THE AMAZON - KADK 2016, Architecture and Extreme Environments by KADK Architecture and Extreme Environments

The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts Schools of Architecture, Design and Conservation Institute of Architecture and Technology

Contents

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Introduction page 4 / 2016: The Amazon page 10 / Investigation page 20 / Engaging with Site page 40 / Architectural Projects page 120 / Reflections & Observations page 208 / Staff & Acknowledgements page 222 / Credits page 224

Introduc

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tion

Architecture and Extreme Environments Architecture and Extreme Environments is a two year Master programme that promotes the study of architecture as a critical lens to inspect contemporary global issues and to expand spatial richness informed by culture, technology and the environment. This masters programme pursues a site-specific exploration of architecture, technology, culture and their interrelated roles in global challenges, both present and future. Through a uniquely tuned process of research by design, students undertake a methodology of contextual investigation, experimentation, design and prototyping, which is enriched through direct on-site involvement in the form of expeditions to locations across the globe. In close collaboration with local communities, institutions, practices, manufacturers, researchers and experts in numerous fields, this Masters programme acknowledges the design potential of technology, both as means of inspiring innovation and as

a field charged with endless possibilities and spatial implications. Travelling to locations with challenging environments - from natural extremes of sweltering heat or numbing cold, towards the effects of pollution or chemical disaster students are immersed within unique conditions where an acute awareness of context is vital and previously unquestioned norms no longer hold precedent.

Extreme Environments in Natural, Urban and Rural Territories around the World Top Left Educandos, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil Top Right Hellisheiรฐi, Iceland Bottom Left Ilullisat, Greenland Bottom Right Onagawa, Japan

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Course Structure The course is structured over a twosemester period, where preliminary investigations, fieldwork and architectural explorations are linked in a rolling sequence and focused on a specific case-study region. In the first semester, initial investigations and research areas are refined through a process of design and construction of one-to-one prototypes. These constructs, which are to be transported, deployed and tested within the case-study region, are designed as experimental building components, hyper specific surveying devices or interactive constructs. An annual expedition, not only allows the students to interpret these territories through the medium of their investigative constructions, but also simultaneously provides an opportunity to collaborate and engage with local industries, communities and experts. It is through such diverse engagement with the context that students begin to explore the proposition of an architectural brief.

Equipped with site-specific knowledge, experiences, fieldwork investigations and an ongoing dialogue with a network of contacts, acquired during the expedition, during the second semester the architectural brief is developed into a detailed architectural proposal. Although, the studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; investigations are tuned towards hyper-specific designunderpinning the course, and the development of the individual projects, is an engagement with research methodologies and critical thinking. In this sense, the investigations are informed by broader discourses that incorporate local and global issues, ecology, philosophy and the built environment. This is supplemented by collaborations and workshops with a multitude of in-house and international experts from a variety of fields.

Extreme Environments in both Natural and Urban Contexts around the World Top Left Pripyat, Chernobyl, Ukraine Top Right EISCAT Radar, Adventdalen, Svalbard. Bottom Left Mojave Desert, USA Bottom Right Broken Hill, NSW, Australia

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2016: Th

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he Amazon

The Amazon: Amazonas and Manaus Stretching from the Andes to the Atlantic Ocean and occupying 40% of the South American continent, the Amazon basin represents a vast, yet fragile, territory under the constant threat of exploitation. The Amazon basin comprises a poignant region where the impacts of climate change, the undying demand for natural resources and Brazilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s agricultural growth are having a profound affect on the natural landscape and ecosystems, and are politically charging their wanning conditions. From increasing deforestation, fuelled by the production of cattle and soybeans, to local industries and waste management and finally the endless exploitation of natural resources, the course engages in critical enquiry and speculation upon this zone of escalating unease and global relevance. Whilst Manaus, the capital of the State of Amazonas, and regional communities share a parallel endurance towards the volatilities of the Amazon rainforest, they present two conditions that highlight the multitude of scales and differences within this cultural, political and environmental context.

Amazonas A fundamentally uncharted territory, the state of Amazonas is situated in the heart of the Amazon basin- peppered with indigenous villages, towns, agrarian estates and regional off-grid communities. With the exception of Manaus, its population is disconnected, sparsely situated,

subject to seasonal flooding and plagued by a myriad of archaic and emerging health risks.

Manaus A veritable webwork of non-planned urbanism, Manaus, is located 1,300km inland, housing almost 2 million inhabitants isolated in the heart of the Amazon Rainforest. Once developed and defined by the decadence of the rubber industry in the late 19th Century- its collapse and a tenfold growth in population over the past 40 years has unrecognisably transformed Manaus into a city rather defined by non-planned urbanisation, drinking water shortages, wastewater, abundant pollution and the seasonal 14 metre difference in water level. Enduring the sweltering heat, humidity and health risks of the Amazon rainforest, the course encourages discovery of the dynamic relationship between architecture, culture, economy, geopolitics and ecology. The course engages in relevant and critical discussion on the role of architecture as a vehicle to explore present and future social, environmental and political issues of the Amazon and the built environment.

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Roraima Amapá

Balbina. .Manaus. Tupana. Para

Amazonas

Maranhão

Acre Tocantins

Rondônia Mato Grosso

.Rio De Janeiro. .Sãu Paulo.

Map of Brazil: Image depicts Brazil and Legal Amazônia, and its states, in relation to the study sites of 2016: the state of Amazonas and city of Manaus. Legend: Expedition Locations Amazonas Legal Amazônia Brazilian States

Top Left The occurrence of non-planned favela communities in the flood prone valleys and plains of Manaus. Top Right The densely populated urban condition of central Manaus, overlooking the Rio Negro and surrounding rainforest. Bottom Left The environmental impact of deforestation on the Amazonian landscape in Presidente Figueiredo.

Igarape Dos Educandos, Manaus, Amazonas - a tributary of the Rio Negro that is subject to seasonal flooding of up to 10m. Here, shown during the dry season, the tributary is inhabited by floating houses, beached boats and accumulating waste.

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Above the canopy of the rainforest in Presidente Figueiredo, only an hour north of Manaus, at the INPA ZF-2 Station Research Tower.

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The urban canopy of the city of Manaus. To the left the Rio Negro is visible, whilst the right is defined by the Teatro Amazonas, built in the late 19th Century by the wealth of the former rubber industry.

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Investig

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ation

Context and Information Gathering The initial inquiry into Amazonas and Manaus took the form of analytical investigations, aimed to unpack a series of themes relevant to present and future issues surrounding the Amazon basin and Manaus- climate, geography, fauna and flora, energy, resources, deforestation, culture, urbanism, migration, demography, the indigenous people, vernacular architecture and industry. Through group work and engagement with and local communities, the students gathered information, statistics, facts and curiosities within their fields of study. The findings were then interpreted through the medium of the infographic. The aim is to establish visual clarity and hierarchy for an approachable and engaging representation of the complex issues presented by the Amazon. The resulting infographic posters form an in-depth catalogue of relevant information. Through a dialogue of group discussion, lectures and workshops, students

gain critical understanding of infrastructural, political and commercial relevance of the Amazon rainforest, both at a local and global context.

Field of Interest During this Investigation phase, students begin to hone in on certain areas of interest. From exploring the drinking water shortages and pollution of Manaus or the seasonal 10m flooding in the tributaries of the Rio Negro, to investigating the presence and impact of the Manaus Free Trade Zone, students develop their own critique and understanding of how these issues are reflected and challenged in the present context of the Amazon. Through regular reviews and critical discussions, students define their individual fields of interest in the Amazon. They speculate upon architectural possibilities through themes of: bio-mimicry, material innovation, and landscape interventions that challenge the role of architecture in the built environment.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 22 - 23 The assemblage of infographic posters produced, in relation to relevant themes of investigation in the Amazon.

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Zara Sánchez Y Gøtze, Astrid Blichfeldt, Gabrielė Jerošinė, Veronika Ignataviciute and Stine Bundgaard Larsen investigated Energy, Rivers, Geology, Processed Resources and Land Exploitation in Legal Amazônia. Astrid’s in-depth investigation of rivers, flooding and flow translated into an urban intervention ‘Tailoring Waterways,’ allowing her to visualise and interact with the infrastructural deficiencies of water management in Manaus.

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Julien Nolin’s investigation of History, Historiography and Politics both in Brazil and Manaus, paved the way for his architectural thesis project ‘Amazonia Pier,’ which focused on a critique of Manaus’s politically sustained existence, the Free Trade Zone and the identity of the Amazon rainforest.

Øyvind Andreas Limi investigated climate both at an international and local scale. He translated this investigation into a prototype ‘Equinoctial Evaporation,’ which manifested as a unique and adjustable exploration of evaporative cooling.

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Anders Blindheim Nottveit and Lauren Shevills investigated Urbanism and Demography. Anders addressed the notion of Manaus as a city placed in the middle of the Amazon rainforest, channelling this through an urban exploration of tropical diseases and airflow in his architectural thesis project â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Hot Humid Hospitalised.â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Robert Baronâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s investigation of the international trade of Legal AmazĂ´nia, broken down into states, revealed the statistics supporting Agriculture and Land Exploitation Industries floating the economy of the region. Not to mention ~3% of revenue speculated to originate from the illegal trade of animals.

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Otis Sloan Brittain and Robert Baron investigated Industry at three scales: Legal Amazônia, Manaus and Manaus’s Free Trade Zone. An in-depth understanding of the character of Manaus’s industries allowed Otis to investigate the plausibility of an edible insect industry for his architectural proposition ‘Amazon Insect Market’ in the regional community of Careiro.

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III

Engagin

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g with Site

“Hyper-specificity” Following the definition of a field of interest during the Investigation phase, students contextualise and challenge their explorations through three modes of site engagement - Design & Manufacture, Fieldwork and Brief Definition. Through a ‘hyper-specific’ methodology, each mode engages with a different aspect and scale of the site in question, forming a rich agenda mediating between theory and practice.

Modes of Engagement The Design & Manufacture phase focuses on one-to-one interactions with the immediate context. A performance oriented exploration, the process challenges formal understandings of materials and technology in architecture and encourages innovative design. The Fieldwork phase is concerned with surveying and charting the environment through both the constructed prototype and dialogue with local stakeholders. Alongside newly gathered information from the expedition, students test design hypotheses directly in the

field, and localise their field of study to define an architectural brief. During the Brief Definition phase, students discover relevant study sites, visit local archives and experts in the industry to compose an architectural framework and program for the subsequent semester.

The Notion of Site

This chapter is fundamental to the programme’s agenda and methodology. From very early in the semester, students are introduced to the notion of site, in scales both macro and micro, as the overriding theme in all areas of investigation. As opposed to developing a theoretical or speculative reading of site from a distance, students are challenged to confront the site directly and physically prior to developing any form of program or architectural allusion. Through this rigorous methodology, students are equipped to formulate an informed architectural thesis and proposition.

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Otis Sloan Brittain attempts to reach the attachments of his ‘Vertical Dam’ prototype in the rainforest of the Rio Tupana. The attraction of local insects to the illuminated water collecting membrane at night, combined with the prototypes exploration of autonomy, led to the development of his architectural project ‘Amazon Insect Market.’ By reimagining a regional marketplace into an edible insect market and production hub, Otis challenged established notions of gastronomy, sustainability and autonomy

Engaging through Design & Manufacture Prior to the programmeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s departure to Amazonas, the students develop constructs to chart specific conditions related to a chosen field of interest. Drawing inspiration from science and technology, students devise new cooling systems, facades and materials to test their investigation on-site. The design process is divided into two stages. An initial experiment driven phase aims to test scientific, technological, and material performance. This is followed by the design of one-to-one constructions that simultaneously explore the visual and spatial implications of the investigation and sites, but also the demands of travel. Each prototype has its own budget and manufacture timeline, created in collaboration with academic consultants, researchers and industry manufacturers. This aspect is a crucial activity that ties the project to professional practice and building methodologies.

Performance Oriented Experimentation

From material explorations of latex or chemically deciphering traces of narcotics in evaporative residues, the studio transformed into a laboratory to test experiments. A critical aspect during this stage is to simulate the various conditions that are to be encountered in the Amazon, in order to ensure the contextual performance of the constructs. This involved the process of measuring and recording results and observations, and furthermore utilising a range of computational tools to simulate performance and tweak the designs accordingly. Design & Manufacture Constructing the final prototype is a design challenge in itself, as limitations in transportation become increasingly inevitable. For Amazonas, a lightweight and easy-to-assemble prototype proved vital, due to the various and humble modes of transportation taken to reach the Rio Tupana. Whereas in Manaus, an understanding of design as a form of communication became crucial in order to engage local citizensâ&#x20AC;?.

The studio of Architecture & Extreme Environments, prior to the expedition and amidst the design and manufacturing phase.

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Left Through this early experiment, Julien Nolin explores kinetic systems that could be used to simultaneously interact with the timber structures of favela houses as the water level fluctuates. Right An initial casting mould experiment for the latex wings of Emil Juel Jespersen’s ‘Suspended Cooling,’ testing the structural limits of the material.

Right Page Studio desks in the lead up to the expedition, the studio becomes a hub of activity, problem solving and manufacturing.

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Øyvind Andreas Limi meticulously constructs the hexagonal modules of his prototype ‘Equinoctial Evaporation,’ using acrylic frames, steel rods and an elastic textile. Once assembled the system formulates an adjustable exploration of evaporative cooling.

Astrid Blichfeldt experiments with, and re-interprets, the traditional sand bag for her water and flood mapping intervention, ‘Tailoring Waterways.’

Gabrielė Jerošinė experiments with the casting properties of latex for the waterproof membrane of her inhabitable prototype, ‘Close to Disease.’ She attempts to add a structural layer to her innovative amalgam of mosquito netting and latex.

In response to research unveiling the presence of narcotics and pharmaceuticals in the urban streams of Manaus, Robert Baron experiments with chemical reagents to reveal such contaminants with the residues of evaporated water samples.

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Gabrielė Jerošinė experiments with the standard and accessible mosquito netting material in the manufacturing of her prototype, ‘Close to Disease.’ She tests its material properties towards new functions and amalgamates it with the water resistant properties of liquid latex, a local and natural resource in the Amazon.

Otis Sloan Brittain experiments with water turbine technology for his water harvesting prototype, ‘Vertical Dam,’ and designs a portable system for its deployment in the Amazon.

Otis Sloan Brittain further measures the dimensions and curvature of his suspended water harvesting prototypes, and adjusts the fitting connecting the harvesters with the water turbine below.

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Left Emil Juel Jespersen tests the construction of his ‘Suspended Cooling’ device, which explores the correlation between the Amazonian climate, daily cycles and corporeal cooling. Right Anders Blindheim Nottveit tests an early prototype of his portable wind-harvesting device, ‘Collecting Breeze.’

Expedition to The Amazon During the fall semester of 2015, 9 thesis students, 7 fourth year students and 2 tutors, embarked on a 18-day expedition to Brazil, and specifically the Amazon basin. The group ventured from the sprawling city of Manaus to dams and floating villages, from 45m high research stations that peak above the rainforest canopy to isolated off-grid regional communities and from favela housing to environmental disasters. Whether enduring the risks of the rainforest landscapes, dense cities and derelict settlements, the oppressive 50-degree temperatures or the wonders of the Rio Negro, the students engage directly with the specificities of these confronting environments. The Architecture and Extreme Environments expedition is a first step towards developing a critical understanding of sites, by experiencing first-hand: the unique phenomena of the surrounding environment, the fortitude of local communities and trepidations of resident industries, and furthermore offers an unparalleled opportunity to engage in direct

discussions with local experts, institutions and municipalities.

Localised Investigations In this sense, the expedition presents a unique method to engage with the natural environment and a number of local communities, experts and industries. Through visits to the Balbina Hydroelectric Dam, the National Research Institute of the Amazon (INPA), INPA’s ZF-2 rainforest reserve and satellite research base, the floating village of Catalão, urban favela housing communities of Manaus, the bankrupt remains of Ariau Towers, a kitsch Amazonian hotel complex, the regional communities of the Rio Tupana and the Teçume Project, the students formulated localised investigations towards a critical understanding of the Amazon’s urban, regional and rainforest conditions, which is further developed into an architectural brief.

.BALBINA DAM. Day 4 Hydroelectric Dam .PRES. FIGUEIREDO. Day 4-5 Cachoeira Berro d`รกgua

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.PRES. FIGUEIREDO. Day 5 Deforested Landscape

.PRES. FIGUEIREDO. Day 5 INPA ZF-2 Tower

.MANAUS. Day 1-3 & 6-14 (Group Splits) Capital of Amazonas

. ARIAU. Day 7 Ariau Towers

.RIO AMAZONAS. Day 7 .CATA L ร O. Day 6 Floating Village

.CAREIRO. Day 6 Regional Town

.RIO TUPANA . Day 6-12 Casa Do Rio

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 54 - 55 Left Page A collage of sites visited on the expedition, showcasing the wide spectrum and conditions of Manaus and surrounding areas.

The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;palafitaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; style housing that lines the tributaries of Manaus, which are characterised by the accumulation of pollution.

The harbour condition of Manaus where a 14m variation in the water level has developed a waterfront that is vibrant in local activity, yet deficient in the infrastructure required to accommodate the arrivals and departures of goods and people.

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Left Page Ariau - students navigate the failing tourist infrastructure of the controversial and near abandoned rainforest resort Ariau Towers. Right Centro, Manaus - navigating the central urban condition of Manaus is characterised by a spiralling sequence of ad-hoc food stalls and impromptu marketplaces selling anything from local produce to manufactured goods from the industrial district.

Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas - in communication with Brazilian energy company Manaus Energia, students explore the massive infrastructure of the hydroelectric dam situated on the UatumĂŁ River.

Right Page Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas - the unit stops by a deforested clearing in the rainforest. This landscape has become barren, unstable and leaks a concentration of minerals into nearby streams.

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Rising 45m from the rainforest floor, INPAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s observation tower performs measurements of biological and climatological conditions of the ZF-2 rainforest reserve.

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Left Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas - the students drive deep within ZF-2, a 34km2 continuous forest reserve 60km from Manaus, in search of INPAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rainforest observation tower. Right Located 15km within ZF-2, the tower perches above the surrounding reserve. The immediate reserve is used as a living specimen to study the affects and recovery of the environment after logging.

Rio Tupana - the students arrive at Casa do Rio, their base for investigations into the rainforest and regional communities. The torrential rain yields an insight into the wet season, where the area is also subject to flooding up to 10m.

Right Page A collage of sites visited during the expedition, showcasing the varying landscapes and scales of inhabitation in regional Amazonas.

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Left Rio Tupana, Amazonas - at the residence of Senhora Branca students are introduced to the Rio Tupana community, their quotidian rituals and crafts Right Rio Tupana, Amazonas - the students are invited to a meeting at the local community hall. Here community members show and teach them the local palm leaf weaving traditions.

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Fieldwork in The Amazon Alongside their direct engagement during the expedition, the students simultaneously navigate and document the varied territories and phenomena of the Amazon Basin through the medium of their prototypes. Taking the form of experimental building components, interactive prototypes and landscape charting instruments and interventions, these devices aim to challenge current issues of architectural performance, sustainability and resilience, whilst exploring new forms of spatial language in the built environment.

Prototype Thematics The individual prototypes can be categorized into five different themes, each critically exploring a different aspect of the Amazonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s architectural potential. In Manaus, these themes engage with the overarching concerns of the Amazon Basin, yet are channelled through the urban conditions of the city, and its innate conflict with the surrounding rainforest. These Include: / Comfort, Cooling & Evaporation

/ Water, Tributaries & Pollution / Biomimicry & Biological Strategies Whilst, sparsely populated compared to Manaus, the disconnected community of the Rio Tupana bears a range palpable needs and represents a living condition spread throughout the rest of the Amazon Basin. Thus, in the Rio Tupana, the devices engaged with themes rather guided by a direct interaction with local communities and resources. These include: / Health & Habitat / Rainforest & Resources From re-interpretations of the humble hammock for cooling and health, to energy generating foundation systems, these devices aim to promote architectures potential to interact with the varied territories and conditions of the Amazon Basin. The mediation between this fieldwork and the expedition formulate the initial steps towards proposing a critical and alternative approach to architectural design, to be developed during the second semester.

Johan spent his time collecting a catalgoue of epiphytes to test with his prototype component â&#x20AC;&#x153;Biological Conditioning,â&#x20AC;? once he returned to the urban setting of central Manaus.

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Emil threads the aluminium rings, which comprise the structure of his cooling device, along a slack line and clears a space to undertake the testing phase of ‘Suspended Cooling.’

Lauren constructs and assembles her adjustable mirror panels and illuminable sphere to test her installation ‘Lucid Illuminations,’ in Balbina and Tupana. She sought to engage with alternate methods of light harvesting under the canopy of the rainforest.

Øyvind assembles his prototype, ‘Equinoctial Evaporation,’ in Manaus and searches for a site of deployment in Centro. He sought to investigate the latent potential of water and evaporation as a source of spatial cooling.

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Situated in the Bairro of Gloria, Astrid’s project ‘Tailoring Waterways’ was undertaken with the help, resources and intrigue of the local Brandao family. She conducted this investigation as means to explore and communicate concerns of flooding in urban conditions.

Emil documents the changing thermal properties of his inhabitable construction over the periods of set-up and inhabitation through FLIR infrared imagery.

Manaus: Comfort, Cooling and Evaporation As the rainforest boundary has been pushed back by decades of rapid urban growth, Manaus has emerged as a veritable â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;heat islandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; located within the rainforest. Annually, Manaus typically bears minimal changes in its climatic conditions, lingering around approximately 30oC and 80% humidity, and maintaining no designated dry season where rain is considered absent. Ultimately, the city exists as an isolated urban environment that resides in the climatic region of the Amazon Basin, yet is devoid of the rainforests natural process of cooling and evaporation. The annual average between the urban and rainforest has been recorded to reach differences of around 3 Â°C in temperature and a relative humidity close to 1.7%. Therefore, challenging the cities consequent reliance on air-conditioning systems, each project in this theme engages with alternative methods of cooling, therefore attempting to highlight this phenomenon of the city from the scale of human comfort and experience.

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Emil Alexander Juul Jespersen Suspended Cooling: Cooling & Potential Energy of Rainwater The basic structure of the device is taken from the image of the hammock, which is an image synonymous with the Amazon region. The device capitalizes on the natural cycles of the rainforest with rainwater as the main focus. The basic state of the device is the position, which shades the resting body and allows for ventilation. When it starts to rain, the latex skin leads the water to the central gutter where it is distributed into the six rings. The water runs through the rings and cools them and the interior space. The water accumulates in the hanging IV bags that slowly drag down the latex skin to form an enclosed space. When a total of 12 litres is collected, the structure completely closes. The water droplets are caught in the grooves of the latex, and start to evaporate. When the water evaporates from the surface, the interior space is cooled due to evaporative cooling. The water runs slowly out of the plastic bags, the speed of which can be adjusted on the small hospital grade valves. When the evaporative cooling concludes, the structure slowly opens and returns to its dormant state.

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Øyvind Andreas Limi Equinoctial Evaporation: Constructing Cooling through Surface Exposure

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One of the challenges Manaus faces today is the imposition of foreign building techniques that do not respond to the climatic conditions of the rainforest region. Vegetated areas have decreased as the city has grown over the last century, and it has been replaced with concrete buildings and asphalt infrastructure that does little, if anything, to prevent flooding or to dissipate heat. The remarkable thing about the rainforest is its ability to provide itself with rainwater through transpiration. The canopies of the trees provide a surface area that far exceeds that of any building in Manaus. The prototype has been designed to mimic this phenomenon by increasing its surface area, and thereby enhancing its exposure to airflow and potential evaporation. Sixteen modules assemble to create this geodesic dome and each one is able to expand its surface to 250% of its initial size. The fabric absorbs rainwater and releases it back into the atmosphere when expanded. This process has a cooling effect on the fabric and the interior space within the dome. The device is thought of as a structure that is able to respond to its environment and explore the potential in natural cooling.

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Anders Nottveit Collecting Breeze: Saving Air for Later Use With the climatic conditions of Manaus as a focus, this prototype sought to address issues of ventilation. As the wind in Manaus remain relatively low, a prototype emerged that intended to store the wind in cells, much like a battery. A wind bank, that stores the wind inside balloons, blown up through the kinetic power of the wind. The device addresses the contextual reliance on airconditioning, by working with wind as a rare resource. The process accumulating these air cells is outwardly expressed in the design of the prototype,

revealing the time, energy, chance and luck that goes into filling the balloons. Every balloon simultaneously symbolises both time and comfort, and therefore challenges unconscious responses to use air-conditioning. Using all your balloons in one day could mean you would go days, or even weeks without being able to refill the balloons and have more ventilation.

Above: Psychrometric chart indicating the prototypes targeted comfort zone

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Manaus: Water, Tributaries and Pollution The transformation of the water level between the wet and dry season is a regional phenomenon that intensifies in the urban condition of Manaus. From March until September the city has been recorded to endure up to 10-meters of flooding, transforming its dried up wastelandesque tributaries into fully inundated landscapes. The rising water not only interferes with the cities low-lying suburbs, but dislocates the cities waste and devastates the favela communities lining the tributaries. Adding to this phenomenon is Manaus’s innate paradox, whereby despite 20% of the world’s fresh water flowing from the Amazon Basin, only 35% of households have access to treated drinking water, and another 83% of houses are not connected to the sewer network. Utilising a range of innovative methods, from floating energy-generating foundations to tools that chart the polluted and saturated landscapes, the students engage with the multiple scales of the cities waste and water obstacles.

From water sample retrieval, to petri dish insertion into the evaporative chamber and finally the accumulation of distilled water, Robert’s water charting installation, ‘Saturated Projection,’ engages with the changing states of water in order to reveal invisible pollutants.

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Robert Baron Saturated Projection: Illuminating the Invisible Traces of Manaus Inhabitation ‘Saturated Projection,’ locates itself on the locus of Manaus’s environmental duality between treated water shortages and the perception of untreated wastewater as a composite of contextual inhabitation.

From Centro From Cachoeirinha From Free Trade Zone

To Rio Negro

The established technology of water distillation, not only engages with the realities of Manaus’s drinking water shortages by activating the surplus wastewater, but further provides an avenue to reanimate, reveal and abstract pollutants, such as narcotics and pharmaceuticals. Through the application of chemical reagents, such as Marquis, Mecke and Mandelin, to the evaporative residues of the water samples, narcotic contaminants can be revealed through chemical reactions,

which manifest through specific colours. The residues of narcotics and pharmaceuticals are then revealed and projected within the spatialised medium of the water they once contaminated. Through the medium of the installation, specific points within the tributaries of Manaus are no longer given by their geographical location or the individual’s unmediated perception, but rather their relationship to the context, environment, people and inhabitation.

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Julien Nolin Staying Afloat: Addressing River Edge Conditions with Buoyancy & Power The prototype was designed with the idea to bring independence to the ‘palafittes’ inhabitants who are known to have sporadic access to electricity, and are the most affected by the event of flooding. Unapologetically technocentric in design, material

choice and functionality, the prototype was designed with the intention to separate itself visually from its host structure. Thus, challenging ideas of individualised building components and how active their

role could potentially be. Beyond that, it confronts conventional spatial understandings of how we perceive and interact with the surrounding ecology. The device’s secondary role was one of subversion. By attaching

such a disparate construction to these houses, attention is paradoxically drawn to the purpose of the construction. Therefore, shedding light on the bigger issue of its very static solution to a highly active problem.

Astrid Blichfeldt Tailoring Waterways: Constructing an Edge Condition To register the premise of flooding, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Tailoring Waterways,â&#x20AC;? grasps onto a tool as humble as the sandbag. By redesigning the original utilitarian form into a possible building element, it became possible to test how water can be curated, rather than blocked. Three different

shapes have been introduced that opened the possibility of interlocking the sandbags and securing the stability of structures. Interlocking rubber sheets facilitate the flows, whereas the sandbags become a media to

slow and accumulate the water. To highlight the natural flows and accumulation points of the streets, red dye was applied to the water. Staining the material of the sandbags, the flows and accumulation points are recorded and re-assembled

through the predefined geometries of the sandbags. Flooding cannot be solved only tailored to new paths. Right: A diagram revealing the street flows and flood prone areas.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 86 - 87

Zara SĂĄnchez Y GĂ¸tze Crystallised Hyperecologies: Mapping Ground Pollution and Microclimates

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 88 - 89

The city of Manaus holds what seems to be an infinity of shops dedicated to disposable plastics for domestic and commercial purposes. The culture and use of plastic in the city is perceptibly delusional and out of scale. Constantly re-appearing, in many forms, throughout Manaus, plastic has become a pathogen- extracted from a different context and discarded in another. The tributaries of the city have evolved into spontaneous landfills- both forgotten by the city and impossible to navigate. The resulting recording instrument was designed with two intentions- the first, as a static element recording the changes in a landscape, and the second, to be worn as a backpack that tracks your navigation through a polluted landscape. The instrument documented the landscape to the extent that you can perceive the individual polluting elements, and their connections with the changing nature of the wastelandesque environment.

_____________

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Polluting Elements in the Wasteland An ortophoto spanning 8m in diameter, showing the polluting elements found on the ground

________ xxx

The natural erosion, created by the everchanging water levels, makes the waste accumulate in the leftover voids in the wasteland.

METRES

River water polluted with sewage generated in the three neighborhoods surrounding the tributary.

The dominating elements are plastic bottles and bags, in green and blue.

Traces of desintegrated plastic - forming microplastics that merge with the soil.

Sewage & Plastic Bags

Zara analyses the output of her site charting instrument, by dissecting the layers of plastic and waste embedded in the tributary landscape.

The fluctuating landscapes of plastic that are created are under permanent change, and these changes affect different portions of the riverbed in a different way. The erosion present on the lower delta ending in Rio Negro, creates an accumulated topography of plastic in pockets that are uncovered by the water flow. The water unveils the underlying plastic found directly in the water stream, infiltrated with wastewater. All these happenings on the riverbed, should be accessed and mediated, so that the riverbed can return to a state where it is possible to bathe, and inhabit the waterside between the three neighborhoods. _____________

Expedition, Fieldwork & Investigation x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 90 - 91

Manaus: Biomimicry and Biological Strategies The Amazon rainforest presents a long existing territory that has evolved its own unique webwork of ecosystems, biological processes and natural resources that have persevered long before Manaus matured into an urban presence in the late 19th Century. Urbanisation has produced significant transformations in land surface, atmospheric properties, local ecosystems and climate, which can be understood to be in discord with the established systems of the surrounding rainforest. In response to this understanding of Manausâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s situation, students redefine typical architectural resources through innovative and spatial interpretations of natural processes and resources. From a materially driven exploration of thermal comfort drawn from the climatic adaption of the Dyeing Dart Frog to an inhabitable space that investigates the possible spatial and climatic properties of locally sourced latex, the students challenge conventional building methods by drawing inspiration from the resources and resilience of the surrounding context.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 92 - 93

Johan Steenberg Biological Conditioning: Utilising Microclimates of Epiphetic Growth 45 o C 41 o C 37 C o

33 o C 29 o C 25 o C 13:25

13:55

14:25

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In the timespan of millions of years of natural selection, vascular plants have evolvedto function in ways unparalled by our own technologies. However, in contrast to conventional biomimicry, this project rather becomes an investigation that focused on capitalising on locally available resources; epiphytic â&#x20AC;&#x153;air plantsâ&#x20AC;? and nutrients in collected rainwater. The system has three parts; the ceramic water buffer that can be connected to local water sources or airconditioning run-off, the water retaining fabric, and the aluminium frame that can fold

into a portable backpack. The notion that some plants would die, some compete and others bring unanticipated fungus and growth into the system, was considered a value that would eventually contribute to the ecosystem it could become. It would develop its own time, rhythm and biological composition, as a temporal ecology.

Left: A graph and FLIR captures indicating the thermal performance of the prototype.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 94 - 95

Veronika Ignataviciute A Cooler Microclimate: Optimising Air Flow Towards Thermal Comfort

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 96 - 97

Through the re-interpretation of an existing biological system, this project aimed to explore an alternative solution to the conundrum of climate and cooling in the Amazon. The biological layers within the skin of the Dyeing Dart Frog, an ectothermic amphibian, were reinterpreted, mechanically, for practical architectural application. The natural thermo regulating action of this creature (its ability to regulate its temperature internally) informed the design. The resulting prototype allows for its components to follow a spherical grid, almost orbiting a nucleus. The intention was to concentrate wind and air to its centre. The output can be read at the centre point, where measurements of air temperature and humidity reveal an internal microclimate that is closer to thermal comfort.

Left: A series of CFD simulations testing the design for its ability to capture ambient wind.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 98 - 99

[oC] sunset

50 48 46 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 0 10:00

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Agnieszka Filipowicz Investigating Local Materials: Clay Tile Test Bed This prototype manifests as an investigation into an autonomous intersection between the properties of clay as a local material, the biological processes of local plants and the consequent accumulation of potable water. The steel frames

assemble a cube that supports a series of interchangeable clay panels designed to experiment with epiphytic plant growth. The clay panels and hosted plants were assembled such that they would function to reduce the temperature of the interior

space. The prototype also explored the possible function of these systems in accumulating and purifying rainwater through the biological processes of the plants they housesevaporation and condensation. Ultimately, this investigation

aimed to explore the possibility of providing a source of autonomous independence through local, accessible and affordable resources.

Above: A graph indicating the performance of the interior space of the prototype, over a prolonged period of time.

14:00

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Date

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Temp. o

Humidity (%)

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Tent Temp. o

Site 1: Centro 34

Site 2: Praça São Sebastião 29 Site 3: Gloria 31

Site 4: Ponta Negra 33

Stine Bundgaard Larsen Transitory Inhabitation: Building with a Local Resource In response to the presence of the Manaus Free Trade Zone, where the import and export of foreign products supports Manaus’s economy, “Transitory Inhabitation,” sought to investigate the use of the local and naturally grown material,

latex, as a building material. Materialising as a tent-like structure adorned with latex skins, the project explored latex’s material properties elasticity, translucency and water tightness. Three skins were designed, with three

individual kinetic systems, which activate during rain and facilitate natural ventilation. To slow the affects of UV rays on the latex, a reflective pigment was applied to the original liquid latex mixture. As a naturally occurring and degradable material, the project

starts a discussion regarding the notion of inhabiting the rainforest and its environmental ecology. Top Left: A table showing deployment locations and performance.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 100 - 101

Rio Tupana: Health and Habitat Whilst, sparsely populated compared to Manaus, the disconnected community of the Rio Tupana endures a range of contextually driven health concerns, which represents a living condition spread throughout the rest of the Amazon Basin. Due to the communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s significant disconnection from the health infrastructure of Manaus, the regional communities of the Amazon have very little access to health care. Malaria is one of the greatest causes of death in the world, and approximately 98.8% of malaria cases are diagnosed in these remote communities. Furthermore, the innate properties of the rainforest, such as access to natural light, emerge as contributing aspects to balancing these volatile living conditions. From a spatial exploration of the proximities to disease in the Amazon, to a prototype installation that sought to improve natural lighting conditions in the rainforest, the students here explore the potentially active role of architecture in easing the lives of those inhabiting the rainforest.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 102 - 103

Gabrielė Jerošinė Close to Disease: Soft Borders Between Man and Mosquito Members of regional communities of the Amazon Basin, like those of the Rio Tupana, share recurring incidences of mosquito spread diseases, like Malaria. Deployed in the breeding zone of the malaria vector Anopheles Darlingi, the prototype sought to re-interpret interaction between inhabitation, disease and the rainforest. An outer mosquito proof skin constructs a soft space that fully encloses the body. It can be pushed away by telescopic poles, which allows the inhabitant to mediate their own distance from the surrounding environment. Rain in the Amazon is often torrential and comes

with little warning. Thus, the prototype also sought to give the user an ability to activate an incorporated waterproof layer. This is achieved by flipping the hammock from within, and therefore challenges the relative fixity of architecture through climatic adaption. The prototype became an instrument to personally experience a proximity to the threat of diseases, as well as a spatial means to study temperature, wind flow, light conditions and humidity Left: A graphic diagram revealing the performance of the prototype over a 24 hour period.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 104 - 105

SCENARIO THREE %JHSBNBUJD -69 %BUB

Lauren Shevills Lucid Illuminations: Lighting the Amazon

WEDNESDAY 09 DEC 12:00 - Direct Sunlight 13:00 - Overcast 14:00 - Direct Sunlight

LUX 14:00 - 5252

THURSDAY 10 DEC 14:00 - Direct Sunlight

The lighting conditions in the Amazonian rainforest are surprisingly dark. Only 2% of the suns light reaches the undergrowth of the forest, creating an environment where only small beams of light penetrate the dense canopy. Thus, this project attempts to investigate how channelling minimal sources of light can be used to create new illuminated spaces underneath the dense canopy.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 106 - 107

LUX Reflection 01 12:00 - 1687 13:00 - 93.6 14:00 - 1018

03 04 04

LUX Reflection 02 12:00 - 473.4 13:00 - 8.6 14:00 - 349.1

Location 01 - Four Mirrors SE of the Casa Do Rio

The device was designed to be deployed in different scenarios. These scenarios vary, but form a choreographed sequence in which the hexagonal mirror tiles are orchestrated between trees and the ground to capture and transmit the light to a workable place or illuminate a water sphere.

LUX 12:00 - 73170 13:00 - 21080 14:00 - 63820

01 02

Location 02 - Three mirrors NE of the Casa Do Rio

Location 03 - Mirror/s attached to internal column

Location 04 - Solitary Mirror - Mobile

LUX 14:00 - 4620

01 01

Whether during the day at the highest light intensity, or during hours of darkness when the illumination of the device is reliant on artificial light, the outcome became visually perceptible within the rainforest landscape. The deviceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s interplay with an existing guesthouse became an unexpected application of light transmittance within the rainforest.

Top Left: A diagram mapping the performance of the prototype, in relation to a contextual dwelling.

Rio Tupana: Rainforest & Resources Situated remotely, the communities of the Rio Tupana are located hours from the nearest town and a days travel to the city of Manaus. Thus, removed from the urban conditions plaguing Manaus, communities like Tupana maintain intermitted access to external goods and services, rely on difficult and outmoded technologies to support an off-grid lifestyle, and yet are surrounded by a territory that is abundant in resources. While these communities lead a self-sufficient lifestyle, developed through the ready-to-hand necessities of living, they still maintain dependence on external sources for their energy, water and building materials. This dependence, whilst manageable, is critical due to matters of remote access, climate and flooding. In response, the studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; experiment with notions of energy and water harvesting and test locally sourced building materials. Correspondingly they raise questions of autonomy and independence, whilst addressing broader issues of infrastructure and sustainability in remote areas of the rainforest.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 108 - 109

Otis Sloan Brittain Vertical Dam: Harnessing Rain in The Amazon Utilizing the abundance of rain in the Amazon Basin, this project explored ‘off grid’ means of generating electricity and clean drinking water for the autonomous communities of the Amazon through a ‘vertical dam’ system. Four large rain catchers were hung at a height in the canopy. These collected and stored rainwater, and were further connected, via tubing, to a portable hydro generator at ground level and a water store. As the water is released it passed through the generator creating electricity and into the storage vessel for drinking. The electricity generated manifested itself as an artificial light. At night this process became performance. LED lights connected via long clear wires to the generator turned the water reservoirs into giant floating light diffusers, whilst the generator was illuminated to reveal the source of the energy. This performative transformation of resources - rain to light to drinking water - aimed to explore how architecture can engage and encourage creative thinking about how we use natural resources.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 110 - 111

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 112 - 113

Lin Zheng Inverted Well: Investigating Alternate Water Sources The prototype functions as an exploration of alternate water sources, and their properties, in the Amazon rainforest. The process of deployment is conducted in two phases: above and below ground. The above ground phase takes

the form of an inverted well, using a 1m-diameter balloon to capture rainfall from the canopy. Rainwater is caught in a cone shaped vessel and the balloon falls to the ground under the accumulating weight of the rainwater.

In the below ground phase, an extended drill was used, to make holes in the ground at determined distances from the river. Then a process of observation was undertaken, measuring the water level, the water temperature at

different depths and the evaporation during the day. The data accumulated from these measurements provided a tangible means to calculate evaporation in the rainforest.

1 stress (Pa) σ 0,5 0 0

100

Strain (%) ε

Jóhanna Höeg Sigurðardóttir Materials of the Amazon: A Composite of Latex and Local Vegetation Inspired by the Caddis fly larva, which constructs its cocoon from ad-hoc materials sourced from its immediate surroundings, this project explores possible composite building materials harvested from local resources. Locally sourced latex was explored as a material to bind rainforest vegetation. While the initial intention was to make prints of the vegetation on the forest floor, the local weaving techniques of the regional communities emerged as a medium to explore the resilience and properties of these latex

composites as probable building materials. The Rio Tupana community use a particular palm to weave objects ranging from baskets to roofs. But, every four years these roofs must be replaced. By combining the weaves with latex, the lifetime of these materials can be extended and the resources re-allocated towards assisting the greater community.

Above: A graph indicating the strength of the composite tests of latex and woven palm fronds.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 114 - 115

Brief: Defining an Architectural Program Between localised testing and exploration during the expeditions, students developed thematics for individual architectural briefs. Formulated whilst immersed within the study sites, students synthesised observations, experiences and experiments of the Investigation and Design & Manufacture phase to cultivate a focused topic and site of investigation. Continual engagement with local experts and the community, allowed for dialogue and exchange of ideas and a discussion of present local challenges. The pairing of personal experience and active testing provided a unique platform and framing of context to foster new connections between architecture, technology, local culture and knowledge. Through a series of reviews, discussions and critical discourses, connections were drawn between the insights gained from the prototype phase, the information and experiences obtained in the field and the prospect of an architectural proposition. In Manaus, the students explored chosen sites that channelled their investigations through the cities diverse

urban settings environmental phenomena and confronting conditions. Where as, the students engaging with the regional communities of Amazonas, led to highly specific discussions involving sustainability, autonomy, health, and education. As an approach to onsite mapping, students honed the particularity of their site, often noting hardships or peculiarity as a generator for an architectural discourse. The result of the Brief Definition phase is manifested in the form of a program, establishing a chosen site, architectural program, area of study and objectives for the coming semester. Each program booklet reflects the development of a critically engaged methodology to architecture that is informed before being formed, taking cues from contemporary contextual issues, theoretical references and positioning within the history of ideas, and a close collaboration with practice and researchers as a means to turn challenges into assets.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 116 - 117

A page delving into an urban analysis in Johan’s program ‘Conserving Growth,’ showing the extents and distribution of the bus transport network in Manaus.

Anders establishes the programmatic intent, in relation to procedures of medicine and quarantine in his thesis program ‘Hot Humid Hospitalised,’ as an architectural framework.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 118 - 119

Øyvind analyses his site as a location connecting Manaus to the greater Amazon river network. He therefore identifies the scales, users and means of transport within this network in his program ‘Building with a Narrative.’

Julien expounds the notion of ‘pleasure’ and its historical and evolving influence on the architectural typology of the pleasure pier in his program ‘Amazonia Pier.’

Architec

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 120 - 121

tural Projects

Designing from “Hyper-specificity” The result of the student’s investigations manifested into a variety of architectural projects. Designing from ‘hyper-specific’ testing of hypotheses in the field, the idiosyncrasies of site act as test beds for experimentation towards tectonic speculation. The selected projects detailed in the following pages act to showcase the rich spectrum of conceptual, technical, theoretical and spatial explorations enacted throughout the course. Whilst each of the projects differ in terms of scale, each display a complexity of program, often drawing a dialogue between human and industrial scales of interaction.

engaged in discussions and an iterative design process to mediate the challenge between the built environment, user, program and site.

Thematics

Objectives and Proposition

The problematic or complexity of site acts as the driver for architectural investigation. Thematics include innovative explorations of architectural qualities in materiality, light, form and building systems unique to context. As some of the projects deal with isolated or vast landscapes, absent from neighbouring clues for architectural form or representation, students

The projects do not aim to provide concrete solutions to the complex issues of the Amazon, but attempt to act as a driver for dialogue into architectonic exploration. How can the built environment engage with the extreme and polarising conditions of the Amazon? What is the potential and role of architecture and technology in the future of the Amazon basin?

Time is a recurring theme in many of the projects. The context and architectural programs are reliant on the notion of time in different scales - seasons, biological cycles, water level fluctuations, growth, and flows. As a result, the propositions are challenged to question the often-static conditions of architecture towards a spatially dynamic habitat.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 122 - 123

Sites: Manaus A veritable webwork of non-planned urbanism, city of Manaus is located 1,300km inland, housing 1.85 million inhabitants, isolated in the heart of the Amazon Rainforest. Originating as a humble 17th Century Portuguese fort, then briefly dipped into a defining period of prosperity during the ‘rubber boom’ in the late 19th Century, and finally reinvented through the introduction of the Free Trade Zone (FTZ) in the 1960s, the city of Manaus has undergone a significant series of transformations. The rapid growth in population, instigated by the introduction of the Free Trade Zone, from 200,000 to almost 2 million today, has had the simultaneous impact of widespread uncontrolled and non-planned urbanisation, which is supported by an outmoded infrastructure dating from the early 20th century. As has already been discussed, Manaus is affected by a seasonally varying 14m difference in the water level, and has historically responded through multiple attempts to block the Rio Negro and its infinity of arterial tributaries. This attitude is physically expressed by a 10-meter

harbour retaining wall, built in the 1990s as a part of a city-wide rejuvenation plan, which reduces the impact of flooding, yet draws a complicated border between the harbour edge and the city above. On the western side of the city, separated by the tributary of São Raimundo, lies the suburban neighbourhood of Gloria. Once characterised by a ‘favela’ community that lived on the volatile periphery between the tributary and Gloria. The walls of Gloria bear the physical markings of the rising water, as for four months of the year a number of households must relinquish the ground floor of their houses to the rising waters. Whilst comparatively removed from the rising water level, the metropolitan neighbourhood of Centro is subject to the unrelenting affects of the cities presence within the greater Amazon Rainforest. From minimal air movement and the ‘heat island’ effect, to the presence of tropical diseases, it is the population that feel the cities presence within the rainforest.

.To Presidente Figueiredo.

.Gloria.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 124 - 125

“Tailoring Waterways” . Astrid Blichfeldt.

“Exploring Independence” . Agnieszka Filipowicz.

“Conserving Growth” .Johan Steenberg.

“Waterworks Archipelago” .Zara Sánchez y Gøtze.

.Teatro Amazonas.

To A

ria

“Hot Humid Hospitalised” . Anders Blindheim Nottveit. .Centro.

.Igarape Sao Raimundo.

“Building with a Narrative” .Øyvind Andreas Limi. “Accumulative Performance” .Robert Baron. .The Harbour.

“Amazonia Pier” .Julien Nolin.

“Fluctuating Spatiality” .Stine Bundgaard Larsen.

.Educandos.

.Igarape Dos Educandos.

Significant Points Project Site Expedition Route Key Plan Segment

To C

ata

lão

“Ceremonial Gateway” .Veronika Ignataviciute.

Ă&#x2DC;yvind Andreas Limi, Thesis - The Harbour, Manaus, Amazonas

A Building with a Narrative: A Bus and Ferry Terminal in Manaus This terminal building attempts to capture and accommodate the events associated with the city and the river. Therefore design aspires to respond to the changing conditions of the Rio Negro, the city, and the regional climate, whilst further facilitating the unfolding narrative of the traveller. The structures of the terminal are to be understood as a framework, defining, but not limiting the spaces you encounter as you move from an urban environment to one defined by the river.

us Public H na

As the city has expanded into the river it has tried to protect itself from its irregular and at times destructive nature, creating a space between, neither suited for habitation or interaction. It is barren, unsheltered and often subjugate to floods and droughts, leaving it dried up and inaccessible or submerged in water. The terminal must therefore be able to transform this condition and create a dynamic environment, while providing an increased comfort level suitable for the activities of a terminal.

bor ar

The project is situated at the existing site of the ferry terminal, old port authority building (the Alfandega) and the T0 bus terminal. This has been identified as being one of the major gateways into the Amazon, linking the infrastructure of the city to the of the Amazon River network.

ETA

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 126 - 127

The main terminal area occupies the existing harbour of Manaus and transforms this area through permanent alterations and applied dynamic. The most dramatic alteration of the existing harbour is a canal that establishes a sloping surface, where the fluctuations of the water levels are allowed to

extend into the city. The canal and the ramp, in turn, provide a surface for accessing the water at all times. The continuous space provided by the canal and the structures occupying the harbour edge, allow access to the river at all times. This access is extended

to the ferries and ships through an entirely dynamic and adjustable system of floating pontoons.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 128 - 129

The final bridge between the static structures and the flowing river are floating piers and pontoons that are able to continuously adapt to different conditions within the terminal framework. Their modular nature allow them to create different Isometric View 1 : 100 Master Project : Building with a Narrative

Harbour and Ferry Terminal Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

AEE, IBT, KADK, Copenhagen

configurations serving different circumstances, either occupying the length of the harbour when the water is high or extending into the river when the water levels are low.

Manaus, Bus and Ferry Terminal Ă&#x2DC;yvind Andreas Limi, stud 4733

2016

Roof Structure A large shading structure increases the comfort level of the harbour area and the terminal by reflecting heat waves and creating shaded areas. The Roof structure also offers a more dynamic response to the challenges of downpour in a tropical region. The roof is designed in an attempt at diverting and channelling water rather than arbitrarily repelling it. The structure of the roof resembles that of a tree canopy, providing a surface area that diverts water while still remaining open to airflow and light.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 130 - 131

The elements that make up the roof are derived from a geometric subdivision of the square into triangles. This inherent geometry allows the elements to fit within the overall grid of the terminal as well as within different principles of configuration.

1. Ascending configuration This configuration allows the rood structure to increase in elevation as while channelling water from one module to the next, creating a contin ues waterfall 2. Planar Configuration This configuration diverts water through transferring it from one element to another whoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sloping surface leads to the periphery of the structure

Bus Stop The bus stop is an entity in itself and can be multiplied if need arises. The platforms are raised above ground level in order to avoid periodic flooding of the harbour area, in which case the platforms can be extended to connect the different stops to the terminal structure. The platforms are also angled so that any water protuding the roof structure is drained

The bus stops are an entity in themselves, and can be multiplied if need arises. A large shading structure increases the comfort level of the harbour and the terminal by reflecting heat waves and creating shaded areas. The Roof structure also

Isometric View 1 : 100 Master Project : Building with a Narrative

Bus Terminal Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

Manaus, Bus and Ferry Terminal AEE, IBT, KADK, Copenhagen

Ă&#x2DC;yvind Andreas Limi, stud 4733

2016

offers a more dynamic response to the challenges of downpour in a tropical region. The roof is designed in an attempt at diverting and channelling water rather than arbitrarily repelling it.

Julien Nolin, Thesis - The Harbour, Manaus, Amazonas

Amazonia Pier: Manufacturing an Architecture of Pleasure Amazonia Pier takes a fantastical approach to a critique of Manaus’s industrial presence in the Amazon. It intends to theoretically relocate the FTZ’s industrial sector by recomposing its functioning elements at the city’s main harbour, re-imagine it through the typology of the English and American pleasure pier (amusement parks on piers) juxtaposing themes of consumerism, manufacturing, tourism and pleasure, or the lack thereof, in Manaus. The program presents a theoretical architecture with the intent of speculatively grafting the industrial zone onto the city’s limit, as an artificial appendage, reinterpreting the various mechanical manufacturing processes of industry in parallel with mechanics of traditional amusement park rides. In its fantastical critique of Manaus and its free trade zone, Amazonia Pier proposes a speculative reinterpretation of the zone’s industrial belt forming a new industrial park, in the city’s harbour.

‘Amazonia Pier’ understands the Free Trade Zone as a machine of sustenance, for the city, and for the region’s rainforest with deep ties of dependence on foreign capital. This can be better understood by looking at the urban condition of Manaus, the companies present in the Zona, and furthermore Manaus’s comparative position within greater Brazil.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 132 - 133

The park itself is divided into three islands for each of the main steps of the production processes: The Island of Testing, The Island of Production and the Island of Assembly. The park stretches its reach into the city where guests have the opportunity to embark on a gondola ride to see the Pier and the city from the sky.

Amazonia Pierâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main layout and circulation operate similarly to commodity flows through Manaus. In most cases, the parts essential to each product are imported from around the world, and are assembled in the city, wherein the final products are then exported to the rest of the country and parts of South America.

Right Page Created from the synthesis of our largest international corporations, the Pier features the products of brands such as Nicrosoft, Gelette, CocaLoca, Bepsi, Hardly Davidson, Nevamed, Oral-C, Sumsung, and many more. From these perspectives we get a great idea of the simultaneous

activities going on at once in the park. On the right guests ride down the Cola Flume, and on the left some have just scooped up cola concentrate on the Cola Coaster. Dead centre, you can see two guests on the Mega Moto Madness course, testing newly made Hardly Davidsons.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 134 - 135

During their visit to Amazonia Pier, the guests are free to engage with commodity production on any and every level they feel comfortable with. Three main levels of engagement have been outlined, each with their own degree of effort involved. The first level is a passive or visual one, requiring

little effort but also providing little pleasure. The second is the active, or production based level of engagement. Finally, the last level involves active testing, where products are tested on the guests for their own individual enjoyment.

Right Page Amazonia Pier reaches right into the city of Manaus through the gondola track and the ‘Bazaar Bizarre.’ After the excess goods have flown out of the Big Brother Slide, “into” the city. They are taken apart and reassembled by the citizens, usually into new goods that are then resold to tourists visiting the city.

Taking a closer look at the rides, we can see a second and hidden level to Amazonia Pier, a layer closed off from the general public. Below the wooden planks of the pier is the second reality of the park, Manaus and its Free Trade Zone.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 136 - 137

Robert Baron, Thesis - The Harbour, Manaus, Amazonas

I Dome

Accumulative Performance ‘Accumulative Performance: ...with a force that still today comes close to madness,’ is a speculation that focuses on interpreting, fragmenting and sullying the aberrant, yet iconic, Teatro Amazonas, within the confronting conditions of its host- Manaus. Manaus’s tributaries, with their seasonal flooding and pollution can be considered as the culminating points of the cities current state, and an ideal site to explore the re-situation of the iconic fragments. The uneasy collision of artefact, theatre and site attempts to conceive a critique of their very disjunction- expounding the relentless representations of the city and the confronting environments in which they are situated. The Teatro Amazonas’s spatialities and representations become departure points for a series of architectural speculations that re-orient these fragments towards theatricalising and critiquing the confronting phenomena of both site and city.

II Paradise

III Horseshoe Auditorium

Interpreting Manaus through three distinctive historical periods and representations, allowed for the identification of three corresponding fragments to reimagine onto the volatile landscape of the Igarape dos Educandos- the dome, the horseshoe auditorium and ‘paradise.’

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Ar ms

Domestic Au di en ce

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 138 - 139

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The three architectural speculations each respond to the transforming landscape through the subversion of theatrical motifs, architectural conventions and means of pollution filtration

In order to faciliate the theatrical critique of the Teatro Amazonas and Manausâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s representation, a process of mapping and rationalising the processes and states of the contextual waste phenomena was undertaken.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 140 - 141

Recognizing the historical endowment of the dome typology, ‘Inflated Externality,’ aims to expound Manaus’s disjointed representation through a seasonally emergent dome spatiality- dependant on the flows and decomposition of waste.

Paradise, removed from the social performance of the auditorium and proximate to the Belle Epoque ideal, is reimagined in ‘Consumed Paradise,’ where the origins and impact of waste are explored by offering a performance space that simultaneously ensnares and quantifies it.

While the auditorium of the Teatro Amazonas originally organized its guest according to their social positioning, ‘Urban Convergence’ re-imagines this by curating the intersection of effluence sources that spill into the igarape.

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Urban Convergence- the performance space is designed as a horseshoe auditorium and distillation space comprising a concrete condensation shell, with individual audience boxes that function as distillation units.

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Consumed Paradise- the design focuses around a fluctuating relationship between a performance platform and a shifting tiered auditorium nestled underneath a series of rigid piers oriented to capture and channel floating waste.

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Inflated Externality- physically detached from the two edge conditions that define the tributary, this performance space capitalises on the fluctuations and flows of physical waste on the site.

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Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 142 - 143 Se

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Stine Bundgaard Larsen, Thesis - The Harbour, Manaus

Fluctuating Spatiality â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Fluctuating Spatiality,â&#x20AC;&#x2122; manifests a re-interpretation of Manausâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s central marketplace, which is channelled through investigations into the seasonal climatic and environmental conditions of the region, and the cultural importance of the leisure activity: samba. In this sense, the project explores the intersection between trade and commerce, social characteristics of leisure and gathering, and the city and its surrounding environment The design evolves around a series of piers that extend the city into the river. These architectural cuts into the otherwise rigid river edge creates a median point, facilitating both the access and distribution of goods from both the river and the city. Due to the significant difference in water level between the wet and dry season, a series of steps, ramps and floating elements activate and emerge as the water level changes. Throughout the market, spaces for other activities are incorporated focusing on the strong Brazilian tradition of dancing. As the market begins to close, it rather begins to transform into a series of spaces for practice and performance.

Today the distribution of the goods to the market is mostly done by hand. The edge condition between the market and the Rio Negro is a landscape, which fluctuates dramatically with seasonal flooding, therefore, inhibiting the otherwise man-powered importation of goods to the market.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 144 - 145 The plan shows the configuration of the market, which consists of three main piers going out in the river, where the boats can dock.

SECTION AA 1/100

OCTOBER 24th, 6PM

In the morning bridges between the piers can open so the boats can go all the way into the city edge to unload the goods.

In the evening the parade has started, and people are dancing and partying on the bleachers and on the raised platforms on ground, all focused on the samba queens and large floats on the parade aisle.

Veronika Ignataviciute, 4th Year - Catalão, Rio Negro, Amazonas

Ceremonial Gateway ‘The Ceremonial Gateway’ strives to bring two distant communities of two cultural identities of Manaus, disconnected by the Rio Negro, together. This architectural project focuses on the disconnection of the Catalan community from the urban mainlands of Manaus and strives to gather the communities through a mutual traditional order, that is, religious order. The idea of welcoming separated groups, which are defined differently in their ecological identity, and then gathering them through theoretical notions to one place is explored in ‘A Theoretical Axiom of Architectural Ecologies’. While the church is a replicated typology across the Brazilian landscape, seeping into the general architectural and public consciousness, it has become apparent that small floating churches along the Amazonian rivers are only symbolically defined by a cross on the front facade; Otherwise, the church is just a house boat, accommodating too many people.

The church of the floating village of Catalão, bears little distinction from the remainder of the houses. Without any significant outward signification or architectural expression, the church lacks the identity of a sacred, religious place to reflect and pray.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 150 - 151

Left The given site of the project is a flood zone, across the Negro river from Manaus. The site is situated South of Manaus and North of the floating village of CatalĂŁo (Commudado de CatalĂŁo), situated on the bounds of the Rio Negro. Above Time, in theory also plays a part within the programmatic intentions. A building with phases will not be in the same state all the time.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 152 - 153

cilities. Possibilities of expansion and conducting re search on other matters related to tropical disease needs to be a priority as new diseases and mutations TREATMENT of old ones can occur and need immediate attention.

Anders Blindheim Nottveit, Thesis - Centro, Manaus,

RESEARCH

Amazonas

Hot Humid Hospitalised Air-conditioning has taken over architectureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s role in managing internal climates within the hot and humid zones of the world. A veritable repository of architectural typologies built upon an understanding of natural ventilation is regularly forgone for the ease and instant gratification of air-conditioned spaces. 38

The ambition of the project is to investigate how the local climate can inform and shape the architecture of a tropical disease centre towards an array of physical and contemplative qualities. This is done by challenging the conventionally restrictive world of medicine, which dictates dimensions, functions and appearances in its architecture. The relationships between patients, families, doctors and the environment are explored both in relation to procedures of quarantine and the impact of the natural environments on the patientsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; health. Can the natural environment contribute to creating better healing spaces?

The department occupied with treatment will involve The Research department will be conducting labora doctors, nurses, patients and researchers. The complex -tory in a designated lab of aschanging well as clinical ity research of the logistics and fluctuation treatresearch on patients treatment. TheInpro ment methods will beunderlying amongst the themes here. this gram seeks investigate howwho, working in the thresh section thetonurse and doctor in some cases and oldperiods between the hermetic andinvolvement patient care of time, will have laboratory the only social can start generate byproducts that with thetopatient, playsprogrammatic a role within the social interac tion between them. The project will engage with how challenges the traditional perception of research fa RESEARCHER BSLarchitecture 4 Possibilities VOLUME TIME CONSUMTION USERS the beofpart of creating zones cilities. expansion andtreatment conducting re that aim to counter alienation search on other matters relatedortodepersonalization tropical disease DIAGNOSIS of the while treating two different diseases. TREATMENT needs topatient be a priority as new diseases and mutations The part of the hospital concerned with diagnosing ofaold ones can occur and need immediate attention. will beoccupied part of awith platform wherewill different Thepatient department treatment involve types ofnurses, transactions and meetings occur.The In this partdoctors, patients and researchers. complex there a social meeting betweentreat new ityofofthe thefacilities logistics andisfluctuation of changing patients, theirwill families, doctors and nurses. ThisInis ment methods be amongst the themes here. this where the a ill nurse personand getsdoctor his or who, hers diagnosis and be -and section in some cases RESEARCHER comes of a patient. Thehave switch those two men periods time, will thebetween only social involvement D O C T O R tal states becomes the underlying basis NforU investi R S Ewith the patient, plays a role within the social interac P A T I spatial E N T gations on architectural transaction between tionBSLbetween them. will engageUSERS with how VOLUME The project CONSUMTION 3 areas2 &within the tropicalTIME disease center. The theme RESEARCHER REHABILITATION the architecture be part of creating treatment zones may extend beyondDIAGNOSIS the designated area of diagnostics. BSL 4 VOLUME alienation TIME CONSUMTION USERS that to counter or place depersonalization The aim rehabilitation section finds its after or in ofbetween the patient treating different diseases. The part oftreatment. thewhile hospital with diagnosing Hereconcerned the two patients under super a vision patient be partworkers of a platform where different of will healthcare can relax and focus on maintaining their healing process. Although, in most types of transactions and meetings occur. In this part the timethere patients spendt in the rehabilitation ofcases, the facilities is a social meeting between new phase in their their period of illness is less treatment, patients, families, doctors andthan nurses. This is N U R S E this isawhere much of the potential of architectural where ill person gets his or hers diagnosis D O Cand T O Rbe ILL PERSON intervention connected to the environment, contem -comes a patient. The switch between those two men FRESEARCHER A M I L Y qualities and healing can take place. That is VOLUMEthe underlying BSL 1 talplative states becomes basis Dfor O Cinvesti T O RTIME CONSUMTION USERS NofUvolume, R S E why this section is taking up most amount gations on architectural transaction between P A T I spatial E N T as this is where the project will go into most depth.

areas the tropical disease center. The theme VOLUME TIME CONSUMTION USERS BSL 2 &within 3 REHABILITATION may extend beyond the designated area of diagnostics. The rehabilitation section finds its place after or in between treatment. Here the patients under super vision of healthcare workers can relax and focus on maintaining their healing process. Although, in most cases, the time patients spendt in the rehabilitation T I E N T phase in their period of illness is less thanP Atreatment, N U R S E this is where much of the potential of architectural F NA U M IR L SY E D USERS O Ccontem T O RTIME CONSUMTION VOLUME BSL 2 & 3 intervention connected to the environment, ILL PERSON F A M That I L Y is plative qualities and healing can take place. VOLUME BSL 1 USERS why this section is takingTIME upCONSUMTION most amount of volume, as this is where the project will go into most depth.

Marked with a medical cross is a pharmacy accessible to the public and in the background is the Dengue Fever rehabilitation Tower.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 154 - 155

The tuberculosis rehabilitation tower uses a combination of stack effect combined with cross ventilation. Fresh air is pulled in through the huge vent on the bottom of the tower, sucking air through the big open space inside and out the top. A build up of pressure between the tower and patient rooms, benefits the

in-house patients through strong airflow through their dwellings. Constant airflow moving away from the entry helps minimise the risk of airborne virus and bacteria contagion from patient to doctor or patient to family.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 156 - 157

While working with the windy aspects of the project, CFD simulations became a significant part of testing and further improving the elements of the building that engage with wind and ventilation. The design developed from initial urban scale studies of the site and its wind movements. This translated into the human scale aspects of the design and influenced the ventilation design within the patient rooms.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 158 - 159

View from the walkway park connected to the Tuberculosis Rehabilitation Tower. In the background from the left you can see the vertical movement tower, which connects the different areas of the Tropical disease centre, and to the right are the tuberculosis rehabilitation apartments.

Johan Steenberg, Thesis - Centro, Manaus, Amazonas

Conserving Growth: A Symbiosis of Natural Processes & Public Space As the rainforest boundary surrounding Manaus is pushed further back, the temperature within the metropolitan area has increased, due to the absence of natural cooling. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Conserving Growthâ&#x20AC;? investigates the reinvigoration of a public bus terminal in the center of the city, by employing a holistic strategy that emphasizes natural processes as a service beneficial to the urban environment. A strategy in which conserving growth and endangered biodiversity is not purely an ethical discussion. But rather becomes a viable symbiotic driver for enhancing comfort in the city and bears spatial significance for creating new vegetative typologies endemic to the urban environment. The fundamental idea perceives plants as a technology and ecosystems as something we are included in, therefore questioning the design of architecture while exposing the possibilities of allowing natural processes to become an active parameter in the building.

Artificial and natural conditioning- where residents of Manaus rely on artificial air-conditioning systems, meanwhile, natural processes cool the rainforest through evaporative cooling.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 160 - 161

The basis for the investigation is the notion that plants are profoundly sophisticated organisms.

far beyond carbon storage and includes microclimatic heat mitigation, air cleaning and nutrient and water cycling.

What appears contrary to the general belief that trees have an impact on the climate extends

The cooling effect of plants is directly measurable. However, in order to achieve a sustainable

growth environment, the fundamentals of biology have to be supported rather than suppressed. The architectural concept was therefore developed to incorporate living systems that compete, change and establish its own

time, rhythm and biological composition, as a continuation of spatial and technological adaptability.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 162 - 163 The idea of succession is perceived through time in order to understand the temporal development of the project. Over time it grows to become more of a sprawling public garden and knowledge hub than a bus terminal. With the potential of developing new traits and

species adapted to the urban context, specialized plants can be distributed to individual homes across the city using the flexible bus infrastructure, making the project a catalyst that reaches far beyond its local context.

The project engages with conveying ideas and knowledge through a re-imagination of the terminal as an educational space. Researchers and passengers encounter each other in the field, and the waiting areas become spaces that overlook the cultivation areas. While waiting for the bus you feel the immediate cooling and

air purification effect of plants covering the platform and may learn that you sit on top of a vault containing the biodiversity of the entire continent. The project is not merely about employing a green comfort enhancing strategy, it is about how the potential is presented and made relevant for the general public.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 164 - 165

Astrid Blichfeldt, Thesis - Gloria, Manaus, Amazonas

Tailoring Waterways: Constructing an Edge Land With an alarming annual water level variation of 14m, the city of Manaus bears a significant history of flooding. With this in mind, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Tailoring Waterwaysâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; investigates different methods of coping with the seasonal event of flooding, and furthermore attempts to prepare for, and curate, this event at multiple scales through the architecturally enhanced properties of time and water. It houses a program that intertwines a community centre for the suburban neighbourhood of Gloria with a sandbag factory, and facilitates community preparation for flooding. The design of the structure incorporates a water harvesting system, which simultaneously shades the community centre nestled beneath. Rainwater is captured and funnelled into columns filled with sand, which is thereby cleansed as it passes through, and is stored in a reservoir below. As the flooding event begins, the sand that once cleansed the rainwater, is then used within the very sandbags that defend Gloriaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s community.

Map of tributary Sao Raimundo charting the local flood levels - from drought to critical flooding.

The section of the community center conveys an understanding of the structural system that simultaneously functions as a water harvesting system. The first floor is the light wooden structure that floats in between

the plinth and the structure, and contains the primary services of the community center. The space between the plinth and the columns encourages wind to cool the building.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 168 - 169 The roof structure provides calm daylight and shadow from the tropic heat. The concrete cores and rubber tubes contain sand to clean water and manufacture sandbags, and their thermal mass provides an additional layer of spatial cooling.

The complete view of the double program, where the relax environment of the community center intertwines with the processes and cycles of the sandbag factory.

Zara Sánchez y Gøtze, Thesis - Gloria, Manaus, Amazonas

Waterworks Archipelago: ‘Waterworks Archipelago’ is a proposal for a water co-operative, placed in the tributary of São Raimundo. Over the last 80 years, the rapid growth of Manaus has instigated the occurrence of a drinking water shortage, due to a city-wide deficiency in updated water infrastructure systems, and the tributaries have evolved into volatile polluted waterscapes The proposal consists of a series of architecturally transformed alchemical elements that remediate wastewater and physical pollution, returning clean recycled water and energy back to the inhabitants. This materialises as a public recreational archipelago on a fluctuating waterscape. Essentially, the project aims to challenge the public inhabitation of a conventionally screened infrastructure, open up the walled tributary for local use and facilitate access to the tributary- reconfiguring and reutilising the wasteland.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 172 - 173 The architectural speculations of ‘Waterworks Archipelago’ explore the transformation of alchemical artefacts, placed within the tributary of São Raimundo.

Sections, which together show the transformation of both the tributary from low to high water levels, and the water cooperative during its alchemical processes.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 174 - 175

Left Schematics of the water treatment process. Right Top View of the entrance from Bairro Glรณria. Right Bottom Axonometric view of the Plastic Gathering Island.

Agnieszka Filipowicz, 4th Year - Gloria, Manaus, Amazonas

Exploring Independence: A Catalyst for Societal Progress Situated in the uncertain political atmosphere of Manaus, the community of Gloria persists in a vulnerable state- navigable through the development of new means of independence. In this sense, a school program is proposed that encourages entrepreneurship and provides children extra-curricular activities in arts, crafts and sports. Located, both on the border of a flooding tributary and a former favela community, the project also aspires to explore the provision of students with shelter and safety in events of emergency. These events of emergency, whether social, domestic or environmental are eased through a number of dormitories and first-aid facilities. Furthermore, the project explores architectures role in navigating public and private space, and means to encourage a feeling of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;safetyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; through architectural expression.

An early exploration of possible building typologies associated with the cone geometry. The articulation of these different cones corresponds to both the internal programs and climatic conditions.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 178 - 179

The main building cluster, which comprises a reception, a library and an emergency point. Here, architecture is enabled to contribute through spatial hierarchy, the tactility of materials, the interplay of private and public space and the combination of natural and artificial expression- towards encouraging a healthy working and studying environment.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 180 - 181 The dormitory cluster provides the community of Gloria with a place of refuge in the critical times of flooding, financial difficulties and domestic situations.

Amazonas: Careiro Situated 125 kilometres from the bustling megalopolis of Manaus, via a two-stage journey by road and river, resides the regional town of Careiro- the home to approximately 25,000 inhabitants. Careiro itself act as a hub for the surrounding communities, housing the main market, two schools, a small university, a hospital and other essential amenities. Yet, due to a lack of local opportunities, innovation and educational infrastructure, towns like Careiro are at risk of losing their youth to cities such as Manaus. The projects situated here, therefore, recognise Careiroâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s instrumental positioning and potential to house architectural interventions that enhance and encourage the growth of locally sourced and innovative industries. From a re-imagination of Careiroâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s marketplace that explores the implications of the globally emerging insect industry, to a speculative critique of the operations of local logging and milling industries, these projects aim to supplement the persistence of the local community, whilst addressing national and international discourses.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 182 - 183

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“Amazon Insect Market” .Otis Sloan Brittain. Significant Points Project Site

“Material” .Jóhanna Höeg Sigurðardóttir.

Expedition Route Key Plan Segment

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Otis Sloan Brittain, 4th Year- Careiro, Amazonas

Amazon Insect Market: A Catalyst for an Edible Insect Industry and Marketplace The Amazon Insect Market is a reimagining of Careiro’s existing central food market as a catalyst for a new edible insect industry in the Amazon. Crickets, red ants and weaver ants, all indigenous to the Amazon, are farmed, processed and eaten under the market canopy to create a ‘farm to fork’ insect eating experience. The activities of farming, processing, research, trade and taste are concentrated, allowing spatialities to be formed between the functions. Ants are grown within the existing frame of the market, whilst crickets are farmed on mass in towers that support a growing epiphyte canopy, which is actively cultivated by the weaver ants that grow on it. The project explores how these functions could be considered holistically to feed off one and other in both a metaphorical and literal sense, like using the market leftovers to feed the farmed insects. This encourages new relationships to be formed between what one is eating and how it is produced, something that is becoming increasingly rare in modern society.

Developing a narrative became instrumental in conveying ‘Amazon Insect Markets,’ intentions of creating a food place that through architectural and spatial means encourages consumer interaction and facilitates the identity of insects to transition into edible goods.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 184 - 185

Sectional perspective showing how landscape, market and production are intertwined. The sloping site creates a service space below the market. The market faces the Amazon whilst industrial cricket farming towers support the canopy on which weaver ants are farmed.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 186 - 187

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 188 - 189

Through achieving geographical food protection for Amazon sourced insects, like Champagne from Champagne or the Cornish Pasty, the Mulheres Insectos will safeguard their unique food source. Protected food items also give a greater sense of place and identity to an area, promoting local pride for

the residents of Careiro and a greater sense of connection with Brazil and the world. As a tool to consider how one may attempt to change tastes towards insects within the market ways in which we encourage children to take on foods they dislike have been

re-interpreted. Many of these tactics apply to any age group and can be considered within the market both programmatically and spatially. Ideas of ‘hands on’ interaction, ‘engaging with farming’ and even ‘sprinkling on some sugar’ can be employed within the market to encourage the adoption of insects.

Jóhanna Höeg Sigurðardóttir, 4th Year- Careiro, Amazonas

Material: A Factory for Building Components of Forest Waste ‘Material,’ addresses the present and expanding state of deforestation in the Amazon basin, though an architectural critique of the nature of the logging and timber milling industry. The project aims to scrutinise timber waste and offcuts, and the possibility of a sustainable local market through a speculative re-imagination of the Amazonian sawmill. The processes and machining involved in taking logged trees and transforming them into timber are explored as a means to inspire an architectural expression. The building itself embodies these processes, and does so by employing an architectural framework to facilitate it. This framework bears the characteristics of a scaffolding system, yet it is constructed using the very wood it houses and processes. Merging the functionality and spatiality of the building allows for this scaffolding to architecturally and experientially express the conventionally internalised cycles and flux of the saw mill typology.

The building has been situated such that the sawmill cycle of importing logged trees and exporting timber architecturally spans the finger of land. The sawmilling processes are therefore articulated through the navigation and access of the river.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 190 - 191

Amazonas: Rio Tupana The Rio Tupana is a veritable lifeline to the mere 18 households that comprise its community, defining their quotidian routines, navigation and sustenance. However, while the community persists through an established level of self-sufficiency, the households still rely on the nearest town, Careiro, for a number of essential goods, services and amenities. Yet, the journey to Careiro, by both river and road, can take from up to one to six hours, depending on the householdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s proximity to the arterial highway BR319. Furthermore, this already inhibited access is dictated by the fluctuations of the water level and the erratic climatic conditions of the region. In this regard, the following projects respond to the palpable and human challenges of the Rio Tupana, through speculative architectural explorations that facilitate access and supplement the community. Notions of mobility and autonomy are effectively channelled through the regions underprovided services of health, education and agriculture.

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Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 192 - 193

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“The Blue Cross” .Gabrielė Jerošinė. “Vertical Farm” .Lin Zheng. “Castanho Telecommunications and Educational Centre” .Lauren Shevills.

Visted Households Residential Houses Project Site Expedition Route Key Plan Segment

Key Plan Segment

Gabrielė Jerošinė, 4th Year - Rio Tupana, Amazonas

The Blue Cross: To Cure, To Educate The project addresses health issues within the Brazilian Amazon Basin and seeks to rethink the healthcare system for sparsely inhabited and hardly accessible rural areas. This floating clinic and educational centre travels between 3 small cities and the communities scattered between them. It offers regular health check-ups as well as housing practicing medicine students that engage with the communities not only through treatment, but also through educational movie sessions, cooking and eating. Barges are designed in a way that allows them to be reconfigured to adapt to diverse river conditions, accommodate educational events of different sizes or to isolate patients with contagious diseases. Elastic textiles protect inhabitants against mosquitoes, while also transforming into ventilation shafts, rooves or projection screens. The project explores how proximity to disease vector influences spaces and materiality, and furthermore how health issues can become an unexpected factor that brings community together.

Three barges can be arranged in different combinations to serve different situations: a narrow boat that passes through low-tide rivers (top), individual barges connected by bridges in case of infectious disease outbreak (middle) or to make space for a larger community gathering (bottom).

This barge offers space for educational movie sessions as well as community gathering. The feature of this barge is a large screen that in different positions can become either a projector screen or roof.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 194 - 195

The educational clinic becomes an elongated floating vehicle that slowly moves through the Amazonian rivers. Treating spaces connect to the educational barge; student accommodation connects to the community-gathering barge that offers meeting space for community, students and patients.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 196 - 197

Clinic barge â&#x20AC;&#x201C; houses a dental clinic, patient wards, doctor offices and terrace. The spaces are cooled using the stack effect, which is controlled by an expandable terrace cover.

Education barge - two shafts allow light and fresh air to enter spaces on all levels. Black inflatable rings heat up and strengthen stack effect that draws cooler air from the water level.

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Community Barge - houses a cooking collective, antimosquito herb garden and educational cinema. The roof moves up and down to control stack effect. It can also be lowered and rested on neighbouring barge to create gathering space between barges.

COOKING COLLECTIVE HERB STEMING AREA

FUEL (FOR SALE) STORAGE

ANTI-MOSQUITO HERB GARDEN

Lauren Shevills, 4th Year- Rio Tupana, Amazonas

Castanho Telecommunications and Educational Centre Castanho, and the surrounding Rainforest river communities, are located three hours south of Manaus. These isolated places have very little in the way of educational infrastructure. The children and young people who live in isolated communities on the river Tupana must travel for up to six hours to one of the two schools in the town of Careiro. The primary means of transport between towns and villages is using the Rio Tupana and its tributaries as a network. The program therefore proposes a series of floating teaching spaces, which have the option to be moored whilst stationary, or become mobile to be able to reach the most remote communities. The three rafts specialise in different teaching subjects, the largest raft The Athenaeum is the central space which houses an open air auditorium, which can connect with the two more mobile rafts, the Craft Ark and the Media Raft, which are able to reach the river communities even during the dry season when the river is at its narrowest point.

Above: The community building is typical of structures along the river Tupana Below: The river Tupana at its lowest level during the dry season.

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STAIRS TO UPPER DECK TOILETS MEETING ROOMS SHOWERS UNIVERSITY OF MANAUS OFFICES RETRACTABLE RESOURCES STORES RETRACTABLE VEIWING PLATFORM OPEN SOURCE STUDY ACOUSTIC BOOTHS LIBRARY TROLLEY AUDITORIUM SEATING COLLASPIBLE STAGE

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MOORING DECK TABLE SAW WELDING BAY WORK BENCHES BOAT HOIST ROTATION BOAT HOIST RESTING MULTIPURPOSE DECK SPACE

WATER LEVEL PLAN 1:100

MOORING DECK COMMUNAL LEARNING SPACE RETRACTABLE DESK SPACE SUNKEN CLASSROOM OPEN LEARNING ADMINSTRATION PROFESSOR FACILITIES TUTORIAL ROOMS SWIMMING LANES

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 200 - 201 short section

WATER LEVEL PLAN 1:100

The three rafts engage directly with the changing water level allowing passers by, students and teachers to moor their own boats along side.

Reconfiguring the rafts allows for adaptability during the wet and dry seasons when the water level fluctuates up to 14 metres.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 202 - 203 The rafts connect via a series of bridges allowing crossings at different intersections. The rafts are naturally ventilated through a retractable roof system, which also acts as weather protection system in the rainy season.

Lin Zheng, 4th Year- Rio Tupana, Amazonas

Vertical Farm: An Organic Farming System and Symbiotic Community Considering the overarching concern of deforestation across the Amazon Basin, ‘Vertical Farm’ challenges the traditional ‘slash and burn’ approach to agriculture development, and speculates on an alternative approach that could minimise the agricultural footprint. Furthermore, the project aspires to develop a self-sufficient and local means to improve the living conditions of the Rio Tupana community. The building has been designed to embody a recirculating ecosystem that comprises of rainwater and solar harvesting, an organic aquaponic system and the cultivation of local fish and vegetables, which attempts to increase the production of a variety of goods and create local job opportunities. Therefore, speculating on synthesising the family unit with the greater Rio Tupana community, through a co-operative inspired architecture, ‘Vertical Farm,’ becomes a medium to develop a sustainable approach to local agriculture and tourism.

18 residential houses are situated on a 22 km stretch of the Rio Tupana. The site, once a school and now a community centre, is located at median point of this community.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 204 - 205

The first floor has been designed as a floating fishpond that rests on the river. As the water level rises during the wet season the fishpond rises and merges with the second floor. Otherwise, the second floor functions as the main entrance to the Vertical Farm, where a spiral staircase forms the primary navigational path throughout the building.

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 206 - 207

The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Vertical Farmâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; comprises a total of 12 floors, housing an aquaponic fish farm, a restaurant and a panoramic hostel for tourists. From the third floor three alternative hydroponic systems have been utilised for different types vegetables. The top floor and building canopy have been

designed as both a rainwater and solar collection system, which supplies the tower. However, to utilise the nutrient rich water of the fishpond for the hydroponic vegetables, a system has been incorporated that actively decontaminates and adjusts the pH of the water.

Reflectio Observa

Architecture & Extreme Environments - The Amazon / Page 208 - 209

ons & tions

Lectures, Seminars and Reviews Throughout the two-year Masters degree, students acquire knowledge, skills and competencies both through individual project work, but also through a series of lectures, seminars and workshops. The program extends invitations to renowned academics, industry experts, artists and architects - such as Larry Toups from NASA JSC, Dr. Peg Rawes, Dr. Keller Easterling, Mark West, Toru Hasegawa, Marcos Cruz of BiotA Lab/UCL, Peter Cook (Archigram), Dr. Polly Gould, GXN and Henning Larsen Architects, as external reviewers and guest lecturers. An annual Critical Thinking seminar is held, which aims towards enriching the students’ theoretical knowledge and enhancing methodologies towards research and critical thinking. The seminar offers a set of lectures, workshops and tutorials from theorists and academics that inform the work of the students and supports the development of competencies within the realm of architectural history and theory. As a collaboration with other KADK

institutes and academics from international educational institutions, the seminar is a cross disciplinary platform that brings together knowledge from various fields. By collaborating with the KADK research community, the students gain proficiency in tools and software that simulate environmental impacts. In the initial phases of research, the students use simulation software to test and develop their prototypes before deployment in the field. During the expedition, the students set up scientific experiments on site, which are recorded, logged and analysed. The data collated forms the foundation of their individual architectural projects and is also used to prepare a scientific report. This process enhances the academic accessibility of the projects, which are made available to broader academic circles through publications from the KADK research community. Reviews are often panelled by practitioners, researchers, artists and other experts, in order to assess and discuss the projects artistic qualities and relationship to research and practice.

Top Zara presenting her project ‘Waterworks Archipelago’ at K ADK . Bottom Left Otis presenting his project ‘Amazon Insect Market’ at 3XN. Bottom Right Øyvind explaining the intention of his protoype ‘Equinoctial Evaporation’ to Peg Rawes in the Architecture and Extreme Environments studio.

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Wind simulation captures from Gabrielė’s architectural project ‘The Blue Cross.’

In the second semester, the simulations are applied to the architectural scale as an integrated part of the design methodology. Each project is continuously assessed through the use of advanced simulation software, and thus the environment becomes a fundamental parameter in the design process.

A two page excerpt from Robert’s critical thinking piece, reflecting on his project ‘Saturated Projection.’

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Through the critical thinking seminar students acquire methods in reading and writing academic texts, through active reading and the preparation of a written dissertation in the format of an essay. This process is aimed towards reflecting and positioning the student’s work within an understanding of systems of ecology. A syllabus of relevant works is introduced, and placed in the context of the studio through individual reading and group discussions.

Dissemination & Collaborations Architecture and Extreme Environments is a program that aims to share knowledge and establish a dialogue between academia, practice and the general public. Through close collaboration with researchers, practitioners, experts and scholars, students gain critical understanding in architectural discourse and global challenges of the built environment from a variety of perspectives and methodologies. The program shares fieldwork explorations and propositions through online and social media, exhibitions, publications, lectures and seminars in Denmark and abroad. The program also draws from an extensive international network within the field of architecture - from practitioners to scholars in addition to an extensive local network ranging from craftsmen, suppliers and industry experts. Dedicated to the sharing of knowledge through direct collaboration with practitioners, Architecture and Extreme Environments

has continuing mentorship agreements with renowned architecture offices like 3XN and Henning Larsen Architects. After studies in the program, graduates are equipped to work in a wide range of fields within architecture and related disciplines. In addition to a basic set of knowledge, skills and competencies, graduates are equipped with proficiencies in recording and analysing scientific data, academic and scientific research methodologies, designing with digital environmental simulation tools, as well as developing architectural projects that respond to extreme environments, through innovation and collaboration. Graduates from Architecture and Extreme Environments are awarded the title Master of Arts (MA) in Architecture. Right Page: A montage of moments taken during the opening of the Architecture and Extreme Environments â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Amazonâ&#x20AC;? exhibition at K ADK, during February 2016.

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Architecture & Extreme Environments / 2015 The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts Schools of Architecture, Design and Conservation Institute of Architecture and Technology

KADK

Left Front cover of the 2015 Architecture and Extreme Environments publication ‘The Arctic.’ Right Poster from ‘The Amazon’ exhibition, 2016, at K ADK in Copenhagen.

Right Page: The annual Architecture and Extreme Environments Publication aims not only to document the different study years in question, but also to further convey the relevance of extreme environments in the greater discourse of the global built environment, and the education of architecture. Shown is a series of pages from the 2015 Architecture and Extreme Environments publication ‘The Arctic’.

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The ‘Meeting of Waters’ - the confluence between the dark flows of the Rio Negro and the Rio Solimões.

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Staff & Acknowledgements

Institute of Architecture & Technology Architecture and Extreme Environments Head of Institute David A . Garcia Programme Staff David A . Garcia (Associate Professor, Head of Program) Jakob Knudsen ( Teaching Associate Professor, Head of Program) Marianne Hansen ( Teaching Associate Professor) Thomas Chevalier Bøjstrup ( Teaching Associate Professor) Staff and Key Advisers CITA Daniel Sang-Hoon Lee Emanuele Naboni Kasper L . Køppen Olga Popovic Larsen Mads Johnsen Torben Valerius Administrator Birgitte Weien Guest Lecturers Peter Cook Philip Beesley Peg Rawes Marcos Cruz Polly Gould

Students 5th Year Anders Nottveit Astrid Blichfeldt Emil Juel Jespersen Federico Caputo Julien Nolin Johan Steenberg Robert Baron Stine Bundgaard Larsen Zara Sanchez y Gøtze Øyvind Andreas Limi 4th Year Agnieszka Filipowicz Gabrielė Jerošinė Jóhanna Höeg Sigurðardóttir Lauren Shevills Lin Zheng Otis Sloan Brittain Veronika Ignataviciute

Norway Denmark Denmark Italy Canada Denmark Australia Denmark Denmark Norway Poland Lithuania Iceland Great Britain China Great Britain Great Britain

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Collaborators Brazil: Special

National Research Institute of the Amazon (INPA) Amazonas Energia Rasmus Schack, Expedition Consultant (Brazil Study Tours) Teçume Mulheres Artesãs Thanks: Arloany Brandão Roberto Brandão & Family Thiago Cavalli Maria Da Paz Ribeiro Senhora Ita Senhora Branca

Denmark: Stine Krøijer (Department of Anthropology, University of Copenhagen) Gustavo Ribeiro

Sponsors Bambus Danmark Crunchy Critters FLIR Friluftsland Make Make

Credits

Editor

David A . Garcia Thomas Chevalier Bøjstrup

Text & Content Curator Robert Baron Design template NR2154 Layout

Robert Baron

Proofreading Robert Baron Thomas Chevalier Bøjstrup

Photos Anders Nottveit: 18-9,23, 32, 33 2 , 34, 54 1 , 62, 63 2 , 78 9, 117 6 , 118 2 , 154-59, 220-21 Agnieszka Filipowicz: 23, 97 2-3 , 178-81 Astrid Blichfeldt: 142, 23 ,25 2 , 51 2 , 54 6 , 7 1, 86-7, 117 3 166-17 1 David Garcia: 7, 9, 143, 16-7, 23, 43, 45, 47, 48 3- 4 , 50 1 , 52, 59 2 , 60 2 , 61, 63 1 , 65 2-3,5-6,8 , 66 2 , 70 1,3- 4 , 74 1 , 100 2 ,102,104, 106-7, 108 1 , 109, 110 1-3 , 111-12, 113 2 , 114, 122, 194 3 , 213 Emil Juel Jespersen: 23, 38-9, 46 2 , 51 1 ,54 2 , 72-3, 74 2-3 , 75, 150 Gabrielė Jerošinė: 23, 27, 48 5-6 , 50 2 , 64, 65 7,9 , 66 1,3 , 70 2 , 102, 105, 194 1-2 , 196-202, Jakob Knudsen: 96, 97 1 Julien Nolin: 23, 28-9, 46 1 ,54 7, 56-7, 84-5, 117 7, 119 2 , 132-37 Johan Steenberg: 141, 23, 54 9 , 69, 70 5 , 91 1 , 92, 94-5, 118 1 , 160-65 Jóhanna Höeg Sigurðardóttir: 23, 115, 1174 , 190-93 Lauren Shevills: 23, 33 1 ,106 1 , 203-5 Lin Zheng: 23, 108 2 , 113 1,3 , 206-9 Otis Sloan Brittain: 23, 36 2 , 37, 50 3-6 , 65 1,4 , 67, 110 4 , 182, 184-89 Robert Baron: 13, 15, 23, 35, 36 1 , 49, 53, 54 5 , 55, 59 1 , 60 1 , 70 6 , 80-3, 117 2 , 138- 43 Stine Bundgaard Larsen: 23, 26 1 , 91 2 , 100 1,3 , 101, 117 5 , 144- 49 Veronika Ignataviciute: 23, 26 2 ,98-9, 151-53 Zara Sanchez y Gøtze: 23, 24, 25 1 , 88-91, 117 8 , 172-7 7 Øyvind Andreas Limi: 7, 23, 30-1, 47, 48 1-2 , 54 3- 4,8 , 58, 76-7, 117 1 , 119 1 , 126-31

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ISBN 978-87-7830-954-9

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Architecture & Extreme Environments is a two year Master course taught at The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture. The course engages with contexts out of balance through methods of investigation, manufacture and direct site involvement in an aim for hyperspecificity in its architectural propositions. The area of investigation of the course changes annually and for 2016, the course focused on the Amazon.

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The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts Schools of Architecture, Design and Conservation Institute of Architecture and Technology