Institutional Multidisciplinary Research and Development Journal 2018 by Dr. David Cababaro Bueno

IMRaD Journal Vol. 1 June 2018 ISSN 2619-7820

THE 2015-2020 CCI RESEARCH AGENDA Research and Publications Office

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Overview

The rationale for developing a research agenda for CC is to ensure that there is systematic research in this sector not just to make higher education better, but also to enhance understanding of the contemporary society, its challenges and possible future available to it. With higher education being so central to the development of the country, it is imperative that it plays a key role in shaping and influencing the future. The role that learning and knowledge, enhanced through research have to play in achieving such understanding is critical. The agenda serves as a framework for articulating research priorities for the institution. It will guide efforts and investments in this regard and therefore, enhance the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s focus on key issues, coordination and complementary as opposed to the current situation in which there is duplication in research. Thus, the purpose of a research agenda is to help organize and prioritize research requests that might otherwise be disjointed or not integrated into college-wide planning and decision making, and to improve the quality of the data and information used on campus. The process for developing and using a research agenda is equally as valuable as the research agenda itself. It serves as a vehicle for dialog and a way in which to move beyond a culture of evidence to a more integrated culture of inquiry. More importantly, it provides a mechanism for collaborative inquiry which helps build research expertise throughout the college rather than isolated pockets of the college. 1

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The research that is included in the research agenda supports the major activities and initiatives that serve the broader functions on campus (strategic planning, enrollment management, budget development, program review, accreditation, quality assurance and grant development. Research that is narrow in focus or that responds to a singular interest or one-time event or activity may occur under ad hoc requests which are handled separately using the collegeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s research request and prioritization process. A. Based on the Agenda Set by CHED 1. Quality and Excellence 1.1 A study on the impact on higher education in CC and the legal implications of liberalizing the entry of foreign universities/ colleges in the country. 1.2 Benchmarking and comparative study of Policy, Standards, and Guidelines in priority disciplines in Asia, Europe and the US. 1.3 Establishment of quality indicators and quality assurance system of the College. 1.4 Evaluation of graduate programs in Teacher Education, Business and Public Management. 1.5 Evaluation of undergraduate programs in Teacher Education, Business and Accountancy, Engineering and Architecture, ITE, Nursing and Sciences, Mathematics and Language. 2. Relevance and Responsiveness 2.1 Study on the manpower situation in key development areas, especially in the fields of energy, science and technology, earth studies and environment, and biotechnology.

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2.2 Study on the international competitiveness of Columban professionals. 2.3 Study on the capability of the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s graduate programs as a venue for continuing education for professionals in a highly competitive labor market. 2.4 Graduate tracer studies. 2.5 Employability and productivity of graduates. 2.6 Relevance of curriculum. 2.7 Internationalization and globalization of education 3. Utilization of Information and Communication Technology 3.1 Development study on establishing national core competencies for ICT graduates and performance standards for ICT institutions as bases for national accreditation, validation, and certification. 3.2 Impact study of ICT-driven curriculum and learning modalities for student learning and academic performance. 3.3 Evaluative studies on the ICT readiness of faculty and administrators. 3.4 Study on the impact of ICT professionals. 4. Access and Equity 4.1 Feasibility study on viable payback schemes for scholars. 4.2 A study on selective admission and retention policy, and student performance-based assessment system adopted by the College. 4.3 A study on the relevance and effectiveness of open universities/ distance education. 4.4 A study on institutional quality assessments, including accreditation and equivalence of certain proficiencies. 4.5 A case study of best practices in bridging measures or programs for mature students. 4.6 Equity impact study on the provision of government subsidy to PHEIs. 3

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5. Efficiency and Effectiveness 5.1 Comprehensive reviews of effectiveness and efficiency of the internal governance of the institution/ quality assurance. 5.2 Efficiency and effectiveness study of socialized and fullcost tuition for students. 5.3 Study on emerging and alternative forms of governance of HEIs. 5.4 Study of incentive systems for high performing departments. 5.5 Study of the determinants of quality, efficiency, and effectiveness of programs/ curricula. B. Policy-oriented researches (Institutional) 1. Extent of realization of the school’s philosophy (goals, objectives, core values). 2. Efficacy of institutional processes (management, instruction, research, extension, publication, student leadership, Christian discipleship, faith, leadership) in the development of quality human capital. 3. Governance and/or management policies and practices; Human resources development and/or personnel management. 4. Effectiveness of employees’ participation in institutional thrusts (extension, research, Christian discipleship/ leadership). 5. Effects of organization development interventions in organization identity and performance. 6. Physical plant and facilities in relation to the delivery of quality education: A basis for policy and program. 7. Energy conservation and efficiency/ Energy Audit. 8. Students’ leadership/governance and delivery of student services; impact/effectiveness of services rendered by support offices. 4

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9. Relevance and effectiveness of admission and retention policies and practices. 10. Academic-socio-economic-cultural-religious profile of students as basis for development programs. 11. Effectiveness of scholarship programs. 12. Effectiveness of guidance programs and services. 13. Development and effectiveness of instructional materials. 14. Employeesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; ICT utilization for effective teaching and learning. 15. Efficacy of infrastructure/ administrative support for ICT. 16. Development and effectiveness of ICT tools for program and project monitoring and evaluation. 17. Development and efficacy of ICT-driven curriculum/ instructional devices. 18. Efficacy of instructional policy on the various disciplines. 19. Impact of intervention programs to promote learning and national board examination performance. 20. Competence/Performance of students in various courses as the basis for curriculum enrichment. 21. Innovations in educational management; ex: internationalization/ globalization of courses/ subjects; Initiatives for ASEAN Integration. 22. Research/ Communication/ Critical Thinking/ Problemsolving Competence of graduating students enrolled in board programs. 23. Best practices in student teaching, office practicum, onthe-job training programs. 24. Impact/Effectiveness of Academe-Industry Partnership/ Linkages. 25. Performance of students in licensure exams/ national assessment/ achievement tests. 26. Graduate tracer studies; employability of graduates; market relevance and effectiveness of curricular programs.

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27. Transforming thesis and dissertation to refereed journal publication. 28. Reference Citation in Undergraduate researches. 29. Research Ethics/ Ethical practices in doing research. 30. Predictors of research performance of senior students of Accountancy, Education, Architecture, Nursing, Engineering, etc. 31. Effectiveness of approaches to pedagogy in Language/ Math/Science, Accountancy, Engineering, Architecture etc. 32. Utilization of Research, Extension, and Publication in Instruction. 33. Marketing practices of school. 34. Factors associated with the decline of enrollment in all levels. 35. Work-life balance of employees towards policy improvement. 36. Decision-making of students in selecting/ choosing Columban College towards best marketing practices. 37. Training needs analysis for staff, faculty and administrators. 38. Personal, academic and social development of students towards policy improvement. 39. Policy development and implementation related to disaster risk reduction and management. 40. Environmental management and strategies. 41. Implementation of outcomes-based education. 42. Outcomes-based teaching and learning practices. 43. Outcomes-based assessment practices. C. Action Researches Those that involve experimentation on new teaching techniques/ devices, solving problems on studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; low performance and/or inactive participation, indifferent attitude to learning, poor classroom interaction, etc. 6

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D. Extension-Oriented Researches 1. Barangay/ Community/Household needs assessment as the basis for extension project proposals. 2. Impact/Effectiveness of specific extension/communitybased projects on the implementers and beneficiary clientpartner community. 3. Sustainability of community extension projects E. Ethnographic Researches Those concerned with explaining or describing a phenomenon holistically using multiple data collection techniques. 1. Those that by their very nature defy simple quantification (ex.: the interaction of students and teachers in classroom discussion) 2. Those that can best be understood in a natural (as opposed to artificial) setting (ex.: the behavior of students at a school event) 3. Those that involve the study of individual or group activities over time (such as the changes that occur in the attitudes of at-risk students as they participate in a specially designed, year-long, reading program) 4. Those involving the study of the roles that educators play, and the behavior associated with these roles(for example, the behavior of classroom teachers, coaches, staff, and other school personnel as they fulfill their various roles and how such behavior changes over time) 5. Those that involve the study of the activities and behavior of groups as a unit (classes, athletic teams, academic departments, work teams, administrative units, and other groups such as altar servers, catechists, varsity team, choral, dance troupe, marching band, rondalla, student council, theatre arts, etc.) 7

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6. Those involving the study of formal organizations in their totality (schools, school districts, school systems) F. Research with Linkages 1. Partnership with the regional line agencies, local government units, non-government organizations in program governance. 2. Workable and effective LGU/NGO partnership systems: case studies/ best practices. 3. Effectiveness of participation of NGOs in planning and special projects. 4. Best practices in managing small and medium scale enterprises; impact of micro-financing on poverty alleviation. 5. Effectiveness of community-based management programs. 6. Human rights-based ordinance tracking; impact on human rights education. 7. The status of education, health, and nutrition of beneficiaries. 8. Green architecture and engineering; design; development of climate-change responsive structures (houses/buildings, roads, seawalls, towers, and bridges); rainwater harvesting design for residential and office buildings. 9. Community mobilization on climate change, health and sanitation, energy conservation and disaster mitigation. 10. Environmental management assessment. 11. Disaster risk and mitigation studies (flooding, erosion, landslides; tsunami, sea surges). 12. Commodity/product/process development and improvement; technology transfer and commercialization of ethnic food, local fruits, handicraft.

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13. Other researchable topics from priority areas identified by CHED, NEDA, DepEd, DOST, CHR, DSWD, DENR, DSWD, DPWH, etc. G. Research in support to instruction in the various disciplines As an academic institution, the college is ardently conscious that the advancement of the various academic disciplines depends on the large extent on research. Research shall be pursued along the following clusters of priorities. 1. Mathematics 2. Environment and Natural Sciences 3. Health and Medical Sciences 4. Engineering and Technology 5. Information Science and Technology 6. Governance, Civil Society and Social Justice/ Human Rights 7. Business and Industry 8. Hospitality and Tourism Management 9. Humanities, Social Sciences, Public Welfare 10. Teacher, Values, and Religious Education 11. Community Building and Development 12. Language Education 13. Communication Management 14. Library Management 15. Social Work and Social Development and Management It is important to note that research in support of instruction in the area of course offerings, environmental scanning is a great necessity in relation to the above mentioned research clusters. H. Research to revise and update all their curricular offerings towards outcomes-based curriculum 1. Studies on outcomes-based curriculum: Identification of the core and peripheral outcomes that all graduates of the 9

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college should posses; reflection of these competencies in the curriculum; the corresponding benchmarks of these competencies at various points in the curriculum; and alignment with industry needs and standards will be considered. 2. Empirical Investigations on innovative pedagogy and the use of technology in the classroom: Teaching methodologies and strategies appropriate in developing the identified competencies; academic tasks structured and designed to address these competencies; and research design most suited to obtain data on these teaching strategies. 3. Research dealing with self-management and towards selfdirected learning: Beyond content acquisition, students must learn and develop skills on how to learn; likewise, they should be able to adjust their study strategies to attain study goals. The ability to be self-directed and be on task is one of the competencies needed in the work force. Thus, it is worthwhile that instruction, academic tasks and assessments are designed and structured to develop and reinforced these skills. Classroom investigations on how these skills are developed can be pursued. STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE THE AGENDA 1. Establish linkage with stakeholders. Linkages and networking with other stakeholders having similar objectives with CC shall be established. This is aimed to optimize outputs through the distribution of tasks and assignments. This strategy is also aimed to maximize the dissemination and understanding of a program/project since the approach shall be participatory. 2. Internationalize research collaboration. Partnership with international institutes may be in the form of joint research 10

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projects, the sharing of research facilities and major infrastructure, allowing access to research data and discoveries, and the linking of research centers and virtual networks. Collaboration can play a key role in the capability building of qualified personnel, for example through the co-supervision of graduate students from other countries. The cost of research, especially in disciplines requiring specialized instrumentation or facilities, tend to make collaboration imperative. Issues, such as climate change transcends national borders and demand international collaboration. 3. Optimize public-private partnership. Research activities are directed to answer technological and information needs and problems of people. Tapping into the local government units (LGUs) and the peoples' organizations (POs) working in the locality shortens the period from the generation of technology and/or information to the time these are available for utilization. With cooperation from LGUs and POs, some applicable technologies and/or information can already be utilized even when the research is still ongoing. Joint programs allow complementation of services from LGUs, entrepreneurs and private industries and support the creation of technology-based, value-added and diverse products and services. 4. Adopt a multi-disciplinary approach in conducting research. For research activities to respond to problems and technological and/or information needs of society, a multidisciplinary research shall be adopted. This approach minimizes the span of time required to address multi-faceted problems, while optimizing the budget to carry out the activities of the research project. 5. Encourage newcomers in Research through group research. In the research arena, the principle â&#x20AC;&#x153;No man is an 11

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islandâ&#x20AC;? shall be adopted. A team approach in research activities may encourage newcomers while allowing the old researchers to learn new techniques from the new ones. This strategy is also aimed to encourage maximum participation in research activities. 6. Optimize human resource development. Tap scholarship opportunities for national and international sponsors to build/enhance capabilities among faculty and other personnel doing research activities. The RP Office and the research coordinators shall work closely to determine the gaps in human resource capability to prioritize the specialized fields which are wanting. Hiring of faculty members shall also give emphasis on the research background and/or potential for research activities of the applicants. Hiring of personnel who have a background in research from universities and research institutions recognized for their prolific research and development outputs can greatly expand the researchersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; pool in CC. 7. Provide support for researcher/s efforts. Support the endeavors and efforts of researchers to keep their interest in research ablaze. Support can be in the form of facilitating the procurement of supplies and materials, equipment and other important inputs in the conduct of the research activities. Other forms of support are in terms of travel grants to attend and/or present papers in scientific fora/gatherings, publication support and cash incentives of three loads equivalent to five months. 8. Create an atmosphere conducive to researchers. Researchers require a place and scientific tools to do some critical thinking and apply the ideas using some tools. Equipped research laboratories connected to the Internet shall be provided to give researchers an atmosphere where they could think critically and act logically. Researchers shall be accorded 'flexitime' to give them freedom to work at times when the mind is active and full of bright ideas. 12

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THE VISION, MISSION, PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES, AND PROGRAM OUTCOMES OF THE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING: AN ASSESSMENT Engr. Arlene C. Grate Engr. Edwin V. Grate

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Abstract â&#x20AC;&#x201C;The study aimed to analyze the degree of attainment of the Vision, Mission, Program Educational Objectives (PEO), Program Outcomes (PO), and attributes of the students of the Civil Engineering program of Columban College, Inc. The researchers utilized the descriptive cross-sectional comparative design of research. The perceived attainment of the vision and mission statement, program educational objectives, program outcomes, are described as very much attained by the stakeholders. The stakeholders are unanimous in saying that these attributes are very much attained and exhibited by the graduates and students. Thus, it appears that there is no significant variations on the assessment of the stakeholders as to the degree of attainment of the vision, mission, program educational objectives (PEO) and program outcomes (PO), and attributes of students and graduates of the College of Engineering. The College of Engineering is effectively implementing the outcomes based education as mandated by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED). It is therefore imperative to continuously hone the knowledge, skills and attributes of the students for global competitiveness. Keywords â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Engineering education, civil engineering, vision, mission, attributes, program educational objectives, program outcomes, descriptive cross-sectional comparative design

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Introduction

The implementation of outcome-based education (OBE) curriculum in the syllabus nowadays plays an important role in producing quality graduates students. Assurance to the effectiveness of OBE, a steady and continuous assessment must be 13

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carried out through each course as well as the industrial training program (Osman et al., 2009). Moreover, excellent qualifications, dedicated, responsible and well trained are among the key factor to become successful engineers. Furthermore, most of the companies nowadays are expected to hire graduates with skills, quality and market ready. Thus automatically their operating cost can be greatly reduced. As to fulfill those criteria specified by the companies, the industrial training program is being made a compulsory course for every student in the faculty. By having this industrial training, students are exposed to the responsibility of an engineer and the engineering profession, communication skills that include daily interaction within the real working environment and as well as technical writing (Osman et al., 2009). Apart of that, all the engineering programs in the Philippines have been instructed to adopt OBE based curriculum by the EAC as a part of the requirement to be a full member of the Washington Accord (WA). This is to ensure that the engineering degree produced by the colleges and universities would be recognized by the fellow WA member, such as United States, United Kingdom, Australia, South Africa, and etc (Shahrir et al. 2008). OBE is a teaching method that emphasizes what students can actually do after they completed their training or their courses (Faizah, 2008). OBE implementation is to ensure the academic programs, the delivery systems and methods of evaluation will produce capable and high quality graduates. There are three main objectives needed to be achieved in the implementation of the OBE. The objectives are the results of the Course Outcomes (CO), the Program Outcomes (PO) and the Program Educational Objectives (PEO). The objectives should be measured to determine the level of knowledge, skills and abilities of all students after completing their courses (Arshad, Fatin, Razali, & Samba, 2012).

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There is a little research on civil engineering about type of problems by designing quality standards, working methodologies and technologies to increase the productivity of the civil engineering process. In spite of the multiple advances of these researches, they are not enough to prevent a high percentage of failing projects (Kudngaongarm & Sujivorakul, 2012). One possible cause of failing projects is that the quality of the products and services do not only depend on the standards, methodologies, and technologies that are in use in the civil engineering development process, but also there is a great influence of the knowledge, the capability, and the talent of civil engineers to apply the concepts of civil engineering and to interact with diverse technologies and heterogeneous working groups. The literature identifies the principal factors that cause low performance (Karn and Cowling, 2001; Felder et al., 2002) and the professional obsolescence (Loo et al., 2001). It also mentions that sometimes the complexity of the civil engineering development process exceeds the capabilities of civil engineers. However, there is little research that focuses on the skills update and professional development of civil engineers. In addition, not everybody considers that developing in civil engineering implies a complex process that presents technical psychosocial interactions; consequently, software engineers must have the capability to work in team and under pressure, to satisfy the customer requirements, to solve conflicts, and other qualities that they rarely try to develop, but that are fundamental for a good performance Competency and employability are the important parts of education system. The main goal of education is learners can reach their own needs and the society needs in the same time. There are many recognized competency models (Scottish Qualifications Authority, 2003). For example, German dual system provides skills which enable learners to cope with increasing complexity in work tasks (Kudngaongarm & Sujivorakul, 2012). 15

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International studies have identified competency deficiencies in engineering graduates as perceived by various stakeholders. Competency deficiencies in graduates have also been referred to as â&#x20AC;&#x153;skills gapsâ&#x20AC;?, referring to the difference between the level of competence required for employment or alternatively the importance of competencies for employment and the level of competence of graduates. Large-sample surveys have measured competency deficiencies in engineering graduates based on perceptions of engineers or employers (Male & Bush, 2004). In a European and US survey, engineers with bachelor, master or diploma degrees rated engineering competencies and general professional competencies on importance and graduate performance (Bodmer et al, 2002). The largest indicated gaps were in communication, leadership and social skills. Moreover, in a UK survey, employers of engineering graduates rated their satisfaction with skills that had been identified as important in an earlier phase of the study (Spinks et al, 2006). There was small, yet statistically significant, dissatisfaction with practical application and business skills, and to a lesser extent, technical breadth. Interviews supported the concern about practical application. This study is part of a larger one on the assessment of the generic competencies required by engineers graduating in the Philippines. It analyses the perceived degree of attainment of the Vision, Mission, program educational objectives and program outcomes of the Civil Engineering program of Columban College, Inc. Furthermore, this study uses a different design from previous studies to compare the educational objectives and program outcomes by including the specific vision-mission statement of the program as well as the attributes of the graduates based on the perceptions of the alumni, senior students, faculty members and industry partners. The study aims to analyze the degree of attainment of the Vision, Mission, Program Educational Objectives (PEO), Program 16

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Outcomes (PO), and attributes of the students of the Civil Engineering program of Columban College, Inc. based on the perceptions of the alumni, senior students, faculty members and industry partners. Specifically, it infers on the comparison of the perceptions of the stakeholders towards revisiting and enhancement of the current PEO and PO of the program.

Methodology The researchers utilized the descriptive cross-sectional comparative design of research. This design allows the researchers to draw inferences concerning differences in the perceptions of the stakeholders under investigation. It is based from the formulation and testing of hypothesis. The stakeholders were drawn from the group of alumni, industry partners, senior students, and faculty members. Thus, it is believed that the sample will provide the researchers with more reliable results. A total of 146 participants involved in this study. There were 55 alumni, 19 industry partners, 47 graduating students, 15 parents of graduating students and 10 faculty members. A questionnaire consisting of series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from the participants was used. Most often, it is designed for statistical analysis of the responses. According to Sekeran, (2003), â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;a questionnaire is a preformulated written set of questions to which respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; records their answers, usually within rather closely defined alternativesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. A questionnaire was structured for this research and was administered to the front line staff of the studied department/ groups. These questionnaires were handed directly to the participants by the researchers which gave the researchers the privilege to introduce the topic and encouragement in answering the questionnaire. The closed ended questions helped the researchers to analyze the information without difficulties using a 5 point Likert scale. It is composed of several items to rate 17

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the degree of attainment of the Vision, Mission, Program Educational Objectives (PEO) and Program Outcomes (PO) of the College of Engineering based on the stakeholdersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; perception or actual experience with the College using the following: 5 = Very Much Attained; 4 = Much Attained; 3 = Moderately Attained; 2 = Slightly Attained; and 1 = Not Attained.

Results and Discussion The perceived attainment of the vision and mission statement is described as very much attained by the stakeholders. The alumni, industry partners, students, parents, and faculty described the vision statement of the College of Engineering, â&#x20AC;&#x153;A leading Christ-centered formator of students and professionals who are to become responsive to the demands of local and global developmentsâ&#x20AC;? as very much attained with a mean rating of 4.39. Moreover, the mission of the College of Engineering is assessed as very much attained: (1) Develops practical technology research without compromising ecological balance and global harmony (4.20); (2) Keeps abreast with the latest trends in technology (4.85); (3) Ensures a harmonious relationship among stakeholders with shared values (4.29); (4) Promotes human dignity and Christian values in the midst of human achievements (4.47); and (5) Provides lifelong learning through continuous student development programs (4.36). The perceived attainment of the program educational objectives (PEO) such as (1) exhibits analytical and critical thinking, creativity and innovativeness in the field of Civil Engineering is described as very much attained with a mean rating of 4.54; (2) uses mathematical and scientific knowledge and skills in dealing with complex engineering problems and real life situations (4.48); (3) utilizes technological tools, techniques, methods and processes related to Civil Engineering. (4.23); (4) demonstrates the ability to work independently and 18

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collaboratively in a multidisciplinary and multi-cultural environment (4.34); (5) meets the expectations of the industry, have effective oral and written communication skills and commit themselves to life-long learning (4.30); and (6) demonstrates compassion, humanity, deep sense of nationalism, commitment to social transformation; and ability to act as steward of God’s creation and His people to exude St. Columban Spirit (4.43). The BSCE program outcomes as also reflected in CMO 29 S. 2007 are also perceived as very much attained by the stakeholders: (1) applies knowledge of mathematics, physical sciences, and engineering sciences to the practice of civil engineering (4.53); (2) designs and conducts experiments, as well as to analyzes and interprets data (4.32); (3) designs, builds, improves, and installs systems or processes which meet desired needs within realistic constraints (4.33); (4) works effectively in multi-disciplinary and multi-cultural teams (4.41); (5) recognizes, formulates, and solves civil engineering problems (4.58); (6) shows understanding of the effects and impacts of civil engineering projects on nature and society, and of the civil engineers’ social and ethical responsibilities (4.41); (7) specializes engineering knowledge in each applicable field, and the ability to apply such knowledge to provide solutions to actual problems (4.47); (8) effectively communicates orally and in writing using the English language (4.29); (9) engages in life-long learning and an acceptance of the need to keep current of the development in the specific field of specialization (4.46); (10) uses the appropriate techniques, skills and modern engineering tools necessary for the practice of civil engineering (4.38); (11) exhibits knowledge of contemporary issues (4.27); and (12) demonstrates the St. Columban spirit of being a community and service-oriented individual and by living the philosophy: “We are Christ’s and not our own.” Practices his/her faith and share it with others; imbued with moral and spiritual foundation (4.46).

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The stakeholders are also asked to rate the degree of attainment of the student/graduate of CCI attributes. The stakeholders are unanimous in saying that these attributes are very much attained and exhibited by the graduates and students. The attributes relative to service are St. Columban Spirit (4.42); Servant Leadership (4.27); Commitment to Social Transformation (4.36); and Charity (4.44). Moreover, the attribute in terms of character are Compassion (4.48); Care for the Environment (4.43); Nationalism (4.33); and Respect for Diversity (4.41). Furthermore, the attributes in terms of competence are Creativity and Innovativeness (4.46); Analytical and Critical Thinking (4.56); Lifelong Learning (4.56); and Global Competitiveness (4.49). Thus, it appears that there is no significant variations on the assessment of the stakeholders as to the degree of attainment of the vision, mission, program educational objectives (PEO) and program outcomes (PO), and attributes of students and graduates of the College of Engineering. Thus, the College of Engineering is effectively implementing the outcomes based education as mandated by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED). It is therefore imperative to continuously hone the knowledge, skills and attributes of the students for global competitiveness. REFERENCES Arshad, I., Fatin, S., Razali, M., & Samba, Z. (2012). Programme Outcomes Assessment for Civil & Structural Engineering Courses at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 60, 98â&#x20AC;&#x201C;102. Retrived from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.353 Bodmer, C., Leu, A., Mira, L. & Rutter, H. 2002, SPINE: Successful Practices in International Engineering Education: Engineers Shape our Future IngCH.

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Faizah A.M. (2008). The use of Reflective Journals in Outcome Based Education during the Teaching Practicum, Malaysian Journal of ELT Research. Felder, R., G. Felder and E. Dietz, 2002. The effects of personality type on engineering student performance and attitudes. J. Eng. Educ., 91(1): 3-17. Karn, J. and A. Cowling, 2001. An initial study of the effect of personality on group cohesion in software engineering projects, Department of Computer Science, Research Report, CS-04-01. University of Sheffield, England. Kudngaongarm, P., & Sujivorakul, C. (2012). Competencies Framework for Civil Engineer in Thailand, Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 4(4): 377-382, 2012 Loo, J., A. Grip and M. Steur, 2001. Skills obsolescence: Causes and cures. Proc. Inter. J. Manpower, MCB UP Ltd, 22(1-2): 121-138. Osman, S. A., Omar, M. Z., Mat, K., Kofli, N. T. A. N., Nizam, M., Rahman, A. B., & Darus, Z. M. (2009). Outcome Based Education ( OBE ) Curriculum Assessment for Industrial Training Program : Based on Students ’ Perception, 6(12), 454–463. Scottish Qualifications Authority 2003. Key Competencies-some International Comparisons. Policy and Research, Bulletin No. 2. Shahrir Abdullah, Riza Atiq Abdullah. Implementing Continual Review of Program Educational Objectives and Outcomes for OBE Curriculum Based on Stakeholders’ Input, Proceedings of the 7th WSEAS International Conference on Education & Educational Technology (EDU’08), Venice, Italy, 21-23 November 2008, pp. 218-223. Spinks, N., Silburn, N. & Birchall, D. 2006, Educating Engineers for the 21st Century: The Industry View, The Royal Academy of Engineering, London

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FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERFORMANCE IN THE CIVIL ENGINEERING LICENSURE EXAMINATION: A THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE Engr. Greg C. Mallari Dr. David Cababaro Bueno

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract- This article presented a theoretical perspective of the possible factors affecting the performance of students in the civil engineering licensure examination. It utilized documentary analysis and critical reviews of the existing empirical studies in the fields of engineering. Various intellective factors were identified to possibly affect the performance of students in the licensure examination. These factors include high school grade in Mathematics, Science, and English. College entrance examination results, college grade in Mathematics, Science, and English, as well as the average grade in the major subjects were also considered to be correlated with the performance in the licensure examination. Keywords- Civil Engineering, performance, licensure examination, empirical reviews, theoretical perspective -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Introduction

Schools, colleges and universities have no worth without student. Students are most essential asset for any educational institute. The social and economic development of the country is directly linked to student academic performance. The studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; performance (academic achievement) plays an important role in producing the best quality graduates who will become great leaders and manpower for the country thus responsible for the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economic and social development. Student academic 22

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performance measurement has received considerable attention in previous research, it is challenging aspects of academic literature, and student performance is affected due to social, psychological, economic, environmental, academic and personal factors. These factors strongly influence on the student performance, but these factors vary from person to person and country to country. Relative to the initially presented facts, every engineering program shall define its vision, mission, goals and objectives along the following general objectives: (1) To produce graduates with the necessary theoretical knowledge of mathematics and natural sciences as well as the background knowledge needed by them to acquire the experience and practical skills required of professional engineers. (2) To educate students for their careers as engineers, to enable them to contribute to the development effort of the country as entrepreneurs or competent professionals. (3) To educate students imbued with good moral and ethical values and the acute sense of awareness of the conservation of the environment for the sustainable development of the country. (4) To provide students instruction in both theoretical and practical aspects of engineering and exposure to industrial setting in the form of field experience (CMO No. 25, s2005). More specifically, civil engineering is a profession that applies the basic principles of Science in conjunction with mathematical and computational tools to solve problems associated with developing and sustaining civilized life on our planet. It is one of the broadest engineering disciplines, both in terms of the range of problems that fall within its preview and in the range of knowledge required to solve those problems. Civil Engineering works are generally one-of-a-kind projects; they are often grand in scale; and they usually require cooperation among professionals of many different disciplines. The completion of a civil engineering project involves the solution of technical problems in which information from numerous sources and 23

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myriad non-technical factors play a significant role. Some of the most common examples of civil engineering works include bridges, buildings, dams, airports, ports and harbors, highways, tunnels, towers and water distribution systems. Civil Engineers are concerned with flood controls, landslide, air and water pollution, and the design of facilities to withstand earthquakes and other natural hazards. A graduate of the Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering (BSCE) program must attain: a. An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, physical sciences, and engineering sciences to the practice of civil engineering. b. An ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data. c. An ability to design, build, improve, and install systems or processes which meet desired needs within realistic constraints; d. An ability to work effectively in multidisciplinary and multi-cultural teams; e. An ability to recognize, formulate, and solve civil engineering problems; f. An understanding of the effects and impact of civil engineering projects on nature and society, and of the civil engineersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; social and ethical responsibilities; g. Specialized engineering knowledge in each applicable field, and the ability to apply such knowledge to provide solutions to actual problems; h. An ability to effectively communicate orally and in writing using the English language; i. An ability to engage in lifelong learning and an acceptance of the need to keep current of the development in the specific field of specialization; j. An ability to use the appropriate techniques, skills and modern engineering tools necessary for the practice of civil engineering; and k. A knowledge of contemporary issues (CMO No.29, s2007). Licensure examination to practice profession is a regulatory mechanism of a State. It has many functional uses. In the United States, a law was passed which used licensure results as a barometer of teaching quality of an educational institution (Mitchell et al., 2001). It is deemed important in the career advancement in the practice of the engineering profession 24

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(Johnston et al., 2007) as evidence of equivalent competency across countries (Kasuba and Vohra 2004; Kelly 2007). Higher learning institutions employ the licensure and certification examination as measure for practice analysis (Raymond, 2010) of the profession and eventually improve curricula (Hedderick, 2009). The effectiveness of a curriculum is also measured using the results of the licensure examinations (Stewart et al., 2004). Given these, schools usually develop remediation measures to increase the number of passing practitioners such as mock boards and remediation tests to determine readiness for licensure examinations (Sifford and McDaniel2007; Simon et al., 2013; Schmidt, 2000). Being able to predict academic performance is important as it allows us to identify those students who are most likely to complete their studies successfully and on time. Enrolling underqualified students in a college/ university constitutes a misuse of resources, whereas failing to recruit the most able candidates weakens a discipline in the long term (Immekus and Oakes; 2005). According to former PRC Commissioner, Hermogenes Pobre (1995), the licensure examination by design is a measure to determine oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s adequacy before one can practice a particular profession. Hence, the board exam establishes the newly graduate readiness to render safe and competent service. Thus, it is possible to make a distinction between cognitive and non-cognitive predictors of academic performance. Cognitive predictors can be general abilities that define aptitude for learning (measured with intelligence tests or standardized aptitude tests, or domain-specific predictors of educational achievement (the College Admission Test, and individual secondary education course grades). There is an ongoing discussion concerning the usefulness of domain-specific predictors versus general ability predictors in relation to educational outcomes. Self-efficacy has also been recognized as an 25

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aspect of human cognition that is vitally important for success in academia (Cariaga-Lo, Enarson, Crandall, Zaccaro and Richards; 2007). Non-cognitive constructs as predictors of academic success have also been investigated. Successful examples include motivation, personality, self-discipline, achievement goals, commitment, and psychosocial factors. This theoretical review determined the intellective factors that may possibly predict success in the licensure examination performance of civil engineering students.

Methodology Documentary analyses of the available authoritative documents were conducted. Critical reviews of the empirical studies were analyzed to identify the possible factors affecting the academic performance of students.

Results and Discussion A lot of research has been done on factors affecting academic performance of college students, but there is scarce information about the factors associated with the CE licensure examination performance of students at Columban College. This review focused on the intellective factors affecting the level of performance of students in CE licensure examinations. Moreover, the theoretical report may helpful for both collegeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s policy makers and parents of the students as well as other stakeholders. It helps the college administration to design and implement the policies and programs to improve the studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; performance and the quality of CE education by changing the attitude of students towards learning, facilitating students and improving the teaching procedures. Parents can use the outcomes of the study to solve the studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; academic problems and to look after them. It may also create awareness among students about their rights and 26

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responsibilities to achieve quality education. Thus, they will be informed on the great impacts of the academic preparations from basic education to college education. The school personnel, members of the families and communities could provide help and support to students for the quality of their academic performance. This social assistance has a crucial role in the accomplishment of performance goals of students at school. Moreover, the report will enable the researcher to make recommendations to policy makers, especially those in the Quality Assurance unit, and the College of Engineering on what policies and strategies can be employed to improve academic performance in institutions of higher learning. The findings will help the College’s admission committee to review its methods of admitting civil engineering students in order to improve academic performance. The report will also be a source of reference for other researchers intending to study academic performance of college students. Theoretical Framework of the Intellective Factors. According to Educational Psychology, there is no exact pattern or theory of teaching and learning. Theorists such as Thorndike, Bruner, Piaget, Bloom, and many others, have established their own frameworks of teaching and learning. Nonetheless, education is not an exact science. There are too many variables involved in the process (Owen, 1976). The Bloom’s design is simple and common sense. Thus, for the sake of illustration, Bloom’s Theory of School Learning was used in this research. Intellective variables were taken into consideration as possible predictors to the board examination results. These are academic grades in high school, college entrance examination results and major subjects/ course grades in the college. The dependent variable for the study is the actual results of the board examination for the last two years. This is considered as the measurement for the CE graduate’s ability to practice in the Philippines.

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Empirical Evidences. All of the research reviews support the hypothesis that student performance depends on different socioeconomic, psychological, environmental factors. The findings of research studies focused that student performance is affected by different factors such as learning abilities because the new paradigm about learning assumes that all students can and should learn at higher levels, but it should not be considered as a constraint because there are other factors like race, gender, sex that can affect student’s performance. (Hansen, Joe B.2000). Some of the researchers even tried to explain the link between student’s achievements, economic circumstances and the risk of becoming a dropout that proved to be positive (Goldman, N., Haney, W., and Koffler, S., 1988, Pallas, A., Natriello, G., McDill, E., 1989, Levin, H., 1986) B.A Chansarkar and A. Mishaeloudis (2001), explained the effects of age, qualification distance from learning place etc. on student performance. The performance of students on the module is not affected by such factors as age, sex and place of residence, but is associated with a qualification in quantitative subjects. It is also found that those who live near the university perform better than other students. Yvonne Beaumont Walters, kola soyibo, (1998) further elaborated that student performance is very much dependent on SEB (socio-economic background) as per their statement, “High school students’ level of performance is with statistically significant differences, linked to their gender, grade level, school location, school type, student type and socioeconomic background (SEB).” Kirby, Winston et al. (2002) focused on student’s impatience (his time-discount behavior) that influences his own academic performance. Goethe found out that weak students do better when grouped with other weak students. (As implied by Zajonc’s analysis of older siblings (1976) it shows that students’ performance improves if they are with the students of their own kind. There are often different results by gender, as in Hoxby’s K-12 results (2000); Sacerdote (2001) finds that grades are high when students have unusually academically 28

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strong roommates. The results of Zimmerman (1999, 2001) were somewhat contradictory to Goethe results, but again it proved that studentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s performance depends on a number of different factors, it says that weak peers might reduce the grades of middling or strong students. (Alexander, Gur et al. 1974; Fraser, Beamn et al. 1977) explained that some of the practices adopted by college administration in higher education like residential colleges or organized study groups also help to increase performance. In conclusion, critical reviews of the empirical studies were analyzed to identify the possible factors affecting the academic performance of students. Various intellective factors were identified to possibly affect the performance of the Engineering students in the licensure examination. These factors may include high school grade in Mathematics, Science, and English. College entrance examination results, college grade in Mathematics, Science, and English, as well as the average grade in the major subjects were also considered to be correlated with the performance in the licensure examination. REFERENCES B. F. French, J. C. Immekus and W. C. Oakes (2005). An examination of indicators of engineering studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; success and persistence, Journal of Engineering Education C. Kulatunga Moruzi and G. R. Norman, (2002). Validity of admissions measures in predicting performance outcomes: The contribution of cognitive and non-cognitive dimensions, Teaching and Learning D. Lubinski (2010). Spatial ability and STEM: A sleeping giant for talent identification and development, Personality and Individual Differences G. Zhang (2003). Are engineering students different from others? Proceedings of the American Society for Engineering Education, Southeast

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Hedderick VM. (2009). The utilization of NCLEX predictor assessments and the effect on NCLEX success rates in nursing programs within the state of Pennsylvania (Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University of Pennsylvania I. J. Deary, S. Strand, P. Smith and C. Fernandes (2007). Intelligence and educational achievement, Intelligence Kasuba R, Vohra P (2004). International mobility and the licensing of professional engineers. World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education Kelly WE (2007). Certification and accreditation in civil engineering. J.Prof. Iss. Eng. Edu. Pract. L. D. Cariaga-Lo, C. E. Enarson, S. J. Crandall, D. J. Zaccaro and B. F. Richards (2007). Cognitive and noncognitive predictors of academic difficulty and attrition, Academic Mitchell KJ, Robinson DZ, Plake BS, Knowles K T (Eds.). (2001). Testing teacher candidates: The role of licensure tests in improving teacher quality. National Academies Press. National Society of Professional Engineers. Licensure by Comity. 2008. http://www.nspe.org/Licensure/Resources/LicComity/index.html. Retrieved 2008 Raymond MR (2001). Job analysis and the specification of content for licensure and certification examinations. Appl. Measurement.Edu Schmidt AE (2000). An approximation of a hierarchical logistic regression model used to establish the predictive validity of scores on a nursing licensure exam. Edu. Psy. M. Sifford S, McDaniel DM (2007). Results of a remediation program for students at risk for failure on the NCLEX exam. Nursing Education Perspectives Simon EB, McGinniss SP, Krauss BJ (2013). Predictor Variables for NCLEX RN Readiness examination Performance. Nursing education perspectives S-M. R. Ting (2010). Predicting Asian Americansâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; academic performance in the first year of college: An approach combining SAT scores and noncognitive variables, Journal of College Student Development Stewart CM, Bates RE, Smith GE (2004). Does performance on school administered mock boards predict performance on a dental licensure exam?. J. Dent. Edu.

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INDUSTRY PREPAREDNESS OF THE ECE GRADUATING STUDENTS ON SATELLITE COMMUNICATION TOWARDS IMPROVEMENT OF THE ECE CURRICULUM Arlene A. Cerico-Grate

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Abstractâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;The implementation of the OBE curriculum in all engineering courses as stated in CMO 37 Series of 2012 had given a positive implication to measure quality education not only through effectiveness, efficiency and sustainability but also of relevance. Since quality is the central mystery, this study explored the preparedness of the ECE graduating students of Columban College for a future professional career in the field of Satellite Communication after graduation. Certain issues like their degree of preparation technically and emotionally were established. Furthermore, this study pursued the success indicators and competencies required for effective action in a satellite company. The study unveiled the relevance of the engineering education imparted to the ECE graduates employed in ABS by the ECE department in the perspective of the satellite industry. Deficiencies were identified through the different satellite careers of the 10 ECE graduates of Columban College currently employed in ABS and observation of the proponent. Since elective subjects in the ECE curriculum can be geared towards the need of the industry in close proximity to the academic institution specifically Columban College, modification is herewith recommended. Preventive measures and intervention are suggested and must be integrated in the academic coursework. Keywords: satellite communication, electronics engineering, satellite careers, satellite operations, spacecraft engineering -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Introduction In the light of the SBMAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s strategic location, vast employment opportunities emanates constantly and entails development intervention in line with the academic institutions producing 31

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graduates who are expected to be globally competitive in terms of technical skills needed by the industries. Advancements in technology have revolutionized electronics engineering in the areas of communication systems and information technology and the converging fields. Convergence in technology, protocol and industry is inevitable. As noticed from the acquisition of the Mabuhay Satellite Corporation by Asia Broadcast Satellite (ABS) in 2010, industrial convergence redefines the global exposure of the knowledge-capital economy provided by educational institutions in the proximity. ABS is one of the fastest growing premium global satellite operators in the world. With diverse IP transit through its Asian, African, European and the Middle East internet gateways, ABS offers a complete range of tailored solutions including broadcasting, cellular backhaul, VSAT and Internet backbone services. The ABS’ satellite fleet includes five satellites (ABS-1, ABS-1A, ABS-2i, ABS-3 and ABS-7) with its sixth satellite (ABS-2) scheduled to launch in January 2014. The ABS-2 satellite will be located in geostationary orbit at 75˚East and fitted with up to 89 active C, Ku, and Ka-band transponders. It will provide optimized direct TV broadcast, multimedia applications, telecommunications and data transmission services for Asia Pacific, Africa, Middle East, Europe and Russia/CIS countries. ABS has also ordered two new Boeing 720SP satellites with the options to add more satellites over the next 2 to 3 years to its growing satellite fleet. Columban College is a Christ-centered Catholic educational institution owned by the Diocese of Iba and guided by the motto: ―We are Christ’s and not our own. The College is dedicated to serve the needs of Olongapo City and the towns of Zambales and its neighboring provinces. The main campus is located at Barangay Asinan and the other campuses are in Barrio Barretto and Barangay Naulo, Sta. Cruz, Zambales. The Engineering

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Department is located in the Barretto campus offering Civil Engineering, Electronics Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Industrial Engineering and Computer Engineering programs. The Electronics Engineering (ECE) program has started since 1998 and has been adding new Electronics Engineers to the larger pool of ECE professionals since 2003. The findings of the study can present feedback to educators and administrators as to how the program outcomes can be realized. This paper is a quest to find the requirements of engineering education from an aggressive intern opportunity towards integrating the industrial and academic perspective. Equipping electronics engineering students with the skills and knowledge required to be successful in the industry near the academic institution must be a major thrust of the Electronics Engineering Department of Columban College. Today, ABS employs ten ECE graduates of Columban College. The congruence of skills required in their career in satellite and their undergraduate study should be evaluated, not only through tracer studies that assess the graduate employability, but also through immersion in the very exciting company in a satellite industry that they belong. The investigation regarding the demands of professional practice in a satellite industry promoted reflectionfor-action from the perspective of an educator. As the engineering education curricula are facing a number of challenges, including a rapid growth in what is perceived by the technical community to be a necessary foundation of knowledge, the gap between the academe and the industry is more apparent. Herewith deficiencies must be identified and interventions must be integrated in the academic coursework. As the international standards and the goals of engineering education reiterates the fundamental purpose of engineering education to build a knowledge base and attributes to enable the graduate to continue learning and to proceed to formative 33

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development that will develop the competencies required for independent practice, benchmarking in the sole satellite operator in the Philippines leverage the research pursuit from a global community minding the competitiveness of its graduates because in Asia Broadcast Satellite the world is flat. Figueiredo (2008) models a whole engineer as the combination of the four dimensions of the engineering profession, namely a strategist, a scientist, a businessman and a doer. Moreover, the graduate attributes profile of an engineer as reflected from the program or student education outcomes of the engineering program from ABET Criteria 2000 include technical understanding, technical engineering capabilities, community responsibility and personal capabilities. This classification shows that the technical understanding and engineering capabilities, namely knowledge, analysis, design, investigation and tool use are related to technical engineering knowledge and its applications. The seven other attributes are related to community responsibility and personal capabilities specifically society, environment, ethics, individual and team collaboration, communications and life-long learning are related to broader knowledge , skills, capabilities and attributes that are considered to be essential for an engineer to be able to perform in the 21st century. As these qualities are essential attributes that must be possessed by each graduate completing the program, it follows that they must be subjected to assessment. This study pursued the competencies required for effective action in a satellite company. Furthermore, this study is an assessment of the ECE departmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s performance in the perspective of Satellite Communications.

Methodology This academia-industry interaction is a quest to establish the level of competence of the ECE graduating students in their 34

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pursuit of a satellite career after graduation. Success indicators in a satellite industry were incorporated in the Course Experience Questionnaire authored by the proponent. A four-part written pre-test technical examination was conducted. After a two week industrial immersion, the same examination was administered as a post-test. Deficiencies and corresponding interventions were identified through the different satellite careers of the ECE graduates of Columban College currently employed in ABS and observation of the proponent. There were 20 respondents covered by this study broken down as follows: (1) 10 ECE graduating students of Columban College; and (2)10 ECE graduates of Columban College employed in ABS. Data gathering consisted of a pre-test technical examination administered to the ECE graduating class before the industrial immersion. In collaboration with a spacecraft engineer and flight dynamics/mission analyst engineer, a two-part technical exam was authored by the researcher incorporating the common terminologies encountered in the operations room and the calculation of delta velocity where strategies for adjustment in the orbital position done in maneuvering are derived. An OJT program was devised by the TAC 2 supervisor and approved by the manager from UK. An introduction to antenna, baseband and RF systems were provided during the first week. Overview of data services, video broadcast services through satellite and link budget analysis was done in the second week. Through the onthe-job training of the ECE graduating class exceptional experiences were gained through exposing their mind in a real situation. They obtained the basic principles from the academic point and then eventually through this program they apply it to an industry situation where they are mentored by practicing engineers. It does not only give the studentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s experiential knowledge, but also give a new sense of living. It can help the

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students prepare more in facing their job and to build a harmonious relationship with workmates in the near future. A post-test technical examination was administered along with the Course Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) authored by the proponent. The survey incorporated 50 questions in 5-point Likert scale response options and an invitation to include freeform comments. The first 11 questions on the CEQ survey are the program or student education outcomes of the Electronics Engineering program from ABET Criteria 2000 that specify what students are expected to know and be able to do by the time of graduation. These relate to the skill, knowledge and behaviors that the students acquire as they go through the program. In order to verify salient competencies required in ABS, survey questions 12 to 45 are devised to indicate the level of agreement of the respondent relative to the acquisition of key competencies necessary to be transferred to real-life situations in the context of Satellite Communications. Lack of this ability prevents highly knowledgeable students from becoming competent in this field. Survey question 46 measures the readiness of the student to be involved in a 24/7 operation combatting its hardships and affliction. Survey questions 47 to 50 evaluate Columban College in developing a job-ready graduate. Interview questions for ECE graduates from Columban College and managers are devised to investigate on salient points further. The experts, by experience, were involved to assess studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; readiness in their professional practice as well as in the mobilization of the pursuit made by the academe to eliminate the disconnection of the classroom setup from the broad crosssection of the engineering community. The informal encounters with managers from different countries conveyed the steps pursued by the academic institution and the Philippines in general. Comparison with the educational system and industry sandwich programs enables the proponent to rethink reform of the ECE curriculum in the Philippines relative to the standard of 36

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other advanced countries. This preliminary step will serve as a guide for the next batch of ECE learner.

Results and Discussion Assessment Result of the ECE Graduating Students. This study investigated how well Electronics Engineering graduating students and Electronics Engineering graduates employed in Asia Broadcast Satellite perceive they were prepared for work in a satellite communication industry. Based on the observation, qualitative analysis of the Course Experience Questionnaire and interview, graduates and the graduating students felt that overall, they were not prepared for work in the satellite industry. Little is known about how well prepared final-year Electronics Engineering students perceive themselves to enter the satellite career. The amount of student learning and personal development associated with any educational program is directly proportional to the quality and quantity of student involvement in that program. To realize student learning and personal development associated with the Electronics Engineering program, a four-part written pre-test technical examination was conducted. After a two-week industrial immersion, the same examination was administered as a post-test. Table II summarizes the measured learning outcome of the multiple choice examination under the technical ability examination on Satellite Communication and the result of the pretest and posttest administered to the 10 ECE graduating students of Columban College. Range of scores in the pre-test examination reveals 5 out of 30 as the lowest score and 21 out of 30 as the highest score. After a two week industrial immersion, the same examination was administered as a post-test. An improvement in the result was 37

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noticed as reflected in Figure 2 but 21 out 30 remains the highest score. The first part consists of 30 multiple choice tests focusing on the origin of satellite communication, satellite frequency allocation and band spectrum, types of satellite, design of satellite communication system and multiple satellite access techniques. Since communications satellite system is an extension of the line of sight (LOS) microwave technology, it is necessary to gauge the understanding of ECE graduating students in basic concepts of Wireless Communication through this board exam type questions. As Wireless Communication is incorporated in the first semester of the fifth year subjects, students are expected to acquire the competencies of the course. Wireless Communication as part of the Communication Track Elective includes the concepts of signal transmission modes, spread spectrum modulation system, terrestrial microwave, satellite systems, satellite multiple access techniques, terrestrial and satellite systems path calculations and link budgets. These satellite communication concepts are compressed in the two chapter allocation in Wireless Communication as suggested by CMO 24 Series of 2008 Annex III. This examination also revealed the preparation of the ECE graduating class to possible board exam question. It can be interpreted that the result is a consequence of the Communications 4 subject because most of the shortfall is in the altitude classifications for satellite orbits as can be seen in entries 9 to 13 and multiple access schemes as can be seen in 19 to 23, 26 to 27 and 29 to 30.One of the course competencies of Satellite Communication concepts should include the specification of modern satellite system design, multiple access, modulation and coding schemes as part of critical network requirement. In ABS as their satellite transponders have C, Ku and Ka band beams, the ability to identify the characteristics, properties and attribute the aforementioned to the design of the link is a primary competency. As reflected in entry 18 of Table II, students were not able to 38

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improve in the measured learning outcome of ability to identify the characteristics and properties of Ka band among options. The Ka band is primarily used for two-way consumer broadband and military networks. Dishes can be much smaller and typically range from 60cm-1.2m (2' to 4') in diameter. Transmission power is much greater compared to the other band beams. Due to the higher frequencies of this band, it can be more vulnerable to signal quality problems caused by rain fade. Two significant nuances between traditional satellite using X, C, Ku, Ka bands and HTS-band satellite using Ku and Ka are spot beam architecture and Ka-band frequency. As High Throughput Satellite (HTS) services will be the emerging environment for high-value networks, knowledge of the contemporary issues should be assessed. The second part of the technical ability examination is comprised of 21 definition problems authored by a spacecraft engineer. It focused on the orbital aspects, basic terminologies in Satellite Communication and mission analysis of satellite communication such as the satellite roll, pitch, yaw, inclination, longitude, latitude and eccentricity. The frequency distribution of the number of students with the correct definition in the pretest and posttest is depicted. Most of the students were not able to define any entry as depicted in Figure 3 and a 4 out 21 was the highest score. This satellite engineering terminology is prerequisite. On the other hand, students were not able to define even basic keyword such as demodulator which was defined correctly by 2 out 10 students in the pre-test. After a two-week industrial immersion, as part of the posttest, a tremendous increase of correct responses was clearly shown. A student was able to define 21 out of 21 relevant keywords in satellite engineering. The third part involves identification of 60 basic terminologies used in the day-to-day activities of the Network Operations Center. The frequency distribution of the number of students with 39

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the correct keywords in the pretest and posttest of Part III is depicted in Figure 4 and 5. Most of the students were not able to identify any entry and a 9 out 60 was the highest score. After the industrial immersion, a student was able to identify 20 out of 60 basic terminologies used in the operations room. As part of the two-chapter allocation of satellite communication in the subject Wireless Communication, students should understand Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSAT). As mobile operators are upgrading from 3G and planned 4G networks to remote and rural areas, VSAT growth is expected to be increasingly significant part of the Electronics Engineering profession. In satellite communication as a ubiquitous technology, VSAT should be attributed to business perspective. Terminologies included starts with VSAT terminal major components, satellite application and the some of the important terminology in the workplace. Part IV investigates the inclination of satellites. ABS 3 is already inclined and this will allow ABS to sell OCB equipment for tracking. Inclined orbit is a condition that occurs when a satellite is no longer corrected in velocity along the north-south direction. Many satellite orbits are inclined by accident because it is not easy to launch satellites into their pre-determined orbits. A satellite operator might also want an inclined orbit as what is done in ABS3. The students were not able to give one reason why this is intended as illustrated in Figure 6. On the contrary, inclined orbit was thoroughly explained by every student during the posttest. Part V was authored by a mission analyst and flight dynamics engineer. The first problem asks the students to calculate the velocity of a geostationary satellite given the earth constants for earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s central gravity and earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rotation rate. The second problem relays the main job of the mission analyst that is to maintain the orbit of the satellite. In line with this, the students were not able to exhibit problem solving skill in this aspect. After 40

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the industrial immersion, 5 out of 10 students were able to derive the velocity of a geostationary satellite as illustrated in Figure 7. As relayed by the spacecraft engineer and the mission analyst flight dynamics engineer during the industrial immersion, station keeping is done using thrusters which, of course, produce a thrust that affects the elements of the orbit. This thrust is generally measured and known in the Satellite Industry as Delta Velocity, Delta V or ΔV, measured in m/s. The effects of these maneuvers depend on where the thrusters are positioned relative to the satellite. The thrust is a relatively important capacity of a satellite since it is through the understanding of its strategies that orbit transfers, relocations, de-orbit or decommissioning, collocations and all other adjustments are made. The students are asked to calculate for the changes in semi-major axis ―a‖, drift rate ―D‖ and eccentricity ―e‖ for a Delta V of 1 m/s taking into account that a maneuver in the direction of the satellite motion is positive delta V and typically introduced by thrusters on the west-face of the satellite. Since the calculation entails tedious computation, the students were not able to answer this question during the pretest and posttest. A course experience questionnaire (CEQ) authored by the researcher was administered to the ECE graduating students after the two-week industrial immersion. The Modified Program or Student Education Outcomes of the Electronics Engineering Program from ABET Criteria 2000 scale is the assessment of the program or student outcomes. The first 11 entries specify what students are expected to know and be able to do by the time of graduation. As an ABET’s definition of engineering (1985), ―Engineering is a profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize, economically the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.

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Engineering involves social change in an essential way. The critical role of the tensions between science and business in shaping the engineering profession is reiterated by the fact that engineering is a scientific profession, yet the test of engineers work lies not in the laboratory, but in the marketplace [2]. Professional discretion and judgment could entail hazardous engineering activity in the satellite industry that will cause loss of revenue on the part of the company. Herewith, engineering design must commensurate importance because it is the very core of the engineering profession. The Student Outcomes relate to the skills, knowledge, and behaviors that the students acquire as they go through the program. Herewith as depicted in Table III, the ECE is graduating students perceived their strengths as the ability to work in multidisciplinary and multi-cultural teams, life-long learning, awareness of contemporary issues and the ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering. Attention must be rendered to the shortfall in the ability to communicate effectively, understand the effects of engineering solutions in a comprehensive context, analyze data, tool use and design of a system, component or process to meet desired needs in the perspective of a satellite industry. As revealed from the result, the students have not acquired the fundamental knowledge of Digital Communications, Wireless Communication and Satellite communications during their undergraduate study. The Principles of Communications subject was not able to provide a sound base in the science of telecommunication engineering and Satellite Communications. The subject Digital Communications does not lay the foundations necessary to understand the transmitter baseband throughput, modulation/coding, hub or remote modem output power in relation to the C/N at the receiving end. In the subject Digital Communication, the coding techniques such as Forward Error Correction (FEC) particularly Turbo FEC in Satellite modems 42

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were not discussed. FEC codes such as Reed-Solomon, Viterbi, TPC, eTPC and LDPC were not discussed in Digital Communication and Wireless Communication. In Digital Communication, the effect of phase noise in low modulation schemes such as BPSK and higher modulation scheme such as BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK and QAM particularly 16 QAM are not taught and related to decoding. In the subject Digital Communication, the performance of digital satellite systems is not introduced relating to the estimation of bit error rate which is based on carrier to noise ratio. In the subject Digital Communication the importance of MODCOD (Modulation and Coding), Spectral Efficiency, Eb/No for BER in relation to maximum data rate are not introduced significantly. The subject Digital Communications does not lay the foundations necessary to understand the relationship between the MODCOD (Modulation and Coding) and changes in the RF link in relation to IP throughput. Moreover, the subject Microwave Communications have not presented Satellite Communication as a special type of communication link, complete with its own design formats, analysis procedures and performance characteristics to the communication engineer. VSAT technology is not discussed in Wireless and/or Microwave Communications. Students were not able to synthesize the relationship of Electronics and Communications in engineering solutions. For example, Forward Error Correction techniques in satellite communication and broadcasting systems improve link budget without the use of expensive power amplifiers and large dishes. Electronics 1 and 2 were not able to relate amplifiers and its impact to Satellite Communications. The power amplifiers in Satellite systems such as TWTA and SSPA are not introduced in Wireless Communications and/or Microwave Electronics as the main contributor of interference issues. Its impact on the performance of a link were not discussed using transfer curve as a visual aid in the analysis of transmit power versus output backoff 43

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and output backoff versus input backoff of the SSPA or TWTA transponder transfer curve. The amplifying action in Electronics 1 and 2 is not comparable to saturation where in an amplifier reaches the non-linear part of the power transfer. Its effect in spectrum spreading is not further investigated. Intermodulation was not discussed in Principles of Communication in this context. Overall, instructional materials have not strengthened the problem-solving expertise of the students and will not carry them into successful careers in Satellite Communication industry. Unanimously with a rating of â&#x20AC;&#x2022;Agree, students perceived the technical knowledge they acquired in their undergraduate study is limited to be applied in a Satellite Communication career. Since the satellite communications is a fast-pacing industry with lots of new challenges, it is always on the forefront and there is never a dull moment. Satellites are working on technology that literally connects the world. With this, students remain to be excited about their potential career and course work in Satellite Communication. Assessment Result of the ECE Graduates Employed in ABS. The field of satellite communications is overcrowded. In this note, it means the satellite industry is interdisciplinary. Since satellite industry engineers provide engineering support for satellites and ground systems, it is recognized that ECE graduates will continue to build on the foundations that their engineering education has provided. This section unveils the relevance of the engineering education imparted to the ECE graduates employed in ABS by the ECE department in the perspective of the satellite industry. In line with this, Table VI illustrates that the 10 ECE graduates employed in ABS felt the technical knowledge they acquired from their undergraduate study is limited to be applied in a Satellite Communication career. In deference to the preceding, the study seeks the adjustments and interventions needed to make them competitive and prepared. In line with this, survey responses will 44

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be presented for each department. Unanimous level of feedback regarding the deficiency in laboratory equipment such as modulator, demodulator and test equipment specifically spectrum analyzer and the scalar analyzer was accumulated. Since the old curriculum of the ECE program does not include a practicum program, no exposure in the actual field was rendered. Too much concentration on books was practiced by the professors, as per 2012 graduate. Satellite operation and orbital analysis were not included in the two-chapter allocation for Satellite Communications in the subject Wireless Communication. Reinforcement of the shortfall continues to be expected since Communications 4 in the ECE prospectus comprises both Wired and Wireless Communication. Communications 5 which is the last Electronic Communication subject deals with Microwave Design. Interview with a TAC member revealed that the graduate just realized the novelty of the subject during job tasks in the TAC team. The BBS Philippines. The site consists of four groups, the Fleet Operations Group, Ground and Teleport Support Group (GSS), TAC and MCR. During the acquisition of MSC by ABS, selected 2012 graduating students were given the opportunity to have a practicum in BBS as part of the clean-up drive. These students worked in the GSS. Today two of the three students are employed in the Sat Ops and MCR department. Satellite Career in the MCR Group. Since the MCR Operations Engineer is responsible for the provision of network services and maintenance of BBS systems, including satellite digital TV broadcasting systems and data systems, the job requires the graduate to have know-how in monitoring Video Automation System and Master Control for Satellite TV. The group handles real time program transmission operation for both pre-recorded materials playout and live broadcast, prepares on45

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air materials, monitors performance of broadcasting services, handle ad hoc situation for the operation and prepares operational report for service outage and abnormalities. The job requiresan understanding of broadcast operations, strong problem solving and communication skills, good command of spoken English, self-motivated and great sense of responsibility. Candidates with less experience will be considered as Junior MCR Operations Engineer. One of the three graduates of Columban College, employed in the MCR department is a Media Control Room Operations Engineer. The graduate imparted her main task is to monitor the channels they are transmitting in BBS to their customers. The team does an hourly monitoring of the video and audio quality of the transmitted channels and also the video and audio quality on the receiver side. They also ensure the carrier frequencies of the monitored channels are on the nominal rate. As a whole the MCR is responsible in making sure that the programs for the channels they are transmitting will be received by their customers are in good quality. They are ensuring there will be no â&#x20AC;&#x2022;lost on-airâ&#x20AC;&#x2013; job for all the channels. Since the group is dealing with SPA, exposure to the technical applications of broadcasting via satellite is recommended to the academe. Satellite Career in Satellite Operations. Three ECE graduates of Columban College are employed in the Satellite Operations (SatOps) team. Their main task is monitoring of spacecrafts in orbit. They are capable of executing orbit and maneuver plans provided by Satellite Engineering (SatEng) and Mission groups. They are responsible for issuing spacecraft commands and monitoring and analyzing telemetry, and implementing corrective actions. They manage software and hardware used to operate the spacecraft, detect system anomalies, degradation or failures. During the undergraduate study, students need to know more how satellite works and moves around the world. Since OJT in this department is not 46

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possible due to ITAR, satellite operation and orbital analysis must be included in the Satellite Communication subject. Students also need to know some basic commands and programs that are used in operations. The Computer Fundamentals and Programming plays a vital role in this aspect. Today, Computer Fundamentals and Programming (ITE 101C) is in the First Year (Second Semester) curriculum. For the ECE curriculum, this is the only subject where programming is supposed to be incorporated. Satellite Career in Spacecraft Engineering. The spacecraft engineer manages the spacecraft maneuvers, performance, orbit or simply all about spacecraft activities. The Satellite Engineering and Mission Analyst manage the state of health covering the fleet of satellites, detect, decide and react immediately to all satellite anomalies and prepare to take whatever action necessary to restore the satellite to its normal configuration. The spacecraft engineer manages daily satellite operations activities and prepares command procedures and manages the execution of command procedures during stationkeeping maneuvers and normal on-orbit operations. Two problems regarding the satellite are launching and putting the satellite into geostationary orbit following Keplerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Laws and maintaining the satellite into its orbit. Once the satellite is launched into space on a rocket and is inserted into the operational orbit, it will be maintained in that orbit by means of thrusters onboard the satellite itself. They also decide how to safeguard the satellite in case of anomaly during contingency operations. His job includes preparation of biweekly, monthly satellite health and satellite activities report. He also prepares documentation for all satellite activities and anomalies. This job may require excellent computer skills and the ability to write software programs, as well as strong written and verbal communication skills. The spacecraft engineer imparted the deficiencies in his undergraduate study in the field of Satellite Communications that is necessary in the current job. He believes 47

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it would be better if the graduate have more knowledge and skills in programming and have deep knowledge in Communications, Electronics, Math, Physics, Thermodynamics, Navigational Aids, Logic Circuits, Data Communication, Celestial Mechanics, Astronomical Physics, Trigonometry, Applied Physics, Calculus, Integral Calculus, Differential Equations, Statistics, Geometry, Analytic Geometry and Algebra which could be a great leverage to quickly solve a problem especially during anomalies, gather and analyze spacecraft data, automate daily operation and lessen operation difficulties, etc. Adjustments of the ECE Department of Columban College include enhancement of problem solving skills, experimental curiosity and learning independence of students. Students must be able to acquire self-directed learning, read more and be more aggressive in learning more. Students must not be complacent and try to absorb and understand all ECE subjects. Someday all knowledge acquired will be great advantage handling work related job and problems. Students must explore outside their campus and invest in knowing the current technology around. It would be better to have OJT not only in satellite operators but as well as telecommunications, data handling, broadcasting companies or any related companies. Additional comment on the Electronics Engineering Department of Columban College was provided. ECE is a very broad course and has a long list of subjects that should be focused on. It will be a good strategy to focus more in the basic subjects which will be the students core then let them focus more in the skills and experience as well as their attitude. A spacecraft engineer must be detail-oriented and analytical, with an understanding of spacecraft subsystems, satellite communication systems, spacecraft operations and ground control systems. Satellite operations engineersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; responsibilities can include the more complex testing and analysis activities involving satellite operations such as launch, early-orbit operations and anomaly support. At the last part of the interview 48

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question, the respondents were asked to rank the following from 1 to 10 according to importance 1 being the highest. Herewith, Table VII summarizes the important abilities and competencies commensurate with its importance in the perspective of each satellite career. In the spacecraft engineering career, accuracy and attention to detail ranked first since the main job are in maneuvering and orbital corrections of the spacecraft. Orbital correction is carried out by the command of the TT&C earth station which monitors the satellite position. East-west and North-south station keeping maneuvers are usually carried out using the same thrusters as are used for altitude control. Taking responsibility and decisions ranked second demanded for decision making regarding anomalies. This entails originality in problem solving since it considers a complex engineering problem because it has no obvious solution and require originality in the analysis. As revealed in Table VII, for the spacecraft engineering oral communication skills, working under pressure, planning, coordinating and organizing, working independently, time management initiative and adaptability follows respectively. Working in a team ranked last but should not be regarded as the least since all these soft skills are required in a satellite career. In the satellite operations career, the three respondents decided as a team and as a group agree on one ranking, working under pressure being the highest and working independently as the last. G. Satellite Career in Ground Support System (GSS). The facility manages the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s orderliness and functionality. The GSS set up and configure ground communications support. The RF team prepares transmission of TT&C carriers (Telemetry, Tracking and Command). Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TT&C) is a system that provides two-way communication between an earth station and the satellite to monitor spacecraft systems and to send instructions for changes. These carriers are 49

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used for ranging and tracking. The deficiencies of the undergraduate study in the field of Satellite Communications that is necessary in the current job of the GSS group reiterated the unfamiliarity with equipment used in Satellite Communication especially test equipments. Suggested adjustments to make the graduates of the ECE Department of Columban College competitive and prepared in the field of Satellite Communication include more exposure to the industry, not only with satellite communication but broad exposure to different industries. Satellite Career in Network Operations Center-Technical Assistance Center. The NOC-TAC group is responsible for monitoring the operation of all ABS satellite transponders, ABS-1, ABS-1A, ABS-2i, ABS 2, ABS-3 and ABS-7. Its main function is to ensure the efficient use of both C- and Ku-band transponders by monitoring the signals of all users so that they are operating within a nominal power level. It is the main concern of the group to ensure that there is an effective utilization of its available bandwidth. The company is working on different aspects to make sure the customers have uninterrupted communications which is so vital in their operations. The NOC TAC 1, TAC 2 and TAC 3 are concerned with customer support, payload and ground respectively. The TAC group handles interference following guidelines starting with customer report, logging of information, gathering of information, traffic restoration and isolation of the source of interference. As a general rule, the group never takes the word of an uplink operator as the only proof. They always have the operator demonstrate to the TAC team member what the uplink operator is doing and ask lots of specific questions. Moreover, in the TAC group, proficiency with technical writing skill is important for effective communication. As revealed in Table VII, the two respondents ranked oral communication skills as the highest since this satellite career entails responding to emails and phone calls. Professional appearance and professional demeanor are important in responding to clients, co-workers and 50

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supervisors. In ABS beyond technical skills, interpersonal skill is necessary because professionals here work together in a cooperative environment. As an industry where the world is flat brought about by the convergence of companies of MSC and ABS, shifting towards a knowledge-based economy relied on human capital. Their knowledge means capacity for effective action, which includes information, belief and understanding of causalities that are useful for effective action. Consistent with Table VII, working independently ranked last since professionals in this group discuss among themselves the problems or issues to be solved. This allows them to consider the viewpoint of each other, develop a sense of teamwork and use their critical thinking skills at the same time. This calls for the realization regarding the difference of industry and academic environment. In ABS, regardless of position, educational attainment and culture, employees nurture the sense of belongingness and respect the contribution of one another to accomplish a common goal that is to close the link of communication. Affective Evaluation of the ECE Graduating Students. Observation of activities in the NOC/TAC group to measure the affective domain of ECE graduating students was made by the proponent. Interaction with industry practitioners who have volunteered their time, expertise, effort and enthusiasm promoted self-assessment of their individual skill set technically and emotionally. Before the blossoming of their ability to compete, industry immersion learning commenced with the first day jitter. The affective domain consists of self-identity, self-value, self-directedness, and self-accountability factors. As their professor who had an industry immersion in the same company, it is also important that experiences are shared so that they may be able to establish issues and concerns looking both at student's and the professor's perspective. The students entered the area of Satellite Communication with just a little concrete idea of what it 51

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is all about. They took chances to learn all the things that they could learn within a limited period of time given to them as their interests in communication field go fonder. Exceptional experiences were gained through exposing their mind in a real situation. Learning the basic principles from the academic point and applying it to an industry for a better understanding. As the TAC group is the interface of the company to their customers, the students displayed cooperation and modesty in every task given to them without showing their limited technical ability at hand. The students witnessed the job done by the TAC team and identified their ability in this activity. Employers want from their employees the skills that will contribute innovation in their company. A lot of books from the academe was just to satisfy the buds of their mind, but in the industry, they found the substance that they were craving for. Being exposed to an industry as a trainee does not only give them experiential knowledge, it also gave them a new sense of living. It will help them prepare a harmonious relationship with their workmates in the near future. It was really appreciable to encounter professionals who were willing to teach and help them understand the things they want to learn. Everything starts with the first day of queries, how to act professionally while asking questions is very important. Assessment of the behavior should consider the type of environment and people in the surrounding. Once the largest U.S. military naval base in Asia, history reveals the global competitiveness required in SBMA as it continues to be one of the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s major economic engines. As maritime and electronics firms are Subic Bayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s top employers, career opportunities require the critical need for the ability to work effectively in multidisciplinary and multi-cultural teams. That is to become competent engineers must work effectively with people who define problems differently than oneself, specifically depending upon the culture. 52

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Global competency adds to engineering education the human dimensions of how to address employers and supervisors from different countries. In carrying out engineering work, it is necessary that engineers and non-engineers negotiate and decide among themselves the solution to the complex engineering problems. Filipinos in the TAC group as service providers of satellite applications should manage a blended portfolio of customers, thus creating value that differentiates their services. Creating customer value needs to operate at peak performance, optimize and extend network operations and deliver a customer experience. As satellite operators deliver capacity through diverse business models, minimizing risk, answering calls of customers requires a comprehensive understanding of customers. This entails another dimension of global competitiveness. Since BBS Philippines values professional culture and teamwork, human relation is not a problem in the workplace. The readiness of the ECE graduating students to belong in this ideal environment was investigated. Failure to show good work ethics and pleasing personality will mean declinable employment as revealed by one of the TAC engineers. Deliberate modesty by being low profile in the workplace was observed. Every day was an opportunity to meet the management team of talented and experienced professionals through the operation or lunch. Interview-like conversations with managers and supervisors were grabbed as an opportunity to assess the preparedness of the ECE graduating students. Problem of cultures can emerge from these situations but was handled gracefully by the students. One of the key enablers is the best regards to emotional intelligence. As a basic rule, intelligence quotient will make one hired, but emotional intelligence will make one promoted. Since the Subic Space Center (SSC) facility is staffed by highly trained personnel and engineers working on a 24/7 operating schedule tedious efforts are done to make a 24/7 operation 53

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possible. In evaluating the ECE graduating students, their readiness to belong in this workload was investigated since the behavior of people is related to the amount of sleep. During the industrial immersion, the ECE graduating students bravely embraced the affliction of the schedule and displayed enormous enthusiasm to learn as rated with a summary evaluation of â&#x20AC;&#x2022;Agree. Learning is the foundation of education and experience is the substance of learning. As students endlessly crave for knowledge, it is indeed a great opportunity to be exposed in an industry where they can perceive the things they want to know while in the process of learning. Studentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s curiosity must not be contained in the school. It must be sprouted out in an industry where they can see their strength and flaws while learning to learn. Assessment Result as Change Agents. The implementation of the OBE curriculum in all engineering courses as stated in CMO 37 Series of 2012, had given a positive implication to measure quality education not only through effectiveness, efficiency and sustainability but also of relevance. Relevance in education would mean addressing the needs of the students and employers of today and providing the future graduates a curriculum of global comparability. This is a big enigma to the higher education institutions offering engineering programs. Moreover, SBMA is anticipated as the most competitive international service and logistics center in the Southeast region. Quality assurance may vary depending on the field of activity. As Juran (1999) defined quality as fitness for purpose [3]. The relevance of a higher education institution specifically Columban College must consider the need of the industries where its graduates will be employed after graduation. Taking advantage of the 500 hours spent in ABS, the practicum became a communication channel between the institution and industry for feedback on the quality of the teaching-learning process and the relevance of the curriculum 54

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contents to the global marketplace. Moreover, the industry immersion education enabled the students to show immense personal and professional growth. Herewith, the ECE course must be reviewed and modified in accordance to the requirement of the industry within close proximity Asia Broadcast Satellite is a young, dynamic and fast growing global satellite operator, with an entrepreneurial and creative business approach. A satellite career in ABS leverages the exposure of its engineers to globally since ABS has offices and executives based in Bermuda, United States, Dubai, South Africa, Germany, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia and Hongkong. ABS operates a fleet of six satellites and has procured two Boeing satellites, allowing ABS to provide global coverage to their customers. In addition to the successful expansion of their global satellite fleet, the company invested significantly in their ground facilities and teleports in the Philippines, Bahrain and Tel Aviv. ABS has signed a multi-year and multi-million dollar contract agreement with FOX International Channels Philippines Corporation (FIC) for MCPC services, playout and satellite capacity on ABS-1 and ABS-2 satellites. In the year 2013, the company had made several senior appointments globally as they continue to grow and expand their leadership level and expertise. Moving forward, ABS is committed to the long term global growth of the company by exploring innovated opportunities to increase its fleet and global footprint. They are continuing their efforts to secure more expansion slots and leveraging their orbital locations by bringing in new satellites that will complement and expand their global fleet. Dynamic and young as ABS, ECE graduates of Columban College, aspiring satellite career in ABS upon entry in the company will be not given so much time to read manuals and cope with the complex engineering problems encountered in the operations. Since engineering research seeks to advance the practice, investigating and defining the properties of existing systems so that their use can be more appropriate and reliable for 55

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the end-user, there is an identified urgent need to focus the ECE curriculum to Satellite Communications Technology. This is an innovative educational initiative of the researcher to identify the essential core-academic, general education and nonacademic elements that are considered success indicators in the space industry by looking into the different satellite careers in the MCR, satellite operations, spacecraft engineering, GSS and the TAC group. This will lead to better preparation of engineering students to function effectively in global environments such as Asia Broadcast Satellite. As far as the proponent knows, there is no university degree specifically focused on satellite technology in the Philippines. It is usually a specialization under engineering. Prerequisite competency to satellite technology includes an understanding of basic electromagnetic wave propagation and characteristics, communications theory and basic concepts of mechanics and gravitation comprising the satellite technology. Aside from a comprehensive overview of satellite technology, its application and management are required foremost to practical understanding of the basic construction and usage of commercial satellite networks, how parts of a satellite system function, how the various components interact and the role each component plays. Since elective subjects in the ECE curriculum can be geared towards the need of the industry in close proximity to the academic institution specifically Columban College, modification is herewith suggested. In line with this, the researcher recommends Satellite Communication in Elective 3 instead of Telemetry. A recommended syllabus is devised. Values grid is integrated in the syllabus to incorporate the nontechnical attributes necessary to a satellite career. In conclusion, the competencies and graduate attributes are interpreted in the perspective of Satellite Communication through industrial immersion of the ECE faculty and the ECE graduating 56

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students. Assessment of the ECE graduates of Columban College, employed in ABS was also conducted to identify the deficiencies of the ECE Department. Interventions are suggested by the researcher and the ten graduates of Columban College to ameliorate to some extent the industry-academe gap identified. The Course Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) was conducted to determine the studentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s preparedness in pursuing their profession in the field of Satellite Communication after graduation. Certain issues like their degree of preparation academically and emotionally were established. It was achieved through the technical examination and CEQ administered to the group of respondents before and after their industrial immersion. Shortfall in technical preparation is identified. On the other hand, fostering soft skills such as communication, interpersonal skills, ability to work in teams and leadership potential must commensurate significance while students learn technical skills. With the uncovered communication processes for satellite communication through engaging in VSAT-based Satellite Transmission Network activities and NOC activities particularly by working with a Technical Assistance Center Engineer, learning experiences have provided the researcher and the ECE graduating students meaningful context of the ECE profession, integrated subject domains necessary for Satellite Communications, emphasized active learning and design, promoted reflection and self-assessment of learning and lectures taught to students and provided significant interaction with experts by experience and faculty as coach. As their professor who had an industry immersion in the same company, it is important to measure the practicum experience to establish issues and concerns looking both at student's and professor's perspective. Moreover, the learning experience fosters systems thinking looking at the holistic view of the four dimensions of the engineering profession namely as a strategist, scientist, businessman and a doer. A missing ingredient for success in the satellite industry is not only 57

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technical ability but also marketing acumen. Herewith, engineering activities in a satellite company elevate the importance of ethical, environmental, political and societal concerns as a lifeline of general communications technology. While the principles of satellite technology remain constant, the satellite industry is one of the most dynamic sectors of the global economy. Since the industry is constantly changing and progressing, career in the industry requires more of an aptitude to learn and adapt to changing situations than a rigid technical training. Herewith, ECE graduating students remain excited about potential career and course work in Satellite Communication. REFERENCES ABC of Knowledge Management. Retrieved from the website http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/knowledge/docs/ABC_ of_KM.pdf Airasian, Peter & Miranda, Helena. (2002). The Role of Assessment in the Revised Taxonomy. THEORY INTO PRACTICE, 41(4), 248-254. Anderson, L. W., &Krathwohl, D. R. (Eds.). (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching and assessing: A revision of Bloom's Taxonomy of educational objectives. New York : Longman. APEC Engineer Register: The Philippine Assessment Statement. (June 2007). Retrieved September 3, 2013 from the website http://www.ieagreements.org/APEC/documents/PHILIPPINE_AS_2 007_V2.pdf Bettinger, Dave.( December 5, 2013). Expect More from Your VSAT Network. A webinar retrieved January 1, 2014 from the website https://event.webcast.com Bhatt, Sanjay. (November 28, 1995). Academia, industry converge. Retrieved from the website http://www.dukechronicle.com/articles/1995/11/29/academiaindustry-converge Burstein, L., &Winters, L. (1994, June). Curricular Alignment: A ReExamination.Workshop on models for collecting and using

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opportunity to learn at the state level. Unpublished material, Albuquerque, NM. Pages 255-260 Educating Engineers for the 21st Century – The Industry View. Retrieved August 30, 2013 from the website http://www.raeng.org.uk/events/pdf/Session_1.pdf Felder, Richard & Brent, Rebecca. (2004). THE ABC’S OF ENGINEERING EDUCATION: ABET, BLOOM’S TAXONOMY, COOPERATIVE LEARNING, AND SO ON. Proceedings of the 2004 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition.Retrieved December 6, 2013 from the websitehttp://www4.ncsu.edu/unity/lockers/users/f/felder/publi c/Papers/ASEE04(ABCs).pdf Figueiredo.(2008). Retrieved December 24, 2013 from the website http://www.slideshare.net/adfigueiredo/toward-an-epistemologyof-engineering-presentation Freyer, Dan. (2010). Liftoff: Careers in Satellite, the World’s First and Most Successful Space Industry. Retrieved December 24, 2013 from the website http://www.aem.umn.edu/teaching/undergraduate/advising_guide /Liftoff_Satellite_Careers.pdf iDirect. (2009, June 1). Satellite Communications and Data Communications Basics. Retrieved June 28, 2013 from the website http://www.idirect.net/Company/~/media/Files/Corporate/iDire ct%20Satellite%20Basics.ashx iDirectiDX 3.2 and X7 Solution Overview. (August 27, 2013). Retrieved November 4, 2013 from the website http://www.satcomnow.com/satcom/pdf/iDirect-X7-iDX32.pdf Juran, Joseph. (1999). Juran’s Quality Handbook. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Katiyar, Sapna. (2009). Satellite Communication 2nd Edition. New Delhi: S. K. Kataria& Sons. Labrador, Virgil S. (2011). The Satellite Technology Guide for the 21st Century. USA: Synthesis Publications LLC. Layton, Edwin (1971). The Revolt of the Engineers: Social Responsibility and the American Engineering Profession. Cleveland, Ohio, The Press of Case Western Reserve University. The APEC Engineer Manual THE IDENTIFICATION OF SUBSTANTIAL EQUIVALENCE.(2009, June).Retrieved September 3, 2013 f

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GRADUATEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S EMPLOYABILITY: A TRACER STUDY FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAM AT COLUMBAN COLLEGE, 2010-2016 Engr. Vivian E. Gutierrez Engr. Greg C. Mallari

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Abstract- The study was conducted to trace the employability of the graduates of the Civil Engineering program of Columban College from 2010-2016. The study used the descriptive research design and the respondents were BSCE graduates. A survey questionnaire was used to gather data. Data collected were subjected to basic descriptive statistical tools such as frequency, percentage, proportions, and mean. From 203 the actual number of graduates, the researchers were able to trace a total of 103 or 51.72% of the total number of graduates from AY 2010 to 2016. The majority of the respondents are gainfully employed and landed a job that is related to the course they took up in college. Most of them are the regular or permanent basis and are working in the Philippines. The majority are professionals working as rank and file in Construction Company. Recommended by someone, walk-in applications and information from a friend are the common tools that graduates considered most helpful in finding jobs. Most of the reasons why graduate changed or stayed in the job are the benefits and salaries, career challenge and related to special skills. Problem Solving Skills and Critical Thinking skills are deemed to be the most useful competencies learned by the graduates of Columban College. Keywords: tracer study, Civil Engineering, employability -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Introduction The Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering of Columban College has graduated over 203 students (see Table 1) since the year 2010 to 2016 but does not keep a database or record of its 60

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graduatesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; whereabouts after graduation. This makes it difficult for the department to know where its graduates are, what they do, are they employed and the challenges they face in order to make civil engineering education relevant, enable curriculum reviews, and make alumni support possible. Graduate surveys constitute one form of experimental study, which can provide valuable information for evaluating the results of the education and training of a specific institution of higher education like Columban College. This information may be used for further development of the institution in the context of quality assurance. Therefore, information on the career education, trainings, employment status, and income of the graduates is needed as well as information on the relevance of knowledge and skills. Graduates might also be asked to assess the study conditions and provisions they experienced retrospectively by employing the survey-questionnaire designed to gather the relevant data needed. The tracer studies presented below are relevant to this survey: RUPP-Tracer Study Report 2010 (for only the internal stakeholders) was done by the Quality Assurance Unit to inform program managers and/or heads of departments regarding the demands of the graduates and update management on employment conditions in Cambodian labor markets. Its findings would be used to expand the existing programs at the University or introduce new programs related to changing market demands. (Vong, 2010). Kaijage (n.d.) conducted a tracer study of the skills and knowledge of B.Com graduates of the University of Dar es Salaam. The study concluded that the knowledge and skills that the graduates obtained from the university were relevant to their jobs. But it also suggested that changes should be made to the program. There are also many other tracer studies conducted all over the Africa and the rest of the world. According to Schomburg (2003), graduate and employer surveys constitute one form of empirical study, which can provide 61

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valuable information for evaluating the results of the education and training of a specific institution of higher education. This information may be used for further development of the institution in the context of quality assurance. In addition Schomburg (2003) cited that a tracer study sometimes also called as “alumni survey” or “follow-up survey” should enable the institution of higher education to get information to indicate possible deficits in a given educational program and to serve as a basis for future planning activities. Information on the professional success (career, status, income) of the graduates are needed as well as information on the relevance of knowledge and skills (relationship between knowledge and skills and work requirements, area of employment, professional position). More so, consequences of university expansion can be determined with respect to the relationship between higher education and work through tracer studies (Teichler, 1981). On the other hand, Holtkamp and Teichler, (1983) study conducted concerning the status of graduate surveys for the restructuring of study programs. These were to identify possible means in order to refer from the professional activities of the graduates to the requirements and potentials of teaching and study programs. Moreover, tracer studies according to Garcia (2003) as cited by Gines (2004) pointed out that tracer studies is an important source of information to know what happened to graduates of academic programs in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). Further findings of tracer studies can be used to define/redefine HEIs mission and market niche and show how academic programs and course offering can be adjusted to reflect institutional goals. Findings can also be used by stakeholders in deciding where to look for skills. Lastly, the evaluation shall provide a basis for further improving existing and or developing a new teacher education curriculum and implementation process. 62

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Another importance of tracer study is that it aids to examine the changes in the career pattern of the graduates in order to provide a basis of evaluation of the current programs and it provides a continuation of the process of evaluation of the performance of the University. These examples indicate that tracer studies are generally conducted to find out about the fates of departmental graduates. They investigate where graduates are, whether they are employed, and employersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; perceptions about the skills and knowledge that civil engineering graduates have. They are also used to obtain feedback from employed alumni and employers on the relevance of the programs offered by different departments. Like most tracer studies, this study addresses the same questions: Are the graduates employable? Is the curriculum relevant? What are the perceptions of graduates and employers about the graduatesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; skills, knowledge and education? The specific objectives of the research include: To trace the graduates of Civil Engineering of Columban College from 20102016 and find out how they have fared in the job market after graduation; to determine the employment/unemployment rate of BSCE graduates and ascertain the reasons for graduatesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; unemployment; to ascertain the competencies learned in college, which graduates found very useful and the skills that should be further developed after graduation; and to follow up the performance of Civil Engineering graduates as basis for curriculum enhancement.

Methodology The study employed descriptive research design since its purpose is to obtain and present facts regarding graduate demographics and investigate their perceptions regarding competencies and values developed in them by the school and the skills that should further be developed by Columban College. Its 63

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main respondents are the Civil Engineering graduates from school year 2010-2016. To facilitate the distribution of the questionnaire, the researcher personally distributed or contacted using the cell phone or Facebook account and email addresses of the graduates. The questionnaires was filled online or may be downloaded as MS Word document or PDF files, which can be duly filled in and sent either as email attachment or hard copies by post. The questionnaires are assumed to be answered honestly and truthfully by the graduates despite their hectic schedule so that the validity and reliability of the study can be assured. Table 1 Distribution of Civil Engineering Graduates per Academic Year Academic Year 2009-2010 2010-2011 Summer 2011 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 Summer 2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 Summer 2016 Total

No. of Traced Graduates Graduates 20 17 24 11 11 9 18 13 11 6 18 8 22 10 24 10 53 19 2 2 203 105

% 85.0 55.0 81.8 72.2 54.5 44.4 45.5 41.7 35.85 100 51.72

Graduates were traced and identified through the help of the office of the Admissions and Registration of the college. From 203 the actual number of civil engineering graduates the researchers were able to trace a total of 105 or 51.72% of the total number of 64

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graduates from A.Y. 2010 to 2016. Thus, convenient sampling was employed in the study. Table 1 presents the actual number of traced graduates of Civil Engineering. The instrument used in this study was the GTS surveyquestionnaire provided by the CHED. The first part of the questionnaire included the profiles of the subjects who responded such as civil status; gender; the second part described the graduatesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; educational background which included: year graduated, reason for taking the course, professional examination, length and number of times taking the board examination. The third part is the training and advanced studies attended after college. The fourth part which is the major component of the instrument is the employment data of the graduates in relation to the reasons why not yet employed if still unemployed at the time of the study; present employment status; present occupation; reasons for staying on the job; reasons for accepting the job; ways of finding the first job; and initial gross monthly income in the first job after college. The last portion of the instrument identifies the relevance of the curricular offerings to the first job of the graduates as well as the competencies/ skills learned in the college useful in the first job of the graduates. There was no more major validation of the instrument done because it was issued by the CHED to facilitate the tracer study of the graduates in the region. However, minor reconstruction on the direction/ instruction was done to simplify the instrument for its face validity. The researchers personally asked the Director of the Admission and Registration Office for the actual listing of the desired respondents which is the graduates of Civil engineering from A.Y. 2010-2016. With the help of the Director of the Admissions and Registration Office and staff, faculty members and friends, currently enrolled students, and e-mail communication, the researchers were able to distribute and retrieve the desired number of the respondents for the study with 65

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a retrieval rate of 105 or 51.72% of the total number of graduates. A total of 203 civil engineering graduated since 2010 to 2016. Different reasons came during retrieval. Some of the graduates transferred to another place with no forwarding address, being busy at work and other important affairs are possible factors that are seen by the researchers as the possible reasons of the graduates’ failure to participate. The researchers spent a month of data gathering. It is also assumed that most of the respondents are currently too occupied with their jobs at the moment and are unable to participate in the survey. The graduates were expected to return the accomplished questionnaires on or before June 30, 2017. The questionnaires revolved on the whereabouts of civil engineering graduates with regards to their employment status, sector of employment, postgraduate studies pursued and felt needs in the career. In case of graduates’ long distance, the researcher reached them through text messaging, phone calls and e-mail address. The data gathered were recorded, tabulated, and analyzed by means of descriptive statistical measures:

Results and Discussion This portion presents the gathered data, the analysis as well as the interpretation of the results. Profile of the Graduates. The respondents’ demographic profile is presented. As shown, the majority of the respondents are still single. Respondents’ gender on the other hand, are male graduates. Background Information. Respondents’ educational background is presented. The majority of the respondents are who responded to the study are the graduates of Batch 2016 followed by 2010. As revealed, reason for enrolling in the program such as prospect for career advancement (89.52 %); 66

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prospect for immediate employment (64.76 %), strong passion for the profession (52.38%) are top on the list. The majority of the respondents are undergone review classes with 93.33%. Almost all respondents are First Taker which has the frequency of 95 or 90.48%, while 10 or 9.52 % of the respondents are Second Takers. Moreover, the majority of the respondents acquired their board exam after 7 to 11 months with 45.72 %. Since majority of the graduates took their review class after graduation for 6 months to prepare for the board exams. Another common situation is waiting a year or two after graduation for the ‘perfect time’ to review with a frequency of 1.90%. The 58.33% of 12 respondents did not specify a reason of postponement to take the board exam. Some of them took advanced studies rather than to take the board exam. As indicated, 71.58% of respondents in this study claimed that they acquired more effort in the design area of Board Examination. As revealed, 52.38% of respondents perceived the training of COSH /BOSH followed by 44.76% training for Automated Drafting and Design that are very useful in their career life. Employment Data. As revealed, 82.86% or a majority of the respondents were already employed and 4.76% of respondent did not yet employed due to no opportunity available due to family responsibility and just graduated. Table 12 shows that most of the respondents accept the job for salaries and benefits with 63.81%, followed by related to my special skills with 25.71%. As indicated, 40% of the respondents are currently employed in Construction Company followed by 31.43% of the respondents are employed in Design and estimates. Most of the respondents were already in their Full Time/Permanent/Regular Status with 65.71%.The level of position of most of the respondents to their current occupation is a Professional Technical Supervisory. It also revealed that 65.71% of the respondents’ type of company they are currently employed is in Construction followed by Education and Electricity 67

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Supply. Table 16 shows also that 75.24% of the respondents are working here in the Philippines. Moreover, it indicates that almost of the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; first job is related to the course they have in their college days. As revealed, 88.57% claimed that it is related. 29.52% of the respondents perceived the reason for changing job is because of salaries and benefits with 29.52% followed by career challenge with 28.57%. As revealed, 50.48% of the respondents stayed more than a year in their first job after graduation. Several ways of finding a job as identified by the graduates are 64.76% recommended by someone followed by a walk in applicant in 14.29%. As shown 40.95% are enjoying a gross income of more than 20,000 pesos a month; 18.10% to almost 10,000 pesos; and 18.10% to almost 15, 000 pesos. Others are having almost 25,000 pesos (9.52%), and 10, 000 pesos (1.90%) a month. This proves the claim from the previous Tables that these graduates are eager and motivated to land on their first job because of the salary and benefits provided by the companies/ industries. The respondents in this study claimed that they moderately acquired the skills, particularly on the problem solving, critical thinking and communication skills. Graduates learn little skills in entrepreneurial skill and human relation skills as the result showed that these skills are just slightly acquired. The result could be attributed to the fact that most of the respondents are civil engineering graduates who are exposed to civil engineering related activities. In conclusion, the majority of the Civil Engineering graduates were currently employed in related jobs, very few were unemployed. Thus, there was a high employability rate among graduates. They have varied ways of finding a job. They took advantage of any connections they have. The CE graduates were qualified enough to be absorbed immediately by the private industries/ government agencies nationwide. They were earning higher than the minimum wage. The CE graduates were aware of the relevance of the curricula to the needs of the industries 68

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nationwide. The curriculum nurtured the skills needed by the students and provided them the necessary skills, values, and competences as required by the industry. Communication skills, human relations skills, critical thinking skills, and problemsolving skills were found very useful to the CE graduates in their first job. Regulate more tracer studies for CE graduates to gather useful feedback from the alumni for the improvement of the institutions. The administration should extend services by assisting and looking into the needed requirements of CE graduates for immediate employment. The teaching staff should continue installing and nurturing the skills of students for a more globally competitive graduates. The administration should continue establishing wider linkages and partnerships with private industries/ government agencies for students’ exposures and immediate employment. REFERENCES Bustamante, Amy, (2004), Industry puts emphasis on academic experience, Nation’s Restaurant News, Vol. 31. Cabrera, D. C. (1992). "Educational mismatches versus skills mismatches: effects on wages, job satisfaction, and on-the-jobsearch", Economic Papers, Vol. 53. Casado M. A., (1993), Corporate recruiters and alumni: Perception of professional courses, Review, Vol. 11. Crockett, Lori L. (2002). Real-World Training to Meet a Growing Demand Techniques, April 2002, vol 77 Issue 4. Durocher, Joseph F. (1991). Training-program expectations: a conundrum. The Cornell H. R. A Quarterly Journal. Farinas, J.J. (1992). "Problems of the Relationship Between University Knowledge and Job Competence". Contribution to special seminar 'Transition from Higher Education to Work'. Fitzgerald, Michael J., Cullen, Thomas P. (1991). Learning through a “real world” experience. The Cornell H. R.

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Flores, M.C. (1991). Faculty attitudes and opinions about problembased learning. Acad Med. Garcia, Jim. (1993). "When do Skills Become Obsolete, and when does it Matter?", Paper prepared for Understanding Skills Obsolescence: Theoretical Innovations and Empirical Applications. Johnstone, D. (1994). College at work: partnerships and rebuilding of American competence. Journal of Higher Education. Penaflor, Robert, (1993), A comparative analysis of graduateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and hospitality management recruiterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s perceptions of hospitality degree program content and curricular structure, The Hospitality Education Journal. Sabado, S.S. (1998). "What Do Educational Mismatches Tell Us About Skills Mismatches? A Cross-country Analysis". Journal of Education, vol. 42. Saludares, D.R. (1993), College students can be bright prospects for prospecting, Hotel & Motel Management, Vol. 213. Schmelzer, Claire D. (2000). Just-in-time education: tools for hospitality managers of the future? International Journal of Contemporary. Zulueta, S.L. (2004). "Educational mismatches versus skills mismatches: effects on wages, job satisfaction, and job search", presentation at the conference Skills Measurement and Economic Analysis.

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SOLAR LIGHT POST AT SAINT FRANCIS LEARNING CENTER Engr. Greg C. Mallari, Clark Chester Agdipa Eugene Benz Garcia, Mark Lester Molino Christian Samonte Erni, Vener Noblado Ralph Dela Fuente

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Abstract-The civil engineering profession has proven helpful to the world’s progress. Building of roads and construction of buildings are but a small portion of the scope of civil engineering. This project shall help its proponents improve skills in designing, giving them a first hand insight of the sort of job and problems they would encounter in their chosen career. The proponents constructed light posts using skills in design and construction methods they have learned in school. Methods in reinforced concrete design, steel design and geotechnical aspects were utilized in the design methodology. The proponents also applied skills in materials and cost estimate, and construction methods to complete the project. The proponents limited themselves to the more technical aspects regarding the design of the electrical and electronics components. The design achieved was the minimum design required by the National Structural Code of the Philippines. In light of its compliance with the code, the design can be considered safe and economical. The project could also be presented as a viable model for future undertakings of the same construction. Keywords: Civil Engineering, development, solar light, St. Francis Learning Center,

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Introduction Civil Engineering is one of the many professions which greatly contribute to the country’s progress. It is through this line of work that all the structures throughout the Philippines were built and are now being used for the country’s necessary advancement. Considering the nation’s reliance to this profession is of grave 71

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importance that the structures, no matter the size and kind, possess soundness and therein give its users a sense of security, thus, inducing productivity. Being one of the producers of civil engineers in the region, Columban College therefore shoulders the responsibility of producing professionals with credibility. In line with this, its students have committed themselves into a project that shall utilize their civil engineering knowledge, raising their aptitude in load analysis, design, computer applications and other engineering fundamentals. The proponents, through the help of this project, shall have their skills improved and eventually contribute to the pool of credible civil engineers this country is in need of. This study is anchored in the following theories: Theory of Structures (Jenkins, W.), Theory of Vibration, Interaction Diagram (Gillesania, 2012), Free-Body Diagram (Singer, 1963), and Precedence Diagramming Method (Usmani, 2017). Theory of Structures. (Jenkins, W.) Theory of structures is the governing theory used in analyzing the effects of loadings to structures. It is concerned with â&#x20AC;&#x153;establishing an understanding of the behavior of structures such as beams, columns, frames, plates and shells, when subjected to applied loads or other actions which have the effect of changing the state of stress and deformation of the structureâ&#x20AC;?. The process of structural analysis applies the principles to analyze a given structure under specified loadings and possibly other disturbances such as temperature variation or movement of supports. This theory has been relevant in determining the effects of different forces in the structure. It includes the different computations regarding maximum bending and axial capacity, the slenderness of steel pipe as a post, bearing capacity of soil, etc. Another theory used was the Free Body Diagram. (Singer, 1963). Problems involving the design of the components in structures are quite confusing if taken as a whole. It is convenient â&#x20AC;&#x153;that the bodies be isolated from one another, so 72

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that the forces involved may be analyzed and unknown forces determined (1994).â&#x20AC;? An isolated view of a body which shows only the external forces exerted on the body is called a free body diagram. These external forces are caused either by direct bodily contact or by gravitational or magnetic attraction. The free body diagram proves relevant as it makes the analysis of loads acting on the light post easier. This diagram secludes that which is being analyzed and saves the designer from the complexity of the whole structure with all its parts and loads. The project shall serve as a practice for the application of the proponentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; knowledge in civil engineering. This endeavor shall exercise the proponentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; abilities as it shall enforce the use of methods of load analysis and reinforced concrete and steel design. This project shall further benefit the faculty members by providing additional teaching materials for subjects such as Reinforced Concrete Design, Steel Design and Geotechnical Engineering. The faculty members can also present this study to proponents of future projects as a reference for its accompanying technical paper with regards to technical writing. Through this project, the school shall be able to preserve the rapport that it has kept with the residents of St. Francis Learning Center as its benefactor. Another significant possible contribution of this project is to present a fully sustainable model for a solar light post design. It would provide a reliable prototype of the same undertaking. It can also be used as a benchmark for further improvements and development of the project. Moreover, the project shall also contribute to the beautification of St. Francis Learning Center and to the improvement of its illumination. This will promote a sense of security and well-being of the community, thereby contributing to its productivity. The general statement of the problem is: (1) What are the parameters necessary to design a structurally-stable and economical light post?; (2) Can the project be used as a viable model for future projects of the same undertakings?; and (3) 73

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Where the light posts should be placed so as to meet the needs of the residents?

Methodology To actualize the project, the design should undergo theoretical computations to identify the appropriate and most economical materials and define the forces that may affect the structure. Theoretical computations should comply with the existing code from both National Building Code of the Philippines (NBCP) and National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) to avoid conflicts in design. Theoretical designs may vary with the actual design based on different factors, including the availability of materials. After designing the structure, clear detailing of components of the light post should be provided to avoid ambiguity during its construction. The construction of the project Solar Powered light post will be carried out in a manner that will incorporate the design and methods cited in Chapter 4: Design and Computations. This will include estimates, designs, bill of materials, specifications and other quantitative data. The project construction will be implemented in various stages following below: Site Selection and Clearing; Soil Excavation; Fabrication of Rebars and Forms; Installation of Rebars and Anchor Bolts; Concreting; Installation of Base Plate; Welding of Steel Pipe; Installation of Solar Panel, Lighting and Other Electronic Device; Plastering; and Painting Area Selection. The researchers were assigned to construct the project at the St. Francis Learning Center. A site inspection was conducted for the purpose of gathering information with regards to the location of the project to be constructed. The area selected is located in front of the high school building and near the multi-purpose building as it is where the residents need light the most. 74

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Materials Gathering. Several materials will be needed for the construction of the said project that will be prepared by the researchers. The members were assigned to make inquiries from different hardware stores for the purpose of identifying price ranges and quality materials to be used for the construction. Considering the information gathered, the researchers were able to minimize the project expenses whilst keeping in mind the quality of the project. Construction. Construction of the project was conducted by the researchers starting from the excavation up to the finishing and installation of the solar panel and of the lighting. Throughout the construction, the researchers were thorough with the step by step procedures.

Results and Discussion In this project, the proponents were able to design the structure of the solar light posts. The dead load, live load, wind load and earthquake load were all identified and were used to determine the dimensions of the structural parts. Computation pointed towards using the following specifications: 3â&#x20AC;? diameter steel post, 0.25m x 0.25m x 1.0 m concrete pedestal, 0.6m x 0.6m x 0.2m concrete footing. 12mmdiameter bars were used for the main reinforcements of the pedestal and the footing. The project was estimated to be 23, 988 PHP for the two light posts. The light posts were placed in front of the high school building and near the multi-purpose building. The proponents were able to determine all the factors that affect the design of the light post, using a design which complies with the requirements of the accepted structural code for construction and design. In light of its compliance to the code, it can be said that the light posts are structurally stable and the study, therefore, presents a viable model for future projects of the same undertaking. The light posts were placed in areas where it will serve the residents best. The light posts were placed in front of the high school building and near 75

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the multi-purpose building as these are where the residents need lighting the most. Should the project encourage future undertakings of the same construction, it is recommended that the proponents who shall do so be accompanied by electrical and electronics engineering students. This will enable the team to be more technical with matters regarding the solar panel and its components. Having knowledge about these matters can prove to be very helpful as having the solar panel and its components manually set up can relatively reduce the cost. REFERENCES Dela Vega, J., et al. 2016. Proposed Solar Street Post at Columban College-Barretto Campus. Fajardo, M. Simplified Construction Estimate 3rd ed. Gillesania, D.I.T. 2012 Simplified Reinforced Concrete Design (2010 NSCP). Gillesania, D.I.T. 2012 Simplified Reinforced Concrete Design (2010 NSCP). http://www.engineeringcivil.com/effect-of-eccentricity-on-analysisand-design-of-isolated-footings.html http://www.learnengineering.org/2012/12/theory-of-vibration.html http://www.mu.edu.et/iphc/images/liblary/Heritage/Heritage_Culture _and_Tourism/Theory_of_Structure/theorys_of_structures.pdf https://pmstudycircle.com/2012/07/precedence-diagrammingmethod-activity-on-node-method-scheduling/ Roy, S., Sharmin, R. and Ferdous, T. 2014. Performance Analysis of Mono-Crystalline and Poly-Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells Under Different Climate Conditions: A Comparative Study.

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Singer, Ferdinand. Engineering Mechanics. 3rd ed. The Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (ASEP) (2010). National Structural Code of the Philippines 6th ed. The Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (ASEP) (2010). National Structural Code of the Philippines 6th ed.

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DEVELOPMENT OF STUDY AREA WITH SOLAR POWERED LIGHT ST. FRANCIS LEARNING CENTER Engr. Greg C. Mallari, Ariston, Lee Ann E. Balo, Albert L., Bulanadi, Carl Kenneth DeroĂąa, Michelle Anne P., Famadico, Hazel Emeluo M. Flordeliz, Angelica P., Gabay, Harlene Ann F.

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Abstract- Developing community while protecting the natural environment is the true definition of technological progress. Construction of a canopy type Study Area with Solar Powered light in St. Francis Learning Center at Manggahan, Subic, Zambales, would provide the students an area to study and have a recreational zone, but one that minimizes the impact on electrical consumption of the Learning Center. The use of solar panels provides the study area with a renewable energy coming from the sun. Done correctly, the solar powered light would keep on lighting the area even at night, allowing children to use the area even during those times. Keywords: Solar powered light, development, St. Francis Learning Center

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Introduction Saint Francis Learning Center Foundation Inc. (SFLC) is a nongovernment, non-profit institution established by the Congregation of the Franciscan Sisters of Immaculate Conception (SFIC) on April, 1995. It is a free school for the Aeta community in Zambales. The center aims to provide literacy- numeracy training and help in the development of leadership and livelihood skills of the indigenous people of Zambales.

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As of this School Year 2016-2017, there are 123 Aetas enrolled in Kindergarten to Grade 11, 103 non-Aetas in Kindergarten to Grade 6, and 6 Aetas enrolled in College. With the centerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s aim to provide a formal education in Preelementary, Elementary, and High school (Grade 7 to Grade 12), and for the safety of those people who live and study there, adequate and proper facilities should be provided. Aside from the classrooms where the majority of the student-teacher interaction happen, the students must also have a space with a good working environment where they can have their group study and other activities that can also illuminate the surrounding area during the night. Therefore, constructing an outdoor study area with light powered by solar panels will be helpful to the people of Saint Francis Learning Center and at the same time an additional structure to the existing building or facilities would provide for further development of the school. The project includes the architectural and structural plans, as well as the small and major details that comprise the project, the bill of materials for the whole project and the construction schedule presented through cash flow. The details used for the design of the structure were based on the handbooks and codes, and conducted tests. The project focuses only on the design, actual construction of the outdoor study area to be constructed at St. Francis Learning Center, and installation of solar panel to supply the energy for the lightings. The main objective of the proposed project is to provide a good learning facility which is designed and constructed by Civil Engineering students in such a way the students and other stakeholders will benefit from this project. The development of the study area will have the following objectives: To apply the engineering concepts in providing a good working environment; to provide a secured, comfortable, and illuminated area; to

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enhance teamwork and leadership skills; and to develop a deeper relationship with nature.

Methods and Procedures Site Visitation. The team visited the St. Francis Learning Center Inc., to inspect the area and identify what are the structures to be constructed based on the needs of the center. Rough Estimate. A rough estimate was used to provide a partial cost to determine whether the team can afford the project financially or not. The group asked a hardware store to provide the prices for the assumed materials. Selection of Area. The head of the center appointed the area near the house of the Franciscan Sisters of Immaculate Conception to be the location of the project to be made. Soil Testing. The purpose of the soil test was to identify the unit weight of the soil, which was considered in the design of the foundations. Design of the Structure. Based on the location considering the effects of the wind load, dead load, live load, and unit weight of soil, every part of the study center from purlins, truss, steel columns, base plate, anchor bolts, pedestal, footings, to the steel connections were designed theoretically to provide a safe and economical structure. Identifying the materials needed. The materials needed for the construction were based on the formulated design. Gauge 26 Corrugated G.I roof sheet was used for the roofing system, LC 90x45x15x2.5 for purlins, L 25x25x3 for truss, ø3” G.I pipe schedule40 for steel column, 150x150x5mm for steel plate, ø13mm anchor bolts, ø12mm andø10mm for the steel reinforcement bar.

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Canvassing of the Materials. Canvassing of the materials on different hardware stores, and providing a list of available standard sizes and prices of the materials. Final Estimate. Based on the prepared design, the team came up with the specific and standard sizes of materials. Using the gathered prices from different hardware stores helped give the project a final cost estimate. Purchasing of the Materials. Given the final project cost, the team decided where to purchase the materials, and which hardware would supply the needed products for the construction of the Proposed Study Area project. Clearing / Removal of the Existing structure. The location/area was cleared and free from some existing structures. This included the removal of the swing, hollow blocks and bird cage. Excavation. After the removal of the swing, the team were able to excavate the place for the two foundations at a depth of 1m. The team used a meter to measure the correct dimensions of footing, nylon and nails to mark the place wherein the excavation will undergo. Since the project is a simple structure, it only required manpower using hand tools like a shovel and a digging rod. Construction. The construction of the project started with the assembling of rebars for the footing and pedestal, pouring of concrete on the footings using a concrete mix of 1:2:4 (cement: sand: gravel) at 21MPa, placement of 13mm diameter anchor bolts, assembling of forms for the pedestals, pouring of concrete on the pedestals, carpentry, backfill (includes the work of removal of forms in the pedestal and the compaction of soil), steel works (includes the attachment of base plate, fabrication of truss and bracing, welding of steel column, truss and purlins), tinsmithry (installation of roofing system), painting works and the concrete pouring on slab and the installation of the solar panel set.

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Concrete Testing. Concrete testing was used to determine whether the concrete mix reaches its full strength at the desired days.

Results and Discussion The development of the study area provides additional learning facilities to students where they can study and relax. With solar panel as their source of electricity to power the lights used in the structure, the school would save money and maintain itself to be eco-friendly. Instead of having four columns with a gabled roof shed, the team decided to make a monoslope canopy type structure for economical purposes. The team selected a steel type structure because it was more innovative, easier to assemble and have long term maintenance. The construction of the project was made based on the schedule and cost estimated. The methods of construction were Site Visitation, Rough Estimate, Selection of Area, Soil Testing, Designing of the Structure, Identifying the Materials Needed, Canvassing of the Materials, Final Estimate, Purchasing of the Materials, Clearing/Removal of the Existing Structure, and Excavation and Construction. The processes of construction were assembling of the rebar for footing and pedestal, pouring of concrete mix in the footing, placement of anchor bolts, assembling of forms, pouring of concrete mix in the pedestals, carpentry, backfill, steel works, painting, tinsmithry, pouring of concrete on a slab and installation of solar panels. The Saint Francis Learning Center Foundation Inc. Primarily serves the indigenous people of Zambales. It focuses on developing the intellectual, leadership, and livelihood skills of the people. With its aim to nourish the children by providing formal education, sufficient and serviceable facilities must be furnished 82

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since studies show well built structures have a great impact on student performance and teacher effectiveness. In line with this, the team settled upon designing and constructing an outdoor study area with light powered by solar panels which will not only provide a space for the childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s daily activities, but also serves as a source of light during the night as it illuminates its surrounding areas. Designing the project was challenging considering it is a two column structure; different from the typical four column structure popular today. All the designs are based on the National Structural Code of the Philippines, and the conjoin knowledge, theories acquired from the school, necessary facts from the internet, and related books. To ensure the safety and the correct formulation of the design, seeking for advices from different experienced engineers was greatly needed and helpful. It was also important to ask those who have experienced in the field of construction on what things should be considered in the selection of materials and the proper process of construction. The researchers started with the computation of the dead load, live load and wind load of truss within its design parameters; determining the stresses in every truss member and then achieving the economical section for top chord, bottom chord, vertical member and diagonal member and the appropriate specification of welded connections in every member; column design; base plate design; design of anchor bolts; design of the pedestal; design of footing. Requirements to be considered before the construction process starts where the site/location of construction, soil test, needed materials and detailed financial expenses. With regards to the electrical lighting system, the team utilized a solar panel as a source of electricity. Individual components of the entire system were purchased and then assembled with the help of an electrical engineer. The team was able to familiarize with the electrical meters and became aware of 83

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proper installation and connection of different wirings, appropriate volts of batteries that is used to store electricity. A 15-watts rechargeable emergency bulb is utilized to illuminate the area. The team developed awareness in the actual construction of this project and became resourceful with what materials can be used as an alternative. The team learned how to deal with the problems encountered in construction and think of a solution and ways on improving the structure. The researchers therefore recommend to upgrade the battery of solar panel to increase the storing capacity and to lengthen the usage time of the light bulb. It is also suggested to install tarpaulins or covers on both sides of the structure to protect and keep the table and chairs dry as well as the people using it during rainy season. For additional storage, it is also recommended to convert the lower part of the table into a cabinet or shelf for storing books and other educational paraphernalia. As future Civil Engineers, it is necessary to think critically in every situation to provide solutions which are safe and economical. REFERENCES Arch daily. (2012, October 28). Study Center in Tacloban/ Workshop. Retrieved from http://www.archdaily.com/285867/study-centerin-tacloban-workshop Foursquare. (n.d.). FEU Pavilion. Retrieved from https://foursquare.com/v/feu-pavilion Negahban, M. (1996-2006). The Analysis of Trusses. Retrieved from http://emweb.unl.edu/NEGAHBAN/EM223/note12/note12.htm NSW Government. (n.d.). Outdoor Study Areas. Retrieved from https://www.ambarvale-h.schools.nsw.edu.au/ourschool/ambarvale-facilities/library/science-labs/commercialkitchen/outdoor-study-areas

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Cheng, L., & Evett, J. B. (2008). Soils and Foundation (7th ed.). Columbus, Ohio: Pearson Prentice Hall. (1994). Steel Handbook. Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, INC. (ASEP). (2010). National Structural Code of the Philippines, 2010 Sixth Edition. Volume I- Buildings, Towers and other Vertical Structures. Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, INC. (ASEP). Besavilla Jr., V. (2007). Simplified Steel Design (ASD) Method with Applications of the 2001 NSCP Specifications. Cebu City. VIB Publisher. Fajardo Jr., M (2000). Simplified Construction Estimate, 2000 Edition. Quezon City. 5138 Merchandising. Gillesania, D. (2006, 2009). Fundamentals of Geotechnical Engineering. Cebu City. Cebu DGPrint, Inc. Gillesania, D. (2013). Simplified Reinforced Concrete Design, 2010 NSCP. Cebu City. Cebu DGPrint, Inc. Ng, D. (2013, March 3). I guess SMAC is an awesome place. Retrieved from https://unimelbadventures.wordpress.com/2013/03/08/iguess-smac-is-an-awesome-place/ Viehland. N. J. (2014, July 8). Franciscan sistersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; school expands education to Aeta. Retrieved from http://globalsistersreport.org/news/ministry/franciscansisters%E2%80%99%-school-expands-education-AETA-6286 Nagayach, R. (2015, June 22). What is the purpose of pedestals in column isolated footing? Retrieved from https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-purpose-of-pedestals-incolumn-isolated-footing Tekswift (2015, July). Chapman University Students Experience Power of New Outdoor Solar Charging Stations. Retrieved from http://theconnectable.com/chapman-university-press-release/ ME Mechanical (2016, February 8). Advantages and Disadvantages of Welded Joints over Riveted Joints. Retrieved from https://memechanicalengineering.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-ofwelded-joints-over-riveted-joint Wikipedia. (2016, November 16). St. George's School of Montreal. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George%27s_School_of_Montreal

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DEVELOPMENT OF BI-FOLD DISPLAY BOARD Engr. Greg C. Mallari, Janine Alysa Mana John Eric Mapanao, Marvin Misagal Lester Terrenal, Francis Vicente Kevin Renzo Villaver

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract- The basis of this study was to illustrate the parameters of the display board, especially suitable for human vision and ergonomic display in Columban College-Barretto Campus. The researchers evaluated and used three methods from the literature: (1) the use of human vision parameters for the design of dimensions, display sizes, and internal angle, (2) load analysis, and (3) design of foundations. The results of the design will show the illustration of recommended viewing distances and display size and the load capacity of the display board. Keywords: Engineering, development, bi-fold display board -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Introduction Columban College is a Catholic institution and was founded by both Mr. Pedro Mendoza and Mr. Dionisio Lindayag. The school was built because of the demand of the U.S Naval base to have more workers in Subic, who wanted to pursue their education and have a College degree. It was first known as the Naval Reservation Junior College. The school was passed on to the Columban fathers, and they in turn changed the name of the institution to Columban College, Inc. Bulletin boards are made for posting public messages, advertise items and announce events to provide information to the public. It is particularly prevalent in schools. They are used by 86

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different clubs and organizations in schools to promote their advocacies, goals, and other extracurricular activities. They are placed prominently in areas where traffic is constant to allow as many people have access to the information. Bulletin boards are usually very visual so as to leave a lasting impression on the viewer's mind. The colors will often be bright so as to catch more attention. Disorderly is posting of announcements and tarpaulins in Columban College Barretto—like the hanging tarpaulins of board passers on the fence resulting in the blockage of the view of Columban College—have been a cause of eyesore for the students, faculty, staff and the visiting public. Due to this situation the researchers agreed to the study of making a bi-fold display board. With this project, information and announcements pertaining to the college will be presented in an attractive and orderly manner. The construction of the bi-fold display board will be helpful in providing information to the public that can be used as an opportunity to facilitate the posting of notices in Columban College – Barretto. Thus, the researchers believe that this study is beneficial for the following: The outcome of this study will help them to create a positive learning environment in Columban College – Barretto. It will help with the promotion and publicity of events that may interest the campus community. Bulletin boards serve as the most basic means of presenting student works and school activities. The design will display current announcements and activities in Columban College. This will lead to Columban appreciating their hard work and motivating them to perform more. This study will serve as an open door for researchers to innovate, improve and discover more its potential application. The general problem is what structural design for a bi-fold display board can be adapted and implemented at Columban

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College-Barretto Campus. Especially, the study aims to answer the following questions: 1. What engineering foundation design should be used to support the bi-fold display board? 2. What physical dimension of for a bi-fold display board can maximize the display of the bulletin? 3. What is the best angle for the bi-fold display boards?

Methodology Site Visitation. The site is located in Columban College â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Barretto campus. The team inspected the area of the said location and identified what are the structures that can be constructed which will benefit the school, the student, and its community. Rough Estimate. After identifying the structure to be added in the school, a front garden with a steel-made folded bulletin board, a rough estimate was used to provide a partial cost, but due to the lack of financial income the group decided that the cost of the structure should be within the scope of their allowance, and the group asked multiple hardware to provide the economical prices they need. Selection of the Area. The researchers evaluated the proper location of the structure, which is on the outside of the campus, but inside the school premises as well. The area is located in front of the fence near the gate/entry. They asked for approval from both the dean of Engineering Department and the dean of the Architectural Department through letter request. Designing of the Structure. Based on the location, considering the effects of the wind load and dead load, every part of the bulletin from steel sheet, angle bars, steel pipes, flat bars, steel plate, pedestal, to footings and steel connections were 88

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designed theoretically to provide a structure that is safe and economical. Identifying the materials needed. The materials needed for the construction were based on the safe design. L30x30x5 for column, 2”ø G.I pipe schedule 40 for steel column, 1” width by 3mm thick, Class A mixture or concrete, hinges, hooks and welding rods. Canvassing of the materials. Canvassing of the materials on multiple hardware provides the team a list of standard sizes and prices of the materials. Final Estimate. Based on the researchers’ prepared design, the researcher’s come up with the specific and standard sizes of materials. Using the prices they have gathered on different hardware, they evaluate and choose the most economical price. Purchasing of the materials. Given the final project cost, the researchers now decided where to purchase the materials. There are two hardware that has the most economical price and nearer to the site that could supply the needed products for the construction of the Proposed Bi-fold Display Board. Clearing / Removal of the existing structure. An existing part of the garden (plants, grass, gravel, etc.) must be removed / trimmed from the selected area for the researchers to eliminate the hazards before the construction. Excavation. After the removal of the part of the garden, the researchers determined the locations for the four respective footings that require excavation.

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Construction. The construction of the project starts with the preparation of the form works and setting up of the reinforcement bars for the footings / pedestal, pouring of concrete using a concrete Class A mixture, installation of 2â&#x20AC;? GI Pipe in the pedestal together with the preparation of the framing structure of the bulletin board, finishing of the pedestal, welding of connections, connecting of flat steel bars and angle bars, installation of main parts of the structure such as the 3 frames and 4 steel pipe columns, the masonry works and the painting works.

Results and Discussion From the gathered data, the following findings were presented: Calculations show that minimum size of the footing is 0.6m x 1.3m x 0.2m. It clearly shows that this size will be enough to support the structure. In order to avoid contact between soils and steel pipe column. The researchers include the pedestal in the design and the calculation show that the minimum size of the pedestal are 200mm x 200mm. Base plate also considered to the design in order to distribute the weight over a greater area and to provide stability to the structure. And calculations show that a dimension of 0.15m x 0.15m x 1/8â&#x20AC;? is safe for the base plates. To compute the folding angle of bi-fold display board, the horizontal field of view is used. And based on the computation, the folding angle is 120 degrees. By the given distance between the footing and the computed folding angle of the structure, the maximum horizontal dimension that is provided for the structure is 1260mm. To compute the right vertical dimension that is safe for ergonomic display, the vertical line of sight was used which resulted to 826mm of length. By applying the knowledge acquired in Engineering Foundation by designing the footing, pedestal and base plate. The researchers conclude that the foundation of the structure will be enough to support the weight and it will give 90

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stability to the structure. In order to maximize the display of the bulletin, the researchers conclude that by considering the distance between the footing, height, line of sight and folding angle can provide the maximum physical dimension of the bi-fold display that will be suited for human vision. Further development of the structure by installing light to the structure to help the student and staff of the school to give visibility to the board during evening time. The must post encouraging word to liven up and inspire student. REFERENCES Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines. National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010. Volume I, Sixth Edition, Fourth Printing 2013. ASEP, Inc. 2013 Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines. Steel Manual. ASEP, Inc. 1994 Darwin D., Dolan, C.W., and Nilson A.H. Design of Concrete Structures. Thirteenth Edition, Intlâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Edition 2006. McGraw-Hill, 2003 Dela Vega, J., Esguerra, P.J., Galamay, R., Mabini, S.J., Osorio, R.D., Pineda, J. and Trinidad, L.R. Design and Construction of Solar Lighting Street Post at Columban College-Barretto Campus. Columban College, Olongapo City. ,2016 Evett, J.B. and Liu, C. Soils and Foundations. Seventh Edition. Pearson Education, Inc., 2008 http://www.columban.edu.ph/ http://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/references/laws_codes_orders/nation al_law https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columban_College

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https://www.smartsheet.com/critical-path-method Max B. Fajardo Jr. Simplified Construction Estimate. Third Edition. 5138 Merchandising Publisher, 2000 Vicente Foz. The National Building Code Of The Philippines 2015 Edition.Philippine Law Gazette, 2015 Wyatt, A. “Landscape & Visual Assessment Review”, Stockyard Hill Wind Farm Pty Ltd. , 2017

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REMOTE CONTROLLED LAWN MOWER USING RADIO FREQUENCY Engr. Greg C. Mallari, Chester Collado Emmil Vitug, Jerry Vitug Jessica Ann Misa

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract- Due to the fact that mowing the law is a tedious job to the elderly and the disabled, not to mention that it may also be dangerous, the idea of mowing the lawn using a remote control was designed and developed. The designed, remote controlled lawnmower comprises of direct current motor (DC Motor), a wiper motor, a rechargeable battery, a stainless steel blade, Arduino UNO Microcontroller, and Radio Frequency Remote Control. Moving the lawn mower is achieved by the DC motor which provides the required torque needed to drive the chain ring connected to the rear wheel of the lawn mower. The lawnmower is operated by having the radio frequency remote control signals that is decoded by the Arduino UNO Microcontroller and activates both the DC Motor and the wiper motor. Performance evaluation of the developed machine was carried out by moving the lawn mower through different terrains and observing its mobility. Keywords: Computer Engineering, remote control, lawn mower, radio frequency

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Introduction With the evolution of technology and increased awareness of the importance of its application to different situations, students and professional alike are finding ways on how to improve different home appliances and devices with the use of wireless technology. Through various methods almost all household

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appliances can now be controlled wirelessly doing household chores and work related jobs much easier. Wireless technology has played a huge role when it comes to revolutionizing the traditional way of using certain devices. Today, most devices are being controlled remotely via wireless technologyâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;from toy cars to gyrocopters equipped with a camera; wireless technology has proven that technology makes everything a possibility. Through this concept of technology an idea occurred to the proponents by designing a lawn mower that can be wirelessly controlled using Radio Frequency technology. It is an interesting idea for the proponents because the latest trends in technology, the latest devices, and resources will aid them in this study. Wireless Communication as stated by Asrar (2012). Wireless communication systems, since their inception in the form of cellular communications, have spread rapidly throughout the western world and the trend is catching on in the developing countries as well. These systems have caused revolutionary changes in the way we live. Cellular Communications have become important both as a means of communication and as a new domain of commercial enterprise. Hand held telephones are now rapidly replacing the fixed telephone and in less than twenty years, the number of subscribers has reached nearly three quarters of a billion. In a short span of twenty years, the cellular communications progressed from the first generation to the third generation systems, which started operations in Japan on October 1, 2001. The first generation wireless technology, which was thought to be obsolete, is now being used for fixed wired telephony in several countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. As some commentator said in 1983, the cellular system is the best thing that has happened in telecommunications since the introduction of computers to the masses. Wireless communication is essential to the prototype as it is the method used for controlling the lawn mower remotely. Radio 94

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Frequency technology was applied to the research because it is capable of wide range transmission with little interference from an outside source. Basically, wireless communication was used as the backbone for the prototypeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wireless transmission. A microcontroller unit is a small computer on a single integrated circuit. In modern terminology, it is a System on a chip or SoC. A microcontroller contains one or more CPUs or processor cores along with memory and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of Ferroelectric RAM, NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications consisting of various discrete chips. Microcontrolleras stated by Rafiquzzaman (2011), microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, toys and other embedded systems. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed to control nondigital electronic systems. Some microcontrollers may use four-bit words and operate at frequencies as low as 4 kHz, for low power consumption (singledigit milliwatts or microwatts). They will generally have the ability to retain functionality while waiting for an event such as a button press or other interrupts power consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and most peripherals off) may be just nanowatts, making many of them well suited for long lasting battery applications. Other microcontrollers may serve performance-critical roles, where they may need to act more like 95

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a digital signal processor (DSP), with higher clock speeds and power consumption. Microcontroller technology was used in the prototype as the technology for the lawn mower to understand the signals transmitted by the remote control. An Arduino UNO Microcontroller was used in the prototype to decode the radio frequency signals received by the receiver from the remote controlâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s transmitter. Instruction is then sent to the motor driver to execute the instructions sent by the microcontroller. The microcontroller serves as the brain for the prototype lawn mower. Remote control through radio frequency is a fundamentally simple technology. But like the chain â&#x20AC;&#x201C; or the wheel â&#x20AC;&#x201C; simplicity of concept relies heavily on the excellence of the total execution. The study looked into the accomplishment of the Remote Controlled Lawn Mower with the primary aim of determining the effectiveness of its implementation. Furthermore, it also aims to find out and identify areas of concern which may have been overlooked in the process of program implementation. It is likewise envisioned that this study contributed to the provision of the needed, but limited information regarding the Remote Controlled Lawn Mower which can be used by homeowners, gardeners, companies, students, stakeholders, and landscaping industry as a whole and other sectors of the society who may be interested in the subject. The design project is significant to the school in serving the advancement in promoting the quality of design projects studied under the school. Access to the information can then be made possible by the internet. The design project is significant to the students because it may help them in their future researches as a resource material. It may also serve as a basis in their study on the different subjects that they may take in the future. The process of overcoming the problems encountered and analyzing data of developing the system are valuable experiences for the researchers. The learning experience 96

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and knowledge that the researchers acquired can be applied in the future. The design project is significant to future researchers as this study may become a part of their review of related studies. It can further be used as a tool to help future researchers overcome roadblocks in their own researches. The primary statement of the problem is: What engineering design for a Remote Controlled Lawn Mower can be adapted and implemented using Arduino? Specifically, the study aims to answer the following questions :((1) What Arduino shield/s can be best suited to the design of the lawn mower?; (2) What method of energy saving can be applied to the lawn mower without exhausting considerable amount of power?; and (3) What are the safety features of the lawn mower using Arduino?

Methodology Project Development. The development of the project started when the researchers proposed five titles, and one was chosen as the best concept. Specifically, that of remotely controlling a lawn mower with the use of a remote control. After presenting the titles to the panel, the researchers were given the right to choose which project they want to pursue. The researchers chose the remote controlled lawn mower concept without a second thought because they knew the challenges that they will face by pursuing this research will greatly enhance their skills and knowledge. The researchers then conducted a thorough research about the concepts, studies, and literatures of the proposal. During this research, the researchers then found out the challenges that they will be facing, and these were: finding the correct remote control technology for the lawn mower, the correct motor that is strong enough to push the lawn mower forward and the battery that will be sufficient to supply power to the prototype. 97

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The proposed project was to remotely control a household lawn mower using radio frequency. The researchers conducted experiments to test the efficiency of the system. This design is divided into 3 systems. The 3 systems are then divided into smaller detailed components. The following procedures are used to divide the major tasks in order for the sub-tasks to be distributed properly. Initiation. The initiation phase consists of Research and Recommendations, Develop Project Proposal, Deliverable of Developed Project Proposal, Proposal Review, and Signed Project Proposal. Planning. The planning phase consists of Determined Roles and Responsibilities, Project Team Kickoff Meeting, Develop Project Plan, Deliverable of Developed Project Plan, and Signed Project Plan. Execution. The execution phase consists of Project Kickoff Meeting, Verify and Validate Requirements, System Design, Gathering or Procurement of Hardware and Software, Familiarization with Hardware and Software, Prototype Assembly, Testing Phase, User Training, Deployment, and Documentation. Gantt Chart. A tabulation of work load in chronological order and is used by the researchers to tabulate the scheduling of the tasks to evenly distribute the workload in an orderly manner.

Results and Discussion Radio frequency transmission is the emerging technology in the world of wireless communication nowadays. With this kind of technology, students and professionals alike are finding different applications to different situations on how to improve various home appliances and devices. Through these methods almost all household appliances can now be controlled wirelessly, thus doing household chores or even work related jobs much easier. 98

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Radio transmission technology has played a huge role when it comes to revolutionizing the traditional way of controlling certain devices. Today, most devices are being controlled remotely via wireless technology, from toy cars to gyrocopters equipped with a camera; wireless technology that is proven that technology makes everything a possibility. In making this prototype the researchers learned many things after a long process of experimentations. The researchers further improved their skills in programming, their knowledge in electronics and wireless technology, giving them a once in a lifetime opportunity to improve themselves. The system proved to be a success as the researchers were able to wirelessly control the lawn mower through a radio frequency remote. The reliability, functionality, efficiency and effectiveness of the system were tested through rigorous and much experimentation. Though the system is not without faults, the researchers have proven that their concept of controlling a lawn mower via radio frequency was feasible. Before the start of the research, the researchers found several objectives that needed to be addressed. These objectives were answered through experiments conducted by the researchers; the effectiveness of the lawn mower was assessed by testing the distance the remote control can send instructions to the lawn mower. Through these experiments, the researchers found that the lawn mower was suitable for outdoor use because of its capability to be controlled via long distances. The developed prototype used UHF-STD as data transceiver shield for the Arduino for receiving radio frequency signals coming from the remote control. The prototype also used Beefy H-Bridge Motor driver shields to control the DC motors. And lastly, the prototype was also equipped with Arduino Four Channel 5V Relay Shield for controlling the voltage being supplied by the 12V battery. The developed prototype is energy efficient as the researchers applied several theories and studies to properly 99

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design the circuit to be used in the prototype. The researchers also used low power consuming devices to power the lawn mower. Also an addition to contribute to the conservation of energy, the researchers simplified the circuits used in the prototype to a minimum in order to avoid voltage drops. The developed prototype is design safe to use because the user no longer needs to manually push the lawn mower as the user controls it with a remote. The researchers can state that they developed prototype has its own weaknesses and limitations, but this will be treated by the researchers as possible subjects for further development of the system. The following recommendations are offered as possible ways to further improve the developed system. The recommendations will also cover future researches of other applications of lawn mower development. Since the prototype is only able to move forward, it is recommended to use another motor driver to provide backward movement for the lawn mower. A stronger motor is also essential to the mobility of the lawn mower because of its heavy weight. Minimizing the number of batteries can lessen the weight of the lawn mower but it is also important to consider that the efficiency in power should not be affected. And finally, making the prototype autonomous is a huge step to the prototype as it will enable the prototype to work independently. REFERENCES Tanimola, O. A. Diabana, P. D. & Bankole, Y. O. Design and Development of a Solar Powered Lawn Mower, 2014. Ikorodu, Nigeria: Lagos State Polytechnic. https://www.ijiser.org/researchpaper%5CDESIGN-AND-DEVELOPMENT-OF-A-SOLAR-POWERED-LAWNMOWER.pdf. Retrieved: 9 January 2017 Sujendran, S. & Vanitha, P. Smart Lawn Mower for Grass Trimming, 2014. Chennai-69, India: Sri Muthukumaran Institute of Technology.

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https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v3i3/MDIwMTMxMTE0.pdf. Retrieved: 9 January 2017 Vaikundaselvan, B. Ramkumar, M. Ranjith, P. Pranav, K. Ragavender, T. Hariharan, S. Design and Implementation of Autonomous Lawn Mower, 2016. Coimbatore: Kathir College of Engineering. https://www.ijter.com/papers/volume-2/issue-4/design-andimplementation-of-autonomous-lawn-mower.pdf. Retrieved: 17 March 2017 Landoni, B. A Robotic Lawn Mower Powered by Solar Energy with an Arduino Heart, 2014. https://www.open-electronics.org/a-roboticlawn-mower-by-solar-energy-with-an-arduino-heart/ Retrieved: 17 March 2017 Ramos, D. Lucero, J. Solar Powered Automatic Lawn Mower “Lawn Buddy”, 2009. College of Engineering San Jose State University. https://www.engr.sjsu.edu/rkwok/projects/Lawn_Buddy.pdf Retrieved: 17 March 2017 Sheikh, Asrar (2012). Techniques.

Wireless

Communications

Theory

and

Rafiquzzaman. M. (2011). Microcontroller Theory and Applications with the PIC18F. February 2011

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AUDIO TRANSMISSION VIA VLC Engr. Arlene C. Grate Marc Anthony B. Gonzales Renz Mark C. Rico

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract- Visible light communications is the emerging technology nowadays. Using visible light to transmit information to the receiver is the basic principle of this technology. Integrating communication to visible light is the main concern of this study. In this paper, the researchers presented a wireless audio transmission using visible light. The system consists of audio source (from microphone or portable devices), transmitter circuit (where the visible light is connected), and a receiver circuit (an audio amplifier with solar cell attached to it).The researchers aim to provide a two-way wireless communication using visible light. Keywords: Visible Light Communication, Wireless Audio Transmission -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Introduction You will not lose your eyesight by looking at the bright side of life (Arlega, Evelyn. 2012). Looking at the bright side of visible light will lead you to the most advanced way of communication, without being hurt of course. Technologies are not made to hurt humankind, but to help them live their lives to fullest.

Visible light is only a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that fall within the visible range of humans (0.3PHz to 3PHz). Due to the electromagnetic spectrum congestion nowadays, researchers from different parts of the world found a new way of wireless optical communication by utilizing the visible light. Communication using visible light is not harmful to humans because they can perceive it and can act to protect their

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eyes. It is also not harmful when used in environments that prohibit the use of wireless communication such as in hospitals, aircrafts, and gasoline stations. Visible light has so many different applications that combine both illumination and communication purposes. Incandescent bulbs, fluorescent lamps, lasers, and especially LEDs are different man made visible, light sources, but LEDs are preferred and used to transmit different information signals (data, voice, video, and audio) to the receiver in contrast to the sunlight as the natural visible light source used by Alexander Graham Bell on his photo phone way back 1880â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s (Wikipedia). LEDs are now replacing the conventional incandescent bulbs and fluorescent lamps because of its power efficiency, long life, and eco-friendly characteristics. Because of its fast switching capability, it can be used as a communication source by modulating the LED light with the information signal. With LEDs, illumination and communication working at the same time are possible. Other possible applications are just waiting to be discovered. Wireless transmission of information signals conventionally used radio signals and this radio signals cause radiation that is somehow harmful to humans. Another thing with wireless transmission of information signal is that it is prohibited in some environments where there are devices operating in the ISM radio bands for it can cause interference to those devices. The researchers want to contribute an alternative way of wireless transmission of signals by utilizing the visible light portion of the spectrum. The transmission of information signals using visible light is not hazardous and will not cause radiation that is why it is a greener, cleaner, and safer way of wireless transmission. Another thing is that it will not cause interference to any devices because this kind of transmission is not used radio waves but light waves.

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During the course of the study, the following specific objectives are expected to meet: 1. To transmit audio signals using visible light from mobile devices (cellphone, laptop, tablet) to a loudspeaker 2. To transmit human voice signals using visible light from a microphone to a loudspeaker 3. To use the principle of reflection in transmitting audio signals 4. To test the functionality, reliability, efficiency, and effectiveness of this wireless transmission scheme 5. To promote visible light communication, especially to electronics engineering students that will later engage in studies of new technologies.

Methods and Materials

The researchers need the following components and materials in constructing their working prototype. The researchers took into considerations the table of specifications, and most specially the prices of the components to have a cost effective system design. Familiarizing with the components will help to know the capabilities and effectiveness of the components when applied to the system. Electret microphone is a type of electrostatic capacitor-based microphone, which eliminates the need for a polarizing power supply by using a permanently charged material. It is a stable dielectric material with a permanently embedded static electric charge. The name electret comes from the words electrostatic and magnet, drawing analogy to the formation of a magnet by alignment of magnetic domains in a piece of iron. Electret microphone, as shown in Figure 40, will be used by the researchers on their prototype if the input to the system is the human voice. A DC powered electret microphone operating at 3 volts will be used by the researcher in the transmitter circuit. 104

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Audio jack plug also known as phone connector or phone jack, is a common family of connector typically used for analog signals, primarily audio. It is cylindrical in shape, typically with two (TS), three (TRS), or four (TRRS) contacts where T stands for a tip, R for ring, and S for sleeve. In its original configuration, the outside diameter of the sleeve conductor is 6.35mm. The mini connector has a diameter of 3,5mm and the sub-mini connector has a diameter of 2.5mm. The audio jack plug is often used to connect the output audio terminal of mobile devices to an audio amplifier. A 3.5mm TRS stereo audio jack plug, as shown in Figure 41, will be used by the researchers to connect the audio output terminal of mobile devices to the transmitter circuit. Power LED, as shown in Figure 42, is a two-lead, high power semiconductor light source. Low power LED commonly operates with a 20mA current while high power LED can operate with a wide range of current, ranging from tens of mA to several hundreds of mA. A suitable amount of voltage is needed by the LED so that the electrons will be able to combine with electron holes to release the energy in the form of photons with different particular wavelengths. Different semiconductors used in the manufacture of LEDs will result in different wavelengths (colors) of light emitted. Currently, the brightest semiconductor materials are Aluminum Indium Gallium Phosphide (AlInGaP) for reds, oranges, ambers, and yellows, and Indium Gallium Nitride (InGaN) for blues and greens. A white LED is typically a blue LED coated with a yellow emitting phosphor, or combination of phosphors which are excited by the blue light which is the reason why LEDs appear yellow when they are in the off state. The source of light chosen by the researchers to be used on the prototype is the 1 watt power LED because of limited output voltage and current on the transmitter. 1 watt power LED has a voltage range of 3.2 to 3.6 volts and typical current rating of 300mA and has a luminous intensity of 80 to 90 lumens. It is the 105

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chosen because of its inexpensiveness and portability. Its small size and yet very bright light characteristics make it stand among other light sources. Operational amplifier is a DC-coupled high gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and usually has a single ended output. In this configuration, an operational amplifier produces an output potential that is typically hundreds of thousands of times larger than the potential difference between its input terminals. Due to negative feedback, the characteristics of an operational amplifier circuit, its gain, input and output impedance, bandwidth, etc. are determined by external components and have little dependence on temperature coefficients or manufacturing variations in the operational amplifier itself. Operational amplifiers are among the most widely used electronic devices today, being used in a vast array of consumer, industrial, and scientific devices. The researchers will use the LM2904D operational amplifier for the transmitter circuit. LM2904D is a low power general purpose dual operational amplifier. It consists of two independent high-gain frequencycompensated operational amplifiers designed to operate from a single supply or dual supply over a wide range of voltages. The terminals of LM2904D, as shown in Figure 43, include (1) output A, (2) inverting input A, (3) non-inverting input A, (4) ground, (5) non-inverting input B, (6) inverting input B, (7) output B, and (8) Vcc. operational. It can be seen that the data sheet came from Texas Instruments but the researchers did not buy their operational amplifier from them but from other manufacturer. Transistors are three-terminal semiconductor devices used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. The three terminals of the transistor as stated earlier are the emitter, base, and collector. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s terminals change the current through another pair of terminals. NPN and PNP are the two types of bipolar junction transistors used for different applications. NPN and PNP are 106

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current-controlled transistors that allow current amplification. The input current on the base of the transistor will be amplified and become larger across the emitter and collector terminals. The internal construction of the two types of bipolar junction transistors is very different with each other meaning, there must be a correct allocation of current and voltage in order for these two devices to work. The researchers will use two NPN transistors; BC547 for electret microphone preamplifier and BC548 for the transmitter circuit. BC547 transistors are essentially the same as the BC548 transistors, but selected with higher breakdown voltages. BC548 is low cost and is available in most European Union and many other countries. It is often the first type of bipolar transistor hobbyistsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; encounter, and is often featured in designs in hobby electronics magazines where general purpose transistor is required. The letters on the transistors indicates its gain. Letter A indicates low gain (110 to 220 at 2mA), B indicates medium gain (200 to 450), and C indicates high gain (420 to 800). Table 3 is the specifications of the transistors used by the researchers. Capacitors, as shown in Figure 45, originally known as condensers are passive two-terminal electrical components used to store electrical energy temporarily in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors or plates separated by a dielectric. The conductors can be thin films, foils or sintered beads of metal or conductive electrolyte. The non-conducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s charge capacity. Materials commonly used as dielectrics include glass, ceramic, plastic film, air, vacuum, paper, mica, and oxide layers. An ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy, but stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field between its plates. Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternating current to pass. Capacitors are often used as filters on most circuits. For low power circuits, common values of capacitors 107

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used are in micro Farads. Ceramic Capacitors do not have polarity while electrolytic capacitors have polarity that is why when working with electrolytic capacitors, be sure to look at its positive and negative terminals before connecting it to the circuit. The researchers will use electrolytic capacitors and some ceramic capacitors on their prototype. Resistors, as shown in Figure 46, are passive two-terminal devices used to limit the flow of current and at the same time used to lower voltage levels in a circuit. Circuits usually used resistors to complement active components such as integrated circuits, operational amplifiers, and microcontrollers. Resistors have different sizes and values and these should be considered in designing because the sizes and values depend upon the application it is to be used. Aside from using generic resistors, the researchers will also use variable resistor or potentiometer, as shown also in Figure 46, for varying the resistance of one part of the circuit. Potentiometers are three terminal resistors with a rotating contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider. It acts as a variable resistor or rheostat if only two terminals are used, one end and the rotating contact. Potentiometer is often used as a volume controller. AC adapter or AC to DC converter, as shown in Figure 47, is a type of external power supply, often enclosed in a case similar to an AC plug. Adapters for battery powered devices may be described as chargers or rechargers. Portability is the main concern when it comes to choosing what type of power supply should be used for a certain device. If the device will be installed only in a certain room, a battery is not a good choice but rechargeable battery or AC adapter must be considered. The power supply that the researchers will use on their prototype is a 9-Volt battery or a 9- Volt AC adapter. Solar Cell or photovoltaic cell is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is physical and chemical phenomenon. 108

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It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed to light. Solar cells are the building block of photovoltaic modules or solar panels. Solar cells, as shown in Figure 48, are described as being photovoltaic irrespective of whether the source is sunlight or an artificial light. They are used as a photo-detector (for example, infrared detectors), detecting light or other electromagnetic radiation near the visible range, or measuring light intensity. Multimedia speakers or computer speakers, as shown in Figure 49, are electroacoustic transducers that convert electrical audio signals into corresponding sounds. Most such speakers have an internal amplifier, and consequently require a power source, which may be from a mains power supply, often via an AC adapter, batteries, or USB port (able to supply no more than 2.5Watts DC, 500mA at 5Volts). The signal input connector is often a 3.5mm jack plug, but RCA connectors are sometimes used. The researchers will be using a USB powered computer speaker with 3.5mm audio jack for their prototype. Printed Circuit Board (PCB), as shown in Figure 50, mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic components using conductive tracks, pads, and other features etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. It can be a single sided (one copper layer) double sided (two copper layer), or multi-layer (outer and inner layers). The researchers will be using a pre synthesized printed circuit board for their prototype so that the circuit design is tidy. Breadboard and Jumper Wires Breadboard, as shown in Figure 51, will also be used by the researchers. It will be used for temporary mounting and testing of the prototype. Using breadboard is the easiest way of accomplishing the circuit design with the help of jumper wires. Integrated circuits are often placed in the middle of the

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breadboard so that the half of the legs are on one side and the half on the other side for easier connections. After designing the whole circuit for the transmitter and receiver circuits, the researchers will design a casing that will keep all the circuits to make the prototype more presentable. The researchers want to place their receiver circuit on a bamboo or on a closed box. The researchers cannot decide where to put their transmitter circuit because they want to implement it as table lamp, but they also want to place it inside a bulb. The researchers plan the dates that they should work to accomplish the requirements and to meet the deadlines. Table 5 shows the planned dates of the researchers in accomplishing their study.

Results and Discussion In line with the visible light communication technology, the proponentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; proposed project about audio transmission via VLC seeks to be comparable to other existing systems. The system uses audio source coming from mobile devices such as laptop, android phones, or tablets and from a microphone with preamplifier circuit. The transmitter circuit uses passive components such as capacitors, resistors, potentiometer and active components such as operational amplifier, transistor, and LED. As the audio source started to pass the very low signal, with 20 to 20 KHz frequency, to the transmitter circuit, the signals started to flow through the 0.1uF ceramic capacitors where direct current components are removed and through the 10kOhm resistor that limits the current to the operational amplifier inverting input pin 6. The 1MOhm potentiometer is a feedback gain controller that controls the signal output from operational amplifier pin 7 passing through the base of the transistor. The transistor worked as a modulator and amplifier in the circuit. The electrolytic capacitors, 470uF and 1000uF, were used as filters to 110

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reduce ac components spike in the circuit. Using a voltage divider, the 9 volts supply voltage will be divided into half for powering the LED. A 9 volt battery or adapter with a maximum of 800mA can be used as a power source for the transmitter circuit. The transistor will modulate and amplify the signal and will pass it to the LED where the signal is being carried by the photons. The arriving signal will be captured by the 6volt, 1.6 watts solar cells where the light will be converted into electrical signals and will be fed to the audio amplifier circuit. To have a two-way wireless communication using visible light, the proponents will provide two transmitters and two receiver circuits. The proponents used LED flashlights as a light source which is comparable in luminosity of a 1 watt power LED of about 80 to 100 lumens with beam angle of 30 to 50 degrees and a beam distance of about 7 to 10 meters. LED lights are powered by 4.5 to 6 volts with 200 to 400mA current. The microphone preamplifier is powered by a two AAA 1.5 volts battery which added a little voltage to the output LED light when connected as input. When it comes to BC548B transistor, the collector and emitter current are approximately equal to 80mA and the base current is approximately 222uA which gives the total gain of 360 to 400. Based on the BC548B transistor specification the gain of this transistor must be 110 to 450 which is true based on the calculations of the proponents. The collector-emitter voltage is about 4.5 volts, which gives a total collector power dissipation of 360mV. All the specifications of the transistor were met with the proponents. The researchers chose the solar cell as photo detector for their system instead of photodiode or phototransistor because of its wide are coverage, sensitivity, and response time. While solar cell can still deliver output even when the light is slightly focused or dimmed, other photo detectors produce dark currents, currents generated during absence of light, which lessen their

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sensitivity and response time. Using a solar cell, the output can be delivered in real-time with good quality characteristics. When it comes to the modulation of the audio signal, the proponents found out that the modulation used on their system is amplitude modulation. As the volume of the source increases, the amplitude of the sine wave also increases dramatically without affecting the frequency of the signal. On the receiver side, the signal is also an amplitude modulated sine wave. In the figure below, the envelope made by amplitude modulation was very evident. For the receiver, the system can use a mono, stereo, or even multiple audio amplifiers as long as the solar cell connected to their inputs must be covered by the LED light source. For the mono audio amplifier, the positive terminal of the solar panel is connected to the tip of the audio jack and the negative terminal connected to the sleeve of the audio jack. For the stereo audio amplifier, there must be two connections for the positive terminal of the solar panel to be connected to the tip and ring of the audio jack and the negative must be connected to the sleeve of the audio jack. For multiple receivers, multiple solar cells are also needed. Connecting in parallel the multiple audio amplifiers to one solar cell is a bad idea because the current produced by the solar cell will be divided on the connected audio amplifiers, thus resulting in a quieter output for all the connected audio amplifiers. The researchers will use stereo speakers for their prototype. Project Limitations and Capabilities A wireless communication system using visible light was successfully developed by the proponents with the purpose of integrating communication to lightings. All systems are not perfect that is why there are limitations and capabilities to be considered. There should be a balancing of the limitations and capabilities of a system before deciding whether the system is advantageous or not. 112

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After all the experimentations and testing done by the proponents, the capabilities that they identified on their proposed system are as follows: 1. The system is capable of transmitting high quality audio signals wirelessly coming from mobile devices and microphone using visible light and at the same time can function as an illuminator in a small area. 2. The transmitter can transmit audio signals at a distance of 5 to 7 meters with acceptable loudness at the receiver side. 3. When the transmitter and receiver are close to each other (at least 1 meter), the transmitted sound is comparable to the sound when the speaker is directly connected to the audio source. 4. The transmitter can also transmit by means of reflection, meaning using a mirror the transmitter can transmit at different angles as long as the light can strike the receiver. 5. The system can be used for any kind of environment, especially in hospitals and aircrafts where wireless devices are sometimes prohibited. 6. The system can be deployed by having a single transmitter with multiple receivers. 7. The system is capable of producing consistent output on a real time basis. 8. The system transmission can penetrate transparent blockings on the path of light with a small effect on the received signal. 9. For full-duplex communication, the system is secured as long as the lights are within the area of the communicating party. On the other hand, the system is not that perfect and there are some situations that can be identified as limitations of the system. The limitations that the proponents identified on their system are as follows:

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1. Big solid blockings on the path of light can disturb the communication. 2. The system is for short distance (1m to 7m) and point to point optical wireless communication only. 3. The transmitter was not designed for simultaneous transmission of voice and audio signals from mobile devices. 4. Ambient light or other light sources can cause interference to the captured signal by the solar panel, producing unwanted noise on the audio amplifier circuit. Project Evaluation To prove the systems capabilities and limitations stated above are true, the system should undergo the process of evaluation by allowing it to use by the respondents. The respondents will serve as the end user of the system who will express their perception of the system. The system will be evaluated in terms of its functionality, reliability, efficiency, effectiveness, and maintainability. Each criteria have different conditions under and will be rated 1 to 5 where 5 stands for very good, 4 for good, 3 for fair, 2 for poor, and 1 for very poor. The system will be evaluated by four faculty members of the Electronics Engineering Department, including the chairperson of ECE, to be able to have an exchange of knowledge with the professionals who have a better understanding of electronics and communications systems. The system will also be evaluated by three faculty members of Computer Engineering Department for them to appreciate where the ECEs are heading in terms of communication and technology. The system will be evaluated with different criteria for functionality, reliability, efficiency and effectiveness, and maintainability. For the functional criteria, the system will be evaluated if it functions according to the intended purpose, if it can produce the expected outputs in a given period of time, if it is 114

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comparable to the existing similar system, if it is easy to use and operate, and if it gives convenience to the users every time they use it. For the reliability criteria, the system will be graded if it can withstand the intended operation, if it is reliable in terms of strength, capacity, and performance, if a high degree of security can be obtained when using the system, if there is consistency on outputs, and if it can satisfy the needed outputs of the user. For the efficiency and effectiveness criteria, the system will be graded if it meets the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s objectives and requirements, if it can be used to its maximum design capacity, if it can respond to the needs of the end user, if it can contribute to the development of the same model of technology, and if it can enhance the individualâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s learning. For the maintainability criteria, the system will be evaluated if it can operate accurately with minimum maintenance, if it can be adapted to any changes in its working condition, and if troubleshooting or repair can be done easily by the user. After grading the system, the respondents should feel free to write comments, suggestions, or recommendations for the improvement of the system. Before the evaluation, proper, the respondents should fill up the space provided for their name, complete address, and profession or field of specialization. There is a letter for the respondents asking for their kind evaluation of the system. There is also an instruction that the respondents should follow while evaluating the system. After the evaluation table, there is a space provided for comments, suggestions, or recommendations if they feel that the system needs improvement or modification. After all the chosen respondents finished the evaluation form, it will be collected by the proponents for data analysis. For the interpretation of gathered data, the proponents will use averaging technique on every criterion. In the interpretation of data, the proponents will know if their system is very good, good, fair, poor, or very poor. The results will help the proponents to know if they need improvement of the 115

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system or modification on some aspects. This evaluation should reflect the objectives given by the proponents on the first chapter of this paper and the capabilities and limitations of the system as stated earlier. After accomplishing the evaluation instrument by the responders, the proponents gathered all the data for interpretation. The following data are shown in table 7 with every criterion having the mean value using the averaging technique as stated earlier for computation. For the criteria for functionality, the system was graded very good and good. For the statement the system functions according to the intended purpose was rated good and very good, but most of the respondents rated very good that is why the interpretation of this is very good. The proponents agreed to this since they know that they made the system according to its intended purpose based on their objectives stated in the first chapter of this paper. Same with those statements the system can produce the expected outputs in a given period of time, the system is comparable to the existing similar system, the system is easy to use and operate, and the system gives convenience to the users every time they use it, were rated very good. These results are good manifestation that the system performs well when it comes to its functionality. For the proponents, they can say that the idea of the system was not theirs, but the system can stand as improvement or modification of other existing systems. For the criteria about reliability, the system was graded very good and good also. The statement the system is reliable in terms of strength, capacity, and performance was interpreted as good. On the other hand, the system was interpreted as very good for the statements the system can withstand the intended operation (continuous or intermittent), the system can satisfy the needed outputs of the user, there is consistency on the outputs, and high degree of security can be obtained when using the system. The proponents can say that their system is reliable enough based on the data that they gathered. Some respondents never realized that 116

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the system is also capable of transmitting voice signals that is why there is a security issue on this criterion. The system can be used by the two parties as a two-way voice communication which is very secured as long as the lights are within the area of the two communicating parties, in contrast with the RF signals where any interested party can intercept the communication between the two communicating parties. When it comes to the efficiency and effectiveness criteria, the system was graded very good and good. The statements the system meets the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s objectives and requirements, the system can be used to its maximum design capacity, the system can respond to the needs of the end user, the system can enhance individualâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s learning, and the system can contribute to the development of the same model of technology were all interpreted as very good. The statement the system can enhance individualâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s learning for the proponents are really true because they can say that they learned a lot while doing their proposed system and they want to share it to everybody who are interested on this kind of technology. Based on the results under this criterion, the system is very efficient and very effective for the users given that the system has its own limitations. Under the maintainability criteria, the system was graded good, very good, and fair. Under this criterion, it is understood that the system troubleshooting or repair can only be done by technicians or any other persons who have knowledge about simple circuitry. The statement the system can operate accurately with minimum maintenance and troubleshooting/repair can be done easily by the user were interpreted as very good because the respondents have a broad knowledge about simple circuits and at the same time the components used by the proponents were minimal that is why the system can be easily repaired. On the other hand, the statement the system can be adapted to any changes in its working condition was interpreted as good.

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The portability criteria were not included by the proponents on their evaluation instrument, but they can say that their system is portable enough to be carried anywhere and can be easily installed because the system was only powered by a 9-volt adapter or 9-volt battery. The system is compatible with any other devices with audio output such as desktop, laptop, mobile phones, and tablets. System Evaluation Summary Criteria Weighted Average Functionality 4.886 Reliability 4.628 Efficiency and Effectiveness 4.886 Maintainability 4.619 Total Average : 4.755

The system evaluation instrument analysis summary will be used as the basis for the overall performance of the system. Table 8 and Figure 53 show different criteria for system evaluation with corresponding weighted averages. The weighted averages of the criteria were also used again for computation of the total average or can be interpreted as the total performance of the system. It can be seen on the table that the total performance of the system was graded as 4.755 which can be interpreted as very good, but the grade clearly say that the system was not perfect or almost perfect. The proponents knew that their proposed system has its own weakness that is why there are space provided for comments, suggestions, and recommendations for them to know what are the things that they should improve and enhance on the system. One of the respondents made a comment that the system was an original concept and the first he had ever seen so far in Columban College. Other respondents left the comments part blank, but they discussed to the proponents their comments on the system that can be used for future enhancement of it.

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The system has finally undergone respondents/end user evaluation. The system was graded very good, good, and fair on different criteria such as functionality, reliability, efficiency and effectiveness, and maintainability. These results of the evaluation will be used by the proponents to know the strengths and weaknesses of their system and will be used as a basis for improvement or modification of some aspects of the system. Based on the results of gathering data, the proponents can say that they met their desired output of their proposed system which satisfies their given objectives on the first chapter of this paper. In conclusion, the system being discussed in the whole part of this paper was all about audio transmission by the use of visible light communication. The construction of the system had undergone much experimentation before the proponents arrived to the best design that can output the best and most desirable quality of transmitted signals. The system was evaluated by the respondents who act as end users and their feedbacks on the system were all good. The first objective of the proponents was to transmit audio signals coming from mobile devices using visible light and the proponents can say that this objective was realized because they were able to transmit music wirelessly from mobile phones and laptop using the visible light. Another objective was to transmit human voice signals using visible light and for the proponents they are also able to accomplish this objective since they were able to transmit voice using microphone. The third objective of the proponents was to use the principle of reflection to transmit audio signals and the proponents were able to transmit audio signals using a mirror with small effect on the intensity of light received by the receiver. To test the functionality, reliability, efficiency and effectiveness of the system was also one of the objectives of the researchers and they accomplish this with the help of the evaluation instrument provided to the respondents who evaluated the system. To promote the system to ECE 119

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students who will later engage in studies of new technologies was also an objective of the proponents and they successfully accomplished this for some of their respondents came from fourth year ECE students. Based on the results of the data gathered on the evaluation instrument, the proponents can therefore conclude that they accomplished all the objectives that they cited on the first chapter of this paper.

REFERENCES Ahmed, K. et al. (December 2013). Low cost voice communication device using ordinary laser torch and LDR available in Bangladesh. IJEEE Vol. 1, No. 4 Azmi, N.F. et al. (December 2013).Development of optical wireless audio system using infrared light communications. www.iosrjournals.org Bagal, N. and Pandita, S. (April 2015). A review: real-time wireless audio-video transmission. IJETAE Vol. 5, Issue 4 Chan, C. et al. (October 1999). Optical wireless based on high brightness LEDs. Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Cho, E. et. al. (2013). Simultaneous transmission of udio and vSignals using visible light communications. http://jwcn.eurasipjournals.com/content/2013/1/250 Deshmukh, R. (May 2014). Voice transmission through bluetooth. International Journal of Innovative Research in Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation, and Control Engineering Vol. 2, Issue 5 Ding, L. et al. (June 2013). Real-time audio and video transmission system based on visible light communication. http://www.scirp.org/journal/opj Ding, L. et. al. (June 2013). Design of wireless optical access system using LED. http://www.scirp.org/journal/opj Dubey, S. et. al. (April 2014). Communication via LED. www. iosrjournals.org

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Elias, B. et. al. (May 2014). A novel hybrid communication technique involving power line communication and visible light communication. IJRET Vol.3, Issue 5 Fath, T.C.M. (October 2013). Evaluation of spectrally efficient indoor optical wireless transmission techniques. University of Edinburgh Harada, N. et. al. (November 2014). Capturing sound by light: towards massive channel audio sensing via LEDs and video cameras. NTT technical review Vol. 12, No. 11 Haruyama S. (February 2011). Visible light communications: recent activities in Japan. Keio University, Yokohama, Japan Hope, O. et al. (July 2014). Future trends in fiber optics communication. ISBN: 978-988-19252-7-5 Isaac, B. and Song, S. (November 2014). Analysis of Wi-Fi and WiMax and wireless network coexistence. IJCNC Vol. 6, No. 6

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DEVELOPMENT OF NOTIFICATION BOARD AT IMMACULATE CONCEPTION PARISH Engr. Greg C. Mallari, Barba, John Paul A. Leysa, Rezel E., Mendoza, Joanna Alexis T. Niog, Katrina Faye H., Senting, Japhet Mark A. Ting, Clarizze R., and Villano, Baby Shaine L.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract-A Civil Engineer is a person who practices civil engineering fundamentals. It includes application of planning, designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating infrastructures while protecting the public and environment. In this project, the purpose is to apply the skills and knowledge of the designers by following the provisions given by the building code, and by considering the location, and other technical factors such as costs, materials, and the project’s durability. The designers concluded that the notification board is different from the others since it is designed and built with quality and economy in mind. With this, the designers weren’t just able to help the community, but were also able to apply the knowledge and techniques in the Civil Engineering field they have learned in school. Keywords: Civil Engineering, notification board, Immaculate Conception Parish

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Introduction More than a decade has passed since Immaculate Concepcion Parish was established. The Parish started off first as a chapel located in the vicinity of Columban College – Barretto Campus. Over time, people began improving the structure until it became the developed Parish that we are now familiar with. Despite all the developments made on the Parish before, there are still lots of needed improvements that could be added to it. 122

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One of these improvements is to provide the Parish an outdoor notification board. A notification board is often used to disseminate information such as publicizing upcoming events, activities and reminders; such a tool for the Parish would be a welcomed addition, and also to encourage other people to attend mass. The usefulness of the notification board to the Parish depends on its availability. The study needs to guarantee that the strength and life span of the available materials to be used for the construction of the board will be maximized. This project is focused on designing and constructing a notice board and to comprehend the importance of materials to be used in an economical and safe structure. This project gives importance to the following beneficiaries: This project will be beneficial to the proponents in a way that the skills and knowledge that they learned from the school is enhanced. Moreover, the proponents will be able to apply the different methods necessary to construct a durable and safe structure. The documents for the design of the project will help the students for future reference. Also, having a notification board will help the students be aware of the mass schedules and other activities. This project will help the school improve their facilities and be able to attract more students. Having appealing surroundings can provide a good impression for the visitors. It is not just about the aesthetic design, but also a good feedback about the quality of education provided for the students. With this project the community will be notified and will be given information regarding activities and other events related to the Parish. The notification board can play a vital role for the churchgoers, not just by spreading news, but also to prevent others from posting on the wall of the Parish. With this, the school can preserve the sanctity of the place and attract more churchgoers to attend mass regularly.

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The general statement is what structural design should be used for the notification board. The study seeks to answer the following questions: (1) What structural design should be implemented? (2) What are the economical materials that should be used in construction without compromising its quality? (3) What construction method should be used for foundation to structure?

Methodology The researchers designed and developed an outdoor notification board by using an engineering applications called Multiframe. The general purpose of this project is to put into practice the general civil engineering knowledge the researchers have acquired through years of education, and on how it will help the churchgoers to be notified and updated with the church activities. The researchers used the following process in determining the design: design of wind load, design of steel structure, design of anchor bolts, design of base plate, design of the pedestal, and design of footing in order to come up with a solution to a problem. During the construction process, excavation, concrete works assembling the notification board, applying red oxide primer, removing of forms, backfilling, installation of the bulletin, masonry works, installation of the acrylic and board and painting works were done in building the notification board. Therefore, through the intensive research and planning of the designers, the construction of the notification board was done. It was made sure that the notification board constructed is adequate. Orientation. The researchers were instructed to propose a project that will benefit the churchgoers of the Immaculate Concepcion Parish.

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Site Selection. The proposed Notification Board is located beside the Immaculate Concepcion Parish within the vicinity of school premises. The researchers selected the location where it can be the most useful especially for the churchgoers, who can be immediately notified of upcoming events. Design and Materials Needed. The design to be used must conform to the specifications under the National Building Code of the Philippines. The materials to be used shall be economical and of excellent quality that is in accordance with the standard requirements. Canvassing of Materials. The researchers make inquiries to different hardware stores for the amount of the materials needed. With the data gathered on the price range of materials, the researchers were able to come up with the lowest estimated cost of the project materials. Purchasing of Materials. After the canvassing of materials cost, the researchers will purchase materials in hardware where its price is at minimum cost. Construction. The construction depends in accordance with the mass schedule to prevent disturbance on the mass ceremony and to be conducted on days where there are minimal number of people to avoid accidents. The manpower to be used is assured to be the best in the locality. The last phase of the constructions to be done must be the disposal and clearing of the site.

Results and Discussion In terms of structural aspect, the design calculations the structure went under using the applications of theories and techniques which the researchers obtained through the years of education in the field of engineering. These are the structural theories that were implemented in the load analysis of the structure: Reinforced concrete design for acquiring the steel requirement of the pedestal, steel design for determining the 125

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lightest and economical section for truss and pipe, and soil design to analyses the foundation of the structure. The software Multiframe was used by the designers to apply the structural properties like materials section shapes to meet the criteria of the design. In terms of construction materials, the use of the software multiframe became relevant in selecting the lightest and the economical section shape of steel which was used for the truss design of the bulletin board. Using the design, during the estimations and canvassing of the materials, the designers arrived to the list of materials used in the construction shown. With the cost obtained, the designers stated that the structure is economical and has the best quality. In terms of construction method, the application of the knowledge obtained in construction materials and project management was implemented. The use of construction planning such as the Flow chart and S-curve were relevant in organizing the construction flow of the project to be systemize. Thus, the recommendations listed are hereby provided: It is recommended for the future project having the same concept with the designers to consider other type of board, glass, and other material that will enhance the physical feature of the notification board. Placing of electrical layouts is also recommended by the developer which they werenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t able to take into account. REFERENCES AslamKassimali. Structural Analysis 4th Edition. PWS Publishing Company, 2011 Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines. National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010 Volume 1 Buildings, Towers and Other Vertical Structures Sixth Edition. Fourth Printing, 2013

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Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines. National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010 Volume 1 Buildings, Towers and Other Vertical Structures Sixth Edition. Fourth Printing, 2013 Bulletin Board.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_board Gillesania D.I. Simplified Reinforced Concrete Design. C& E Publishing Inc, 2013 http://profmathews.weebly.com/uploads/7/1/2/5/7125213/5._mome ntcouples.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varignons_theorem_(mechanics) https://www.mathsisfun.com/pythagoras.html

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FLOOD WARNING SYSTEM USING GSM Jackie-lou B. Balbarino Russell Aaron S. Tolentino Engr. Arlene C. Grate

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract-Recent advancements in wireless communications made new trends in monitoring systems. The most popular standard for mobile phones in the world is Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM). This paper demonstrates the design and development process of a flood warning system that incorporates the use of GSM module for information dissemination. This project is a five-level system donated by Columban College to Barangay Sto. Tomas, Subic, Zambales because the area is low level an beside a river, making it the catch basin from higher grounds. Herewith, the warning messages will be received by the authorities when the level of water surpasses the user defined height. It also shows the current water level in an LCD display. Keywords: Flood Warning System (FWS), GSM, SMS, Water level indicator, float switch

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Introduction The Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is a European standard that was developed to provide a common second-generation technology for all Europe. The aim was to replace a number of incompatible first-generation technologies. (Forouzan, 2007). GSM was expanded over time to include data communications, first by circuit switched transport, then packet data transport via GPRS (General PacketRadio Services) and 128

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EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution or EGPRS). (Gupta et. al, 2015). The technology behind the Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) uses Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) modulation a variant of Phase Shift Keying (PSK) with Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) signaling over Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) carriers Citizens living in a place that has tropical weather always experience rainy seasons that are months long. While the rainy seasons bless the people with the absence of the hot summer weather and the abundance of water for crops, it is not always a gentle rain. Typhoons amplify these rains to have heavy rainfall and extreme winds. In Olongapo City there are places where floods are inevitable, mostly because they are low places that cause them to be the catch basin for higher grounds, or because of clogged drainage. The bottom line is flood cause inconvenience to the citizens, and in a worst case scenario, it causes harm to them. While the citizens know when these floods will occur by experience, a warning system may benefit them greatly. A type of warning system is already present in Olongapo City but not necessarily a dedicated one. It is the network of the concerned citizens and the use of the internet. This consists of the citizens on the location and the use of mobile devices social media applications. This type system is greatly beneficial to the city because of the continuous feedback of the citizens that can provide a timely manner of updating the current situation of their location and also, this type of warning system does not have an initial and maintaining cost that will burden the government since it is managed solely by citizens. While posting a picture of the actual scenario provides a greater understanding of the situation, this method of warning is not reliable due to power outage, loss of internet connection and availability of the citizens to actually take and post a picture. In times of calamity, citizens would normally

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focus their attention on their current location instead of other places. It is easy to access the internet during normal weather conditions and it is reliable during such conditions, but when calamities occur intermittent connection problems take place thus making it not reliable during harsh conditions. Although there are other ways to connect to the internet like mobile data it would still require additional load for the mobile devices. A warning device that is connected to the internet would need additional care when it comes to connectivity. Another form of communication is through the use GSM. While it has relatively low data rates, it is still capable of transferring messages to the user without the user having to use additional effort like having a maintaining or connecting to a network since our mobile devices are always connected to the network. Even in calamities cell sites that are used to send messages are still active and are able to function adequately for the purpose of GSM based warnings. The flood warning system that the authors proposed is a dedicated warning system that uses water level sensors that are the input to the processing unit which is the MCU and the output interface which is the GSM module. Using this setup the flood warning system would have a low data rate connection, meaning that it is has fewer commands that it can process, but would still be a reliable connection since cellular service is available throughout the city. Although the only warning that it could provide is a text message it would still prove to be an effective setup for warning systems. While installing a flood warning system for the entire city is an ideal scenario, it would cost a lot of money and need an ample amount of knowledge about the subject. A more realistic approach would be installing these sensors in core locations so it greatly benefits the users.

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The general objective of this study is to create a flood warning system that will use sensors to measure water level and send a corresponding message when the water triggers a sensor. Specifically, the proposed research will aim: 1. To create a flood warning system that can be situated in the space that is needed to be monitored. 2. To use a GSM module as form of interface between the MCU and the mobile phone of the users. 3. To alert the users in each corresponding level of the water. 4. To be able to display the current water level using LCD display. 5. To be able to check the status of the system using GSM commands from mobile devices. 6. To test the acceptability of the proposed devices in terms of: 6.1 Functionality 6.2 Reliability 6.3 Maintainability 6.4 Effectiveness

Methods and Materials The researchers developed a Flood Warning System that can be useful in low level areas where flooding occurs. The general purpose of this study is to develop a flood warning system that includes the use of GSM Module for information dissemination. Its purpose was achieved through thorough researches and experiments. The study started by researching related studies that can be used as a guide and reference to meet the goals. After gathering enough information, especially regarding float switches, GSM Module, LCD display, ATmega328Pand coding using Arduino IDE, the researchers constructed the schematic diagram and flowchart 131

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needed for the system. The researchers, then, availed the needed components for the system. Each component was individually tested for its functionality. Float switches were the first one to be availed and was first to conduct experiments too. The researchers created the code for the Float Switches. This component will give the input to the ATmega328. After creating the code for the float switches, the researchers tested and made the code for the LCD Display. The code includes how the current water level will be displayed in the LCD. The next component to be tested by the researchers is the GSM Shield. This component is vital to the system, since this will be used for the information dissemination. The researchers created the code for the GSM Shield; the code enables the GSM Shield to send SMS to the phone number coded by the researchers. Since the codes were first uploaded to the GizDuino V5, a tool for implementing a designed program, it was transferred to the ATmega328, the brain of the whole system, using USB to UART (Serial TTL) Converter. After the completion of codes, the researchers created the prototype. It was made in such a way that it can be brought for presentation, however, the system can still be rearranged to adapt to any proposed location. Initial testing was first conducted by the researchers before securing the components to its places to ensure that no damage has occurred during the creation of the prototype. After the results of the tests are cleared, the researchers secured the components to their position. Final testing was conducted by the researchers to check whether errors have occurred and was missed. The prototype of this thesis was donated to Barangay Sto. Tomas, Subic Zambales by Columban College since the area experiences severe flooding during rainy season every year that endanger the life of the residents. For this reason, the researchers, Mr. Russell Aaron S. Tolentino and Ms. Jackie-lou B. Balbarino, together with their thesis adviser Engr. Arlene Cerico-Grate, ECE, 132

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MEng-ECE and the dean of the College of Engineering, Engr. Greg C. Mallari, PECE, REE, MEng-EE, were invited by Hon. Gennyfer G. Chantengco to be his guests at the Barangay Assembly Day last March 19, 2016. The researchers were awarded Certificate of Recognition from Hon. Gennyfer G. Chantengco, Sto. Tomas barangay captain, and Hon. Jeffrey D. Khonghun, Representative of the 1st District of Zambales. The same award was also given to Columban College, College of Engineering, for being one of the barangayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s community partners in formulating and contributing in disaster preparedness as part of its community service. This was received by Engr. Greg C. Mallari, PECE, REE, MEng-EE and Engr. Arlene Cerico-Grate, ECE, MEng-ECE. The researchers personally had a meeting with the barangay captain to suggest that the system will be implemented in the area they think it will be needed. The researchers suggested that the system will be implemented after their presentation, to which the barangay captain agreed to.

Results and Discussion According to the Union of Concerned Scientists, climate change increases the probability of some types of weather. Recent heavy rains and flooding in the Northeast, Midwest and Great Plains are consistent with a warming planet and such events are expected to become more common over time. As a consequence of global warming, annual precipitation levels have increased in many parts of the country and decreased in others. Philippines is greatly visited by typhoons, because of this, low level areas experience extreme flooding to which many citizens suffer. Although there are many types of warning systems for the occurrence of flood, not all areas have one, and not all systems can adapt to every place. The researchers designed a five-level system that can be used as a warning system for low level areas in timed of flood. The 133

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general objective of this study was achieved which is to create a flood warning system that uses sensors to measure water level and send a corresponding message when the water triggers a sensor. The corresponding messages for each level are the following: (1) Flood Warning Alert Level 1. Water level is low. Passable for citizens and all vehicle, (2) Flood Warning Alert Level 2. Moderate water level. Passable for citizens and all vehicle, (3) Flood Warning Alert Level 3. Water level is high. Road no longer passable for citizens and small vehicles, (4) Flood Warning Alert 4. Water level critical. Road no longer passable for citizens and small to medium-sized vehicles. Low-level areas: wait for rescue and (5) Flood Warning Level 5. Water level severe. Road no longer passable for citizens and all vehicles. Implement emergency plans. Low-level areas: wait for rescue. The specific objectives was also met by the researchers which is to create a flood warning system that can be situated in the space that is needed to be monitored, to use a GSM module as form of interface between the MCU and the mobile phone of the users, to alert the users in each corresponding level of the water, to be able to display the current water level using LCD, to be able to check the status of the system using GSM commands from mobile devices and to be able to issue commands to the system using GSM commands from mobile devices. After researches and experimentation, the researchers therefore conclude that they have made a device that can easily adapt to many situations where flood or water level monitoring is needed and is able to send a message with regards to the input triggered. It also has the capability to receive commands in the form of text messages and do a corresponding action with regards to the received message by using the MCU to compare the text messages to the preconfigured text command. Moreover, the researchers expressed their desire to help and extend community service of the academe by donating the system to the Barangay Sto. Tomas, Subic, Zambales. 134

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Although the system has reached its goals and objectives, the study still has its limitations. For further improvement of the study, the researchers offer the following recommendations to future researchers: To use solar panel as the power source for the system. The solar charging system will allow for the battery to be constantly charged. This will enable the system to last long in terms of power supply. To include a data center to which the data is collected by parameter data sensors and data loggers and sent to the data center via GPRS. To include other commands that can be issued by mobile users to the GSM Shield such as registering unlimited promo for the SIM Card. To use bigger LCD display. This will allow more words to display on LCD. To include loud sound warnings for the nearby residents to rely on. REFERENCES Abdulqader, M. (2012). Diesel Generator Auxiliary Systems and Instruments Second Edition. Najah Engineering Consultants LLC. Retrieved from the website https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=TH8dl5KZnQC&pg=PA1 19&dq=magnetICALLY+ACTUATED+FLOAT+SWITCH&hl=en&s a=X&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAWoVChMIyeXl0IXOyAIVwtumCh34NA VG#v=onepage&q&f=false Amirruddin, M. et. al (2012). Microcontroller Based Water Level Indicator Using GSM Modem: Design And Application. 1st International Conference on Future Trends in Computing and Communication Technologies. Arduino IDE. Retrieved from the website https://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/Environment Atmega328P Datasheet. Retrieved from the website http://www.atmel.com/Images/Atmel-8271-8-bit-AVRMicrocontroller-ATmega48A-48PA-88A-88PA-168A-168PA328-328P_datasheet_Summary.pdf Azid, S. et. al (2015). SMS Based Flood Monitoring and Early Warning System. Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN) Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Volume 15, No 15.

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Basu, S. and Debnath, A. (2015). Power Plant Instrumentation and Control Handbook: A Guide to Thermal Power Plants. Elsevier Ltd. Retrieved from the website https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=Ns06BAAAQBAJ&pg=P A287&dq=types+of+float+switch&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCMQ6A EwAGoVChMI6vHridfNyAIVYxumCh0evwUc#v=onepage&q=typ es%20of%20float%20switch&f=false Bhattacharya, S. K. and Chatterjee S. (2006). Industrial Electroncis and Control. Printek India, New Delhi by Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. Retrieved from the website https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=iB5aR379sD8C&pg=PA 55&dq=types+of+float+switch&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDUQ6AEw AmoVChMI4oWEf3NyAIVJeemCh0mbg9P#v=onepage&q=float %20switch&f=false Capacitors. Retrieved from the website https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/capacitors Dryburgh, L. and Hewett J. (2005).Signaling System No. 7 (SS7/C7): Protocol, Architecture, and Services. Retrieved from the website https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=lKO1PNwI9tkC&pg=PA 363&dq=gsm+architecture&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDAQ6AEwA2o VChMIztOxlt_2xwIVYcamCh0MzQ1#v=onepage&q=gsm%20architecture&f=false FC V11QF Datasheet. Retrieved from the website http://interautomatika.lt/download/FCV31P%20datasheet_EN. pdf.da9744f30ff1de28bff54b1b95cbe7ae Forouzan, Behrouz A. (2007). Data Communications and Networking 4th ed. New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies. Inc. Ganiron, T. Jr. (2014). An Analysis of the Public Perception of Floods in Manila City. International Journal of Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity. Vol.5 (2014), pp.1-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijdrbc.2014.5.01 GizDuino v5. Retrieved from the website http://egizmo.com/KIT/gizduinov.html Gupta, P. K. et. al (2015). Remote Location Monitoring of Dam and Risk Warning System for Flood using GSM Technology. MIT International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2015, pp. 23â&#x20AC;&#x201C;26

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Herman, S. (2015). Electric Motor Control. Boston, MA 02210, USA: Cengage Learning. Retrieved from the website https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=z8QTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA 127&dq=float+switch&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAGoVCh MIy_Wqkc3NyAIVweGmCh3IKwrI#v=onepage&q=float%20swit ch&f=false How to upload sketches to Arduino UNO chip using PL2303 USB To RS232 Converter. Retrieved from the website http://www.xappsoftware.com/wordpress/2012/04/16/howto-upload-sketches-to-arduino-uno-chip-using-pl2303-usb-tors-232-converter/ How to use presensitized PCB by E-Gizmo. Retrieved from the website http://e-gizmo.com/blog/pcb/diypcb.html Internet, social media and mobile use of Filipinos in 2015. Retrieved from the website https://telehealth.ph/2015/03/26/internetsocial-media-and-mobile-use-of-filipinos-in-2015/ Introduction to AT Commands. Retrieved from the website http://www.developershome.com/sms/atCommandsIntro.asp KiCad. Retrieved from the website http://kicad-pcb.org/about/kicad/ Kwah, Z. S. (2010). GSM Based Remote Terminal Unit of the Flood Warning and Control System. LM350 Datasheet. Retrieved from the website http://www.onsemi.com/pub_link/Collateral/LM350-D.PDF LM7805 Datasheet. Retrieved from the website https://www.fairchildsemi.com/datasheets/lm/lm7805.pdf Penttinen, J. T. (2015). The Telecommunications Handbook: Engineering Guidelines for Fixed, Mobile and Satellite Systems Edited. Retrieved from the website https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=HRQmBgAAQBAJ&pg=P A555&dq=%E2%80%A2+The+Telecommunications+Handbook :+Engineering+Guidelines+for+Fixed,+Mobile+and+Satellite+Sy stems+Edited&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAGoVChMI5J0s972xwIVhOKmCh236QNr#v=onepage&q=%E2%80%A2%20 The%20Telecommunications%20Handbook%3A%20Engineeri ng%20Guidelines%20for%20Fixed%2C%20Mobile%20and%2 0Satellite%20Systems%20Edited&f=false Potentiometer. Retrieved from the website http://www.resistorguide.com/potentiometer/

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Power

Supply. Retrieved from the website https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supply Resistors. Retrieved from the website http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/directcurrent/chpt-2/resistors/ Sauter, M. (2006).Communication Systems: For the Mobile Information Society. Retrieved from the website https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=IZ2KDhn9iOgC&pg=PA 21&dq=gsm+frequency+band&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEUQ6AEw B2oVChMIjK_Z1dr2xwIVgeimCh2Tigj9#v=onepage&q&f=false Stuckmann, P. (2003). The GSM Evolution: Mobile Packet Data Services. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=bQKOse85OHkC&pg=P R4&lpg=PR4&dq=Stuckmann,+P.+(2003).+The+GSM+Evolution :+Mobile+Packet+Data+Servi&source=bl&ots=pUzgV0e8DR&sig =N9yZyVJTV9Tb0tMOyy5k9j1FbXA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ 6AEwAmoVChMIh4uWl9X3xwIVSBiOCh2VWwCy#v=onepage& q=Stuckmann%2C%20P.%20(2003).%20The%20GSM%20Evol ution%3A%20Mobile%20Packet%20Data%20Servi&f=false Switch Basics. Retrieved from the website https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/switch-basics/poles-andthrows-open-and-closed Udayashankara, V. and Mallikarjunaswamy M. S. (2009). 8051 Microcontroller: Hardware, Software & Applications.Nagar, New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. Retrieved from the website https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=iru1w4iRx_YC&pg=PA7 &dq=what+is+a+microcontroller&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCAQ6AE wAWoVChMI7IWt8O7DyAIVwuimCh3GSAxa#v=onepage&q&f=f alse USB to UART (Serial TTL) Converter. Retrieved from the website http://www.e-gizmo.com/KIT/USB.html GSM Architecture and Interfaces. (1998, November 30). Retrieved from the website http://www.pearsonhighered.com/samplechapter/013949124 4.pdf

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EFFICACY OF ASHITABA AS PERCEIVED BY HYPERTENSIVE CLIENTS: BASELINE DATA FOR CLINICAL RESEARCH Maria Criselda M. Baluran; Miles S. Rockefeller Faith Anne C. Alidia; Neslie D. Militante Anne Mariel P. Ong; Lois Lane R. Nagal Maria Amaluz L. Fontillas; Arturo A. Butaran Jr. Dr. Leilani E. Capili --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract- The study was conducted at Sta. Rita, Olongapo City whom the responders are 41 hypertensive individuals who are taking Ashitaba. The study aimed to seek the Efficacy of Ashitaba as Perceived by Hypertensive Clients: Baseline Data for Clinical Research. It used quasiexperimental of research and survey-questionnaires to gather information. The researchers sought permission and approval from the Dean of Columban College of Nursing and from the Barangay Chairman of Sta. Rita, Olongapo City to allow them to conduct the survey. Percentage, t-test and Chi-square (X2) test were used in the treatment of data. The researchers concluded that Ashitaba has a significant effect for those with high blood pressure but not taking medication. Through data analysis the recommendations for future researchers are to conduct a clinical trial with a control group to determine the efficacy of Ashitaba and to use this study as a baseline data for future clinical trials especially in the therapeutic effect of Ashitaba for hypertension. Keywords: Nursing Education, Efficacy, Ashitaba, hypertension, clinical research

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Introduction

Hypertension is one of the most common risk factors for mortality. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 9.4 million people are estimated to die from hypertension or high blood pressure globally every year. In the 2015 statistics of the WHO, the prevalence of hypertension 139

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(systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90) in the Philippines among adults age 18 years old and above is 23.5 % among male and 20.7 % among female. Hypertension is a consistent elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure. It is usually considered an adult health problem, but it does occur in children too (Huether, 2015). The normal blood pressure according to Lewis is systolic <120 mm Hg and diastolic < 80 mm Hg while according to Brunner the normal blood pressure is systolic <130 mm Hg and diastolic <85 . When the blood pressure is greater than the normal range it is called Hypertension. Hypertension is a persistent systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or more, diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or more (Lewis,2013). There are 3 stages of Hypertension; Prehypertension, Stage 1 and Stage 2. A systolic blood pressure between 120 and 139mm Hg or a diastolic pressure between 80 and 89 mm Hg is classified as Prehypertension. Stage 1 hypertension has a systolic between 140 – 159 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure between 90 – 99 mm Hg. While Stage 2 hypertension has a systolic blood pressure equal or greater than 160 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure equal or greater than 100 mm Hg. (Saunders, 2014). Hypertension can also be classified as either primary or secondary. Primary hypertension is an elevation of blood pressure without an identified cause. The risk factors of primary hypertension are age, family history, obesity, alcohol, smoking, gender, ethnicity, social economic status and stress. On the other hand, Secondary Hypertension is an elevation of blood pressure with a specific cause that can often be classified and corrected. The risk factors of secondary hypertension are pregnancy, coarctation, cirrhosis, drug addiction, endocrine disorders, renal disease and neurological disorders. This condition is sometimes called, “silent killer” because it is frequently asymptomatic until it becomes severe and the target organ disease has occurred (Lewis, 2013). Hypertension is a major risk factor for chronic heart 140

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disease, stroke, heart failure, chronic kidney disease and premature death and it can damage blood vessels, the organs such as the heart, kidney, eyes and brain. In order to maintain normal blood pressure and prevent hypertension one should do physical activities to maintain ideal body weight, make a lifestyle modification, change the diet to Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan and take anti-hypertensive medications such as ACE Inhibitor and diuretics. However, some scientific studies show that herbal medicines are the best alternative in maintaining normal blood pressure and in managing hypertension. Herbal medicine is the therapeutic use of plants to treat disease; enhance general health and well-being, often without any significant side effect. One of the herbal medicines used to manage hypertension is Ashitaba. Ashitaba (scientific name: Angelika Keiskei) is a higher class wild celery - rank species and also an Asian herb. Ashitaba can be consumed as a vegetable and can be an ingredient in making a salad. The leaves, stems and roots can be eaten raw or cooked and can be prepared as a tea. It has been used in Japan (Edo period of 15th century) and China (Ming Dynasty in early 15th century) as medicinal herbs due to its power of supplying vital nutrients. It contains 11 vitamins, 13 minerals, chlorophyll enzyme, carotene, germanium, saponin, protein, plant fiber, glyconides and chalcones. Ashitaba is high in chlorophyll. It is also called â&#x20AC;&#x153;Green Bloodâ&#x20AC;? because it has a similar molecular structure to that of our body. There are many therapeutic actions of Ashitaba such as anti-bacterial, anti-depressant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, and anti-hypertensive. Shimitzu et. al documented in their research that Ashitaba contains the inhibitory activity of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) with 80% ethanol. ACE inhibitor is a modern therapeutic method in the treatment of hypertension. ACE Inhibitors block the systemâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s vasoconstrictive and sodium retaining effects, with a consequent reduction in systemic blood 141

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pressure. The present ACE inhibitor was fractionated and separated with various chromatographies. The antihypertensive effects of the sample from Ashitaba on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were observed with long-term administration for 10 weeks. According to Japanese medicine, the roots of Ashitaba were used as diuretic. Ashitaba contains a yellow sap which contains chalcones. Chalcone is an active ingredient of Ashitaba that can cause a diuretic effect to the body. Diuretics are used in managing disorders involving abnormal fluid retention or treating hypertension in which their diuretic action causes a decreased blood volume, leading to reduced blood pressure. Obesity is one of the risk factors for hypertension. The anti-obesity property of Ashitaba can also be helpful in maintaining the ideal body weight of an individual and in maintaining normal blood pressure. The rising cost of anti- hypertensive drugs, its side effects, poverty and rising hypertension related cases in the Philippines encourage the researchers to find an alternative method to manage hypertension. In the Philippines, many people have turned to herbal medicine in treating and/or preventing several diseases, this study can be a useful tool in determining scientifically the efficacy of the therapeutic use of the Ashitaba plant as an alternative in managing hypertension. This research can also be a basis for a more advanced analysis and identification of the pharmaceutical material that the plant contains. This will also help the Philippine Department of Health (DOH) to spread awareness to the public regarding hypertension and the importance of anti- hypertensive maintenance of hypertensive individual. It also supports the Traditional Health Program of the DOH. This research can also be a future reference for discovering the therapeutic effect of Ashitaba towards hypertension. This research will encourage some individuals to find further alternative treatments which may be naturally available in their backyard to fight against any diseases. 142

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This study aimed to gather information about the efficacy of Ashitaba as perceived by hypertensive clients. It also aimed to serve as baseline data for clinical research to help marginalized group to maintain their blood pressure within normal limits using Ashitaba as an alternative to high cost conventional medicines in Sta. Rita, Olongapo City.

Methodology The Quasi Experimental design was used in this research. According to Bueno (2016), quasi experimental was used to approximate the conditions of the true experiment in a setting which did not allow the control and/or manipulation of all relevant variables. It involves applying settings where it is not possible to control all the relevant variables but only some of them. The researchers had instructed the respondents who were already using Ashitaba to take Ashitaba as how the respondents usually prepare it while those respondents whom the researchers provided Ashitaba were instructed to take 2-3 Ashitaba leaves daily. Their blood pressures were taken initially and were monitored for six weeks. The respondents of the study were 41 individuals who reside in Sta. Rita, Olongapo City and have been diagnosed with hypertension. Hypertension is characterized by a blood pressure level above the normal range of 120/80 mm Hg. Hypertensive clients age 31-90 years old were included in this research. It was conducted on hypertensive clients who were currently taking Ashitaba regardless of the classification of hypertension. Likewise, those who were taking anti-hypertensive drugs while taking Ashitaba were also included. While hypertensive clients who are not taking Ashitaba are not included in this research. According to Babbie (2016), purposive sampling or judgmental sampling is a type of nonprobability sampling in which the units to be observed are selected on the basis of the researcher's 143

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judgment about which ones will be the most useful or representative. The researchers utilized the purposive sampling to identify the hypertensive individuals within the community who are taking Ashitaba. This research utilized a survey-questionnaire. It was developed by integrating the risk factors or hypertension and the effectivity of Ashitaba to hypertension, according to several clinical research and published books. It was presented to three experts from the field of Nursing and Research for validation and modification. It was then tested to hypertensive individual’s age 31-90 years old who was using Ashitaba in Sta. Rita, Olongapo City. The survey – questionnaire was divided into 3 parts: Part 1) Demographic, Part 2) Hypertension information and Part 3) Client’s Usage of Ashitaba and Response. Part 1) Demographic Data gathering information about the respondents namely: age, height, weight, gender, current occupation, civil status, number of children and their age and educational attainment, gross monthly income and the lifestyle of the respondent such as the diet, alcohol and tobacco use, and physical activities; Part 2) Hypertension information. It gathers information if the respondent has a family history of hypertension, if the respondent is prescribed of medication in conjunction with the use of Ashitaba. Likewise, it also gathers history of the past and present medication as prescribed by the respondents’ physician. Part 3) Client’s Usage of Ashitaba and Response gathers information how the respondents take Ashitaba, the duration of their use, its perceived effectiveness and side effects. The researchers sent a letter to the Dean of Columban College of Nursing and to the Barangay Chairman of Sta, Rita, Olongapo City to allow them to conduct the survey. Second, the researchers conducted a house to house survey. They gave surveyquestionnaires in every household with an identified hypertensive family member/s and given ample time to answer the survey-questionnaire. Finally, the researchers collected the 144

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questionnaires after the respondents had answered all the questions, and were statistically treated.

Results and Discussion A total of 41 percent of the respondents belongs to the middle age group and a total of 59 percent belongs to the older adult. According to Kaplan (2010), the fundamental hemodynamic fault of hypertension in middle age group (typically 30-55 years of age) is an elevated systemic vascular resistance coupled with inappropriately "normal" cardiac output. Vasoconstriction at the level of the resistance arterioles results from the increased neurohormonal drive and an auto regulatory reaction of vascular smooth muscle to an expanded plasma volume, the latter due to impairment in the kidney's ability to excrete sodium. On the other hand, hypertension in older adults (after the age 55) is usually manifested by the systolic pressure rises steadily with age; by contrast, diastolic pressure rises until about age 55 and then falls progressively thereafter. The resulting widening of pulse pressure indicates stiffening of the central aorta, reduced aortic diameter, and a more rapid return of reflected pulse waves from the periphery, causing an augmentation of systolic aortic pressure. Data shows that 59 percent of the respondents are female and remaining 41 percent are male. According to Reckelhoff (2014), around 1997-2009, there were more cases of hypertension in men than women, but later on, hypertension prevalence became higher in women than men with 67.2 % of women vs. 60.8% of men being hypertensive after the age of 55 and the incidence has been increasing over the past several years. Moreover, it shows that 98 percent of the respondents are married and the remaining 2 percent is single. As reflected, the majority of the respondents have been hypertensive for 21 years and above which is equivalent to 34 percent. It is followed by 29 percent of those having been hypertensive for 1-5 years, 20 percent 6-10 years hypertensive, 12 percent 11- 15 years hypertensive and the 145

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remaining 5 percent 16-20 years hypertensive. According to Laragh, et. al. (2012), the duration and intensity of the hypertension would lead to the arterial changes of variable degree which by increasing peripheral resistance, would further increase the blood pressure in response to the same degree of neurohor monal stimulus. The majority of the respondents under normal BMI are hypertensive, which is equivalent to 68 percent, 22 percent are overweight, 5 percent are obese and 5 percent are underweight. According to Black, et.al (2012), the prevalence of hypertension among obese individuals with a body mass index >30kg/m2 is 42.5%, compared with 27.8% for overweight individuals (25.0 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 29.9 kg/ m2), and 15.3% for individuals with body mass index <25kg/m2. Recent data indicate that the age related increase of blood pressure may be avoided in young adults who maintain a stable Body Mass Index (BMI) over longterm follow up. In the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study, those who maintained a stable BMI at all six examinations over 15 years had no significant changes in either systolic or diastolic blood pressure, whereas those who had an increase in their BMI. It shows that 78 percent of the respondents are non-smokers while 22 percent are smokers. According to Begum (2008), Cigarette smoking causes rise in blood pressure. Nicotine in the tobacco causes the release of adrenaline and non-adrenaline from the adrenal glands which increases blood pressure. Atheroma, a condition where deposits of fatty materials line the blood vessels which later break, causing blood clots, is more common among smokers. Coronary thrombosis occur more among hypertensive patients who smoke. In addition, according to Lewis (2014), Nicotine contained in tobacco causes vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure, especially in people with hypertension. Furthermore, it shows that 68 percent of the respondents are non-alcohol drinkers while 32 percent are alcohol drinkers. More than 50 epidemiological 146

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studies have shown a relation between intake of three or more drinks per day and hypertension, although regular alcohol intake is associated with a lower risk of atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease events. Hypertensive patients should limit daily alcohol intake to 1 oz. According to Kaplan (2010), the drinking of alcohol raises blood pressure due to increased sympathetic nervous activity. The respondents use only the leaves of Ashitaba and the majority prefer to prepare it raw. According to Boris (2012), the shoots and leaves of Ashitaba are eaten in parts of Japan while according to Atta-ur-Rahman (2005), the roots are used to on the Pacific Coast of Japan. It shows that 80 percent of the respondents take 2 leaves of Ashitaba daily. It is followed by 1 leaf of Ashitaba taken daily. The appropriate dose of Ashitaba depends on several factors such as the client's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for Ashitaba. There are testimonies and forums in the internet showing that taking 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 3 leaves of Ashitaba per day will show significant effect not just in maintaining normal blood pressure but also in its other therapeutic action. Moreover, it shows that the majority of the respondents take Ashitaba daily. It is followed by 12 respondents taking Ashitaba every other day. As mentioned earlier, at this time, there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for Ashitaba. Further, it shows the blood pressure reading of the 41 respondents from baseline to week 6. Prior to the study, the 41 respondents were classified as hypertensive. After 6 weeks of taking Ashitaba, 18 respondents were categorized within the normal range or prehypertensive stage while 23 respondents fall on the hypertensive stage. According to Saunders (2014), there are 3 stages of Hypertension; Prehypertension, Stage 1 and Stage 2. A systolic blood pressure between 120 and 139 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure between 80 and 89 mm Hg is classified as 147

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Prehypertension. Stage 1 hypertension has a systolic between 140 – 159 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure between 90 – 99 mm Hg. While Stage 2 hypertension has a systolic blood pressure equal or greater than 160 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure equal or greater than 100 mm Hg. In addition, it shows the smokers and non smoker respondents’ blood pressure changes before and after 6 weeks of taking Ashitaba. 7 out of 9 smoker respondents, while 22 out of 32 non-smoker respondents showed a decrease in blood pressure level after 6 weeks of Ashitaba intake. The alcohol and non-alcohol drinkers’ blood pressure changes before and after 6 weeks of taking Ashitaba. 9 out of 13 alcohol drinkers while 21 out of 28 non-alcohol drinkers show a decrease in blood pressure level after 6 weeks of taking Ashitaba. The test of the independence of the blood pressure level after 6 weeks of taking Ashitaba and the frequency of intake. The computed X2 is 4.262 which is lower than the critical value of 11.345 at 0.01 level of significance, thus the null hypothesis is accepted. This means that the effect of the BP Reading after 6 weeks is not dependent on the frequency of taking Ashitaba; whether they take it every day or every other day, the effect is the same. The computed t-value for the test of significant difference in the baseline BP reading and the BP reading after 6 weeks of taking Ashitaba. It can be gleaned that for those who initially considered as with hypertension, but taking medications, show no significant difference in their blood pressure reading before and after taking Ashitaba with computed t-values of 0.958 and 1.135, respectively. The null hypothesis is accepted within 0.01 level of significance with a P-value of 0.612. The effect of Ashitaba is not significant. But for those with high blood pressure reading before taking Ashitaba but are not taking medications, the effect is significant. There is a significant difference in the baseline blood pressure reading and the blood pressure reading on the 6th week with a computed t-value of 3.15 and P-value of 0.004, thus the 148

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null hypothesis is rejected. It shows that taking Ashitaba for those with high blood pressure, but not taking medication is effective. Future researchers on Ashitaba will include hypertensive respondents with the same classifications of hypertension. A clinical trial with control group be conducted to determine the efficacy of Ashitaba. That the future researches be conducted to determine the effect of Ashitaba in hypertensive smoking respondents versus hypertensive non-smoking respondents. Further investigation on which part of Ashitaba is more effective as well as its preparation be conducted in clinical trials. That this study is a baseline data for future clinical trials, especially in the therapeutic effect of Ashitaba for hypertension. That the future researchers will determine their future hypertensive respondents with a consistent elevated blood pressure over 120/80 mm Hg by monitoring their blood pressure level for at least 4 weeks as baseline data. REFERENCES Atta-ur-Rahman. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry: Bioactive Natural Products (Part K). Elsevier, Netherlands, 2005 Balita, Carl. Ultimate Learning Guide. Balikatan Prints & Binding Enterprises, Philippines,2015 Beck, Cheryl Tatano. Essentials of Nursing Research: Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice. Lippincott Williams, 2010 Begum, Raheena. A Textbook of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, India, 2008 Black, Henry, et.al.Hypertension: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease. Elsevier Health Sciences, Canada, 2012 Bueno, David. Educational Research Writing Made Easy. Great Books Trading, 2016 Bueno, David. Essentials of Statistics. Syneraide Research and Publications, Brgy. Mayamot, Antipolo City, 2006 Gould, Barbara E., et.al.Pathophysiology for the Health Professions - E- Book 4th Ed. Elsevier Inc., USA, 2011 Huether, Sue E., et.al.Understanding Pathophysiology 6th Ed. Elsevier Inc., USA, 2012

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IMRaD Journal Vol. 1 June 2018 ISSN 2619-7820 Kaplan, Norman.Kaplan's Clinical Hypertension. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, USA, 2010 Laragh, John H., et.al. Frontiers in Hypertension Research. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., USA,2012 Lewis, et. al. Medical Surgical Nursing 2014 9th Ed. Mosby and Elsevier Inc., Canda, 2014 Mancia, Giuseppe, et.al.Manual of Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension Society.CRC Press, USA,2014 Q. Ashton Acton PhD.Issues in Biochemistry and Biophysics Research.ScholarlyEditions, Georgia, 2013 Reckelhoff, Jane. Sex and Gender Differences in Cardiovascular-Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Morgan and Claypool, USA, 2014 Salkind, Neil. Encyclopedia of Research Design, Volume 1 edited. SAGE, USA, 22 Jun 2010 Silvestri, Linda Anne. Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN Examination 6th Ed. Elsevier Inc., USA, 2014 INTERNET SOURCES Barbosa-Filho, Jose M. Natural products inhibitors of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbfar/v16n3/a21v16n3.pdf, 2010 Biofundations. The Health and Medicinal Benefits of Ashitaba. http://biofoundations.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/08/AshitabaBookVe r11.pdf Hida, Kazuo. Ashitaba, A Medicinal Plant and Health Method. http://web.archive.org/web/20100330183645/http://www.organicashit aba.com/articles.html Lance, Kevin. Studies Conducted on Ashitaba. http://www.ecellgen.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&i d=20&Itemid=31 Ogawa, Hiroshi,et.al. Effects of Dietary Angelica Keiskei on Lipid Metabolism in Strokeprone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/wiley/effects-of-dietary-angelica-keiskeion-lipid-metabolism-in-stroke-WB0zC0oQmW, 2003 Sahelian, Ray. Ashitaba Herb Health Benefit. http://www.raysahelian.com/ashitaba.html, 2016 Yanquan, Zou. Understanding Kidney Yin and Kidney Yang. http://www.shennong.com/eng/principles/kidneyyinyang.html, 2005 Yasueda, Asuka, et.al. Review: Evidence-based Clinical Research of Anti-Obesity Supplements in Japan. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4435568/pdf/IEMAMC13-185.pdf, 2013

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ECONOMIC VALUATION OF SUBIC BAY ENVIRONMENT Mark Owen R. Baldo; Kathleen Jan F. Macugay Rustie O. Manzano; Kurt Caesar De Padua Christine May Torres – Reyman

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract- The research dealt with the environmental valuation to determine the stakeholders “willingness to pay” (WTP). In practice, WTP is often used where market prices or markets do not exist or cannot be observed. This amount is obtained using contingent valuation technique. The study employed quantitative and descriptive approach in acquiring data from the willingness to pay of students, parents, and professors of Columban College in the preservation of the Subic Bay forests. The socioeconomic status of the respondent significantly influences their WTP. Most of the respondents are willing to pay a conservation fee of 21-50 pesos. Not all high income earners give high WTP value. Subic Bay Freeport stakeholders are already aware of the importance of managing the environment for present and future generation. The respondents put greater attention and concern on the environmental problem that they actually see, observe and experience, i.e air and water pollution, floods due to soil erosion. Level of awareness in forest ecosystem and its importance is lacking. This lack of information influenced the respondent’s WTP. There is a need to conduct of further valuation methods using the travel cost method, cost effective analysis and restoration cost. Keywords: Environmental education, economic valuation, Subic Bay

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Introduction Much of the mismanagement and insufficient utilization of natural resource that consequently led to environmental degradation can be explained using market and policy failures. In 151

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economics, the success of the economy depends on a wellfunctioning market characterized by the law of supply and demand. A well-functioning economy ensures that the limited resources are allocated to their most highly valued users. However, in terms of ecosystem services, market fails to function efficiently due to several reasons; (1) environmental services / resources are unpriced goods and charging them would be difficult (2) externalities – the effects of an action which are not taken into account by the perpetrator (3) incomplete information on environmental processes can lead to inappropriate prices. To address this problem, environmental managers used the principle of economics to put a monetary value to unpriced ecological services using economic valuation techniques. In Subic Bay Freeport, environmental services provided by the forest reserves, marine reserves and biodiversity are unpriced assets. More so, because these resources are “reserves” where extraction, gathering and utilization of natural resources are not permitted inside the Freeport, putting direct monetary values are not possible. Consequently, conserving the Subic Bay Freeport environment becomes a burden as financial requirements for managing these reserves becomes more depleted. In this regard, environmental and tourism administrative fee was formulated to provide funds for this purpose. It is a common practice to conduct environmental valuation to determine the stakeholders “willingness to pay” (WTP). In practice, WTP is often used where market prices or markets do not exist or cannot be observed. This amount is obtained using contingent valuation technique. The research focused on the willingness to pay for Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority Environmental and Tourism Administrative Survey in Columban College Basic Education, Olongapo City as a basis for the economic valuation of the environment. It dealt with the environmental valuation to determine the stakeholders “willingness to pay” (WTP). In practice, WTP is often used where market prices or markets do 152

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not exist or cannot be observed. This amount is obtained using contingent valuation technique.

Methodology The study employed quantitative and descriptive approach in acquiring data from the willingness to pay of students, parents, and professors of Columban College in the preservation of the Subic Bay forests. The research made use of a three-page survey questionnaire consisting of three parts with measures of awareness, the concept of the study, and indicators pertaining to Environmental Valuation. In facilitating the gathering data, methods were devised depending on the purpose and scope for which the study was undertaken. The Descriptive Method of research was used in this study. This method defines diagnostically the details and characteristics of a given area of interest, factually and precisely. The descriptive survey developed questionnaire to gather detailed realistic data that describe existing phenomena. Data were supported by interviews with the students, parents and professors of Columban College. It recognized the problems and awareness of every individual. Even in making effects and valuations. Since the present analysis is concerned with the willingness to pay of students, parents, and professors in terms with the conservation of the Subic Bay Forest. Descriptive method of research is the most appropriate procedure to use. Questionnaires were floated and distributed to determine what others think and to what degree of awareness they have when it comes with the environment especially to measure the extent of their willingness to pay for the Subic Bay Forest. Survey-questionnaires were made meticulously by Mrs. Rhea Jane A. Pescador, MENRM-CRM Student of Subic Bay Ecology Center for validations; the final draft of the survey questionnaire was tested among 500 respondents both parents and students at Columban College, Inc. Consequently, after knowing that every 153

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part of the survey questionnaire was understood by the portion of the target respondents during the test, it was submitted to the research adviser for approval. Before floating the survey questionnaires to the respondents, a letter of request was submitted to the office of the Vice President for Academic Affairs and Student Services, and to the School Principal of Columban College Basic Ed. Main. And after securing permit, the letter was passed to the different teachers of the said school. The researchers asked permission from the Vice President of the Academic Affairs and Student Services and the Principal of Basic Education, Columban College in order to authorize the distribution of the questionnaires to the student and parentrespondents. The researcher asked the help of teacher of the said school to assist the researchers in floating the instrument to the students. The student-respondents were very accommodating which made the distribution of the questionnaires hassle-free. There were problems encountered by the researchers in the retrieval of the instrument due to students who were not able to return the questionnaires on the schedule dates of retrieval. The collected questionnaires were tallied, and statistically analyzed.

Results and Discussion Three Biggest Problems the Country are Facing Today. The respondents think that poverty is the prevalent problem in the country with a weighted mean of 1.46 second are economic problems and crime and violence with a weighted mean of 1.97 third is an environment with a weighted mean of 2.09 fifth is education with a weighted mean of 2.3 sixth is relation to other countries with a weighted mean of 2.33 seventh is terrorism with a weighted mean of 2.45 and lastly health with a weighted mean of 2.47.

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Environmental Preservation. 74 or 36.63 percent of the respondents think that the environment is properly taken care of. On the contrary, 128 or 63.37 percent of the respondents do not agree that the environment is being conserved. Three Most Important Environmental Issues Today. According to the respondents, air pollution is the most important environmental issue today, followed by water pollution and third is flooded due to soil erosion. Respondentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Opinion on the Importance of the Subic Bay Forest Conservation. Most of the respondents strongly agree on the importance of forest conservation. Familiarity with Subic Bay Forest. Most of the respondents in the scale of 10, rate their familiarity with Subic Bay Forest as 7. Concern to Subic Bay Forest, 159 or 78.71 percent of the respondents are concerned with the destruction of the Subic Bay Forest. There are 15 or 7.43 percent of the respondents who are not concerned with the destruction of the Subic Bay Forest and there are about 28 or 13.86 percent of the total respondents are still uncertain whether they are concerned or not. Subic Bay Environmental Conservation Fee Program. The 73 or 36.14 percent of the respondents agree on the implementation of conservation fee, 23or 11.39 percent of the respondents do not agree and most of the respondents with 92 or 45.54 percent agree depending on the amount of the fee. There are more respondents that are willing to pay depending on the amount of the conservation fee. 33.95 percent of the respondents are willing to pay the maximum amount of less than 20 pesos, 38.27 percent of the respondents are willing to pay 21-50 pesos, 8.64 percent of the respondents are willing to pay 51-75 pesos, 16.05 percent of the respondents say that the amount they are willing to pay is 80-100 pesos, and 3.09 percent of the 155

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respondents indicate 200-300 pesos as their maximum amount of conservation fee they are willing to pay. Most of the respondents are willing to pay a conservation fee of 21-50 pesos and the least number of respondents are willing to pay 200-300 pesos. Thus, socio-economic status of the respondent significantly influences their WTP. Most of the respondents are willing to pay a conservation fee of 21-50 pesos. Not all high income earners give high WTP value. Subic Bay Freeport stakeholders are already aware of the importance of managing the environment for present and future generation. Respondents put greater attention and concern on the environmental problem that they actually see, observe and experience i.e air and water pollution, floods due to soil erosion. Level of awareness in forest ecosystem and its importance is lacking. This lack of information influenced the respondentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s WTP. There is a need to conduct of further valuation methods using the travel cost method, cost effective analysis and restoration cost. REFENRENCE Mallari, R. P. Willingness to pay survey. Subic Bay Ecology Center

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MOTIVATION OF ENGINEERING STUDENTS AT COLUMBAN COLLEGE, INC. Engr. Greg C. Mallari Engr. Edwin V. Grate Engr. Vivian E. Gutierrez Dr. David Cababaro Bueno

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Abstract- This paper examined motivational factors affecting motivation among engineering students at Columban College, Inc. A reliable identification of motivational factors would usefully inform pedagogical interventions. Students who are more intrinsically motivated may benefit from less prescriptive assignments which offer more freedom to choose from “formative” assessment topics in which they have a greater personal interest. Those who are more extrinsically motivated, where the final “summative” grade is thought of as the most important, may be less influenced by pedagogical styles. The investigatory approaches employed in this study to assess motivation discover different results. While questionnaire responses indicate that students operate both intrinsically and extrinsically, semi-structured interviews found little evidence of the former, with most students indicating that they operate extrinsically. Keywords – Engineering education, students, motivational factors, academic tasks

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Introduction

The purpose of this study is to investigate factors which influence how students studying engineering subjects are motivated and the extent, if any, to which motivation can be nurtured. If motivational influences change, then pedagogical interventions may be adjusted to enhance learning experiences, thereby improving student satisfaction and reducing rates of attrition. A longer term goal of this study is to continue an examination of how to promote greater “efficiency” in educating 157

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technology students. With increased funding pressures on HE institutions, attention must be directed towards how our students learn. Previous research studies (Rebolledo-Medez et al., 2006; Turner and Patrick, 2004; Rebolledo-MendezG., du Boulay B. and LuckinR. (2006) Motivating the learner: an empirical evaluation. 8th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, 26-30 June 2006, Jhongli, Taiwan. TurnerJ C. and PatrickH. (2004) Motivational influences on students’ participation in classroom learning activities. College records have highlighted the importance of increasing a student’s intrinsic motivation as they study at university. Intrinsically motivated students develop a “deep” approach to learning; emphasizing intellectual rigor over a “surface” approach (Rowe, 2001). Approaches to study by first year engineering students. Progress 1 Conference: Improving Student Progression and Achievement in Engineering, December 2001, Hull, UK. . It is argued that the greatest influences on intrinsic motivation are the way that the teacher frames the work and the assessments that the student must complete (Vansteenkiste et al., 2004; Vansteenkiste, Lens, and Deci, 2004). Motivating learning, performance, and persistence: the synergistic effects of intrinsic goal contents and autonomy-supportive contexts. The importance of student motivation is highlighted elsewhere, significantly in a Treasury report (2003), which states that “output” is affected not only by the input standard and the quality of the institution, but also by the motivation of the student. “Motivation” as an influence on the student body has thus far never been assessed within the University of Portsmouth. Data from this study may be useful in developing a strategy to support students by helping to manage expectations and to ensure that the transition from school or college to university is facilitated.

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Motivation is variably conceptualized by different theorists and its definition is contested. Means of measurement include quantifying the time spent on a task, assessment of personality traits and capture of various cognitive-based processes (Atkinson & Raynor, 1978; Dweck & Leggett, 1988; Atkinson & Raynor, 1974); and personality, motivation and achievement; a socialcognitive approach to motivation and personality (Psychological Review, 95). Other studies on motivation, focus on the goals that students set themselves and how they are achieved (Bandura, 1977; Dweck, 1986; Bandura, 1977). As to Dweck (1986), motivational processes may affect learning, but not the reasons why students desire to realize those goals. “Fundamental human needs” are addressed by Maslow, who proposes a hierarchy of human needs encompassing the physiological, safety, love, esteem and self-actualization (Maslow, 1943). In this analysis, higher education may serve to address a student’s self-actualization needs as they seek to acquire purposeful knowledge within their subject area. Higher education may also fulfil the student’s need for a reciprocally higher level of esteem as they progress and do well. “Self-determination theory” addresses the underpinning of this desire by positing that people wish to develop themselves and to master the challenges that confront them. It identifies two causes of desire to study: the need for recognition, praise and/or reward (extrinsic motivation) and the need to fulfil an interest (intrinsic motivation) (Deci et al., 1991). Both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation can be linked loosely with the theory of learning styles proposed by Marton and Säljö (1976). Intrinsically motivated students can be thought of as taking on a “deep learning” style; that is, they try to understand the reasoning behind the academic work that they are doing and experience their development as self-actualization. Extrinsically motivated students are referred to as “surface” learners, identifying only

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those features that they think they will be tested on in order to fulfil their esteem needs. If the learning culture of a university department is designed to ensure that students’ self-determination is increased (i.e. that all students develop a constructivist approach to knowledge of their subject area) it follows that students should be rewarded for adopting a constructivist approach, rather than for their ability to learn by rote and/or the effectiveness of their exam technique. That conflict sometimes arises in applying this approach is exemplified by a recent group discussion with a cohort of six direct entry third year students. The discussion was held in a laboratory and aimed to find out what difficulties the students had in their transition from a Ministry of Defense training establishment to university. During the discussion the students were free to make comments. Some commented, with all agreeing, that they were looking forward to coming to university because all their learning to date had employed a surface approach (“learning for exams”). They expected that HE would demand that they adopt a deep learning style. However, they reported that the quantum of content to be completed forced them to revert to a surface approach or risk falling behind the rest of the class. In this instance, the learning environment thwarted, rather than supported, students’ proclivity for active engagement and growth. This study identified the motivational factors affecting learning among engineering students. It specifies the processes of motivating learning and academic tasks among students.

Methodology The researchers utilized the descriptive-survey design of research employing two approaches such as designing, piloting and implementing a questionnaire, and semi-structured interviews with randomly selected students. 160

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The questions employed in the questionnaire borrow from investigations undertaken by Waugh (2002). In addition, the SelfDetermination Scale, the Perceived Competency Scale and the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory have been interrogated to identify any sections or questions not otherwise included. The questionnaire originally consisted of a set of 53 questions employing the Likert scale. The 53 questions were grouped into twelve sub categories: standards, goals, tasks, effort, values, ability, interest, learning from others, responsibility for learning, extrinsic rewards, intrinsic rewards and social rewards. A pilot study of the questionnaire was given to nine male first and second year engineering students. The resulting feedback lead to the rewording of some questions and the removal of those that were considered confusing and/or correlated very strongly with other similar questions. After the questionnaire results had been collated 15 students were invited to attend a semi-structured interview. The aim of the interview was to allow each student to elaborate on their academic experience and how that experience affects their motivation. All interviews followed the same structure: firstly, questions were asked to identify attributes of motivating lecturers and motivating pedagogical interventions. The students were then asked to reflect on their confidence in working with the subject material at the end of a unit and how competition with other students affected their studies. The interviews were recorded and then transcribed. No leading questions or suggestions of any pedagogic techniques were made to the students at any time. All results were tabulated and coded, with 1 as “strongly agree”, 2 as “agree”, 3 as “neither agree nor disagree”, 4 as “disagree” and 5 as “strongly disagree”. Many questions were either rated as “strongly agree” or “agree”. A mean of all student responses to each question was calculated and the highest scoring and lowest scoring questions were identified. The number of 161

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respondents for each value on the Likert scale is given to demonstrate the distribution of responses.

Results and Discussion Students demonstrated a strong agreement that it was important to do well on the program they are studying; that is to say that they value (tending towards “strong agreement”) achievement in academic work. However, a previous study (Savage & Birch, 2008). An evaluation of motivation in engineering students, employing self-determination theory reported that students’ interest in their subject area decreased in proportion to increased length of time at university. This finding is also supported here: the mean scored response to the question ’I do what I do because it interests me’ decreases in line with the year of study. If students’ interest in the subject declines as they spend more time at college it may indicate that their intrinsic motivation is often not being maintained or developed. While students understand that they are responsible for their own learning, they frequently value having a facilitator to guide them and give them advice. The extent to which this is the case may represent an individual’s position on the continuum which runs from “being taught” to “constructing one’s own understanding”. Of interest is that the question ’I have positive feedback from my lecturers on my ability in academic work’ features as a low scoring response. Nor did students typically show great inclination to read outside of their course area. This may be indicative of a lack of time or a lack of understanding of what other academic areas can contribute to wider study. Motivating lecturers. Lecturer characteristics and the techniques that they employ will both be reported here. For example, it is interesting to note that all 11 interviewees, unprompted by the interviewer, referred to the use of PowerPoint 162

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and reading from PowerPoint slides as ‘not very motivating’, although the use of PowerPoint was not universally seen as a bad thing. It was suggested by two students that it should be used to prefigure what the class would do, as long as the presentation did not go on for too long. All of the students except one were of the opinion that practical work was one of the best ways to learn and that lecturers should always give practical examples - preferably giving an indication of when they have used this particular technique in the past (putting the theory into the context of the real world are discussing how the students may use it in their future work). All students commented that non-motivating lecturers are characterized as lacking engagement with the students. The personal characteristics of a good and motivating lecturer, frequently include enthusiasm and commitment: For the motivating one, commitment is definitely the key. Because when you feel that they are interested and committed it makes you want to be interested and the more committed they are, the more they can get out of you because they can help you more. It seems that many students directly derive their motivation from the lecturer’s engagement and self-presentation and emphasize the importance of being treated correctly: ’treated like you are an adult who is there to do the work.’ One commented that ’He doesn’t make you feel overwhelmed which other ones do, he doesn’t make you feel inferior to him.’ This reflects the view that some students could have of lecturers being their intellectual superiors. Two students commented on lecturers going beyond expectation: Whenever you need help he is always there - you can knock on his door whenever you want he is always there and you can send him emails and he will answer you even at the weekend. Whenever you want help he is always willing to help you. Eight students commented on the difference between college and university, with particular respect to the apparent freedom that students are given. One commented that ’university is more on the students for what they are doing so in that aspect college was better because they said what you needed to 163

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do’. This perhaps indicates a need for more effective transition management. Motivating academic tasks. All except one student commented on the need for academic tasks to be “practical” and relevant to the real world: I think I get motivated by something more if I think that it is going to be meaningful and used in real life rather than something that is just there and you are just going to learn it for the sake of it and you are never going to use it in real life. Five of the students also commented on the requirement for a clear idea of what they need to do to achieve. This is not always obvious, as many units at university do not employ criterion referencing (where the student is assessed against a clearly defined and articulated benchmark). One commented that a lecturer would only give over 70% if the student thought of something that the lecturer did not expect, a daunting task if the lecturer is viewed as “intellectually superior”. In such cases, students cannot have their need for esteem met and they may be unable to progress further to self-actualization if they are not helped to construct their own models of understanding. All students commented on the need to get good grades, indicating that, in this instance, they are dominantly extrinsically motivated: I think it is in every student’s blood that they want to know how the mark is made up and what they should be getting into. I think it is bad because you are not thinking about doing the work because you want to; you are doing the work because you want to pass. If educators in the faculty of engineering agree in wanting their students to take a constructivist approach to learning, there is clearly some disparity between the goals of educators and those of students evident from these findings. Interview data indicate that students are extrinsically motivated. Should the goal of educators therefore be to encourage success in summative assessments in order to fulfil the student’s need for self-esteem? At the same time, the questionnaire responses indicate that students are also motivated by a desire to learn and for self164

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actualization. Such evidence questions the extent to which we should seek to develop intrinsic motivation in undergraduate study. A liberal, enlightened view of why students come to college will facilitate the fulfillment of their self-actualizing needs. However, with the mass expansion of higher education and its embracing of market forces, students today may feel that they must focus on meeting their needs for tangible, material achievement, worldly success and esteem. The semi-structured interviews all highlighted the importance of the role of lecturers in motivating students. It is also apparent that radically innovative pedagogies seeking deep learning from students require patient, incremental implementation undergraduate students may not immediately be confident in realizing their own learning goals and acting as deep learners. Those interviewed demonstrated a greater proclivity towards extrinsic motivation, where surface learning brings about reward. Moving students away from surface learning and towards deep learning may require careful and thoughtful teaching design and full engagement of teacher and students. In conclusion, the most important pedagogical question arising from this study concerns the advisability of structuring teaching to assist students to develop as â&#x20AC;&#x153;deepâ&#x20AC;? learners. A significant body of educational thought indicates that this should be the case. Another principal finding has been the potential of the lecturer to inspire and motivate students and influence their perception of education. This is evidenced by all interviewees bringing lecturer attributes up in response to almost every question asked (whether about the lecturers themselves, academic tasks, academic assessments or teaching techniques). This suggests that any improvement in practice must be predicated upon all lecturers constantly reflecting on how they engage, motivate and inspire students. Their performance in the classroom is at the center of this engagement. An interesting 165

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feature to emerge from this work is the possibility of tension between teacher expectation and student experience. This arises through issues such as the form and purpose of feedback and desired outcomes for undergraduate study within the marketplace for higher education. In turn, they have implications on factors like contact time and class sizes and, crucially, the distinction between formative and summative models of assessment. Finally, there are important questions to address concerning the transitional arrangements needed to facilitate students’ entry into the university sector. This study anticipates another: what might be done to promote active learning whilst ensuring that necessary academic standards are maintained? The challenge is to stimulate our students’ intrinsic motivation by providing them with opportunities for independent, self-development learning. This ambition must, of course, respect a context where undergraduate studies are recognized as appropriate within the public domain: that is a degree, organized as units or modules, in which the student has to satisfy objective-assessed standards. REFERENCES AtkinsonJ. and RaynorJ. (1974) Personality, motivation and achievement. Washington DC: Hemisphere. BaillieC. and FitzgeraldG. (2000) Motivation and attrition in engineering students. European Journal of Engineering Education, 25 (2), 145– 155. BanduraA. (1977) Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioural change. Psychological Review, 84 (2), 191–215. CarréP. (2000) Motivation in adult education: from engagement to performance. 41st Annual Adult Education Research Conference, 24 June 2000, Vancouver, Canada. DeciE.L., VallerandR.J., PelletierL.G. and RyanR.M. (1991) Motivation and education: the self-determination perspective. Educational Psychologist, 26 (3), 325–346.

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DeciE. L. and RyanR. M. (2000) The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11 (4), 227–268. DweckC.S. and LeggettE.L. (1988) A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95 (2), 256–273. GoreP. A. (2006) Academic self-efficacy as a predictor of college outcomes: two incremental validity studies. Journal of Career Assessment, 14 (1), 92–115. JacobsP.A. and NewsteadS.E. (2000) The nature and development of student motivation. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 70 (2), 243–254. LeoE.L. and GallowayD. (1996) Evaluating research on motivation: generating more heat than light? Evaluation and Research in Education, 10 (1), 35–47. MartonF. and SäljöR. (1976) On qualitative differences in learning - 1: outcome and process. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 46 (1), 4–11. MaslowA. (1943) A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370–396. Rebolledo-MendezG., du BoulayB. and LuckinR. (2006) Motivating the learner: an empirical evaluation. 8th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, 26-30 June 2006, Jhongli, Taiwan. RoweJ.W.K. (2001) Approaches to study by first year engineering students. Progress 1 Conference: Improving Student Progression and Achievement in Engineering, December 2001, Hull, UK. SavageN. and BirchR. (2008) An evaluation of motivation in engineering students, employing self determination theory. Engineering Education 2008: International Conference on Innovation, Good Practice and Research in Engineering Education, 14-16 July 2008, Loughborough, UK. TurnerJ.C. and PatrickH. (2004) Motivational influences on students’ participation in classroom learning activities. Teachers College Record, 106 (9), 1759–1785. VansteenkisteM., SimonsJ., LensW., SheldonK.M. and DeciE.L. (2004) Mo tivating learning, performance, and persistence: the synergistic effects of intrinsic goal contents and autonomy-supportive contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87 (2), 246–260.

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CORRELATES OF LEARNING ENVIRONMENT AND MATHEMATICS PERFORMANCE OF ENGINEERING STUDENTS Engr. Greg A. Mallari Engr. Jan Alexis B. Monsalud Engr. Sally G. Corpuz Engr. Mark Anthony U. Bernardo Dr. David Cababaro Bueno

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Abstract- The study was focused on the school learning environment as perceived by the engineering students and its relationship with Mathematics performance. Tit utilized the descriptive method of research. Documentary analysis was done for the Mathematics performance. A standardized instrument was used to measure the level of agreement of students on the factors of the school learning environment. The data gathered were analyzed with the use of Percentage, Mean and Pearson Product Correlation. There was strong agreement on the factors of the school learning environment relative to student support, affiliation, professional interest, mission consensus, empowerment, innovation, and work pressure. However, the agreement was only noted in terms of resource adequacy. The Majority of the students performed satisfactorily and very satisfactorily in Mathematics. However, it was also noted there were some who got poor performance. There was a significant relationship between school learning environment and Mathematics performance. The present study has shown how a school learning environment model can be applied to study the effect of learning environment on the performance of students. Keywords- Engineering Mathematics performance

education,

learning

environment,

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Introduction

In the book of Ballantine (2003), she said: â&#x20AC;&#x153;when children walk into the school building, they bring with them many 168

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baggages from home: ambition, motivation, pressures, expectations, physical and mental strengths and weaknesses, and sometimes abuse, insecurities, stress, and other problemsâ&#x20AC;?. Children bring their attitude toward school, among other contributes from home. Furthermore, Berger (2003) pointed out that when children enter school, learning then becomes a shared responsibility, a home and school affair. They do not stop learning at home because they go to school. These are just two educational grounds ventured by them at the same time. Each one should complement the other. In a large, heterogeneous school system, the relationship between achievement and learning environment is significant (Dryden & Fraser, 2006). The heterogeneity of the student population in large systems may explain this relationship. Achievement, as measured by tests, is laced with ability and learning factors. If an accurate measure of student learning could be devised, then the predictive relationship between student perceptions of the learning environment and classroom learning could be examined. To date, no literature has been found in examining the relationship between school-based learning that uses multi-level modeling and the learning environment in a very large system. The literature shows that the relationships between achievement and student perceptions of the learning environment are generally positive (Walberg, 2001). However, most studies involve achievement, not learning, as the outcome measure. Noonan and Wold (2002) attempted to measure learning efficiency using the subtest on the assumption that chemistry is learned primarily in the classroom and is more dependent on school instruction than in many other subjects. Students who achieve well in one teacher's classroom may achieve poorly in another teacher's class. Similarly, in any classroom some students achieve well, while others, equally intelligent, achieve poorly. This might imply studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; attitudes 169

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toward their classroom behaviors affect their achievement and the classroom climate. Students' observation as an approach for assessment of classroom activities has been used by many studies. Ehman (2000) and Remmers (2003) indicated that students' observation approach provides an accurate picture of the classroom environment. Similarly, Goldberg pointed out that the validity of using students' observation as an approach for determining differential student reaction to teacher and classroom activities stems from the fact that students observe more of the teacher's typical behavior than is usually available to the outside observer. The assessment of learning environments is not an easy matter due to the complexity of the phenomenon under investigation, the number possible approaches that can be taken, and the conceptual and methodological difficulties within each approach. The contention here is that the difficulties involved can be reduced, delimited, and at least partially solve by an appropriate representation of the problem in terms of modes of assessing and evaluating classroom learning environment. Moreover, school environment positively affects the pupilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s achievement. Gregorio (2003) said that well managed classroom creates an atmosphere that is stimulating and inviting. Such classrooms are well ventilated, neatly, orderly arranged and well managed and the school grounds are beautifully landscaped, the school environment becomes aesthetically appealing to the learner. This creates a magnet for pupil/children go to school regularly. The motivation that is created by this kind of surrounding may enhance pupilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s focus on learning. Creating a positive learning environment can benefit both the teacher and the learner and result in the achievement of holistic educational goals. Creating and implementing a learning environment means careful planning for the start of the school year. The learning environment must be envisioned in both a physical space and a cognitive space. The physical space of the 170

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classroom is managed as the teacher prepares the classroom for the students. An essential part of organizing the classroom involves developing a climate in which teachers encourage students to do their best and to be excited about what they are learning. There are two factors that are critical in creating such a motivational climate: value and effort. To be motivated, students must see the worth of the work that they are doing and the work others do. A teacher's demonstration of value shows students how their work is worthwhile and is connected to things that are important for them, including other learning and interests. Effort ties the time, energy, and creativity a student uses to develop the "work," to the value that the work holds. One way that teachers encourage effort is through specific praise, telling students specifically what it is that they are doing that is worthwhile and good. Thus, the preparation of an environment for the child, which contains many interesting and challenging activities, is the role of the teacher. The teacher guides, stimulates, challenges, models, elicit relevant task and provide such experience in a manner flexible enough to allow for the childâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s present stage of development while providing appropriate new challenges. The program goal is to lay the foundation for academic learning through the childâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s involvement in the real world and to promote achievement in school activities. A positive learning environment will contribute to a higher studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; achievement because they can interact freely in the discussion. The study focuses on the school learning environment as perceived by the engineering students and its relationship with Mathematics performance. Specifically, it aims to: (1) describe the perceived learning environment in relation to student support, affiliation, professional interest, mission consensus, empowerment, innovation, resource adequacy; and work pressure; (2) analyze the Mathematics performance of the

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respondents; and (3) infer a significant relationship between the school learning environment and Mathematics performance.

Methodology This study used the descriptive-correlation method of research. Sevilla (1993) specified that the descriptive method is used to gather information about the present existing condition. Further, Aquino (1993), defines the descriptive method as something more and beyond than just data gathering. The true meaning of the data collected should be reported from the point of view of the objectives and the basic assumptions of the study. The facts obtained may be accurate expressions of central tendency or deviations or correlation, but the report is not research unless discussion of data is carried out up to the level of adequate interpretation. The data must be subjected to the thinking process by means of ordering reasoning. This method is the most appropriate to use because determined the existing relationship between the perceived learning environment and students’ performance in Mathematics. All second year students currently enrolled this academic year were taken as participants of the study. The researchers decided to consider the total of students to maintain the reliability and validity of the data gathered through the questionnaire. The research instrument used in this study was the “SchoolLevel Environment Questionnaire (SLEQ)” developed by Rentoul, A. J. & Fraser, B. J. (1983) for the development of a school-level environment. The SLEQ consists of 56 items, each scored on a five-point scale, and grouped in eight scales: (1) student support; (2) affiliation; (3) professional interest; (4) staff freedom; (5) participatory decision making; (6) innovation; (7) resource adequacy; and (8) work pressure. The development and validation of the instrument, the School-Level Environment Questionnaire (SLEQ), were described by Fisher, D.L and Fraser, 172

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B.J. (1990) for the study (Validity and Use of School-Level Environment Questionnaireâ&#x20AC;?. The SLEQ measures perceptions of psychosocial dimensions of the environment of the school. The SLEQ was validated with three samples from Australian schools: 83 teachers from 19 metropolitan elementary and secondary schools in Sydney; 34 secondary school beginning teachers in New South Wales; and 109 elementary and secondary teachers in Tasmania. Results indicated that each SLEQ scale displayed satisfactory internal consistency with satisfactory discriminant validity results, suggesting that distinct, but somewhat overlapping, aspects of school environment were measured. The same questionnaire was pilot tested to the first year students of Special Science Curriculum to establish its face validity. Vague items on the checklist were modified. Those without bearing were removed and items that were suggested were incorporated to improve the questionnaire. The data gathered from the instrument were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted using the following tools: (1) Mean to determine the final weight of each item in the assessment of school-learning environment. To facilitate the interpretation of the description used in the assessment of school-learning environment, a Likert was used; and (2) Pearson-Product Moment Correlation was utilized to determine the significant relationship between school-learning environment and Mathematics performance.

Results and Discussion Student Support. The students are very positive in saying that they are pleasant, cooperative, and friendly to their instructors. They also strongly agree that they accept responsibility for their schooling, get along well with other students and instructors, and well-mannered and respectful to 173

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the school staff. Thus the overall assessment is 4.51, which is interpreted as “Strongly Agree”. Affiliation. The assessment on affiliation, as element of school-level environment is 4.33 and interpreted as strongly agree. This means that the students are receiving encouragement from colleagues and classmates. Likewise, they are accepted by their instructors, and could rely on from their classmates for assistance if they need it, and most of all, they felt that they have friends at the school. Professional Interest. Professional interest as an element of the learning environment, assess as 4.35, which is interpreted as “Strongly Agree”. This means that instructors in school are taking positively into consideration their interest in making their teaching responsive to the learners’ needs by discussing teaching methods and strategies with each other in meetings, and attending to in-service and other professional development activities. Moreover, they showed interest in what is happening in the school, and in professional activities of their colleagues. Mission Consensus. The students are very sure that they understood the mission of the school as reflected in the activities being carried out in the organization. They also observed that instructors are regularly referring to the mission of the school when addressing school issues and it is consistent with the goals operated in the school. Empowerment. The assessment of 4.39 relative to instructors’ empowerment as an element of the learning environment is revealed. The students are very sure that decisions about the running of their activities are made by a group of instructors. This means that the instructors are encouraged to make decisions concerning students’ activities. Innovation. Innovation as an element of the learning environment is reflected as 4.63. As revealed, the students are very positive in saying that their instructors are encouraged to be innovative in the school. This is shown in their capacity to accept 174

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change in the organization and in teaching by implementing whatever new curricular materials as part of experimentation with various teaching approaches. Thus new and different ideas are being tried out in school. Resource Adequacy. The students strongly agree that the school has adequate selection of books and periodical. However, agreement is viewed only on the adequacy of equipment such as laboratory materials, books, video tapes, films, recorders to cater for a variety of activities. Thus, the overall assessment is 3.94, with a descriptive rating of “Agree”. Work Pressure. It revealed that there is no constant pressure to keep studying and working in the school. They further felt that instructors have to work hard without any pressure. Thus, there is enough time for the teachers to relax, to take easy and still get the work done and to keep up with the workload. Thus, the overall assessment is 4.40, which means “Strongly Agree”. Mathematics Performance of Student. The majority of the students got an average rating of satisfactory to very satisfactory, and some got an average performance. It is saddening to note that despite the strong agreement on the elements of conducive learning environment; still there are some who got poor performance. Relationship between Learning Environment and Mathematics Performance. The correlation between learning environment and Mathematics performance is revealed. The data show that the null hypothesis is rejected as evidenced by the computed high correlation values. Thus, there is a significant relationship between school learning environment and Mathematics performance. In conclusion, there is strong agreement on the factors of the school learning environment relative to student support, affiliation, professional interest, mission consensus, empowerment, innovation, and work pressure. However, agreement is only noted in terms of resource adequacy. The 175

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majority of the students performed satisfactorily and very satisfactorily in Mathematics. However, it is also noted there are some who got poor performance. There is a significant relationship between school learning environment and Mathematics performance. The present study has shown how a school learning environment model can be applied to study the effect of learning environment on the performance of students. The school administrators should give due consideration to maintain an adequate selection of books and periodical. Likewise, other instructional materials and equipment such as such, as videos, tapes, films, recorders, and cassettes to cater for a variety of activities should be purchased. The instructors should consider the elements of the school learning environment to enhance and improve the Mathematics performance of students. The school authorities should maintain a high positive school environment conducive to teaching and learning processes. The students should learn how to conceptualize based upon the multiperspective approach of the school environment geared towards improvement of their Mathematics performance. REFERENCES Adeyemo, D. A. (2005). Parental Involvement Interest in Schooling and School Environment as predictors of Academic Self-efficacy among fresh Secondary School Student in Oyo State, Nigeria. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 5-3 (1) 163-180. Anderson, G. J. (1970). Effects of Classroom Social Climate on Individual Learning. American Educational Research Journal. Aremu, A.O. & Oluwole, D.A. (2001).Gender and birth order as predictors of normal pupilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s anxiety pattern in examination. Ibadan Journal of Educational Studies, 1, (1), 1-7. Aremu, O. A & Sokan, B. O. (2003). A multi-causal evaluation of academic performance of nigerian learners: issues and implications for national development. Department of Guidance and Counselling, University of Ibadan,

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IMRaD Journal Vol. 1 June 2018 ISSN 2619-7820 Aremu, S. & Oluwole, B. (2000). The Development and Validation and Academic Performance. 5 Factor Inventory: An Unpublished Manuscript Department of Guidance and Counselling, University of Ibadan, Ibadan. Awobodu, M.C. (2000). Education: An Introduction. New York: MacMilan Publishing Company. Aromolaran, F.J. (1985). Personal attributes as predictors of superiors and subordinates perceptions of military academic leadership. Human Relations, 46, 645-688 Baker, J. A. (2006). Contributions of teacher-child relationships to positive school adjustment during elementary school. Journal of School Psychology, 44, 211- 229. Baldo, A.N. (2002), “Causes of failure of Public Elementary School Pupils in the Division of Benguet.” Master’s Thesis. Ballantine, J. H. (2003). The Sociology of Education. 3 rd ed. New Jersey:Prentice-Hall, Inc. Battistich, V., Schaps, E., & Wilson, N. (2004). Effects of an elementary school intervention on students' "connectedness" to school and social adjustment during middle school. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 24(3), 243-262. Becker, Henry Jay (2001), How Are Teachers Using Computers in Instruction?, Paper presented at the 2001 Meetings of the American Educational Research Association PDF Berger, E. H. (2003). Beyond the Classroom . London: The C.V. Bermundo, C. J. (1992). Classroom Climate in Catholic Elementary Schools. Published master's thesis. University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Berry, D., & O’Connor, E. (2009). Behavioral risk, teacher–child relationships, and social skill development across middle childhood: A child-byenvironment analysis of change. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 31(1), 1-14. Birch, S. H., & Ladd, G. W. (1997). The teacher-child relationship and early school adjustment. Journal of School Psychology, 55(1), 61-79. Birch, S. H., & Ladd, G. W. (1998). Children’s interpersonal behaviors and the teacher-child relationship. Developmental Psychology, 34(5), 934-946. Bolin, F. S. (1989). Empowering Leadership. Teachers College Record, 19(1), 81-96. Bruce,R. (1989) Creativity and instructional technology: Great Potential imperfectly studied. Contemporary Educational Psychology,14,241~256. Bryk, A., & Schneider, B. (2002). Trust in schools: A core resource for improvement. New York: Russell Sage Publications.

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IMRaD Journal Vol. 1 June 2018 ISSN 2619-7820 Budin, H. (1999). The computer enters the classroom-essay review. Teachers college record, 100 (3), 656-669. Burden, R., & Fraser, B. J. (199). Use of Classroom Environment Assessments in School Psychology: A British Perspective. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago. Calmorin, L. (1994). Methods of Research and Thesis Writing. Rex Books Store, Phils. Calmorin, M. (1997). Statistics for Sciences and Education with Application to Research. Rex Books Store , Phils. Chavez, R. C. (1984). The Use of High-inference Measures to Study Classroom Climates: A review. Review of Educational Research. Connell, V. E. (1991). Social capital and dropping out of high school: Benefits to at-risk students of teachers' support and guidance. Teacher College Record, 103(4), 548-581. Daniels, D. H., & Perry, K. E. (2003). â&#x20AC;&#x153;Learner-centeredâ&#x20AC;? according to children. Theory Into Practice, 42(2), 102-108. De La Llana, L. A. (1978). Student Perceptions of the U.P. College Environment. Published master's thesis. University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2002). Overview of self-determination theory: An organismic dialectical perspective. In E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 3-33). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. Dee, Jay R., Alan B. Henkin, Lee Duemer (2003). Structural antecedents and psychological correlates of teacher empowerment", Journal of Educational Administration, Volume 41 Number 3 pp. 257-277, ISSN 0957-8234 Dryden, K. M., Perry, K. E., & Weinstein, R. S. (2006). Teachers' classroom practices and children's rejection by their peers. Applied Developmental Psychology, 24, 91-118. Duke, D.L. (1990). Teaching: An Introduction. New York: MacMilan Publishing Company. Ehman, S. (2000). Performance based teacher education: What is the state of the art. Washington, DC: AACTE. Etzioni, A. (1993), The Active Society, The Free Press, New York, NY, Farrell, J. S. (2007). Student, teacher, and observer perceptions of the classroom environment before and after the transition to junior high school. Journal of Early Adolescence, 8(2), 133-156. Flippo, E. B. (1961). Principles of personnel management. New York: McGraw Hill.

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IMRaD Journal Vol. 1 June 2018 ISSN 2619-7820 Fraser, B. J. (1981). Learning Environment in Curriculum Evaluation: A review. Oxford, England: Pergamon Fraser, B. J. (1982). Differences Between Student and Teacher Perceptions of Actual and Preferred Classroom Learning Environments. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 4, 511-519. Fraser, B. J., & Fisher, D. L. (1983). Student Achievement as a Function of Person-environment Fit: A Regression Surface Analysis. British Journal of Educational Psychology. Fraser, B. J., & Fisher, D. L. (1983). Use of Actual and Preferred Classroom Environment Scales in Person-environment fit Research. Journal of Educational Psychology. Fisher, D. L. (1990). Using short forms of classroom climate instruments to assess and improve classroom psychological environment. Journal of Research in Science Teaching. Hamre, B. K., & Pianta, R. C. (2001). Early teacher-child relationships and the trajectory of children's school outcomes through eighth grade. Child Development, 72, 625-638. Hamre, B. K., & Pianta, R. C. (2005). Can instructional and emotional support in the first-grade classroom make a difference for children at risk of school failure? Child Development, 76(5), 949-967. Hughes, J. N., Cavell, T. A., & Wilson, V. (2001). Further support for the developmental significance of the quality of the teacher-student relationship. Journal of School Psychology, 39(4), 289-301. Hughes, J., & Kwok, O. (2007). Influence of student-teacher and parent-teacher relationships on lower achieving readers’ engagement and achievement in the primary grades. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(1), 39-51. Jimenez, L. (2004). “Causes of poor Academic Achievement of Pupils in Manaog Pangasinan.” Master’s Thesis. Jacob, K.L. (2004), Self-Efficacy And Personal Goals In Classroom Performance: The Effect of Task Experience, A Dissertation Submitted to the Kent State University Graduate School of Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Juan, E.V. (2004). “A Study in the Causes of failures in the Intermediate Grades in the Division of Quezon City.” Master’s Thesis. Jucious, M. J. (1963). Personnel management (5th ed.). Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin. Klem, A. M., & Connell, J. P. (2004). Relationships matter: Linking teacher support to student engagement and achievement. Journal of School Health, 74(7), 262-273.

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IMRaD Journal Vol. 1 June 2018 ISSN 2619-7820 Lin, Y.M. (2002) Creative Teaching – Start from the Professional Ethics, Secondary Education Bimonthly 4:36-49 Malone, V. M. (1984). Inservice training and staff development. In B. E. Swanson (Ed.), Agricultural extension: A reference manual. Rome: FAO. Motani, C. (2002). Relative efficacy of systematic desensitization, self statement monitoring and flooding on subjects test anxiety. Unpublished Phd. Thesis. University of Ibadan. Morakinyo, A. (2003). Relative efficacy of systematic desensitization, self statement monitoring and flooding on students test anxiety. Unpublished PhD. Thesis. University of Ibadan. Nwana M. T. (1983). Relationships with teachers and bonds with school: Social and emotional adjustment correlates for children with and without disabilities. Psychology in the Schools, 38(1), 25-41. Ngoka K. M. (1989). Child level correlates of teacher-student relationships: An examination of demographic characteristics, academic orientations, and behavioral orientations. Psychology in the Schools, 41(7), 751-762. Orr, J.K. (2005). Testing associations between young children's relationships with mothers and teachers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98(1), 87-98 Perry, K. E., & Weinstein, R. S. (1998). The social context of early schooling and children’s school adjustment. Educational Psychologist, 33(4), 177-194. Rentoul, M.B. (1983). The influence of teacher support on student adjustment in the middle school years: A latent growth curve study. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 119-138. Richardson, A. G. (1990). Classroom learning environment: Some differences among school types. Perceptual and Motor Skills. Rimm-Kaufman, S. E., & Chiu, Y. I. (2007). Promoting social and academic competence in the classroom: An intervention study examining the contribution of the Responsive Classroom Approach. Psychology in the Schools, 44(4), 397-413. Shosh, S.(2005). Classroom learning environment of city and kibbutz biology classrooms in Israel. European Journal of Science Education. Walberg, H. J. (1979). Educational environments and effects: Evaluation, policy and productivity. Berkeley, CA: McCutchan. Wu, Q.S. (2002) The Essential Concepts and Implementing Strategies of Creative Teaching, Taiwan Education Bimonthly 614: 2-8 Wu, W.R. (1992) The Relationship between Teaching Styles and Learning Satisfaction in the Lifelong Learning Centers of Taiwan, A master‘s degree thesis of Department of Adult & Continuing Education of National Taiwan Normal University

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ENGINEERING STUDENTSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; BEHAVIOR TOWARDS ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Engr. Ariel C. Rojas Engr. Vivian E. Gutierrez Engr. Greg C. Mallari Dr. David Cababaro Bueno

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Abstract- Environmental degradation poses a major threat to the existence of humanity today, both in rural and urban settlements. In such a scenario, the importance and the need for environmental education as a tool for environmental management and conservation cannot be overemphasized. This is because environmental literacy, attitude formation and participation in ecological behavior are the end products of environmental education. The aim of this study is to establish the relationship between attitudes and level of participation in environmental activities among students. The study involved engineering students randomly selected. Data was primarily collected using researcher developed questionnaires. Analysis of the data was done using SPSS. By calculating an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and a group statistic using P=0.05, the hypotheses postulated were tested. Keywords: Environment, environmental education, environmental attitude, ecological behavior and environmental participation.

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Introduction The level of global environmental challenges is now beyond serious scientific dispute. In cognizance of the role of an informed and educated citizenry in making appropriate environmental decisions and adopting a behavioral approach in addressing environmental challenges, the concept of Environmental Education (EE) was born (Crompton and Kasser, 2009). The importance of Environmental Education (EE) is recognized and 181

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emphasized as one of the most effective ways, if not the only way, to meet the complicated problems of the environment. The call for EE call to an educational system that fosters or encourages the development of environmentally literate citizens who share concern for the environment in which they live and in which future generations will also have to live (Crompton and Kasser, 2009). EE finds its formal root in the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm of 1972. This conference recommended establishment of an International Environmental Education Programme (UNEP, 1972). IEEP was launched in 1975. It recommended the primary categories of environmental education curriculum goals and objectives comprising of environmental attitudes, skills and participation and ecological behavior, which comprise the subject of this study (UNESCO, 1999). The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 reiterated, in Agenda 21, that through EE, school children are obliged to participate actively in guarding the quality of the environment. In the Philippines, whereas EE has existed in secondary and tertiary schools, concern has been raised relating to studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; attitudes and ecological behavior. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources voiced a concern for the lack of practical conservation principles in the studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; daily activities.

Methodology This study used the descriptive survey design of research. Sevilla (1993) specified that the descriptive method is used to gather information about the present existing condition. Further, Aquino (1993), defines the descriptive method as something more and beyond than just data gathering. The true meaning of the data collected should be reported from the point of view of 182

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the objectives and the basic assumptions of the study. The facts obtained may be accurate expressions of central tendency or deviations or correlation, but the report is not research unless discussion of data is carried out up to the level of adequate interpretation. All students currently enrolled during the academic year were taken as participants of the study. Environmental attitude of students was determined by considering personal roles and a willingness to take action for or against environmental conservation. Under this section, respondents were given statements to respond to in the Likert scale of five levels i.e. strongly agree (SA), agree (A), not sure (NS), disagree (D) and strongly disagree (SD). The researchers decided to consider the total of students to maintain the reliability and validity of the data gathered through the survey-questionnaire. The data gathered from the instrument were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted using descriptive statistics.

Results and Discussion Environmental Attitudes: Environmental Education is an important discipline aimed at shaping students attitudes and behavior. Respondents were asked whether EE is important in secondary schools and the results were as indicated. It was realized that 9.3% of the respondents strongly disagree that EE is important. On the other side, 44.2% of the respondents strongly agree with this statement. The results imply some students do not consider EE as important. This is consistent with the findings made by Shivakumar on Environmental Attitude among the Secondary School Students. He found out that students in urban areas have better environmental attitudes (Shiyakumar, 2011). The attitude of students relating to cleanliness was as shown. From the results, it was observed that 52.8% strongly agree that cleanliness in the responsibility of the city council. On the other 183

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hand, 12.0% of the respondents strongly disagree with the statement that cleanliness in the city in the sole responsibility of the City Council. Regarding hiring of cleaners in schools, 46.5% of the respondents strongly agree that all secondary schools should hire cleaners and not make use of the students. On the other hand 15.7% of the respondents strongly disagree with the idea of hiring the cleaners. From this result, it is evident that students in secondary schools have a negative attitude towards their participation in cleaning. The results suggest that other people should take responsibility of managing the environment around them. It can be suggested that students in secondary schools have a poor attitude towards taking responsibility of ensuring cleanliness. The findings of this study are consistent with the conclusions made by Busteed et al (2009) that students do not understand the implications of their individual actions. This finding introduces a major paradox that faces EE in secondary schools and the community at large. The majority of the students agree that EE has a great role to play in the society, however, they still believe that other people should take responsibility and not themselves in ensuring that the environment is taken care of. The majority of the students in both Kibera and Kasarani Divisions strongly agree that the cleanliness of the city is the responsibility of City Council. Respondents also strongly agree that secondary schools should hire cleaners and not make use of students. Busteed et al (2009) in his study concluded that despite the environmental knowledge that students have, they do not act on their personal obligations. It can be suggested that this is a probable explanation as to why the majority of students in secondary believe that the can do something to make the environment better while on the other side they have a poor attitude towards taking responsibility like cleaning. Attitude of students towards conservation of natural resources and economic development shows students mental predisposition towards one thing or the other. It also highlights attitudes towards competing 184

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priorities of sustainable development. Respondents were asked in these broad areas and the results were as shown. Regarding the clearing of forests for settlement, 67.9% of the respondents strongly disagree. In the same statement, a minimal 3.8% of the respondents strongly agree with the statement that forests should be cleared for settlement. These results are a clear indication that the majority of secondary school students are aware of the role of forests. On matters of sustainable development, taking into consideration environmental conservation and economic development, it was realized that 6.3% strongly agree with the statement that maintaining economic growth is more important than environmental conservation. On the other hand 35.2% of the respondents strongly disagree with this statement. Because attitudes and values often agree, these factors are likely to correlate with each other, as positive attitudes towards environmental responsibility correlated with nature-centric attitudes. In their study, Kaiser, WĂślfing and Fuhrer (1999) found that environmental knowledge, environmental values and intention of ecological action behavior are the three main factors predicting actual ecological behavior of adult people. This is a probable explanation to the observed favorable attitudes towards conservation among students. Social issues and social responsibility to play a key role in determining peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s environmental attitudes. Asked as to whether Shops and supermarkets should be stopped from issuing free plastic bags to customers and use of contraceptives to control births, the results were shown. It was realized that 16.2% of the respondents strongly agree that shops should not issue free plastic bags to customers. On the other hand, 40.7% of the respondents strongly disagree with this. The results suggest that the majority of students in secondary schools still prefer the issuance of plastic bags from shops. Plastic bags constitute a substantial quantity of solid waste. The results obtained clearly indicate attitude towards lifestyle and culture. This implies that students in schools are not 185

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receptive to ecological behavior. In a study done by Miller (2011), in United Kingdom, he found out that only 3.9% of the students indicated a ban as the only option supported for reducing plastic bag numbers. Students who chose a ban only or a ban in combination with other options was 13.6%. A substantially higher number of UK shoppers reported that they would support a ban on free plastic bags at 61%. Despite, studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; positive attitudes towards environmental conservation, the attitude towards plastic bags introduces a set of negative relationship. This finding is consistent with the conclusion made by Shivakumar, (2011) that locality and type of school have an interaction effect on environmental attitude. Urban set up has greatly affected the attitude of the use of plastic bags. There is a need to work on practical knowledge that solves environmental problems by providing alternatives within the school curriculum that are environmentally sound. Participation in Environmental Activities: One of the primary goals of EE is to empower the world population to maintain and enhance environmental quality through ecological behavior. Solid waste management is one of the major environmental problems facing urban centers The researchers sought to find out studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; participation in areas surrounding the management of waste and the results were as shown. From the results obtained, it was realized that 9.4% of the respondents indicated that they do not dispose their litter in dustbins. On the other hand, 36.7% indicated that they sometimes dispose their litter in the dust bins while 53.9% noted that they always dispose their litter in the dustbins. Waste recycling and reuse is another efficient way of managing solid waste. In this case, 60.2% of the respondents indicated that they neither re-use nor recycle their waste paper, 26.8% does this sometimes while only13.0% do this always. It was also found out that 21.3% of respondents always voluntarily pick litter around their homes and school compounds, 55.9% do this sometimes while 22.8% do not do this voluntarily. 186

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It is evident that there is a challenge in studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; participation in waste management. The findings from this study have great implications for waste management practices in school and the need to increase studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; awareness of waste management issues and practices. The study has revealed the need for behavioral and attitudinal change which is essential in effective participation in waste reduction, reuse and recycling. This is evident since the previous section it was found the majority of the students had a negative attitude towards taking personal responsibility in addressing environmental challenges. Taking personal responsibility of environmental concerns requires individual effort and personal drive. In this section, the researcher sought to find out the level of taking responsibility and participation and the results were as shown. From the results obtained, it was found out that in case of running water tap 7.9% of the respondents will not turn it off. On the other hand, 22.8% of the respondents noted that they do this sometimes while 69.3% do this always. It was also found out that, 28.6% of the respondents do not wait for authority, i.e. teachers or prefects to take environmental responsibility e.g. pick litter while 48.4% do this sometimes and 23.0% and 22.9% will only do this in the presence of authority. This study reveals that students will act in recognition of authority. Besides this, it also revealed that the majority of students will endeavor to turn off the running water. In this category, more students will turn off running water taps at 69.3%. This implies a slightly higher level of responsibility among Students as far as turning off running water taps is concerned. According to the findings made by Mergler, and Spooner (2011), the results revealed high levels of personal responsibility and emotional intelligence for all adolescents, indicating that the public and private high schools surveyed appear successful in supporting their students in these areas. This finding is inconsistent with the findings of the current study. The study is, however, consistent with the findings that no significant 187

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differences were found between school sector on emotional intelligence or personal responsibility This finding is consistent with the conclusions of the study done by Toili, which concluded that environmental action in secondary schools was mainly realized through punishment, routine manual work and assignments. (Toili, 2007). In his study, he notes that this is as a result of deficiency of dynamic qualities which facilitate environmental action among some students. He categorized the qualities into basic and integrated dynamic qualities which include showing sensitivity to environmental quality; monitoring oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s action in relation to environmental quality; showing concern for environmental quality; and showing interest in environmental management. The integrated qualities included: Accepting and seeking responsibility for environmental action; Exercising initiative in conserving environmental quality; showing commitment to environmental conservation; and showing independence of thought and action in environmental action. In conclusion, though from the responses obtained from the study, it was noted that the majority of the students exhibited a positive environmental attitude; it was found out that the attitude of students on taking personal responsibility in addressing environmental problems was not pro-environmental conservation. As far as the student will wish to see a conserved and well taken care of the environment, the study showed that they will prefer other people do the work and not themselves. It was also observed that students exhibited some ecological behavior by participating in environmental management. It was, however, observed that most of this participation was under coercion and established rules and regulations. In this regard, the researchers note that there is a need to ensure that the classroom practices not only improve awareness about environmental concerns, but also develop an understanding of ecological principles, arouse concern for environmental problems, stimulate 188

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commitment to environmental protection and demand action to promote conservation of natural resources. In order to achieve this, all teachers handling EE content should consider using methodologies that can help students in all the three domains of learning i.e. cognitive, affective and psychomotor. These are methodologies that are more active teaching, including trips, projects, community service and academic excursions. It is also recommended that the school management should consider building the capacity of clubs to enhance member participation. This involves funding, technical support and creating time for students to engage in club activities. Furthermore, it is necessary to enshrine the role of clubs is made relevant within the curriculum. Finally, there is a need for policy review to give room for a policy paradigm that will enhance cooperation among stakeholders which is key in building more vibrant curricula as well as responsive teaching and evaluation approaches. REFERENCES Akabayashi, A., (2003). Report of the Project Strategies for Social Consensus Building on the Policies Concerning Advanced Medical Technologies. Tokyo: Fuji Research Institute Corporation. Boyle, T., (2004). University Students’ Behaviors Pertaining to Sustainability: A Structural Equation Model With Sustainabilityrelated Attributes. International Journal of Environmental & Science Education Vol. 7, No. 3, 459- 478 Bradley, J., T. Walıczek, T. and J. M., Zajıcek, (1999). Relationship between Environmental Knowledge and Environmental Attitude of High School Students. Journal of Environmental Education, 30(3), 17-21. Busteed M., Palkhiwala, K., Roma M. and Shah B., (2009) Recycling Attitudes and Behaviors of Students at Carlos Pascua Zúñiga High School. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 09 CBS (2006). Economic Survey 2006. Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Nairobi. Crompton, T. and Kasser T. (2009). Meeting Environmental Challenges: The Role of Human Identity. WWF, United Kingdom.

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Fien, J. (2002). Advancing Sustainability in Higher Education. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 3(3), 243-253. Gouldson A. and Sullivan R. (2012). Ecological modernization and the spaces for feasible action on climate change. In Climate Change and the Crisis of Capitalism, Pelling M, Manuel-Navarrete D, Redclift M (eds). Routledge: London; 114–126. Hansmann, R. (2009). Linking the Components of a University Program to the Qualification Profile of Graduates: The Case of a SustainabilityOriented Environmental Science Curriculum. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 46(5), 537–569 Hart, R.A. (1997). Children’s Participation: The Theory and Practice of Involving Young Citizens in Community Development and Environmental Care. Earthscan, London Harun R,, Kuang L. and Othman F. (2011) Environmental Knowledge and Attitude among Students in Sabah. World Applied Sciences Journal 83-87, 2011 Jackson T. , (2005). Motivating Sustainable Consumption: A Review of Evidence on Consumer Behavior and Behavior Change. Guidford, sustainable development research network 291-08 Kabubo-Mariara, J., and Mwabu, D. K. (2007): Determinants of school enrolment and education attainment: empirical evidence from Kenya. The South African Journal of Economics 75, 572-593. Kaiser, F., Wölfing, S. and Fuhrer, U. (1999). Environmental Attitude and Ecological Behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19, 1-19 Kelley-Laine, K. (1991). The Environment at School. Kenya Times, Monday 19th August PP 21-23 Kothari, C. R. (2003). Research Methodology, Methods and Techniques. Wishwa Prakashan, New Delhi. Kulasekara P., (2012). A Study of Environmental Awareness of Higher Secondary School Students in Cuddalore District. Research Expo International Multidisciplinary Research Journal Volume – II. Markus B., Howard P.and King D. (1993) Integrating community Service and Classroom instruction enhances Learning: Results from experience. Education evaluation and policy analysis winter 1993, vol 15, No 4, pp. 410- 419 Mbogua, J. P., (2000) “Problems of Shelter and Planning Constraints in the City of Nairobi” Paper presented to the Annual National Convention of the Architectural Association of Kenya held at Safari Park Hotel, Nairobi, 27 – 30th June

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Mergler, A. and Spooner-Lane, R. (2011) Assessing the Personal and Emotional Developmental Outcomes of High-School students .Queensland University of Technology, Australia Mgimwa C. and Marie K., (2011). Club Environment and School Governance in Secondary Schools Field Work Study from Morogoro & Pwani, Tanzania. The Journal of Experiential Education, 2011(8), 13-17. Miller K. (2011) Student Attitude and Action Regarding the Single-use Plastic Shopping Bag on the University of Alabama Campus: A Thesis submitted to Graduate School of The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa, Alabama 2011. Mitullah, W. (2003). “Understanding Slums: Case Studies for the Global Report on Human Settlements 2003: The Case of Nairobi, Kenya”. UNHABITAT, Nairobi Mugenda, O. M and Mugenda, G. A. (2003) Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Nairobi:Action Press Mung’ong’o S., Mugoyela V. and Kimaro B., (2011) Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Contraceptive Use among Secondary School Students in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 13 (2010) 43-49 NEMA (2003). State of the Environment Report for Kenya, 2003. National Environment Management Authority, Nairobi Ogunjinmi, A. (2012). An Empirical Study of the Effects of Personal Factors on Environmental Attitudes of Local Communities around Nigeria’s Protected Areas. The Journal of Trans disciplinary Environmental Studies vol. 11,(1) 2012 Redclift M. and Woodgate, G. (2013) Sustainable Development and Nature: The Social and The Material. King’s College London: UK .The Journal of Sustainable Development. 21, 92–100 Republic of Kenya, (1988). Sessional Papers No 6: Education for Manpower Training for Next Decade and Beyond. Government Press, Nairobi. [31] Republic of Kenya, (2007). Vision 2030, Government Press, Nairobi, Kenya. Saiduddin, J.(2003). Factors Affecting Achievement at Junior High School on the Pine Ridge Reservation. Spain: Ohio State University. Sarkar M. (2011). Secondary Students’ Environmental Attitudes: The case of Environmental Education in Bangladesh. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences August (2011), Vol. 1, 2222-6990

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Sarkar, M. and Ara, Q. A. J. (2007). Environmental Literacy Among the Secondary Level Students: Comparison Between Urban and Rural areas of Natore District. Teacher's World, 30-31,123-130. [ Schultz, P.W., Oskamp, S., and Mainieri, T. (2005). Values and Their Relationship to Environmental Concern and Conservation Behavior. J. Cross-Cultural Psychol., 36: 457-475. [36] Shiyakumar G. (2011). Environmental Attitude among the Secondary School Students. Indian Streams Research Journal Vol.1, 11pp.1-4 Shobeiri, S., (2005). A Comparative Study of Environmental Awareness and Attitude of Teachers and Students of Secondary Schools in India and Iran, PhD Thesis, department of education, University of Mysore, India Toili, W.W (2007). Secondary School Students’ Participation in Environmental Action: Coercion or Dynamism? Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 2007, 3(1), 51-69 UNESCO (1999). Environmental Education and Training in Egypt, UNESCO, Paris. United Nations (2006). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 Revision. Executive Summary. ESA/P/WP/200, October 2006 United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2007. State of World Population 2007. Unleashing the Potential of Urban Growth.Availablefrom http:// www.unfpa.org/webdav/site/global /shared/documents/ publications/2007 / 695_ filename_ sowp2007_eng.pdf 16th December 2012. United Nations, (1994). United Nations Conference on Environment and Development Rio de Janeiro: Agenda 21, Rio Declaration, Forest Principles (Drafts), UN: Brazil. United Nations. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, General Assembly Resolution 42/187, 11 December 1987. Retrieved: 2012-11-14 Woodgate G. (2010). Introduction. In The International Handbook of Environmental Sociology, 2nd edn, Redclift MR, Woodgate GR (eds). Elgar: Cheltenham; 1–8. Yurtta, F., Sülün, Y. (2010). What are the Most Important Environmental Problems According to the Second Grade Primary School Students? Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci., 2: 1605-1609.

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MASS MEDIA CONTROL PRACTICES OF PTV-4 AS PERCEIVED BY ITS EMPLOYEES Jae Erika Palattao; Dy B. Latinazo John Carmelo L. Ledesma; Benedict R. Kho Jr. Christine Gil O. Almazan

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Abstract-The research used the descriptive survey method of research in the study to analyze the effects of media government own company. Fraekel and Wallen (2006) stated that the descriptive method involves the collection of data to answer the questions about the concerns and facts concerning the subject of the study. Furthermore, it is concerned with the objectivity and at the PTV-4 station, events that are happening and trends. Which are obtained through the help of the questioner, interview and observation in order to have an objective conclusion. Most of the respondents were between the age bracket of 21-26 years old, male with 52 percent outnumbering the female respondents of 48%, single with a percentage of 66, college graduates or 86 percent, 40% of them had served PTV-4 from 1-2 years, and under the Production Department with a percentage of 28. The respondents answered AGREE in all the statements under the first category with a total percentage of 3.78 having a descriptive rating of AGREE. Aziz (2002), stated that business is not just about making sound investment decisions, taking management risks, and dealing with economic uncertainties. Most respondents gave a response of AGREE except the first and fourth statement which was noted STRONGLY AGREE and DISAGREE respectively. Keywords: Mass media, control practices, PTV-4, employees

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Introduction

The purpose of this study is to examine and determine to mass media control practices a government owned Media Company, People's Television Network, Inc. This study will explore the following questions: Does ownership affect the objectivity of the network? How does it affect the perception of the Filipino Citizen 193

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to its governing body? What are the factors that could compel government and private sector’s media to pursue their duty to society objectivity? This Study takes a look at the effect of government controlled media can be seen simply to be media that operates in a government controlled environment. The media have always been owned by other individuals, groups of individuals, organization or government, both state and the The message is now called “power” like authority and money. Networks or Mass Media Companies have the capacity to exercise control over the information transmitted to the society that are now seen to have a strong force in influencing towards the perception of the body. As the “fourth estate” of the state, mass media companies are said to be the watchdog of the society. Effect of the Mass Media Ownership and control in its objectivity on different aspects of the mass media performance was a subject of some of the studies. It attracts students due to the importance of mass media in social life and its ability to affect the viewers. Broad communications are seen as a social medium that adds to building solid countries, sentiments of solidarity by transmitting values and standards in messages. It assumes part of an operator of the optional socialization handle and can add to the effective socialization of people into existing social life. This exploration addresses the topic of broad communications possession consequences for capacity to serve the general population enthusiasm for society through transmission of qualities, information and tending to hobbies of various gatherings of individuals present in certain general public. Serving people in general hobby are a piece of a long haul welfare strategy of government; it constructs socially sound society. This study can be an essential device in testing the media proprietorship hypothesis created by Altschull, Shoemaker, and Reese. They fight that openly possessed media outlets are more 194

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goal in their news scope than secretly held organizations (Altschull, 1984; Shoemaker and Reese, 1991). This inquiry will tackle included significant today in the Philippines, where responsibility for associations is progressively held by a modest bunch of medium aggregates. The Study focused on how Media Ownership affects the Objectivity of the network (PTV-4). Does it affect the perception of the Filipino citizen and its governing body? Mass media are seen as a social medium that contributes to building strong nations, feelings of unity by transmitting values and norms in messages. This study also focuses on how the influence of the government helps in the progress of PTV-4. The media have always been owned by other individuals, groups of individuals, organization or government, both state and the national. The study was based entirely on the statement of the problem which was on the factors that could compel government and private sectorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s media to pursue their duty to society objectivity.

Methodology The research used the descriptive survey method of research in the study to analyze the effects of media government own company. Fraekel and Wallen (2006) stated that the descriptive method involves the collection of data to answer the questions about the concerns and facts concerning the subject of the study. Furthermore, it is concerned with the objectivity and at the PTV-4 station, events that are happening and trends, which are obtained through the help of the questioner, interview and observation in order to have an objective conclusion. The researchers used a survey-questionnaire in the study that was distributed to the targeted respondents who are eighty-one (81).These employees belong to any position they occupy at PTV4. Table 1 shows the distribution of respondents according to age. There were 25 or 50%, 21-26 years old respondents. 11 or 22%, 195

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27-32 years old respondents. 6 or 12% 33-38 years old respondents. And 8 or 16%, 39-45 years old respondents. The survey questionnaire was made by the researchers. By purposes of validation, a letter of request was sought from the dean. After the letter of request was approved, the questionnaire was administered among the employees of PTV-4. After the data were collected, there were few concerns about redundancy and repetition during the validation which was incorporated in the actual questionnaire for the actual group of respondents. Permission was sought to the dean for the distribution of the questionnaires. After it was approved, the survey, designed by the researchers which follows the questions from the statement of the problem was distributed to the respondents which were employees of PTV-4 and were asked to take part in the survey which was part of the study. After the data were collected, they were tallied and submitted to the statistician for appropriate statistical treatment.

Results and Discussion Profile of the Participants. Most of the respondents were between the age bracket of 21-26 years old, male with 52 percent outnumbering the female respondents of 48%, single with a percentage of 66, college graduates or 86 percent, 40% of them had served PTV-4 from 1-2 years, and under the Production Department with a percentage of 28. Relationship with Stakeholders. The respondents answered AGREE in all the statements under the first category with a total percentage of 3.78 having a descriptive rating of AGREE. Aziz (2002), stated that business is not just about making sound investment decisions, taking management risks, and dealing with economic uncertainties. Today, it is about social responsibility, putting all our actions under public scrutiny, and responding to the concerns of those among whom we conduct our business in an 196

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open and accountable way. It is important to us all to remember that good governance, like personal integrity, is no longer the luxury of the virtuous; it has become a global business necessity. News/ Information Reporting and Delivery. Most respondents gave a response of AGREE except the first and fourth statement which was noted STRONGLY AGREE and DISAGREE respectively. Shaw, McCombs, et al. (1997), said that when writing a story, journalists often balance the opposing sides of an issue as if their story is the only one that the public will see. Journalists do this because they want to be objective, or if that seems impossible, to be fair and balanced. This is true even though most journalists and editors have concluded that objectivity is impossible and, like magazine magnate Henry Luce, know they can only aim for fairness. Fairness and objectivity go together. Scholar Jay Rosen writes: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Objectivity is about informing the public; it tells us to worry about things like accuracy, balance and fairness.â&#x20AC;? As can be found in the citation, objectivity and reasonableness are equivalent words. The most fascinating thing is that decency can be graduated: one can be pretty much reasonable. What's more, that since there is a comparability between being reasonable and being objective, one can hence likewise be a pretty much target. Shaw's next errand, consequently, is to characterize how one is reasonable as a columnist: this is finished by being equalization and precise. Addressing the Competition. The last category had the percentage of 3 with a rating of MODERATELY AGREE that is given by the respondents. The respondents had given a reply of Often with a percentage of 3.98. According to Gozon (2013), he claimed that PTV- 4 will have the upper hand in competing with the private sector in terms of generating ad revenue for the statefunded competitor can provide airtime value at lower rates, which may diminish the ability of private broadcasters to attract ad revenues.

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Impacts of possession on serving general society interest are a piece of a greater subject of impacts of mass media ownership on substance. There are a number of studies that were able to determine the effects of ownership on content, despite the fact that there are some that present the inverse perspective. These studied took a gander at the various impacts in various regions. The findings of the study are useful in determining the mass media control practices of PTV-4 and the effectiveness of disseminating news despite of being a government owned network. According to McCullough (2002) mass media organizations should meet the following criteria to serve the public: 1) mass media messages should be available to all members of society: there should be no limitations of access to mass media messages based on race, age, education, wealth, and other characteristics of individuals: 2) mass media messages should address different interests of audiences; 3) mass media messages should provide the public with education; 4) mass media messages should contribute to building a sense of community. In line with this, the researchers gathered that having a total descriptive rating of AGREE in the news/information reporting and delivery, the network is meeting the standards and qualifications in terms of serving the public. Government owned media outlets usually seen by social scientists as pursuing goal of social welfare and harmony. The fact that media are owned by the government does not mean that channels and content are totally controlled by the government. Usually if not subsidized, these channels have to make profit, which means independence to certain extent from government ideological interests. But in the case of PTV-4, President Aquino signed into amendment of RA103901 to RA 7306 “An Act Providing for the Establishment of the People’s Television Network, Incorporated, Defining Its Powers and Functions, Providing for Its Sources of Funding and for Other Purposes.” The President’s vision is to transform PTV4’s image from a propaganda machine in the past administration 198

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to a public service station which provides meaningful and balanced news to the public in the mold of the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation). This provision, while aimed at ensuring that PTV-4 will not actively compete with commercial networks, proved to be detrimental as the network failed to sustain the viability of its operations while being allowed to earn only institutional revenues from government entities like PAGCOR (Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation) and PCSO (Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office). Thus, this proves that despite of being a government owned network, the network will use the fund for improving its equipment and facilities and will not affect the information being disseminated to the public, for the government’s goal is to make it as an independent network without any biases from its employees and the administration. Based on their comments and suggestions, the employees prescribed for the continuous improvement of its programs in order for the audience to be encouraged to watch and to get more familiar with the network’s name and its role to the society. They also suggested for the network to find more ways to build its image for the people to see that PTV-4 is providing an unbiased reporting without protecting anyone and seeks and presents the both sides of the story. With all the data provided, the researchers gathered that having a majority of AGREE in the descriptive rating, the Power and Inequality theory effectively applied to the mass media control practices of PTV-4, for the reason that the result of the over-all descriptive rating none of the categories resulted to STRONGLY DISAGREE. Thus, the PTV-4 may consider hiring female employees who are 26 years old and above, preferably who already have their Graduate or Post Graduate diploma, ready and willing to end the tenure of office or conterminous years in various departments of PTV-4 not only in the Production Department that would add positive effect on the stations productivity. The basis for employment should be a person’s knowledge, skills and 199

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qualifications which are necessary to perform a job. The researchers suggest thinking of other ways to address the different interests, different content in addressing the competition despite of its ownership structure since the descriptive rating of the third category was noted AGREE. Also the researchers would recommend ways to improve the relationship of the network with its stakeholders to which the station and employees will be satisfied, eager and more pursued to serve the public interest. Lastly, the researchers recommend to improve its reporting and delivery that will show the networkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ability through mass media and its strong identity and make sure that the types of information and knowledge in mass media messages, different content policies should be introduced to make sure that imperfections of the message are being addressed and corrected. The employees of PTV-4 should explore more information to fully understand the effects of media control and its ownership on serving the public interest for other related research. The researchers recommend to conduct further studies that are in line with this study. REFERENCES Cabacungan, G & Andrade, J (2012). PTV-4 to turn Commercial, retrieved on September 4, 2016, from http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/263570/ptv-4-to-turn-commercial Dominick, J. (2009). The Dynamics of Mass Communication: Media in the Digital Age.New York City: Frank Mortimer. Flowers, V & Hughes, C (1973). Why Employees Stay retrieved on September 3, 2016, from https://hbr.org/1973/07/whyemployees-stay Fritzgerald, M (2001). Single vs. Married: Creating an inclusive workplace. Kaid, L. (2004). Handbook of Political Communication Reasearch. New Jersey, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers McQuail, D. (2010). McQuailâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Mass Communication Theory. (Sixth Edition).Singapore: Sage Publications Inc.

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Rappler (2013). Aquino signs law â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;revitalizingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; PTV-4, retrieved on September 4, 2016, from http://www.rappler.com/business/24263-aquino-signs-law%E2%80%98revitalizing%E2%80%99-ptv-4 Rappler (2015). Stop age discrimination in hiring workers, retrieved on September 3, 2016, from http://www.rappler.com/nation/91819stop-age-discrimination-workplace-pia-cayetano Severin W. J (2001). Communication Theories. (Fifth Edition).University of Texas, Austin: The Lehigh Press, Inc. Vivian, J (2003). The Media of Mass Communication. (Sixth Edition) United States of America: Pearson Education, Inc.

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