Public Infrastructure by David Rader

PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE DAVID RADER DIRECTOR: SARAH WHITING 1

ABSTRACT

“...The question is, “how then to open the avenue of great debates, accessible to the majority, while yet enriching the multiplicity and the quality of public discourses, of evaluating agencies, of ‘scenes’ or places of visibility?” ... Perhaps the question can be addressed with less a sense of inevitable contradiction and impasse if one moves away from the universalizing ideal of a single public and attends instead to the actual multiplicity of distinct and overlapping public discourses, public spheres, and scenes of evaluation that already exist, but that the usual idealizations have screened from view.¹” Contemporary Publics The contemporary megalopolis is comprised of diverse collectives. These collectives, or “bubbles,” within the city contain self-similar socioeconomic and demographic groups with little overlap. We live and work amongst others who are like ourselves. The geographically isolationist tendencies inherent in our megalopolitan condition are mirrored in digital media. Rather than enriching civic discourse and participation, media networks have been shown to populate homogeneous platforms in which various collectives group themselves according to shared interests with the benefit of excluding others². Habermas’ “public sphere,” which relied upon conversational engagement amongst socially diverse groups, is absent³. The result is a fractured society in which the value of physical interaction is not reflected in our built environment. Public institutions which provide moments of overlap among diverse groups must expand this critical role. The community college is one example of a centralized model which may better serve contemporary publics through decentralization. The Role of the Community College The community college is a public institution that serves many collectives comprising students and the general public. Accordingly, community colleges are pursuing strategies which fill gaps in education, provide professional training, and expand social services. These shifts require innovation in form and function. The centralized campus typology is unfit to support these new roles as suburban campuses are physically isolated and benefit only those within the immediate vicinity. 2

This is problematic in any megalopolis where access is further complicated by congestion. The community college, already a relatively decentralized institution, should be further decentralized and integrated with public transportation to form a network which extends access and multiplies moments of social intersection. The Function of Public Transit American cities have neglected public transportation in favor of the automobile. Rapid urban growth has exacerbated street congestion, challenging the feasibility of vehicular infrastructure. As streets designed for cars become dysfunctional, cities which had neglected public transportation are now investing heavily in below-grade transit. The expansion of public transit systems into car-dependent cities provide critical sites for architectural engagement; transit infrastructure must expand beyond its traditional function. Transit hubs with overlapping collectives have been exploited for commercial gain, and valuable urban sites are often underutilized by hosting tiny shelters over a single route from street to platform. Integrating transit infrastructure with public institutions will ensure expanded access and social engagement for contemporary publics, allowing public institutions and urban infrastructure to evolve simultaneously and serve diverse publics in new ways. The thesis makes three assertions: 1. Urban environments are populated by homogeneous collectives with little overlap. We need a new public sphere, a physical space in which diverse collectives may overlap and engage one another. 2. The decentralized community college will increase public access and maximize education, training, and community support while increasing moments of overlapping collectives. 3. The insertion of new transit networks into auto-oriented cities demands that we rethink their functionality. Transit will become a facilitator for engagement by capitalizing on the overlapping of diverse collectives at points of intersection while extending access to public institutions. 1

Robbins, Bruce. The Phantom Public Sphere. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.

Schroeder, Ralph. Social Theory after the Internet: Media, Technology, and Globalization. UCL Press, 2018.

Admittedly, the spectrum of social diversity of his 18th c. example was perhaps not that great either.

Above: Concept illustration of conflicting and overlapping publics in the megalopolitan condition. Transit networks, indicated by the dark line and light dotted lines, cross thresholds and tie these publics together. Intersection points become opportunities for civic engagement.

PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE

CONTENTS

LA URBANISM Suburban Paradigm Metropolis of Congestion Shifting Transit Modalities

A NEW PARTNERSHIP Transit And Education Tied Together

PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE Proposal for a New Campus Type Project Diagrams Model Photographs Campus Experience

CONCLUSIONS Future Infrastructures

APPENDIX Project Presentation Bibliography List of Figures

Above: View of below-ground public programs, including a library, group study rooms, and reading rooms. These spaces are tied together by the Vertical Quad which links transit passengers, students, and members of the public.

PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE

LA URBANISM With its back against the Pacific Ocean, Los Angeles marks the extent of Manifest Destiny. It proved to be the limit of westward expansion, and its unique location, size, and mentality makes it an ideal testing ground. LA has long been associated with the automobile; the historic streetcar city decidedly turned its back on mass transit in favor of the personal automobile. Suburbia abandoned the grid for the cul de sac while building freeways, interchanges, and access roads to each them. However, the limits of this system are now being tested. Congestion within this dense urban environment has reached a breaking point. In the area of study, LA’s population reaches 85 people per acre, which isn’t far behind Manhattan’s density of 105 people per acre¹. This congestion demands alternatives transportation systems which don’t rely on roads. The Street The street continues to play a dominant role in LA’s urban landscape. This one-time streetcar city was established according to a set of principles which placed a hierarchy on movement. Arterial streets hosted streetcar lines and promoted commercial activity. These lines were supported by local streets which hosted residential uses. Consequently, the urban fabric of much of LA conforms to these hierarchies. However, this system shifted to adapt to the automobile in the 50’s and 60’s. Arterial streets were widened to privilege speed over access, while streetcar lines were removed. LA’s affair with the car was totalizing, and soon the city became synonymous with the freeway and interchange. Urban sprawl resulted, which cast aside street grids for a maze of ladders. Consequently, grand boulevards and avenues have come to signify LA’s identity more than any one landmark or architectural object. Sunset, Rodeo, Santa Monica, and others signify status and location. However, among the most iconic is Wilshire Boulevard. With its unique zoning and height allowances, Los Angeles denies its low-rise character in favor of highrise commercial and residential towers along virtually the entire length of Wilshire boulevard as it extends from downtown to the Pacific. The street, long held in the collective consciousness as a defining feature of LA, is predominantly beholden to the car. LA’s density has grown beyond what the street may support. Alternatives to vehicular travel, such as subway networks, have 6

Fig. 1

Santa Monica Freeway, 1920

Fig. 2

Los Angeles Suburb, Typical Condition

Fig. 3

Streetcar Graveyard, Late 1940s

become an essential consideration. As LA shifts from the car to the subway system, a new emphasis is demanded. Instead of six lanes of traffic, Wilshire will now prioritize pedestrians emerging from the subway. Wilshire isn’t considered as belonging to one locale or neighborhood- it breaks boundaries and provides the connective tissue to many diverse areas. The street, once synonymous with connection and mobility, becomes a destination unto its own. Geographic Segregation This history has developed a unique urbanism in LA, one that is based on geography. Previously, geography has been used as a tool to separate and define status. The suburban model led to well-defined neighborhoods and regions which provided an identity to those who resided within its geographic limits. Neighborhoods became strongly associated with race, social class, and other demographic factors. The social impact of this separation is still seen in LA’s fabric. Roadways are no longer large enough to adequately serve the populations which rely on them for transportation between neighborhoods. Secondary streets are overrun with cars seeking relief from the freeway gridlock. While demographically-motivated segregation has decreased in residential areas, LA is now subject to segregation of a different kind: congestion. Movement across the city is becoming overwhelmingly difficult, to the point that it reinforces geography as a restriction. The city’s infrastructure no longer serves its citizens; it constrains them and prevents them from leaving their region to participate in the larger whole. Contemporary Context Los Angeles exemplifies the megalopolitan condition of a city with many centers. High concentrations of economic development exist along multiple corridors throughout the city. The lack of a homogeneous grid has led to extreme road congestion, which locks populations into their respective geographies. This congestion is forcing LA to shift from its auto-dependent mentality to include opportunities for transit ridership. Major industries fuel sections of the city with clear borders. Population density is distributed along major corridors within the city, including the Wilshire Corridor (Fig. 6). LA’s decentralized position stands to benefit greatly from increased transit infrastructure. Many comparable cities build rail systems for suburban commuters who travel to the same job centers at the same time of day. These networks are overwhelmed at peak hours, then neglected. LA’s decentralized urban condition promotes ridership among multiple routes at all times of day. Multiple corridors, such as Wilshire, Santa Monica, and Century City, fuel enormous economic activity. The lack of a single center has resulted in multiple job centers throughout the city.

Fig. 4

I10 Corridor

Fig. 5

Los Angeles

102

New York City

San Fransisco

Atlanta

Miami

Washington DC

Boston

Chicago

Seattle

Dallas

Peak Hours Spent in Traffic Congestion

Fig. 6

Aerial View of Wilshire Blvd.

PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE

A NEW PARTNERSHIP The Purple Line Extension Exemplifying LAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s commitment to rail is the Purple Line extension. The extension will continue from the current terminus at Wilshire/Western below Wilshire Boulevard, which ranks among the highest concentrations of employment and economic activity in the city (Fig. 7), to connect Westwood/UCLA to downtown. The extension will comprise nine miles and add seven new stations to the west side of LAÂš. The first phase of the extension is 30% completed and will open in 2023. The final section from Century City to the VA campus is expected to break ground in 2019 and open in 2026. When finished, the Purple Line extension will generate approximately 49,300 daily weekday boardings and 78,000 new daily trips on the entire rail system (Fig. 8). The extension effectively unlocks the city for thousands who were previously restrained by crushing automobile gridlock. The expected travel time from Westwood to downtown is 25 minutes, cutting the driving commute time by over two and a half times. The expansion is divided into three phases, with an expected completion date of 2026. At street level, Metro stations consist largely of glass pavilions which function primarily as a sign for access to vertical circulation (Fig. 9). These stations offer little civic value and could be combined with other public institutions to perform a greater role in civic life. This new civic mixing which will occur in the transit networks below grade may be engaged through sectional connections and an expanded station typology. The opportunity exists to rethink the civic institution of the Community College to fulfill this role. Social and Demographic Conditions LA is a city divided by race and class. Portions of the city are largely divided along infrastructural and neighborhood lines (Fig. 10). The area impacted by this thesis is primarily comprised of populations which are predominantly White (grey), Asian (purple), and African American (blue). The purple line extension intersects White and Asian populations, while bus networks extend directly and tie into African American populations. The demographic makeup in Los Angeles has historically been contentious, with few spaces for activism other than city streets. The ambition of the thesis is to begin to bridge these divides by introducing spaces of civic engagement at the intersections of 8

Fig. 7

West Los Angeles Population Density per Square Mile

.2-.5 3-5

Fig. 8

Map of Purple Line Expansion with Proposed Station Locations

Fig. 9

METRO Proposed Station Typology

1 mi

7-9 >15K

infrastructural networks. These networks transcend the boundaries of individual neighborhoods and offer the greatest opportunity for engagement. The College Campus in the City The Los Angeles Community College District (LACCD) is the largest community college district in the United States. The LACCD consists of nine colleges spread across the city. The LACCD serves an incredibly diverse student population, educating three times as many Latino students and four times as many AfricanAmerican students as all of the university of California campuses combinedÂ˛. Eighty percent of LACCD students are from under-served populations. Community colleges serve a population which ranges in age, meaning a greater percentage of students is composed of adult learning and continuing education, skill building, night classes, and workshops. More than half of all LACCD students are older than 25 years of age, and more than one quarter are 35 or olderÂ˛. The nine existing LACCD colleges are spread throughout the city and form small campuses. These campuses are largely autonomous from one another and from the city and fail to maximize their civic potential by creating an inward-focused environment which disengages the city. The social impact of an LACCD campus has the potential to do more by being distilled into smaller pieces and deployed along the Purple Line extension.

1. Data collected from US Census, accessed via Social Explorer. https://www.socialexplorer.com/a9676d974c/explore

Fig. 10

1 mi

West Los Angeles Population: White Alone, Black or African American Alone, Asian Alone 15%

60%

95%

Fig.11 Los Angeles Mission College

Pierce College Los Angeles Valley College

Los Angeles City College East Los Angeles College West Los Angeles College

Los Angeles Trade-Technical College

Los Angeles Southwest College

Los Angeles Harbor College

Map of Existing Los Angeles Community College Campuses

Fig. 12

2. Making LA the Best Place to Connect: A Deep Dive on Civic Engagement in LA and Beyond. LA2050, Oct. 2017. http://la2050.s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/reports/12/pdfs/ Braintrust_final_oct9.pdf?1508800325 3. Ibid. 4. METRO Westside Expansion https://www.metro.net/projects/westside/ 5. As Transit Expands in LA, Will Walkability Follow? https://usa.streetsblog.org/2017/09/15/as-transit-expands- in-los-angeles-will-walkability-follow/ View of Typical LACCD Campus Configuration

PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE

200 Ft

TRANSIT-CONNECTED CAMPUS

Fig. 13 Campus Organization Models Centralized Centralized

Decentralized Decentralized

Network Network

Campus Organizational Models Los Angeles Mission College

Pierce College Los Angeles Valley College

Los Angeles City College

Los Angeles County

East Los Angeles College Los Angeles Trade-Technical College West Los Angeles College

Los Angeles Southwest College

Los Angeles Harbor College

Decentralized LACCD Campuses Fig. 14 Decentralized LACCD Campuses

Transit Line

Fig. 15 Conceptual Diagram of Campus Locations Connected with Transit

Hollywood Beverly Hills Westwood

Koreatown

West LA

Mid City

Downtown South LA

5 10 20 Purple Line

Purple Line Transit Network Fig. 16 Purple Line Transit Network

Burbank

North Hollywood

Glendale

Hollywood Beverly Hills Westwood

West LA

Alhambra

Koreatown

Mid City

Downtown

East LA

South LA

Central Alameda

Inglewood

Compton

Hawthorne

Regional Transit Network

5 5 5 5

10 20 Red Line 10 20 Purple Line 10 20 Expo Line Line 10 20RedGreen Line 5

10 20

Purple Line Blue Line

10 20

Expo Line Green Line Gold Line

Fig. 17 Regional Transit Network

NETWORKED CAMPUS Contemporary social realities have put pressure on our educational institutions to evolve. As access to information increasingly expands online, the need to occupy classroom space is changing, rendering the traditional campus model ineffective. At the same time, the role that educational institutions are required to fill is expanding. The spatial environments of higher learning are often centralized and ill-equipped to meet this new role. Educational institutions are responding to this paradigm shift by locating new investments close to existing transit lines as a strategy to increase student access. This strategy presents serious challenges, the most difficult of which is acquiring campus-sized sites with adequate access to robust transit networks. This strategy propagates the status quo; rather than evolving, the institution plants itself near transit to continue advance its current model. Rather than transplanting campuses, educational institutions should consider the ways in which they might integrate directly with transit infrastructure. Combining educational programs with transit will increase the reach and effectiveness of both networks. Los Angelesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; totalizing love affair with the automobile has resulted in extreme suburban sprawl. City streets, once a symbol of freedom and mobility, have become burdened by crushing gridlock. Cross-city access by car is severely restricted. This congestion has provoked massive investment in the public transit infrastructure that moves below streets, including the expansion of the Purple Line subway. These new infrastructural expansions offer an opportunity to reinvent transit infrastructureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s relationship with the city. My thesis addresses this shifting paradigm by combining a subway line with a decentralized community college campus. While typical community college campuses are comparatively decentralized by definition, the new community college is further divided into smaller pieces and distributed as a network along the Purple Line. The spine of transit allows the community college to exist in many locations simultaneously, while providing opportunities for extended social impact. This combined typology eschews the definition of a traditional academic institution as insular and self-contained.

The new role of the community college is expanding beyond meeting the educational needs of students. Community colleges are evolving to focus on underserved students, adults in continuing education, training for members of the workforce, programs for senior citizens, and use by the general public. These expanded educational models will be better served by the community college as network; intersection points mix students, transit riders, and members of the public. The community college uses architectural techniques to create moments of threshold between students, citizens, and the city. Each distributed campus promotes awareness and engagement to support an infrastructural system with an extended social and civic impact. Architecturally, each campus makes sectional connections to transit stations below ground and offers a new identity to the community college above the street. The campus-asnetwork model mediates between the scale of a massive infrastructural system and the scale of the individual. My thesis mines these relationships rather than deploying institutional tropes. As an urban strategy, the campus realizes an extended impact by operating as a network rather than a single destination. The sum of these urban and architectural decisions offers a new model for the role of the community college in the city. The thesis makes three assertions: 1. Urban environments are populated by homogeneous collectives with little overlap. We need a new public sphere, a physical space in which diverse collectives may overlap and engage one another. 2. The decentralized community college will increase public access and maximize education, training, and community support while increasing moments of overlapping collectives. 3. The insertion of new transit networks into auto-oriented cities demands that we rethink their functionality. Transit will become a facilitator for engagement by capitalizing on the overlapping of diverse collectives at points of intersection while extending access to public institutions.

Westwood/ VA Hospital Health

Westwood/ UCLA Research

Century City Media

Wilshire/Rodeo Fashion

Wilshire/La Cienega Start-Up

Wilshire/Fairfax Fine Arts

Wilshire/LaBrea Social Services

Wilshire/Western

Wilshire/Normandie

Wilshire/Vermont

Wilshire/MacArthur Park

7th St./Metro Center

Above: Isometric view of the Purple Line in Los Angeles. Existing subway stations are shown in grey; new stations are in black. The campus is places on seven sites which are owned by Metro. The programmatic bias of each campus location responds to its context.

PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE

Site Selection My thesis strings a new LACCD campus along seven sites, each of which is owned by Metro and is currently being used for construction staging for the Purple Line (Fig. 21). These sites establish unique urban adjacencies, such as the Fox Movie Studios at Century City or the Rodeo Fashion District at Wilshire/Rodeo, which will allow educational programs to capitalize on these adjacencies. The scope of the thesis is urban, thus the site of the project extends to the public space surrounding each station as well. These seven sites operate as a larger whole- one campus building may not function fully without the entire set of seven. Architectural Techniques Architects work with form, structure, program, transparency, translucency, and landscape. Thresholds between these components are the most critical sites within this thesis. These thresholds occur at interior and exterior transitions, from street to subway, from plaza to public lobby, from classroom to exterior space. At the urban scale, the combination of a large-scale transit system and smaller-scale educational components offers unique opportunities. Three projects are used as references. First, Lina Bo Bardi’s Sao Paolo Museum of Art (Fig. 18) is a hybridized institution which offers open space back to the city. Lifting galleries into the air provides a large, shaded civic space which is freely accessible. The gallery’s supports are sized to the scale of infrastructure, responding to the scale of the city. This project inverts the typological museum by placing all administrative, performance, and low-light galleries underground. Exterior form is an important consideration in the my thesis. I have developed a family of techniques which provide identity to each station individually and to the network as a whole. Craig Ellwood’s Art Center was studied as an example of a systematized approach to structural expressionism (Fig. 19). Glazed infill between triangular members provides natural light for interior spaces, while a courtyard pulls the exterior into the heart of the building. The open, free plan space may be adjusted to provide various interior configurations.

Fig. 18

São Paulo Museum of Art, Lina Bo Bardi, São Paulo, 1968

Fig. 19

Art Center College of Design, Craig Ellwood, Los Angeles, 1974

Fig. 20

Techniques, including changes in materials, the treatment of light, and shifts in scale, are also used to the define these threshold zones. The interior spaces on the Barnard College Diana Student Center by Weiss/Manfredi (Fig. 20) offer an example of seamless visual and physical thresholds between spatial zones. Generous stairs spill into large landings which are visible on a diagonal through layers of transparency.

Barnard College Diana Center, Weiss/Manfredi, 2010

Fig. 21

Wilshire/La Brea 61,400 SF

Wilshire/Fairfax 79,300 SF

Wilshire/ La Cienega 19,700 SF

Wilshire/ Rodeo 24,750 SF

Century City 26,500 SF

Westwood/UCLA 75,200 SF

Westwood/VA Hospital 206, 510 SF

PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE

CAMPUS PROGRAM Total Campus Area: 371,050 SF Total Built Area: 1,080,000 SF FAR: 2.9 Public Space Retail

10,000

Library

10,000

Janitor IT

500

Loading Dock

700

Seating Outdoor Space

Support

Administration

Public Space

600

Public Space

Support

Library

12,000

Retail

4,000 700

Loading Dock

Mechanical

2,500

Mechanical

2,500

Restroom

4,300

Restroom

4,300

Reception

300

Reception

2,000

Waiting

500

Staff Support

3,000

Conference

500

Offices

10,000

Copy Room

500

Staff Room

1,000

Exhibition

15,000

Administration

Flex

Support

Public Space

Support

Lecture Hall

4,000

Classroom

5,000

Meeting Rooms

8,000

25,000

Offices

Auditorium

Education

Collaboration

Administration

Classroom

10,000

Clinic

10,000

Labs

15,000

Physical Therapy

20,000

Field House

Fitness Training

10,000

Media Lab

Studio

Circulation

5,000

10,000

Administration

500 2,500

Restroom

4,300

Reception

2,000

Staff Support

3,000

Offices

10,000

Theatre

5,000

Media Library

1,000

CNC

1,000

Shop

2,000

Media Lab

5,000

Screening

5,000

AV Editing

10,000

Flex Public Space Support

Administration Flex

Education

40,000 Production Research Lab

Sound Stage

Transit

Circulation

3,000

Retail Loading Dock

8,000

Mechanical

Transit

10,000

Loading Dock

2,500

Restroom

4,300

Staff Support Offices

2,000

Gallery

5,000

Support

Exhibition

5,000 2,000

AV Edit

3,000 5,000

20,000

Media Lab

5,000

40,000

Studios

30,000

Transit

700 700

Loading Dock

700

Mechanical

Administration

Fabrication

Circulation Collaboration

Restroom

4,300

Reception

2,000

Staff Support

3,000

Offices

10,000

Auditoriums

25,000

Galleries

25,000

Support

Flex

10,000

Library

10,000

Loading Dock

Administration

Education

700 2,500

Restroom

4,300

Reception

2,000

Staff Support

3,000

Offices

10,000

Lecture Hall

5,000

Observation

5,000

Classrooms

7,000

Social Services

7,000

Restroom

4,300

Media Lab

9,000

Media Lab

9,000

Staff Support Offices

2,000

Lecture Hall

10,000

Classrooms

10,000

Meeting Rooms

10,000

Food Lab

10,000

Practice Rooms

12,000

Studio

20,000

Studio

15,000

Kitchen

30,000

Event Space

Education

3,000

Collaboration

Mechanical

Education

2,500

Outdoor Space

2,500

Flex Public Space

5,000

Classrooms

Transit

Public Space

700

20,000

60,000

10,000

Library

Mechanical

Flex Education

10,000 7,000

10,000

Loading Dock

Education

Flex

Retail

Collaboration

5,000 2,000

Meeting Rooms

3,000

Classrooms

5,000

Media Lab

10,000

Open Source

20,000

Transit

Concourse

2,500

Concourse

2,500

Concourse

2,500

Concourse

2,500

Concourse

2,500

Concourse

2,500

Concourse

2,500

Platform

4,000

Platform

4,000

Platform

4,000

Platform

4,000

Platform

4,000

Platform

4,000

Platform

4,000

Westwood/ VA Hospital

Westwood/ UCLA

Fabrication

Research

Century City

Wilshire/ Rodeo

Media

Fashion

Wilshire/ La Cienega

Start-Up

Wilshire/ Fairfax

Wilshire/ LaBrea

Fine Arts

Social Service

Site Area: 100,000

Site Area: 75,200 SF

Site Area: 40,000 SF

Site Area: 24,750 SF

Site Area: 19,700 SF

Site Area: 50,000 SF

Site Area: 61,400 SF

Building Area: 200,000 SF

Building Area: 180,000 SF

Building Area: 150,000 SF

Building Area: 90,000 SF

Building Area: 70,000 SF

Building Area: 180,000 SF

FAR: 2.0

FAR: 3.5

FAR: 3.7

FAR: 3.6

FAR: 3.5

FAR: 3.7

Distributed Campus Program Fig. 22 Campus Program Diagram

Westwood/ VA Hospital

Westwood/UCLA

Century City

Wilshire/Rodeo

Wilshire/La Cienega

Wilshire/Fairfax

Research

Media

Fashion

Start-Up

Fine Arts

Health

re /W es ils te hi rn re /N or m an W di ils e hi re /V er m M on ac W t A e rt s hu tla r P ke ar / k

Br ea

ils

hi ils W

re /L a

re /

Ci e re /

hi re / ils

Fa irf ax

ga ne

de Ro

Ci y tu r W

Ce n

SANTA MONICA

A U CL d/

W es t

w oo

ta l

KOREATOWN

CULVER CITY

Fig. 23 Purple Line Extension with Campus Locations

Networked Campus

7th Str.

Wilshire/La Brea Social Services

Institution

Street

Public Programs

Street Circulation 60’-0”

Public Programs

Transit

Proposed Sequence

Typical Sequence

Fig. 24 Typical Transit Sequence

Transit

Fig. 25 Proposed Transit Sequence

Institutional

Public

Ground

Programs

Transit

Conceptual Program Diagram Typical Quad Typical Quad Typical Quad

Fig. 26 Conceptual Program Diagram

Vertical Quad VerticalQuad Quad Vertical

Fig. 27 Vertical Quad Diagram

Lecture Hall Lecture Hall

Education Education VerticalQuad Quad Vertical

LACMA LACMA

Gallery Gallery Wilshire Blvd. Wilshire Blvd.

Public Public ProPrograms grams

Metro Station Metro Station

Fig. 28 Conceptual Section

PLANS AND AXON

Fairfax Ave.

LACMA

720

271 720

DASH Fairfa 786- Cent x ury City 720

Wilshire

Blvd.

720

720 217

Fair fax Ave .

720

217 217

Wilshire/Fairfax

Fig. 29 Site Plan

LACMA

Fig. 30 Ground Floor Plan

Lecture Hall (300 Seats)

Classrooms

Gallery

Library

Fabrication Shop

Flexible Circulation

Metro Required Circulation Drawing Preservation

Auditorium (700 Seats)

Fig. 31 Exploded Axon

SECTIONS

8 1

9 10 8 9 8 9 8 9 8

9 8 7

11 2

12 A

Fig. 32 Cross Section

Section Key A Metro Concourse

Auditorium

Plaza

Entry

8 Meeting Room 10 Breakout Space

12 Office & Admin

Outdoor Performance

Retail

Event

13 Auditorium Lobby

Vertical Quad

Studio

11 Auditorium Overlook

7 4

4 16

15 14

Fig. 33 Longitudinal Section

14 Drawing Preservation

16 Library

15 Fabrication Shop

17 Gallery

18 Lecture Hall

MODEL IN CONTEXT

Fig. 34 View from Wilshire Blvd, Looking East

Fig. 35 Aerial Perspective

Fig. 36 Aerial View, Looking West

EXTERIOR VIEW

Fig. 37 Exterior View at Street Level Entry, Looking Through to Plaza

LOWER VERTICAL QUAD

Fig. 38 Interior View at Metro Entry, Looking Down to Concourse

Fig. 39 Interior View at Lower Vertical Quad, Looking toward Metro Circulation

INTERIOR VIEW

Fig. 40 Interior View of Student Art Studio

UPPER VERTICAL QUAD

Fig. 41 Interior View at Vertical Quad, Looking Up toward Student Gallery

Fig. 42 Interior View at Upper Vertical Quad, Looking toward Group Breakout Spaces

PLANS 8

16 10 Lecture Hall Level +168’-0”

8 14

13 Typ. Education Level +33’-0” thru +168’-0”

8 12

Typ. Education Level +33’-0” thru +168’-0”

8 9

10 Gallery Level +18’-0”

A A

B B

1 4

5 6

Ground Plan 0’-0” Fig. 43 Floor Plans

Plan Key

Entry

Mechanical

11 Meeting Room

16 Lecture Hall

21 Metro Concourse

LACCD Help Desk 7

Outdoor Performance

12 Office & Administration

17 Library

22 Auditorium Lobby

Retail

Vertical Quad

13 Classroom

18 Auditorium Overlook

23 Auditorium

Metro Help Desk

Student Gallery

14 Breakout Space

19 Fabrication Shop

Plaza

10 Event

15 Studio

20 Drawing Preservation

8 12

11 17 23

7 Library Level -15’-0”

8 12

Fabrication Shop Level -30’-0”

8 11

Drawing Preservation Level -45’-0”

6 6

6 6 Concourse Level -62’-0”

ISOMETRIC SECTION

Fig. 44 Section Isometric

A3 Educational Levels

A2 Group Breakout Space B3 Ground Floor Lobby A1 Student Gallery

B2 Public Library B1 Auditorium Overlook

ISOMETRIC VIEWS

Fig. 45: B1 Auditorium Overlook 36

Fig. 46: B2 Public Library 37

ISOMETRIC VIEWS

Fig. 47: B3 Ground Floor Lobby 38

Fig. 48: A1 Student Gallery 39

ISOMETRIC VIEWS

Fig. 49: A2 Group Breakout Space 40

Fig. 50: A3 Lecture Hall 41

URBAN VIEWS

Fig. 51 Exterior View from Wilshire Blvd, Looking West

Fig. 52 Aerial View of South Elevation

Fig. 53 Exterior View from Orange Grove Dr, Looking East

NETWORKED CAMPUS Wilshire Blvd.

VA Hospital

Training

Westwood Village

Wilshire Blvd.

Research Labs

Hammer Museum

Black Box Theater

Constellation Blvd.

Wilshire Blvd.

Westwood/UCLA Research

Century City Media

Site Area: 100,000 SF Building Area: 200,000 Population Density: 1.6 people/acre

Site Area: 75,200 SF Building Area: 180,000 SF Population Density: 52.9 people/acre

Site Area: 40,000 SF Building Area:150,000 Population Density: 8.5 people/acre

Westwood/ VA Hospital station is the terminus station of the Purple Line. It is located in a low-density area to the west of highway 405 with immediate proximity to the VA Hospital facility. The station will tie into existing bus routes to ensure connections to the rest of Wilshire. The lack of urban activity allows the opportunity to place larger training and athletic facilities at this campus location. Additional administrative and support areas may also be located on this site. The terminus and its educational programs will result in a larger-scaled campus than the previous iterations. This will mark a sense of place and provide a conclusive end to the line.

Westwood/ UCLA station is the densest tract on the Purple Line and is located at the intersection of high-rise Wilshire and low-rise, historic Westwood village. The location is bookended by UCLA’s “land bank” open space. This station is well-used by students and employees of UCLA. Additionally, Westwood village is a major retail center. High rise towers also act as magnets for commuters. As a result, this is a very busy interchange of transit, vehicular traffic, and pedestrian activity. UCLA’s campus is located just five blocks from the site, offering an opportunity for collaborative research between LACCD and UCLA.

The Century City station is located in one of LA county’s largest job hubs. While residential density is low, Century City’s floor-area ratio is very high. This development is unique in its makeup of predominantly high-rise office towers reaching thirty stories or more. This transit station is predominantly used by commuters who fill office towers. There is a large production facility for Fox Studios located adjacent to the campus which provides unique programmatic opportunities and partnerships. This component contains programs related to the film industry, including production studios, small sound stages, and black box theatres.

Flex 10,000 SF

Support 8,600 SF

Administration 27,800 SF

Education 120,000 SF

Transit 6,500 SF

Public Space 20,000 SF

Flex 15,000 SF

LACMA Land Bank

Support 7,500 SF

Administration 25,000 SF

Education 100,000 SF

Transit 6,500 SF

Public Space 15,000 SF

Flex 10,000 SF

The Century Plaza

Interstate 405

Gayley Ave.

Support 5,500 SF

Administration 15,000 SF

Education 100,000 SF

Transit 6,500 SF

Constellation Blvd.

Westwood Village

Fig. 54 Networked Campus Plans

Sound Stage (Behind)

Westwood/VA Hospital Health

Public Space 20,000 SF

Fig. 55 Networked Campus Locations

Ave. of the Stars

Rodeo Shopping District

Exhibition Space

Wilshire Blvd.

Rodeo Shopping District

La Cienega Blvd.

San Vicente Blvd. Commerical District

Saban Theater

Wilshire Blvd.

Lecture Hall

Student Gallery

Residential District

La Brea Ave.

Social Development Center

Wilshire Blvd.

Wilshire/Rodeo Fashion

Wilshire/La Cienega Start Up

Wilshire/Fairfax Fine Arts

Wilshire/La Brea Social Services

Site Area: 24,750 SF Building Area: 90,000 SF Population Density: 30.4 people/acre

Site Area: 19,700 SF Building Area: 70,000 SF Population Density: 14.9 people/acre

Site Area: 50,000 SF Building Area: 150,000 SF Population Density: 15.3 people/acre

Site Area: 61,400 SF Building Area: 180,000 SF Population Density: 47.5 people/acre

Wilshire/ Rodeo station is located in a high-density area near the intersection of Wilshire and Beverly Drive. The site occupies a block with frontage on Wilshire and Reeves Drive, just two blocks away from iconic Rodeo Drive. This location is saturated with high-end retail, luxury goods, and famous fashion houses. The college will benefit by locating fashion and technology programs here. The association with fashion houses could increase student learning outcomes while increasing available talent.

Wilshire/ La Cienega station is located in a mid-density area near the intersection of Wilshire and San Vicente Blvd. The site occupies a corner block which has frontage on Wilshire and La Cienega. Mid-century commercial buildings bookend the site, while low rise multi-family and single family homes occupy blocks north and south. This area includes La Cienega Park, a large public space within two blocks walking distance. This site is located near the highest amount of commercial activity on Wilshire Blvd.

Wilshire/ Fairfax station is located in a mid-density area with a concentration of high-rise commercial buildings. The site is located adjacent to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, resulting in higher than average amounts of public space. LACMAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s campus fronts directly on Wilshire, with the station located on an empty block across the street. Single family homes fill the blocks north and south of the Boulevard.

Wilshire/ La Brea station is located in a high density area with mid-rise and low-rise buildings. There is a mix of multi-family residential housing along Wilshire; single family homes dominating the blocks north and south of the Boulevard. This area is full of successful businesses which front Wilshire Boulevard. The high density at this stop has resulted in very few public spaces. A single green space which serves as a dog run is the only available amenity for this neighborhood.

Public Space 11,000 SF

Flex 10,000 SF

Support 3,000 SF

Administration 7,000 SF

Education 40,000 SF

Transit 6,500 SF

Public Space 4,000 SF

Flex 5,000 SF

Support 3,000 SF

Administration 7,000 SF

Education 38,000 SF

Transit 6,500 SF

Public Space 20,000 SF

Flex 50,000 SF

La Cienega Blvd.

Academy Museum of Motion Pictures

Consulate General of Brazil

Reeves Dr.

LACMA

Support 7,500 SF

Administration 15,000 SF

Education 63,000 SF

Transit 6,500 SF

Public Space 23,000 SF

Flex 15,000 SF

Support 7,500 SF

Administration 15,000 SF

Education 120,000 SF

Transit 6,500 SF

La Brea Ave.

Peterson Automotive Museum

Fairfax Ave.

NETWORKED CAMPUS Wilshire Blvd.

VA Hospital

Training

Westwood/VA Hospital Health Site Area: 100,000 SF Building Area: 200,000 Population Density: 1.6 people/acre Westwood/ VA Hospital station is the terminus station of the Purple Line. It is located in a low-density area to the west of highway 405 with immediate proximity to the VA Hospital facility. The station will tie into existing bus routes to ensure connections to the rest of Wilshire. The lack of urban activity allows the opportunity to place larger training and athletic facilities at this campus location. Additional administrative and support areas may also be located on this site. The terminus and its educational programs will result in a larger-scaled campus than the previous iterations. This will mark a sense of place and provide a conclusive end to the line.

Fig. 56 Westwood/VA Hospital Isometric View

Public Space 20,000 SF

Flex 10,000 SF

Fig. 57 Westwood/VA Hospital Ground Floor Plan

Support 8,600 SF

Administration 27,800 SF

Education 120,000 SF

Transit 6,500 SF

Westwood Village

tal

Wilshire Blvd.

Research Labs

Hammer Museum

Westwood/UCLA Research Site Area: 75,200 SF Building Area: 180,000 SF Population Density: 52.9 people/acre

cre

s the terminus cated in a highway 405 with ospital facility. The outes to ensure re. The lack of nity to place es at this campus e and support s site. The grams will result he previous of place and ine.

Fig. 58 Westwood/UCLA Isometric View

Administration 27,800 SF

Transit 6,500 SF

Public Space 20,000 SF

Flex 15,000 SF

Support 7,500 SF

Administration 25,000 SF

Education 100,000 SF

Transit 6,500 SF

Fig. 59 Westwood/UCLA Ground Floor Plan

NETWORKED CAMPUS Ave. of the Stars

Sound Stage (Behind)

Black Box Theater

Constellation Blvd.

Century City Media Site Area: 40,000 SF Building Area:150,000 Population Density: 8.5 people/acre

F people/acre

n is the densest tract located at the Wilshire and low-rise, e. The location is and bank” open space. by students and ditionally, Westwood enter. High rise towers commuters. As a interchange of transit, estrian activity. UCLA’s ve blocks from the nity for collaborative D and UCLA.

Fig. 60 Century City Isometric View

ort SF

Administration 25,000 SF

tion 0 SF

Transit 6,500 SF

Fig.61 Century City Ground Floor Plan

Public Space 15,000 SF

Flex 10,000 SF

Support 5,500 SF

Administration 15,000 SF

Education 100,000 SF

Transit 6,500 SF

Wilshire Blvd.

Blvd.

Exhibition Space

Rodeo Shopping District

Wilshire/Rodeo Fashion Site Area: 24,750 SF Building Area: 90,000 SF Population Density: 30.4 people/acre

eople/acre

s located in one of LA While residential tyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s floor-area ratio is ent is unique in its high-rise office ries or more. This nantly used by e towers. There is a or Fox Studios located which provides unique es and partnerships. programs related to g production studios, black box theatres.

Fig. 62 Wilshire/Rodeo Isometric View

rt F

Administration 15,000 SF

on SF

Transit 6,500 SF

Public Space 11,000 SF

Flex 10,000 SF

Support 3,000 SF

Administration 7,000 SF

Education 40,000 SF

Transit 6,500 SF

Fig. 63 Wilshire/Rodeo Ground Floor Plan

NETWORKED CAMPUS

ng District

Wilshire Blvd.

La Cienega Blvd.

San Vicente Blvd. Commerical District

Saban Theater

Wilshi

Wilshire/La Cienega Start Up

eople/acre

Site Area: 19,700 SF Building Area: 70,000 SF Population Density: 14.9 people/acre

ocated in a ntersection of The site occupies lshire and Reeves from iconic s saturated with s, and famous e will benefit by logy programs ashion houses ning outcomes alent.

Fig. 64 Wilshire/La Cienega Isometric View

Administration 7,000 SF

Transit 6,500 SF

Fig.65 Wilshire/La Cienega Ground Floor Plan

Public Space 4,000 SF

Flex 5,000 SF

Support 3,000 SF

Administration 7,000 SF

Education 38,000 SF

Transit 6,500 SF

ter

Wilshire Blvd.

LACMA

Lecture Hall

Student Gallery

Wilshire/Fairfax Fine Arts Site Area: 50,000 SF Building Area: 150,000 SF Population Density: 15.3 people/acre

cre

cated in a ction of e site s frontage on tury e site, while mily homes his area public space e. This site is of commercial

Fig. 66 Wilshire/Fairfax Isometric View

Administration 7,000 SF

Transit 6,500 SF

Public Space 20,000 SF

Flex 50,000 SF

Support 7,500 SF

Administration 15,000 SF

Education 63,000 SF

Transit 6,500 SF

Fig. 67 Wilshire/Fairfax Ground Floor Plan

NETWORKED CAMPUS Residential District

Social Development Center

Wilshire Blvd.

Wilshire/La Brea Social Services Site Area: 61,400 SF Building Area: 180,000 SF Population Density: 47.5 people/acre

eople/acre

located in a ncentration of ings. The site is s Angeles County n higher than average LACMAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s campus with the station across the street. e blocks north and

ort SF

La Brea Ave.

Fig. 68 Wilshire/La Brea Isometric View

Administration 15,000 SF

ion SF

Transit 6,500 SF

Fig.69 Wilshire/La Brea Ground Floor Plan

Public Space 23,000 SF

Flex 15,000 SF

Support 7,500 SF

Administration 15,000 SF

Education 120,000 SF

Transit 6,500 SF

Westwood/ VA Hospital Health

Westwood/ UCLA Research

Century City Media

Wilshire/Rodeo Fashion

Wilshire/La Cienega Start-Up

Wilshire/Fairfax Fine Arts

Wilshire/LaBrea Social Services

Wilshire/Western

Wilshire/Normandie

Wilshire/Vermont

Wilshire/MacArthur Park

7th St./Metro Center

CONCLUSIONS

My thesis directly engages historical and contemporary definitions of institutions and urbanism. Research conducted primarily focuses on the way that public architecture responds to the social conditions in which it is operating. Additionally, the thesis calls into question the interoperability and agency of the architect in the design of infrastructure, which is the dominant source of investment in the contemporary American city. Infrastructure stands as one of the greatest areas for the expansion of architectural agency, and mono-use infrastructural systems dominate the current built condition across the United States . Invention and disruption is critical to allow architects to engage this process and offer alternatives which are anchored in plausibility. Recent expansions in American infrastructure, including Calatrava’s PATH station and Grimshaw’s Fulton station, are heavily subsidized by retail, signifying the contentious position which public space holds in the American psyche. The need for increased civic participation has never been greater; as tech companies acknowledge the deleterious effects their systems have on society, they are unwilling or unable to change the ways we interact online. The thesis posits that the bias in civic discourse be shifted toward physical occupation, interaction, and engagement to contribute to a healthier democracy. Infrastructure itself often forms the boundaries of division between demographic and socio-economic “bubbles” within the city. The engagement with these sites assures access from both sides. Investigation of social theory, including the formation of the historic “public sphere” and its subsequent demise, is a major component of this thesis, in an attempt to understand the contemporary “public” (or lack of) to devise an architectural response. This proposal for a networked campus offers a model for how we might approach public institutions and transit infrastructure in the city. The new partnership between LACCD and Metro would open up urban land that is far more suited to LACCD’s educational mission than its current, centralized organizational model. Creating partnerships between public institutions is an exciting means by which development can benefit the public 54

more than private interests. This new urban entity would leverage the strengths of each institution to provide a new public amenity. The possibility of integrating education with transit would expand the public’s interaction with educational programs and potentially change the way we view these institutions. At street level, typical Metro stations consist of glass pavilions which function primarily as a sign for access to vertical circulation. The ground plane is emptied and the allowable envelope is not maximized. My thesis captures this available real estate to make the relationship between above and below ground more exciting and exploit the vertical potentials these locations offer The Vertical Quad component of the networked campus reimagines the space of the quad as an architectural element which ties the different program categories together in section. The quad is the heart of the traditional campus, and this translation intensifies the activity happening within by adding transit passengers and the general public to LACCD’s student population. This space is the core of the proposed Public Infrastructure. The Vertical Quad makes the campus more democratic and open. Given more time, I would develop this space further through its material and spatial qualities. I would also spend more time on the public plaza, which results from the Vertical Quad rotating horizontally to spill onto the ground plane. Throughout both spaces, concerns of visibility and sight-lines are used to reinforce connection. The immediacy of social interaction and display of activity is the most successful aspect of this proposal. My thesis envisions a celebration of transit and education with the hope that a partnership between two public institutions will change the definition and efficacy of both. A new Public Infrastructure will offer this celebration as a model for how we might approach public institutions and transit infrastructure in the city.

Above: View of the Networked Campus educational spaces, which are tied together with transit and public programs through the Vertical Quad.

PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE

CITATIONS

Bibliography

Image Credits

General Research

ABSTRACT

Pope, Albert. Ladders. Princeton Architectural Press, 2nd Edition. 2015

2. Pope, Albert. “We are all bridge and tunnel people…” Log, No 12 (Spring/ Summer 2008), pp. 41-58. Published by Anyone Corporation. Accessed 23-02-2018. 3. Cuff, Dana. Collective Form: The Status of Public Architecture. Thresholds, No. 40, SOCIO- (2012), pp. 55-66. Published by MIT Press. Accessed 22-02- 2018. 4.

Maltzan, Michael. No More Play: Conversations on Open Space and Urban Speculation. Published by Hatje Cantz. 2011.

5. Robbins, Bruce. The Phantom Public Sphere. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1993. 6. Schroeder, Ralph. Social Theory after the Internet: Media, Technology, and Globalization. UCL Press, 2018. 7. 8.

Putnam, Robert. Bowling Alone: the collapse and revival of American community. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2000. Jarzombek, Mark. Digital Post-Ontology lecture at Becoming Digital Conference, University of Michigan Taubman College of Architecture. January 2018.

LA URBANISM 11. 12.

Making LA the Best Place to Connect: A Deep Dive on Civic Engagement in LA and Beyond. LA2050, Oct. 2017. Ibid.

13. METRO Westside Expansion https://www.metro.net/projects/westside/

Title Image: Conceptual Diagram Drawn by David Rader

CONTENTS

Title Image: Isometric view of Vertical Quad Drawn by David Rader

LA URBANISM Fig. 1 Santa Monica Freeway, circa 1920. web address Fig. 2 Typical Los Angeles Suburb. Courtesy of Fig. 3 Destruction of subway cars, circa. Courtesy of Fig. 4 View of I10 Corridor. Courtesy of Fig. 5 Peak Hours Spent in Traffic Congestion. Redrawn by David Rader based on data from ... Fig. 6 View of Wilshire Corridor. Courtesy of A NEW PARTNERSHIP Fig. 7

West Los Angeles Population Density Per Square Mile Redrawn by David Rader based on data from Social Explorer

Fig. 8 Map of Purple Line Expansion with Proposed Station Locations. Courtesy of Metro. Fig. 9 View of Metro Subway Station. Courtesy of Metro Fig. 10 West Los Angeles Population: White Alone, Black or African American Alone, Asian Alone. Redrawn by David Rader based on data from Social Explorer Fig. 11 Map of Existing Los Angeles Community College Campuses Redrawn by David Rader based on data from LACCD Fig. 12 View of Typical LACCD Campus Configuration. Courtesy of Google Earth. Redrawn by David Rader

14. As Transit Expands in LA, Will Walkability Follow? Fig. 13 Campus Organizational Models https://usa.streetsblog.org/2017/09/15/as-transit-ex Drawn by David Rader pands-in-los-angeles-will-walkability-follow/ Fig. 14 Decentralized LACCD Campuses 56

Drawn by David Rader Fig. 15 Conceptual Diagram of Campus Locations Connected with Transit Drawn by David Rader Fig. 16 Purple Line Transit Network Redrawn by David Rader based on data from GIS Mapping Fig. 17 Regional Transit Network. Redrawn by David Rader based on data from GIS Mapping NETWORKED CAMPUS

Title Image: Isometric View of the Purple Line with new College Locations. Drawn by David Rader

Fig. 18 View of São Paulo Museum of Art, Lina Bo Bardi, São Paulo, 1968. Image Courtesy of Fig. 19 Art Center College of Design, Craig Ellwood, Los Angeles, 1974. Image Courtesy of

Fig. 30 Ground Floor Plan Drawn by David Rader Fig. 31 Exploded Axon Drawn by David Rader Fig. 32 Cross Section Drawn by David Rader Fig. 33 Longitudinal Section Drawn by David Rader Fig. 34 View from Wilshire Blvd, Looking East Photo by David Rader Fig. 35 Aerial Perspective Photo by David Rader Fig. 36 Aerial View, Looking West Photo by David Rader Fig. 37 Exterior View at Street Level Entry, Looking Through to Plaza Rendering by David Rader

Fig. 20 Barnard College Diana Center, Weiss/Manfredi, 2010. Image Courtesy of

Fig. 38 Interior View at Metro Entry, Looking Down to Concourse Rendering by David Rader

Fig. 21 Available Metro Sites and Areas. Courtesy of Google Earth. Redrawn by David Rader

Fig. 39 Interior View at Lower Vertical Quad, Looking Toward Metro Circulation Rendering by David Rader

Fig. 22 Campus Program Diagram Drawn by David Rader

Fig. 40 Interior View of Student Art Studio Rendering by David Rader

Fig. 23 Purple Line Extension with Campus Locations. Redrawn by David Rader based on data from GIS Mapping

Fig. 41 Interior View at Vertical Quad, Looking Up Toward Student Gallery Rendering by David Rader

Fig. 24 Typical Transit Sequence Drawn by David Rader

Fig. 32 Cross Section Drawn by David Rader

Fig. 25 Proposed Transit Sequence Drawn by David Rader

Fig. 33 Longitudinal Section Drawn by David Rader

Fig. 26 Conceptual Program Diagram Drawn by David Rader

Fig. 34 View from Wilshire Blvd, Looking East Photo by David Rader

Fig. 27 Vertical Quad Diagram Drawn by David Rader

Fig. 35 Aerial Perspective Photo by David Rader

Fig. 28 Conceptual Section Drawn by David Rader

Fig. 36 Aerial View, Looking West Photo by David Rader

Fig. 29 Site Plan Drawn by David Rader

Fig. 37 Exterior View at Street Level Entry, Looking Through to Plaza Rendering by David Rader

CITATIONS

Fig. 38 Interior View at Metro Entry, Looking Down to Concourse Rendering by David Rader Fig. 39 Interior View at Lower Vertical Quad, Looking Toward Metro Circulation Rendering by David Rader Fig. 40 Interior View of Student Art Studio Rendering by David Rader Fig. 41 Interior View at Vertical Quad, Looking Up Toward Student Gallery Rendering by David Rader Fig. 42 Interior View at Upper Vertical Quad, Looking Toward Group Breakout Spaces Rendering by David Rader Fig. 43 Floor Plans Drawn by David Rader Fig. 44 Section Isometric Drawn by David Rader Fig. 45 Auditorium Overlook Drawn by David Rader Fig. 46 Public Library Drawn by David Rader Fig. 47 Ground Floor Lobby Drawn by David Rader Fig. 48 Student Gallery Drawn by David Rader Fig. 49 Group Breakout Space Drawn by David Rader Fig. 50 Lecture Hall Drawn by David Rader Fig. 51 Exterior View from Wilshire Blvd, Looking West Rendering by David Rader Fig. 52 Aerial View of South Elevation Rendering by David Rader Fig. 53 Exterior View from Orange Grove Dr, Looking East Rendering by David Rader Fig. 54 Networked Campus Plans Drawn by David Rader Fig. 55 Networked Campus Locations Redrawn by David Rader based on data from GIS Mapping 58

Fig. 56 Westwood/VA Hospital Campus Drawn by David Rader Fig. 57 Westwood/VA Hospital Ground Floor Plan Drawn by David Rader Fig. 58 Westwood/UCLA Isometric View Drawn by David Rader Fig. 59 Westwood/UCLA Isometric View Drawn by David Rader Fig. 60 Century City Isometric View Drawn by David Rader Fig.61 Century City Ground Floor Plan Drawn by David Rader Fig. 62 Wilshire/Rodeo Isometric View Drawn by David Rader Fig. 63 Wilshire/Rodeo Ground Floor Plan Drawn by David Rader Fig. 64 Wilshire/La Cienega Isometric View Drawn by David Rader Fig.65 Wilshire/La Cienega Ground Floor Plan Drawn by David Rader Fig. 66 Wilshire/Fairfax Isometric View Drawn by David Rader Fig. 67 Wilshire/Fairfax Ground Floor Plan Drawn by David Rader Fig. 68 Wilshire/La Brea Isometric View Drawn by David Rader Fig.69 Wilshire/La Brea Ground Floor Plan Drawn by David Rader CONCLUSIONS

Title Image: View of Vertical Quad Drawn by David Rader