OCEAN Darul Agustiana Febby A. Fitriani Nelah Roswati Nisrina Meta G. Theresia E. S.
(1405553) (1400368) (1404734) (1400157) (1405455)
INTRODUCTION Our planet’s surface appears to be dominated by the color blue. 97% of our planet’s is contained by ocean.
Origin of The Ocean Ocean is about 4 billion old. Atmosphere on Earth and the ocean both formed through a process called outgassing of the earth’s deep interior. Water vapor from the melted rock
Vapor rose to form clouds surrounding cooling planet
Ocean: Atlantic; Indian; Pacific; Antartica; Southern Ocean. Rain began to fall
Earth’s temperature had cooled
Water drained into the huge hollows
Ocean formed
Oceanic Climate
The sun’s heat causes water to evaporate, adding moisture to the air. The oceans provide most of this evaporated water.
The water vapor condenses to form clouds, which release their moisture as rain or other kinds of precipitation. All life on Earth depends on this process, called the water cycle.
Oceanic Climate The atmosphere receive s much of its heat from the ocean. As the sun warms the water, the Because water absorbs and ocean transfers heat to loses heat more slowly than the atmosphere. In turn, land masses, the ocean helps balance global the atmosphere temperatures by absorbing distributes the heat heat in the summer and around the globe. releasing it in the winter. Without the ocean to helpregulate global temperatures, the Earth’s climate would be bitterly cold.
Oceanic Formation The lighter rock rose and formed the Earth’s crust. The heavier rock sank and formed the Earth’s core and mantle.
The water vapor condensed and covered the crust with a primitive ocean. Today, hot gases from the Earth’s interior continue to produce new The ocean’s water came from rocks inside the newly water at the bottom of the ocean. forming Earth. As
the molten rocks cooled, they released water vapor and other gases.
Oceanic Floor
Researcher used instruments called echo sounders, which measure water depths using sound waves with sonar technology The ocean floor is divided into several different areas the continental shelf, the nearly flat, underwater extension of a continent. The deepest spot of all is the Challenger Deep, which lies in the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean near the island of Guam Deep at 11,000 meters (36,198 feet) below the ocean’s surface.
Ocean Life Zones 1. The epipelagic zone The epipelagic zone is the sunlit upper layer of the ocean. It reaches from the surface to about 200 meters (660 feet) deep. The epipelagic zone is also known as the photic or euphotic zone, and can exist in lakes as well as the ocean. Algae is a type of aquatic organism that can photosynthesize sunlight. Phytoplankton also live in the epipelagic zone. The next zone down, stretching to about 1,000 meters (3,300 feet) deep.
2. The Mesopelagic Zone
This zone is also known as the twilight zone because the light there is very dim. This zone, stretching to about 1,000 meters (3,300 feet) deep. The lack of sunlight means there are no plants in the mesopelagic zone, but large fish and whales dive there to hunt prey. Fish in this zone are small andluminous. One of the most common is the lanternfish, which has organs along its side that produce light.
3. The Bathypelagic Zone
The bathypelagic zone which reaches to about 4,000 meters (13,100 feet) deep. The bathypelagic zone is also known as the midnight zone because no light reaches it. Animals that live in the bathypelagic zone are small, but they often have huge mouths, sharp teeth, and expandable stomachs that let them eat any food that comes along.
4. The Abyssopelagic Zone
The abyssopelagic zone , is very salty and cold (2 degrees Celsius, or 35 degrees Fahrenheit). At depths up to 6,000 meters (19,700 feet), the pressure is very strong—11,000 pounds per square inch. This makes it impossible for most animals to live. Animals in this zone have bizarre adaptations to cope with their ecosystem.
5. Hadalpelagic Zone
Few organisms live here. They include tiny isopods, a type of crustaceanrelated to crabs and shrimp. Mariana Trench, the deepest known trench on Earth, and observed life.
OCEAN CURRENT Currents are streams of water running through a larger body of water. Oceans, rivers, and streams have currents. The Earth’s rotation and wind also influence ocean currents. Currents flowing near the surface transport heat from the tropics to the poles and move cooler water back toward the Equator. This keeps the ocean from becoming extremely hot or cold. One of the most powerful is the Gulf Stream
Mining and Drilling Oil is one of the most valuable resources taken from the ocean today. Offshore drilling is a mechanical process where a wellbore is drilled below the seabed. It is typically carried out in order to explore for and subsequently extract petroleum which lies in rock formations beneath the seabed.
POLLUTION The cause of pollution is due to the bad attitude and act of human activities undertaken, either as individuals littering or industrial parties who are not responsible in disposing of industrial waste without prior screening.
Another source of pollution is plastics and carbon dioxide. Plastic thrown out by consumers. Sea animals are harmed by the plastic either by getting tangled in it or by eating it. Carbon dioxide forms many acids, called carbonic acids, in the ocean. the increase in carbon dioxide has led to an increase in ocean acids. This ocean acidification erodes the shells of animals such as clams, crabs, and corals.
The Kinds of Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is a relatively narrow body of water that snakes between nearly parallel continental masses covering about 15.1% of the Earth's total surface area. This ocean body contains most of our planet's shallow seas, but it has relatively few islands.
Arctic Ocean The Arctic Ocean is the smallest of the world’s five ocean regions, covering about 3% of the Earth's total surface area. Most of this nearly landlocked ocean region is located north of the Arctic Circle. The center of the Arctic Ocean is covered by a drifting persistent icepack that has an average thickness of about 3 meters (10 feet).
Indian Ocean The Indian Ocean covers about 13.4% of the Earth’s surface area. This ocean region is enclosed on three sides by the landmasses of Africa, Asia, and Australia. The Indian Ocean's southern border is open to water exchange with the much colder Southern Ocean. Average depth of the Indian Ocean is 3,900meters (12,800 feet). The deepest point in this ocean region occurs in the Java Trench with a depth of 7,258 meters (23,812 feet) below sea level.
Pacific Ocean The largest ocean (30.5% of the earth’s surface area) The deepest ocean (141,100 feet below sea level) Major river flowing: Colorado; Columbia; Mekong; Xi Jiang; Yukon.
Southern Ocean • The Southern Ocean surrounds Antarctica extending the latitude 60° South • 4% of the Earth’s surface • The deepness is 12,100 to 16,400 feet below the sea level • The deepest point is in South Sandwich Trench at 23,737 feet sea level