessed low voltage adjustable downlight with 1” NFL pin spot aperture, integral transformer, 120V. K-1 F-2
Electrical Ceiling 0’
20’
40’
80’ 100’
45
COMMUNICATION
Chart Title
27%
Chart Title 73%
27%
73%
Network Phone Outlet Network Furniture system Telecom Room 0’ Type J-2 J-3 J-19
Function Network Wall Phone Outlet Network Wall Phone Outlet Network Furniture Sytem
Enclosure Description 4-11/16" Square Box 2-1/8"D / 1-Device Cover 4-11/16" Square Box 2-1/8"D / 2-Device Cover -
Enclosure Make/Model Raco 265 w/Single Device Cover Raco 266 w/Single Device Cover -
20’
40’
80’ 100’
Mounting Style 42" AFF-Alush 48" AFF-Alush -
J‐2 J-3
Network Phone Outlet
J-19 J‐19
Network Furniture system
The building has two types of communication devices; the J-3 network system is for the public telephone communications and the second and the most used device is the public network. The latter is installed at every open work station and includes an electrical plug, internet plug, and telephone plug. This device is of a particular design for public use for multiple types of devices.
46
General
Supply
N
Can’t go through the wetland
30’
Too far off from the main street
0’
30’
60’
N 30’
0’
The best option out of three 30’
60’
47
General
Supply
Electrical Room 0’
20’
40’
80’ 100’
The building uses an Air-water System, which is a very efficient system in the climate that the college is located with the huge temperature changes. Three pipes compose the system as they run through the building with cold water, hot water, and hot water return. The air runs through the water pipe to be cooled down before being warmed back up. Individual zones have the Variable Air Volume Unit to control the air in each space. However, the ground level has no thermostats since it is a public area and is controlled elsewhere. 48
General 2002 Ohio Building Code 705 Fire Walls N.A. 2002 Ohio Plumbing Code 105.3.2 Door Hardware Encroachment 2002 Ohio Mechanical Code The Hardware Is Mounted Not Less Than 34 Inches 1999 National Electric Code or More Than 48 Inches Above the Finished Floor. 1994 Life Safty Code NFPA 706.3.4 Incidental Use Areas 1 Hour - Less Than 4 Stories 101 And Related Articles 0 Hour - Automatic Sprinkler System 302 Classification Business Group B 3 Pipe Tube, Conduit, Wire, Cable 302.1.1 Uncidental Use Areas 4 Vents Per Section 711.4 Storage Rooms Over 100 S.F. Automatic Fire-Extinguishing System 4 Ducts Per Section 711.4 302.2 Accessory Use Area Less Than 10 Percent of Floor Area 9 Floor Opening Betwn A Mezz And The Floor Below 503 Height and Area Limitations Construction Type II-B 11 Where Permitted By Other Section Building Height - Group B 4/55 708 Fire Partition Corridors 0 Hour, Table 1004.3.2.1 Building Area - Group B 23000 S.F. 709 Smoke Barriers N.A. 504 Height Modifications 710 Horizontal Assemblies 0 Hour Table 601 Sprinkler - Group A-3 3/75’ Allowed 1/27’ Proposed - Group B 5/75’ Allowed 5/74.5 Proposed Ohio Building Code (Chapter 9-2) 506 Area Modifications: Sprinkler - Group B 46000 S.F. Class I system. A system providing 2 1/2-inch(64mm) hose connections Frontage - Group B 17250 S.F. Group B 86250 S.F. Allowed to supply water for use by fire departments and those trained in handling Proposed Floor Areas heavy fire systems. First Floor 15336 S.F. Second Floor 17384 S.F. Third Floor 15566 S.F. Class II system. A system providing 1 1/2-inch(38mm) hose stations Building Total 48316 S.F. to supply water for use by building occupants or by the fire department 601 Fire Resistance Rating: during initial respone. Structural Frame 0 Hour Exterior Bearing Walls N.A. Class III system. A system providing 1 1/2-inch(38mm) hose stations to Interior Bearing Walls N.A. supply water for use building occupants and 2 1/2-inch(64mm) hose con Exterior Non-bearing Walls 0 Hour nections to supply a larger volume of water for use by fire departments and Interior Non- bearing Walls 0 Hour those trained in handling heavy fire streams. Floor Construction 0 Hour Roof Construction 0 Hour 49
General Ceiling
60 Minutes Fire Rating
Stair Shaft
60 Minutes Fire Rating
Third Level
Second Level
FIre Door On The Stair Shaft Width Height 3’-0” 8’-0”
Thick 1 3/4”
Material AL First Level
Third Level Second Level First Level
60 Minutes Fire Rating 60 Minutes Fire Rating 60 Minutes Fire Rating
Fire Wall, Door, Exit
50
Egress 2002 Ohio Building Code 905 Standpipe 905.3.1 Exception I Class I Allowed in Sprinklered Building 907 Fire Alarm & Deterction Systems 907.2.2 Group B Exception Manual Fire Alarm Box Not Required 1003 General Means of Egress 1003.2.2 Design Occupant Load First Floor Varies 250 Second Floor 1/100 Gross 174 Third Floor 1/100 Gross 156 1003.3 Means of Egress Components Doors 36” Min. 48” Max. Side Hinged Doors Required Not Req’d (1003.3.1.2 Exception I) Min. Stair and Ramp Width 44” Maximum Riser Height 7” Minimum Tread Depth 11” Handrails 34”-38” Height Maximun Ramp Slope 1/12 1004 Exit Access Maximun Occupants for 1 Exit Less 50 Exit Access Travel Distance 300’ Allowed 235’ Maximun Common Path of Egress Travel 100’ Allowed 85’ Maximum Corridor Width 44” Minimum Dead Ends 50’ Allowed (1004.3.2.2 Excepetion #2) 1005 Exits # of Exit (Req’d/Provided) First Floor 3/4 Second Floor 2/2 Third Floor 2/2
Egress and Exit
51
Egress Chart Title Chart Title 3%
3%
1 2 97%
42’-0”
97%
Chart Title 3%
Chart Title 1%
1 2 97%
1 Area Exterior Wall All Exit Area2
1 Exterior Wall Area Lobby Area 2
60’-0”
99%
Exterior/Interior Closet - Active Leaf Door Lobby Doors
- Active Leaf Door
Fire Shaft Doors
- Active Lockset Door
Mechanical and Electrical Equipment Rooms - Active Leaf Door Office Doors
270’-0” 60’-0”
- Loeckset Door
52
Atrium 2011 Ohio Building Code Atrium Definition 404.1 General An opening connecting two or more stories other than enclosd stairways, elevators, hoistways, escalators, plumbing, electrical, air-conditioning or other equipment which is closed at the top and not defined as a mall. Stories, as used in this definition do not include balconies within assembly groups or mezzanines. 404.2 Use The floor of the atrium shall not be used for other than low fire hazard uses and only approved materials and decorations in accordance with the fire code shall be used in the atrium space. Exceptions: The atrium floor area is permitted to be used for any approved use where the individual space is provided with an automatic sprinkler system. 404.3 Automatic Sprinkler Protection An approved automatic sprinkler system shall be installed throughtout the entire building. 404.4 Fire Alarm System A fire alarm system shall be provided in the building. 404.5 Smoke Control A smoke control system shall be installed. 404.8 Interior Finish The interior finish of walls and ceilings of the atrium shall not be less than Class B with no reduction in class for sprinkler protection. 404.9 Travel distance In other than the lowest level of the atrium, where the required means of egress is through the atrium space, the porttion of exit access travel distance within the atrium space shall not exceed 200 feet.
Fire Wall, Door, Exit
53
ADAAG
Quantity of Parking for Accessibility
2011 Ohio Building Code SECTION 1104 ACCESSIBLE ROUTE 1104.1 Site arrival points. Accessible routes within the site shall be provided from public transportation stops; accessible parking; accessible passenger loading zones; and public streets or sidewalks to the accessible building entrance served. Exception: Other than in buildings or facilities containing or serving Type B units, an accessible route shall not be required between site arrival points and the building or facility entrance if the only means of access between them is a vehicular way not providing for pedestrian access.
54
ADAAG
Accessible Paths
2011 Ohio Building Code SECTION 1104 ACCESSIBLE ROUTE 1104.2 Within a site. At least one accessible route shall connect accessible buildings, accessible facilities, accessible elements and accessible spaces that are on the same site. Exception: An accessible route is not required between accessible buildings, accessible facilities, accessible elements and accessible spaces that have, as the only means of access between them, a vehicular way not providing for pedestrian access.
55
ADAAG
ADA Compliant Entrances
2002 ADA Accessibility Guidelines 4.14 Entrances. 4.14.1 Minimum Number. Entrances required to be accessible by 4.1 shall be part of an accessible route complying with 4.3. Such entrances shall be connected by an accessible route to public transportation stops, to accessible parking and passenger loading zones, and to public streets or sidewalks if available (see 4.3.2(1)). They shall also be connected by an accessible route to all accessible spaces or elements within the building or facility.
56
ADAAG
ADA Compliant Corridors and Doorways
2002 ADA Accessibility Guidelines 3.5 Definitions. Accessible Route. A continuous unobstructed path connecting all accessible elements and spaces of a building or facility. Interior accessible routes may include corridors, floors, ramps, elevators, lifts, and clear floor space at fixtures. Exterior accessible routes may include parking access aisles, curb ramps, crosswalks at vehicular ways, walks, ramps, and lifts. 4.3.4 Passing Space. If an accessible route has less than 60 in (1525 mm) clear width, then passing spaces at least 60 in by 60 in (1525 mm by 1525 mm) shall be located at reasonable intervals not to exceed 200 ft (61 m). A T-intersection of two corridors or walks is an acceptable passing place. 4.13.2 Revolving Doors and Turnstiles. Revolving doors or turnstiles shall not be the only means of passage at an accessible entrance or along an accessible route. An accessible gate or door shall be provided adjacent to the turnstile or revolving door and shall be so designed as to facilitate the same use pattern. 4.13.5 Clear Width. Doorways shall have a minimum clear opening of 32 in (815 mm) with the door open 90 degrees, measured between the face of the door and the opposite stop (see Fig. 24(a), (b), (c), and (d)). Openings more than 24 in (610 mm) in depth shall comply with 4.2.1 and 4.3.3 (see Fig. 24(e)). EXCEPTION: Doors not requiring full user passage, such as shallow closets, may have the clear opening reduced to 20 in (510 mm) minimum. All corridors appear to have the correct accessibility characteristics.
57
ADAAG
Exit Stairs
2002 ADA Accessibility Guidelines A4.3.10 Egress. Because people with disabilities may visit, be employed or be a resident in any building, emergency management plans with specific provisions to ensure their safe evacuation also play an essential role in fire safety and life safety. A4.3.11.3 Stairway Width. A 48 in (1220 mm) wide exit stairway is needed to allow assisted evacuation (e.g., carrying a person in a wheelchair) without encroaching on the exit path for ambulatory persons.
58
ADAAG
Restrooms
2002 ADA Accessibility Guidelines A4.22 Toilet Rooms. A4.22.3 Clear Floor Space. In many small facilities, single- user restrooms may be the only facilities provided for all building users. In addition, the guidelines allow the use of “unisex” or “family” accessible toilet rooms in alterations when technical infeasibility can be demonstrated. Experience has shown that the provision of accessible “unisex” or single-user restrooms is a reasonable way to provide access for wheelchair users and any attendants, especially when attendants are of the opposite sex. Since these facilities have proven so useful, it is often considered advantageous to install a “unisex” toilet room in new facilities in addition to making the multi-stall restrooms accessible, especially in shopping malls, large auditoriums, and convention centers.
59
ADAAG
Water Fountains
2002 ADA Accessibility Guidelines A4.1.3(10) If an odd number of drinking fountains is provided on a floor, the requirement in 4.1.3(10)(b) may be met by rounding down the odd number to an even number and calculating 50% of the even number. When more than one drinking fountain on a floor is required to comply with 4.15, those fountains should be dispersed to allow wheelchair users convenient access. For example, in a large facility such as a convention center that has water fountains at several locations on a floor, the accessible water fountains should be located so that wheelchair users do not have to travel a greater distance than other people to use a drinking fountain. 4.15 Drinking Fountains and Water Coolers. 4.15.5 Clearances. (1) Wall- and post-mounted cantilevered units shall have a clear knee space between the bottom of the apron and the floor or ground at least 27 in (685 mm) high, 30 in (760 mm) wide, and 17 in to 19 in (430 mm to 485 mm) deep (see Fig. 27(a) and (b)). Such units shall also have a minimum clear floor space 30 in by 48 in (760 mm by 1220 mm) to allow a person in a wheelchair to approach the unit facing forward.EXCEPTION: These clearances shall not be required at units used primarily by children ages 12 and younger where clear floor space for a parallel approach complying with 4.2.4 is provided and where the spout is no higher than 30 in (760 mm), measured from the floor or ground surface to the spout outlet. (2) Free-standing or built-in units not having a clear space under them shall have a clear floor space at least 30 in by 48 in (760 mm by 1220 mm) that allows a person in a wheelchair to make a parallel approach to the unit (see Fig. 27(c) and (d)). This clear floor space shall comply with 4.2.4.
60
Floor Plate and Program The form of the building was largely shaped by the pre-existing wetland on the site, splitting the building into two wings. However, the public circulation on the ground level is unaffected by this design move. Interior program has a strong design with the directional characteristics used, especially with the lobby. General public areas include high ceilings that prevent the visitors from having an uncomfortable feeling of enclosure while other areas of the building are formed primarily due to the exterior skin. Structure Since the building is built on the side of a wetland the soil remains relatively uniform across the site. Overall, the structure maintains a consistent pattern with bay sizes and other characteristics. Fire proofing this structural system was unnecessary since an automatic sprinkler system was utilized within the structure, per the Ohio Building Code. It is said that with the use of an automatic sprinkler system that the fire wall rating could be at 0h, except for vertical shafts. Building Envelope Functionality within the envelope of the building was a key architectural move due to several site characteristics; driving the design of the faรงade. The skin of the building acts as a programmatic diagram as the relationship between public and private spaces is influenced by the various characteristics. Louvers located along the building envelope provide a good sense of privacy for the interior spaces as well as act as a passive system, preventing both heat gain and heat loss depending on the time of year. These louvers cause the building expansion joints to read as one system with their complexity, creating an even more interesting faรงade. Mechanical System This building utilizes the Variable Air Volume Multizone as its HVAC, which is an Air-water System. The mechanical system is primarily vertical, transferring supply, return, and exhaust air throughout the building. Located on the third floor of the building, the mechanical unit is exposed to the outside, allowing for a more efficient and more creative way of hiding the unit behind the faรงade. Plumbing is strategically designed to meet all of the common needs while utilizing backflow preventers to stop unwanted gases from rising through the pipes and the fire water source for the sprinkler system located throughout the building. Because of the automatic sprinkler system, fire rating throughout the building is 0h. On the ground level in the South wing is the location of the main control center for the entire building. Code Strong egress throughout the building and the use of an automatic sprinkler system allows for minimal fire ratings in accordance with the Ohio Building Code. Upon arrival to the building, visitors will notice the accessibility of the building with several handicapped parking spots close to the entrance with ramps, a door operating system, and ease of circulation throughout the building with the use of an elevator. Other aspects throughout the building meet the Accessibility Guidelines such as restroom specifications. Final Thoughts After thoroughly analyzing the many aspects of the Lorain County Community College building it is apparent that there are many ways to go about the process of designing and building a structure. From start to finish it is quite obvious how the architects made use of the Ohio Building Code to design a proper building without neglecting any required elements. Fire safety was one of the more intriguing characteristics about the building with how many parts of the design process were in some way effected by it. Beyond that was the fascinating use of passive design with the envelope and orientation of the building. Although the amount of interesting parts to this building is vast, there are other parts that seem to just barely meet the requirements, such as certain ADA related components. Overall the building is a good example of how to strategically design. 61