Graduate Architecture Project 2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 2 3 4 5 6

INTRODUCTION

CONTEXT

SITE ANALYSIS

INITIAL CONCEPTS

SOLUTION

APPENDIX

1

INTRODUCTION Principles of architecture have been attained and applied through history, as far back to the Roman times and further and this knowledge is shared and interpreted to ďŹ t into any design. However can we take architectural principles and apply them to any other project regardless of scale, location, program, climate, etc, to play a role in solving social divides?

In this project, we take a look into how architectural principles from a project with no similar context can apply themselves to play a role in solving social divides in an area that is looking for a striving and healthy future.

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CONTEXT Located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean sea, Lebanon is a country with an extensive history. Some of the oldest human settlements were in Lebanon. Mediterranean cultures such as the Phoenician, Greek, and Arab societies all worked to establish the complex and prolific country of Lebanon. Modern day Sur, Sayda, and Jubayl were all major points of trade and culture in the 3rd millennium BCE. It was during the 1920s that France established the state of Greater Lebanon and incorporated the country into the League of Nations mandate. In 1926 Lebanon became a republic but it was not until 1943 that Lebanon as a country proclaimed its independence. Lebanon is a country of contradictions it has wonderful aspects such as a rich cultural, environment, history, and cultural influences but also has negative features such as its current political turmoil. It is a country that for some time has had difficulties controlling its own destiny.

CONTEXT Koura The Koura District is found in a coastal plain, total area of district is 173km² or 67sqmi, highest elevation in district is 800m or 2624.7ft above sea level, begins the mountain range leading to Mount Lebanon.

Mount Lebanon has been a tourist attraction for hikers to enjoy with a national park at its base. At its very peak Mount Lebanon reaches an elevation of nearly 3,050ft above sea-level.

The demographics of this region has variety when addressing a religions basis. Koura District has 52 established villages its total population is roughly 70,000, the capital of the district is Amioun which has a population of about 10,000 as of the 2010 census.

The religious followings in the Koura District is diverse with 72% as Greek Orthodox, 18% as Maronites, 8% as Sunni Muslims, and 3% as Melkite Catholics and Shia Muslims.

CONTEXT History + Culture Lebanon’s great diversity is due in part from the layers of influence of its neighboring countries. Surrounded by its Arab neighbors of Syria, Jordan, and Israel; Lebanon serves as the location of a demanding commercial and cultural center for the Middle East. These neighboring countries also force Lebanon to deal with socioeconomic and political debacles in addition to the country’s own complications.

The country went through a civil war in 1975 which lasted for 15 years and caused devastation to its land and people. The war damaged the infrastructure of the country as well as depleted its natural resources, polluted the environment, and destroyed its economy. Lebanon is continuously trying to rebuild its country into a stable, peaceful, and prosperous country.

The war in particular has had a huge influence in the architecture in the country as well. Buildings taking form of bunkers or military machinery add a sense of identity to the area. Club B018 is known to be one of the best clubs in the world. It is an underground building that resembles a bunker. Its location in Beirut, is one where american and palestinian refurges were held so the club holds history. The N.B.K Residency, by architects Bernard Khoury / DW5, is an apartment building that has emblematic reference to the war by monumenting a tank to the top floor located in Beirut.

Another example of this connection to history through architecture is the aftermath of the hotels from the Labenases Civil War. Hotels were shot and left destroyed and punctured. Saint Joseph University in Beirut, resembles these hotels and and the hardships they have overcome in a progressive and modern way.

CONTEXT History + Culture Major cities of Lebanon include Beirut and Tripoli.

Beirut is a very liberal city it is the capital and largest city in Lebanon. The population of Beirut reaches nearly two million people. The city is a large commercial trading point; host to banks, local and foreign businesses. Tourists from around the world ock to visit this beautiful and historic city. The city is constantly thinking in a more progressive and modern way to step away from the historically traditional religious ideologies.

Tripoli, however is a fundamentalist city home to important religious centers, mosques, churches, education centers, transportation hubs, and communication centers. It is the second largest and the second most populated city in Lebanon. This major city acts very conservative and lives a traditional context. It is not as modern and progressive as its counterpart, Beirut, even though they are extremely close to each other.

The District of Koura then falls right in between the two segregated cities. It tries to connect the two cities and ďŹ nd a way to live together rather than apart. The Lebanese culture is unique in this sense because there are separate subcultures in the country, due to the divide in socioeconomic and political views. Koura holds a mixture of the two and is very diverse in that sense, however it would be ideal for all Lebanese individuals to live cohesively.

CONTEXT Climate While using Climate Consultant for the analysis of the climate of Lebanon two decisions were implemented. One was the decision to use Tel Aviv, Israel as the location in which information was gathered. This decision was based on multiple reasons. First it was the closet city that Climate Consultant had for availability of information.

Secondly, and most importantly, the climate Tel Aviv has in comparison to Koura, Lebanon is quite similar. They both are coastal areas impacted by the Mediterranean climate. They are also close by which means that most information regarding sun patterns and temperature are relatively similar.

While using Climate Consultant for the analysis of the climate of Lebanon two decisions were implemented. One was the decision to use Tel Aviv, Israel as the location in which information was gathered. This decision was based on multiple reasons. First it was the closet city that Climate Consultant had for availability of information.

Secondly, and most importantly, the climate Tel Aviv has in comparison to Koura, Lebanon is quite similar. They both are coastal areas impacted by the Mediterranean climate. They are also close by which means that most information regarding sun patterns and temperature are relatively similar.

The second decision was to use the California Energy Code Comfort Model (2013) as the base for the Climate Consultant data. This was because the information can be adjusted as needed. Otherwise it was assumed that the comfort level was between 68˚F and 75˚F. It also assumed that at 66 ˚F the humidity would be around 80% while the dew point was defined as 27 ˚F.

The second decision was to use the California Energy Code Comfort Model (2013) as the base for the Climate Consultant data. This was because the information can be adjusted as needed. Otherwise it was assumed that the comfort level was between 68˚F and 75˚F. It also assumed that at 66 ˚F the humidity would be around 80% while the dew point was defined as 27 ˚F.

CONTEXT Climate Response There are 4 styles of houses found in Lebanon that respond to both history and the climate. The houses consist of the closed rectangle house, gallery house, court house and central hall house. All of these houses are historic styles that are generally not used as much as in the past. The closed rectangle house is thick walled and generally one space for the family.

There are minimal openings but some small ventilation openings near the roof. The gallery house utilizes the gallery as an active space that connect spaces within the house. The galleries are generally facing the south or west even the southwest depending on the orientation of the house on the site. This helps to utilize the daylight but also the wind patterns seen in the region. The court house style is less seen than that of the others on this list. They are usually seen in the mountains with a central open space and rooms flanking on the left and right. As for the central hall house there are many versions of the house. The central hall is the primary circulation space for the house but variations do have a secondary circulation path. There is generally cross ventilation allowed in the house because of the central hall.

Due to the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the World Wars and gaining independence created an evolution in housing for Lebanon. Houses became more private. The central hall style house generally was the basis for house styles. The number of floors increased since each floor was for a family. During the time of independence apartments did not take the whole block but apartments now shared a floor. The façade generally had a terrace but if there was natural light the warner the apartment was. Many apartments required cross ventilation to keep the spaces comfortable but unfortunately due to demand and design cross ventilation was nonexistent.

CONTEXT University of Balamand “The University of Balamand is a private nonprofit independent Lebanese institution of Higher Education licensed by the State of Lebanon. It was founded in 1988 by His Beatitude Patriarch Ignatius IV in the name of the Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East for the Greek Orthodox. The University admits students from Lebanon and the Region without discrimination on the basis of religion, gender, or physical handicap.

Inspired by the Tradition of the Antiochian Christian Orthodox Church in promoting the welfare of humanity and its highest values, the University is committed to principles of tolerance, compassion, and openness and Christian-Muslim understanding. The University is dedicated to graduating professionals who are well-rounded, critical thinkers, life-long learners, and active citizens in their respective societies.

The University also seeks to limit the influence of dogmatism and fundamentalism in intellectual, social, political, religious and cultural fields. The University believes in responsible freedom, in the role of reason in uncovering the truths, and in the deepening of human existence under God. Through quality education, rigorous research, concern for the public good, and engagement with the community, the University seeks to contribute to nation building, ethical standards, inter-cultural dialogue, environmental responsibility, and human development.”

University of Balamand is a welcoming haven for individuals of many basis of religion, gender, and physical handicap. It was founded under the beliefs of Antiochian Christian Orthodox Church, whose mission is to ensure the welfare of highest values in humanity. It is desired and achieved at the University that there are principles of good faith and humanitarian morals such as tolerance, compassion,

and openness, with the additional more direct understanding between Christians and Muslims.

The teachings are formulated in a way that provides the highest standards in creating graduating professionals that have the characteristics of being well-rounded, critical thinkers, life-long learners and active citizens each of their respective societal cultures.

It must be noted that under the creation of the Antiochian Christian Orthodox Church many religious specific understandings are taught. Each individual is to possess responsible freedom towards religious equality, uncovering truths, and ensuring a spiritual connection between human existence under God. Individuals at the University must support their newfound knowledge and protect their higher education against the influence of dogmatism, and fundamentalism. The region faces many forces of intellectual and societal oppression from corrupt governments and rebel militias.

Access to quality higher education, discipline under research and the morality towards the good of the community is essential. The University wishes to contribute to building Lebanon’s inter-cultural dialogue, environmental stewardship, and ethical standards in quality of life for all.

The original ownership of the site was a Greek Orthodox Monastery that houses followers under religious vows. In February 1988, the university’s founder His Beatitude Patriarch Ignatius IV, the Patriarch of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch and all the East, defined what he believed would be the present Orthodoxy has to offer to both Christians and Muslims alike: a university that serves as a beacon of learning, of love, and of tolerance that emanates from the very core of the Orthodox theology.

The Patriarch chose to place the university on a plot by the historic Monastery of Balamand, founded by the Cistercian monks in the 12th century. His choice comes as no surprise given the monastery’s long heritage of being a center of learning in North Lebanon during the 19th century and home to the first printing press in Lebanon. It also offered ample space to build a campus that is situated conveniently on a spectacular hill some 10 kilometers south of Tripoli, one kilometer east of the Mediterranean Sea, and 70 kilometers north of Beirut.

With no other university in North Lebanon and a pledge of 480,000 m2 of land, The University of Balamand would answer a pressing local need to its surrounding community.

CONTEXT Campus Surrounding the campus is an abundance of natural and untouched vegetation that accentuates the landscapes and views around the campus. Parts of the Monastery and central/southern areas of the campus hold vegetation that has been manicured, maintained, and/or adjusted.

Locations, such as Monastery or student housings have gardens that accompany and comply with the pedestrian accesses. The campus prospers with an olive grove that prospers from the most southern area of the campus and wraps up and around the campus. The two villages North and South hold land and vegetation that is manicured as well. Certain views around campus have layered vegetation experiences where one can see all three vegetation types at one time.

CONTEXT Campus The nature of the slope allows for interesting and different views around the campus and to the landscapes. Important focal points include the Monastery, the athletic field, the centralized clock tower, and the infamous goat house located south of the project site. Depending on where one is located on the site a different view experience can be achieved.

The goat house is a versatile area that can hold views down to the Mediterranean, to the open landscapes, or the villages.

The Monastery is an important landmark and focal point on the campus and can be viewed from a courtyard space that students occupy. “View 2” showcases a response urbanistically to the students where a small courtyard space, public sidewalk, and bus stop is all present. South of this view holds a focal point of the clock tower, as well as the projected site, that can be visibly be seen through the neighboring building. “View 4” is a view from a new construction that shows a layered experience of landscape and the campus. From this point one can see the projected site very easily as well..

Being in the campus, it is accompanied by a village southwest, a small retail/ restaurant west, and the historic monastery north of the university.

Vehicular and Pedestrian traffic are separated from one another. The campus is completely served to pedestrians with courtyards and sidewalks that generally taper off to the monastery and to the site of the project. Low vehicular traffic wraps the campus and the project site. A street also cuts through the center of the campus as well, but is a monitored space, intended for pedestrians and students.

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SITE ANALYSIS The site is located in the southern part of the campus, where the master plan purposes new social developments. The proposed building will follow the university’s ambitions and goals of unity and knowledge to the students and visitors. The context of the site truly gives the university and country a sense of identity and ambiguity of social and religious acts.

SITE ANALYSIS Existing Program/ Circulation The speciďŹ c site which will host the design is on the southern end of the campus that is of higher elevation. On this site is the Path of Learning which physically creates an axis for both ends of the campus. The Path of Learning was designed by Sasaki and introduces a series of stepped terracing and a an abundance of olive trees.

On the southern end of the University of Balamand the main program usage is residential being the dormitories for the student. Only few have been built as of today but the master plan calls for several more creating a ring of dormitories around the design site.

Zooming into the projected site, there are a mix of building types. To the west, an alumni center and two student and faculty halls are present, along with an outdoor amphitheater. This area will project the most amount of noise pollution and hold the most amount of entourage. To the north is an environmental center that is linked to the types of vegetation that is present on the site itself. Student housing is located to the west of the site, facing the olive groves directly. The northern/eastern area of the site are the most public areas that hold little privacy comparative to the southern side.

Circulation takes an individual from the most populated spaces to more private and secluded spaces of the goat house and the President’s house. The axis that take one to the southern part of the site each have a dierent experience. One path takes one through a dense and more private route of vegetation. Another path takes one through a more open, but still quiet route. Finally the path along the student housing is the least private.

SITE ANALYSIS Context

The slope of the site allows dierent experiences and views. Generally, the southern part of the site is the highest point and slopes down towards the north, allowing for views down all the way to the Mediterranean. Most inclines are within 10 to 20%, however some parts can vary to 20 to 30%.

The higher slopes are located generally in the denser areas of the vegetation. Other views, such as the goat house or President’s house, can be an element of attraction too.

Olive groves run through the site and the rest of the campus. This vegetation is iconic to the campus and popular route to walk through. It is also adjacent to the path of learning and the student housing, which allow for more activity.

There are several site experiences. The First is one that is the most directly connected to the rest of the campus. It is also at the lowest part of the site with olive groves as part of the landscape. The second location contains a denser vegetation that has a direct connection to the gardens, that are occupied by the students. The third condition is towards the end of the path of learning with olive groves occupying the landscape. The fourth location is towards the top of the hill that allows for the most maximum views towards the rest of the campus, the neighboring towns, and the mediteranean. For being the highest in elevation, it also receives the most breezes from the ocean. The vegetation is more semi-dense, allowing for more mobility.

SITE ANALYSIS Wind/ Solar

The site in Koura, Lebanon is located on top of a hill which makes the winds slightly more intense than they are at a lower altitude on the site. In the winter months many of the winds comes from the southeast to the west. With higher peak winds generating from the southwest to west. They experience very minimal winds from the north west with less than 1% from the north east. Wind speeds can raise to 20mph or more during the winter months meaning the winds can cause small trees to sway.

During the spring months the 180 degree pattern pictured on the wind rose from east to west with the highest winds coming from the south. The relative humidity of the location is 70% or greater for the majority of spring. Temperatures range between 32° and 68°. Winds are shown to have reached more than 30mph meaning according to the Beaufort scale, entire trees are in motion and walking outside could become difficult.

The majority of the winds during the summer months come the west and north west. Temperatures range from 75°-100° during the day to 32°-68° at night. Peak wind levels reach 20mph where small tress begin to sway. The humidity of these summer months range from 30-over 70% humidity.

In the fall months many of the winds come from the north with speeds reaching 15mph meaning small branches will begin to move in the breeze. Temperatures during this time range between 68°-100° and relative humidity ranges from 30-over 70%.

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INITIAL CONCEPTS After researching the site conditions and the house, it was necessary that the design would compliment the mission of the university. A multi faith/ social design would better the students and the community of Koura.

Analyzing Sert and his design of the Sert House, I was inuenced by the inverted nature of the building that focused solely on the internal qualities.

Through the gathered architectural principles, it would be possible to create an inverted space that beneďŹ ts from internal qualities, such as spatial organization, proportions, geometry, and courtyards.

The Site location that oers the most optimal conditions are towards the top of the site where solar and wind elements can be utilized the most. A design that allows for occupants to feel as if they were outside and still allow for a Lebanon external experience without the physical views outside.

Instead taking advantage of the climate becomes more important.

CONCEPT Internal Qualities Initially thinking about what felt necessary, was to separate the social and spiritual space, however finding a way to connect the two through potential gardens. As a spiritual space is naturally a quiet and private space, the noisier spaces should be separated, but keeping in mind the university’s goal of openness and unity, it was important the two could still be connected. As Sert had separate courtyards, the design of this project would hold similar principles. There is a hierarchy to the proposed courtyards. One courtyard becomes more private, another, semi-private, and finally a public courtyard. The private courtyard could service smaller spaces such as administration, the semi-private, could service the social space, and the public courtyard could service everyone as it becomes a shared space. The courtyard allows for ventilation and flood of light into the adjacent spaces. Early renderings showcase how a courtyard can be utilized. By creating a rhythm of outside to inside spaces, certain continuous views became visible. This was important to support the university’s mission.

CONCEPT Circulation Circulation was an important factor in this design process. One approach can be made through corridors, but the other approach is more similar to the Sert House where spaces are utilized to their max potential and circulation becomes part of the spaces. When one is traveling from the entrance to the kitchen, they will walk through the living room and dining room before getting to the kitchen. By being this eďŹƒcient with space, a small square footage won’t feel like it. This however is also true when combined with the other qualities of the Sert house. For this design project, spaces require a sense of privacy so the corridor method is best, however through transparent internal qualities, one circulating around the building may not directly walkthrough, but can see certain spaces. The social space is a good example of this where by pairing it with a transparent courtyard, others circulating can look and see the public space. It would be inappropriate for spaces such as the prayer hall if it was open for general circulation.

In the Sert House, one circulates generally around the central courtyard. However in the design of this project, spaces are organized centrally so that long corridors don’t interfere with some of the more private spaces, but do create a point of interest.

CONCEPT Geometry Spaces were created through geometries, as the Sert House was. Geometries allow for a beautiful proportional system that can be adjusted if needed.

However, it was necessary to break the geometry of the prayer space because it is seen as a special space and should be recognized as one visually. By breaking the natural geometry and rotating the building it also beneďŹ ted some of the religions. Majority of religous people living in Lebnon are Muslim and face Mecca when praying. The turning of the space allows for that particular religion to have a wall to face.

The rest of the spaces followed a speciďŹ c geometry that would compliment the program.

CONCEPT Initial Program The initial program of the building worked well with the organization of the spaces that the geometries created. It was simple to break up the public and private spaces from one another. Initial thoughts had swung towards separating the social and spiritual space. This would allow for any noise pollution from the social space to remain further away. Although this left the challenge of ďŹ nding a way to connect the two spaces together as it would be important and would comply with the university’s mission. A shared courtyard would be the solution to that issue.

Program Social Space Storage Spiritual Space Storage

Area (net)

Quantity

Total Area (net) Total Area (gross)

250 250

1 1

250 250

Social Space Spiritual Space

1200 1500

1 1

1200 1500

Ablution Room Lobby

300 300

1 1

300 300

Administration Offices Work Rooms

600 300

1 3

600 900

840 1260

Kitchen

400

1

400

560

2000

1

2000

Outdoor Social Space

350 350

CONCEPT Site/ Climate Following Sert’s principles of an inverted building, initially I proposed a few windows that would allow small views out towards the mediterrean and to the goat house. I however quickly changed to completely inverting the building because by letting views outdoors, the internal qualities become less important. The views influenced the location the building would sit on the site. The top of the hill around denser vegetation was the most optimal choice. It can be interpreted as the end point of the path of learning as well as having a connection to the goat house due to the orientation of the building.

The specific location is great due to the climate. For being a dry and arid area, ventilation is very important. Initial conceptual designs held a perforated wall, or posts, that allowed for wind to ventilate into the shared garden space, however there was a flaw. The posts still let views out views to the outside and the ventilation would only benefit the garden and not any other spaces.

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SOLUTION After taking a first pass on the design and examining certain strategies and principles, the following chapter showcases the final product. I ended up taking a stricter approach to the relationship back to the Sert House. Geometries generally stay the same, but the climate response becomes more evident in the final design. Spatial relationships were another factor that had extra attention. The users and spaces have a stronger connection.

SOLUTION Location The building also is adjacent to a path that can branch off to the main entrance. This path can be interpreted as an endpoint of the path of learning, which continues off of the universities ideologies.

Walking the path of learning can be a spiritual one that will ultimately end at a building that is home to the most spiritual space.

The building is also oriented specifically so that the front face is towards the mediterrean and back to the campus. Due to the monumentality the spiritual and social space created, it speaks back to the campus and to the monumentaily of the clock tower.

These gestures show a sense of location and direction. The back of the building faces the goat house, a very popular destination for the students. Students or visitors of the goat house will be able to see the gesture of the new building, however due to the natural slope of the site, it doesn’t obstruct the view to the mediterrean or the rest of the campus. The orientation of the building is also made so that it will remove the least of vegetation as possible.

SOLUTION Floor Plan Entering through the atrium, the first moment is the view down the corridor to the shared courtyard space. The first impression of the building is that it comes off much larger than expected. The long corridor down to the garden reflects the journey the university is taking to complete their mission.

The next moment is the courtyard to the right that allows views into the double height social space. The social space is the only space that has access to the courtyard and they revolving transparent doors allow for a flow of circulation. If there is a large gathering the venue could spill out to the outdoors. Following down the corridor, the work spaces are present with their corresponding courtyard. The courtyard is utilized for light and views to visually expand the space. In the rooms, retractable partition walls separate the three, however if a larger space is required, the walls can fold in and open the rooms up further.

The corresponding courtyard is accessible through the other side of the corridor facing the exit of the atrium space. The ablution rooms and spiritual space are the next destination. In a more progressive attitude, the occupants will walk into the space together, but the ablution rooms are separated by gender. Naturally men and women would be separated completely, however by having the two conjoin together allows for a step towards the future. On the south side of the building, are the privatized spaces including, storage, kitchen, and administration. By separating the public and private spaces, a hierarchy of circulation became present. Therefore, the north corridor became larger than the south corridor.

1

Vestibule

2

Social Space

3

Kitchen

4

Storage

5

Spiritual Space

6

Ablution

7

Administration

8

Work Rooms

9

Service

SOLUTION Geometry

SOLUTION Light Knowing that the sun comes from the north in this region, it was important orientation of spaces and certain strategies needed to be implemented.

The spiritual space allows for natural light to enter from the top of the space, however the light is bounced off a wall and down the space so that it creates a glow effect in the space and not directly interfere with the occupants. The light quality becomes dispersed and shared equally. The opposite effect happens in the social space. The slitted windows allow for a more dramatic and direct effect onto the space, however a less intense light would enter because the light is still reflected off the ceiling. The first story roofs that face towards the shared garden space cantilever over so that the sun doesn’t interfere with the atrium space, where occupants from the spiritual space are leaving from.

Since there are no windows that can allow for natural light to enter spaces, the courtyards provide the light that is needed. The smallest courtyard services the light needed for the administration room as well as ventilating the restrooms on the adjacent side. The courtyard next to the social space are a key space. It allows for light to disperse into the space as well as the circulation corridors around it. Occupants can flow out of the social space to the courtyard and ventilate the space as well. The largest courtyard is the shared outdoor space that is fully ventilated and provides light to the atrium space.

By creating a fully transparent atrium space it creates a dialect to the circulation of the spiritual space.

Leaving a low light space to a fully lit space can hold an extra spiritual effect to someone’s journey.

SOLUTION Ventilation The climate of the site is dry and arid so it was very important that spaces have shade, but still a good quality of light, but also ventilated. Early concepts allowed for some ventilation, however for maximum use of the breezes that the site can provide, the whole facade became a ventilation system.

The facade is made up of precast forms that allow gaps in between for natural ventilation, but would block views to the exterior. Ventilating large spaces became a priority. The exterior walls would allow air to ow through and enter the interior spaces.

The spiritual space holds a similar facade that entails operable windows that let air to ow low and then disperse up, carrying the hot air, and out of the space. The social space has a similar quality where two large masses hold cuts that allow for natural ventilation as well.

SOLUTION Material The material chosen to use was concrete.

Thermal mass it contains allow for heat to be captured and the combination of the ventilation quality that the building entails allows for very comfortable conditions. Especially during colder times of the year and during the night the building can be used comfortably. The facade is a type of precast that uses a wood formwork that gives character to the concrete. Vertical wood members leave an imprint that balances the strong horizontality gesture the building already holds. The wall also works internally with thin operable windows on the inside of the building.

Occupants can control the amount of ventilation is needed according to the time of year. The other material used in the building is glass to show the dialect between a heavy and light material. The glass allows for the building to be transparent as certain locations. The social space is accompanied by a fully glass courtyard that allows for occupants circulating to view inside. From the exterior the building is completely solid and there are no views to the inside, however the opposite is internally. Windows inside allow the building to breathe and seem larger than expected.

The material chosen ďŹ ts with the rest of the context of the campus. Buildings are all a light stone or concrete that compliments the environment around. The area has a light yellow tone in the air that is particularly beautiful. A light material will absorb that color and illuminate back. The light color also absorbs the least amount of sunlight. The landscape is also full of boulders and rocks of light colors. The texture of the formwork resembles some of the textures in the surrounding terrain.

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APPENDIX

HOUSE ANALYSIS Josep Lluis Sert Josep Lluis Sert was born in Barcelona, Spain on July 1, 1902. He studied Architecture in Barcelona at the Escuela Superior de Arquitectura and began to appreciate the design process of relating to human proportions. Upon this inspiration Sert moved to Paris in 1928 to work with Le Corbusier. Under his mentors teaching he learn the design philosophy of Modular which is an adaptation of the Golden Mean.

Following his apprenticeship under Le Corbusier he returned to Barcelona and began his own architectural office from 1929 to 1937.

Sert being a Spain native living in Barcelona for the majority of his education in architecture saw the richness of his culture. Over the centuries Spain’s land has been conquered by many various empires, religions, and what they left behind was an array of various architectural styles. His love for courtyards came from many historic influences in Spain, at the core is the Roman Empire’s occupation and their builidng of Roman Domus’s which are higher class housing for the wealthy. Later on Spain would by occupied by the Islamic Empires and the introcution of the Moorish architecure styles. The most honored throughout the world is the palace of La Alhambra. Similar to the Roman Domuses and Sert’s future design La Alhambra features a series of courtyards and garden that breathe gathering spaces in well enclosed housing plans.

All programs public and private wrapped around opposing perimiters of these courtyard spaces.

As Sert’s designs consisted a role of three patios, one central and two on the east and west sides, it is easy to assume an influence of Le Corbusier’s Modulor. This was a designing principle through human proportions. Similar to the theory of the Golden Mean the homes program was divided into rational proportions reflective to human measurements.

The significance of the patios demanded larger proportions to direct the floor plans arrangement.

From here the lesser programmatic spaces are given smaller proportions. All the spaces within the Sert House have been made based on proportions of the Modulor. Heights of rooms were kept as conservative as possible to allow for the most natural light to penetrate the spaces evenly. This was heavily desired for the fact of location being on such northern latitude as well has significant snowfalls.

The patio originally was proposed in South America in an emergency where it a great resource for small housing units. It later was seen as a great design strategy and was used in more high end constructions.

HOUSE ANALYSIS Conceptual Thoughts Sert sought out for a design of high functionality, efficiency, and simplicity. The composition was influenced by le corbusier’s modulor, where human proportions are implemented mathematically into design. The central patio starts the process of design and spaces follow around. The two outside courtyards then articulate a direct correlation between interior and exterior spaces, or in other words blur the line between the two. Courtyards then become an object-yard, instead of the typical open yard. A visual and physical balance and rhythm of the design is present and can relate back into le corbusier’s modulor system. This design later set a new morphology into urban design. This design was more efficient in the way spaces were used as well as giving an identity.

Sert speaks about his design as “a reversible raincoat. The exterior is red brick and features a wooden fence, and are the most common materials in the city. The interior, however, is completely white.

Before deciding on a house with a yard of a single plant studied various types. Through the walls that protect them, the yards can be quite cold and windy days but sunny.” It seems that the outdoor is just as important or even more so. The courtyards are merely cut outs of the entire home, or “as a gruyer cheese-cheese with more holes, more courtyards than house.”

Sert payed a lot of attention to the Mediterranean housing styles, as he saw them more efficient to fit more in urban setting where land is scarce and expensive. These types of house consisted of patios within that Sert was intrigued by. He goes on to explain that “by putting fences almost on the boundaries of the plot, one can take more advantage of a piece of land that has become very valuable. Both the interior and exterior spaces turn private and quiet. Each room can have pleasant views regardless of what is beyond the walls.” This style of home beneficial from an economical and privacy standpoint. There are traces of patio homes that almost identical to the “hypodynamic development in the city of Olinto.” it is then managed and reproduced into other designs such as the Braque House and the Chagall House.

HOUSE ANALYSIS Inverted The Sert House is located in Cambridge, Massachusetts and is owned by the University of Harvard. The plot is in the shape of a trapezoid, where the block meets at a right angle two interior sides meet and two other exterior faces are oriented towards Francis Avenue and Irving Street.

The house can sit in a typical plot of land of 60 x 100 feet and be potentially replicated easily.

the building is the kitchen and garage further south.

The bedrooms, dressing rooms, and bathrooms are located on the west side of the house with a third patio adjacent west. With the influence of Le Corbusier’s Modulor, the house is brilliantly laid out into squares. The central patio forms a square, as well as, the combination of the front patio and living room combined. This total measures out to being 24 x 24ft.

Derived from the housing development Sert had studied for Latin American cities. Application of patio principle to a northern climate Designed to be part of a cluster of similar houses. Occupy a lot of 60x100 ft, typical size for a suburban development in US. Plan divided into several well-defined areas Living and dining space opens to the front and center patios. Part of space used as a dining and screened from the conversation section by a free-standing fireplace

The house seems to be relatively low in height. The rooms of the house were deliberately as low as possible so that the winter sun can engage directly into the patios at its lowest angles, however block the high summer sun. One would think enclosing patios would hold a concern about snow, however due to the large amount of glazed areas and low ceiling heights, the snow melts much quicker. The visitor is not obligated to use the patios as the circulation of the house moves around them. These patios are merely an extension of the interior spaces and are very closely combined. They become physically and visually extensions, making the house seem larger than it really is, truly maximizing space. The walls enclosing the patios provide a sense of privacy and one does not need to see any outdoor distractions that might be there otherwise. The enclosure also allows for outdoor use during windy or cold days as it blocks the weather.

The house was designed for a typical sized lot in a suburban development. The spaces within the house were divided and intellectually defined into several areas. The main entrance is located on the north side of the house where visitors are welcomed by the first view of the central patio, perhaps the most important area of the lot. Immediately the living room and kitchen seem to share the same space, however are separated by the fireplace. The east sides of the house consist of sliding doors out to the second patio with an outdoor dining area. These large windows and sliding doors interconnect the interior spaces to the exterior patios. This visually allows for longer views up to hundred feet far. It is possible to see the all the way through the house at certain areas.

These views allows for a more spacious feeling even with a smaller amount of square footage. This could not be possible in a multi-story home. With a small amount of available area, Sert uses every space to use, no corridors are present in this design deliberately. Across the dining space to the south side of

HOUSE ANALYSIS Internal Views Two qualities that stand out in the design of the Sert House are the continuous views and geometries that are present. The drawing takes a continuous view that is more privatised and another that is more public. By standing in the kitchen and looking out towards the dining room, further is the corresponding courtyard for the dining space. This view as well as all other continuous views, visually expand a speciďŹ c space, in this case of the dining area, to appear larger and breathable. The second view is taken from a more public space, the living room, looking through the central courtyard, to the master bedroom, and ďŹ nally to the other courtyard.

Geometry is shown by the organization of the drawings and silhouettes of the certain views taken from each encounter. Similar to the geometry of the Sert House itself, by using four separate drawings and overlapping them, creates four separate and equal squares. The layering of each drawing is also a representation of the layering of spaces through views of the house.

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UNIVERSITY OF BALAMAND SITE RESEARCH Koura, Lebanon

Assignment 2 Damian Collins, Dan Sadowniczyk Katie Shea, Haley Riley, and Chris Norcross ARCH 515-413 July 9, 2019

1

2

TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................4 Lebanon...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................8 University of Balamand ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................18 Koura Campus...........................................................................................................................................................................................................22 Design Site.................................................................................................................................................................................................................38 Program Occupancy Loads........................................................................................................................................................................................48 References...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................50 Appendix...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................52

3

INTRODUCTION 4

Located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean sea, Lebanon is a country with an extensive history. Some of the oldest human settlements were in Lebanon. Mediterranean cultures such as the Phoenician, Greek, and Arab societies all worked to establish the complex and SUROLÂżF FRXQWU\ RI /HEDQRQ 0RGHUQ GD\ 6Ç&#x152;U 6D\GĆ&#x2014; DQG -XED\O ZHUH DOO PDMRU SRLQWV RI WUDGH and culture in the 3rd millennium BCE. It was during the 1920s that France established the state of Greater Lebanon and incorporated the country into the League of Nations mandate. In 1926 Lebanon became a republic but it was not until 1943 that Lebanon as a country proclaimed its independence. Lebanon is a country of contradictions it has wonderful aspects such as a rich cultural, environment, history, and cultural LQĂ&#x20AC;XHQFHV EXW DOVR KDV QHJDWLYH IHDWXUHV VXFK as its current political turmoil. It is a country that IRU VRPH WLPH KDV KDG GLá&#x201A;&#x2C6;FXOWLHV FRQWUROOLQJ LWV own destiny.

Can architecture play a role in solving social divides in progressing the future?

5

LEBANON 6

Tripoli

University of Balamand Byblos

Beirut

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

Zahle

SYRIA LEBANON

ISRAEL 7

LEBANESE CULTURE Lebanon’s great diversity is due in part IURP WKH OD\HUV RI LQÀXHQFH RI LWV QHLJKERULQJ countries. Surrounded by its Arab neighbors of Syria, Jordan, and Israel; Lebanon serves as the location of a demanding commercial and cultural center for the Middle East. These neighboring countries also force Lebanon to deal with socioeconomic and political debacles in addition to the country’s own complications. The country went through a civil war in 1975 which lasted for 15 years and caused devastation to its land and people. The war damaged the infrastructure of the country as well as depleted its natural resources, polluted the environment, and destroyed its economy. Lebanon is continuously trying to rebuild its country into a stable, peaceful, and prosperous country.

0DMRU FLWLHV RI /HEDQRQ LQFOXGH %HLUXW DQG Tripoli. Beirut is a very liberal city it is the capital and largest city in Lebanon. The population of Beirut reaches nearly two million people. The city is a large commercial trading point; host to banks, local and foreign businesses. Tourists IURP DURXQG WKH ZRUOG ÀRFN WR YLVLW WKLV EHDXWLIXO and historic city. Tripoli is a fundamentalist city home to important religious centers, mosques, churches, education centers, transportation hubs, and communication centers. It is the second largest and the second most populated city in Lebanon.

8

9

CLIMATE 10

While using Climate Consultant for the analysis of the climate of Lebanon two decisions were implemented. One was the decision to use Tel Aviv, Israel as the location in which information was gathered. This decision was based on multiple reasons. First it was the closet city that Climate Consultant had for availability of information. Secondly, and most importantly, the climate Tel Aviv has in comparison to Koura, Lebanon is quite similar. They both are coastal areas impacted by the Mediterranean climate.

They are also close by which means that most information regarding sun patterns and temperature are relatively similar.

The second decision was to use the California Energy Code Comfort Model (2013) as the base for the Climate Consultant data. This ZDV EHFDXVH WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ FDQ EH DGMXVWHG as needed. Otherwise it was assumed that the FRPIRUW OHYHO ZDV EHWZHHQ Ă&#x203A;) DQG Ă&#x203A;) ,W DOVR DVVXPHG WKDW DW Ă&#x203A;) WKH KXPLGLW\ ZRXOG EH DURXQG ZKLOH WKH GHZ SRLQW ZDV GHÂżQHG DV Ă&#x203A;) The climate of the area is that of a temperate climate. This is because the winter months need heating to stay comfortable. While in the summers cooling is needed via mechanical systems or using the southwest coastal wind to the buildings advantage. Summers last from June to September. Autumn is October and November. Winters are mild and generally is the wettest season lasting from December to March.

Then April and May are the spring months.

The annual temperature range is mid-50s WR PLG V 7KH PHDQ LV DURXQG Ă&#x203A;) 7KH designed high and low temperatures are for any mechanical systems implemented for the building. They can be associated with the record high or lows. December through February are the cooler months with average temperatures between mid-40s to high 60s. Throughout the year it the temperatures increase. The highest temperatures are seen in the months July to September. The average temperatures fall between mid-60s to high 80s.

11

ARCHITECTURAL CLIMATE RESPONSE There are 4 styles of houses found in Lebanon that respond to both history and the climate.

The houses consist of the closed rectangle house, gallery house, court house and central hall house. All of these houses are historic styles that are generally not used as much as in the past. The closed rectangle house is thick walled and generally one space for the family.

There are minimal openings but some small ventilation openings near the roof. The gallery house utilizes the gallery as an active space that connect spaces within the house. The galleries are generally facing the south or west even the southwest depending on the orientation of the house on the site. This helps to utilize the daylight but also the wind patterns seen in the region. The court house style is less seen than that of the others on this list. They are usually seen in the mountains with a central open space DQG URRPV ÀDQNLQJ RQ WKH OHIW DQG ULJKW $V IRU the central hall house there are many versions of the house. The central hall is the primary circulation space for the house but variations do have a secondary circulation path. There is generally cross ventilation allowed in the house because of the central hall.

Due to the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the World Wars and gaining independence created an evolution in housing for Lebanon.

Houses became more private. The central hall style house generally was the basis for house VW\OHV 7KH QXPEHU RI ÀRRUV LQFUHDVHG VLQFH HDFK ÀRRU ZDV IRU D IDPLO\ 'XULQJ WKH WLPH of independence apartments did not take the ZKROH EORFN EXW DSDUWPHQWV QRZ VKDUHG D ÀRRU The façade generally had a terrace but if there was natural light the warner the apartment was.

Many apartments required cross ventilation to keep the spaces comfortable but unfortunately due to demand and design cross ventilation was nonexistent.

12

13

UNIVERSITY OF BALAMAND 14

MISSION STATEMENT Âł7KH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI %DODPDQG LV D SULYDWH QRQ SURÂżW independent Lebanese institution of Higher Education licensed by the State of Lebanon. It was founded in 1988

by His Beatitude Patriarch Ignatius IV in the name of the Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East for the Greek Orthodox. The University admits students from Lebanon and the Region without discrimination on the basis of religion, gender, or physical handicap.

Inspired by the Tradition of the Antiochian Christian Orthodox Church in promoting the welfare of humanity and its highest values, the University is committed to principles of tolerance, compassion, and openness and Christian-Muslim understanding. The University is dedicated to graduating professionals who are wellrounded, critical thinkers, life-long learners, and active citizens in their respective societies.

7KH 8QLYHUVLW\ DOVR VHHNV WR OLPLW WKH LQĂ&#x20AC;XHQFH RI dogmatism and fundamentalism in intellectual, social, SROLWLFDO UHOLJLRXV DQG FXOWXUDO ÂżHOGV 7KH 8QLYHUVLW\ believes in responsible freedom, in the role of reason in uncovering the truths, and in the deepening of human existence under God. Through quality education, rigorous research, concern for the public good, and engagement with the community, the University seeks to contribute to nation building, ethical standards, inter-cultural dialogue, environmental responsibility, and human development.â&#x20AC;?

University of Balamand is a welcoming haven for individuals of many basis of religion, gender, and physical handicap. It was founded under the beliefs of Antiochian Christian Orthodox Church, whose mission is to ensure the welfare of highest values in humanity. It is desired and achieved at the University that there are principles of good faith and humanitarian morals such as tolerance, compassion, and openness, with the additional more direct understanding between Christians and Muslims.

The teachings are formulated in a way that provides the highest standards in creating graduating professionals that have the characteristics of being well-rounded, critical thinkers, life-long learners and active citizens each of their respective societal cultures.

It must be noted that under the creation of the Antiochian Christian Orthodox Church many religious VSHFLÂżF XQGHUVWDQGLQJV DUH WDXJKW (DFK LQGLYLGXDO LV WR possess responsible freedom towards religious equality, uncovering truths, and ensuring a spiritual connection between human existence under God. Individuals at the University must support their newfound knowledge and SURWHFW WKHLU KLJKHU HGXFDWLRQ DJDLQVW WKH LQĂ&#x20AC;XHQFH RI dogmatism, and fundamentalism. The region faces many forces of intellectual and societal oppression from corrupt governments and rebel militias. Access to quality higher education, discipline under research and the morality towards the good of the community is essential. The University wishes to contribute to building Lebanonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s inter-cultural dialogue, environmental stewardship, and ethical standards in quality of life for all.

15

HISTORY OF THE KOURA CAMPUS The University of Balamand has two main campuses.

7KH ÂżUVW LV ORFDWHG RQ WKH VTXDUH PHWHU FDPSXV located in Al Koura an area of northern Lebanon. The second of the two locations is the Souk El Gharb region which is about 20 minutes away from Beirut. This 48,000 square meter campus is situated on Mount Lebanon.

The campuses are about 1.5 hours drive from one another along the coast of Lebanon.

The original ownership of the site was a Greek Orthodox Monastery that houses followers under religious vows.

In February 1988, the universityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s founder His Beatitude Patriarch Ignatius IV, the Patriarch of the Greek Orthodox &KXUFK RI $QWLRFK DQG DOO WKH (DVW GHÂżQHG ZKDW KH EHOLHYHG ZRXOG EH WKH SUHVHQW 2UWKRGR[\ KDV WR Rá&#x201A;&#x2021;HU WR both Christians and Muslims alike: a university that serves as a beacon of learning, of love, and of tolerance that emanates from the very core of the Orthodox theology.

The Patriarch chose to place the university on a plot by the historic Monastery of Balamand, founded by the Cistercian monks in the 12th century. His choice comes as no surprise given the monasteryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s long heritage of being a center of learning in North Lebanon during WKH WK FHQWXU\ DQG KRPH WR WKH ÂżUVW SULQWLQJ SUHVV LQ /HEDQRQ ,W DOVR Rá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHG DPSOH VSDFH WR EXLOG D FDPSXV that is situated conveniently on a spectacular hill some 10 kilometers south of Tripoli, one kilometer east of the Mediterranean Sea, and 70 kilometers north of Beirut.

With no other university in North Lebanon and a pledge of 480,000 m2 of land, The University of Balamand would answer a pressing local need to its surrounding community.

It opened its doors with three faculties to a few hundred students and a handful of professors. Two of them existed before as independent entities, namely the Saint John of Damascus Institute of Theology (founded in 1970) and the Lebanese Academy of Fine Arts (ALBA, founded in 1936). A third, the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences was created to meet the stipulations of Lebanese law.

The same year, the Patriarch appointed a board of trustees, who were drawn to The University of Balamand by the idea of a community of great scholars. The board who is the highest governing authority at the university, elected Dr. George Tomeh, a philosopher, a diplomat, and SURIHVVRU DW WKH $PHULFDQ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI %HLUXW DV WKH ÂżUVW president. ,Q WKH OHDGLQJ /HEDQHVH VWDWHVPDQ DQG MRXUQDOLVW Mr. Ghassan Tueini succeeded Dr. Tomeh. Mr. Tueini took on the management of the university in addition to his responsibilities as publisher of the al-Nahar Newspaper.

By 1993, the Board appointed Dr. Elie A. Salem as a full-time president who would preside at the universityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main campus and assumes full responsibility for its further growth. Dr. Salem diligently served the university for the next consecutive 25 years (1993-2018) and was succeeded in October 2018 by Dr. Elias Warrak.

16

UOB KOURA CAMPUS The location of our site is in El-Koura, Lebanon.

El-Koura is roughly 20 minutes from Tripoli and an hour from Beirut. The University of Balamand boldly chose El-Koura as the location for their main campus. Their goal as a school was to create a campus that would entice students to seek their facilities for higher education.

Through the University of Balamands’ contact ZLWK 6DVDNL DUFKLWHFWXUDO ¿UP WKH\ FROODERUDWHG to create a master plan for the campus. Their REMHFWLYH ZDV WR GHYHORS D PDVWHU SODQ WKDW would give the campus an identity, allow them to understand the precious nature of all the things they were surrounded by and respect the nature, vegetation and land while creating an environment of learning and safety.

The University of Balamand Koura Campus is located on a coastal plain and is roughly 8 minutes from the shore. It begins to ascend to higher elevations as being a part of the foot hills leading up to the Lebanese mountain range. This coincides with receiving a substantial amount of UDLQIDOO DQG UXQRႇ 9HJHWDWLRQ FRYHUDJH RI WKH surrounding area is various but the largest portions are assorted shrubs, olive trees, and oak trees.

Most destinations for student are accessed within a drive of an hour, while the country’s border to Syria lies within a 3 hour drive going east across Lebanon. The University of Balamand and the Koura District has a consistent URDG V\VWHP DQG XWLOL]HV WKUHH PDMRU KLJKZD\V that create a trifecta for the area.

17

ROUTE TO TRIPOLI, LEBANON University of Balamand to Tripoli - 16mins, 12.9km or 8mi, via Tripoli-Batroun Highway/Route 51M 7ULSROL LV D VLJQL¿FDQW GHVWLQDWLRQ IRU VWXGHQWV RI the University of Balamand and the Koura area as a whole because it is the cultural center of Islamic society and has maintained a conservative cultural position in Lebanon.

18

ROUTE TO BEIRUT, LEBANON 1hr 5mins, 75.1km or 46.7mi, via Coastal Highway/Route 51M Beirut is highly important to the students of UniYHUVLW\ RI %DODPDQG EHFDXVH LW LV WKH SUL]HG MHZHO RI modernity in Lebanon with a vibrant artistic and sciHQWL¿F FXOWXUH RI SURJUHVVLYH DWWLWXGH ,W KDV WKH KLJKest rates of tourism and is economically the most VXႈFLHQW

19

UOB BRIEF Graduates: 16,000+ Currently Enrolled Students: 5,700+ Scholarship Recipients for Academic Year 17-18: 1,580+ )DFXOW\ DQG 6WDá&#x201A;&#x2021; International Students: 55+ Yearly Students Events Across Campus: 235+ Partner Universities: 100+ 0DMRUV Undergraduate Degrees: 55 Graduate Degrees: 57 Faculties: 9 Institutes and Research Centers: 10 Medical Specialty Degree Programs: 28 Teaching Diplomas: 13 University Diplomas: 3 Degrees: 68+ At a glance it can be seen that the University of Balamand is still rather small in comparison to other well-established universities. However, it should be noted that they are growing fast for a university that has only existed for nearly forty years and is located in a particularly intense societal condition. There is plenty of potential development physically of campus which will encourage more students to enroll DV ZHOO DV DFFUHGLWHG PDMRUV WKDW ZLOO OHDG WR PRUH FRXUVHV Rá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHG DQG KLJKHU JUDGXDWH UDWHV

20

GEOGRAPHIC CONDITION The University of Balamand is located in the Koura District, Northern Governorate, Lebanon. The Koura District is found in a coastal plain, total area of district is 173km² or 67sqmi, highest elevation in district is 800m or 2624.7ft above sea level, begins the mountain range leading to Mount Lebanon. Mount Lebanon has been a tourist attraction for hikers to HQMR\ ZLWK D QDWLRQDO SDUN DW LWV EDVH $W LWV YHU\ peak Mount Lebanon reaches an elevation of nearly 3,050ft above sea-level.

Koura District of Lebanon is experiencing a growing population since the University’s creation in 1988. More families are considering this area to live in hopes that their children receive the most modern and excellent higher education to become professionals. The demographics of this region has variety when addressing a religions basis. Koura District has 52 established villages its total population is roughly 70,000, the capital of the district is Amioun which has a population of about 10,000 as of the 2010 census. The religious followings in the Koura District is diverse with 72% as Greek Orthodox, 18% as Maronites, 8% as Sunni Muslims, and 3% as Melkite Catholics and Shia Muslims.

7KH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI %DODPDQG LV ¿[HG XSRQ WKH QDtions most traversed arteries the Coastal Highway/ Route 51M. It is also surrounded by other substantial roads such as Chekka-Amioun Road and the Tripoli-Kousba Road. These two additional roads acts like tributaries and converge into a larger system that lead towards the eastern border connecting to Syria. Larger cities in Syria such as Damascus and Homs are only roughly 2 to 3 hours away via car if conditions are pleasant.

21

UOB KOURA CAMPUS LOCATION

22

CAMPUS SURROUNDINGS PROGRAM The location of the site is in the southern part of the Balamand campus. Being in the campus, it is accompanied by a village southwest, a small retail/ restaurant west, and the historic monastery north of the university.

9HKLFXODU DQG 3HGHVWULDQ WUDႈF DUH VHSDUDWed from one another. The campus is completely served to pedestrians with courtyards and sideZDONV WKDW JHQHUDOO\ WDSHU Rႇ WR WKH PRQDVWHU\ DQG WR WKH VLWH RI WKH SURMHFW /RZ YHKLFXODU WUDႈF ZUDSV WKH FDPSXV DQG WKH SURMHFW VLWH $ street also cuts through the center of the campus as well, but is a monitored space, intended for pedestrians and students.

7KH ODUJHVW URDG FRQYHQLHQWO\ SDVVHV MXVW west of the campus, however doesn’t interfere with the students or school itself in any serious ZD\ 6HFRQGDU\ URDGV VSOLW Rႇ WKH PDLQ URDG DQG disperse around the retail building and down to the village and beyond. The campus is a relatively low sound polluted area, especially at the SURMHFWHG VLWH

23

CAMPUS PROGRAM

24

25

UOB CAMPUS AXIS 7KH FDPSXV KROGV WZR PDMRU JDWKHULQJ SRLQWV ZKHUH RQH PDMRU D[LV SRLQWV FXWV WKURXJK 7KH most centralized is the Forum space where many axisâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s pass through and the other, south, LV D VWXGHQW FHQWHU 7KH PDMRU D[LV SRLQW FDQ go through multiple buildings and have a minor axis that can lead one outside. One minor axis can lead an individual from the monastery all WKH ZD\ WR WKH SURMHFW VLWH VRXWK $QRWKHU PLQRU axis can lead one from the center of campus, SDVW WKH DWKOHWLF ¿HOG DQG WR WKH VLWH DV ZHOO 7KH KHDYLHVW SHGHVWULDQ WUDá&#x201A;&#x2C6;F LV ORFDWHG IXUWKHU QRUWK DQG DZD\ IURP WKH SURMHFW VLWH

26

27

CAMPUS VEGETATION COVERAGE Surrounding the campus is an abundance of natural and untouched vegetation that accentuates the landscapes and views around the campus. Parts of the Monastery and central/ southern areas of the campus hold vegetation that has been manicured, maintained, and/or DGMXVWHG Locations, such as Monastery or student housings have gardens that accompany and comply with the pedestrian accesses. The campus prospers with an olive grove that prospers from the most southern area of the campus and wraps up and around the campus. The two villages North and South hold land and vegetation that is manicured as well. Certain views around campus have layered vegetation experiences where one can see all three vegetation types at one time.

28

1

2

29

CAMPUS VIEWS The nature of the slope allows for interesting DQG GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW YLHZV DURXQG WKH FDPSXV DQG WR the landscapes. Important focal points include WKH 0RQDVWHU\ WKH DWKOHWLF ÂżHOG WKH FHQWUDOL]HG clock tower, and the infamous goat house loFDWHG VRXWK RI WKH SURMHFW VLWH 'HSHQGLQJ RQ ZKHUH RQH LV ORFDWHG RQ WKH VLWH D GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW YLHZ experience can be achieved. The goat house is a versatile area that can hold views down to the Mediterranean, to the open landscapes, or the villages.

The Monastery is an important landmark and focal point on the campus and can be viewed from a courtyard space that students occupy. â&#x20AC;&#x153;View 2â&#x20AC;? showcases a response urbanistically to the students where a small courtyard space, public sidewalk, and bus stop is all present.

South of this view holds a focal point of the clock WRZHU DV ZHOO DV WKH SURMHFWHG VLWH WKDW FDQ EH visibly be seen through the neighboring building. â&#x20AC;&#x153;View 4â&#x20AC;? is a view from a new construction that shows a layered experience of landscape and the campus. From this point one can see WKH SURMHFWHG VLWH YHU\ HDVLO\ DV ZHOO

30

31 31

SITE ANALYSIS 32

DESIGN SITE LOCATION 7KH VSHFLÂżF VLWH ZKLFK ZLOO KRVW WKH GHVLJQ is on the southern end of the campus that is of higher elevation. On this site is the Path of Learning which physically creates an axis for both ends of the campus. The Path of Learning was designed by Sasaki and introduces a series of stepped terracing and a an abundance of olive trees.

On the southern end of the University of Balamand the main program usage is residential being the dormitories for the student. Only few have been built as of today but the master plan calls for several more creating a ring of dormitories around the design site.

33

DESIGN SITE PROGRAM =RRPLQJ LQWR WKH SURMHFWHG VLWH WKHUH DUH D PL[ of building types. To the west, an alumni center and two student and faculty halls are present, along with an outdoor amphitheater. This area ZLOO SURMHFW WKH PRVW DPRXQW RI QRLVH SROOXWLRQ and hold the most amount of entourage. To the north is an environmental center that is linked to the types of vegetation that is present on the site itself. Student housing is located to the west of the site, facing the olive groves directly. The northern/eastern area of the site are the most public areas that hold little privacy comparative to the southern side.

Circulation takes an individual from the most populated spaces to more private and secluded spaces of the goat house and the Presidentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s house. The axis that take one to the southern SDUW RI WKH VLWH HDFK KDYH D GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW H[SHULHQFH One path takes one through a dense and more private route of vegetation. Another path takes one through a more open, but still quiet route.

Finally the path along the student housing is the least private.

34

TOPOGRAPHY 7KH VORSH RI WKH VLWH DOORZV GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW H[SHULences and views. Generally, the southern part of the site is the highest point and slopes down towards the north, allowing for views down all the way to the Mediterranean. Most inclines are within 10 to 20%, however some parts can vary to 20 to 30%. The higher slopes are located generally in the denser areas of the vegetation.

Other views, such as the goat house or Presidentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s house, can be an element of attraction too.

35

DESIGN SITE EXPERIENCE

36

1

2

3

4

37

PATH OF LEARNING VEGETATION

38

39

DESIGN SITE VEGETATION COVERAGE

40

DESIGN SITE CIRCULATION

41

DESIGN SITE VIEWS

42

43

WINTER WIND DIRECTION The site in Koura, Lebanon is located on top of a hill which makes the winds slightly more intense than they are at a lower altitude on the site. In the winter months many of the winds comes from the southeast to the west. With higher peak winds generating from the southwest to west. They experience very minimal winds from the north west with less than 1% from the north east. Wind speeds can raise to 20mph or more during the winter months meaning the winds can cause small trees to sway.

44

SPRING WIND DIRECTION During the spring months the 180 degree pattern pictured on the wind rose from east to west with the highest winds coming from the south. The relative humidity of the location LV RU JUHDWHU IRU WKH PDMRULW\ RI VSULQJ Temperatures range between 32° and 68°.

Winds are shown to have reached more than 30mph meaning according to the Beaufort scale, entire trees are in motion and walking outside FRXOG EHFRPH GLႈFXOW

45

SUMMER WIND DIRECTION 7KH PDMRULW\ RI WKH ZLQGV GXULQJ WKH VXPPHU months come the west and north west. Temperatures range from 75째-100째 during the day to 32째-68째 at night. Peak wind levels reach 20mph where small tress begin to sway. The humidity of these summer months range from 30-over 70% humidity.

46

FALL WIND DIRECTION In the fall months many of the winds come from the north with speeds reaching 15mph meaning small branches will begin to move in the breeze. Temperatures during this time range between 68°-100° and relative humidity ranges from 30-over 70%.

47

WINTER SUN PATH On the Winter Equinox, December 21, 2019 is at 6:10. The sunrise is at 6:38. Koura will get roughly 10 hours of sunlight at this time of year with peak sun level being at 11:34 in the morning. Sunset follows 5 hours later at 16:30. Dusk is at 16:58. The altitude is 16.73°and the azimuth is 224.98°.

48

SPRING SUN PATH During the Spring Equinox, March 21, 2019, dawn is at 5:14. Sun rise is at 5:39 and the point when the sun is at its peak is at 11:45 in the morning. Sunset on the spring equinox is at 17:49 and dusk occurs at 18:13. The total amount of sun during the day totals around 12 hours. The altitude is 35.75° and the azimuth is 240.99°.

49

SUMMER SUN PATH On the Summer Equinox, June 21, 2019, dawn is at 4:55 and the sun rises at 5:24. The sun is at its peak level at 12:38 in the afternoon.

Sunset occurs at 19:52 and dusk is at 20:21.

The total hours of sunlight during the summer equinox is 14.5 hours. The altitude is 60.41° and the azimuth is 256.86°.

50

FALL SUN PATH During the Fall Equinox, September 21, 2019, dawn occurs at 5:58, the sun rises completely at 6:23 and the sun reaches its peak height of the day at 12:30 in the afternoon. On the Fall Equinox the sun sets at 18:36 and dusk occurs at 19:00. The total amount of sunlight hours during the Fall Equinox is roughly 12 hours. The altitude is 43.93° and the azimuth is 230.46°.

51

PROGRAM CODE EVALUATION: TH Arch 513/413 PROGRAM Zone

Program

Accessory Storage Areas

Social Space Storage Spiritual Space Storage

Assembly w/o fixed seats (standing)

Area (net)

OCCUPANCY Total Area (net) Total Area (gross) Type Category Fl Area/occupant-NET Fl Area/occupant -GROSS (60% eff) Occupants

Quantity

250 250

1 1

250 250

350 350

S S

300 1.166666667 300 1.166666667

Social Space Spiritual Space

1200 1500

1 1

1200 1500

A-3 A-3

5 5

240 300

Assembly w/o fixed seats (unconcentrated)

Ablution Room Lobby

300 300

1 1

300 300

A-3 A-3

15 15

20 20

Business

Administration Offices Work Rooms

600 300

1 3

600 900

840 1260

B B

100 100

8.4 12.6

Kitchen, commercial

Kitchen

400

1

400

560

A-2

200

2.8

Total Assembly w/o seating (unconcetrated) Secondary Total

606.1333333 Outdoor Social Space

2000

1

2000

PROGRAM OCCUPANCY LOADS 52

A-3

15

133.3333333

739.4666667

EATER OF RESPONSIBLE FREEDOM 3.01_SU2019 EGRESS Sprinklered Max Travel Distance (ft) Max. Common Path of Travel (ft) Number of Exits Egress (in) Max. dead end (ft) Female WC

FIXTURES Urinals Female Sinks Male Sinks

Male WC

Water Fountains

7 7

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

0 0

2 2

3.692307692 4.615384615

1.92 2.4

1.2 1.5

1.2 1.5

1

0 0

1 1

0.266666667 0.133333333 0.266666667 0.133333333

0.1 0.1

0.1 0.1

1

4 6

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

8

1

0.037333333 0.037333333

0.014

0.014

1

12.87835897

6.914

6.914

3

Yes

250

75

11

1 1

20

8.624

3

2

2.051282051 1.066666667

0.666666667 0.666666667

7

13

14.92964103 9.690666667

7.580666667 7.580666667

5 1 6

53

REFERENCES 54

REFERENCES “Climate – Lebanon.” Climates to Travel. https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/lebanon. Accessed 7 July 2019.

Ragette, Friedrich. Architecture in Lebanon The Lebanese House during the 18th and 19th

Centuries. Beirut, American University of Beirut, 1974.

Google Earth, Google, earth.google.com/web/@34.3660568,35.78317387,319.83576936a,8276.15631047d,35y,360h,0t,0r.

“SunCalc Sun Position- Und Sun Phases Calculator.” SunCalc, www.suncalc.org/.

“About the University of Balamand.” University of Balamand, University of Balamand, 2019, dba.balamand.edu.lb/home/Pages/default.aspx.

“Mission Statement.” University of Balamand, University of Balamand, 2019, dba.balamand.edu.lb/home/Pages/default.aspx.

“History and Evolution.” University of Balamand, University of Balamand, 2019, dba.balamand.edu.lb/home/Pages/default.aspx.

“UOB at a Glance.” University of Balamand, University of Balamand, 2019, dba.balamand.edu.lb/home/Pages/default.aspx.

“Aerial Photo of Beirut, Lebanon’s Capital”

55

APPENDIX 56

57

TEMPERATURE RANGE ANNUALLY While using Climate Consultant for the analysis of the climate of Lebanon two decisions were implemented. One was the decision to use Tel Aviv, Israel as the location in which information was gathered. This decision was based on multiple reasons. First it was the closet city that Climate Consultant had for availability of information.

Secondly, and most importantly, the climate Tel Aviv has in comparison to Koura, Lebanon is quite similar. They both are coastal areas impacted by the Mediterranean climate. They are also close by which means that most information regarding sun patterns and temperature are relatively similar.

The second decision was to use the California Energy Code Comfort Model (2013) as the base for the Climate Consultant data. This was because the LQIRUPDWLRQ FDQ EH DGMXVWHG DV QHHGHG 2WKHUZLVH it was assumed that the comfort level was between Ă&#x203A;) DQG Ă&#x203A;) ,W DOVR DVVXPHG WKDW DW Ă&#x203A;) WKH humidity would be around 80% while the dew point ZDV GHÂżQHG DV Ă&#x203A;) The climate of the area is that of a temperate climate. This is because the winter months need heating to stay comfortable. While in the summers cooling is needed via mechanical systems or using the southwest coastal wind to the buildings advantage. Summers last from June to September.

Autumn is October and November. Winters are mild and generally is the wettest season lasting from December to March. Then April and May are the spring months.

Rainfall is primarily seen in the winter months.

November through March generally have high rainfall accumulations. December through March reveal that there are more than 10 days per month, on average, of rain. June through August have generally no rainfall. The transitional months for Spring have little rain ranging from half an inch to 2 inches. While Autumn has zero inches to under 2 inches.

58

TEMPERATURE RANGE DAILY The annual temperature range is mid-50s WR PLG V 7KH PHDQ LV DURXQG Ă&#x203A;) 7KH designed high and low temperatures are for any mechanical systems implemented for the building. They can be associated with the record high or lows. December through February are the cooler months with average temperatures between mid-40s to high 60s. Throughout the year it the temperatures increase. The highest temperatures are seen in the months July to September. The average temperatures fall between mid-60s to high 80s.

The 3D temperature chart shows a sliver for each day. It reveals that evenings fall between Ă&#x203A;) WR Ă&#x203A;) 7KH KLJKHVW WHPSHUDWXUHV DUH during the daytime hours of noon to 6 PM. During May through September the temperature occasionally stays high through the night.

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SOLAR RADIATION The radiation range chart shows the monthly UV rays as well as the annual average. The yellow bar is the Direct Solar Radiation. The green is the Horizontal Solar Radiation. The orange represents the Tilted Surface Radiation.

The break in the bar are the averages for each section in each month. There are recorded highs and lows for each month represented visually by the corresponding colored dots.

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3D WIND CHART DAILY The 3D wind chart maps each day and each KRXU RI WKH ZLQG IRU WKLV VSHFLÂżF DUHD ,W RQO\ shows the speeds in which are documented rather than also the temperature and humidity like the wind wheel does. Taking away this info creates a simpler chart to show only the speed in miles per hour (MPH). This chart shows that during the summer months the wind is constant during the noon to 6pm hours. The wind speeds range generally from 10 to 20 MPH. During the winter and spring months the wind is generally higher speeds and throughout the day.

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WIND DIRECTION The wind wheel reveals much about the wind for the area. Generally during the cooler months, winter, there is more wind ranging from speeds of 10 MPH to 30 MPH. The wind comes from the South and Southwest. As it turns into the summer months the wind shifts to come from the West. This is understandable because of being on the coast and getting coastal winds. The wind speeds generally peak at 15 MPH. August is an outlier month since half of the data is not known via Climate Control. What it does show is that the winds come from the West and peaks at 10 MPH. Heading into Autumn the winds shift to the North and the East and begin to increase speed peaking at 25 MPH. Climate Control shows one day the winds hitting 40 MPH in December, this can be assumed due to a storm since it is one of the wet months of the year.

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WIND VELOCITY For a better understanding of the wind of this area it is best to use the Beaufort Scale. This scale translates wind speed into environmental conditions. The Beaufort Scale ranges from 0 to 12. Zero being calm while 12 is a hurricane.

For this area the lowest wind speed recorded is 5 MPH which translated on the scale is a light felt wind and causes the leaves to rustle. From there 10 MPH is a gentle breeze that causes constant movement of leaves.

A moderate breeze is the 13-18 MPH range; this causes paper to need a paper weight DQG VPDOO EUDQFKHV DUH Dá&#x201A;&#x2021;HFWHG 03+ LV considered a fresh breeze where small trees, VXFK DV DQ ROLYH RU ÂżJ WUHH EHJLQ WR VZD\ 7KH range that 20 MPH is accompanied with is at a level 5 on the scale. From there a level 6 is 25-31 MPH and is considered a strong breeze where umbrellas are not generally useful and large branches are being moved by the wind.

The highest wind speed documented is 40 MPH which is a gale forced wind that causes cars to IHHO WKH Dá&#x201A;&#x2021;HFWV DQG VPDOO EUDQFKHV WR EUHDN

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WINTER/SPRING SUN PATH The sun charts are created as if there is a Ă&#x20AC;DJSROH SODFHG DQG WKH VXQ FDVWV D VKDGRZ and that point at which the shadow falls is represented with a colored point on the chart. The blue represents temperatures that are outside of the comfort zone with cooler temperature and low humidity. The red represents the higher temperatures or higher humidity that goes above and outside of the comfort zone. The yellow are the times in which it falls within the comfort zone.

The winter to spring months reveals that most of the time the sun is beginning to get higher in the sky and shifts from below the comfort zone towards the comfort zone.

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SUMMER/FALL SUN PATH On the other hand, the summer to fall months reveal that the sun is shifting from a higher altitude to a lower altitude as it heads into winter.

It also shows that the sun is primarily above the comfort zone throughout the summer. Only after October does the sun enter the comfort zone more often rather than be above the comfort zone. Towards December it shifts to below the comfort zone.

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WINTER/SPRING SUN SHADING A sun shading chart shows the suns location in the sky every 15 minutes represented by one of the dots. The dots location is based on the suns bearing angle, the azimuth, and the vertical location, the altitude, of the sun. Each dot is color coded based on the temperature. The red dots represent overheating conditions and above the comfort zone conditions. While the blue represents the opposite. They represent the cooler conditions and the lower comfort zone conditions. The yellow is comfortable conditions and within the comfort zone indicated by the psychrometric chart.

The winter to spring months are the polar RSSRVLWH RI WKH VXPPHU WR IDOO PRQWKV 0DMRULW\ of the time the sun is needed because the climate is below the comfort range. From March to April is when the sun enters the comfort zone for most of the time. April to June the sun starts to shift into the higher comfort zone level where shade is needed to protect from the sun.

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SUMMER/FALL SUN SHADING The summer to fall months show that much of the sun causes uncomfortable conditions. It also reveals that there is minimal comfort zone sun during the months of June and July. During the fall the comfort zone is primarily when the sun is closer to the horizon. During the month of December, the sun is needed to help warm the spaces up since it shows that during that month it is primarily out of the comfort range with cool conditions.

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STANDARD COMFORT ZONE The relative humidity for the year shows that overall it is generally an uncomfortable place to live. The comfort zone only consists of 11% of the days of the year. The rest reveal that it is too humid, too hot, or too cold. The human FRPIRUW ]RQH LV YHU\ VSHFLÂżF 7KH WHPSHUDWXUH LV JHQHUDOO\ EHWZHHQ Ă&#x203A;) DQG Ă&#x203A;) ZKLOH WKH humidity is 20%-80%. This can be seen on the yearly psychrometric chart. October and November have slightly higher comfort levels, 16% for both. These months are transition months. October is coming from summer, while November is heading into the wintertime.

October has some hot days with low humidity, but then there are days that are cooler than comfort with high humidity. November has more cooler days with high humidity. November tends to trend cooler since its closer to winter.

The springtime has the highest comfort levels; 20% of April and 26% of May. The charts reveal that the springtime can be very humid but a cool temperature or less humid but warm. April is coming from winter, so it has lower temperature and higher humidity. While May is transitioning into the summer season with higher temperatures and higher humidity. But these days for both months allow for more comfortable days.

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STRATEGIC COMFORT ZONE Taking this information regarding the relative humidity and implementing certain design strategies creates a more comfortable space IRU SHRSOH WR H[LVW ZLWKLQ 7KH ÂżUVW VWHS ZDV WR decide the hours of operation that the space would be used to help decide what the next design strategy steps were to be. The hours of operation were assumed to be 7 am to 10 pm. This would accommodate sunrise services and evening services. As well as account for Ramadan even meals after sunset. The design strategies chosen for this space was implementing high thermal mass where it Ă&#x20AC;XVKHV DW QLJKW WKH XVH RI QDWXUDO YHQWLODWLRQ IRU cooling the spaces, internal heat gain, passive solar gain, dehumanization to respond to the humidity. As for active systems both heating and cooling were chosen to help create a more comfortable space. While cooling is being used it helps to dehumidify the space while heating helps to humidify the space when needed.

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RAINFALL AND ELEVATION Lebanon is part of the Mediterranean Basin, which experiences wet and rainy weather in the winter and summers with hot and dry weather.

7KLV FOLPDWH LV LGHDO IRU WKH ÀRUD WKDW DUH IRXQG in Lebanon.

Lebanon was once almost entirely covered with large coniferous forests; which spread from sea level, all the way up to the peaks of Lebanon’s mountains.

These forests were where the Lebanon Cedar was found; this large tree became an icon of the UHJLRQ DQG LV VHHQ RQ /HEDQRQ¶V ÀDJ 2YHU WKH course of centuries of humans living in this region, Lebanon’s forests are no longer the size they once were; today Lebanon’s forests only cover 13% of the country, and there are few old Lebanon Cedars remaining. Recently there have been initiatives introduced by the Lebanese Environment Ministry to create protected zones for the forests and to regenerate the forests by planting two million trees each year until 2021.

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TREE SPECIES DISTRIBUTION The Lebanese landscape is quite diverse, given the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s small size; there are coastal plains, coniferous forests, deciduous forests, shrub lands, grasslands, rocky mountains, and dozens more. At higher altitudes, the vegetation mainly consists of hardy plants which prefer the dry, rocky soil; such as coniferous trees and shrubs. Low lying hills are not as harsh as a climate as the mountains, which allows for more variety of vegetation.

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TREE CHART

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Name & Species

Plant Type

Size

Thirstiness & Roots

Sunlight

Typical Ecosystems/ Bioclimates

Other Facts and Requirements

Cilician Fir Abies cilicia

Coniferous Tree

Up to 120’ Tall Up to 20’ Wide

Deep roots

Full sunlight

High altitudes, 2,600’-7,000’ Well-drained, rocky soils

Montpellier Maple Acer monspessulanum

Deciduous Tree

30’-50’ Tall

Drought tolerant

Full sunlight

Found on souther slopes, 2,000’-3,200’

Cretan Maple Acer sempervirens

Deciduous Tree

Up to 33’ Tall

Drought tolerant

Full sunlight

Found on well-drained hill sides

Heat tolerant

Lebanon Cedar Cedrus libani

Coniferous Tree

50’-130’ Tall 30’-80’ Wide

40”-60” of annual precipitation Deep growing roots, 30’:10’ root depth to height ratio

Full sunlight

Grows best at higher altitudes, 4,300’-9,800’ Well-drained, rocky soil on Northern and Western slopes

National symbol of Lebanon Only found on mountains around the Eastern Mediterranean

Judas Tree Cercis siliquastrum

Deciduous Tree

Up to 40’ Tall Up to 32’ Wide

Prefers moist soil

Full sunlight or partial shade

Rocky hillsides Moist but well-drained soil

Has bright pink flowers which bloom in spring

Mediterranean Cypress Coniferous Tree Cupressus sempervirens

Up to 115’ Tall

Prefers wet winters Deep roots

Full sunlight

Grows well in dry mountainous areas Can grow in poor soil conditions

Can grow to be over 1,000 years old

Syrian Juniper Juniperus drupacea

Coniferous Tree

30’-130’ Tall

Greek Juniper Juniperus excelsa

Coniferous Tree

20’-80’ Tall

Found in mountainous rocky areas, 2,600’-5,600’ Deep roots

Full sunlight

Found in mountainous areas Indifferent to soil type, but prefers well-drained soil

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TREE CHART

74

Name & Species

Plant Type

Size

Thirstiness & Roots

Sunlight

Typical Ecosystems/ Bioclimates

Other Facts and Requirements

Stinking Juniper Juniperus foetidissima

Coniferous Tree

20’-80’ Tall

Deep Roots Likes dry soil

Can grow in the shade

Found in costal and mountainous areas Grows well on dry, rocky, well-drained, gravel slopes

When crushed, the tree’s foliage smells bad

Lebanese Wild Apple Malus trilobata

Deciduous Tree

Up to 50’ Tall Up to 25’ Wide

Prefers moist soil

Full sunlight or partial shade

Hills, 3,300’-4,900’ Moist but well-drained soil

Leaves change to red and deep purple in the fall Has white flowers and yellow fruit during April and May

Turkish Pine Pinus brutia

Coniferous Tree

60’-115’ Tall

Drought tolerant Deep roots

Grows at lower altitudes, 0’-2,000’ Can grow in a variety of ecosystems

Commonly used for paper production Seeds are used to make pastries Cones are fire resistant and can grow in burnt areas

Aleppo Pine Pinus halepensis

Coniferous Tree

50’-85’ Tall

Drought resistant Deep roots

Full sunlight

Grows well in a majority Grow well in hot areas, of the bioclimates especially when around the exposed to forest fires Mediterranean Grows in lower altitudes, 0’-660’

Austrian Pine Pinus nigra

Coniferous Tree

60’-180’ Tall 20’-40’ Wide

Drought resistant Deep roots

Must be in direct sunlight Intolerant to shade

Grows at lower altitudes, 0’-6,600’

Mount Tabor Oak Quercus ithaburensis

Deciduous Tree

Up to 50’ Tall

Lebanon Oak Quercus libani

Deciduous Tree

Up to 26’ Tall

Styrax officinale

Deciduous Shrub

6’-16’ Tall

Wind, cold, and draught resistant Great for slowing soil erosion

Found in lowland hills, 0’-1,600’ Drought tolerant

Full sunlight or semi shaded

Indifferent to soil type

Grows in wooded areas and on dry rocky slopes

Can withstand strond winds Can not survive in salty maritime climates

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SITE VEGETATION The vegetation on the University of Balamand campus for the most part consists of small and medium sized plants. The site for WKLV SURMHFW LV ¿OOHG ZLWK VPDOO VKUXE OLNH RDN trees, which vary in density. A long grove of olive trees separates the oaks from the housing to the East of the site. The olive grove is distinguishable from the oak trees based on the DUWL¿FLDO DUUDQJHPHQW RI WKH WUHHV

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Olive Groves

High Density Growth

Low Density Growth

77 77

ROUTE TO HOMS, SYRIA University of Balamand to Damascus, Syria - 3hr 2mins, 184km or 114.3mi, via Coastal Highway/ Route 51M to Beirut - Damascus International Highway/Route 30M in Mount Lebanon Governorate Homs is another large city to the north of the University of Balamand. It is a landmark of reasonable size to include but has been recently destroyed due to the Syrian Civil War.

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ROUTE TO DAMASCUS, SYRIA University of Balamand to Damascus, Syria - 3hr 2mins, 184km or 114.3mi, via Coastal Highway/ Route 51M to Beirut - Damascus International Highway/Route 30M in Mount Lebanon Governorate Damascus is the capital city of Syria and is the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main economic and cultural backbone. It has the largest population and is known for its deep history, architecture, and cuisine.

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After researching the site conditions and the house, it was necessary that the design would compliment the mission of the university. A multi faith/ social design would better the students and the community of Koura.

Analyzing Sert and his design of the Sert House, I was inďŹ&#x201A;uenced by the inverted nature of the building that focused solely on the internal qualities. Through the gathered architectural principles, it would be possible to create an inverted space that beneďŹ ts from internal qualities, such as spatial organization, proportions, geometry, and courtyards.

The Site location that oďŹ&#x20AC;ers the most optimal conditions are towards the top of the site where solar and wind elements can be utilized the most. A design that allows for occupants to feel as if they were outside and still allow for a Lebanon external experience without the physical views outside. Instead taking advantage of the climate becomes more important.

6LWH 3ODQV Following Sert’s principles of an inverted building, initially I proposed a few windows that would allow small views out towards the mediterrean and to the goat house. I however quickly changed to completely inverting the building because by letting views outdoors, the internal qualities become less important. The views influenced the location the building would sit on the site. The top of the hill around denser vegetation was the most optimal choice. It can be interpreted as the end point of the path of learning as well as having a connection to the goat house due to the orientation of the building.

The specific location is great due to the climate. For being a dry and arid area, ventilation is very important. Initial conceptual designs held a perforated wall, or posts, that allowed for wind to ventilate into the shared garden space, however there was a flaw. The posts still let views out views to the outside and the ventilation would only benefit the garden and not any other spaces.

3URJUDP The initial program of the building worked well with the organization of the spaces that the geometries created. It was simple to break up the public and private spaces from one another. Initial thoughts had swung towards separating the social and spiritual space. This would allow for any noise pollution from the social space to remain further away. Although this left the challenge of ďŹ nding a way to connect the two spaces together as it would be important and would comply with the universityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mission. A shared courtyard would be the solution to that issue.

*HRPHWU\ Spaces were created through geometries, as the Sert House was. Geometries allow for a beautiful proportional system that can be adjusted if needed.

However, it was necessary to break the geometry of the prayer space because it is seen as a special space and should be recognized as one visually. By breaking the natural geometry and rotating the building it also beneďŹ ted some of the religions. Majority of religous people living in Lebnon are Muslim and face Mecca when praying. The turning of the space allows for that particular religion to have a wall to face.

The rest of the spaces followed a speciďŹ c geometry that would compliment the program.

&LUFXODWLRQ Circulation was an important factor in this design process. One approach can be made through corridors, but the other approach is more similar to the Sert House where spaces are utilized to their max potential and circulation becomes part of the spaces. When one is traveling from the entrance to the kitchen, they will walk through the living room and dining room before getting to the kitchen. By being this eďŹ&#x192;cient with space, a small square footage wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t feel like it. This however is also true when combined with the other qualities of the Sert house. For this design project, spaces require a sense of privacy so the corridor method is best, however through transparent internal qualities, one circulating around the building may not directly walkthrough, but can see certain spaces. The social space is a good example of this where by pairing it with a transparent courtyard, others circulating can look and see the public space. It would be inappropriate for spaces such as the prayer hall if it was open for general circulation.

In the Sert House, one circulates generally around the central courtyard. However in the design of this project, spaces are organized centrally so that long corridors donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t interfere with some of the more private spaces, but do create a point of interest.

0RPHQWV Initially thinking about what felt necessary, was to separate the social and spiritual space, however finding a way to connect the two through potential gardens. As a spiritual space is naturally a quiet and private space, the noisier spaces should be separated, but keeping in mind the university’s goal of openness and unity, it was important the two could still be connected. As Sert had separate courtyards, the design of this project would hold similar principles. There is a hierarchy to the proposed courtyards. One courtyard becomes more private, another, semi-private, and finally a public courtyard. The private courtyard could service smaller spaces such as administration, the semi-private, could service the social space, and the public courtyard could service everyone as it becomes a shared space. The courtyard allows for ventilation and flood of light into the adjacent spaces. Early renderings showcase how a courtyard can be utilized. By creating a rhythm of outside to inside spaces, certain continuous views became visible. This was important to support the university’s mission.