Child Abuse Issue Book by Danielle Albaro

Child Abuse and Neglect Danielle Albaro, Clarissa Allred, Dallon Andrus, & Richard Diamond

Child Abuse and Neglect TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ……………………………….. BACKGROUND

………………………………… 6

SCOPE …………….……………………………... 8 RAMIFICATIONS ……………………………….. 10 SOLUTION ONE

……………………………….. 12

Prevention through Education by Government Entities

SOLUTION TWO ……………………………….. 14 Educate Children to Protect Themselves through Skill-based Curriculum

SOLUTION THREE

………………………….. 16

Report Child Abuse and Find Help for the Abuser

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

.……………….. 18

APPENDIX ………………….....……………….. 20

INTRODUCTION According to the Journal of Child Abuse and Neglect, child abuse is "any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation, an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm."1

Child abuse and neglect comes in four distinct categories. The most obvious forms are physical abuse, sexual abuse, and child neglect; however, emotional abuse is also a problem and may be harder to detect. Child abuse may occur in the home, homes of friends and family, the school, community, or almost anywhere there is a child.2

PHYSICAL ABUSE

EMOTIONAL ABUSE

Physical abuse is any act that results in physical injury including, but not limited to, bruises, burns, scratches, broken bones, lacerations, etc.

Emotional abuse, also referred to as psychological abuse, is any act that results in mental or social deficits. Forms of emotional abuse are repeated yelling, excessive and SEXUAL ABUSE harsh criticism, coarse attitude, Sexual abuse is any act that gives an name-calling, degradation, adult sexual gratification at the inappropriate demands, expense of a child. This includes humiliation, etc. engaging a child in sexual activities, indecent exposure to a child, child CHILD NEGLECT pornography, showing a child Child neglect occurs when a child’s pornography, viewing a child’s needs are not met, such as adequate genitalia, actual physical contact food, clothing, shelter, or medical with a child’s genitals, and selling care, that are necessary for survival. sexual services of a child. It also includes lack of attention and love.

The government did not get involved in child protection until around 1930.

BACKGROUND FIRST CASE The first reported case of child abuse was in 1874. It involved a little girl named Mary Ellen whoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mother beat her with a rawhide whip. At this time, there were no laws against child abuse. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) had to bring the case to court using the defense that Mary

Ellen was a part of the animal kingdom and had just as much right as a horse to be taken away from violent owners. After the trial, the mother was convicted on charges of assault and battery.3

ORGANIZATIONS This case sparked Bergh, the man who headed the ASPCA, to start a non-governmental organization addressing child abuse. Due to 6

lack of government involvement, by the year 1922 there were around 300 non-government child protection organizations across America.

abused each year by a parent or close relative. As a result, thousands of innocent children lose their lives every year.

PUBLICIZING

LAWS

Around 1930 and 1940, there was a call to make child protection a public matter (government involvement). A major shift occurred and almost all child protection was publically run. The Social Security Act during the Great Depression helped this private to public movement. 4

Most of the laws surrounding child abuse are not intended to pull children away from parents and keep children in a cycle of instability. The law requires that social workers do everything they can to reunite a child to his or her parent if it is in the best interest of the child. A child must also be Regardless of legal evolution and a placed in a stable home within 22 months of being separated from strong government influence, it is parents. This is to give the child estimated that hundreds of 5 thousands of children are physically stability. The law requires social workers to do everything they can to give an abused child stability. The first choice is to reunite the child with his or her parents.

Every hour, 84 children are treated in hospitals for maltreatment.

SCOPE The numbers related to reported child abuse are astounding. Unfortunately, the statistics do not always account for all abused children because not all occurrences are reported. The following facts may help to gain a better understanding of the seriousness and prevalence of child abuse. ď&#x201A;ˇ

reported cases of child abuse and neglect in the U.S.6 ď&#x201A;ˇ

25-50% of all children (depending on the state) report that they have been physically abused.7

ď&#x201A;ˇ

740,000 children are treated in hospitals each year for maltreatment, which is about 84 every hour.8

There are more than 700,000 8



3 million cases of maltreatment are reported to the state each year which is about 6 every minute.9



The most heavily victimized group belongs to ages 3 and under.14



1,200 deaths were attributed to known child abuse and neglect in the year 2000.10



20% of women and nearly 10% of men reported that they were sexually abused as children.15



52% of victims are female and 48% are male.11



50.6% of child victims are white.12



24.7% of child victims are African-American.13

Pennsylvania has the lowest number of child victims at a rate of 1.2 per 1,000 children, while D.C. has the highest number with 24 per 1,000 children being abused.16

30% of abused children will abuse their own children as adults.

RAMIFICATIONS FOR THE CHILD Every year, 3.3 million reports of child abuse are made in the United States involving nearly 6 million children (a report can include multiple children). The U.S. has the worst record in the industrialized nation —losing five children every day due to abuse-related deaths. 

About 30% of abused and neglected children will later abuse their own children, continuing the cycle of abuse. 10



Abused children are 25% more likely to experience teen pregnancy.



One-third to two-thirds of child maltreatment cases involve substance use to some degree.



Children who experience child abuse and neglect are 59% more likely to be arrested as a juvenile, 28% more likely to be arrested as an adult, and 30% more likely to commit violent crime.17

FOR THE ABUSER In most states, child abuse may be charged as either a felony or a less serious offense depending on the circumstances. The most severe cases of child abuse may carry felony lifetime sentences, while the least serious cases are considered gross misdemeanors with potentially no jail time. Punishment will typically be more severe if the offender has a prior record of criminal child abuse activity and greatly reduced if there is no prior record.

Other possible penalties and/or consequences may include: 

Lifetime requirement to register as a child sexual offender



Termination of parental rights



Ruined reputation



Criminal record



Supervised access to the child



Physical or actual loss and enjoyment of a child



Continual involvement with a child protective services agency18

THREE POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS SOLUTION ONE: PREVENTION THROUGH EDUCATION BY GOVERNMENT & PRIVATE ENTITIES

“It is important for the community to be involved in the prevention process.”

FOR THE PARENT



In-home parenting classes: These are usually provided for severe cases when abuse has happened. This allows social workers to show parents and children how to interact in their own home.



Pamphlets: Provide information about the impact a clean home can have on family life.

The government offers extensive services in order to educate those who have abused and those who have been abused. A few are listed below: 

Parenting classes: This is a good initial preventative option for parents who realize they need extra help with parenting skills. 12

Counseling Services: This is a community to be involved in the great tool to prevent initial abuse prevention process. or continual abuse. A counselor  Know the signs of child abuse can talk families through issues and don’t be afraid to report and discover how they can best suspected abuse by neighbors or cope with their situation. family members.  Liaison: The state has  There are numerous connections to many programs organizations and websites that that help parents get their life can teach individuals about back in order and maintain a recognizing child abuse in stable family life. Some of these neglect, as well as where to include: Alcoholics Anonymous, report suspected abuse. anger management, mental  Listen to what children have to health assessments, etc. say. Sometimes they are trying to FOR THE COMMUNITY speak out, but people don’t believe them or hear them. It is also important for the 

STRENGTHS 

 



Everyone is working together and watching out for one another Increased help for children in need Abusive parents become aware that other people are watching Abusive parents have a place to talk about their feelings with professionals instead of taking it out on their children Classes may provide insight into how to best care for children

WEAKNESSES 



Parents likely to abuse are not likely to take preventative parenting classes. Educating the mass public on such a specific issue is costly. The risk of the bystander effect increases because if everyone knows that everyone else is aware of the issues, they might not report it.

SOLUTION TWO: EDUCATE CHILDREN TO PROTECT THEMSELVES THROUGH SKILL-BASED CURRICULUM Skill-based curriculum teaches skills and abilities, as well as knowledge. With this program, it isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t just about knowing what child abuse is and all of the facts about it, rather it includes the idea of learning the active skills in prevention, defense, and ways out of a reallife abuse situation.19

Based on the Safe Child Program, this curriculum would include the following components: 1. Repetition 2. Discussion 3. Demonstration 4. Activities 5. Role Playing

Note: 95.5% of the children who completed the course stated, after it was complete, that they had no fear or anxiety over those kinds of situations. 14

1. Repetition—The program is split situations and teach children how into ten different segments that to react to specific situations. are reviewed throughout the 4. Activities—Students interact with course, which allows the children one another in different activities, to learn, then think and apply the such as role-playing, discussions, skills before moving to the next making lists, etc. When their segment. bodies are active, their minds are 2. Discussion—Videos are viewed required to be active as well. that show how a variety of 5. Role Playing— Simulations different skills are used. Students activate the children’s brains and discuss what they observed to help them to prepare for real life. remain engaged and learn at a Children can put their new skills quicker pace. to the test and experiment to see 3. Demonstration—Each day, the what works and what doesn’t in videos demonstrate different a safe environment.

STRENGTHS 



Teaching children skills with the knowledge increases their ability to learn and retain what they have been taught. Studies show that nearly 79% of the children from these programs retained the information through the third and final simulation, 6-9 months after the program ended. Allows practice responding to tense and difficult situations that occur in cases of child abuse Teaches skills, knowledge, and ways to get help Changes actual behavior, not just attitudes towards child abuse

WEAKNESSES 



It’s a stand-alone program; it is not as effective if used as a class at school. It doesn’t decrease the number of children abused; it only increases the children’s awareness, knowledge of, and skills required to prevent it. There is only a small sample of this kind of program, so there may not be enough information to prove that it works.

SOLUTION THREE: REPORT CHILD ABUSE AND FIND HELP FOR ABUSER If a person has reason to believe a child has been or may be harmed, he or she should call the local department of children and family services or the local police department. There is also a 24-hour hotline. If it’s an emergency, call 9-1-1. One must stay calm and be as specific as possible when providing information. Sometimes, people are afraid to report abuse or neglect because they don't want to break up a family. People are often afraid to get involved in someone else's problem. The goal of stopping abuse and neglect is to keep children safe. Part of keeping children safe is finding help for the adults who have hurt them. Adults who have abused or neglected a child have many places to turn for help.

“The goal of stopping abuse and neglect is to keep children safe.”

Note: People who fail to report child abuse or neglect also face penalties and consequences in some states with mandatory reporting laws. In those states, if a person has reason to suspect that someone is abusing a child, they must report it through a hotline or law enforcement agency. Failure to report such cases in a timely manner is considered a misdemeanor in most states and may result in fines, jail time, or both. 16



The child’s doctor can explain children’s needs at every age. He or she can recommend places to learn more about parenting and child-care.



Local health and social service departments often have parenting classes. Social service workers can also help parents get assistance to ease their financial situations.



Psychologists, counselors, and social workers can help parents and caregivers deal with problems like drug use, anger, and previous experiences of abuse.



Religious groups often provide food, counseling, and other types of support for anyone in the community—not just their members.

Hospitals and community centers often have classes on stress reduction, parenting, discipline, and nutrition.

STRENGTHS 



Taking the initiative to report suspected child abuse can help the suffering child, as well as put an end to criminal behavior. Reporting child abuse and neglect can save a child’s life. There are also opportunities for rehabilitation for the abuser.

WEAKNESSES 



Depending on the severity of the situation and the emotional state of the abuser, it may be difficult and even potentially dangerous to help the abusive person. The abuser may receive immediate jail time. Addressing the issue after the occurrence still leaves children with emotional scars from the abuse.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1

Herrenkohl, R.C. (2005). "The definition of child maltreatment: from case study to construct". Child Abuse and Neglect 29 (5): 413–24.

"Child Abuse." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 Feb. 2013. Web. 02 Apr. 2013.

3 Markel,

Howard. “Case Shined First Light on Abuse of Children.” New York Times 14 December 2009. Web. 12 March 2013. <http://www.nytimes.com>

4 Myers,

John E.B. “A Short History of Child Protection in America.” Family Law Quarterly 42.3 (2008): 449-463. Web. 12 March 2013.

5 Myers,

John E.B. “A Short History of Child Protection in America.” Family Law Quarterly 42.3 (2008): 449-463. Web. 12 March 2013.

"National Criminal Justice Reference Service." National Criminal Justice Reference Service. U.S. Department of Justice, 15 Mar. 2013. Web. 19 May 2013.

7 "Child

Maltreatment." World Health Organization. World Health Organization, Aug. 2010. Web. 19 Mar. 2013. <www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs150/en/index.html>.

8 "Child

Maltreatment Prevention." CDC 24/7: Saving Lives. Protecting People. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 11 Jan. 2013. Web. 19 Mar. 2013. <www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/ childmaltreatment/index.html>.

Ibid.

"Child Maltreatment 2011." Child Welfare Information Gateway. Administration for Children & Families, 2012. Web. 19 Mar. 2013. <https://www.childwelfare.gov/can/statistics/>.

11 Ibid. 12 Ibid. 13

Ibid.

“Child Maltreatment.” World Health Organization.

“Child Maltreatment 2011.” Child Welfare Information Gateway.

17 "National

Child Abuse Statistics." Childhelp. 2013. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. <http:// www.childhelp.org/pages/statistics>.

18"Child

Abuse Penalties and Sentencing." FindLaw. 2013. Web. 15 Mar. 2013.

19 "Safe

Child Program." Promising Practices Network. Promising Practices Network, May 2009. Web. 19 Mar. 2013. <http://www.promisingpractices.net/program.asp?programid=129>.

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES For more information, please visit these sites: http://www.childrensdefense.org/policy-priorities/advocate-family-resources/childadvocacy-groups/child-welfare.html Provides list of organizations and other child welfare resources. http://www.nccafv.org/child_abuse_reporting_numbers_co.htm List of child abuse reporting phone numbers by state. http://www.linkforfamilies.org/?q=node/28 List of parenting classes, youth programs, etc. http://www.helpguide.org Contains statistics, preventative measures and ideas, programs, and general overview http://www.promisingpractices.net Provides statistics, consequences, and preventative measures including programs http://library.adoption.com Basic information about child abuse, as well as an adoption site

Helpful Organizations: PreventChildAbuse.org AmericanHumane.org ISPCAN.org WHO American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children National Child Abuse Hotline National Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Alliance Child Help

DANIELLE ALBAROâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;EDITOR Danielle Albaro is in her last semester at Brigham Young University-Idaho where she is studying Business and American Government. After graduation, she plans to pursue a career in government or political consulting. She and her husband currently live in Valencia, California, with their dog, Steinway. Danielle enjoys singing, acting, hiking, and Zumba. SELECTION OF ISSUE We had a few different ideas on the table as to what we should address in our issue book. When this topic was suggested, we all decided it was a good one. It is something that needs to be discussed and that we should be doing more to combat and prevent.

TEAM MEMBER TASKS I was the Editor of the issue book. I designed the book and put everyoneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s information in uniformly. I gave suggestions and thoughts to the writers to help improve their information. I also wrote the Introduction to the issue book.

Appendix

CLARISSA ALLRED—WRITER Clarissa Allred is a senior at Brigham Young University-Idaho and will be graduating with a Bachelor’s of Science degree in University Studies with emphases in Theatre, Music, and Art and a minor in Marriage/ Family Studies. Clarissa and her husband currently reside in the Colorado Springs area with their three-week-old daughter. SELECTION OF ISSUE I chose the topic of child abuse and neglect simply because I love children and it breaks my heart to see them suffer—whether it be physically or emotionally. Abuse is a real problem that continues to occur and my desire is to not only bring awareness to the issue, but to educate people on what they can do to help prevent it and how to help victims of child abuse and neglect.

TEAM MEMBER TASKS I am “Writer # 3” for this issue book. I was responsible for researching the ramifications of child abuse/neglect and for finding one proposed solution to the problem. In addition, I completed an interview with an expert/practitioner in a field related to the social problem. I have eight sources for my strategic research. Three organizations and three websites are included as additional resources for further information. I was also responsible for providing editorial comments to other writers. 21

Appendix

DALLON ANDRUSâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;WRITER Dallon Andrus is 24 years old and from Post Falls, Idaho. It is a city in the Idaho panhandle in between Coeur dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Alene, ID, and Spokane, WA. He grew up with two little sisters and both parents, spending most of his time playing football, baseball, snowboarding, water skiing; he enjoys many of these activities to this day. He will finish his Accounting degree in April 2013 from Brigham Young UniversityIdaho, after which he plans to work as an auditor for a public accounting firm and receive his CPA.

SELECTION OF ISSUE I believe our team feels this is an important issue because it is something that affects everyone, directly or indirectly. Most people will have children at some point or will know others who have children. It is important for us all to be aware of how to handle cases of child abuse/neglect. The only way to be aware is through education, which is what this booklet entails.

TEAM MEMBER TASKS As Writer #1, I provided the background of child abuse in America and how laws have been put in place and the government has taken a greater role. I also researched and explained our first proposed solution. Appendix

RICHARD DIAMOND—WRITER Richard Diamond is currently living in Fort Collins, Colorado. He’s been married to his wife Alex for two and a half years and has lived in Rexburg, Raleigh, and Fort Collins. They have a 10 month old son who is the absolute joy of their lives. He is a senior at Brigham Young University-Idaho and plans to attend graduate school at Texas A&M to attain a Master’s Degree in Sports Administration. SELECTION OF ISSUE I personally chose this topic because I love children and I feel very strongly about this subject. I have even more incentive since having my first child this past year. I feel like the topic of child abuse/neglect is a huge problem and one that is truly 100% preventable. I want to do everything that I can in order to help those who have been affected by child abuse, but I also want to help prevent it from happening, as well.

TEAM MEMBER TASKS I am “Writer #2” and am thus in charge of everything dealing with the scope of the problem. I found out how prevalent the problem is and how it differs in each of the states, as well as what is being done about it. I was also able to do an interview with somebody who has personal experience with child abuse/neglect. In addition, I provided many sources and statistical facts on the subject of child abuse and neglect. 23

Appendix

STRATEGIC RESEARCH CLARISSA ALLRED Source 1: Starr, Raymond H., Jr., and David A. Wolfe, eds. The Effects of Child Abuse and Neglect: Issues and Research. New York: Guilford, 1991. Google. Web. 12 Mar. 2013.<http://books.google.com/books? id=na_rWnjT8kMC&printsec=rontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad =0#v=onepage&q&f=false>. What you learned about problem/possible solution: Most of the consequences of maltreatment are due more to the psychological component of the maltreatment than to such other aspects as injury or physical deprivation. Five Key Facts: A. Psychological maltreatment: rejecting, isolating, terrorizing, ignoring, and corruptingâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;are acts that are part of all other forms of abuse and neglect. B. Maltreated children commonly display disturbances in child-caregiver attachment and in cognitive, moral, social, and emotional development. C. Abuse can lead victims to blame themselves for the maltreatment and to develop defective selfconcepts. D. Emotional numbing and pathological passivity are common consequences of victimization. E. Disturbances that have been reported in nonclinical samples of adult victims of childhood sexual abuse include the following: 1. high levels of stress

10. somatization

2. emotional problems

11. sleep disturbance

3. depression

12. homosexuality

4. suicidal ideation or acts

13. sexual problems

5. affective disorder

14. adult sexual victimization

6. poor self-esteem

15. alcohol or substance abuse

7. psychosis 8. anxiety disorders 9. dissociation

Source 2: "Long-term Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect." Child Welfare Information Gateway. Ed. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2008. Web. 12 Mar.2013.<https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/ long_term_consequences.cfm#factors>. What you learned about problem/possible solution: Not all abused and neglected children will experience long-term consequences. Outcomes of individual cases vary widely and are affected by a combination of factors, including: The child's age and developmental status when the abuse or neglect occurred The type of abuse (physical abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, etc.) The frequency, duration, and severity of abuse The relationship between the victim and his or her abuser Five Key Facts: A. Protective and promotive factors that may contribute to an abused or neglected child's resilience: individual characteristics such as optimism, self-esteem, intelligence, creativity, humor, and independence, as well as the acceptance of peers and positive individual influences such as teachers, mentors, and role models. Other factors can include the child's social environment and the family's access to social supports. Community well-being, including neighborhood stability and access to safe schools and adequate health care, are other protective and promotive factors. B. Physical Health Consequences: Shaken baby syndrome: bleeding in the eye or brain, damage to the spinal cord and neck, and rib or bone fractures. Impaired brain development: can cause important regions of the brain to fail to form or grow properly, resulting in impaired development. These alterations in brain maturation have long-term consequences for cognitive, language, and academic abilities. Poor physical health: adults who experienced abuse or neglect during childhood are more likely to suffer from physical ailments such as allergies, arthritis, asthma, bronchitis, high blood pressure, and ulcers. C. Psychological Consequences: The immediate emotional effects of abuse and neglectâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;isolation, fear, and an inability to trustâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;can translate into lifelong consequences, including low self-esteem, depression, and relationship difficulties. Researchers have identified links between child abuse and neglect and the following: difficulties during infancy, poor mental and emotional health, cognitive difficulties, and social difficulties. D. Behavioral Consequences: Later in life, child abuse and neglect appear to make the following more likely: difficulties during adolescence, juvenile delinquency and adult criminality, alcohol and other drug abuse, abusive behavior. E. Societal Consequences: Society as a whole pays a price for child abuse and neglect, in terms of both direct and indirect costs. Direct costs: those associated with maintaining a child welfare system to investigate and respond to allegations of child abuse and neglect, as well as expenditures by the judicial, law enforcement, health, and mental health systems. A 2001 report by Prevent Child Abuse America estimates these costs at $24 billion per year. Indirect costs: costs associated with juvenile and adult criminal activity, mental illness, substance abuse, and domestic violence. They can also include loss of productivity due to unemployment and underemployment, the cost of special education services, and increased use of the health care system. Prevent Child Abuse America estimated these costs at more than $69 billion per year (2001).

Source 3: Starr, Raymond H., Jr., and David A. Wolfe, eds. The Effects of Child Abuse and Neglect: Issues and Research. New York: Guilford, 1991. Google. Web. 12 Mar. 2013.<http://books.google.com/booksid=na_rWnjT8kMC&printsec=r ontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false>. What you learned about problem/possible solution: One solution to problem (awareness, taking action): Report child abuse/neglect. Be as specific as you can when providing information. Stay calm. If it’s an emergency call 9-1-1 or your local police. Five Key Facts: A. Warning signs of emotional abuse in children: Excessively withdrawn, fearful, or anxious about doing something wrong. Shows extremes in behavior (extremely compliant or extremely demanding; extremely passive or extremely aggressive). Doesn’t seem to be attached to the parent or caregiver. Acts either inappropriately adult (taking care of other children) or inappropriately infantile (rocking, thumb-sucking, throwing tantrums). B. Warning signs of physical abuse in children: Frequent injuries or unexplained bruises, welts, or cuts. Is always watchful and “on alert,” as if waiting for something bad to happen. Injuries appear to have a pattern such as marks from a hand or belt. Shies away from touch, flinches at sudden movements, or seems afraid to go home. Wears inappropriate clothing to cover up injuries, such as long-sleeved shirts on hot days. C. Warning signs of neglect in children: Clothes are ill-fitting, filthy, or inappropriate for the weather. Hygiene is consistently bad (unbathed, matted and unwashed hair, noticeable body odor. Untreated illnesses and physical injuries. Is frequently late or missing from school. Is frequently unsupervised or left alone or allowed to play in unsafe situations and environments. D. Warning signs of sexual abuse in children: Trouble walking or sitting. Displays knowledge or interest in sexual acts inappropriate to his or her age, or even seductive behavior. Makes strong efforts to avoid a specific person, without an obvious reason. Doesn’t want to change clothes in front of others or participate in physical activities. An STD or pregnancy, especially under the age of 14. Runs away from home. E. Additional effects of child abuse and neglect: Lack of trust and relationship difficulties Core feelings of being “worthless” or “damaged” Trouble regulating emotions 26

Source 4: "Child Abuse Penalties and Sentencing." FindLaw. 2013. Web. 15 Mar. 2013. What you learned about problem/possible solution: A person charged with child abuse faces a wide range of penalties and sentencing possibilities, depending on several factors. These include the state where the abuse took place, the age of the child, whether the offense involved sexual abuse, whether the child was physically or mentally injured, and the criminal history of the offender.

Five Key Facts: A. Sentencing for child abuse and neglect cases is often difficult for everyone involvedâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;especially since child abuse cases are often highly publicized and the potential for a social stigma on the family is great. B. In most states, child abuse may be charged as either a felony or a less serious offense depending on the circumstances. The most severe cases of child abuse may carry felony lifetime sentences, while the least serious cases are considered gross misdemeanors with potentially no jail time. Punishment will typically be more severe if the offender has a prior record of criminal child abuse activity and greatly reduced if there is no prior record. C. For sentencing purposes, a person charged with child abuse may enter a guilty, not guilty, or no contest plea. In a large number of cases, sentencing will typically include probation or a prison term of up to five years. Sentencing in other, more serious, cases may include a longer prison term. D. Other possible penalties and/or consequences may include: Lifetime requirement to register as a child sexual offender Termination of parental rights Ruined reputation Criminal record Supervised access to the child Physical or actual loss and enjoyment of a child Continual involvement with a child protective services agency E. People who fail to report child abuse or neglect also face penalties and consequences in some states with mandatory reporting laws. In those states, if a person has reason to suspect that someone is abusing a child, they must report it through a hotline or law enforcement agency. Failure to report such cases in a timely manner is considered a misdemeanor in most states and may result in fines, jail time, or both.

Source 5: Prevent Child Abuse America. "Ten Ways to Help Prevent Child Abuse." N.d. PDF file. What you learned about problem/possible solution: There are many things one can do to get involved and help prevent child abuse. There are various programs and services. Ultimately it comes down to education and awareness. Good parenting is essential. “Ten Ways to Help Prevent Child Abuse: 1. Be a nurturing parent: Children need to know that they are special, loved and capable of following their dreams. 2. Help a friend, neighbor or relative: Being a parent isn’t easy. Offer a helping hand take care of the children, so the parent(s) can rest or spend time together. 3. Help yourself: When the big and little problems of your everyday life pile up to the point you feel overwhelmed and out of control – take time out. Don’t take it out on your kid. 4. If your baby cries: It can be frustrating to hear your baby cry. Learn what to do if your baby won’t stop crying. Never shake a baby – shaking a child may result in severe injury or death. 5. Get involved: Ask your community leaders, clergy, library and schools to develop services to meet the needs of healthy children and families. 6. Help to develop parenting resources at your local library. 7. Promote programs in school: Teaching children, parents and teachers prevention strategies can help to keep children safe. 8. Monitor your child’s television and video viewing: Watching violent films and TV programs can harm young children. 9. Volunteer at a local child abuse prevention program: For information about volunteer opportunities, call 1.800.CHILDREN. 10. Report suspected abuse or neglect: If you have reason to believe a child has been or may be harmed, call your local department of children and family services or you local police department.”

Source 6: Perry, Bruce D., M.D., Ph.D., and John Marcellus, M.D. "The Impact of Abuse and Neglect on the Developing Brain." Teachers. Scholastic, 2013. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. <http:// teacher.scholastic.com/professional/bruceperry/abuse_neglect.htm>. What you learned about problem/possible solution: Child abuse and neglect have a big impact on the developing and functioning of a one’s brain. Therapeutic interventions and education of the public is beneficial.

Five Key Facts: A. During a traumatic experience, a child’s brain is in a state of fear-related activation. This activation of key neural systems in the brain leads to adaptive changes in emotional, behavioral and cognitive functioning to promote survival. Yet, persisting or chronic activation of this adaptive fear response can result in the maladaptive persistence of a fear state. This activation causes hypervigilance, increased muscle tone, a focus on threat-related cues (typically non-verbal), anxiety, behavioral impulsivity — all of which are adaptive during a threatening event yet become maladaptive when the immediate threat has passed. B. The brain is very "plastic" — meaning it is capable of changing in response to experiences, especially repetitive and patterned experiences. Furthermore, the brain is most plastic during early childhood. Aggressive early identification and intervention with abused and neglected children has the capacity to modify and influence development in many positive ways. C. Therapeutic interventions that restore a sense of safety and control are very important for the acutely traumatized child. D. Education of the public must be coupled with the continuing generation of data regarding the impact of both positive and negative experiences on the development of children. All of this must be paired with the implementation and testing of programs dedicated to enrich the lives of children and families and programs to provide early identification of, and proactive intervention for, at-risk children and families. E. In order to prevent the development of impaired children, we need to dedicate resources of time, energy and money to the complex problems related to child maltreatment. We need to understand the relationship between early life experiences and cognitive, social, emotional, and physical health. Providing enriching cognitive, emotional, social and physical experiences in childhood could transform our culture.

Source 7: "Protecting Our Children from Abuse and Neglect." American Psychological Association. N.p., 2013. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. <http://www.apa.org/pi/families/resources/abuse.aspx>. What you learned about problem/possible solution: Sometimes, people are afraid to report abuse or neglect because they don't want to break up a family. Sometimes, people are afraid to get involved in someone else's problem. The goal of stopping abuse and neglect is to keep children safe. Part of keeping children safe is finding help for the adults who have hurt them. Adults who have abused or neglected a child have many places to turn for help. Five Key Facts: A. The child's doctor can explain children's needs at every age. He or she can recommend places to learn more about parenting and child-care. B. Local health and social service departments often have parenting classes. Social service workers also can help parents get assistance to ease their financial situations. C. Hospitals and community centers often have classes on stress reduction, parenting, discipline, and nutrition. D. Psychologists, counselors, and social workers can help parents and caregivers deal with problems like drug use, anger, and previous experiences of abuse. E. Religious groups often provide food, counseling, and other types of support for anyone in the community窶馬ot just their members.

Source 8: "Promising Practices for Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect." Promising Practices Network. 2010. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. <http://www.promisingpractices.net/briefs/briefs_childabuse.asp>. What you learned about problem/possible solution: Research has identified factors that are associated with either greater or lower risk of being maltreated. These factors include characteristics of the individual, family, community, and greater society. Some preventative measures for child abuse and neglect include public awareness activities, skill-based curricula for children, and parent education programs. Five Key Facts: A. Risk factors: Disabilities or mental retardation in children Social isolation of families Parents' lack of understanding of children's needs and child development Poverty and other socioeconomic disadvantage, such as unemployment Family disorganization, dissolution, and violence, including intimate partner violence Lack of family cohesion Substance abuse in family Parental stress and distress, including depression or other mental health conditions Community violence B. Protective factors: Supportive family environment Nurturing parenting skills Stable family relationships Having household rules and parental monitoring of the child Parental employment and high parental education Adequate housing Access to health care and social services Communities that support parents and take responsibility for preventing abuse C. Public awareness activities are one of the more common approaches to preventing child abuse and neglect. Through various methods including public service announcements, information kits and brochures, and TV/other media content, sponsors of public awareness campaigns can reach a broad audience to promote healthy parenting practices and inform the public about what can and should be done when maltreatment is suspected. D. Skill-based curricula for children seek to teach children skills they can employ to keep themselves safe, such as being able to distinguish if they have been touched appropriately or inappropriately and what they should do if they experience the latter. E. Parent education programs seek to help parents develop appropriate discipline techniques and to gain knowledge and understanding about age-appropriate behavior and expected developmental milestones. These programs also tend to have a component that helps parents learn the skills of identifying community resources that provide support to families, such as economic resources.

DALLON ANDRUS Source 1: Markel, Howard. “Case Shined First Light on Abuse of Children.” New York Times 14 December 2009. Web. 12 March 2013. <http://www.nytimes.com> What you learned about problem/possible solution: I learned what the first case of child abuse entailed and how it was brought on. Five Key Facts: A. Occurred in 1874 B. Involved a mother whipping her daughter with a raw hide whip C. Was brought on by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals D. There were no child abuse laws at this time E. The mother was eventually tried and convicted on charges of assault and battery

Source 2: Myers, John E.B. “A Short History of Child Protection in America.” Family Law Quarterly 42.3 (2008): 449-463. Web. 12 March 2013.

What you learned about problem/possible solution: That the early late 1800s and early 1900s sparked peoples interest in child abuse and the action that could be taken. Five Key Facts: A. At this time there was no governmental organization addressing child abuse. B. Bergh, the same person involved in the animal society that protected Mary-Ellen started a nongovernmental agency for child protection. C. By 1922 there were around 300 non-governmental child protection organizations across America. D. Around 1930 & 1940 there was a call to make child protective agencies shift completely public organizations. E. The Social Security Act of the Great Depression helped this private to public organization movement.

Source 3: “Child Abuse-The Hidden Bruises.” Aacap.org. American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, March 2011. Web. 12 March 2013. What you learned about problem/possible solution: The nature of this problem is how it affects children in the short and long term. Five Key Facts: A. It is estimated hundreds of thousands of children are physically abused each year by a parent or close relative. B. Thousands actually die as a result of the abuse C. Early recognition and treatment is important D. Children may display behavior such as: poor self image, sexual rebellion, aggression, suicidal thoughts, withdrawal, anxiety or fears, school and sleep problems. E. Sometimes evidence of abuse does not surface until an individual reaches adolescence

Source 4: “Who abuses children.” Aifs.gov.au. Australian Institute of Family Studies, Feb. 2011. Web. 12 March 2013. What you learned about problem/possible solution: I learned how to tell if someone is a possible abuser. There are warning signs and certain behaviors people portrait if they abuse children. Five Key Facts: A. Children are most likely to be neglected/abused by a parent or caregiver. B. There is a strong correlation between child neglect and parental alcohol/drug abuse. C. Children are more likely to be sexually abused by adults who are not in a caregiver role. D. Individuals who have experienced abuse in their lives are more prone to abuse in their later years. E. Child abuse encompasses abuse that is unintentionally inflicted as well.

Source 5: â&#x20AC;&#x153;What Is Child Abuse and Neglect.â&#x20AC;? Childwelfare.gov. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2008. Web. 12 March 2013. What you learned about problem/possible solution: I learned how child abuse is defined in the law and what it entails. There are different types of child abuse and neglect. Five Key Facts: A. Each state sets its own child abuse laws based on a minimum standard that is given by the federal government. B. The Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) defines child abuse at the federal level. C. Physical abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse are the typical abuse/neglect categories that are defined. D. Substance abuse is sometimes defined as neglect. This seriously impairs a parent to give proper care to a child. E. Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation; or An act or failure to act, which presents an imminent risk of serious harm. Source 6: Pelzer, Dave, A Child Called It, Health Communications, Inc., Deerfield, Florida, 1995. What you learned about problem/possible solution: I learned through this novel that is based on a true story the extent of abuse and what people are capable of and how it affects a child. Five Key Facts: A. Alcoholism can easily lead parents to abuse and is a good sign that there may be abuse problems in the home. B. Child beating are a fairly typical abuse inflicted by parents. C. Abuse can be happening right next door to us and we not know it, unless we become active and involved. D. A dirty appearance or ragged look may be a sign that a child is being abused. E. We cant underestimate the extent of abuse.

Source 7: “Abuse Information.” Childabuseprevention.org. Child Abuse Prevention Association, 2011. Web. 12 March 2013. What you learned about problem/possible solution: One solution is that we can all look after one another. If we know our neighbors then we will be able to detect when something isn’t right. This will cause us to pay more attention and we will discover if child abuse is present or not. Five Key Facts: A. It is important to learn how to detect the signs of child abuse. B. Don’t be afraid to befriend a child who is abused or a parent who is abusive. But always be careful. C. Listen seriously to children. They have things to say, but don’t always know how to say them. D. If there is an issue, contact the Child Abuse Hotline. E. Don’t allow the child to have any further contact with the person you believe is causing the abuse.

Source 8: “Overcoming Child Abuse.” Thesurvivorsclub.org. The Survivors Club, n.d. Web. 12 March 2013. What you learned about problem/possible solution: I learned how a survivor of child abuse coped and handled the situation in her later years. It is possible to bring offenders to justice and have some sense of relief. Five Key Facts: A. Never be afraid to tell someone if you know about abuse or are being abused. B. It is never too late to make your story of abuse known. C. Be persistent. D. Know that the abuse wasn’t your fault and that you are a victim. E. There are many organizations in every state that are there to help abuse victims with psychological, emotional, and legal issues.

RICHARD DIAMOND Source 1: "Child Welfare Outcomes Report Data." cwoutcomes.acf.hhs.gov/data/overview. Children's Bureau, 2011. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. What you learned about problem/possible solution: The number of children being abused and neglected hasn’t really increased all that much, but the number of adoptions has decreased significantly. Each state varies widely as to how prevalent child abuse and neglect per child under the age of 18. Five Key Facts: A. The lowest rate of child victims is 3.3 per 1,000. B. The highest rate of child victims is 24 per 1,000. C. There doesn’t seem to be anything being done about the staggering numbers. As the number of victims fluctuates and both increases and decreases each year over the past four years. (2008-2011) D. Each state has a very different view and perspective of the problem because they all have it at different rates, making it difficult to come up with one true solution. E. The prevalent trend and tendency is that white children are the most victimized. Source 2: "Child Abuse." www.ncjrs.gov/childabuse/index.html. U.S. Department of Justice, 1 Oct. 2012. Web. 12 Mar. 1013. What you learned about problem/possible solution: Child abuse and maltreatment is a “hidden” problem because we can only see the numbers on what have been reported and we know that not all incidents have been. Thus making it hard to really grasp the entire scope of this issue. Five Key Facts: A. More than 700,000 child abuse cases are confirmed every year in the United States. B. The above number is skewed because it only represents those abuses that have been reported. C. April is considered to be the “National Child Abuse Prevention Month.” D. Every State has a different definition of child abuse and neglect. E. The President of the United States give a proclamation each April to remind and support awareness of child abuse, neglect, and maltreatment.

Source 3: “Child Maltreatment." www.who.int. World Health Organization, Aug. 2010. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. What you learned about problem/possible solution: Child abuse and neglect truly is a worldwide problem, not just something that happens in the United States. Prevention can take many forms, but most of the successful programs are those that support and educate parents on child rearing skills and positive parenting. The problem also depends on how you are looking at it and how you are defining maltreatment. Five Key Facts: A. 25-50% (based on the country) of children report being physically abused B. There are many long lasting effects on the child if abused. C. Educating children from a young age about abuse and neglect decreases the likelihood of it happening to them. D. 20% of women report being sexually abused as children. E. 5-10% of men report being sexually abused as children. Source 4: "Child Maltreatment Prevention." Cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 11 Jan. 2013. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. What you learned about problem/possible solution: There are four common types of child abuse: Physical, Emotional, Sexual, and Neglect. Child abuse is a very costly issue and spans the lifetime of the victim. Five Key Facts: A. 740,000 children are treated at hospitals each year for maltreatment (84 every hour). B. Three million cases of maltreatment are reported to the state as well as local agencies each year (6 per minute). C. “The total lifetime cost of maltreatment” is 124 billion dollars a year. D. Child abuse is defined as abuse given by a parent, caregiver, or “custodial role” which would be like “clergy, coach, or a teacher.” E. Child abuse and neglect is 100% preventable.

Source 5: Goldman, J. "Child Welfare Information Gateway." Childwelfare.gov. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2003. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. What you learned about problem/possible solution: Roughly 12 out of every 1,000 children were abused in the year 2000. The scope of the problem is massive, and probably more massive than we can imagine. Five Key Facts: A. 52% of victims are female and 48% are male. B. Of the reported maltreatment, 62.8% was neglect, 19.2% was physical abuse, 10.1% was sexual abuse, and 7.7% was psychological or emotional abuse. C. Children ages 3 and under are the most heavily victimized age group. D. 50.6% of victims are White and the closest race to that sits at only 24.7% which are African Americans. E. Nearly 1,200 child deaths in 2000 are known and attributed to child abuse, neglect, or maltreatment. (Not counting those deemed accidents or those that were unknown.) Source 6: "Child Abuse and Neglect: The National Scope of the Problem." Library.adoption.com. Adoption.com, 2002. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. What you learned about problem/possible solution: There really are long lasting effects on those children that are abused. And it not only affect them, but their relationships, their academics, and their future careers and families. Five Key Facts: A. In the year 2000, there were 3 million reports of child abuse about 5 million children. B. There are both short and long-term consequences which include brain damage, low self-esteem, learning disorders, depression, and others. C. 85% of the children who died from child neglect in 2000 were under the age of 6. D. More often than not, the abuse is coming from at least one parent. E. Nearly 3 children die per day of neglect.

Source 7: Smith, Melinda, and Jeanne Segal. "Child Abuse and Neglect." Helpguide.org. Helpguide.org, Jan. 2013. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. What you learned about problem/possible solution: There are many warning signs of abuse, we simply need to be looking for them. As well as tips for recognizing abusive behaviors within yourself, tips for getting involved, and tips for helping children overcome it. Five Key Facts: A. When talking with a child about the issue, it is important to stay calm about the problem so that they don’t shut down and feel ashamed. B. The child and their safety is the most important thing. So when it comes to their safety, it is important to get involved if you know something is happening. C. Be aware of how the children are acting, as they can give you signs of maltreatment. Don’t jump to conclusions, but be aware of some of the signs and warnings that are associated with maltreatment. D. Developing new parenting skills is a way to prevent child abuse and neglect. Working on being the best that one can be and having that positive attitude and help can change things. E. You can break the cycle of abuse, but it takes work and a willingness to change. There are many programs out there to help. There are professionals that know how to help. This is something that is important to do, especially if you have a history in your family of maltreatment. Source 8: "Promising Practices for Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect." Promisingpractices.net. Promising Practices Network, 2010. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. What you learned about problem/possible solution: This is kind of a catch all kind of website. I learned the most about prevention in it though. Educations is the best and most successful way of preventing child abuse and neglect. I really liked the idea of the “skill based curricula for children.” This teaching them skills to keep them safe and protected. Five Key Facts: A. Public awareness activities are the most widely used and reach the broadest audience. B. The skill based curricula for children teaches them what to do in situations of abuse or neglect and how to handle themselves as well as prevent some things from happening. One of these programs is called the “Safe Child Program.” C. Another type of prevention is the parent education programs. This is obviously intended for parents and aims at teaching them appropriate was of discipline and of their relationship with their children. D. There are also in home visiting programs to help deal with the situations and to help educate. And there are family resource centers where families can go for help and support and information. E. These programs have been found to be successful and efficient. In places where these programs are used, the numbers of child abuse and neglect cases have gone down. And the cost of these programs is far less than the cost of the abused child throughout the rest of their lives. (And the kids live happier without the abuse and neglect) (It’s not all about the money, just a perk that the programs are cheaper.) 39

PERSONAL REFLECTION DANIELLE ALBARO As the editor, I was able to read through all of the information and solutions provided by the writers. I was able to see what a huge problem child abuse and neglect really is. The long-term consequences are truly devastating. I am close to a few people who were abused as children, and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s easy to see that they take the abuse with them into their adult lives and into their families. Many of them had never even told anyone that they were abused, and as they now reveal it to their close relatives and friends, it has begun a healing process that should have been started a long time ago. The idea to teach children about child abuse, how to prevent it and how to fight against it, is crucial to helping our kids open up when they have been placed in an awful situation. We need to instill confidence in children to speak out when they have been mistreated and to get help. Not only should they be removed from the abuser, but they should be provided with the guidance necessary to work through these issues in order to live a happier and more stable life in the future. It is my hope that more people will start to take notice of what is going on around them and what children are trying to tell them.

Appendix

PERSONAL REFLECTION CLARISSA ALLRED While studying the ramifications of child abuse and neglect, I thought of the various protective factors that are associated with a lower risk of being maltreated. It is very important for children to be raised in a safe and stable home environment with parents who love them. An authoritative parenting style is the most beneficial for children—when parents are warm, responsive, and nurturing. In addition, having structure and appropriate discipline, accompanied with household rules and parental monitoring, is very helpful. Besides what I learned from my strategic research, hearing the personal stories of two victims of abuse made this study more “real” for me. I interviewed my mother-in-law, who described the terror she felt when she was abused in her youth, but I also happened to hear of the experiences of a friend at church the other day. She serves in the Young Women program with me as a counselor. She taught the lesson, which was on forgiveness, and shared how her previous husband was an abusive alcoholic. A touching story, she described the hatred she felt towards her husband for the way he treated her. Later she realized that she needed to be free of those feelings, so she ended up telling her—now ex-husband—that she forgives him. I became a parent three weeks a go, and having a child of my own now has put things in perspective for me. I love and care about my daughter very much and will do anything to make sure she is safe and protected. While I will never abuse my child, the world is a very dangerous place; therefore, parental monitoring is key—knowing where your children are at all times, who they are with, what they are doing, etc. 41

Appendix

PERSONAL REFLECTION DALLON ANDRUS This has been a definite learning experience because I wanted to do this topic based on my lack of knowledge. As I have researched and interviewed I have learned that the reach of this problem is overwhelming. It is sad to think that so much abuse goes on, and even more unreported. This has opened my eyes to a new world, a world where I need to be aware and have the ability to change a childâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life. In many places I have researched I found that many cases could have been prevented if someone would have spoken about them. Now that I have a greater knowledge of situations where abuse occurs and signs of abuse I can help solve the problem. It sounds like prevention is the best option and we need everyoneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s help everyday to accomplish this task. I hope this booklet has a widespread audience that will appreciate it contents and gain a greater sense of duty and pride in helping those who cant help themselves.

Appendix

PERSONAL REFLECTION RICHARD DIAMOND The research on the scope of the problem that I was able to do was both fascinating and eye opening. I knew that child abuse and neglect existed and that it was a problem, but I didn’t understand that it affected over 700,000 people a year in the United States. It is a much greater problem than I ever realized and what is worse, is that it doesn’t seem like anything that we are doing is making a big difference. From 2008-2010 the numbers decreased, but then in 2011 it spiked to numbers greater than that in 2008. I also loved reading about and learning more about the “Skill-Based Curriculum” idea. I don’t think that we give children enough credit for their ability to understand and retain information. I really believe that if we teach them how to prevent the abuse, what to do in reporting it, and helping them understand their options that it would change the world. They would be able to prevent it from happening to them, be more confident in helping others prevent it, and then growing up and making sure that it doesn’t happen in their own families. These programs could change everything, if we apply them and if they are done right.

Appendix