DSWT/KWS Quarterly Mobile Veterinary Report January to March 2018

MOBILE VET UNITS TSAVO – MARA – MERU – AMBOSELI – MT KENYA REPORT JANUARY, FEBRUARY & MARCH 2018

MOBILE VETERINARY UNITS OVERVIEW JANUARY, FEBRUARY & MARCH 2018 During the January to March 3-month reporting period, the DSWT in partnership with the Kenya Wildlife Service and their four dedicated KWS field veterinary officers, attended to 98 wildlife cases involving 196 animals.

Of the 98 cases attended to 50 cases included elephants; 27 of these elephant cases were directly related to poaching activities with cases including 6 poisoned arrows, 14 spear cases, 1 bullet wound case and 6 snare cases, whilst there were 2 elephant rescues, 2 collaring cases (where a total of 25 elephants were collared), 13 cases treated for natural causes and 3 post-mortems. There were also 3 human-wildlife conflict cases involving 27 elephants; 24 of these elephants were successfully relocated to alleviate conflict, whilst another 3 elephants which had invaded a community resulting in danger to human life, were not located by the units after many hours of searching.

During this period 6 rhino cases were also attended to along with 8 lion cases. A number of other species including giraffe, cheetah, zebra, buffalo, leopard and plains game were also treated by the veterinary units.

The Tsavo Mobile Vet Unit attended to 23 cases, including 14 poaching cases, 2 postmortems, 6 natural causes and 1 collaring case which took 5 days with a total of 20 elephants collared. The majority of causes were caused by poaching with 3 arrow cases, 5 spear cases and 6 snaring cases.

The Mara Mobile Vet Unit attended to 10 cases of which 5 of the cases involved elephants and 2 involving predators as well as 2 zebras with snare wounds and 1 giraffe with a spear wound. Of the elephant cases, 3 were treated for poaching injures, 1 for a spear wound, 1 for an arrow wound and 1 for a bullet wound. 1 elephant was also treated for natural causes and another for a postmortem.

The Meru Mobile Vet Unit attended to 13 cases including 6 elephants and 1 predator case where 2 lions were relocated after the community complained of livestock predation. The elephant cases included 1 spear and 1 snaring case, 3 natural causes cases, and 1 HWC where 9 elephants were collared. The unit also attended to 2 zebras (1 snared, 1 natural cause), an eland for natural causes, 2 giraffes, 1 for snare, 1 natural, and 1 tracker dog.

The Amboseli Mobile Vet Unit attended to 15 cases, 11 of which were elephant cases with 5 caused by a spear wound, as well as 2 cases relating to natural causes, 1 collaring exercise where 5 elephants were collared in 2 days, 1 HWC case involving 3 elephants and 2 baby elephant rescues. 1 lion was also reported to be raiding homesteads but despite extensive searches was not found due to difficult terrain. 1 buffalo was rescued after getting stuck in mud and a zebra for natural causes. The Unit also immobilized an Ostrich for training purposes.

The Mt Kenya Mobile Vet Unit attended to 37 cases including 11 elephant cases – 2 of which were treated for arrow wounds, 2 for a snare wound and 2 for spear wounds, 2 natural causes and 2 postmortems as well as 1 HWC case where 15 elephants were moved to Tsavo as they frequently broke fences in Lewa and Borana Conservancies. The unit also attended to 4 predator cases, including 1 leopard which was poisoned due to HWC, 1 lion attended to for natural causes and 1 lion collaring. The unit also attended to 6 rhino cases of which 3 were for natural causes including Sudan the Northern White Rhino in Ol Pejeta who was attended to twice, other cases included 1 postmortem and 2 separate ear notching cases where 14 black and 11 white rhinos were ear notched in Lewa Conservancy. 2 giraffes and a variety of plains game cases were also attended to for reasons including natural causes and poaching related injuries.

TSAVO MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT JANUARY, FEBRUARY & MARCH 2018

TSAVO MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT JANUARY 2018 Introduction The new month of January had mixed fortunes for Tsavo Conservation Area and Amboseli National Park where this unit operated. Generally, there was enough forage and water for the browsers after the December short rains that were witnessed across the region. Tsavo East National Park elephants that were greatly affected by the recent drought have since recovered and their body condition greatly improved to a body score of 4/5. Most cases attended in the month were linked to human-wildlife conflict in Amboseli area and poaching attempts within Tsavo East National Park.

Cases attended were treatment of snared buffalo within Taita salt lick sanctuary, treatment of a speared elephant bull and 2 speared elephant cows within Amboseli National park, treatment of an elephant bull with an arrow wound near Tiva River, Tsavo East and another bull with arrow wound near Manyani gate, Tsavo East. In other cases an elephant bull was saved from a tight wire snare around the neck near Satao camp in Tsavo East and elephant collaring was undertaken across Tsavo Conservation Area with a total of 20 elephants mounted with satellite linked collars for monitoring human-wildlife conflict and effects of infrastructure development on elephants.

CASE 1. TREATMENT OF A SNARED BUFFALO Species: Sex: Age: Date: Place:

Buffalo Male Adult 18th January 2017 Taita Salt lick sanctuary

Introduction A buffalo with a snare around the neck was reported by rangers from Taita salt lick sanctuary. The team rushed to find the massive bull lying down under an acacia tree with visible snare wire hanging below the neck and a cut wound around the neck. Immobilization drugs were prepared and loaded onto a dart gun.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Vehicle darting was carried out. Using a Dan injectÂŽ dart rifl) the buffalo was darted and was immobilized after 6 minutes. The tight wire snare around the neck was removed. Cut wounds were cleaned using diluted hydrogen peroxide and then doused with tincture of iodine. Long acting Tetracycline and Dexamethasone were administered parenterally. Prognosis is good. Anaesthesia was reversed using Diprenorphine Hcl at 3 times the etorphine dose mixed with 0.5 cc Atipemazole hcl administered intravenously through the jugular vein.

Prognosis Good

CASE 2. TREATMENT OF AN ELEPHANT BULL Date: 20th January 2017 Species: Loxodanta Africana (African Elephant) Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Elerai Conservancy, Amboseli History Report was received from big life rangers of an injured Elephant bull within Elerai conservancy with blood oozing from the anal opening. The Vet was airlifted by DSWT chopper to the Amboseli national Park and found the bull nearby.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Helicopter darting was carried out. Using a Dan injectÂŽ dart rifle the Elephant was darted and immobilized after 8 minutes and fell on the flank. There was a deep spear wound on the back near the vertebral column with blood oozing out. The wound was washed clean with water mixed with hydrogen peroxide, necrotic tissues and pus were removed and the wound doused with tincture of iodine. Green clay was used to cover the wound. An intravenous administration of dexamethasone Hcl was given through the ear vein and the anaesthesia reversed by administration of diprenorphine. Prognosis is guarded to poor due to blood oozing from the anal opening.

Anaesthesia was reversed using Diprenorphine at 3 times the etorphine dose.

CASE 3. TREATMENT OF AN ELEPHANT COW Date: 20th January 2017 Species: Loxodanta Africana (African Elephant) Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Ol Tukai Lodge, Amboseli National Park.

History Report was received from the senior warden of an injured elephant bull within Amboseli National Park with a spear stuck on deep her forehead. With the team freshly back at DSWT HQ in Kaluku the Vet was airlifted back again to Amboseli by DSWT chopper to attend to a newly speared elephant cow.

Immobilization, examination and treatment . Helicopter darting was carried out. Using a Dan injectŽ dart rifle (Dan-inject APS, Sellerup Skovvej, Denmark) the Elephant was darted and immobilized after 7 minutes and fell on the flank. There was a deeply embedded spear on the cows’ forehead that was hard to pull out. It took effort of 3 men to pull the spear out. Blood gushed out and was cleaned out and tincture of iodine and green clay applied. Intravenous administration of dexamethasone Hcl was given through the ear vein and long acting Amoxicillin by intramascular route. Anaesthesia was reversed by administration of diprenorphine Hcl at three times the Etorphine dosage.

Prognosis Good

CASE 4. AUTOPSY OF A GIRAFFE CARCASS Animal: Giraffe Species: Giraffa camelopardalis Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Tsavo East Date: 26th January History and autopsy The report was made by tourists of a dead giraffe carcass near Aruba Lodge.

The vet team rushed to the area to ascertain the cause of death. The carcass was about three days old at mid-level of decomposition.

The carcass was opened and vital organs examined with no significant pathological changes observed. The death was ruled as natural.

CASE 5. TREATMENT OF AN ELEPHANT COW Date: 27th January 2017 Species: Loxodanta Africana (African Elephant) Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: El Selenkei Conservancy, Amboseli National Park History Report was received from big life rangers of an injured elephant cow within Selenkei Conservancy near Amboseli National Park with a spear wound on the left thigh near the groin.

The Vet was airlifted to Amboseli by DSWT chopper to attend to the speared elephant cow and found Big Life and KWS watching over the lone sickly elephant.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Foot darting was carried out. Using a Dan injectÂŽ dart rifle the elephant was darted and immobilized after 6 minutes and fell on its flank. The wound was cleaned with hydrogen peroxide and doused with tincture of iodine.

Oxytetracycline spray was applied and a final cover of green clay administered. Intravenous administration of Dexamethasone Hcl was given through the ear vein and long acting Amoxicillin by intramascular route. Anaesthesia was reversed.

Prognosis Good

CASE 6. TREATMENT OF AN ELEPHANT BULL Date: 28th January 2018 Species: Loxodanta Africana (African Elephant) Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Manyani, Tsavo East History Report was received from KWS Manyani gate staff of an injured Elephant bull with hanging muscle tissues on the lower abdominal area. The Vet team drove to the area and found the bull with his partner having moved away. They were followed and found nearby.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Vehicle darting was carried out. Using a Dan injectÂŽ dart rifle the elephant was darted and followed from a distance until he went down on lateral recumbency after 8 minutes. There was a deep penetrating wound on the lower abdominal area with hanging necrotic tissues and pus oozing out.

Large chunks of necrotic tissues were cut out, the wound washed clean using water mixed with hydrogen peroxide, necrotic tissues and pus were removed then the wound doused with tincture of iodine. Green clay was used to cover the wound. Long acting antibiotics were administered IM and dexamethasone Hcl given IV through the ear.

Reversal Anaesthesia was reversed using Diprenorphine at 3 times the etorphine dose and the Elephant stood up and walked away.

Prognosis Good

CASE 7. TREATMENT OF AN ELEPHANT BULL Date: 31st January 2017 Species: Loxodanta Africana (African Elephant) Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Tiva River, Tsavo East History Report was received from DSWT patrol plane of an injured elephant bull within in Tundani area of Tsavo East near Tiva River with an injury. The Vet team was airlifted by KWS chopper that was doing collaring in the area to attend to the case. The chopper was directed by DSWT patrol plane to the location of the injured bull.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Vehicle darting was carried out. Using a Dan injectÂŽ dart rifle the elephant was darted and was immobilized after 7 minutes and went down on sterna recumbency. The elephant was pushed to lateral recumbency. There were two arrow wounds on the left side of the body, one near the inguinal area and the other on the lower chest area behind the left front limb. The wounds were washed clean with water mixed with hydrogen peroxide, necrotic tissues and pus removed then doused with tincture of iodine. Medicinal green clay was used to cover the wound. An intravenous administration of dexamethasone Hcl was given through the ear vein and long acting antibiotics administered by intramuscular injections.

Prognosis Good

CASE 8. TREATMENT OF A SNARED ELEPHANT BULL Date: 31st January 2017 Species: Loxodanta Africana (African Elephant) Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Satao, Tsavo East History The elephant bull was first reported by Tsavo Trust team who were patrolling the area but couldn’t be attended the same day as it was late in the evening. The next morning the Vet driver patrolled the area and found young bull together with six other bulls browsing near Satao camp and called the vet. We rushed to the area with KWS chopper and easily found the car and the elephant.

Immobilization and treatment A dart was prepared and loaded with 18mgs of etorphine after which the bull was darted from a chopper. He was immobilized in 6 minutes. A tight deeply cutting wire snare which went around the neck and could have killed the elephant was cut loose. Pus, dirt debris and necrotic tissues were cleaned off, the wound cleaned by use of hydrogen peroxide mixed with water, doused with tincture of iodine and sprayed with oxytetracycline spray.

Wetted green clay applied to aid wound healing and keeps away dirt and flies. Long acting antibiotics and dexamethasone Hcl were administered parenterally. Anaesthesia was reversed using Diprenorphine at 3 times the Etorphine dose.

Prognosis Good

CASE 9. TSAVO ELEPHANT COLLARING EXERCISE Elephant collaring funded by Save the Elephants was undertaken across Tsavo Conservation Area. Twenty elephants split evenly between males and females were mounted with web linked collars for monitoring purposes. The aim of the collaring was to understand and map out effects of human-wildlife conflict and infrastructure development on elephant populations. The exercise took 5 days with the elephants being immobilized as per KWS veterinary protocols by vets and scientists. The exercise ran smoothly and in record time.

The collared elephants were distributed as below.

1. TSAVO WEST (Finch Hattons) ..........................A bull and a cow were collared 2. ,, ,, ( Mutito/Kaluku triangle area)....2 bulls and a cow were collared 3. ,, ,, (Jipe) ...........................................2 cows and a bull were collared 4. TSAVO EAST (Sagalla ranch)..............................A bull and a cow were collared 5. ,, ,, (Teita sisal/Kamtonga)..................A bull and a cow were collared 6. ,, ,, (Taita ranch)..................................A bull and a cow were collared 7. ,, ,, (Rukinga ranch).............................A bull and a cow were collared 8. ,, ,, (Satao/Dakota).............................A bull and a cow were collared 9. ,, ,, (Sala gate area)............................ A bull and a cow were collared

Other activities undertaken The unit examined several wildlife trophies/parts and produced expert reports to aid in prosecution of the offenders in court and testified in court on the same.

TSAVO MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT FEBRUARY 2018 Introduction The month of February returned mixed fortunes for the Tsavo conservation area with vegetation drying up fast but still with plenty of water at the temporary water holes around the region. Cases attended were treatment of an elephant orphan attacked by a lion near Ithumba DSWT stockades, an Elephant calf with a fractured femur near Voi River, Tsavo East, a majestic elephant bull with 2 spear wounds at Kimana sanctuary in Amboseli and sudden death in a Zebra investigated near Severin camp, Tsavo West to name but a few.

CASE 1. TREATMENT OF AN DSWT EX-ORPHAN ELEPHANT Date: 1st February 2017 Species: Loxodanta Africana (African Elephant) Sex: Male Age: Sub- adult Location: Ithumba, Tsavo East GPS coordinates: 37M 0431463 UTM 9756968 History This young elephant, a former DSWT orphan, was attacked by a lion while foraging near Ithumba Park Headquarters with other former orphans. He was saved by one of the other older orphans and then his herd lead him back to the stockade for safety where the keepers reported the injury.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The Vet was airlifted to Ithumba by DSWT aeroplane and found the injured elephant in one of the stockades. A dart consisting of 7mgs Etorphine was prepared and loaded into a Dan inject dart rifle. The Elephant was approached and darted from foot and went down after 5 minutes. There were puncture wounds all over the body inflicted by a lion and a serious laceration on the right knee joint with damage to muscle insertions and ligaments. The wound was washed clean using normal saline mixed with antibiotics then doused with tincture of iodine. Green clay was used to cover the wound. An intravenous administration of dexamethasone Hcl was given through the ear vein while Enrofloxacin was administered intravenously.

Reversal and Prognosis The anaesthesia reversed by administration of Diprenorphine at 3 times the Etorphine dose. Prognosis is guarded due to severe tissue damage to the limb.

CASE 2. TREATMENT OF AN ELEPHANT CALF Date: 4th February 2018 Species: Loxodanta Africana (African Elephant) Sex: Female Age: 4 years old Location: Voi River, Tsavo East History A report was received from the tourists regarding an injured elephant calf within Tsavo East National Park near Voi River. They reported that the calf was unable to walk. The team rushed to the area to find the calf and the mother under a tree along the river. Physical examination indicated a complete fracture due to carrying leg lameness.

Immobilization and management The elephant calf was darted from foot using 6mg of Etorphine in a dan-inject dart fired from a Dan-Inject rifle. The mother was chased away, and she went down after a few minutes. Close examination revealed complete fracture of the right femoral bone. With very poor prognosis the calf was euthanized due to animal welfare grounds.

CASE 3. TREATMENT OF AN ELEPHANT BULL Date: 7th February 2018 Species: Loxodanta Africana (African Elephant) Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Ithumba, Tsavo East History A report was received from Ithumba DSWT staff regarding an injured elephant bull with an injury to the left abdominal area. The Vet was airlifted by DSWT Helicopter and found the bull near the stockade under a tree.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was easily darted from the helicopter using 18mgs Etorphine in a 3 ml Dan - inject dart. After it was successfully darted, the helicopter followed the elephant from a distance until he went down on sterna recumbency after 8 minutes. The sitting position posed a threat as the elephant cannot breathe well. The helicopter landed and the team rushed in and pushed him into a lateral position but unfortunately he fell on the injured flank. A tractor was called in to assist with flipping the elephant over.

There was a deep penetrating wound to the upper abdominal area with pus oozing out. A drainage incision was made at the lowest point to drain out pus. The wound was then washed with water mixed with Hydrogen peroxide.

Necrotic tissues and pus were removed then the wound doused with tincture of iodine. Green clay was used to cover the wound. Long acting antibiotics were administered IM and Dexamethasone Hcl given via IV through the ear. Cause of injury is an arrow shot.

Reversal and Prognosis Anaesthesia was reversed using Diprenorphine at 3 times the Etorphine dose and the elephant stood up and walked away.

Prognosis is good.

CASE 4. TREATMENT OF AN ELEPHANT BULL Date: 8th February 2018 Species: Loxodanta Africana (African Elephant) Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Kimana sanctuary, Amboseli National Park.

History A report was received from Big Life Rangers about an injured elephant bull within Kimana Sanctuary near Amboseli National Park. They reported it had a spear wound to the right rump area and another higher up the flank. The Vet was airlifted to Amboseli by DSWT aeroplane and found big life and KWS teams watching over the injured elephant.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The vet prepared a dart containing 18mgs Etorphine and then darted the elephant from a vehicle using a Dan-injectÂŽ dart rifle. It was immobilized after 6 minutes and fell on its flank.

The two spear wounds were cleaned with Hydrogen peroxide mixed with water, doused with tincture of iodine and sprayed using Oxytetracycline spray. A final cover of green clay was administered. Another wound to the right front limb was also cleaned and green clay applied. Intravenous administration of Dexamethasone Hcl was given through the ear vein and long acting Amoxicillin by intramascular route.

Reversal and Prognosis Anaesthesia was reversed by administration of Diprenorphine Hcl at three times the Etorphine dosage. Prognosis is good.

CASE 5. AUTOPSY EXAMINATION OF A ZEBRA CARCASS Date: 9th February 2017 Species: Zebra Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Severin Camp, Tsavo West History The senior warden of Tsavo West National Park reported the sudden death of a zebra near Kitani Severin camp that morning. The team rushed to the area to find the bloated haemorrhaging carcass nearby.

Autopsy examination The carcass was lying on its flank with blood oozing from the nostrils, mouth and vaginal and anal openings. The blood wasnt clotting and there was evident bloating of the carcass. The area was dry with little forage left.

The signs observed are pathognomic for Anthrax infection and proper care was taken to prevent personell infection.

Gloves were worn and blood sample taken from the jugular vein. The carcass was disposed off by burrying deep in the ground and the ground desinfected using 10% formalin.

Slides stained using Giemsa stain returned positive rodes for Anthrax.

CASE 6. TREATMENT OF A SNARED ELEPHANT COW Date: 16th February 2018 Species: Loxodanta Africana (African Elephant) Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Sala gate, Tsavo East.

History This elephant cow was first reported by DSWT de-snaring team who were patrolling the area and alerted the Kaluku HQ. The Vet team was collected from Komboyo airstrip and airlifted by DSWT chopper to Sala gate area of Tsavo East where we found the team monitoring the herd with the snared elephant.

Immobilization, examination and treatment A dart was prepared and loaded with 16mgs of Etorphine after which the cow was darted from a chopper. She was immobilized in 6 minutes.

A tight deeply cutting wire snare around the neck was cut loose. Pus, dirt debris and necrotic tissues were removed and the wound cleaned using Hydrogen peroxide mixed with water, then doused with tincture of iodine and sprayed with Oxytetracycline spray. Wetted green clay was applied to aid in wound healing and to keep dirt and flies out of the wound. Long acting antibiotics and Dexamethasone Hcl were administered parenterally.

Reversal and Prognosis Anaesthesia was reversed using Diprenorphine at 3 times the Etorphine dose. It has been given a good prognosis.

CASE 7. TREATMENT OF A LAME ELEPHANT BULL Date: 19th February 2018 Species: Loxodanta Africana (African Elephant) Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Komboyo, Tsavo West History This elephant bull was reported by KWS research staff as they were escorting guests in the area. They alerted the vet team who rushed to the area to find the bull had moved away from the water hole. The bull was traced and found nearby.

Immobilization, examination and treatment A dart was prepared and loaded with 18mgs of Etorphine after which the cow was darted from a vehicle. She was immobilized in 6 minutes. The right knee was swollen with no obvious external injury. The knee joint injury was thought to have been caused by natural causes.

Flunixine meglumine Hcl were administered parenterally to ease the pain and swelling.

Reversal and Prognosis Anaesthesia was reversed using Diprenorphine at three times the Etorphine dose.

CASE 8. MANAGEMENT OF A SNARED HIPPO Date: 19th February 2018 Species: Hippopotamus Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Sabaki River, Malindi History This snared Hippo was reported by KWS personnel from Malindi station. It had a tight tissue cutting wire around the neck that had cut through skin, the fat layer and some neck muscles.

The Hippo posed a great challenge as it was difficult to locate and there were risks of drowning after immobilization.

A team comprising of the Vet Unit, locals, KWS rangers from Malindi station and Honorary Wardens managed to trace the hippo on the 19 th February 2018.

It was found deep inside the river and assessment of the injury gave it poor prognosis due to the difficulty of darting, retrieving from the river and prospects of the wound healing in case of success in the earlier mentioned intervention steps.

Prognosis A decision was made to euthanize the Hippo on animal welfare grounds.

CASE 9. TREATMENT OF A LAME ELEPHANT CALF Date: 21st February 2018 Species: Loxodanta Africana (African Elephant) Sex: Male Age: 5 years old Location: Teita sisal estate, Mwatate History The Teita Sisal staff manning the Conservancy alerted the vet team to a lame elephant calf. The Vet team rushed to the area to find the young bull under a tree.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The calf was immobilised using 6 mgs of Etorphine in a dan-inject dart. The vet darted the calf from a vehicle and he was immobilized in 5 minutes. The left front knee was swollen with no obvious external injury.

The lameness was most likely caused by a joint dislocation. Flunixine meglumine Hcl were administered parenterally to ease the pain and swelling.

Reversal and Prognosis Anaesthesia was reversed using Diprenorphine at three times the Etorphine dose. The young age of the elephant gives it a better prognosis.

CASE 10. TREATMENT OF AN ELEPHANT BULL Date: 23rd February 2018 Species: Loxodanta Africana (African Elephant) Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Manyani, Tsavo East History A Report was received from KWS Manyani gate staff regarding an injured elephant bull with a huge swelling on the right rear leg that had pus oozing out. The Vet team drove to the area and found the bull with his partner nearby.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was darted with 18mg Etorphine from a vehicle using a Dan-Inject rifle. He was then followed from a distance until he went down on sternal recumbency after 9 minutes. He was pushed to lateral recumbency which revealed a penetrating wound to the upper thigh area near the lumbo-sacral area with huge accumulation of pus stretching down to the knee joint area.

The lowest point of the wound was cut open and large amounts of pus drained out. Chunks of necrotic tissues and an arrow head were then removed from the wound after which the wound was washed clean using water mixed with Hydrogen peroxide and tincture of Iodine. Green clay was used to cover the wound and long acting antibiotics were administered IM as well as Dexamethasone Hcl via IV through the ear.

Reversal and Prognosis The anaesthesia was reversed using Diprenorphine at 3 times the Etorphine dose and the elephant stood up and walked away. Prognosis is good.

Other activities undertaken 

The unit examined several wildlife trophies/parts and produced expert reports to aid in prosecution of the offenders in court and testified in Malindi court on the same.

TSAVO MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT MARCH 2018 The month of March witnessed heavy rainfall which has not been seen in the Tsavo ecosystem at this time of the year for the last 10 years. The sudden rains flooded water pans across the park and turned the vegetation ravaged by last year’s drought lush and green. The cases handled dropped significantly due to wildlife dispersal across the ecosystem caused by abundant forage and water and consequently decrease in human-wildlife conflict. Cases handled include treatment of a huge Elephant bull with a leg injury near Amboseli National Park, immobilization and euthanasia of a snared Waterbuck in Taita Hills Sanctuary, treatment of a lame elephant cow near Bachuma, Tsavo East and examination of lionesses with facial growths in Taita Hills Wildlife Sanctuary.

CASE 1. TREATMENT OF AN ELEPHANT BULL Date: 6th March 2018 Species: Loxodanta Africana (African Elephant) Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Amboseli National Park GPS coordinates: 37M 0319192 UTM 9695091 History A report of a lame huge elephant bull was received from the senior warden of Amboseli National Park. The wellknown elephant bull with massive tusks had been seen days before with other bulls foraging and looking fine near the park, but today he was all alone near Kimana gate struggling to walk. As the Amboseli unit was away on off duty, the Tsavo vet was airlifted by DSWT aeroplane to Amboseli National Park. After landing they drove to the area to find the huge bull under a tree relaxing all alone with an obvious injury to one of his limbs. Darting equipments and immobilization drugs were prepared.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was darted using 18 mgs of Etorphine from foot and went down on lateral recumbency. The trunk and the ear were positioned correctly to aid in breathing and temperature control. There was a deep penetrating wound to the left hind leg just above the sole area with pus oozing out. Probing using clean tissue forceps indicated a deep penetrating wound that affected the joint. The wound was washed clean using water mixed with Hydrogen peroxide, necrotic tissues and pus were removed then the wound doused with tincture of iodine. Green clay was used to cover the wound. Long acting antibiotics were administered IM and dexamethasone Hcl given IV through the ear. Cause of injury is suspected to be a spear. After the treatment was done, the rest of the team were instructed to leave the area as the vet administered the reversal drug.

Reversal and Prognosis The anaesthesia was reversed using Diprenorphine at 3 times the Etorphine dose and the elephant stood up, though with difficulty, and walked away slowly. Prognosis is guarded due to joint infection and will require a repeat treatment for better chances of healing.

CASE 2. TREATMENT OF A SNARED WATER BUCK Date: 10th March 2018 Species: Water buck Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Taita wildlife sanctuary History A report was received from the honorary warden around Taita Hills regarding a snared waterbuck near Sarova Taita Lodge dam that was barely able to walk. The Tsavo Vet Unit got ready and rushed to the Wildlife Sanctuary to find the snared waterbuck lying down near the dam with a visible wire snare.

Immobilization and Management The waterbuck was immobilised with 6 mgs of Etorphine Hcl mixed with 40 mgs of Xylazine and went down in 4 minutes. Examination revealed an extensive deep cut on the fetlock joint by the tough wire snare that nearly severed the hoof. The joint was completely damaged with skin, ligaments and synovial cavity all damaged exposing the distal condyle of tibia. The injury was given poor prognosis hence the waterbuck was euthanized by administration of 20 CC of euthanaze (20% Pentobarbitone Sodium) by rapid IV injection through the jugular vein.

CASE 3. TREATMENT OF A SNARED ELEPHANT COW Date: 21st March 2018 Species: Loxodanta Africana (African Elephant) Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Bachuma, Tsavo East.

History A report was made by tour drivers regarding a lone elephant cow in Bachuma area of Tsavo East National Park foraging alone with no other herd nearby and showing signs of lameness while walking. The unit drove to the area from their base at park headquarters near Voi to find the lone cow busy feeding.

Immobilization, examination and treatment A dart was prepared with 16mgs of Etorphine and then darted from a vehicle. She was immobilized in 5 minutes but unluckily fell on the injured limb. A rope tied to the unit vehicle and fastened on all four limbs was used to flip the elephant over. A section of the right front foots sole had peeled off leaving a raw and sensitive cushion innervated by meissners and pacinian corpuscles that made walking painful. Dirt debris and necrotic tissues were scrubbed off, then the wound was cleaned using hydrogen peroxide mixed with water, doused with tincture of iodine and sprayed with Oxytetracycline spray. Wetted green clay was applied to aid in wound healing and keep off dirt and flies. Long acting antibiotics and Dexamethasone Hcl were administered parenterally.

Reversal and Prognosis Thee anaesthesia was reversed using Diprenorphine at 3 times the Etorphine dose. Other graze wounds from falling were also treated. The body condition of the elephant was not very good hence she was assisted onto her feet.

Prognosis given is good.

CASE 4. EXAMINATION OF LIONS WITH GROWTHS Date: 25th March 2018 Species: Panthera leo(African Lion) Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Taita salt lick sanctuary History The resident lions at Taita Sarova Sanctuary have been spotted several times by both tourists and local rangers with growths around the face that appear abnormal. The Vet was called in to examine the growths and to see whether they are transmissible. The team visited the Conservancy and after a thorough search the lions were found near Riverine vegetation. Visual examination by use of binoculars revealed abnormal growths around the whiskers.

Immobilisation, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved with 300 mgs of Ketamine and 4 mgs of meditomidine Hcl. Tissue samples of the growths were taken and preserved in formalin, 70% ethanol and another frozen to be submitted to the laboratory for diagnosis.

Reversal The lioness was revived using Yohimbine Hcl after 1 hour.

Other Activities The unit examined several wildlife trophies/parts and produced expert reports to aid in prosecution of the offenders in court and testified in Hola court in Tana River County and Voi court on the same.

MARA MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT JANUARY, FEBRUARY & MARCH 2018

MARA MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT JANUARY 2018 Introduction The Mobile Veterinary Team reported back to work towards the middle of the month from their annual leave. Part of January was characterised by heavy precipitation which declined towards the end of the month. The entire conservation area is robust with forage and water for wildlife.

The following cases were handled during the period;

CASE 1. INJURED LION CUB Date: 21st January 2018 Species: African lion Age: 3-4 months Sex: Male Location: Masai Mara National Reserve (Near Talek) History This lion cub was seen in the morning by the county security team. He was dragging his hind quarters trying to cross a marshy area. Other members of the pride were nowhere to be seen. They called the mobile veterinary unit for assistance.

Examination This lion cub was captured manually without sedation and closer examination revealed a deep bite wound to the middle of his spine. This could have been caused by other lions. Severe dyspnea was noted with indications of damage on diaphragm. The posterior half of his body was paralysed with vital physiological functions such as micturition and defaecation hampered.

Prognosis His prognosis was considered grave and it was prudent to prevent him from further suffering. He was sedated with medetomidine and ketamine combination before being euthanized with 20% pentobarbitone sodium administered intracardially. The carcass was then disposed of properly

CASE 2. INJURED LION

Date: 22nd January 2018 Species: African lion Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Naboisho conservancy History This old male of about 14 years was seen injured within Naboisho conservancy by the conservancy rangers. They called the mobile veterinary unit for intervention who found the male lying in a small thicket with fresh injuries on his back.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Restraint was achieved chemically by use of a combination of 4.8mgs Medetomidine and 200mgs Ketamine hydrochloride. Induction time was eight minutes.

After placing him in the shade and in a comfortable position, examination revealed he was involved in a fight with other males. This could have been a territorial conflict. Bite wounds were inflicted to his back but luckily the spinal cord was not damaged, and coordination was still good.

The wounds were debrided with Hydrogen peroxide and rinsed with clean water. Tincture of iodine was applied for disinfection and Cloxacillin antibiotic ointment was infused.

Additionally, he received an intramuscular administration of 3000mgs Amoxicillin antibiotic.

Reversal Achieved by administration of Yohimbine given intravenously through the saphenous vein one hour after immobilization.

Prognosis Though this male will recover from the injuries, he will not live for long in the wild due to his advanced age and degradation of his canines. Food acquisition will be a challenge without functional canines.

CASE 3. INJURED ELEPHANT BULL

Date: 27th January 2018 Species: African elephant Age: Adult Sex: Male Location: Siana-Ompopongi Area History This collared bull christened Lempiris had been seen with an arrowhead in the right side of his flank by the Elephant Aware Team in Siana. They called the mobile veterinary unit for intervention. The vet unit found the bull browsing with a big herd within Siana/Olarro conservancy. He had a relatively fresh wound to his left flank and appeared elusive.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved by use of 17mgs Etorphine hydrochloride delivered through a 3ml dan-inject dart from a vehicle. The drugs took effect after ten minutes with this elephant assuming left lateral recumbency. Examination revealed a fresh wound caused by an arrow. The arrowhead had since fallen out, leaving an open wound. This wound was cleaned with the help of hydrogen peroxide and disinfected with tincture of iodine. Cloxacillin ointment was infused into the wound which was then packed with green clay. Additional treatments include parenteral administration of long acting Amoxicillin antibiotic and Flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatory.

Reversal Reversal was achieved by administration of 42mgs Diprenorphine hydrochloride through a prominent ear vein. He woke up in three minutes and joined the rest of the herd.

Prognosis Prognosis is good.

MARA MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT FEBRUARY 2018 Introduction The month was relatively quiet with few cases reported. With stringent measures undertaken by Park Management, all illegal activities such as grazing have ceased, and the wildlife is thriving. Though there has been reduced precipitation, there is still enough forage and water for the wildlife within and around the park.

The following cases were handled during the period:

CASE 1. INJURED ELEPHANT BULL

Date: 1st Feb 2018 Species: African elephant Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Siana-Nkineji History This big bull was reported to be in poor condition by Olarro Conservancy and KWS rangers based in Nkineji. He was reported to be alone and wasting away in a small thicket near a lugga. The Vet Unit found him in the lugga but he retreated deep into the thicket on approach. Helicopter services became necessary to push this bull out of the lugga and thicket for further examination and treatment.

Immobilization, examination and treatment With initial resistance, this bull was finally pushed out into the open using a helicopter and darted with 15mgs Etorphine hydrochloride through a 1.5ml Dan-inject dart from the air. Induction time was ten minutes and he went down initially on sternal recumbency before being pushed to lie on his left lateral side.

Examination revealed a severely wasted bull with poor body score. There was a penetrating wound to the right temporal side that exited on the right side with sepsis. There was another deep penetrating wound to his forehead which appeared to have been caused by a projectile. This elephant was in severe pain with grave prognosis.

Euthanasia was considered but he succumbed whilst the team was still deliberating.

Conclusion This elephant with big tusks was most likely targeted for poaching and sustained suspected gunshot wounds to the head leading to debilitating injuries.

KWS and Olarro conservancy rangers removed the tusks for safe custody and accounting.

CASE 2. SNARED ZEBRA Date: 5 th Feb 2018 Species: Common zebra Age: Adult Sex: Male Location: Olarro Motorogi Conservancy History This snared zebra was seen and reported to us by Olare Motorogi conservancy rangers. He was found isolated from the other zebras with two wires snares, one on the left rear limb at the fetlock joint and another around the neck.

Both were plain wire snares.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Restraint was achieved chemically by use of a combination of 6mgs Etorphine hydrochloride and 50mgs Azaperone delivered through a 1.5ml Dan-Inject dart. The zebra was darted from a vehicle, after which it ran for a few minutes before being overwhelmed by the drugs and assumed sternal recumbency. He was made to lie in an appropriate position for de-snaring.

The snare on the left leg had slightly eaten into tissues while the one on the neck was loose. Both snares were removed with resultant wounds being debrided and disinfected with tincture of Iodine. He received Amoxicillin antibiotics 4500mgs, parenterally to stop advancement of sepsis. Additionally, he was given 1000mgs Flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatory intramuscularly before being reversed.

Reversal Reversal of the anaesthetic was achieved by intravenous administration of 18mgs Diprenorphine hydrochloride through the jugular vein. He woke up two minutes after reversal and joined the rest of the herd.

Prognosis Good.

CASE 3. INJURED ELEPHANT BULL Date: 7 th Feb 2018 Species: African elephant Age: Adult Sex: Male Location: Masai Mara National Reserve History This big bull was seen injured by Naibor lodge guides together with the Masai Mara Reserve rangers on the morning of this date. They called the Vet Unit for help. This bull was found browsing alone in a small thicket with the upper portion of his rear right limb injured and swollen. He walked with difficulty.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Restraint was achieved by use of 16mgs Etorphine hydrochloride delivered through a 3ml Dan-Inject dart from a vehicle. It took ten minutes for the drugs to take full effect with the elephant assuming left lateral recumbency.

Examination revealed injuries inflicted to his right thigh extending to the right rump most likely caused by an attack from another bull. The wound margins were rough and appeared to be caused by tusks.

The wounds were debrided thoroughly with Hydrogen peroxide, then rinsed with clean water and disinfected with tincture of Iodine. Green clay was then packed into the wound to facilitate healing. Other treatments involved parenteral administration of 30000mgs Amoxicillin antibiotic and 5000mgs Flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatory.

Reversal Reversal of the anaesthetic was achieved by intravenous administration of 36mgs Diprenorphine hydrochloride through a prominent ear vein. He woke up in four minutes and retreated to the thicket.

Prognosis Good.

CASE 4. SPEARED GIRAFFE Date: 12th Feb 2018 Species: Masai giraffe Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Olkurruk area History This young male was seen with a spear lodged on the left side of his neck by Mara Triangle Conservancy Rangers and The Ann K. Taylor De-Snaring Team who alerted the Vet Unit. The two teams also participated in the treatment exercise.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved by use of a combination of 12mgs Etorphine hydrochloride and 50mgs Azaperone. It took eight minutes for the drugs to take full effect upon which he was roped and pulled down. The anaesthetic was then reversed with 30mgs Diprenorphine hydrochloride given through the jugular vein before commencement of treatment.

The spear was carefully removed and wound examination revealing moderate infection. It was debrided and flushed with Hydrogen peroxide and copious amount of water before being disinfected with tincture of iodine.

Cloxacillin ointment was infused and topical spray of Oxytetracycline then applied. Other treatments include parenteral administration of long acting Amoxicillin antibiotic and Flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatory. He was released after treatment and woke up comfortably to join the rest of the herd.

Prognosis Good

CASE 5. INJURED LION Date: 15th Feb 2018 Species: African lion Age: Adult Sex: Male Location: Rhino ridge History This old male christened ‘Lipstick’ was seen injured by the Mara Reserve rangers on their normal patrol. They called the vet unit for help. Lipstick found alone, hungry and severely limping on both his right front and right hind legs.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved by use of a combination of 4.8mgs Medetomidine and 240mgs Ketamine hydrochloride delivered through a 3ml Dan-Inject dart. Darting was carried out from a vehicle and it took eight minutes for the drugs to take full effect.

After positioning him well, examination revealed a sprain of his right shoulder with moderate swelling. His right hind leg was wasted from a long term injury with some degree of muscular atrophy. No fresh injury to this hind leg was evident.

This lion is over 15 years old with his upper canines worn out and infected. There was also advanced degradation of the incisors meaning this lion cannot live without other pride members to help him kill prey.

Treatment involved administration of anti-inflammatories to relieve pain and reduce swelling as well as antibiotics to prevent any opportunistic infections.

Reversal Reversal of the anaesthetic was achieved after one hour by use of Yohimbine given intravenously through saphenous vein. He woke up in four minutes and went to a shade.

Prognosis Due to his old age and worn out canines, this lion is approaching his sunset years in the wild and might not live for long. The good thing is that the pride was still close by and they are still hunting for him, for now.

CASE 6. EXAMINATION OF A DEAD LIONESS

Date: 17th April 2018 Species: African lion Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Kichwa Tembo (Mara Triangle) History This lioness was seen the morning of this date with severe lethargy and fast breathing by Mara Triangle Conservancy Rangers. It had some bite wounds that could be seen from a distance. However, she died soon after the report was made to the Mobile Veterinary Unit.

Post-mortem Examination A post-mortem conducted on arrival showed this lioness was involved in a fight with other lions and had deep injuries to her left inguinal area and left thorax. Other bite wounds were observed on her forehead. The wounds were relatively fresh though deep.

Of particular interest was the injury to her left thorax which had fractured the last two ribs and damaged the pleural cavity. The lungs were damaged, collapsed and haemorrhagic. The immediate cause of death for this lioness could have been pneumothorax causing respiratory arrest and dyspnoea.

CASE 7. REPEAT TREATMENT OF AN INJURED ELEPHANT Date: 24th Feb 2018 Species: African elephant Sex: Male Age: Sub adult Location: Olarro conservancy History This elephant, in a herd of several other elephants, was seen limping by the Olarro Conservancy Management. He had been treated late last year for multiple spear injuries, one deep wound to his right rump accessing the hip joint and another one to the right elbow joint. He immediately disappeared from the Conservancy for some months after improving. They called the unit for assessment. The Vet Unit found him browsing alone in a thicket away from the rest of the herd. His body condition was good except for the limp of his right foreleg. A decision to immobilise him for further examination was arrived at.

Immobilization, examination and treatment He was darted from foot and it took ten minutes for the drugs to take full effect with this young bull assuming left lateral recumbence. The wound to the rump was almost healed and the joint had recovered. Further cleaning and medication of this wound was done which did not appear to bother this bull as he was not limping from the hind quarters. The wound to the right elbow had completely healed although the joint appeared slightly swollen. Given that he was in good body condition, the damage to the joint was considered permanent and it is hoped this elephant will live positively with the problem. He was given antibiotics and anti-inflammatories parenterally before being reversed.

Reversal Reversal was achieved, and he woke up in three minutes and retreated deeper into the thicket.

Prognosis Prognosis is good as though he has a problem with his gait and a permanent limp, his health is good.

Other Activities Examination of the seven lion cubs treated for mange infestation during December showed they are doing well with alopecia disappearing and they are on their way to recovery. They were seen near Olkiombo air strip doing well.

MARA MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT MARCH 2018 Introduction The period under review was characterised by increased precipitation leading to severe flooding of most seasonal rivers. This hampered mobility and drastically reduced number of cases reported and attended to. This also came as a blessing for wildlife as this led to availability of plenty of water and forage.

Cases attended to included a week old baby hippo which was swept away by floods but was eventually rescued and re-united with the mother. The month also witnessed an increase in domestic animal predation by lions with the community retaliating by spearing a young lioness after killing several sheep in an enclosure at night. KWS officers took over investigations and offered assurance to the affected families. This happened only a week after another pride killed several cows in a nearby village. The owners were convinced to give wildlife authorities a chance for investigation and possible compensation.

CASE 1. INJURED ELEPHANT Date: 13-03-2018 Species: African elephant Age: Adult Sex: Male Location: Musiara area (Near Main Governor’s Camp) History This old bull nicknamed `Blossom’ is a regular visitor to Governor’s camp.He was spotted with an arrowhead at the base of his trunk and a suppurating wound on his right hind leg by Masai Mara Reserve Rangers and Governor’s camp guides. They called the mobile veterinary unit for help. This old bull was seen near the camp in company of a very protective young bull. He appeared calm with the arrowhead clearly visible from a distance.

Immobilization, examination and treatment Restraint was achieved chemically by use of 15mgs Etorphine hydrochloride delivered through a 1.5ml dan-inject dart from foot. All along, the young bull was very protective of him and made several mock charges before eventually moving away. The big bull followed him before being overwhelmed by the anaesthetic ten minutes later after covering close to 500meters. After stabilizing him, a thorough examination was conducted. The barbed arrowhead was retrieved from the base of the trunk and another one was found and removed from the injured left thigh after deep probing. Both arrowheads were considered not poisoned. The wounds were thoroughly cleaned with copious amount of water and hydrogen peroxide. Tincture of Iodine was used for disinfection and Cloxacillin ointment infused.Other treatments include parenteral administration of 30000mgs amoxicillin antibiotic and 5000mgs flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatory.

Reversal Reversal of the anaesthetic was achieved by administration of 36mgs Diprenorphine hydrochloride through a prominent ear vein. He woke up in three minutes to join his colleague.

Prognosis Good

CASE 2. DE-SNARING OF A ZEBRA Date: 24th March 2018 Species: Common zebra Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Kawaii area (Trans-Mara) History This male zebra was seen dragging a braided wire snare on his right hind leg by Ann K Taylor de-snaring team together with Mara Triangle Rangers. They called the mobile veterinary unit for intervention. The Vet Team found him grazing with other zebras in a community area in good body condition. He was dragging a long-braided wire snare on his right hind leg loosely attached to his fetlock joint.

Immobilization, examination and de-snaring Immobilization was achieved by use of a combination of 6mgs Etorphine hydrochloride and 50mgs Azaperone delivered through a 1.5ml dan-inject dart from a vehicle. It took seven minutes for the drugs to take full effect with this zebra assuming left lateral recumbency. Since the snare was loose, it was removed without any complications and no injury on the leg was noted.

Reversal Reversal of the anaesthetic was achieved by use of 12mgs Diprenorphine hydrochloride administered intravenously through the jugular vein. He rose up in two minutes to join the rest of the herd.

Prognosis Good.

CASE 3. EXAMINATION OF A DEAD ELEPHANT COW Date: 26th March 2018 Species: African elephant Sex: Female Age: Adult (45-50years) Location: Masai Mara National Reserve History This old female was found dead the morning of the 26 th March by the Reserve security patrol team. They called the mobile veterinary unit to ascertain the cause of her death.

General observation The following was noted on general assessment;  This old female appeared to be in a fair body condition despite her age. She had a body score of 3 out of 5 where 5 is excellent and 1 poor  She looked excessively bloated given that it was less than three hours since she died  No external injury noted even after turning the carcass over  She appeared to be lactating as both teats were engorged with milk being released on expression.  There were signs of struggle to stand up at the scene. There was also evidence the rest of the herd unsuccessfully tried to pull her up  Age related skin warts were observed on the dorsal parts of his body On opening the carcass, the following findings were noted:  There was excessive tympani of the gastrointestinal system  The lungs were pushed against the rib cage owing to abdominal pressure  The liver and kidneys were all congested with the kidneys appearing larger than normal  Uterus was located with signs of involution  Further examination revealed, the small intestines were twisted with a haemorrhagic band observed and could have caused the death of this elephant Conclusion This elephant cow could have died from intestinal torsion as the picture and post mortem lesions pointed to this.

Spirited attempts to locate and age the calf for possible rescue were made in vain. The family could not be traced and all the teams were advised to be on the lookout and report as soon as it is spotted for assessment.

Other Activit

MERU MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT JANUARY, FEBRUARY, MARCH 2018

MERU MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT JANUARY 2018 Introduction This report describes activities of the Meru Veterinary Unit in January 2018. Among the cases attended were removal of a spear in an elephant in Namunyak Conservancy and treatment of wounds on an elephant in Milgis. In Meru National Park we treated a common zebra which showed signs of head injury while in Solio ranch we immobilized a reticulated giraffe to relieve obstructed birth.

The unit acknowledges support of the David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust and KWS management for support provided to this unit in providing veterinary intervention to Wildlife in northern Kenya.

CASE 1. TREATMENT OF COMMON ZEBRA Date: 17 January 2018 Species: Common zebra Sex: Male Location: Mulika swamp, Meru National Park History We found this zebra during routine patrol in the Park. It showed loss of body condition, circling movements and showed no fear of humans when approached on foot. It had been left behind by its herd mates. We immobilized the zebra to evaluate the cause of illness.

Immobilization and examination Immobilization was achieved using Etorphine 6mg and Azaperone 80mg in a Dan Inject dart.

Examination showed bilateral bleeding from the ear canal and circling movements suggestive of traumatic head injury. This can occur due to intra species fight.

Treatment and prognosis A conservative treatment approach was carried out. Anti – inflammatory drugs and multivitamin injection were administered. This zebra was not found on subsequent search therefore its fate remains unknown.

CASE 2. TREATMENT OF ELEPHANT FOR FIGHT WOUNDS Date: 23rd January 2018 Species: African elephant Sex: Male Location: Pareu, Milgis lugga History Scouts from the Milgis Trust reported an elephant had wounds on its left flank as well as above the stifle joint of the right hind limb following a fight with another elephant two weeks earlier.

Immobilization and examination The elephant was immobilized using 22mg Etorphine Hydrochloride using a Dan inject intramuscular dart. Darting was done on foot.

Examination showed deep wounds on the hock joint of the right hind leg. A penetrating wound on the left flank with exuberant tissue was also observed. Wounds are thought to have been as a result of a fight.

Treatment The wound on the right hind limb was cleaned and exuberant flesh debrided using a scalpel blade, the wound was flushed using dilute hydrogen peroxide and disinfected using tincture iodine-soaked swabs. Green clay was smeared on the wound to speed up healing.

The elephant was treated with 3000mg of Amoxicillin Trihydrate, 100mg of Dexamethasone and 100ml multivitamin intramuscularly. The large male was on left lateral recumbency making it impossible to manage the wounds on the left flank however the parenteral antibiotics administered will help fight infection.

Anesthesia was reversed using 500mg Naltexone Hydrochloride intravenously. The large male’s attempts to get up were futile but it was successfully helped to its feet by help of a vehicle.

Prognosis Following treatment Milgis Trust scouts reported the elephant had shown improvement and was feeding well. On 30th January, 7 days after treatment, this elephant was found dead on the Milgis lugga. The cause of death may be due to perforating wounds into the left abdominal cavity which was not examined.

CASE 3. TREATING A SPEAR WOUND IN AN ELEPHANT Date: 24th January 2018 Species: African elephant Sex: Female Location: Sarara Lodge, Namunyak Conservancy History The elephant was seen with a spear sticking out of from the right shoulder by Namunyak Conservancy rangers two days earlier.

Immobilization and examination The elephant was immobilized using 20mg of Etorphine Hydrochloride and went down on sternal recumbency. Its two herd members were scared off with rifle fire and help of a vehicle before it was positioned on lateral recumbency.The spear wound penetrated approximately 30cm into the right shoulder muscle. It seems this animal was speared from a cliff.

Treatment The spear was pulled out and the resultant wound and another wound on the elephant’s right hind limb were flushed with dilute hydrogen peroxide and disinfected using dilute tincture iodine. Green clay was smeared on the wound to speed up wound healing.

The elephant was treated using 3000mg Amoxicillin Trihydrate and 100mg Dexamethasone administered intramuscularly. Anaesthesia was reversed using 60 mg of Diprenorphine hydrochloride intravenously at a prominent ear vein and the elephant was up on its feet 4 minutes later.

Prognosis Although the wounds were infected, this elephant is expected to make a full recovery following this treatment.

Namunyak conservancy rangers will monitor and report if further treatment is required.

CASE 4. A CASE OF DYSTOCIA IN A RETICULATED GIRAFFE Date: 31/01/18 Species: Reticulated giraffe Sex: Female Age: Adult History The dam had been spotted by Solio rangers with foetal limbs hanging out from the vulva for 48 hrs.

Immobilization and management The animal was immobilized using 12 mg Etorphine hydrochloride and 80mg Azaperone tartarate combined in one intramuscular dan inject dart and ropes used to cast it down to lateral recumbency. Anaesthesia was reversed using 36mg diprenorphine hydrochloride administered intravenously at the jugular.

The foetus was in a transverse presentation with all four limbs sticking out of the vulva. The chorioallantois membranes had ruptured depicting that the dam was in stage two of labour.

The transverse presentation was manipulated to a posterior presentation by retropulsion of the forelimbs before applying traction to the hind limbs. The vulva was lubricated with copious amounts of liquid paraffin before attempting to deliver the foetus by traction. The dam unfortunately died during the manipulations and a post mortem was done.

Post mortem findings The uterine body was lying in the abdominal cavity. In addition to the transverse presentation the foetus also presented with unilateral left hip flexion and ventral flexion of the neck .

The cause of death was prolonged obstructive dystocia due to foetal malpresentation and unilateral left hip flexion causing a lot of fatigue as well as stress from anaesthesia.

MERU MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT FEBRUARY 2018 Introduction This report describes activities of the Meru Veterinary Unit in February 2018. Northern Kenya has been dry with declining pasture and water resources and increasing interaction between livestock, wildlife and humans. However, there were few reported cases of human/ wildlife conflict resulting in wildlife injuries.

Among the activities carried out by the unit was the translocation of two lions from Sericho, Isiolo County to Meru National Park to reduce livestock depredation following complains by the local community. Fifteen elephant bulls were also translocated from Solio/ Sangare area in Laikipia County to Tsavo West National Park. This activity was carried out in collaboration with the Mt. Kenya/ Southern Laikipia Veterinary Unit and a capture team from KWS Headquarters. It is hoped the removal of the bulls will reduce human wildlife conflict in the area due to loss of crop and human life. This report was submitted separately by Dr. Mijele of Mt. Kenya/ Southern Laikipia veterinary unit.

In Naibunga Conservancy we attended to an elephant which showed lameness and in Meru National Park an eland was treated for lameness. In Aquilla farm, Naivasha we removed a snare which had caused severe injuries on a zebra.

The unit acknowledges support of the David Sheldrick wildlife Trust and KWS management to provide veterinary intervention to Wildlife in Northern Kenya.

CASE 1. LAMENESS IN ELEPHANT Date: 11th February 2018 Species: African elephant Sex: Female Location: Naibunga conservancy History A sub- adult elephant was reported to be lame by Naibunga Conservancy Rangers. The elephant presented with weight shifting lameness favouring the right forelimb which was visibly swollen. The body condition was good, but the young elephant was alone and had a slightly irritable demeanor.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was immobilized using 12mg of Etorphine Hydrochloride and went down on lateral recumbency.The right forelimb was swollen around the carpal joint, manipulations of the limb produced crackling sounds and aspiration of the swelling produced a blood tinged aspirate. It was diagnosed with fracture and subsequent hematoma formation. The elephant was treated using 3000mg Amoxicillin Trihydrate and 100mg Dexamethasone administered intramuscularly.

Reversal and Prognosis Anesthesia was reversed using 36 mg of Diprenorphine hydrochloride intravenously at a prominent ear vein and the elephant was up on its feet 5 minutes later. The fracture hematoma plays an important part in the initial stage of regenerative process of fracture healing as a source of inflammatory cells which aid in the bone healing process. The elephant was young and has a chance of healing completely. Healing may be prolonged due to the long distance the elephant would have to cover to get to a water point during the drought season.

CASE 2. LAMENESS IN ELAND Date: 15th February 2018 Species: Eland Sex: Female Location: Meru National Park History The adult female eland was lame on its right forelimb with slight swelling around the pastern joint. The animal showed signs of pain and discomfort. When standing the animal presented with non-weight bearing lameness and on the trot weight shifting lameness favouring the affected limb.

Immobilization, examination and treatment This eland was immobilized using 10mg of Etorphine Hydrochloride and 120mg of Azaperone tartarate combined in a 3ml Dan-Inject intramuscular dart. It went down on sternal recumbency before a blind fold was applied. The affected limb was swollen with no visible injury. Following joint manipulation and deep palpation the vet determined this was not a fracture but more likely a sprain. The eland was treated with Dexamethasone 60mg administered intramuscularly.

Reversal and Prognosis Anesthesia was reversed using 30 mg of Diprenorphine hydrochloride intravenously at the jugular vein and the animal was up on its feet 4 minutes later. Prognosis is good.

CASE 3. SERICHO LION TRANSLOCATION Date: 24 – 28 February 2018 Species: Lion Sex: Female Capture site: Sericho Release site: Meru national park Translocation Two adult female lionesses were captured and translocated from Sericho, Isiolo North, to Meru National Park between the 24 th February and 28th February following complaints from the community regarding loss of livestock from predation.

The lions were enticed at night using bait and call backs before being immobilized using 4mg of Medetomidine and 296 mg of Ketamine hcl combined in a 3ml Dan-Inject intramuscular dart. An additional dose of 150mg Ketamine hcl was administered intramuscularly to ensure safe transport of the lions to the site where the cages were located. A reversal drug was not administered, and the lions were left to sleep off the drug effects in the cages before transport.

Both lionesses were alert and fully recovered within 3hrs and transported safely to Meru National Park.

One of the lionesses was fitted with a collar for tracking and monitoring.

CASE 4. SNARE REMOVAL IN COMMON ZEBRA Date: 28 February 2018 Species: Common zebra Sex: Male Location: Aquilla Farm, Naivasha History This zebra had a tight snare around its right hind leg proximal to the hoof. It was immobilized to remove the snare on 28 February 2018.

Immobilization, examination and management The zebra was darted using a combination of Etorphine and Azaperone in a 3-millimeter dart. It was darted from a vehicle after a brief chase. Down time was 5 minutes.

Examination showed a tight winch wire snare which had cut through the soft coronary band tissue on the right hind leg. The snare was removed by untying the slip knot. Subsequently wounds were treated by cleaning with water and dilute Hydrogen peroxide. Povidone iodine and a topical antibiotic spray were also applied. Parenteral Betamox trihydrate and Dexamethasone were given by intramuscular route.

Reversal of anesthesia and prognosis Reversal of anesthesia was achieved using Naltrexone hydrochloride 80mg through the jugular vein. The zebra was standing two minutes after administration of the reversal drugs. It is expected that this zebra will regain full health within two weeks.

MERU MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT MARCH 2018 Introduction This report describes the activities of the Meru veterinary unit in March 2018. The unit responded to several cases including the removal of a snare from an elephant trunk and treatment of snare wounds on a reticulated giraffe in Meru National Park. We also attended to a tracker dog which suffered from Trypanosomiasis, a disease transmitted by tsetse fly which is endemic to Meru park. In Lerata Community Land, Samburu we attended to a Grevy zebra which suffered a ruptured Achilles tendon.

The unit participated in an elephant translocation from Lewa/ Borana conservancies to the larger Tsavo West national park to reduce human elephant conflict in the area. The unit acknowledges support of the David Sheldrick wildlife Trust and KWS management which has enabled timely and effective veterinary intervention to Wildlife in northern Kenya.

CASE 1. TRANSLOCATION OF ELEPHANTS FROM BORANA/LEWA CONSERVANCY TO TSAVO WEST NATIONAL PARK Date: March 7 - 16, 2018 Species: African Elephant (Loxodanta africana) Capture site: Borana/ Lewa conservancy Release site: Tsavo West National park History The elephant monitoring team in Lewa identified nine (9) bull elephants as frequent fence breakers and the cause of human-elephant conflict to communities living around Borana/ Lewa conservancy. These animals have been monitored over the years and have been identified and recommended for translocation to Tsavo West National park.

Capture and Translocation Process The elephants were located and darted from a helicopter then recovered using a lorry fitted with a lifting crane and moved to the loading bay where they were loaded onto the transportation truck and revived from anaesthesia. The Meru Mobile Veterinary Unit participated in this very important exercise.

CASE 2. TRACKER DOG TREATMENT FOR CANINE TRYPANOSOMIASIS Date: 17th March 2018 Name: Paco Sex: Male Species: Dog - Malanois Age: 43 months Weight: 25kgs History The dog presented with a history of reduced appetite, general body weakness and blindness.

Examination and treatment Examination revealed a temperature of 38.9°C, capillary refill time of 3 seconds, swollen prescapular lymph nodes and pale mucous membranes. The blood smear showed Trypanosomes while a complete blood cell count showed a low PCV at 16%. Eye examination showed: bilateral superficial keratitis with blepharospasms. The diagnosis was Canine trypanosomiasis with secondary bilateral keratitis The dog was given a Diminazine aceturate 140mg subcutaneous injection which was repeated on the 19/03/2018, Gentamicin/ Dexamethasone eye drops which were needed daily for 7 days and Hematinic syrup.

Prognosis Subsequent review on March 23rd showed bright alert demeanor, pink mucous membranes, increased weight (28kg) and good appetite. Although the dog had responded well to anti-trypanocidal treatment, its eyes required further attention hence it was referred to a specialist. images unavailable for this case

3. TREATMENT OF SNARE WOUND IN A RETICULATED GIRAFFE Date: 20th March 2018 Species: Reticulated giraffe Sex: Male Location: Meru National Park History The giraffe had a swelling and open wound slightly proximal to the pastern joint possibly from a wire snare. The animal presented with weight bearing lameness.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The giraffe was immobilized with 12mg Etorphine hcl and 40mg Azaperone tartarate combined in one intramuscular 3ml Dan-inject dart following a car chase.

There was no snare on the limb but the wound around the limb was clearly caused by a stricture characteristic of wire snares. The swollen part of the limb was hard in consistency possibly due to prolonged restriction of circulation. The tissue was however still viable.

The wound was cleaned, debrided using dilute hydrogen peroxide and disinfected using dilute tincture iodine then covered adequately with Oxytetracycline aerosol. The giraffe was treated with Amoxicillin Trihydrate 6000mg and Flunixin meglumine 1000mg administered intramuscularly.

Reversal Anesthesia was reversed using Diprenorphine 36 mg hydrochloride intravenously into the jugular vein.

CASE 4. SNARE REMOVAL FROM AN ELEPHANTS TRUNK Date: 24th March 2018 Species: African elephant Sex: Male Age: Infant Location: Meru National Park History An infant elephant with a snare around its trunk was reported by a tour driver on the morning of the 24th and was tracked later that afternoon.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The vet decided to immobilize the mother first then capture the infant via physical restraint. The elephant mother was immobilized using 14mg of Etorphine Hydrochloride and went down on sternal recumbency. Its herd members were scared off with the help of a vehicle before it was positioned on lateral recumbency. The infant unfortunately ran off with the other herd members and the mother’s anesthesia was reversed using 60 mg of Diprenorphine hydrochloride intravenously at a prominent ear vein and the elephant was up on its feet 4 minutes later.

The infant was spotted again, and this time successfully isolated from its mother and captured by physical restraint.

The wire snare was tightly tied around the trunk resulting in a deep wound around the entire circumference of the trunk. The snare was cut and the wound cleaned, debrided using dilute hydrogen peroxide and disinfected using dilute tincture iodine. The wound was then sprayed with Oxytetracycline aerosol. The infant elephant was treated using 3000mg Amoxicillin Trihydrate and 250mg flunixin meglumine administered intramuscularly and freed to reunite with the rest of the herd.

CASE 5. ACHILLES TENDON INJURY IN GREVY ZEBRA Date: 25th March 2018 Species: Grevy zebra.

Sex: Male Location: Lerata, Samburu.

History and clinical signs The adult male was reported by the Grevy Zebra Trust staff to be lame with an injury sustained from a predatory attack. The zebra was recumbent on arrival with a large avulsion wound on the lateral and caudal aspect of its right hind limb proximal to the hock joint. When standing the zebra exhibited severe postural abnormalities. During the weight bearing phase of the right hind limb the tuber calcaneus dropped below that of the opposite hock and the tibiotarsal joint showed excessive flexion.

Immobilization and management The animal was immobilized for closer examination using 4mg Etorphine hcl and 40mg Azaperone combined in one intramuscular Dan-inject 3ml dart. A physical examination showed a ruptured achilles tendon with hyper flexion of the tibio tarsal joint. These wounds were also contaminated and oozed pus.

Prognosis Due to extensive injuries the zebra was euthanized to relief pain and suffering.

AMBOSELI MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT JANUARY, FEBRUARY, MARCH 2018

AMBOSELI MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT JANUARY 2018 Introduction . We began with a heavy down pour early in the month compensating for the little rains experienced in October through December period. This has made the prairies look fantastically green and the hills are covered with heavy bushes which are flowering brilliantly. Animals are wandering freely within the vast ecosystem as they catch up with eating in an attempt to recover from the debilitating drought which had grave outcomes. Human-wildlife conflicts signs have been noted. Spearing has just begun originating from crop raiding and security threat during cattle herding.

Reach out programs and efforts are in top gear to reverse the animosity witnessed so far. This is encompassing all stakeholders on a government, non-governmental organizations and community level. Positive results have been experienced through the initiative so far. Hopefully harmonious relationship will be established henceforth.

CASE 1. ELEPHANT TREATMENT Date: 4/1/2018 Species: Elephant Sex: Male Age: Juvenile Location: Amboseli National Park History The injured elephant was spotted on 24/12/2017 by Senior Warden Amboseli National Park while on his game drive near the Ol-tukai swamp circuit. Due to poor network coverage and late hour in the day, he shelved the report to the following day when he shared the report with the Mobile Vet Unit. Sadly the following day the elephant could not be found. On 3/1/2018 a tour driver while doing his morning ride spotted an injured elephant and immediately informed the Park Tourism Warden. The warden quickly sent out the Park Security team to go and verify and report back to him. Meanwhile the warden alerted the vet team to be on standby. In thirty minutes the case was confirmed and needed intervention.

Observation The juvenile male was found at the edge of the swamp in the company of two big females one of which was the mother. The open wound discharging pus was on the right side of the chest, mid-way about one foot from the spinous process of scapular. It was an open septic wound and appeared to have been caused by a spear tentatively more than three weeks earlier.

Immobilization The Vet vehicle was used to approach the elephant who was about five meters away from one of the females. While near the female a successful dart was placed on the animal sending panic to both the female and the juvenile. They kept being anxious and after eleven minutes post darting the juvenile went down on his sternum, but shortly got up again. He moved a little bit but eventually gave up completely and went down on sternum.

Treatment The dead tissue hanging at the entrance was cleared and the wound thoroughly cleaned with Hydrogen Peroxide and Iodine. The wound was then covered with wet green clay packed generously and topically sprayed with Tetracycline wound spray. The elephant was injected intramuscularly antibiotics.

Reversal This was done after seven minutes post recumbence. The elephant was up in two minutes. The mother was about four hundred meters away facing where the treatment was going on. The mother noticed its approach and begun to move towards it and after a minute they re-joined and were left together.

Prognosis Prognosis is good because the animal was still strong and the spear had not gone into abdominal cavity.

CASE 2. INJURED ELEPHANTS Date: 4-6/1/2018 Species: Elephant Sex: Male, Female, Calf Age: 2 adults, 1 calf Location: Sagala Area; Voi History The vet unit travelled to Voi on 4/1/2017 and on the following day aerial and ground team searches were mounted.

We did not find any injured elephants, but it was suspected they had joined a large group in Sagala Ranch the previous night after rangers drove them out.

The search extended the following day on the 6/1/2018. It was during the mid-morning that the Unit was diverted to Kimana Sanctuary for another speared elephant case after chances for locating the Voi ones slimmed. The Kimana Elephant had been spotted on 5/1/2017 with a spear lodged in its back. The Vet Unit embarked on Kimana intervention meanwhile being on standby for the Voi elephants.

CASE 3. ELEPHANT TREATMENT Date: 6/1/2018 Species: Elephant Sex: Male Age: Sub adult Location: Kimana Sanctuary History The residential rangers on the sanctuary on 5/1/2018 came across an elephant during normal morning patrol which has a lodged spear on the left lumbar region. They immediately reached out to the Vet Mobile Unit. Big Life Foundation along with two vehicles and the DSWT aerial fixed wing, teamed up with the resident rangers and in midafternoon the vet unit was informed that the candidate was still in sight. This time the spear had dislodged leaving a blood oozing injury. We approached on foot to observe the size of the wound so that we could judge the amount of drug to use.

Treatment After immobilisation a comprehensive quick treatment regime was sought. The wound canal was probed using forceps and there was no foreign body lodged. It was thoroughly cleaned using Hydrogen Peroxide and Tincture of Iodine. It had not gone deep into abdominal cavity. It was packed with wet green clay abundantly and then sprayed with Tetracycline wound spray. It was systemically injected with anti-biotics.

Reversal Reversal was done after six minutes post recumbence with 40mgs Naltrexone into ear vein. The elephant was up in three minutes. It was turned by use of vehicles and driven into the nearby bush.

Prognosis Fair prognosis was awarded because we believed there to be no internal injuries/bleeding.

CASE 4. ELEPHANT TREATMENT Date: 10/1/2018 Species: Elephant Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Amboseli National Park History The lame wounded adult elephant was spotted on 9/1/2018 by a tour guide early in the morning as they went to ODARE swamp, efforts that day were not successful, but fortunately the following day while Amboseli Elephant Trust team were on their routine monitoring patrol, they came across the elephant and immediately called the vet. The right fore limb was swollen especially from the elbow down. At the metacarpal joint laterally on the same limb there was pus discharging from a wound which appeared to have been caused by spear.

Treatment The wound was probed using long forceps for any foreign material/body but there was nothing. It was disinfected using Hydrogen Peroxide and Iodine. The debris was thoroughly removed and edges were freshened to initiate granulation and scab formation. 5grams of Cloxacillin Ointment was infiltrated as deep as possible into wound canal followed by generous packing of wet green clay. It was injected into different muscle sites with antibiotics.

Reversal Immobilization was reversed using 40mgs Naltrexone injected into superficial vein on the right ear. It got up after several attempts because the limb could not bend at metacarpal joint. It examined us carefully shaking its head but later it walked away limping.

Prognosis There was favorable prognosis. The joint integrity had not been interfered with and that it could reach out for browse and water.

CASE 5. OSTRICH CAPTURE Date: 11/1/2018 Species: Ostrich Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Amboseli National Park History Ostrich is one of the bird species hardly treated because it rarely gets any ailment requiring vet intervention. This is what informed the vet to do a demonstration to the Vet Unit personnel on how to go about it just in case it is encountered with a condition needing its capture.

Exercise Briefs A brief on impending exercise was carried out in the open savannah of the Park to the personnel who were to be involved. This was in front of an ostrich couple with two big chicks about a hundred meters away. This was to be a good subject to test the skills of the internship vet because it is not an easy candidate to dart. Any intervention on the bird needed to be performed quickly before the bird is fully awake and fully recovered to resist manual restraint.

This is presumed to be up to five minutes post reversal. Dangers of running into objects post darting in induction stage were explained. Risks of rolling upon recumbence and breaking its’ neck were also pointed out. Roles were divided amongst us and it was time to do a trial.

Immobilization The intern vet was the one responsible for making dart, darting, effecting any needed treatment sampling and reversing the animal. A vehicle was used to approach and dart. The female separated herself in a manner like leading us away from the rest of flock for their safety. The male remained with the two chicks. She pretended to cover the chicks and after every ten to twenty meters ran waiting for the vehicle to get closer. This behavior proved useful in the darting exercise as it turned out that she was near the vehicle close enough for a successful quick accurate dart on the thigh which she kept exposing. Two handlers simultaneously approached and held firmly the wings while she was on left lateral recumbence and placed her on sternal recumbence with head held up by one hand of the handler.

Neck was too weak to hold the head on its own.

Result The trial was considered successful.

CASE 6. ELEPHANT IN GULLEY Date: 14/1/2018 Species: Elephant Sex: Male Age: Sub-adult Location: Marba; Amboseli National Park History A sub-adult male elephant was reported by Big Life Foundation Marba Team to have been found on the floor of a gully unable to stand. The vet team was on its way back from Nairobi to Amboseli where it had gone to pick classified drugs and other necessary supplies. The elephant’s family members were roaming within the area as if waiting for the little one to join them.

After thorough screening concerning the elephant it was obvious that the elephant had plunged approximately ten meters into the gulley with its posterior side first. It kept struggling to get up, but posterior side depicted paralysis.

Due to exigency of duty I could not make it that day and by fact that the case had poor prognosis I authorized the KWS PAC Team whom I had screened about the situation to euthanize the elephant and recover trophies for safe custody and onward transmission. This was to get rid of unnecessary suffering because it appeared it had injured its spine within lumbar area.

The team decided to give it chance to see whether it would recover overnight. In the morning the elephant was static with weak breath. It was at that point that it was euthanized and the ivory was recovered.

AMBOSELI MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT FEBRUARY 2018 Introduction The month under review has been characterized by sudden decrease in vegetation cover as temperatures have soared. Within the community conservancies the savannahs once full of grass and over flowing water pans have all disappeared. Wildlife has flooded into the park which still has essential viable habitat. Domestic animals have also been herded into the park causing an unbearable pressure on the limited resources.

We hope that things will change over the following months as there are signs of eminent rain at the end of the month.

Conservation efforts have been geared towards marking dispersal routes of the animal during this dry period of the year. This has been achieved by a collaring exercise conducted on elusive troublesome elephants in order to help in curbing human-wildlife conflict.

CASE 1. ELEPHANT COLLARING EXERCISE Date: 12-15/2/2018 Species: Elephant Sex: 4 Males & 1 Female Age: Adults Location: Amboseli Ecosystem History A pre-collaring survey was done one week preceding the exercise in order to locate areas where predetermined candidates were for effective collaring. Candidates were identified as middle-aged males because they are more likely to break fences, crop raid and travel long distances looking for mates. The individuals were darted from a helicopter due to the difficult terrain. It was possible to clearly identify the candidates and drive them into open areas where the ground team could easily deploy the collars and ensure safety of the animal and personnel security. A fixed wing was used for locating individuals and directed the crew to possible locations. Personnel included teams from Nairobi KWS Hqs, Amboseli Park, Community Conservancies and IFAW. Immobilization On average the collaring exercise took fifteen minutes and the vet unit monitored the animal throughout.

Collaring, Sampling and Treatment None of the candidates had any injury necessitating treatment. Collars were fitted by the collaring team and the parameters recorded included the frequencies, identities, lengths together with animal bio data. Other samples included whole blood in cryovials preserved in liquid nitrogen, ticks in absolute alcohol and in reta and another frozen in liquid nitrogen, ear tissue in absolute alcohol and fecal samples preserved in formalin. All were delivered to KWS Hqs Laboratory for different analysis.

Prognosis All candidates were given good prognosis as there was no complication experienced during the exercise.

CASE 2. BABY ELEPHANT RESCUE Date: 13/2/2018 Species: Elephant Sex: Male Age: Calf Location: Amboseli National Park History The Amboseli Park Security team while on patrol came across a baby elephant which had plunged into a water hole.

It was for sure that the team could not successfully rescue the calf thus they called the vet team which was at Kuku Conservancy collaring the third elephant of the day.

Rescue We met the security team a kilometer away from the site at 6:45pm. The mother was nowhere to be seen but we presumed she had not gone far. The calf was held by ears exposing the limbs and with the help of five able men, it was successfully removed out of water. It was still energetic and ambulating depicting suckling reflex. The next move was to try and locate the mother within the vicinity quickly. It was placed in one of the open pick up and we drove in different directions. The mother heard the baby trumpet and after only covering less than a kilometer towards nearby shrubs we spotted the mothers’ trunk above the shrubs picking our scent. We quickly stopped and off loaded the calf from the pick-up. By this time mother was about a hundred meters away. The calf trumpeted again and the mother charged. We quickly took off and she charged at us for about fifty meters before going back to the calf. She inspected it and recognized it. She offered it teats to suckle and it was a successful reunion.

Prognosis Has a fair prognosis. Hopefully there won’t be any pneumonia complications.

CASE 3. BABY ELEPHANT RESCUE Date: 15-16/2/2018 Species: Elephant Sex: Female Age: Calf Location: Amboseli National Park History In the evening, the vet team received a call from Amboseli Park security team concerning a stuck and abandoned calf at an edge of a swamp near Observation Hill course way. It was already night making it very difficult to trace the mother and organize transport to the elephant nursery if needed. We rushed to the scene and found the calf fully submerged in sticky clay mud. The area appeared ragged depicting mothers’ efforts to pull it out. Nearby there were two males outside the swamp with another family of seven members inside the swamp. Despite the calf desperate trumpets, they seemed uninterested. We anticipated resistance from them but to our surprise we got none. We assessed and moved to the edge quickly.

Rescue The only part of the calf visible was the top of the head and upper part of the ears. Its’ trunk was exposed making breathing possible. We held it by ears and tried to fish the front limbs from the mud. Eventually with the help of four men, the calf was pulled out of the mud after a struggle. It was cleaned using clean water. We tried to test the nearby herd’s interest by placing the calf close by and drive them towards it. We were surprised by the reaction of one female which knocked the calf not once but thrice to the ground upon any approach. We quickly recovered the calf and called the DSWT nursery.

The calf was to spend a night at Amboseli Park Hqs so that it could be collected the next morning by a chartered air plane. It was given plain water and was still strong. It was kept in a padded warm room till the following day. There was frequent contact with DSWT on the progress of the rescue exercise and status of the calf.

Prognosis It was given fair prognosis though it needs to be monitored for any possible complications suffered before rescue such as pneumonia, internal injury etc.

CASE 4. ZEBRA TREATMENT Date: 20/02/2017 Species: Zebra Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Amboseli National Park History The Amboseli Mobile Vet Unit found an isolated grazing zebra while on usual patrol within the park. This elicited our interest as to why the zebra was alone. We urged it to move only to realize that it was lame on the left hind limb.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The candidate was darted from the vehicle using 4mgs Etorphine and 70mgs Azaperone topped up with water for injection. The mud was peeled off, exposing a septic wound about five centimeters diameter at the fetlock joint laterally and distal to it was a ripe abscess almost of same size. These injuries seemed to have arisen from territorial fights as there were also accompanying skin lacerations on the gluteal muscles and neck depicting bites from counterparts. The abscess was aspirated and discharged yellowish pus. The abscess was drained by incising the ripe apex using a surgical blade which yielded lumps of thick yellow pus. Both the wound and lanced abscess were cleaned using Hydrogen Peroxide and Tincture of Iodine. 10 grams of Cloxacillin antibacterial ointment was infiltrated into both dead spaces created by debridement and lavage. Systemically it was injected with 15000mgs Amoxicillin, 30ml Cyanocobalamine and 10mgs Flunixin Meglumine at different muscle sites to cater for opportunistic pathogens, induce appetite and reduce pain respectively.

Reversal The anesthetic was reversed using 10mgs Naltrexone mixed with 6mgs Diprenorphine injected into the jugular vein after eleven minutes of treatment. The zebra was on all four in three minutes and walked slowly away from the treatment site.

Prognosis It has good prognosis because only soft tissue was involved.

CASE 5. LAME ELEPHANT Date: 23/02/2017 Species: Elephant Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Kimana Sanctuary History One of the Big Life Foundation Sargent’s spotted a lame elephant across the Isinet farming area. The elephant was in a group of many elephants who were browsing in Kimana Sanctuary. He immediately reached out to the Amboseli Mobile Vet Unit and issued the GPS. The Vet Unit responded promptly before the group disappeared from the location.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The Vet Unit were joined by Kimana Sanctuary rangers and went to the location where the lame elephant had been spotted. It was approached quietly so as to make an observation. It was observed that the reported elephant is a wellknown candidate who appears lame while on ambulation. This is because its’ right hind limb appears short. In fact this has earned her the nick name ‘KIGURU’. The reporter did not ascertain the nature of lameness before reporting Prognosis Good. She has been breeding even under the condition. She has the second calf since she was observed with the condition.

CASE 6. PROBLEMATIC LION Date: 24-26/02/2017 Species: Lion Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Ngurumani History The need to capture and translocate this problematic Lion was necessitated by persistent raiding of cattle bomas within Olkiramatian/Solale/shompole area.

The exercise was organized from KWS Headquarters and the Amboseli Mobile Vet Unit joined the Nairobi team at Ngurumani KWS Station which acted as operation base from where the location signals were being monitored from.

The lion had raided and predated on a goat on 21/2/2018. Its’ satellite collar indicated that it had covered only 111m in a dense forested escarpment area. It was not clear whether it had finally settled there, or it had a health problem impeding movement.

Management Due to demand of duties and the difficult terrain the animal was in, it was decided that the ground team would keep monitoring the animal until it moves to suitable ground for easy capture. The vet team would then respond within the shortest time possible. images unavailable for this case

AMBOSELI MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT MARCH 2018 Introduction There has been a dramatic change within the Amboseli Ecosystem over the past month. The environment has been transformed from dry dusty earth to wet, green and blossoming vegetation. Heavy rains began at the start of the month and continued throughout causing rapid regeneration of vegetation. As Amboseli National Park is a basin, it has been flooded the whole month which has made it difficult for wildlife to access all the new growth. Wild populations are therefore at their lowest within the Park as they seek shelter on raised ground, found in the surrounding Community Conservancies.

The following are veterinary activities attended to during the month;

CASE 1. STUCK BUFFALO Date: 1/3/2017 Species: Buffalo Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Amboseli National Park History A buffalo in distress was seen at the Iremito causeway within Amboseli National Park. It was stuck in mud. The Vet Unit was informed of the incident by the Park Security Team whilst on their usual patrol duties. An intervention was immediately mounted.

Rescue This old rogue buffalo was alert and on sternal recumbence close to the road. It was urged to move by probing and pulling its tail but it was unable to free itself from the mud. It was evident that it had attempted to get out for quite some time.The vet unit anchored one end of a rope to the vehicle and looped the other end around the horns, which was done by throwing the rope from the roadside. The rope looped around the base of the right horn and it was assumed that it would be enough for the pull. Once free from the mud, the vet unit planned to quickly release the rope attached to the vehicle to avoid using immobilizing drugs.

Once everything was set, the vehicle was given a go ahead and the animal was pulled to the dry road edge while on left lateral recumbence. The rope was quickly released from the vehicle, but the animal remained on lateral recumbence allowing the vet to remove the rope from the horn. The buffalo was then pushed onto sternal recumbence whilst groaning in protest at our presence. It tried to get up but the left hind limb seemed to have suffered severe numbness and couldn’t support the weight in the full upright position. We left it alone to avoid unnecessary stress on the animal. The security team were instructed to visit after one hour and report on the buffalo’s condition and when they went to check on the bull, it had already gone on its’ way.

Prognosis The effect of old age gives this old bull a guarded prognosis.

CASE 2. ELEPHANT TREATMENT Date: 25/03/2018 Species: Loxodonta africana Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Marba; Amboseli Ecosystem History This particular elephant was treated for the first time by Tsavo Mobile Vet Unit on 06/03/2018 for lameness due to a spear injury to the left hind limb via DSWT Sky Vet Initiative. The Amboseli Vet Unit had reported back from leave the previous day and took charge of the exercise. The Big Life Foundation Security Manager had reported the case and the DSWT chopper was called in to assist with the treatment. The initial report was to attend to three injured elephants one at Marba, second at Eselenkei and third at Kimana Sanctuary. We met the chopper at Amboseli HQ and planned to attend to the Marba one first whilst the ground team at Eselenkei searched for the second. The elephant was found in the company of the three other elephants, browsing within an open savannah. The chopper landed some distance away. The candidate exhibited serious lameness of the left hind limb which had an open swollen wound at the ankle. Two vehicles were on site; one for Big Life and the other for Amboseli Park.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The swollen wound was examined for any foreign object by inserting forceps. The wound was about fifteen centimeters deep and entered into the joint cavity. There was no pus expressed instead blood oozed out showing healing signs. It was cleaned using Hydrogen Peroxide and Tincture of Iodine then covered with green wet clay to encourage tissue regeneration. Topically it was sprayed with Tetracycline wound spray liberally. Systemically it was injected with 3000mgs Clindamycin, followed by 250mgs Flunixin Meglumine and 100ml Multivitamin into the muscles.

Reversal Immobilization was reversed using 60mgs Diprenorphine injected into the ear vein after instructing all personnel to get to their vehicles and keep a safe distance. The animal was revived completely in three minutes and exhibited no struggle whilst getting up. It limped away slowly. Monitoring will continue and if possible review after three weeks.

Prognosis Prognosis is guarded because of the involvement of the joint. This can be revised later after monitoring and examining the extent of lameness.

CASE 3. ELEPHANT TREATMENT Date: 25/03/2018 Species: Loxodonta africana Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Olong’elu Area; Eselenkei Conservancy History After treating the first elephant scheduled for the day, we went to find the other at Eselenkei. By this time the Big Life ground team had already issued the GPS Coordinate of the possible location of the candidate. It was about 35 kilometers aerial distance. The location was very wet and the car could not find its way through so we attended with the DSWT chopper. The candidate was suspected to have a spear wound to the chest that needed clinical intervention.

On the ground we spotted the Big Life ground team and they showed us the way the elephant had gone. We searched in vain for it but we were forced to land and reassess. After further guidance we went in the air again and we spotted the elephant about 800 meters away. It kept walking calmly even after seeing the chopper. We examined it keenly as it walked and browsed and established it had no condition necessitating any clinical intervention. There was no lameness observed, no swelling, no discharge or favouring of any limb. We came to the conclusion that the ground team was on the track of the wrong candidate.

Way forward We landed again and had a word with the ground team. They confirmed that they had not seen any injury on the animal and only were suspecting that it was not feeling well as it was all alone within the entire region. We instructed them to be on lookout for the injured candidate if any and report after verifying that there is need for clinical intervention. We left for Amboseli Park Headquarters. At the Headquarters the Big Life Security Manager confirmed that the Kimana elephant needed some more monitoring and that it could be reviewed later.

The DSWT chopper was released and returned to Kaluku HQ.

CASE 4. PATROL WITHIN AMBOSELI NATIONAL PARK Date: 27/03/2018 Location: Amboseli National Park History Amboseli has in the past one month received heavy rainfall just as the rest of the country. The rain has resulted in vegetation regrowth replenishing the forage for the wildlife.

We carried a routine patrol of the park. Predominantly was the absence of the usual large populations of wildlife especially the big herbivores within the wet swampy areas. Instead the area remained virtually empty as much of the park remains heavily flooded. Animals have taken refuge within the surrounding conservancies which are high in altitude and well drained. There is readily and plenty of browse thus they are comfortable within those areas.

Roads within the park are heavily affected by the rains and some sections of road were rendered impassable. A few elephants were spotted in the drier areas especially near Kimana gate which is usually home for large rogue bulls.

MOUNT KENYA MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT JANUARY, FEBRUARY, MARCH 2018

MOUNT KENYA MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT JANUARY 2018 Introduction During the month of January, 2018, the veterinary unit in Mt Kenya promptly responded to several wildlife cases including treatment of a wounded elephant in Kirimon Wildlife Conservancy, treatment of an injured elephant in Sangare ranch, treatment of a white rhino with severe filarial wound in Meru National Park, treatment of an injured lion in Ol Pejeta Wildlife Conservancy, treatment of a sick lion in Mt. Kenya game ranch, treatment of a sick Mountain Bongo in Mt. Kenya Wildlife Conservancy, treatment and hoof trimming of a common zebra in Aberdares Country club, collaring of a lioness in Ol Pejeta and relocation of Grevy’s zebras in Ol Pejeta Conservancy. The team also attended to one of the injured ex-orphan elephant in Ithumba Tsavo National park among other cases as highlighted in this monthly report.

The Mt. Kenya mobile veterinary unit has gained popularity among wildlife managers and community conservation scouts in the region who continues to report wildlife cases almost daily. The unit has been able to save many wildlife species especially the endangered species in Mt Kenya region and parts of Southern Laikipia.

The dry season has started in Mt. Kenya and Southern Laikipia and there could be increased drought related human-wildlife conflict cases. Below is the detailed report of all the cases attended during the month.

CASE 1. TREATMENT OF AN INJURED MALE ELEPHANT Species: African Elephant (Loxodanta africana) Sex: Male Age: Approximately 35 years old (Adult) Location: Kirimon Wildlife Conservancy Date of clinical intervention: 8th January 2018 History This was a case of an adult male elephant sighted within Kirimon Wildlife Conservancy Laikipia South, it had a spearhead stuck on the left shoulder. The elephant was quite weak and walking with lots of pain as the spear was still irritating and inflicting further injuries as it moved. The elephant was sighted by Northern Rangeland Trust (NRT) rangers, KWS and Loisaba security rangers who informed the veterinary team for prompt intervention. The veterinary team responded immediately the same day and managed to treat the elephant.

Immobilization The injured elephant was found in a company of another bull besides a large family group of elephants in a thick forested area in the Conservancy. The elephant was darted from a vehicle. The spear-head fell off as the animal ran away soon after darting and we were able to collect it from the ground.

Examination and Treatment The elephant had a deep penetrating wound on the proximal part of the left shoulder, the wound extended distally into the shoulder muscles, the spear-head had fallen off and there was no foreign material inside the wound, the wound was probed using sterile gauze swabs attached to long forceps to remove all the necrotic debri and ensure no foreign material was left inside. All the necrotic debri were plucked out of the wound using a pair of long forceps.The wound was then cleaned with copious amounts of water then debrided with dilute hydrogen peroxide then cleaned with tincture of iodine. The wound was further treated using opticloxÂŽ ointment applied topically. Other treatments were intramuscular injection of Amoxicillin Trihydrate (BetamoxÂŽ) and dexamethasone to support the wound healing process. The wound was finally plugged with green clay and topical application of oxytetracycline spray.

Prognosis Prognosis was quite good soon after removal of the spear and treatment of the wound. The security rangers were informed to monitor the progress and report to the veterinary team in case it required repeat treatment. The reports from the field indicate that the elephant has fully recovered from the injury.

CASE 2. REPEAT TREATMENT OF A SICK LIONESS Species: Lion (Panthera leo) Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Mt. Kenya Game Ranch Date of clinical intervention: 9th January, 2018 History This was a case of an adult lioness in Mt. Kenya Game ranch that had been previously treated against tick fever due to heavy tick infestation. It is one of the two orphaned lions kept in captivity in Mt. Kenya. It had started losing its body condition and lost appetite. The lioness has been quite weak and preferred lying down most of the time hence very inactive. It had lots of engorged ticks attached on its body that had been cleared and effectively removed in the previous treatment. A month later the condition recurred, and the lioness was once again off-feed due to the tick fever condition. The animal therefore required very urgent veterinary intervention to save its life.

Examination and treatment The lioness had fever of 39ºC and was vomiting occasionally whenever it tasted any food. It had no ticks or any external parasites following the previous treatment. The body was further sprayed adequately using Frontline® to eradicate any ectoparasites.Treatment was repeated using Imizol® (Imidocarb dipropionate) and Procaine penicillin administered intramuscularly followed by dexamethasone intramuscularly.

Samples collection Biological samples including blood, tissue and vomitus were collected and preserved appropriately for laboratory investigations and research.

Prognosis The prognosis was good after treatment and removal of the ticks. It was recommended that the enclosure be cleaned up and grass cut short to clear the habitat for ticks. The lioness later on recovered and started feeding normally.

CASE 3. TREATMENT OF A MALE WHITE RHINO Species: White Rhino (Ceratotherium simum) Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Meru National Park (Mururi swamp area) Date of intervention: 10th January, 2018 History This was a case of a sick white rhino that was reported by KWS rangers patrolling Meru National Park, it was sighted in Mururi swamp. The rhino had a large cutaneous wound on the right shoulder suspected to have been caused by filarial parasites. The wound was quite severe extending in all directions with some blood and pus oozing from the wound. The area was swampy with thick vegetations on either side so we called for the support of the helicopter to help in darting and herding it to a safe ground for treatment. The KWS helicopter came the next day for the operation.

Immobilization The rhino was then darted from a helicopter using 5mgs of etorphine Hcl combined with 80mgs of azaperone tartrate.

Induction time was about 5 minutes. To improve the plane of anaesthesia and respiration 10 mg of butorphanol plus 50mg of doxapram Hcl was administered through the ear vein soon after the rhino was anaesthetised.

Examination & treatment On examination, the rhino had a large cutaneous wound on the right shoulder suspected to have been caused by filarial parasites. The lacerative wound got enlarged by pecking from ox-peckers and possibly infested by filarial worms hence could not heal without clinical intervention. The wound was cleaned with water, cauterized with dilute Hydrogen peroxide then applied tincture of iodine. The wound was also treated by ivermectin injection infiltrated on the wound surface. It was then adequately covered by green clay to plug the wound and enhance healing then sprayed with oxytetracycline spray.

Reversal The anaesthesia was reversed using 80mgs of Naltrexone administered through the ear vein, then 36mg of diprenorphine administered intramuscularly. Recovery from anaesthesia was smooth and the rhino rushed back to the thicket soon after treatment.

Prognosis Prognosis was quite good after treatment; filarial parasites are known to respond well to ivermectin treatment. The rhino is being monitored and has good response.

CASE 4. TREATMENT OF AN INJURED MALE ELEPHANT Species: African Elephant (Loxodanta africana) Sex: Male Age: Approximately 25 years old Location: Sangare Ranch Date of clinical intervention: 13th January, 2018 History This was an adult male elephant sighted within Sangare Ranch; it was weak and unable to walk. It was just limping and could not bear weight on the right hind leg. The elephant was sighted by the ranch security rangers and management who immediately called and informed the veterinary team to respond for prompt intervention.

Immobilization The injured elephant was found in a very dense forested area where it could not be easily approached by a vehicle for darting. The elephant was therefore tracked on foot for quite a long distance into the forest where eventually we were able to dart it on foot.

Examination and Treatment The injured leg was palpated and flexed; it had no visible traumatic injury on the leg or anywhere in the body. The affected leg was stiff and could not flex itself at the distal tarsal joint. It was confirmed to have a fracture of the tarsal joint and was not able to put on weight on the affected leg. The cause of the fracture was suspected to be due to territorial fights with other bull elephants in the area.The elephant was administered with calcium injection to enhance bone formation and fracture healing, it was also treated using dexamethasone injection to reduce inflammation and minimize pain.

Prognosis It had difficulties rising up and was supported by ropes hooked on the tusks and tied to a vehicle but still it could not support itself and rise up, eventually a decision was made to euthanize it after all efforts to lift it up failed. Postmortem examination revealed a fracture of the tarsal bones. The tusks were recovered and kept in safe custody at KWS.

CASE 5. COLLARING OF A LIONESS Species: Lioness (Panthera leo) Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Ol Pejeta Wildlife Conservancy Date of clinical intervention: 15th January, 2018 History The veterinary unit assisted in anaesthetising and fitting of a GPS-GSM collar to a lioness in Ol Pejeta Wildlife Conservancy. The operation was done in collaboration with the Ol Pejeta Conservancy management. The collars are used for tracking and monitoring of wild animals in the wild to control incidences of human-wildlife conflicts and improve wildlife security. The lioness was in a pride of 9 lions previously involved in livestock predation in and outside Ol Pejeta and Mutara ranch. The collar was recommended to assist in tracking the pride and prevent incidences of predation and possible attacks by the communities.

Immobilization The lioness was darted on the thigh muscles using a combination of 300mgs of Ketamine Hcl and 4mgs of Medetomidine Hcl in a 3ml dart. Darting was done from a vehicle using a Dan injectÂŽ dart rifle. Anaesthesia took effect after about 10 minutes and the lioness became recumbent.

Anaesthesia Monitoring & Collaring All the physiological parameters including respiration rate, pulse rate and temperature were closely monitored during the collaring process to ensure the lioness was under safe anaesthesia. The collar was then successfully fitted and tested to ensure it was functional.Biological samples including blood, tissue, ectoparasites were collected and preserved appropriately for laboratory investigations and research.

Reversal After collaring, the lioness was revived from anaesthesia using 26mgs of Yohimbine Hcl given intramuscularly. The lioness recovered from anaesthesia and was up within 5 minutes to join the rest of the pride.

CASE 6. POSTMORTEM OF A MALE LEOPARD Species: Leopard (Panthera pardus) Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Solio Ranch Date of clinical intervention: 16th January, 2018 History A male leopard was found dead in Solio Ranch on the livestock part of the Ranch close to the boundary with the community. The carcass was relatively fresh about 24hours old. It was in good body condition with no traumatic injuries. The animal was suspected to have died of acute poisoning.

Postmortem findings The leopard was slit open and all the abdominal and thoracic cavity organs examined in-situ. The stomach was full of fresh meat observed to be a young calf. There was a lot of haemorrhages on the stomach wall and intestinal lumen.

Most of the internal organs were congested and haemorrhagic including the liver, stomach, intestines, kidneys and lungs. The animal was suspected to have died of per-acute poisoning following predation of the calf.

Stomach contents, liver and kidney samples were collected in a leak-proof zip-lock paper bags and frozen to be submitted to a toxicology lab for analysis to determine the type of poison involved.

CASE 7. TREATMENT OF AN INJURED LIONESS Species: Lioness (Panthera leo) Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Ol Pejeta Wildlife Conservancy Date of clinical intervention: 22nd January, 2018 History This was a case of an adult lioness that had sustained several body injuries following a territorial fight with other lions in Ol Pejeta Wildlife Conservancy. The rangers reported the case to veterinary team who responded promptly to offer treatments.The lioness was found alone lying under the thicket with several soft tissue traumatic injuries on the medial thighs, perineum and around the anus. The injuries affected its movement and could be seen limping and unable to run and hunt.

Immobilization The lioness was anaesthetized using a combination of 250mgs of Ketamine Hcl and 5mgs of Medetomidine Hcl in a 3ml dart. Darting was done from a vehicle using a Dan injectÂŽ dart gun. The anaesthesia took effect after about 8 minutes and the lioness became recumbent.

Examination and treatment The lioness was in good body condition but preferred lying down most of the time. Physical examination revealed deep bite wounds particularly on the medial side of the right thigh. They were treated using dilute hydrogen peroxide and povidone iodine followed by OpticloxÂŽ ointment. It was also treated using Procaine penicillin, multivitamins and dexamethasone injection intramuscularly. The wounds were also plugged with green clay.

Prognosis The prognosis was good as the injuries only affected soft tissues which will respond faster to medication. Meanwhile it will rely on other lions to hunt and bring her food.

CASE 8. HOOF TRIMMING OF A COMMON ZEBRA Species: Common zebra Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Aberdare Country Club Date of clinical intervention: 16th January, 2018 History An adult female zebra was reported to be limping and unable to move in Aberdares Country Club. The cause of limping was due to overgrown front hooves that were dragging on the ground and affecting mobility of the animal. The veterinary team responded promptly to help save the life of the animal.

Immobilization The affected zebra was found in an open field with many other zebras and they were quite calm and easy to approach for darting. The team was able to track it by a vehicle and eventually it was successfully darted from a vehicle using 5mgs of etorphine Hcl combined with 80mgs of azaperone delivered by Dan-inject remote delivery system.

Examination & Treatment Both the front legs had highly overgrown hooves that required trimming. The hooves were trimmed using hacksaw and the wound caused by the deformed hooves was treated using 10% Hydrogen peroxide and thereafter covered with povidone iodine. Further treatments included application of opticlox ointment then oxytetracycline spray.

Amoxycillin (BetamoxÂŽ) and dexamethasone anti-inflammatory drug was administered intramuscularly to enhance wound healing process.

Prognosis Prognosis was quite good after the hoof was trimmed and the resulting wound adequately treated.

CASE 9: TREATMENT AND DEWORMING OF MOUNTAIN BONGOS Species: Mountain bongo (Boocerus eurycerus isaaci) Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Mount Kenya Game Ranch Date of intervention: 18th January, 2018 GPS Coordinates: 37 N 0326873 UTM 0025867 History A female mountain bongo was reported to be emaciated, weak and poor body condition, rough hairs and patches of alopecia and occasionally had signs of diarrhoea. The animal kept deteriorating and required urgent treatment. It was suspected to be suffering from internal bacterial infection combined with helminthosis.

Examination & Treatment The sick animal was physically restrained in a crush and treated using Benzyle penicillin, multivitamins, ivermectin sub-cutaneous injection and oral application of levamisole syrup. The skin was also sprayed using FrontlineÂŽ to eradicate all ectoparasites.

Prognosis Prognosis was good after treatment the sick animal will be monitored to assess the progress.

CASE 10. POSTMORTEM OF A MALE ELEPHANT Species: African Elephant (Loxodanta africana) Sex: Male Age: Adult 30 years Location: Aberdares National park Date of clinical intervention: 23rd January, 2018 History This was a case of an adult male elephant that was found dead in Salient area of Aberdares National Park, the carcass was two days old but the cause of death was not well established. The management of Aberdares National Park informed the veterinary team to respond and conduct post-mortem examination to ascertain the cause of death.

Postmortem examination The elephant was found lying dead on sternal recumbency it had no visible injury, it had been extensively been predated by hyenas and the tusks had earlier been removed before the veterinary team arrived.

Postmortem examination revealed that the elephant died while in a very good body condition, it had no visible wound or injury and no signs of struggle in the surrounding.

The elephant had sudden death suspected to have been caused by a poison or per-acute infectious pathogen such as anthrax infection. Blood smears and tissue samples were collected and preserved to be submitted for laboratory analysis to ascertain the exact cause of death.

CASE 11. RELOCATION OF GREVY’S ZEBRAS FROM RHINO BOMA TO OL PEJETA WILDLIFE CONSERVANCY Species: Grevy’s zebra (Equuis grevyi) Sex: 9 females & 1 male Age: Adult Location: Ol Pejeta Wildlife Conservancy Date of clinical intervention: 23rd January, 2018 History The unit was requested to assist in capture and relocation of Grevy’s zebras that were confined in a small white rhino enclosure within Ol Pejeta Wildlife Conservancy. The rhino enclosure is quite small in size and does not have adequate pasture and water for the 17 Grevy’s zebras and other herbivores in the enclosure. It was feared that with the current looming drought those Grevy’s zebras might suffer from starvation that might lead to their mortalities.

The 17 Grevy’s zebras were therefore destined to be captured and translocated to the larger conservancy in Mukwe area just within Ol Pejeta. During the operation 10 animals were safely captured and successfully translocated to the Mukwe area. The remaining 7 became quite shy and difficult to approach for darting hence they are expected to be moved in February once they calm down.

Immobilization & Relocation Ten Grevy’s zebras were successfully darted from a vehicle using 3 – 7mgs of etorphine Hcl combined with 40-80mgs of azaperone depending on age and size of the animal. After darting the animals were placed on a specially designed animal stretcher and loaded onto the truck.

Inside the truck, tissue, ticks and blood samples were collected then the animals revived simultaneously before transportation to the new area.

Reversal The anaesthesia was revived using 12mgs of diprenorphine Hcl combined with 150mgs of Naltrexone administered through the jugular vein. The zebras rose up after 1 minute and were immediately driven to the new area about 5Kms away.

CASE 12. TREATMENT OF AN INJURED EX ORPHAN ELEPHANT AT ITHUMBA Species: African Elephant (Loxodanta africana) Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Ithumba, Tsavo East National Park Date of clinical intervention: 26th January, 2018 History This was a case of an injured ex-orphan elephant at Ithumba area of Tsavo East National Park named ‘Tomboi’. This is one of the orphans that was reared by the David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust (DSWT) and released to the wild. The elephant came close to the Ithumba Rehabilitation Unit with a deep arrow wound on the upper part of the right rump.

The Tsavo mobile veterinary unit was engaged in another activity hence the veterinarian from Mt. Kenya was airlifted the same day to attend to the injured elephant. The flight was organized by the David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust (DSWT) to ensure immediate response to the case to assist the elephant.

Examination and Treatment The elephant had a deep wound approximately 20cm deep piercing through the right rump deep into the thigh muscles, the nature of the wound showed that it was caused by a sharp object probably an arrow or spear cutting through the skin into the muscles. The sharp object must have fell off soon after the injury because it was not found in the wound at the time of treatment.The wound was probed using sterile gauze swabs attached to long forceps to ensure no foreign material was left inside. It was still a relatively fresh wound with no pus or exudates, there were no necrotic tissues in the wound. The affected right rump was swollen due to severe inflammatory reaction and internal haemorrhage caused by the injury.

The wound was then cleaned with copious amounts of water to remove all necrotic tissues and pus. It was then debrided with dilute hydrogen peroxide then cleaned with tincture of iodine. The wound was further treated using opticlox ointment. Other treatments were intramuscular injection of Procaine penicillin and dexamethasone to support the wound healing process. The wound was finally plugged with green clay and topical application of oxytetracycline spray.

Reversal The elephant was revived from anaesthesia using 60mgs of Diprenorphine Hcl and 150mgs of Naltrexone Hcl administered intravenous through the superficial ear-vein. It rose up within 2 minutes and joined the rest of the elephant herds.

Prognosis Prognosis was good after treatment as the wound was not yet infected by the time of treatment.

MOUNT KENYA MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT FEBRUARY 2018 Introduction During the month of February, 2018, the veterinary unit in Mt Kenya responded and handled several wildlife cases including desnaring and treatment of a snared elephant in Mwea National Reserve, treatment of a wounded female elephant in Sosian ranch, repeat treatment of a sick Northern White rhino in Olpejeta Wildlife Conservancy, treatment of a sick Mountain Bongo in Mt. Kenya Wildlife Conservancy, relocation of Grevyi’s zebras from Olpejeta rhino enclosure to Mukwe area of the Conservancy, rescue and post-mortem examination of an elephant in Elkalama Wildlife Conservancy, post-mortem examination of a black rhino in Lake Nakuru National park among others.

The month of February was quite dry with several wildlife cases reported due to human-wildlife conflicts. The unit responded effectively to all wildlife cases that required veterinary intervention. The quick response to reported wildlife cases is very important and has saved lives of many wildlife species especially the endangered species in the area. Below is the detailed report of all the cases attended during the month.

CASE 1. EAR-NOTCHING OF BLACK AND WHITE RHINOS IN LEWA WILDLIFE CONSERVANCY Dates: Between 31st January and 7th February 2018 Species: Black rhino (Diceros bicornis) & White rhino (Ceratotherium simum) Sex: 18 males & 7 females Age: Various ages Location: Lewa Wildlife Conservancy History Ear notching and microchip insertion exercise in black rhino (Diceros bicornis michaeli) and southern white rhino (Ceratotherium simum simum) was carried out in Lewa Wildlife Conservancy between 31st January and 7th February 2018. Ear notching enables individual identification of rhinos for purposes of enhancing monitoring in the wild. Earnotching of rhinos is a very important management tool for rhino conservation as the security rangers are able to use the ear-notch to accurately identify specific individuals and report their status on a daily basis. This unit was part of the personnel involved in this exercise that included veterinarians, capture team, helicopter and fixed wing pilots, rhino programme staff, researchers, KWS security personnel and the Lewa team.

A total of 25 rhinos (14 Blacks and 11 Whites) were successfully captured by chemical immobilization and ear-notched.

Chemical Immobilization The rhinos were darted from a helicopter using 3.5-4mgs of Etorphine Hcl combined with 60-80mgs of Azaperone tartrate depending on the age and sex of the animal. Induction time was about 5-10 minutes. To improve the plane of anaesthesia and respiration 10 mg of Butorphanol plus 40mg of Doxapram Hcl was administered through the superficial ear veins once a rhino was immobilized.

Samples collection Once the anaesthesia was stable the rhino was then ear-notched successfully followed by collection of biological samples including blood, tissue and ectoparasites which were preserved appropriately for laboratory investigations and research. The rhino was then revived from anaesthesia and released back to the wild.

CASE 2. TREATMENT OF A MOUNTAIN BONGO WITH CHRONIC INFECTION Species: Mountain bongo (Boocerus eurycerus isaaci) Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Mount Kenya Game Ranch Date of intervention: 3rd February, 2018 History One of the male bongo antelopes was reported to have signs of poor body condition, general weakness, signs of diarrhoea, anorexia, rough hairs and patches of alopecia. The animal was losing its body condition gradually over time. It had been treated earlier but had poor response and the body condition continued to deteriorate. This required further veterinary attention to treat the animal and collect samples for further laboratory investigations.

Immobilization, examination and treatment This bongo was darted using 5mgs of Etorphine Hcl combined with 50mgs of Azaperone. It became immobilized and recumbent after about 5 minutes. Before treatment, blood samples were collected from the jugular vein in EDTA coated tubes and plain tubes, and ticks were collected and preserved in 70% ethanol and blood smears were also prepared these will be analysed to establish the cause of infection. Meanwhile the animal was treated using Procaine penicillin, multivitamins administered intramuscularly and ivermectin subcutaneous injection. The skin was sprayed using FrontlineÂŽ to eradicate all ectoparasites.

Prognosis Prognosis was good after treatment and it has good chances of recovery from the infection. The animal is being monitored daily and has shown good signs of improvement.

CASE 3. TREATMENT OF A SNARED MALE ELEPHANT CALF Date: 8th February, 2018 Species: African Elephant Sex: Male Age: Approximately 4 years old (Juvenile) Location: Mwea National Reserve History This was a young male elephant sighted within Mwea National Park, with a tight wire snare around the head cutting through the neck and ears causing intensive pain. The snare continued to tighten as the animal grew and it was now unable to move or keep pace with other family members. It was left alone and the rest of the elephant family abandoned it. Therefore it became very restless and difficult to approach with a vehicle for darting. The elephant was sighted by the KWS security rangers on patrol and management who immediately called and informed the veterinary team to respond for prompt intervention to save the animal.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The elephant was darted on foot using 6mgs of Etorphine Hcl in a 1.5ml Dan-inject dart. It was adequately immobilized after about 5 minutes and went down on lateral recumbency.

The snare was quite tight and made of tough stainless steel wire that was not easy to cut using wire cutter. The wire was gently retrieved and removed without causing much pain to the animal. The snare had been in place for a long time and the cut ears and neck had healed partially on its own that required little treatment. The wounded parts of the ears, neck and head were treated using 10% Hydrogen peroxide, tincture of Iodine and antibiotic spray. The wound was further treated using opticloxÂŽ ointment applied topically. Other treatments were intramuscular injection of Procaine Penicillin and Flunixine meglumine to support the wound healing process.The elephant was then revived from anaesthesia using 12mgs of Diprenorphine Hcl administered intravenously through the superficial ear-vein. It rose up immediately feeling relieved and went into a thicket.

Prognosis Prognosis was good after removing the snare and treating of the wound.

CASE 4. TREATMENT OF AN INJURED FEMALE ELEPHANT IN SOSIAN RANCH Date: 14 th February, 2018 Species: African Elephant (Loxodanta africana) Sex: Female Age: Approximately 25 years old (Adult) Location: Sosian Ranch History This was a case of an adult female elephant sighted within Sosian ranch in Laikipia South, it had a deep penetrating wound to the upper part of the abdomen that was oozing pus as it walked. The elephant was in a family of 5 elephants and was in a lot of pain.The elephant was sighted by Sosian security rangers and management who immediately informed the veterinary team for prompt intervention. The team responded immediately and managed to treat the elephant.

Immobilization, examination and treatment The injured elephant was found in sparse vegetation where it was accessed by a vehicle. It was darted from the vehicle into the thigh muscles using 17mgs of Etorphine Hcl in a 3ml Dan-inject dart. The elephant was adequately immobilized after about 7 minutes and went down on lateral recumbency. The elephant was doused with plenty of water to help control the body temperature and the eyes were covered with the pinna of the ear. The trunk was kept patent using a piece of stick and anaesthesia monitored throughout the treatment process.The elephant had a deep penetrating wound to the dorsal part of the left abdomen, the wound extended about 4cms through the abdominal muscles but did not puncture the stomach or intestines. The wound was probed using sterile gauze swabs attached to long forceps to remove all the pus and necrotic debri and ensure no foreign material was left inside. The wound was then cleaned with copious amounts of water then debrided with dilute hydrogen peroxide then cleaned with tincture of iodine. The wound was further treated using OpticloxÂŽ ointment applied topically, intramuscular injection of Procaine penicillin and dexamethasone to support the wound healing process. The wound was finally plugged with green clay and topical application of Oxytetracycline spray. Blood and tissue samples were collected and preserved for disease investigations and research.

Prognosis Prognosis was quite good after treatment. The security rangers were informed to monitor the progress and report to the veterinary team in case it required repeat treatment.

CASE 5. TREATMENT AND DEWORMING OF MOUNTAIN BONGOS Species: Mountain bongo (Boocerus eurycerus isaaci) Sex: Female Age: Sub-adults Location: Mount Kenya Game Ranch Date of intervention: 11 th February, 2018 History Two young mountain bongos were reported to be emaciated with rough hair and signs of diarrhoea. They were suspected to be suffering from bacterial infection combined with helminthosis.

Immobilisation, examination and treatment The sick animals were physically restrained in a crush and treated using Benzyle penicillin, multivitamins and oral application of Levamisole syrup. The skin was also sprayed using FrontlineÂŽ to eradicate all ectoparasites. Feacal samples were collected to be analysed to test which gastrointestinal parasites were causing the illnesses.

Prognosis Prognosis was quite good after treatment and the animals have shown improvements.

CASE 6. TREATMENT AND RE-LOCATION OF A MALE BONGO ANTELOPE TO A LARGER ENCLOSURE Date: 12 th February, 2018 Species: Mountain bongo (Boocerus eurycerus isaaci) Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Mount Kenya Game Ranch History This was a case of an adult male bongo kept in a thick forest enclosure where it was being attacked regularly by another dominant male. It was not able to feed and access water due to constant harassment by the other male. It sustained several fight wounds that required urgent treatment and the needed to be moved to another enclosure away from the dominant bull. The management of Mt Kenya Game ranch requested the veterinary unit to help treat the animal and relocate it to a safe place to prevent further injuries that could lead to its death.

Immobilisation, examination and treatment The bongo was in a thick forest where it could not be darted easily. After tracking it on foot for several hours the team managed to dart the bongo using 5mgs of Etorphine Hcl combined with 50mgs of Azaperone. It became immobilized and recumbent after about 5 minutes. The bongo was put on a stretcher and carried by people out of the thick bush.

It was then loaded onto a pick-up van padded with hay and driven to another enclosure about 3 kilometers away. The anaesthesia was monitored throughout the process of transportation and the team kept on pouring water on the animal to ensure it was stable during the operation.

After it was off loaded, blood samples were collected from the jugular vein in EDTA coated tubes and plain tubes, ticks were collected and preserved in 70% Ethanol and blood smears were also prepared.

The wounds were properly cleaned and debrided using 10% Hydrogen peroxide followed by tincture of iodine, then treated using OpticloxÂŽ ointment and Oxytetracycline spray. Further treatment using Procaine penicillin and multivitamins were administered intramuscularly. The skin was sprayed using FrontlineÂŽ to eradicate any ectoparasites.

Prognosis Prognosis was good after treatment and the wounds have so far recovered.

CASE 7. RELOCATION OF GREVY’S ZEBRAS Dates: 13th February, 2018 Species: Grevy’s zebra (Equuis grevyi) Sex: 2 males & 1 female Age: Adult Location: Ol Pejeta Wildlife Conservancy History The unit was requested to assist in capture and relocation of the few remaining grevy’s zebras that were confined in a small white rhino enclosure within Ol Pejeta Wildlife Conservancy. The rhino enclosure is quite small in size and does not have adequate pasture and water for the 17 grevy’s zebras and other herbivores in the enclosure. It was feared that with the current looming droughts those grevy’s zebras might suffer from starvation that might lead to their mortalities.

Ten (10) grevy’s zebras had been relocated in a similar operation last month, this was a follow up exercise to remove all the remaining zebras from the enclosure.

During the operation another 3 animals were safely captured and successfully translocated to the Mukwe area. The remaining 4 became quite shy and difficult to approach for darting hence they are expected to be moved later when they calm down.

Chemical immobilization & Relocation Ten grevy’s zebras were successfully darted from a vehicle using 7mgs of etorphine Hcl combined with 80mgs of Azaperone. After darting the animals were placed on a specially designed animal stretcher and loaded onto the truck.

Inside the truck, tissue, ticks and blood samples were collected then the animals revived simultaneously before transportation to the new area.

CASE 8. POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION OF A FEMALE ELEPHANT Date: 18 th February, 2018 Species: African Elephant (Loxodanta africana) Sex: Female Age: Approximately 30 years old (Adult) Location: Elkarama Wildlife Conservancy History This was a case of an adult female elephant found in a large dam within Elkalama Wildlife Conservancy, it was found dead and partially submerged in water. It had an arrow wound to the left abdomen. Through a combined effort of Elkalama conservancy, Mobile Vet Unit and KWS the elephant carcass was pulled out of water using a tractor, postmortem done and tusks recovered.

Postmortem examination The elephant had a deep arrow wound to the left abdomen that penetrated deep into the stomach cavity. It was suspected that it was a poisoned arrow that quickly killed the elephant soon after it was attacked. The tusks were recovered by KWS security team who were also present on the scene. Tissue samples were collected to be used for developing a DNA database for killed elephants.

CASE 9. REPEAT TREATMENT OF CUTANEOUS WOUNDS OF NORTHERN WHITE RHINO Date: 19 th February, 2018 Species: Northern White Rhino (Named Sudan) Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Olpejeta Wildlife Conservancy, Laikipia History This is a case of one of the adult male Northern white rhinos named Sudan in Ol pejeta Conservancy that had severe cutaneous wounds on the right hind thighs, abdomen, shoulder and front leg.

The wounds have been treated several times and they heal but recur after a while. The animal is quite old, at 44 years, and has reduced immunity and is now suffering loss of skin integrity due to lack of crucial vitamins required for maintaining the skin integrity. Sudan is one of the only 3 remaining Northern white rhinos in the world and they are currently on the verge of extinction.

Examination and Treatment The animal is semi-captive and we have been able to treat it without chemical immobilization. Animal keepers assisted the vet to manage the wounds without anaesthesia. One of the worst wounds is on the right hind thigh penetrating through the pelvic joint. It was treated two months ago and recovered but the wound has resurfaced again plus many other cutaneous wounds on the body further weakening the animal. The affected leg is quite weak and cannot support the weight of the rhino, it prefers lying down most of the time. The wound was pressed and all exudates and pus drained out completely.

Further treatment The wounds were properly cleaned and debrided using 10% Hydrogen peroxide followed by tincture of iodine, they were also treated using topical application of opticlox ointment, green clay and oxytetracycline spray. The animal was then treated with Procaine penicillin administered intramuscularly. The treatment is being repeated every 3 days until the animal recovers.

Prognosis The prognosis is now poor despite several treatments. The animal has also developed joint pains and has difficulty to stand or walk. He’s being given palliative treatment and care but if the situation does not improve then the animal might be euthanized to relieve it from prolonged pain and suffering.

CASE 10. CAPTURE AND TRANSLOCATION OF ELEPHANTS FROM SOLIO/SANGARE RANCH Date: 19 th - 28th February, 2018 Species: African Elephant (Loxodanta africana) Sex: Various Age: Various Location: Solio/Sangare ranch History There are about 15 bull elephants causing frequent human-elephant conflicts with communities living around Sangare and Solio ranches. The elephants also frequently break the Rhino Sanctuary fence affecting the rhino security in Solio Ranch.

These animals have been monitored over the years and have been identified and recommended for translocation to Tsavo West National Park. The translocation exercise for these bulls is currently on-going.

Capture and Translocation Process The elephants are being located and darted from a helicopter then recovered using a lorry truck fitted with a lifting crane and moved to the loading bay where they are loaded onto the transportation truck and revived from anaesthesia.

The unit is part of the team involved in this very important exercise of saving the elephants and protecting the communities living with elephants.

CASE 11. CAPTURE AND TRANSLOCATION OF COMMON ZEBRAS FROM KIAWARA VILLAGE Date: 22 nd February, 2018 Species: Common zebra (Equuis burchelli) Sex: Various Age: Various Location: Kiawara village in Nyeri County History This was a group of about 16 common zebras that were isolated in the middle of human settlements at Kiawara village in Nyeri County a few kilometers from Solio ranch. The zebras were at a risk of being poached for bushmeat or competing for pasture and water with famers livestock and disease transmission. KWS management approved and requested the veterinary team to capture the zebras and translocate them to the nearby Solio Ranch. A total of 9 common zebras were successfully captured and translocated.

Chemical immobilization The zebras were found in an open field grazing together with livestock. They were darted either from the vehicle or from foot depending on the terrain. They were darted using 2-6mgs of Etorphine Hcl combined with 30-80mgs of Azaperone depending on the ages and sex.

Loading and transportation The immobilized zebras were lifted on a stretcher and loaded onto a truck, after loading about 4 -6 of them then they were revived from anaesthesia and transported to Solio ranch.

The anaesthesia was reversed using 12mgs of Diprenorphine Hcl administered through the jugular vein. The zebras rose up after 2 minutes and were transported while awake. The remaining zebras will still be translocated in the next few days with available resources.

CASE 12. POSTMORTEM EXAMINATION OF A MALE BLACK RHINO Species: Black rhino (Diceros bicornis) Sex: Male Age: 40 years Location: Lake Nakuru National park Date of intervention: 26th February, 2018 History An adult male black rhino (named Sindano), about 40 years old, was found dead in Lake Nakuru National park. The carcass was sighted by the rhino patrol team and they informed the Veterinary Team to investigate the possible cause of death.

General examination of the carcass The carcass was about 3 days old and had already decomposed. A large part of it was already scavenged by hyenas.

Both the horns were still intact Several signs of struggle on the ground before death Blood and pieces of meat scattered around the scene Young maggots already set in the carcass All the abdominal and thoracic organs were decomposed and scavenged and could not reveal anything significant.

Postmortem findings The carcass was turned over and had several claw marks and scratches on the neck, shoulder and head regions, these were carnivore claw marks either lions or hyenas. The marks were found on the intact side of the animal which had not been scavenged. The animal was lying on the marks an indication that they were inflicted before death. Blood smears were collected from the ears and submitted to Nakuru Veterinary investigations laboratory to test for anthrax infection. Tissue samples collected and preserved in ethanol for DNA database Both the horns were removed and handed over to the KWS security team at the scene Laboratory results Negative for anthrax Cause of death Due to old age and prevailing droughts, the rhino became extremely weak and vulnerable to predators who then attacked it. It was not able to defend itself and they killed him with a bit of struggle. The park is currently dry with inadequate feed and water supplies making it difficult for old and vulnerable animals to survive.

MOUNT KENYA MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT MARCH 2018 Introduction During the month of March, 2018, the veterinary unit in Mt Kenya responded to several wildlife cases including treatment of an injured reticulated giraffe in Garissa area, treatment of wounded giraffe and common zebra in Aquila ranch, Naivasha. Desnaring and treatment of a snared elephant calf in El Kalama ranch in Nanyuki, repeat treatment and later postmortem of Northern White rhino in Ol pejeta wildlife conservancy, treatment of two sick Mountain Bongo in Mt. Kenya wildlife conservancy, post-mortem examination of an elephant in Ol pejeta wildlife conservancy, post-mortem examination of an elephant in Ole Nashuu Wildlife Conservancy in Nanyuki, castration of a rogue male zebra in Solio ranch and treatment of wildlife security dog in Solio ranch among other cases.

The month of March was quite rainy and the wildlife will soon have adequate pasture and water to reduce incidences of injuries due to human-wildlife conflicts, the unit responded effectively to all wildlife cases that required veterinary intervention. The quick response to cases has saved lives of many wildlife species especially the endangered species in the area. Below is the detailed report of all the cases attended during the month.

1.

CAPTURE AND CASTRATION OF A COMMON ZEBRA IN SOLIO RANCH

Animal Identification Species: Common zebra (Equuis burchelli) Sex: Male Age: 2 years Location: Solio ranch Date: 12 th March, 2018 History This was a sub-adult male common zebra at Solio ranch that was rescued as an orphan about two years ago and raised within the ranch as a semi-captive animal. Recently its behaviour changed and started attacking people within the ranch and the management requested the veterinary unit to try castration and see if that can tame it a bit.

Castration process The zebra was put on dorsal recumbency and the rare legs held apart by the assistants. The entire inguinal and testicles were cleaned using ethanol disinfectant then shaved clean to ensure no contamination during the castration process. Using a surgical blade attached to a blade holder, the testicles were pulled out and cut the scrotum to remove the testicles one by one. The spermatic cord was crushed using two long forceps and severed then sutured using chromic cut-gut absorbable suture no. 3 to ensure the suture was tight enough with no possibility of haemorrhage after the closure of the wound. The same procedure was done to the other testicle. Skin at the scrotum was then sutured using the same chromic cut-gut absorbable suture no. 3 since there will be no chance to remove the suture later.

Prognosis The surgical wound successfully healed after two weeks and the zebra now remain castrated and calm as we anticipated.

2.

TREATMENT OF AN INJURED COMMON ZEBRA AT AQUILLA RANCH, NAIVASHA

Animal Identification Species: Common zebra (Equuis burchelli) Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Aquilla ranch Date: 13 th March, 2018 History An adult female zebra was reported to have been limping with a swollen and injured front leg in Aquilla ranch, Naivasha. It was in a company of several other zebras but was being left behind since it could not keep pace with the others. It required urgent veterinary intervention to save the zebra.

Chemical immobilization The limping zebra was successfully darted from a vehicle using 5mgs of etorphine Hcl combined with 80mgs of azaperone delivered by Dan-inject remote delivery system. It took about 6 minutes for the drug to take effect and the zebra became recumbent.

Examination & Treatment It had a swelling and a scar on the right carpal joint, it was a snare wound that had not healed properly hence the zebra was still in pain and kept limping and required further treatment. The wound was sprayed using oxytetracycline spray. It was also treated using Procaine penicillin and dexamethasone anti-inflammatory drug administered intramuscularly.

Prognosis Prognosis was quite good after the repeat treatment of the wound.

3.

CAPTURE AND TREATMENT OF A FEMALE MAASAI GIRAFFE IN AQUILLA FARM, NAIVASHA

Animal Identification Species: Maasai giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis Maasai) Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Aquilla farm, Naivasha Date of clinical intervention: 13th March, 2018 History An adult female giraffe was reported to be limping and suspected to have a wire snare in at Aquilla ranch, Naivasha.

The affected leg was also swollen with a circular wound around the coronary band, it was suspected to be a snare wound and there was a possibility that there was still a snare inside the wound. The veterinary team responded quickly to save the giraffe from the pain caused by the old snare wound.

Chemical immobilization The wounded giraffe was found with other giraffes within Aquilla ranch. It was darted from a vehicle using 9mgs of etorphine Hcl combined with 40mgs of azaperone delivered by Dan-inject remote delivery system. It took about 8 minutes for the immobilization drug to take effect and the giraffe was roped down by the veterinary team assisted by the team at the ranch.

Examination & Treatment It was an old snare wound that had become septic and swollen, the wire snare had dropped off but had cut through the muscles of the tarsal joint close to the coronary band creating wound around the foot.

The wound was then cleaned with water then treated using an oxytetracycline spray followed by Procaine penicillin and dexamethasone anti-inflammatory drug administered intramuscularly to enhance wound healing process.

Prognosis Prognosis was quite good after the repeat treatment of the wound.

4.

TREATMENT OF AN INJURED COMMON ZEBRA AT IROKO FARM, NAIVASHA

Animal Identification Species: Common zebra (Equuis burchelli) Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Iroko farm, Naivasha Date: 13 th March, 2018 History An adult female zebra was reported to have a deep penetrating wound on the medial side of the thigh, the wound was large and was constantly bleeding affecting the movement of the zebra and eliciting a lot of pain to the animal at Iroko farm in Naivasha. The veterinary team responded promptly to help save the life of the animal.

Examination & Treatment The zebra had a deep fresh wound on the medial side of right thigh, the wound was quickly cleaned with ethanol and muscles around infiltrated with lignocaine 2% as a local anaesthesia.

The wound was cleaned with lots of water, and debrided using 10% Hydrogen peroxide and povidone iodine.

The wound was then filled with opticloxÂŽ ointment and then sutured using chromic cut-gut absorbable suture no. 3 to ensure the suture was tight enough with no possibility of haemorrhage after the closure of the wound. It was then sprayed using oxytetracycline spray to enhance healing, followed by Procaine penicillin and dexamethasone administered intramuscularly.

Prognosis Prognosis was quite good after the suture and treatment of the wound.

5.

TREATMENT OF A MOUNTAIN BONGO WITH A SUB-MANDIBULAR SWELLING AT MT. KENYA GAME RANCH

Animal identification: Species: Mountain bongo (Boocerus eurycerus isaaci) Sex: Female Age: Sub-adult Location: Mount Kenya Game Ranch Date of intervention: 16 th March, 2018 History One of the sub-adult female bongo antelopes was reported to have signs of sub-mandibular swelling suspected to be an abscess and signs of rough hairs. The animal was also losing its body condition gradually with time. This required veterinary intervention to treat the animal and collect samples for further laboratory investigations.

Chemical Immobilization The bongo was darted using 5mgs of etorphine Hcl combined with 50mgs of azaperone. It became immobilized and recumbent after about 5 minutes.

Examination The sub-mandibular swelling was palpated and examined, it was as a result of a traumatic blunt injury that had caused a swelling due to soft tissue injury.

Collection of samples and treatment Before treatment, blood samples were collected from the jugular vein in EDTA coated tubes and plain tubes and ticks were collected and preserved in 70% ethanol and blood smears were also prepared these will be analysed to establish the cause of infection. Meanwhile the animal was then treated using Procaine penicillin, dexamethasone and multivitamins administered by intramuscular injection.

Prognosis Prognosis was good after treatment and the animal has good chances of recovery from the soft tissue injury.

6.

CAPTURE AND TREATMENT OF A WOUNDED FEMALE RETICULATED GIRAFFE IN GARISSA

Animal Identification Species: Reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Iftin area in Garissa Date of clinical intervention: 18th March, 2018 History An adult female giraffe was reported to be limping and suspected to have a wire snare in Iftin area in Garissa. The animal was weak and could not keep pace with the other giraffes. The affected leg was swollen and the animal could not put weight on the affected leg. It required urgent veterinary intervention to save the giraffe from the pain and suffering caused by the injury.

Chemical immobilization The giraffe was darted from a vehicle using 12mgs of etorphine Hcl combined with 50mgs of azaperone delivered by Dan-inject remote delivery system. It took about 10 minutes for the immobilization drug to take effect and the giraffe was roped down by the veterinary team assisted by the team on the ground.

Examination & Treatment The giraffe had a large wound on the distal end of the left hind leg, the leg was heavily swollen and bleeding. It was not known the cause of the injury suspected to be caused by a snare.

The wound was cleaned with a lot of water then cauterized and debrided using 10% Hydrogen peroxide and thereafter covered with povidone iodine. Further treatments included application of opticlox ointment then oxytetracycline spray. Procaine penicillin and dexamethasone anti-inflammatory drug was administered intramuscularly to enhance the wound healing process.

Prognosis Prognosis was fair after treatment.

7.

POSTMORTEM EXAMINATION OF A MALE ELEPHANT IN OL PEJETA WILDLIFE CONSERVANCY

Animal Identification Species: African Elephant (Loxodanta africana) Sex: Male Age: Sub-adult 15 years Location: Olpejeta Wildlife Conservancy Date of clinical intervention: 23rd March, 2018 History This was a case of an adult male elephant that was found dead in Olpejeta Wildlife Conservancy, the carcass was about three days old but the cause of death was not well established. It had been heavily scavenged by hyenas and vultures and most of the internal organs and muscle had been scavenged. The management of Olpejeta Wildlife Conservancy informed the veterinary team to respond and conduct post-mortem examination to ascertain the cause of death.

Postmortem examination The elephant had been extensively predated by hyenas and the tusks had earlier been removed by the conservancy team before the veterinary team arrived. Due to heavy decomposition and predation, it was not possible to ascertain the cause of death. It was suspected to have died of a fatal injury since the elephant died while in good body condition, it had no visible wounds or injury and no signs of struggle in the surrounding.

Cause of death The elephant had sudden death suspected to have been caused by a fatal injury.

8.

TREATMENT AND POSTMORTEM OF AN INJURED FEMALE ELEPHANT IN OLE NASHUU WILDLIFE CONSERVANCY, NANYUKI

Animal Identification Species: African Elephant (Loxodanta africana) Sex: Female Age: Approximately 20 years old Location: Ole Nashuu wildlife conservancy Date of clinical intervention: 24th March, 2018 History This was an adult female elephant sighted within Ole Nashuu Wildlife Conservancy, it was weak, emaciated, lonely and walking very slowly, it was quite sick and unable to feed and kept supporting itself on trees. The elephant was sighted by the ranch security rangers and management who immediately called and informed the veterinary team to respond for prompt intervention.

Examination and Treatment The elephant had no visible physical injury and had extreme difficulties in breathing, it was thus treated faster with antibiotics suspecting that it had an internal infection. Blood samples were also collected for further laboratory analysis.

Reversal of anaesthesia Unfortunately, it was not able to recover from anaesthesia, it made several attempts to rise but in vain. Efforts to resuscitate it did not work, eventually it succumbed.

Postmortem findings Postmortem examination revealed a completely degenerated lung tissue full of pus and unable to take in any oxygen.

The elephant could not breathe because of the dead lung tissues and died of asphyxiation.

The cause of lung infection will be established by the tissue samples collected from the affected lungs. The tusks were recovered and kept in safe custody at KWS Nanyuki station.

9.

DESNARING AND TREATMENT OF A SNARED FEMALE ELEPHANT CALF IN EL KALAMA WILDLIFE CONSERVANCY

Animal Identification Species: African Elephant (Loxodanta africana) Sex: Female Age: Approximately 3 months old (Juvenile) Location: El Kalama Wildlife conservancy Date of clinical intervention: 26th March, 2018 History This was a young female elephant calf sighted within El Kalama Wildlife Conservancy, it had a tight wire snare around the left front leg cutting through the leg. The snare was quite tight and the leg was heavily swollen and very painful, the calf was seen trying to remove the snare using its trunk but in vain. The elephant calf was sighted by the El Kalama manager and security rangers on patrol who immediately called and informed the veterinary team to respond for prompt intervention to save the animal.

Chemical Immobilization The snared calf was too young to be immobilized by darting so a decision was made to dart the mother and then restrain the calf physically for treatment. The mother elephant was then darted from a vehicle using 17mgs of etorphine Hcl in a 1.5ml Dan-inject dart. It got adequately immobilized after about 5 minutes and went down on sternal recumbency. All the other elephants ran away and left the mother with its two calves (the snared calf and another older calf). The older calf was also scared and left the mother with only the snared calf, the snared calf was then physically restrained using ropes and veterinary team.

Examination and Treatment The snare was quite tight and cutting deep round the left front leg, the wire was made of tough stainless-steel wire that was cutting through the muscles. The wire was quickly cut off using a wire cutter.

The wound was then treated using 10% hydrogen peroxide, tincture of iodine and antibiotic spray. It was further treated using opticloxÂŽ ointment applied topically. Other treatments were intramuscular injection of Procaine Penicillin and Flunixine meglumine to support the wound healing process. Finally the wound was sprayed with oxytetracycline spray.

Prognosis of the case Prognosis was good after removing the snare and treatment of the wound.

10. TREATMENT OF A JUVENILE MOUNTAIN BONGO WITH GASTROENTERITIS IN MT. KENYA GAME RANCH Animal identification: Species: Mountain bongo (Boocerus eurycerus isaaci) Sex: Female Age: Juvenile Location: Mount Kenya Game Ranch Date of intervention: 28 th March, 2018 History A sub-adult female bongo of about 2 years old was reported to have signs of rough hair and rapidly losing its body condition. It was suspected to be suffering from severe helminthosis that require immediate intervention.

Restraint and treatment The calf was restrained physically by hands and blood samples collected from jugular vein, faecal samples were also collected from the rectum. It was then treated using Levamisole anthelmintic administered orally, Ivermectin administered sub-cutaneously, Procaine penicillin and multivitamin administered intramuscularly.

Samples collection Blood samples were collected in EDTA coated tubes and plain tubes, blood smears were also prepared these will be analysed to establish the cause of infection. Feacal samples were also collected to be processed to identify the gastrointestinal parasites affecting the animal.

Prognosis Prognosis was quite good after treatment.

11. REPEAT TREATMENT AND POSTMORTEM OF NORTHERN WHITE RHINO (SUDAN) IN OL PEJETA CONSERVANCY Animal Identification Species: Northern White Rhino (Named Sudan) Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Olpejeta Wildlife Conservancy, Laikipia Date of clinical intervention: 19th March, 2018 History Sudan suffered from multiple and extensive spontaneous cutaneous wounds that were as a result of old age and decreased immunity. Due to old age the animal preferred lying down most of the times and this resulted on sore wounds on joint prominences and other parts of the body. The wounds were treated severally and regularly but the response was poor and some of the wounds either recurred after healing or could not heal completely. Later, Sudan developed arthritis at the pelvic joints, tarsal joints and carpal joints as a result of ascending bacterial infection from the cutaneous wounds. This was followed by heavy swelling, hardening and myonecrosis (muscle tissue damage/degeneration) at the left thigh that completely paralysed the left hind leg and the animal could not walk any more.

Two days before death Sudan became extremely weak and became recumbent, attempts to make it rise up did not work. It remained recumbent for 2 days and was in deep pain exhibited by groaning and smacking the mouth. The blood pressure was extremely low and the body temperature had dropped drastically a sign of poor prognosis. All the possible treatment options had been explored but in vain.

At this point, all the attending veterinarians from KWS, Ol Pejeta and other consulting veterinarians from outside Kenya were satisfied that Sudan had reached a terminal end and had no chances of recovery and there was need to euthanize it to alleviate pain and suffering as required by veterinary practice, animal welfare laws and KWS guidelines.

It was therefore euthanized humanely using the recommended veterinary drugs and procedure to ensure that the animal died smoothly without pain or struggle.

Summary cause of death Sudan died of severe septicemia and multiple arthritis caused by extensive cutaneous wounds associated with old age and decreased immunity.

12. TREATMENT OF KWS WILDLIFE SECURITY DOGS IN SOLIO RANCH Animal Identification Species: Blood Hound (Security dog) Sex: Male Age: Adult (7 years) Location: Solio ranch Date of clinical intervention: 12th March, 2018 History One of the security dogs in Solio had lacerative wounds of unknown cause on the stifle joint right hind leg and another injury on the left front leg. The dog was quite weak and kept leaking the wounds due to itchiness. Later the dog lost appetite and had to be put on special diet of rice, eggs, meat and milk.

Examination and treatment The wound at the stifle joint was pressed and released pus that was completely drained. It was then treated using 10% hydrogen peroxide and povidone iodine and opticlox ointment and oxytetracycline spray. It was also treated with Procaine penicillin and dexamethasone, and multivitamins administered intramuscularly to enhance healing of the wounds.

Prognosis Prognosis was good for the lacerative wounds, the wounds promptly recovered, but the dog remained weak hence was referred to the University of Nairobi for further tests and specialised care.

CONCLUSION The mountain veterinary unit successfully responded to several cases of wildlife emergency during the month of March 2018 despite heavy rains and muddy terrain. Many animals attended to have responded well and recovered.

The unit was also able to collect giraffe biopsy samples in Garissa which will be very helpful in analysis of giraffe genetic diversity across the country and detect cases of giraffe hybridization in Kenya. The unit has also collected opportunistic wildlife samples during treatment, translocations or any case attended to. The samples will be used for disease surveillance and conservation research where necessary.