Israeli cyberspace regulation a conceptual framework

Page 1

Israeli Cyberspace Regulation: A Conceptual Framework, Inherent Challenges, and Normative Recommendations Gabi Siboni and Ido Sivan-Sevilla

The cybersecurity challenge cuts across fields, sectors, and approaches. This essay presents the fundamentals of the problem, embraces a risk-based approach that perceives the state as society’s risk manager, and overviews the development of regulatory processes in modern societies. The essay then compares how the United States, European Union, and Israel have chosen to confront the cybersecurity challenge and stresses the importance and difficulties of imposing cybersecurity regulation on the civil sector. Finally, the essay explores some possible avenues for progress and suggests some solutions for increasing the resilience of cyberspace in the civic sector. Keywords: regulation, risks, cybersecurity, civic sector

Introduction &\EHUVSDFH SRVHV YDULRXV FKDOOHQJHV RQ GHFLVLRQ PDNHUV 7KHVH FKDOOHQJHV VWHP SULPDULO\ IURP WKH KHDY\ GHSHQGHQFH RI VWDWHV DQG VRFLHWLHV RQ VXFK D YXOQHUDEOH VSKHUH :KLOH F\EHUVSDFH HQDEOHV WKH ÀRZ RI LQIRUPDWLRQ ZKLFK LQ PRVW FDVHV OHDGV WR HFRQRPLF SURVSHULW\ HI¿FLHQF\ DQG VRFLDO EHQH¿WV LW LV DOVR D WDUJHW IRU QDWLRQDO VHFXULW\ FULPLQDO DQG FRPPHUFLDO Dr. Gabi Siboni is the director of the Cyber Security Program at the Institute for National Security Studies. Ido Sivan-Sevilla is a research fellow in the Cyber Security Program at the Institute for National Security Studies. Cyber, Intelligence, and Security | Volume 1 | No. 1 | January 2017

83


GABI SIBONI AND IDO SIVAN-SEVILLA | ISRAELI CYBERSPACE REGULATION: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Cyber, Intelligence, and Security | Volume 1 | No. 1 | January 2017

84

WKUHDWV 7KH FKDOOHQJHV WR WKH UHVLOLHQFH RI F\EHUVSDFH1 are rooted in several NH\ IDFWRUV )LUVW WKHUH LV DQ REYLRXV DV\PPHWU\ EHWZHHQ WKH PLQLPDO REVWDFOHV RI KDFNHUV WR SHQHWUDWH F\EHUVSDFH DQG WKH KLJK FRVWV RI GHIHQGLQJ LW :KLOH D VXFFHVVIXO DWWDFN QHHGV RQO\ D VLQJOH YHFWRU WR DGYDQFH GHIHQVH HIIRUWV DVSLUH WR FRYHU DOO SRVVLEOH YXOQHUDELOLWLHV 6HFRQG F\EHUVSDFH UHOLHV RQ RXWGDWHG FRPPXQLFDWLRQV SURWRFROV DOORZLQJ DWWDFNHUV D JUHDW GHDO RI DQRQ\PLW\ DQG PDNLQJ LW GLI¿FXOW IRU ODZ HQIRUFHPHQW DJHQFLHV WR LGHQWLI\ WKH VRXUFH RI WKH DWWDFNV 2 7KLUG F\EHUVSDFH DOORZV SRWHQWLDO DWWDFNHUV WR H[SORLW WKH QXPHURXV KDUGZDUH DQG VRIWZDUH ZHDNQHVVHV DQG WR XVH H[LVWLQJ DWWDFN WRROV WKDW VXFFHHGHG LQ SUHYLRXV DWWDFNV WKLV SKHQRPHQRQ DFFHOHUDWHV WKH UDFH WR GHIHQG RQHVHOI IXUWKHU HURGLQJ WKH VHFXULW\ OHYHO 7KH H[LVWHQFH RI D ÀRXULVKLQJ PDUNHW WR H[SORLW ]HUR GD\ ZHDNQHVVHV RQO\ VWUHVVHV WKLV SRLQW 3 )XUWKHUPRUH UHFHQWO\ LW WUDQVSLUHG WKDW FRPPHUFLDO HQWLWLHV KDYH VKDUHG VRIWZDUH ZHDNQHVVHV DQG DWWDFNV WRROV ZLWK JRYHUQPHQWV WR IDFLOLWDWH VS\LQJ RQ FLWL]HQV DQG ³UHJLPH RSSRQHQWV ´4 )RXUWK WKH ODFN RI PHFKDQLVPV WR VKDUH LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW F\EHUVSDFH WKUHDWV DQG WKH PHDQV RI GHIHQVH HPSOR\HG E\ FRPPHUFLDO FRPSDQLHV PDNH LW GLI¿FXOW WR IRUPXODWH D FROOHFWLYH SURDFWLYH HIIRUW WR SUHYHQW F\EHUDWWDFNV 7KLV VWHPV SULPDULO\ IURP RQO\ SDUWLDO LQIRUPDWLRQ VKDULQJ DQG OLPLWHG WUDQVSDUHQF\ RI FRPPHUFLDO FRPSDQLHV LQ WKH FLYLF VHFWRU 5 ZKLOH ERWK WKH PLOLWDU\ DQG WKH VWDWH VHFWRUV IDLO WR GR WKHLU SDUW )LIWK WKHUH LV D ODFN RI HFRQRPLF LQFHQWLYHV DQG WHFKQRORJLFDO WRROV WR GHYHORS DSSURSULDWH GHIHQVH :KLOH F\EHUVSDFH GDPDJH²FXUUHQWO\ HVWLPDWHG LQ WKH ELOOLRQV RI GROODUV²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¿FLHQW WR FUHDWH KHUPHWLF GHIHQVHV )LQDOO\ PRVW F\EHUVSDFH XVHUV DUH XQDZDUH RI WKH GDQJHUV DQG SURYLGH F\EHUVSDFH ZLWK VHQVLWLYH FULWLFDO LQIRUPDWLRQ WKDW LV QRW VXI¿FLHQWO\ SURWHFWHG 0DQ\ XVHUV DOVR IDOO YLFWLP WR VRFLDO HQJLQHHULQJ DWWHPSWV FKRRVH ZHDN SDVVZRUGV


GABI SIBONI AND IDO SIVAN-SEVILLA | ISRAELI CYBERSPACE REGULATION: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

DQG LQ PRVW FDVHV UHSUHVHQW WKH ZHDNHVW OLQN WKURXJK ZKLFK V\VWHPV DUH EUHDFKHG 7 ,W LV WKHUHIRUH QRW VXUSULVLQJ WKDW ZH DUH LQXQGDWHG GDLO\ ZLWK UHSRUWV IURP DOO RYHU WKH ZRUOG DERXW QHZO\ GLVFRYHUHG ZHDNQHVVHV GDWDEDVH EUHDFKHV VHQVLWLYH LQIRUPDWLRQ WKHIW DQG FRPSXWHU V\VWHPV WKDW KDYH EHHQ PDOLFLRXVO\ GDPDJHG 7KH HDVH DW ZKLFK FRPPHUFLDO LQVWLWXWLRQV DQG VWDWHV FROOHFW DQG VWRUH FULWLFDO LQIRUPDWLRQ XQGHUFXWV WKH HI¿FDF\ RI WKH HIIRUWV H[SHQGHG WR SURWHFW F\EHUVSDFH WKXV ZH ¿QG RXUVHOYHV GHSHQGHQW RQ WKH SURSHU IXQFWLRQLQJ RI D YXOQHUDEOH VSKHUH )RU LWV SDUW WKH VWDWH WULHV WR SDUWLDOO\ ¿[ WKLV PDUNHW IDLOXUH DQG LQWHUYHQH WR HLWKHU SUHYHQW F\EHUVSDFH GDQJHUV IURP EHLQJ UHDOL]HG RU PLWLJDWH WKHLU LPSDFW DIWHU WKH\ DOUHDG\ KDYH RFFXUUHG 7KH ULVNV SRVHG E\ F\EHUVSDFH DUH WKH QDWXUDO SURJUHVVLRQ RI WKH ULVNV IDFLQJ WKH PRGHUQ VWDWH DV GHVFULEHG LQ E\ VRFLRORJLVW 8OULFK %HFN LQ KLV JURXQGEUHDNLQJ ERRN 5LVN 6RFLHW\ 9 $FFRUGLQJ WR %HFN PRGHUQ OLIH DQG LWV WHFKQRORJLFDO GHYHORSPHQWV RIIHU PDQ\ RSSRUWXQLWLHV EXW DOVR FUHDWH QHZ GDQJHUV WR KXPDQLW\ DQG WKH HQYLURQPHQW ,Q HFRQRPLVW 'DYLG 0RVV UHIHUUHG WR WKH FRPSOH[LW\ RI ULVN PDQDJHPHQW E\ JRYHUQPHQWV 10 0RVV VKRZHG KRZ WKH 86 DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ DV WKH ULVN PDQDJHU RI WKH $PHULFDQ VRFLHW\ ZHQW WKURXJK WKUHH VXFFHVVLYH GHYHORSPHQWDO VWDJHV LQ LWV ULVN PDQDJHPHQW VWUDWHJ\ 7KH SURFHVV EHJDQ LQ WKH QLQHWHHQWK FHQWXU\ ZKHQ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV LQWHUYHQHG DJJUHVVLYHO\ LQ ¿QDQFLDO ULVN PDQDJHPHQW WR HQFRXUDJH LQYHVWPHQWV DQG HFRQRPLF JURZWK E\ OHJLVODWLRQ VXFK DV WKH OLPLWHG LQFRUSRUDWLRQ ODZ WKDW UHGXFHG LQYHVWRU ULVN DQG WKH HDUO\ YROXQWDU\ EDQNUXSWF\ ODZ WKDW SURWHFWHG LQYHVWRUV IURP ORVLQJ HYHU\WKLQJ WKH\ RZQHG /DWHU WKH VWDWH WUDQVLWLRQHG WR ULVN PDQDJHPHQW RQ EHKDOI RI ZRUNHUV¶ VDIHW\ DQG MRE PDUNHW VWDELOLW\ ZRUNHUV¶ FRPSHQVDWLRQ VRFLDO VHFXULW\ DQG WKH ELUWK RI WKH ZHOIDUH VWDWH )LQDOO\ LQ WKH FXUUHQW VWDJH WKH VWDWH PDQDJHV ULVNV IRU WKH HQWLUH VRFLHW\²HQYLURQPHQWDO GDQJHUV IRRG DQG GUXJ VDIHW\ DQG QRZ F\EHUVSDFH ULVNV²DULVLQJ IURP PRGHUQ GHYHORSPHQWV 11 7KH ULVN VWUDWHJLHV WKDW VWDWHV XVH UDQJH IURP ULVN UHGXFWLRQ WR WKHLU GLVWULEXWLRQ WKURXJKRXW VRFLHW\ 2Q WKH RQH KDQG UHGXFLQJ ULVNV FRQVLVWV PDLQO\ RI ERWK SUHYHQWLQJ WKHP LQ WKH ¿UVW SODFH H J VDIHW\ UHJXODWLRQV WUDI¿F VLJQV ZDUQLQJ WR VORZ GRZQ LQIRUPDWLRQ VHFXULW\ UHTXLUHPHQWV WR SUHYHQW KDFNLQJ DQG VR IRUWK DQG PLWLJDWLQJ WKH GDPDJH IURP D ULVN WKDW KDV DOUHDG\ RFFXUUHG H J ¿UH¿JKWLQJ UHJXODWLRQV IRU GHDOLQJ ZLWK ¿UHV

Cyber, Intelligence, and Security | Volume 1 | No. 1 | January 2017

85


GABI SIBONI AND IDO SIVAN-SEVILLA | ISRAELI CYBERSPACE REGULATION: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Cyber, Intelligence, and Security | Volume 1 | No. 1 | January 2017

86

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²HVSHFLDOO\ LQ WKH FLYLF VHFWRU²WR HQVXUH WKH FRQWLQXRXV IXQFWLRQLQJ UHVLOLHQFH DQG VWDELOLW\ RI F\EHUVSDFH ,Q WHUPV RI WKH UHVLOLHQFH RI F\EHUVSDFH WKH FLYLF VHFWRU KDV WUHPHQGRXV LPSRUWDQFH %HFDXVH WKLV VHFWRU UHSUHVHQWV WKH OLRQ¶V VKDUH RI DFWLYLW\ LQ F\EHUVSDFH LW LV H[SRVHG WR PRVW RI WKH ULVNV WKHUHIRUH GDPDJH WR WKH FLYLF VHFWRU KDV PDMRU HFRQRPLF DQG VHFXULW\ LPSOLFDWLRQV IRU WKH UHVLOLHQFH RI WKH HQWLUH VRFLHW\ DV WKLV HVVD\ GHPRQVWUDWHV

State Regulation: Background and Development $W LWV PRVW EDVLF UHJXODWLRQ FRQVLVWV RI FRQWURO VXSHUYLVLRQ DQG HQIRUFHPHQW FDUULHG RXW E\ WKH VWDWH RU WKURXJK LQGHSHQGHQW VWDWH VSRQVRUHG DJHQFLHV WR OHJDOO\ HQIRUFH ELQGLQJ FRGHV RI FRQGXFW 14 ,W DSSOLHV WR WKRVH HQWLWLHV WKDW WKH UHJXODWRU\ ERG\ ZLVKHV WR UHJXODWH 7KH FRQFHSW RI UHJXODWLRQ HPHUJHG LQ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV DW WKH HQG RI WKH QLQHWHHQWK FHQWXU\ DV D SROLWLFDO DQG PDQDJHPHQW PHWKRG WR FRQWURO WKH HFRQRP\ 5HJXODWLRQ EHFDPH WKH JRYHUQPHQW¶V FHQWUDO WRRO DQG ZDV D QDWXUDO UHDFWLRQ WR PDUNHW IDLOXUHV DEVHQFH RI VXSHUYLVLRQ DQG WKH HPHUJHQFH RI VR FDOOHG QDWXUDO PRQRSROLHV %\ FRQWUDVW (XURSH WHQGHG WR QDWLRQDOL]H WKH PDUNHW 6XSHUYLVLRQ WKURXJK QDWLRQDOL]DWLRQ GHOD\HG WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI D UHJXODWRU\ WUDGLWLRQ LQ (XURSH LQ WDQGHP ZLWK WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 15 )URP WKH HQG RI WKH V DQG LQWR WKH V WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV EHJDQ H[SDQGLQJ WKH XVH RI UHJXODWLRQ DQG


GABI SIBONI AND IDO SIVAN-SEVILLA | ISRAELI CYBERSPACE REGULATION: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

HVWDEOLVKHG LQGHSHQGHQW UHJXODWRU\ DJHQFLHV ZKLOH (XURSH VWDUWHG WR XVH UHJXODWRU\ WRROV WR DFFHOHUDWH LWV HFRQRPLF XQLW\ :KHQ 0DUJDUHW 7KDWFKHU ZDV HOHFWHG SULPH PLQLVWHU RI WKH 8QLWHG .LQJGRP LQ DQG 5HDJDQ EHFDPH WKH 86 SUHVLGHQW LQ QHR OLEHUDOLVP DQG SULYDWL]DWLRQ RI JRYHUQPHQW VHUYLFHV ZHUH RQ WKH ULVH 7KLV OHG WR LQGHSHQGHQW UHJXODWRU\ DJHQFLHV ZLGHQLQJ WKH VFRSH RI WKHLU DFWLYLWLHV WR UHJXODWH WKH PDUNHW WKXV JLYLQJ ULVH WR WKH QLFNQDPH ³WKH UHJXODWRU\ VWDWH ´17 7KH VWDWH¶V IXQFWLRQ KDV JUDGXDOO\ VKLIWHG IURP VXEVLGL]LQJ VHUYLFHV DQG KHOSLQJ WR UHGXFH JDSV WKH VWDWH QRZ VHHNV WR EULQJ JUHDWHU HI¿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¿FDWLRQ IRU VWDWH UHJXODWLRQ FDQ EH H[SODLQHG LQ VHYHUDO ZD\V )LUVW UHJXODWLRQ VWULYHV WR SURWHFW WKH YDOXHV DQG OLEHUWLHV RI FLWL]HQV ZKR DUH OLDEOH WR VXIIHU DW WKH KDQGV RI WKH SRZHUIXO RU IURP H[WHUQDO WKUHDWV 7KLV MXVWL¿FDWLRQ H[SODLQV WKH QHHG IRU WKH DUP\ DQG VHFXULW\ IRUFHV RQ WKH RQH KDQG DQG IRU DXWKRULWLHV WKDW FKHFN DQG EDODQFH WKHP RQ WKH RWKHU 6HFRQG WKH HFRQRPLF MXVWL¿FDWLRQ IRU UHJXODWLRQ LV WR ¿[ PDUNHW IDLOXUHV UHVXOWLQJ IURP IUHH PDUNHW SUDFWLFHV WKDW GR QRW VHUYH WKH SXEOLF LQWHUHVW 20 H J WKH FUHDWLRQ RI D PRQRSRO\ RU D FDUWHO WKDW SULFHV DQG SURYLGHV SURGXFWV DV LW VHHV ¿W PDNLQJ VXSHUYLVLRQ QHFHVVDU\ 7KLUG UHJXODWLRQ FDQ EH MXVWL¿HG E\ ODFN RI LQIRUPDWLRQ RU DV\PPHWU\ RI LQIRUPDWLRQ ZKLFK FDXVHV FRQVXPHUV FRPSDQLHV DQG HYHQ VWDWHV WR EHKDYH LQ D PDQQHU LQFRQVLVWHQW ZLWK WKH SXEOLF JRRG ,Q WKLV FDVH WKH MRE RI WKH UHJXODWRU\ ERG\ LV WR DOORZ WUDQVSDUHQF\ DQG WKH IUHH ÀRZ RI LQIRUPDWLRQ )LQDOO\ UHJXODWLRQ FDQ EH H[SODLQHG DV WKH GHVLUH WR HQVXUH WKH FRQWLQXHG H[LVWHQFH RI GZLQGOLQJ HVVHQWLDO SXEOLF UHVRXUFHV WKDW RQH FDQQRW DYRLG XVLQJ IURP WKH TXDOLW\ RI WKH DLU WR WKH QXPEHU RI ¿VK LQ WKH RFHDQ 7KH UHJXODWRU\ ERG\ PXVW HQVXUH WKDW WKHVH UHVRXUFHV FRQWLQXH WR H[LVW GHVSLWH PDUNHW IRUFHV WKDW ZRXOG²ZKHQ OHIW WR WKHLU RZQ GHYLFHV²FRPSOHWHO\ FRQVXPH WKHP 7KH OLWHUDWXUH H[SODLQV KRZ WKH UHJXODWRU\ ERGLHV ZRUN DV SDUW RI SXEOLF SROLF\ SURFHGXUHV DQG WKH FUHDWLRQ RI UHJXODWLRQ LQ WKH ¿UVW SODFH XVLQJ

Cyber, Intelligence, and Security | Volume 1 | No. 1 | January 2017

87


GABI SIBONI AND IDO SIVAN-SEVILLA | ISRAELI CYBERSPACE REGULATION: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Cyber, Intelligence, and Security | Volume 1 | No. 1 | January 2017

88

PDQ\ DSSURDFKHV 7KH WKHRU\ RI WKH SXEOLF LQWHUHVW DOVR NQRZQ DV WKH IXQFWLRQDOLVW WKHRU\ DVVHUWV WKDW UHJXODWLRQ RSHUDWHV WR SURPRWH WKH FRPPRQ JRRG DQG LQFUHDVH VRFLDO ZHOIDUH 21 %\ FRQWUDVW WKH SULYDWH LQWHUHVW WKHRU\ PDLQWDLQV WKDW SULYDWH LQWHUHVWV PRWLYDWH UHJXODWRU\ ERGLHV WR LQFUHDVH WKH JDLQV RI FHQWUDOL]HG LQWHUHVW JURXSV XVXDOO\ UHSUHVHQWLQJ D VPDOO VOLFH RI WKH SRSXODWLRQ ,Q WKDW VHQVH UHGXQGDQW UHJXODWLRQ LV D SURGXFW RI LQWHUHVW JURXSV¶ UHODWLRQV ZLWK WKH VWDWH DQG DPRQJVW RQH DQRWKHU 22 )XUWKHUPRUH DQ LQVWLWXWLRQDO H[SODQDWLRQ IRU UHJXODWRU\ UHJLPHV FDQ EH JLYHQ $Q LQVWLWXWLRQ¶V FDSDFLW\23 RU LWV KLVWRULFDO ORFDWLRQ LQ WKH SXEOLF SROLF\ SURFHVV24 H[SODLQV WKH VWUXFWXULQJ RI WKH UHJXODWLRQ LQ WKH ZD\ LQ ZKLFK LW ZDV FUHDWHG ,Q WKH ODVW WZHQW\ \HDUV RU VR DQRWKHU VFKRRO RI WKRXJKW KDV HPHUJHG ZKLFK H[SODLQV UHJXODWLRQ EDVHG RQ LGHDV $FFRUGLQJ WR WKLV VFKRRO RI WKRXJKW SDUDGLJPV SOD\ D FHQWUDO UROH LQ WKH VKDSLQJ RI SXEOLF SROLF\ 25 $ FHUWDLQ LGHD ZLOO EH SHUFHLYHG DV ³ULJKW´ DQG DV ³D ZLQGRZ RI RSSRUWXQLW\ ´ FDXVLQJ GHFLVLRQ PDNHUV WR HVWDEOLVK UHJXODWLRQ LQ WKH VSLULW RI WKH SDUDGLJP DQG LWV DWWHQGDQW LQWHUHVWV ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV LQ PDQ\ FDVHV LGHDV DQG LQWHUHVWV DUH LQWHUWZLQHG WR WKH GHJUHH WKDW DQ LGHD FDQ SURYLGH OHJLWLPDF\ DQG H[SUHVVLRQ IRU LQWHUHVWV JURXSV ZKLFK DUH FDSDEOH RI JHQHUDWLQJ UHJXODWLRQ WR VHUYH WKHLU REMHFWLYHV 27

Regulatory Approaches in Cyberspace: Israel, the United States, and the European Union 5HJXODWLRQ WKXV LV H[SDQGLQJ LQ PRGHUQ VRFLHWLHV DQG LWV MXVWL¿FDWLRQV DQG H[SODQDWLRQV DUH ULFK DQG YDULHG 1HYHUWKHOHVV WKH OLWHUDWXUH KDV \HW WR H[SORUH WKH UHJXODWRU\ SURFHVV LQ F\EHUVSDFH 7KH SDUDJUDSKV EHORZ GHVFULEH WKH FKDOOHQJHV IRU UHJXODWLRQ RI F\EHUVSDFH WKH ZD\V LQ ZKLFK UHJXODWRU\ ERGLHV GHDO ZLWK F\EHUVHFXULW\ DQG KRZ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV DQG WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ KDYH VWUXFWXUHG WKHLU UHJXODWLRQ UHJLPHV RI F\EHUVSDFH FRPSDUHG WR ,VUDHO )LQDOO\ WKH HVVD\ IRFXVHV RQ ,VUDHOL UHJXODWLRQ RI F\EHUVSDFH DQG KLJKOLJKWV WKH ODUJHVW JDS LQ WKDW UHJLPH²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


GABI SIBONI AND IDO SIVAN-SEVILLA | ISRAELI CYBERSPACE REGULATION: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

LV QR VWDWH LVVXHG JXLGHOLQH GHPDQGLQJ WKDW FRPSDQLHV EH WUDQVSDUHQW DERXW WKHLU OHYHO RI VHFXULW\ DQG WKH VHYHULW\ RI DWWDFNV LQ SUDFWLFH %RWK DWWDFNHUV DQG GHIHQGHUV VKDUH LQIRUPDWLRQ 30 EXW JHQHUDOO\ GHIHQVLYH HIIRUWV GR QR EHQH¿W IURP H[WHQVLYH FROOHFWLYH RUJDQL]LQJ :KHQ FRPPHUFLDO VHFUHWV DQG FRPSDQ\ UHSXWDWLRQV DUH DW VWDNH LW LV KDUGO\ VXUSULVLQJ WKDW WKH FLYLF VHFWRU ZRXOG EH XQKDSS\ WR VKDUH LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH JRLQJV RQ LQ LWV GLJLWDO VSKHUH 7KLUG UHJXODWLRQ LQ F\EHUVSDFH²DV DQ\ZKHUH HOVH²LQYROYHV D FRQÀLFW RI LQWHUHVWV 0RVW SURPLQHQW DUH WKH VWUXJJOHV EHWZHHQ VWDWLVP31 DQG OLEHUDOLVP DQG WKH ULJKW WR SULYDF\ YHUVXV WKH ULJKW WR VHFXULW\ 32 )XUWKHUPRUH VWUXJJOHV LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI QDWLRQDO VHFXULW\ LQWHUHVWV YHUVXV WKH GHVLUH IRU HFRQRPLF GHYHORSPHQW DV UHÀHFWHG LQ VXSHUYLVLRQ RI H[SRUWV RI VHQVLWLYH JRRGV DV ZHOO DV REVWDFOHV RI LQIRUPDWLRQ VKDULQJ DPRQJ FRPSDQLHV LQ OLJKW RI WKH VWULQJHQW GLUHFWLYHV LVVXHG E\ WKH GLUHFWRU JHQHUDO RI WKH ,VUDHO $QWLWUXVW $XWKRULW\ VHUYH DV D SDUWLDO UHÀHFWLRQ RI WKH GLI¿FXOWLHV LQ LQVWLWXWLQJ UHJXODWLRQ LQ WKH ¿HOG 7KHVH FRQÀLFWV OHW ORRVH FRQWUDGLFWLQJ LQWHUHVWV DQG SRZHU VWUXJJOHV ZKLFK LPSHGH WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI UHJXODWLRQ LQ F\EHUVSDFH *LYHQ WKHVH FKDOOHQJHV UHJXODWLRQ RI F\EHUVSDFH XVXDOO\ LQYROYHV IRXU ZD\V RI GHDOLQJ ZLWK WKH SUREOHP RI F\EHUVHFXULW\ 33 7KH PRVW FRPPRQ RQH LV WR FUHDWH VWDQGDUGV DQG UHTXLUHPHQWV LQ LQIRUPDWLRQ VHFXULW\ LQFOXGLQJ HQFU\SWLRQ PRQLWRULQJ EDFNXSV VWURQJ DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ DQG VR IRUWK ,Q DGGLWLRQ UHJXODWLRQ²HVSHFLDOO\ LQ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV²VHHNV WR HQFRXUDJH DQG FUHDWH PHFKDQLVPV IRU LQIRUPDWLRQ VKDULQJ EHWZHHQ FRPPHUFLDO FRPSDQLHV DQG WKH VWDWH EDVHG RQ WKH PXWXDO GHVLUH WR FRQIURQW WKH SUREOHP RI WKH ODFN RI LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG WKHUHE\ SURWHFW DJDLQVW DWWDFNV EHIRUH WKH\ RFFXU DV ZHOO DV PLWLJDWH WKH GDPDJH E\ DWWDFNV WKDW KDYH DOUHDG\ RFFXUUHG 7KH UHJXODWRU\ ¿HOG LV DOVR QRWDEOH IRU FUHDWLQJ UHJXODWRU\ DJHQFLHV DQG EHVWRZLQJ DXWKRULW\ RQ VWDWH LQVWLWXWLRQV WR HQIRUFH GHIHQVLYH F\EHUVHFXULW\ VWDQGDUGV DQG SUDFWLFHV 34 )LQDOO\ UHJXODWRU\ UHJLPHV LQFOXGH VWHSV WR PLWLJDWH WKLUG SDUW\ KDFNLQJ GDPDJH LQFOXGLQJ QRWLI\LQJ WKH QDWLRQDO &(5735 DQG FXVWRPHUV ZKRVH SHUVRQDO LQIRUPDWLRQ ZDV VWROHQ 7KLV LV FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK WKH ³IXOO FLUFOH RI GHIHQVH ´ ZKLFK LQFOXGHV SUHYHQWLYH VWHSV LQIRUPDWLRQ VKDULQJ DQG GDPDJH PLWLJDWLRQ DIWHU DQ DWWDFN WRJHWKHU WKH\ FUHDWH D FRKHUHQW SURWHFWLYH VKHOO IRU RUJDQL]DWLRQV RSHUDWLQJ LQ F\EHUVSDFH 7KH UHJXODWRU\ WRROV XVHG WR FRQIURQW F\EHUVHFXULW\ ULVNV JHQHUDOO\ LQYROYH OHJLVODWLRQ ELQGLQJ VWDWH JXLGHOLQHV LVVXHG E\ WKH UHJXODWRU\ DJHQFLHV 37 and VHOI UHJXODWLRQ E\ FRQIRUPLQJ WR UHFRPPHQGHG VWDQGDUGV VXFK DV WKH ,62

Cyber, Intelligence, and Security | Volume 1 | No. 1 | January 2017

89


GABI SIBONI AND IDO SIVAN-SEVILLA | ISRAELI CYBERSPACE REGULATION: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Cyber, Intelligence, and Security | Volume 1 | No. 1 | January 2017

90

LQIRUPDWLRQ VHFXULW\ VWDQGDUGV WKH 3&, VWDQGDUGV IRU RQOLQH FRPSDQLHV providing clearing services,39 RU E\ LQWHUQDO RUJDQL]DWLRQDO H[SHUWLVH ZKLFK SURYLGHV JXLGHOLQHV IRU SURWHFWLQJ WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ¶V FRPSXWHU QHWZRUNV DOWKRXJK WKLV LV QRW DOZD\V SXEOLFO\ NQRZQ ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH VWDWH DOVR LVVXHV VWDQGDUGV DQG JXLGHOLQHV RQ WKH UHFRPPHQGHG ZD\ WR GHIHQG WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ DQG RU WKH VWUDWHJLHV WKDW RXJKW WR EH XVHG ,Q WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV IRU H[DPSOH WKH 1DWLRQDO ,QVWLWXWH RI 6WDQGDUGV DQG 7HFKQRORJ\ LV SXQFWLOLRXV LQ LVVXLQJ VWDQGDUGV IRU GHIHQGLQJ DQG HQFU\SWLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ V\VWHPV 40 while the )LQDQFLDO ,QGXVWU\ 5HJXODWRU\ $XWKRULW\ DVVHVVHV WKH EHVW GHIHQVLYH F\EHUVSDFH VWUDWHJLHV IRU ¿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¿FDWLRQ UXOHV 43 ZKHUHDV WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ UHFHQWO\ LVVXHG DQ XSJUDGHG *HQHUDO 'DWD 3URWHFWLRQ 5HJXODWLRQ *'35 'LUHFWLYH ²HIIHFWLYH LQ 0D\ DQG IXOO\ DSSOLHG VWDUWLQJ LQ 0D\ ²WKDW HQVXUHV D XQLIRUP VWDQGDUG IRU QRWL¿FDWLRQ DQG FRPSHQVDWLRQ IRU VHFXULW\ EUHDFKHV 7KH UDWLRQDOH RI WKH (XURSHDQ GHFLVLRQ PDNHUV ZDV WR FUHDWH LQFHQWLYHV IRU WKH PDUNHW WR SURWHFW LWVHOI DKHDG RI WLPH VR DV QRW WR KDYH WR EHDU WKH ULJLG EXUGHQV RI QRWL¿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


GABI SIBONI AND IDO SIVAN-SEVILLA | ISRAELI CYBERSPACE REGULATION: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

NLQG RI LQIRUPDWLRQ VKDULQJ JLYHV OHJLWLPDF\ WR FRPPHUFLDO FRPSDQLHV WR LQFUHDVH WKHLU FROOHFWLQJ RI LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG IRUZDUGLQJ LW WR WKH VWDWH ZLWKRXW DSSURSULDWH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ DQG WUDQVSDUHQF\ LW LV GLI¿FXOW WR EHOLHYH WKLV ZLOO HYHU EH FRQVLGHUHG VHULRXVO\ LQ WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ %RWK DSSURDFKHV SURYLGH RQO\ D SDUWLDO VROXWLRQ WKH\ GR QRW LQFOXGH UHJXODWLRQ RI WKH VWDWH¶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¿QG WKH ULJKW EDODQFH EHWZHHQ SURWHFWLRQ DQG HFRQRPLF LQYHVWPHQW 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG WKH VWDWLVW DSSURDFK LV PDQLIHVWHG LQ SULYDWH FRPSDQLHV LQFOXGLQJ WKH FRXQWU\¶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

7\SH RI UHJXODWRU\ UHJLPH

6WDWH presence

$ OLEHUDO UHJXODWRU\ UHJLPH UHOLDQFH RQ PDUNHW IRUFHV DQG PRVWO\ YROXQWDU\

,VUDHO

+\EULG EHWZHHQ OLEHUDOLVP DQG VWDWLVP FULWLFDO LQIUDVWUXFWXUHV XQGHU VWDWH VXSHUYLVLRQ WKH PDUNHW LV GULYHQ E\ LWV RZQ IRUFHV 2QO\ LQ FULWLFDO 2QO\ LQ FULWLFDO VHFWRUV HQHUJ\ VHFWRUV HQHUJ\ KHDOWKFDUH HOHFWULFLW\ KHDOWKFDUH HOHFWULFLW\ ZDWHU HWF ZDWHU HWF

(XURSHDQ 8QLRQ $ VWDWLVW UHJXODWRU\ UHJLPH FHQWUDOL]HG DQG ELQGLQJ

,Q FULWLFDO VHFWRUV and online service providers

Cyber, Intelligence, and Security | Volume 1 | No. 1 | January 2017

91


GABI SIBONI AND IDO SIVAN-SEVILLA | ISRAELI CYBERSPACE REGULATION: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Cyber, Intelligence, and Security | Volume 1 | No. 1 | January 2017

92 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 3URJUHVVLYH VWUDWHJ\ 3UHYHQWLRQ RI F\EHUDWWDFNV DQG UHGLVWULEXWLRQ RI Risk OLDELOLW\ IRU ULVNV LQ PDQDJHPHQW civic sector strategies

7UDQVSDUHQF\ towards FRQVXPHUV during a data EUHDFK

([LVWV DW WKH VWDWH OHYHO LQ D QRQ XQLIRUP PDQQHU states, each with a GLIIHUHQW YHUVLRQ

3ULYDF\ LV D FRPPRGLW\²PRVWO\ PDQDJHG E\ PDUNHW IRUFHV H[FHSW IRU VSHFL¿F VHFWRUV &RQÀLFW ZLWK KHDOWK UHFRUGV the right to LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW SULYDF\ PLQRUV HWF

,VUDHO

(XURSHDQ 8QLRQ

6ROHO\ IRFXV RQ WKH SUHYHQWLRQ RI ULVNV ,VUDHO KDV QR OLPLWHG OLDELOLW\ ODZV ZLWK UHJDUGV WR F\EHU VHFXULW\ RU RQH WKDW UHTXLUHV F\EHU GDPDJH PLWLJDWLRQ IRU FRPSDQLHV DQG WKHLU FXVWRPHUV LQ FDVH RI D GDWD EUHDFK 1RQ H[LVWHQW

3UHYHQWLRQ 0LWLJDWLRQ RI ULVNV 6WUDWHJ\ RI preventing attacks DQG PLWLJDWLQJ GDPDJH ZLWKRXW UHGLVWULEXWLRQ RI OLDELOLW\ IRU FRPSDQ\ risks

([LVWV LQ D FRKHUHQW XQLIRUP PDQQHU under Directives DSSURYHG LQ WKDW ZLOO EH LPSOHPHQWHG E\ 0RVWO\ PDQDJHG 0DQDJHG E\ WKH VWDWH E\ PDUNHW IRUFHV ZLWK ELQGLQJ ODZV ZLWK UHODWLYHO\ VWULFW institutions with UHTXLUHPHQWV QRW SRZHU DQG PRWLYDWHG IXOO\ HQIRUFHG E\ E\ WKH LQWHUHVW RI WKH ,VUDHOL /DZ VDIHJXDUGLQJ SULYDF\ ,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG DV D KXPDQ ULJKW 7HFKQRORJ\ $XWKRULW\ RYHUULGLQJ HFRQRPLF LQWHUHVWV $W WKH PHPEHU VWDWHV OHYHO WKH ULJKW WR SULYDF\ LV ZHDNHU YLV j YLV ORFDO intelligence agencies

Figure 1: Comparison of Cyberspace Regulatory Regimes in Israel, the United States, and the European Union

7KH SURFHVV ZKHUHE\ F\EHUVSDFH UHJXODWLRQ LV IRUPXODWHG LQ ,VUDHO FRQVLVWV RI WZR PDMRU VWDJHV EXW WKH\ WRR DV QRWHG ODFN D QDWLRQDO VWUDWHJ\ IRU DOO PDUNHW VHFWRUV 45 ,VUDHO¶V F\EHUVSDFH UHJLPH VWDUWHG LQ ZLWK WKH ODZ UHJXODWLQJ VHFXULW\ LQ SXEOLF LQVWLWXWLRQV 7KH ODZ OLVWHG DOO WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU SURWHFWLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ V\VWHPV RI LQVWLWXWLRQV GH¿QHG DV ³FULWLFDO´ WR WKH VWDWH 7KHVH LQFOXGHG DHURVSDFH ZDWHU HOHFWULFLW\ DQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQV ERGLHV ,Q WKH VWDWH GHWHUPLQHG WKDW WKH SURIHVVLRQDO VXSHUYLVRU IRU WKHVH LQVWLWXWLRQV ZRXOG EH WKH 1DWLRQDO ,QIRUPDWLRQ 6HFXULW\ $XWKRULW\ ZKLFK LV VXERUGLQDWH WR WKH ,VUDHO 6HFXULW\ $JHQF\ 6KLQ %HW )XUWKHUPRUH WKH


GABI SIBONI AND IDO SIVAN-SEVILLA | ISRAELI CYBERSPACE REGULATION: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

VWDWH GHWHUPLQHG WKDW WKH LQVWLWXWLRQV UHFHLYLQJ GLUHFWLYHV IURP WKH 1DWLRQDO ,QIRUPDWLRQ 6HFXULW\ $XWKRULW\ ZRXOG EH FDUHIXOO\ VHOHFWHG E\ D VSHFLDO VWHHULQJ FRPPLWWHH LQ SUDFWLFH WKH OLVW RI ERGLHV VZHOOHG ZLWK WKH SDVVDJH RI WLPH ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV ERGLHV GH¿QHG DV FULWLFDO WR WKH VWDWH EDVHG RQ WKH LPSDFW RI WKH SRWHQWLDO GDPDJH IRU WKH *'3 IRU H[DPSOH UHFHLYHG D VWDWH PDQGDWHG GLUHFWLYH ZKHUHDV PDQ\ RWKHU ERGLHV ZKLFK ZHUH QRW GH¿QHG DV KDYLQJ WKH SRWHQWLDO IRU JUHDW GDPDJH ZHUH OHIW ZLWKRXW JXLGHOLQHV WKXV OHDGLQJ WR D VLWXDWLRQ LQ ZKLFK WKH HFRQRPLF FRQVLGHUDWLRQV RI WKH PDUNHW IRUFHV EHFDPH WKH PDMRU IDFWRU LQ WKHLU GHIHQVH ,W VKRXOG EH QRWHG WKDW WKH LQVWLWXWLRQV UHFHLYLQJ GLUHFWLYHV LQFOXGH ERWK SULYDWH DQG SXEOLF RQHV RLO UH¿QHULHV (O $O WKH ,VUDHOL (OHFWULF &RUSRUDWLRQ ,VUDHO 5DLOZD\V DQG VR IRUWK ,Q ,VUDHO HQWHUHG WKH VHFRQG VWDJH RI LWV GHYHORSPHQW RI F\EHUVSDFH UHJXODWLRQ ZKHQ WKH JRYHUQPHQW FKDQJHG LWV DSSURDFK DQG VWDUWHG WR DGGUHVV WKH ZRUN UHTXLUHG ZLWK WKH SULYDWH VHFWRU 7KH 1DWLRQDO &\EHU %XUHDX 1&% ZDV HVWDEOLVKHG XQGHU WKH 3ULPH 0LQLVWHU¶V 2I¿FH D PRYH GHVLJQHG WR FUHDWH EHWWHU LQWHJUDWLRQ ZLWK PDUNHW DFWRUV /DWHU LQ WKH 1DWLRQDO &\EHU $XWKRULW\ ZDV IRXQGHG ZLWK WKH REMHFWLYH WR ZRUN GLUHFWO\ ZLWK WKH FLYLF VHFWRU DQG VHUYH DV WKH H[HFXWLYH ERG\ IRU WKH VWDWH¶V F\EHU GHIHQVH HIIRUWV 7KH ,VUDHOL UHJXODWRU\ VWDWH LQ F\EHUVSDFH FDQ EH GHVFULEHG VFKHPDWLFDOO\ DV IROORZV

Figure 2: State regulation of cyberspace in Israel

7KH FKDUW DERYH SDUWLFXODUO\ KLJKOLJKWV WZR DVSHFWV $V SUHYLRXVO\ QRWHG WKH FLYLF VHFWRU LV PRVWO\ OHIW XQVXSHUYLVHG $OWKRXJK WKHUH DUH OLWWOH LVODQGV

Cyber, Intelligence, and Security | Volume 1 | No. 1 | January 2017

93


GABI SIBONI AND IDO SIVAN-SEVILLA | ISRAELI CYBERSPACE REGULATION: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Cyber, Intelligence, and Security | Volume 1 | No. 1 | January 2017

94

RI VXSHUYLVLRQ²WKH ¿QDQFLDO HQHUJ\ DQG KHDOWKFDUH VHFWRUV²JXLGHG E\ GLUHFWLYHV IURP JRYHUQPHQW XQLWV WKHPVHOYHV VXEMHFW WR WKH JXLGHOLQHV RI WKH *RYHUQPHQW ,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG &RPPXQLFDWLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\ ,&7 $XWKRULW\ %XW E\ DQG ODUJH WKH FLYLF VHFWRU HQJDJHV LQ VHOI UHJXODWLRQ ODFNV LQIRUPDWLRQ VKDULQJ DQG PLWLJDWHV GDWD EUHDFKHV WR LWV FXVWRPHUV DV LW VHHV ¿W 2WKHU WKDQ LWV VHOHFWLYH VXSHUYLVLRQ RI GLIIHUHQW VHFWRUV ,VUDHO UHFHQWO\ LVVXHG WZR VLJQL¿FDQW SROLF\ JXLGHOLQHV 7KH ¿UVW GHVLJQHG WR HQKDQFH VXSHUYLVLRQ DOUHDG\ FDUULHG RXW E\ WKH 'HIHQVH ([SRUWV 6XSHUYLVLRQ 'LYLVLRQ DW WKH 'HIHQVH 0LQLVWU\ H[SDQGHG WKH OLVW RI SURGXFWV UHTXLULQJ VWDWH VXSHUYLVLRQ UHÀHFWLQJ WKH VWDWH¶V GHVLUH WR VXSHUYLVH WKH F\EHUVSDFH DUPV UDFH DQG PDLQWDLQ ,VUDHO¶V UHODWLYH DGYDQWDJH 47 The state has decided to KDOW WKLV SURFHVV DQG FRQWLQXH FRQVXOWLQJ ZLWK WKH F\EHU LQGXVWU\ DERXW WKH LVVXH DQG IRU QRZ DGKHUH RQO\ WR LQWHUQDWLRQDO VXSHUYLVRU\ DUUDQJHPHQWV JLYHQ WKH RSSRVLWLRQ IURP WKH ORFDO LQGXVWU\ WKDW ZDV FRQFHUQHG LW ZRXOG QRW EH DEOH WR FRPSHWH ZLWK LQGXVWULHV LQ XQVXSHUYLVHG VWDWHV The desire WR PDLQWDLQ ,VUDHO¶V VWDQGLQJ LQ WKH ZRUOG DV D OHDGLQJ F\EHUVSDFH H[SRUWHU relative to its population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¿FLDO UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ LQ ZKLFK WKH VWDWH GHOLQHDWHV WKH SURIHVVLRQDO OHYHO UHTXLUHG RI SHUVRQQHO LQ DOO IRUPV RI F\EHU GHIHQVH 51 7KLV LV D VLJQL¿FDQW JXLGHOLQH ZKLFK KDV QRW EHHQ WULHG H[WHQVLYHO\ HOVHZKHUH LQ WKH ZRUOG ,W PD\ RQ WKH RQH KDQG UDLVH WKH SURIHVVLRQDO OHYHO RQ WKH VKRUW WHUP WKURXJK YDULRXV WUDLQLQJ SURJUDPV WKDW FRXOG EH GHYHORSHG HVSHFLDOO\ IRU UHJXODUL]DWLRQ \HW RQ WKH RWKHU KDQG WKLV JXLGHOLQH FRXOG REYLDWH WKH VHOI WDXJKW PRGHO E\ ZKLFK PRVW H[SHUWV LQ WKLV G\QDPLF ¿HOG FXUUHQWO\ DWWDLQ WKHLU NQRZOHGJH 52

Cyberspace Regulation in the Civic Sector: Importance and Difficulties 'HVSLWH WKH ZLGH UDQJH RI HIIRUWV GHVFULEHG KHUHLQ WKH FLYLF VHFWRU LQ ,VUDHO LV QRW VXEMHFWHG WR F\EHUVSDFH UHJXODWLRQ DQG LWV VHFXULW\ ODFNV VWDWH


GABI SIBONI AND IDO SIVAN-SEVILLA | ISRAELI CYBERSPACE REGULATION: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

95

VXSHUYLVLRQ 7KLV FKDOOHQJH WUDYHUVHV QDWLRQDO ERUGHUV DV PDQLIHVWHG ERWK LQ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV DQG WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ XQWLO WKH WZR PRVW UHFHQW (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ GLUHFWLYHV ZKLFK IRU WKH ¿UVW WLPH DOVR FRYHU LQGXVWULHV LQ WKH FLYLF VHFWRU :KHQ LW FRPHV WR WKH UHVLOLHQFH RI WKH VKDUHG F\EHUVSDFH LW LV GLI¿FXOW WR RYHUVWDWH WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI WKH FLYLF VHFWRU )LUVW WKH FLYLF VHFWRU UHSUHVHQWV WKH OLRQ¶V VKDUH RI WKH VSKHUH ,W LV H[SRVHG WR PRVW RI WKH WKUHDWV DQG LV WUDGLWLRQDOO\ WKH ZHDNHVW OLQN WKURXJK ZKLFK DWWDFNV EHJLQ DQG VSUHDG WR RWKHU VHFWRUV 6HFRQG SULYDWH FRPSDQLHV UHJXODUO\ SURYLGH VHUYLFHV WR JRYHUQPHQW PLQLVWULHV DQG VHQVLWLYH VWDWH LQVWLWXWLRQV PDNLQJ WKHLU UHVLOLHQFH LQ F\EHUVSDFH D SULPDU\ FRQFHUQ 7KLUG GDPDJH WR WKH SULYDWH VHFWRU LV GDPDJH WR WKH VWDELOLW\ RI WKH HQWLUH HFRQRP\ 8QGHU FHUWDLQ FRQGLWLRQV WKLV FRXOG VLJQL¿FDQWO\ KDUP WKH QDWLRQ¶V UHVLOLHQFH 7KH SROLF\ RI H[SDQGHG SULYDWL]DWLRQ KDV RQO\ H[DFHUEDWHG WKH SUREOHP PDNLQJ WKH SULYDWH VHFWRU WKH NH\ SOD\HU LQ WKH VWDWH¶V UHJXODWRU\ HIIRUWV )RXUWK WKH FLYLF VHFWRU LV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WHFKQRORJLFDO GHYHORSPHQWV XSRQ ZKLFK PRUH VHQVLWLYH VHFWRUV UHO\ WKXV GDPDJH WR LW FRXOG VHUYH DV D EDFNGRRU WR DWWDFNV RQ VHQVLWLYH LQIRUPDWLRQ 54 7KLV LV HVSHFLDOO\ WUXH IRU VWDUWXSV SRRU LQ GHIHQVLYH UHVRXUFHV EXW WKDW VRPHWLPHV HQG XS GHYHORSLQJ GHIHQVH SURGXFWV IRU JHQHUDO XVH 55 7KH SULYDWH VHFWRU¶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ÀH[LELOLW\ WKH\ HQMR\ WRGD\ )LQDOO\ WKH LGHD RI VWDWH LQWHUYHQWLRQ LV LQFRQVLVWHQW ZLWK WKH QHR OLEHUDO DSSURDFK WKDW KDV VSUHDG OLNH ZLOG¿UH LQ WZHQWLHWK FHQWXU\¶V FDSLWDOLVW VRFLHWLHV where the UHJQDQW SDUDGLJP LV RQH RI SULYDWL]DWLRQ DQG GHUHJXODWLRQ ZKHUHE\ WKH VWDWH LQWHUYHQHV RQO\ PLQLPDOO\ LI DW DOO LQ WKH PDUNHW WR PD[LPL]H WKH EHQH¿WV DFFUXHG E\ FRPPHUFLDO HQWLWLHV 59

Cyber, Intelligence, and Security | Volume 1 | No. 1 | January 2017

53


GABI SIBONI AND IDO SIVAN-SEVILLA | ISRAELI CYBERSPACE REGULATION: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Cyber, Intelligence, and Security | Volume 1 | No. 1 | January 2017

96

Concluding Insights $OWKRXJK ,VUDHO LV GHYHORSLQJ LWV 1DWLRQDO &\EHU $XWKRULW\ PDQ\ HFRQRPLF sectors still lack guidelines and supervision that would ensure appropriate SURWHFWLRQ 7KHUH LV QR URDG PDS WR HQVXUH WKH UHVLOLHQFH RI WKH FLYLF VHFWRU DQG WR VHUYH DV D PRGHO WR EH DGRSWHG E\ WKH GLIIHUHQW SOD\HUV LQ WKH HFRQRP\ 6XFK D PRGHO ZRXOG KDYH WR DGGUHVV VHYHUDO NH\ LVVXHV )LUVW WKH PRGHO ZRXOG KDYH WR JHQHUDWH D VWUXFWXUHG SURFHVV WKDW ZRXOG SURYLGH FLYLOLDQ ERGLHV ZLWK WKH LQFHQWLYH WR DGRSW F\EHUVHFXULW\ (QWU\ UHJXODWLRQ VXFK DV D ORFDO JRYHUQPHQW EXVLQHVV OLFHQVLQJ ODZ LV RQH ZD\ EXW RWKHU RSWLRQV DOVR PD\ EH FRQVLGHUHG 7KH VWDWH LV FXUUHQWO\ ZRUNLQJ RQ D ³F\EHU ODZ´ WKDW DLPV WR FUHDWH D NLQG RI F\EHUVHFXULW\ YHUL¿FDWLRQ VHDO WKDW ZRXOG GH¿QH D XQLIRUP GHIHQVH VWDQGDUG QHFHVVDU\ WR PDUNHW FRPSDQLHV 7KH QHHG IRU VXFK D VHFXULW\ VHDO PLJKW LQFHQWLYL]H LQVWLWXWLRQV WR SURWHFW WKHPVHOYHV EHWWHU 6HFRQG LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR FRQVLGHU WKH YDULRXV OD\HUV RI WKH FLYLF VHFWRU 7KHUH LV QR RQH VL]H ¿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²ZLWK WKH EXLOW LQ WHQVLRQ RYHU VDIHJXDUGLQJ WKH ULJKW WR SULYDF\²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


GABI SIBONI AND IDO SIVAN-SEVILLA | ISRAELI CYBERSPACE REGULATION: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

KDYLQJ WR SD\ IRU GDPDJH PLWLJDWLRQ E\ ODZ ZLOO GHIHQG WKHPVHOYHV DKHDG RI WLPH DV EHVW WKH\ FDQ 7R FRQFOXGH WKH QHHG IRU UHJXODWLQJ F\EHUVSDFH LQ WKH FLYLF VHFWRU LV REYLRXV EXW WKH GLI¿FXOWLHV RI GHYHORSLQJ VXFK UHJXODWLRQ DUH QXPHURXV WKH\ UDQJH IURP WKH SUREOHPV DQG EDWWOHV EHWZHHQ VWDWH LQVWLWXWLRQV WKH WHQVLRQV EHWZHHQ FRPSHWLQJ LQWHUHVWV WKH FRVWV LQYROYHG LQ DGKHULQJ WR UHJXODWLRQ DQG WKH DWWHPSWV WR ¿QG WKH ULJKW EDODQFH EHWZHHQ WUDQVSDUHQF\ DQG VHFUHF\ DV ZHOO DV EHWZHHQ FHQWUDOL]DWLRQ DQG GHFHQWUDOL]DWLRQ $W SUHVHQW HYHQ WKRXJK F\EHUVSDFH LV HVVHQWLDOO\ D FLYLF VSKHUH²PRVW RI LW EHLQJ EDVHG RQ FLYLOLDQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUHV V\VWHPV DQG WHFKQRORJLHV RSHUDWHG E\ FLYLOLDQ RUJDQL]DWLRQV²WKLV VHFWRU KDV QRW \HW EHHQ UHJXODWHG DQG LQFRUSRUDWHG LQWR ,VUDHO¶V UHJXODWRU\ UHJLPH 7KH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ IRU F\EHUVHFXULW\ FXUUHQWO\ UHVWV RQ WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQV DORQH HYHQ WKRXJK WKH ORQH RUJDQL]DWLRQ ODFNV WKH H[SHUWLVH DQG UHVRXUFHV WR FRQIURQW F\EHU WKUHDWV ZLWKRXW FUHDWLQJ DQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH IRU FRRSHUDWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH YDULRXV VHFWRUV LQ WKH HFRQRP\ ,VUDHO LV TXLWH DFWLYH LQ WKH VWDWH¶V F\EHUVSDFH DV F\EHU XQLWV ZHUH HVWDEOLVKHG LQ WKH 3ULPH 0LQLVWHU¶V 2I¿FH WKH GHFLVLRQ WR HVWDEOLVK D F\EHU IRUFH ZDV PDGH DQG YDULRXV 5 ' VHWWLQJV DQG QDWLRQDO UHVHDUFK FHQWHUV ZHUH IRXQGHG 1RQHWKHOHVV LW LV LQFXPEHQW XSRQ WKH VWDWH WR FRQWLQXH WR VWULYH WR VWUHQJWKHQ WKH GHIHQVH RI WKH UHOHYDQW FLYLF VHFWRUV XVLQJ D UDQJH RI WRROV DQG FDSDELOLWLHV EHFDXVH GDPDJH WR WKH FLYLF VHFWRU LV OLDEOH WR FDXVH IXQGDPHQWDO KDUP WR WKH HQWLUH QDWLRQ

Notes 7KH UHVLOLHQFH RI F\EHUVSDFH UHIHUV WR WKH VSKHUH¶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¿[HG 6RPHWLPHV WKH\ DUH NQRZQ ZHDNQHVVHV IRU ZKLFK SDWFKHV KDYH QRW \HW EHHQ LVVXHG WR DOO UHOHYDQW V\VWHPV $ERXW WKLV ÀRXULVKLQJ PDUNHW VHH $QG\ *UHHQEHUJ ³1HZ 'DUN :HE 0DUNHW LV 6HOOLQJ =HUR 'D\ ([SORLWV WR +DFNHUV ´ :LUHG FRP $SULO KWWSV ZZZ ZLUHG FRP WKHUHDOGHDO ]HUR GD\ H[SORLWV ,QWHUQDO GRFXPHQWV RI DQ ,WDOLDQ FRPSDQ\ +DFNLQJ 7HDP UHFHQWO\ ZHUH H[SRVHG VKRZLQJ WKH FRPSDQ\ WUDI¿FNHG LQ ZHDNQHVVHV DQG WKH GHYHORSPHQW

Cyber, Intelligence, and Security | Volume 1 | No. 1 | January 2017

97


GABI SIBONI AND IDO SIVAN-SEVILLA | ISRAELI CYBERSPACE REGULATION: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Cyber, Intelligence, and Security | Volume 1 | No. 1 | January 2017

98

9

RI DWWDFN WRROV 7KH GRFXPHQWV VKRZHG WKH FRPSDQ\¶V FRPPHUFLDO WLHV ZLWK YDULRXV UHJLPHV DURXQG WKH ZRUOG )RU PRUH RQ WKH SKHQRPHQRQ VHH 1LFROH 3HUOURWK ³*RYHUQPHQWV 7XUQ WR &RPPHUFLDO 6S\ZDUH WR ,QWLPLGDWH 'LVVLGHQWV ´ New York Times 0D\ KWWS ZZZ Q\WLPHV FRP WHFKQRORJ\ JRYHUQPHQWV WXUQ WR FRPPHUFLDO VS\ZDUH WR LQWLPLGDWH GLVVLGHQWV KWPO"UHI WRSLFV BU -DVRQ DQG 3HWHU ³&\EHU 6HFXULW\ $ FULWLFDO H[DPLQDWLRQ RI LQIRUPDWLRQ VKDULQJ YHUVXV GDWD VHQVLWLYLW\ LVVXHV IRU RUJDQL]DWLRQV DW ULVN RI F\EHU DWWDFN ´ Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning QR ± *DEL 6LERQL DQG 2IHU $VVDI Guidelines for a National Cyber Strategy, 0HPRUDQGXP 7HO $YLY 7KH ,QVWLWXWH IRU 1DWLRQDO 6HFXULW\ 6WXGLHV KWWS ZZZ LQVV RUJ LO XSORDG,PDJHV V\VWHP)LOHV ,166 0HPRUDQGXP *XLGHOLQHV IRU D 1DWLRQDO &\EHU 6WUDWHJ\ SGI %UXFH 6FKQHLHU ³&UHGHQWLDO 6WHDOLQJ DV DQ $WWDFN 9HFWRU ´ ;FRQRP\ FRP $SULO KWWS ZZZ [FRQRP\ FRP ERVWRQ FUHGHQWLDO VWHDOLQJ DV DWWDFN YHFWRU 1DWH /RUG ³7KH +LVWRU\ RI 'DWD %UHDFKHV ´ GLJLWLDOJXDUGLDQ FRP 6HSWHPEHU KWWSV GLJLWDOJXDUGLDQ FRP EORJ KLVWRU\ GDWD EUHDFKHV 8OULFK %HFN Risikogesellschaft: auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne )UDQNIXUW DP 0DLQ 6XKUNDPS 7KH ERRN DSSHDUHG LQ (QJOLVK DV Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity /RQGRQ 6DJH 'DYLG 0RVV When All Else Fails: Government as the Ultimate Risk Manage &DPEULGJH +DUYDUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV ,ELG 6HH WKH IXOO GHIHQVH FLUFOH LQ *DEL 6LERQL ³$Q ,QWHJUDWHG 6HFXULW\ $SSURDFK 7KH .H\ WR &\EHU 'HIHQVH ´ Georgetown Journal of International AffairV 0D\ 7KLUG SDUW\ ULVNV LQ F\EHUVSDFH DUH WKH ULVNV WR WKH SULYDF\ RI FXVWRPHUV RI FRPPHUFLDO FRPSDQLHV GDPDJHG E\ F\EHUDWWDFNV DQG E\ WKH WKHIW RI SHUVRQDO LQIRUPDWLRQ 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG LQVXUDQFH FRPSDQLHV DUH OHVV WKDQ WKULOOHG WR HQVXUH ¿UVW SDUW\ ULVNV EHFDXVH WKHUH LV D ODFN RI DFWXDULDO GDWD WKDW ZRXOG KHOS WKHP SULFH WKH LQVXUDQFH SUHPLXPV IRU F\EHUVSDFH ULVNV RI WKH FRPSDQLHV WKHPVHOYHV L H ¿UVW SDUW\ ULVNV 'DYLG /HYL )DXU ³5HJXODWLRQ &RQFHSWXDO DQG +LVWRULFDO %DFNJURXQG ´ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI +DLID QR GDWH LQ +HEUHZ 6HH DOVR 'DYLG /HYL )DXU ³7KH 2G\VVH\ RI WKH 5HJXODWRU\ 6WDWH ´ Jerusalem Papers in Regulation & Governance :RUNLQJ 3DSHU QR 1RYHPEHU KWWS UHJXODWLRQ KXML DF LO SDSHUV MS SGI ,ELG ,ELG $ VWDWH WKDW PDLQO\ UHJXODWHV IRU HI¿FLHQF\ SXUSRVHV WKURXJK ODZV UDWKHU WKDQ LQYHVWPHQWV DQG VXEVLGLHV 6HH *LDQGRPHQLFR 0DMRQH ³7KH 5LVH RI 7KH 5HJXODWRU\ 6WDWH LQ (XURSH ´ West European PoliticV QR ± KWWS G[ GRL RUJ .


GABI SIBONI AND IDO SIVAN-SEVILLA | ISRAELI CYBERSPACE REGULATION: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Cyber, Intelligence, and Security | Volume 1 | No. 1 | January 2017

99 ,Q KLV HVVD\ ³5HJXODWLRQ DQG 5HJXODWRU\ *RYHUQDQFH ´ /HYL )DXU H[SODLQV ZK\ GHUHJXODWLRQ REYLDWHV WKH IRUPDWLRQ RI PRUH DJHQFLHV DQG WKH KLULQJ RI PRUH EXUHDXFUDWV WR VXSHUYLVH SULYDWL]DWLRQ SURFHVVHV DQG JXDUG WKH VWDWH¶V LQWHUHVWV ZKLOH LW DOVR DFFHOHUDWHV WKH SURFHVV 6HH 'DYLG /HYL )DXU ³5HJXODWLRQ DQG 5HJXODWRU\ *RYHUQDQFH ´ Jerusalem Papers in Regulation & Governance, :RUNLQJ 3DSHU QR )HEUXDU\ KWWS OHYLIDXU ZLNL KXML DF LO LPDJHV 5HJ SGI ,ELG 6KXULN 'U\VKSLW] ³5HJXODWLRQ :KDW :KHUH DQG :KHQ" $ 7KHRUHWLFDO DQG &RPSDUDWLYH 3HUVSHFWLYH´ LQ ³:KR 3ULYDWL]HG 0\ 6WDWH" 3ULYDWL]DWLRQ 5HJXODWLRQ DQG WKH 7KLUG 6HFWRU 7KHRU\ DQG 3UDFWLFH ´ Parliament -HUXVDOHP 7KH ,VUDHO 'HPRFUDF\ ,QVWLWXWH LQ +HEUHZ KWWS ZZZ LGL RUJ LO SDUOLDPHQWV 6HH IRU H[DPSOH +DUROG 'HPVHW] ³:K\ 5HJXODWH 8WLOLWLHV"´ Journal of Law and Economics ± )RU DQ HPSLULFDO UHVHDUFK RQ WKH DFWLRQV RI LQWHUHVW JURXSV LQ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV VHH )UDQN 5 %DXPJDUWQHU DQG %HWK / /HHFK ³,QWHUHVW 1LFKHV DQG 3ROLF\ %DQGZDJRQV 3DWWHUQV RI ,QWHUHVW *URXS ,QYROYHPHQW LQ 1DWLRQDO 3ROLWLFV ´ Journal of Politics ± 2Q WKH ZD\ WKDW SROLF\ QHWZRUNV WR SURWHFW SULYDF\ LQ (XURSH FUHDWHG VWURQJHU LQVWLWXWLRQV ZKLFK SDVVHG PRUH ULJLG SULYDF\ ODZV FRQWUDU\ WR WKH VSLULW RI WKH WLPH VHH $EUDKDP / 1HZPDQ ³%XLOGLQJ 7UDQVQDWLRQDO &LYLO /LEHUWLHV 7UDQVJRYHUQPHQWDO (QWUHSUHQHXUV DQG WKH (XURSHDQ 'DWD 3ULYDF\ 'LUHFWLYH ´ International Organization QR ± 2Q WKH FRQVLVWHQF\ RI WKH PRGHUQ ZHOIDUH VWDWH VHH 3DXO 3LHUVRQ HG The New Politics of the Welfare State 2[IRUG 3ROLW\ 3UHVV 2Q VKDWWHULQJ WKH .H\QHVLDQ SDUDGLJP DQG WUDQVLWLRQLQJ WR D PRQHWDU\ HFRQRP\ LQ WKH 8QLWHG .LQJGRP VHH 3HWHU +DOO ³3ROLF\ 3DUDGLJPV 6RFLDO /HDUQLQJ DQG WKH 6WDWH 7KH &DVH RI (FRQRPLF 3ROLF\PDNLQJ LQ %ULWDLQ ´ Comparative Politics 25, QR ± -RKQ .LQJGRQ¶V VWXG\ FRLQHG SKUDVHV VXFK DV ³ZLQGRZ RI RSSRUWXQLW\´ DQG ³SROLF\ HQWUHSUHQHXU ´ ZKLFK H[SODLQ²ZLWK DVWRQLVKLQJ DFFXUDF\²SXEOLF SROLF\ SURFHGXUHV 6HH -RKQ : .LQJGRQ Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policy, 2nd HGLWLRQ %RVWRQ /LWWOH %URZQ 'DQLHO %pODQG DQG 5REHUW +HQU\ &R[ HGV Ideas and Politics in Social Science Research 2[IRUG 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV :KLOH WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ GLIIHUV IURP WKH FODVVLFDO VWDWH LQVWLWXWLRQ LW LV VWLOO D VHPLQDO REMHFW IRU FRPSDUDWLYH UHVHDUFK LQ WKH ¿HOG 'HFLVLRQV DW WKH (8 OHYHO OHG WR D ULJLG LQIRUPDWLRQ VHFXULW\ SROLF\ WKURXJK WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ VHH 1HZPDQ DQG EHORZ DQG WKH GLUHFWLYHV IRUPXODWHG DW WKH (8 OHYHO OHG WKH ZD\ IRU WKH LQGLYLGXDO VWDWHV 7KLV LV YDOLG QRW RQO\ IRU WKH ZRUOG RI F\EHUVSDFH EXW DOVR FDQ DOVR EH REVHUYHG LQ FRQWH[WV RI IRRG VDIHW\ UHJXODWLRQ DQG WKH LQWURGXFWLRQ RI JHQHWLFDOO\ HQJLQHHUHG IRRG WKURXJKRXW WKH FRQWLQHQW )RU WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI (8 UHJXODWLRQ VHH 'DYLG %DFK DQG $EUDKDP / 1HZPDQ ³7KH (XURSHDQ 5HJXODWRU\


GABI SIBONI AND IDO SIVAN-SEVILLA | ISRAELI CYBERSPACE REGULATION: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Cyber, Intelligence, and Security | Volume 1 | No. 1 | January 2017

100

6WDWH DQG *OREDO 3XEOLF 3ROLF\ ´ Journal of European Public Policy QR ± $PLWDL (W]LRQL ³7KH 3ULYDWH 6HFWRU $ 5HOXFWDQW 3DUWQHU LQ &\EHU 6HFXULW\ ´ Georgetown Journal of International Affairs ,QWHUQDWLRQDO (QJDJHPHQW RQ &\EHU ,9 ± )RU WKH ZD\V LQ ZKLFK KDFNHUV VKDUH LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ WKH GDUNQHW VHH WKH LQWHUYLHZ ZLWK 6WXDUW 0DGQLFN IURP 0,7 LQ /LQGD 7XFFL ³6WXDUW 0DGQLFN 'DUN :HE KDFNHUV WUXPS JRRG JX\V LQ VKDULQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ ´ WHFKWDUJHW FRP $SULO KWWS VHDUFKFLR WHFKWDUJHW FRP QHZV 6WXDUW 0DGQLFN 'DUN :HE KDFNHUV WUXPS JRRG JX\V LQ VKDULQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ ,QFUHDVHG JRYHUQPHQW LQWHUYHQWLRQ DQG FHQWUDOL]DWLRQ 6HH WKH WKRXJKW SURYRNLQJ SKLORVRSKLFDO GHEDWH RYHU WKH WHUPV ³]HUR VXP JDPH´ DQG ³QHFHVVDU\ EDODQFH´ EHWZHHQ VHFXULW\ DQG LQGLYLGXDO OLEHUW\ LQ -HUHP\ :DOGURQ ³6HFXULW\ DQG /LEHUW\ 7KH ,PDJH RI %DODQFH ´ Journal of Political Philosophy QR ± 7KHVH PHWKRGV WR FRQIURQW WKH ULVNV FRPH XS LQ WKH H[DPLQDWLRQ RI KRZ UHJXODWLRQ KDV EHHQ SXW LQ SODFH RYHU WKH \HDUV LQ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV DW WKH IHGHUDO DQG VWDWH OHYHOV DQG LQ WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ DW WKH (8 OHYHO DQG LQGLYLGXDO VWDWH OHYHOV )RU H[DPSOH 86 FRXUWV UHFHQWO\ JDYH WKH )HGHUDO 7UDGH &RPPLVVLRQ WKH DXWKRULW\ WR HQIRUFH LQIRUPDWLRQ SURWHFWLRQ ODZV LQ WKH SULYDWH VHFWRU )RU PRUH LQIRUPDWLRQ VHH %UHQW .HQGHO ³$SSHDOV &RXUW $I¿UPV )7& $XWKRULW\ 2YHU &RUSRUDWH 'DWD 6HFXULW\ 3UDFWLFHV ´ Wall Street Journal $XJXVW KWWS ZZZ ZVM FRP DUWLFOHV DSSHDOV FRXUW DI¿UPV IWF DXWKRULW\ RYHU FRUSRUDWH GDWD VHFXULW\ SUDFWLFHV 7KH DEEUHYLDWLRQ VWDQGV IRU &\EHU (PHUJHQF\ 5HDGLQHVV 7HDP D UHJXODWRU\ DJHQF\ QRZ LQ H[LVWHQFH LQ YLUWXDOO\ HYHU\ VWDWH ,W FROOHFWV GDWD RQ DOO F\EHUEUHDFKHV UHTXLULQJ QRWL¿FDWLRQ DQG LQWHJUDWHV UHVSRQVHV WR VLJQL¿FDQW HYHQWV KDSSHQLQJ LQ F\EHUVSDFH *DEL 6LERQL 0D\ )RU H[DPSOH JXLGHOLQHV LVVXHG E\ WKH ,QIRUPDWLRQ 6HFXULW\ $XWKRULW\ LQ ,VUDHO DERXW WKH ZD\ WR VHFXUH RUJDQL]DWLRQDO QHWZRUNV )RU DQ H[SODQDWLRQ RI ,62 VWDQGDUGV DW WKH RI¿FLDO ZHEVLWH VHH KWWS ZZZ LVR VHFXULW\ FRP KWPO KWPO )RU DQ H[SODQDWLRQ RI 3&, VWDQGDUGV DW WKH RI¿FLDO ZHEVLWH VHH KWWSV ZZZ SFLVHFXULW\VWDQGDUGV RUJ 6HH IRU H[DPSOH WKH VWDQGDUGV WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ LVVXHG KWWS FVUF QLVW JRY SXEOLFDWLRQV QLVWSXEV 63 SGI )RU H[DPSOH WKH ODWHVW ),15$ UHSRUW LVVXHG RQ WKH WRSLF KWWSV ZZZ ¿QUD RUJ VLWHV GHIDXOW ¿OHV S 5HSRUW RQ &\EHUVHFXULW\ 3UDFWLFHVB SGI 5LFKDUG - +DUNQHWW DQG -DPHV $ 6WHYHU ³7KH 1HZ 3ROLF\ :RUOG RI &\EHUVHFXULW\ ´ Public Administration Review ± )RU GHWDLOV VHH 1DWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RI 6WDWH /HJLVODWRUV 1&6/ 6HFXULW\ %UHDFK 1RWL¿FDWLRQ /DZV $SULO KWWS ZZZ QFVO RUJ UHVHDUFK


GABI SIBONI AND IDO SIVAN-SEVILLA | ISRAELI CYBERSPACE REGULATION: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Cyber, Intelligence, and Security | Volume 1 | No. 1 | January 2017

101 WHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV DQG LQIRUPDWLRQ WHFKQRORJ\ VHFXULW\ EUHDFK QRWL¿FDWLRQ ODZV DVS[ )RU GHWDLOV RQ WKH HIIHFW RI (XURSHDQ UHJXODWLRQ RQ WKH VHFXULW\ OHYHO RI FRPPHUFLDO FRPSDQLHV VHH $VKIRUG :DUZLFN ³%UHDFK 1RWL¿FDWLRQ WKH %LJJHVW ,PSDFW RI (8 'DWDODZ 2YHUKDXO 6D\V /DZ )LUP ´ FRPSXWHUZHHNO\ FRP 1RYHPEHU KWWS ZZZ FRPSXWHUZHHNO\ FRP QHZV %UHDFK QRWL¿FDWLRQ WKH ELJJHVW LPSDFW RI (8 GDWD ODZ RYHUKDXO VD\V ODZ ¿UP 6LERQL DQG $VVDI Guidelines for a National Cyber Strategy ,Q WKH 1DWLRQDO &\EHU 'HIHQVH $XWKRULW\ ZDV HVWDEOLVKHG DVVXPLQJ UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI PRVW RI ,VUDHO V FULWLFDO LQIUDVWUXFWXUH 7KH H[SDQVLRQ DSSOLHV SULPDULO\ WR SHQHWUDWLRQ SURGXFWV KDFNLQJ DQDO\VLV DQG NQRZOHGJH RI VRIWZDUH DQG KDUGZDUH ZHDNQHVVHV )RU PRUH LQIRUPDWLRQ VHH DUWLFOH E\ JXHVW ZULWHU ³:KDW /D\ %HKLQG WKH 5HSHDO RI WKH 1HZ &\EHU ,QMXQFWLRQ ´ Geektime $SULO LQ +HEUHZ KWWS ZZZ JHHNWLPH FR LO WKH GHFOLQH RI WKH LVUDHOL F\EHU ODZ )RU WKH FKDQJH LQ WKH VRXWKHUQ FLW\ RI %HHU 6KHED ZKLFK WKH VWDWH GHFLGHG WR UHFUHDWH DV WKH UHJLRQ¶V F\EHUVSDFH H[SRUW FDSLWDO VHH $VKIRUG :DUZLFN ³,VUDHO¶V F\EHU VHFXULW\ IURQWLHU ´ FRPSXWHUZHHNO\ FRP 0D\ KWWS ZZZ FRPSXWHUZHHNO\ FRP RSLQLRQ ,VUDHOV F\EHU VHFXULW\ IURQWLHU 6HH :H[PDQ DQG +LQGLQ ³+RZ 'RHV ,VUDHO 5HJXODWH (QFU\SWLRQ"´ ODZIDUHEORJ FRP 1RYHPEHU KWWSV ZZZ ODZIDUHEORJ FRP KRZ GRHV LVUDHO UHJXODWH HQFU\SWLRQ )RU WKH RI¿FLDO UHJXODUL]DWLRQ GRFXPHQW VHH 3ULPH 0LQLVWHU¶V 2I¿FH 1DWLRQDO &\EHU 6WDII ³3URIHVVLRQ 5HJXODWLRQ 3ROLF\ IRU &\EHUGHIHQVH LQ ,VUDHO ´ 'HFHPEHU LQ +HEUHZ KWWS ZZZ SPR JRY LO 6LWH&ROOHFWLRQ'RFXPHQWV F\EHU KDJDQD SGI 6HH UHSRUW RQ WKH VXEMHFW 1DWLRQDO $FDGHP\ RI 6FLHQFH ³3URIHVVLRQDOL]LQJ WKH 1DWLRQ¶V &\EHUVHFXULW\ :RUNIRUFH ´ 2013 KWWS ZZZ QDS HGX FDWDORJ SURIHVVLRQDOL]LQJ WKH QDWLRQV F\EHUVHFXULW\ ZRUNIRUFH FULWHULD IRU GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ 7KLV LV ZLWK WKH H[FHSWLRQ RI VSHFL¿F HQWLWLHV VXFK DV WKH EDQNV DQG WKH SULYDF\ ODZ ZKLFK DSSOLHV WR WKH HQWLUH HFRQRP\ DOWKRXJK LW LV QRW VXI¿FLHQWO\ XS WR GDWH LQ WHUPV RI DOO DVSHFWV RI LQIRUPDWLRQ VHFXULW\ )RU D VXUYH\ RI WKH VLWXDWLRQ VHH 5DSKDHO .DKDQ ³1HWDQ\DKX PDUNHWV ,VUDHOL F\EHU EXW OHJLVODWLRQ LV IXOO RI KROHV ´ Calcalist -XQH LQ +HEUHZ KWWS ZZZ FDOFDOLVW FR LO LQWHUQHW DUWLFOHV / KWPO )RU D PRUH LQ GHSWK VXUYH\ RI VRPH RI WKHVH UHDVRQV VHH $PLWDL (W]LRQL ³7KH 3ULYDWH 6HFWRU $ 5HOXFWDQW 3DUWQHU LQ &\EHU 6HFXULW\ ´ Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, ,QWHUQDWLRQDO (QJDJHPHQW RQ &\EHU ,9 ± *DEL 6LERQL DQG 'DYLG ,VUDHO ³&\EHUVSDFH (VSLRQDJH DQG ,WV (IIHFW RQ &RPPHUFLDO &RQVLGHUDWLRQV ´ Military and Strategic Affairs QR 'HFHPEHU ± KWWS ZZZ LQVV RUJ LO XSORDG,PDJHV V\VWHP)LOHV ,166 0$6$ )XOO (1* SGI (W]LRQL ³7KH 3ULYDWH 6HFWRU $ 5HOXFWDQW 3DUWQHU LQ &\EHU 6HFXULW\ ´


GABI SIBONI AND IDO SIVAN-SEVILLA | ISRAELI CYBERSPACE REGULATION: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Cyber, Intelligence, and Security | Volume 1 | No. 1 | January 2017

102 ,ELG )RU D VXUYH\ RI WKH QHR OLEHUDO WUHQG LQ FDSLWDOLVW VRFLHWLHV VHH -RKQ 'U\]HN Democracy in Capitalist Times: Ideas, Limits, and Struggles 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV 'RHV SULYDWL]DWLRQ UHDOO\ OHDG WR GHUHJXODWLRQ" )RU D FKDOOHQJH WR WKH MXVWL¿FDWLRQV IRU SULYDWL]DWLRQ VHH <LW]KDN *DO 1RRU ³7KH 3ROLF\ RI 3ULYDWL]DWLRQ :KRVH %XUGHQ RI 3URRI ,V ,W"´ -HUXVDOHP +HEUHZ 8QLYHUVLW\ DQG WKH 9DQ /HHU ,QVWLWXWH LQ +HEUHZ )RU UHJXODWLRQ LQ WKH SULYDWL]DWLRQ HUD VHH 'DYLG /HYL )DXU 1RDP *LGURQ DQG 6PDGDU 0RVKHO ³7KH 5HJXODWRU\ 'H¿FLW RI WKH 3ULYDWL]DWLRQ (UD ´ -HUXVDOHP 9DQ /HHU ,QVWLWXWH LQ +HEUHZ 6HH <RVVL 0HOPDQ ³&ORVHG FRGH 6WDWH SURPRWLQJ F\EHU GHIHQVH ODZ LQ OLJKW RI LQFUHDVHG DWWDFNV ´ Maariv )HEUXDU\ LQ +HEUHZ KWWS ZZZ PDDULY FR LO MRXUQDOLVWV $UWLFOH 6HH $QG\ *UHHQEHUJ ³&RQJUHVV 6OLSV &,6$ LQWR D EXGJHW ELOO WKDW¶V VXUH WR SDVV ´ :LUHG FRP 'HFHPEHU KWWS ZZZ ZLUHG FRP FRQJUHVV VOLSV FLVD LQWR RPQLEXV ELOO WKDWV VXUH WR SDVV 7LP *UHHQH ³&,6$ /HJLVODWLRQ ZRXOG ¿W OLDELOLW\ IRU EXVLQHVVHV VKDULQJ F\EHU WKUHDW LQIRUPDWLRQ ´ QHWZRUNZRUOG FRP 2FWREHU KWWS ZZZ QHWZRUNZRUOG FRP DUWLFOH VHFXULW\ FLVD OHJLVODWLRQ ZRXOG OLIW OLDELOLW\ IRU EXVLQHVVHV VKDULQJ F\EHU WKUHDW LQIRUPDWLRQ KWPO


Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.