DSWT/KWS Quarterly Vet Report October, November, December 2017 by Sheldrick Wildlife Trust

MOBILE VET UNITS TSAVO – MARA – MERU – AMBOSELI – MT KENYA REPORT OCTOBER, NOVEMBER & DECEMBER 2017

MOBILE VETERINARY UNITS OVERVIEW OCTOBER, NOVEMBER & DECEMBER 2017 During the October to December 2017 3-month reporting period, the DSWT in partnership with the Kenya Wildlife Service and their four dedicated KWS field veterinary officers, attended to 130 wildlife cases. Such like the last quarterly report, the severe drought witnessed during 2017 continued to cause many wildlife deaths and necessitated the rescues of numerous elephant orphans with increased drought related cases, and cases relating to natural causes as well as postmortems. Of the 130 cases attended to 70 cases included elephants; 18 of these elephant cases were directly related to poaching activities with cases including 2 poisoned arrows, 8 spear cases, 6 bullet wound cases and 2 snare cases, whilst there were 15 elephant rescues, 3 collaring cases, 9 cases treated for natural causes and 22 post-mortems. During this period 9 rhino cases were also attended to along with 10 lion cases. A number of other species including giraffe, cheetah, zebra, buffalo, leopard and plains game were also treated by the veterinary units.

Below the chart shows all cases broken down by poaching injuries. Although many cases during this month were caused by the effects of the prolonged drought in Kenya, snaring and poaching activities were still evident

The Tsavo Mobile Vet Unit attended to 38 cases, including 2 poaching cases, 1 HWC case, 11 rescues, 17 postmortems and 1 case which was a week-long exercise of rhino ear notching and transmitter fitting within the Ngulia Intensive Protection Zone (IPZ). The ongoing drought during this reporting period had a devastating impact on wildlife species in the Tsavo ecosystem, with many elephant and other animals dying or found deceased requiring postmortem examination, whilst many elephant calves were also rescued. The Mara Mobile Vet Unit attended to 20 cases of which 13 of the cases involved elephants, and 3 involved predators as well as 2 zebras with snare wounds and 2 giraffes with arrow and spear wounds. Of the elephant cases, 5 were treated for spear wounds, 2 for arrow wounds and 1 for a bullet wound. 1 elephant was also collared, while 2 cases were rescues, 1 was a HWC case and 1 was treated for natural causes. The Meru Mobile Vet Unit attended to 13 cases including 5 elephants and 1 rhino, which was sear notched in Lewa. The elephant cases included the collaring of 1 elephant, 1 HWC case, 2 cases attributed to natural causes and 1 postmortem, which was also attributed to natural causes. The unit also attended to 3 zebras (2 snared, 1 natural cause), an antelope for natural causes, a buffalo which was rescued and the treatment of 1 lion for natural causes. The Amboseli Mobile Vet Unit attended to 24 cases, 8 of which were elephant cases with 1 caused by a spear wound and 1 snare wound, as well as 1 case relating to natural causes, 3 post-mortems and 2 rescues. 3 antelopes were also attended to. The unit also ear notched 10 rhinos and removed a snare from 1 male rhino. Other treatments included 3 giraffe cases and the treatment of 3 zebras. The Mt Kenya Mobile Vet Unit attended to 35 cases including 9 elephants â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 3 of which were treated for bullet wounds, 1 for a snare wound and 2 for spear wounds as well as 1 collaring, 1 natural causes and 1 postmortem. The unit also attended to 6 rhinos (4 natural causes, 1 relocation and 1 ear notching) and 3 lions, a snared waterbuck, 4 zebras, 2 buffalo, 7 antelope and 1 giraffe.

TSAVO MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT OCTOBER, NOVEMBER & DECEMBER 2017

TSAVO MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT OCTOBER 2017 Introduction The month of October continued to experience a dry spell with no rains, leading to pronounced effects of drought that were observed mainly in elephant calves and aged individuals. Some showers were later experienced in Tsavo ecosystem to the great relief of everyone but unfortunately it didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t last. The month under review saw an upsurge in drought related mortalities mainly affecting old and young elephants in the southern part of Tsavo East National Park. Several elephant calves were rescued and taken to Voi and Nairobi DSWT stockades while emaciated and recumbent old elephants had to be euthanized to end their suffering. the weather forecast has predicted some showers in the month of November that will go a long way in reducing the suffering of wildlife within Tsavo ecosystem.

EXAMINATION OF ELEPHANT CARCASS

Animal: African Elephant Species: Loxodanta Africana Sex: Female Age: 1 year Location: Voi airstrip, Tsavo East Date of clinical intervention: 4th October 2017 History and Examination A report was made by tourists of an Elephant calf that was lying down and motionless near the Voi park airstrip within Tsavo East National Park with the mother standing beside it guarding. The Tsavo unit team unit rushed to the area to ascertain the problem. The mother was pushed away in order to get access to the calf and upon examining we found the calf was freshly dead. The carcass was thin and emaciated due to starvation from the ongoing drought conditions. Carcass moved away from the road. Prognosis The cause of death was through natural cause and drought related.

EXAMINATION OF ELEPHANT CARCASSES

Animal: African Elephant Species: Loxodanta Africana Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Signage 104, Tsavo East Date of clinical intervention: 5th October 2017 History and Examination A report was made by tour drivers of an Elephant carcass near the signage 104 within Tsavo East National Park. The Tsavo unit team unit visited the area to ascertain the cause of death. The carcass was lying on the left flank and starting to decompose. There was little scavenger activity on the carcass with the tusks still intact. The skin was removed from the carcass to expose the whitish subcutis and examine any penetrating wounds, but none were found. The carcasses were rolled over to expose the left flank and autopsy undertaken with no signs of external injury observed. Tusks were retrieved and taken for safe custody. Prognosis The cause of deaths was through natural cause and drought related.

3. Species: Sex: Age: Date: Place:

ELEPHANT AUTOPSY EXAMINATION Elephant Female 5 year old and adult cow 6th October 2017 Voi River and 102, Tsavo east

Introduction and autopsy A report was made by DSWT patrol aeroplane and Voi stockade staff of 2 Elephant carcasses seen along Voi River near Voi wildlife lodge and along Voi â&#x20AC;&#x201C;Luggards falls road in Tsavo East National Park. The Tsavo vet unit rushed to the area to ascertain the cause of death. The calf along Voi River was found already dead but fresh with little scavenger activity on it. The skin was removed from carcass to expose the whitish subcutis and examine any penetrating wounds, but none were found. The carcasses were rolled over to expose the left flank and autopsy undertaken with no signs of external injury observed. Tusks were retrieved and taken for safe custody. The team moved to another old carcass of an Elephant cow near Voi- Luggards road where an adult cow carcass was examined. The carcass was at an advanced level of decomposition with tusks intact. The carcass was aged at 1 month old. Tusks were retrieved for safe custody. The cause of deaths was through natural/drought related.

ELEPHANT CALF RESCUE

Species: Elephant Sex: Female Age: 4 years old Date: 7th October 2017 Place: Irima, Tsavo east History, treatment and rescue A report was made by KWS teams of one Elephant calf that was lying down and unable to stand up near a road at Irima area of Tsavo East. The vet team together with the Voi stockade team rushed to the area to find the young Elephant emaciated and weak. It was administered with antibiotics, Vitamin B12 complex and colvasone, the calf stabilized and was transported to Voi stockade with the assistance of the Voi stockade team for more intensive care.

Species: Sex: Age: Date: Place:

RESCUE OF TWO ELEPHANT CALVES, EUTHANASIA OF OLD COW AND ELEPHANT AUTOPSY EXAMINATION OF 3 OTHERS, TOTAL 6 CASES Elephant Calves (Male and Female) the rest females 4 Calf and Adults 8th October 2017 Aruba water hole (5), Voi gate 1, Tsavo East

Introduction and autopsy A report was made by DSWT de-snaring rangers of an elephant calf and cow that had collapsed near Aruba water point, Tsavo East. The Tsavo vet unit rushed to the area to ascertain the cause of problem. Attempts were made to help the recumbent cow onto her feet by use of ropes tied to the vet vehicle in vain as she was too weak to stand. A young recumbent calf nearby was administered with colvasone, catasol and 50% dextrose bolus intravenously to stabilise her and she was then put in a shade. Another small lame calf was rescued nearby, and both airlifted to Nairobi stockade for care. The recumbent female cow was euthanized and the tusks were removed for custody, another two young elephant carcasses were also examined and their small tusks removed. Back in the camp another Elephant cow carcass seen near Voi gate was examined and tusks removed. All the 6 cases attended were as a result of the ongoing drought conditions in the park. Photos:, collapsed calf in Aruba, Injured calf in Aruba, collapsed Aruba cow and young Elephant carcass, Young Elephant carcass in Aruba and cow carcass in Voi gate all in Tsavo East National Park.

ELEPHANT AUTOPSY EXAMINATION

Species: Elephant Sex: Male Age: 8 years old Date: 10th October 2017 Place: Voi River, Tsavo east Introduction An Elephant carcass near the Voi River towards Ngutuni sanctuary within the Tsavo east National Park was discovered. The Tsavo vet unit visited the area to ascertain the cause of death. The carcass was lying on the right flank and at an advanced level of decomposition. No external injuries were observed. Autopsy was undertaken, and no lesions were seen apart from the poor body condition. Tusks were removed and taken for safe custody. Cause of death was put as starvation/drought effects due to the long dry spell within Tsavos.

ELEPHANT AUTOPSY EXAMINATION

Species: Elephant Sex: Unknown Age: 4 years old Date: 10th October 2017 Place: Dida Harea, Tsavo east Introduction The carcass was lying on the left flank and at an advanced level of decomposition. No external injuries were observed. Autopsy was undertaken, and no lesions were seen apart from the poor body condition. Tusks were removed and taken for safe custody. Cause of death was put as starvation/drought effects due to the long dry spell within Tsavos.

RESCUE OF 2 ELEPHANT CALVES

Animal: African Elephant Species: Loxodanta Africana Sex: Female and Male Age: 2 Years and 6 months Location: Aruba and Satao, Tsavo East. Date: 14th October History, treatment and rescue A report was made by tour drivers of one Elephant calf that was alone with no family within near Aruba lodge area of Tsavo east. The vet team together with the Voi stockade team rushed to the area to find the young calf moving around and confused. The female calf was rescued and placed in a vehicle to await an airlift to Nairobi orphanage. Whilst rescuing the first calf another report of a collapsed calf was received from Satao camp. The team rushed to find the barely breathing calf in nearby. He was stabilised with Vitamin B12 complex and IV fluid therapy. The calf once stabilized, was loaded onto a vehicle and transported to Aruba where together with the first calf were airlifted to Nairobi DSWT orphanage for care.

EXAMINATION OF 2 ELEPHANT COWS

Date: 16th October 2017 Species: Loxodanta Africana (African Elephant) Sex: Females Age: Adult Location: Aruba lodge and Voi River, Tsavo East History A report was received from tour drivers of two collapsed Elephant cowsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, one near Aruba water hole and the other along Voi River near Sentrim lodge all within Tsavo East National Park. The team rushed to Aruba and found the first cow flat on the ground and barely breathing but alive. She succumbed minutes later while being attended. Autopsy was undertaken but nothing was seen apart from emaciation. Tusks were removed or safe custody. The team then rushed to Sentrim lodge along Voi River where the other case had been reported. The young cow was also lying flat next to the River banks and had just succumbed. The carcass was seriously emaciated with skeletal anatomy obvious from the skin surface. Tusks were removed for safe custody. The two cases succumbed to the ongoing drought conditions within Tsavo East National Park and its environs.

10. AUTOPSY EXAMINATION OF 3 ELEPHANTS Species: Elephant Sex: Females (3) Age: Adult Date: 19th October 2017 Place: Luggards road, Aruba and Mudanda rock, Tsavo East Introduction A report of Elephant carcasses was received from the DSWT patrol aeroplane and tour drivers along Voi - Luggards road, Aruba and Mudanda rock areas of Tsavo East National Park. The Tsavo vet unit visited the areas to ascertain the causes of death. The first carcass was lying on the right flank and at an advanced level of decomposition. All flesh had rotted away and only skin with the skeletal structure and organs were left. The Tusks were removed and taken for safe custody. No meaningful autopsy could be undertaken on the carcass and tentative cause of death was put as drought related starvation. The second carcass was of a young female near Aruba lodge area. The carcass was still fresh with slight scavenging on the perineal area. No significant pathological findings were observed on autopsy and tentatively put as drought related due to poor carcass score. The tusks were removed for safe custody. After finishing with the Aruba case the vet team headed to Mudanda rock where another old carcass was spotted. The carcass was also in advanced state of decomposition and no meaningful autopsy was undertaken to ascertain the cause of death. All the three cases died of drought related factors that is ravaging the Tsavo ecosystem.

11. EXAMINATION OF TWO ELEPHANT CARCASSES Animal: African Elephant Species: Loxodanta Africana Sex: Female Age: 1 year and adult Location: Aruba and Kanderi, Tsavo East Date of clinical intervention: 21st October 2017 History and Examination A report was made by tourists of an Elephant calf that was lying down and motionless near the Aruba enclosure within Tsavo East National Park. The Tsavo unit team unit rushed to the area to ascertain the problem. The carcass was thin and emaciated due to starvation from the ongoing drought conditions. After finishing with the Aruba case the vet team headed to Kanderi swamp where another old carcass was spotted. The carcass was also in advanced state of decomposition and no meaningful autopsy was undertaken to ascertain the cause of death. Tusks were retrieved for safe custody. The two cases had died of drought related problems.

12. EXAMINATION OF AN ELEPHANT COW Date: 23rd October 2017 Species: Loxodanta Africana (African Elephant) Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Aruba, Tsavo East History Report was received from tour drivers of an injured Elephant cow that was recumbent and flat on the ground near Aruba airstrip within Tsavo East. The team rushed to the area and found the cow flat on the ground. The body condition was poor. Examination and treatment Treatment was given with antibiotics, colvasone, vitamin B12 complex and Dextrose IV bolus shots were administered but the response was minimal. Attempts to pull her onto her feet also proved unsuccessful. With a very poor prognosis she was euthanized, and the tusks removed for safe custody. The poor condition is drought related.

13. EXAMINATION OF AN ELEPHANT COW Date: 27th October 2017 Species: Loxodanta Africana (African Elephant) Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Sentrim, Tsavo East History A report was received from tour drivers of an injured Elephant cow that was recumbent and flat on the ground inside a water hole along Voi-Aruba road near Sentrim lodge within Tsavo East. The team rushed to the area and found the cow flat on the ground. The body condition was poor. Attempts to pull her onto her feet also proved unsuccessful. She was euthanized and the tusks removed for safe custody. The poor condition is drought related.

14. RESCUE OF AN ELEPHANT CALF Animal: African Elephant Species: Loxodanta Africana Sex: Female Age: 4 Years Location: Irima, Tsavo East. Date: 27th October History, treatment and rescue A report was made by the DSWT patrol aeroplane of an Elephant calf that had been seen earlier but now her condition had deteriorated near a road at Irima area of Tsavo East. The vet team together with the Voi stockade team rushed to the area to find the young Elephant standing but emaciated. The calf was covered with a blanket, captured and taken to Voi stockade where administration of antibiotics, Vitamin B12 complex and colvasone was instituted. After intensive care so far, the calf is doing well.

15. EXAMINATION OF A GIRAFFE Animal: Giraffe Species: Maasai Giraffe Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Galdessa, Tsavo East Date: 29th October. History, treatment and rescue A report was made by Galdessa lodge staff of an adult male Giraffe that was stuck in shallow water near Galdessa camp in Tsavo East. The vet team together with the Voi stockade team rushed to the area to find the Giraffe already dead. The cause of the problem was the weak Giraffe slid into the shallow water depression and despite Galdessa team pulling him out, he was already too weak to survive and succumbed.

16. ELEPHANT AUTOPSY EXAMINATION Species: Elephant Sex: Female Age: Adult Date: 30th October 2017 Place: Kanderi, Tsavo east Introduction A report was received from tour drivers of an Elephant carcass near Kanderi swamp along Voi River within Tsavo East National Park. The Tsavo vet unit visited the area to ascertain the cause of death. The carcass was lying inside the Kanderi water collection pond where Elephants drink water. The carcass was pulled out of the water and examined. An autopsy was undertaken, and no lesions were seen apart from the poor body condition. Tusks were removed and taken for safe custody. Cause of death was put as starvation/drought effects due to the long dry spell within Tsavos.

17. EXAMINATION OF ELEPHANT CARCASSES Animal: African Elephant Species: Loxodanta Africana Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Satao, Tsavo East Date of clinical intervention: 31st October 2017 History and Examination A report was made by DSWT aeroplane of a recumbent Elephant near Satao within Tsavo East National Park. The Tsavo unit team visited the area to ascertain the cause of death. The Elephant cow appeared weak but was struggling to stand up. A rope tied to the vet unit vehicle and looped on her tusk was used to aid her onto her feet. She stood up and walked away slowly. She was a lucky one unlike many others. Some showers were witnessed in Tsavo East National Park and we hope it will continue.

TSAVO MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT NOVEMBER 2017 Introduction The month of November witnessed the start of short rains with some showers observed in Aruba and triangle areas of Tsavo East National Park and Taita ranches. The few showers, although much needed, were too little to end drought related deaths ravaging Tsavo East National Park. In the month under review an elephant calf was rescued near Charlie zero near Galana River and another in Luggards falls both in Tsavo East and taken to Nairobi. A problematic lion from Malindi was also captured and brought to Tsavo vet and was euthanized due to amputation of the forelimb by a wire snare. In other cases, a weak elephant calf was rescued from pipeline area of Tsavo east and taken to Voi stockade while recumbent elephants in Aruba and Sobo areas were also attended to. A week-long exercise of rhino ear notching and transmitter fitting was undertaken within the Ngulia Intensive Protection Zone (IPZ) and sanctuary where a total of 24 rhinos were either ear notched (sanctuary) or fitted with transmitter and ear notched (IPZ). The long sought snared rhino within the IPZ was finally located and treated from the traumatizing neck wire snare with good prognosis. Finally, the unit treated 2 elephant bulls in Ithumba and Sobo areas of Tsavo East with suspected bullet wounds.

RESCUE OF AN ELEPHANT CALF

Animal: African Elephant Species: Loxodanta Africana Sex: Male Age: 1 year Location: Charlie zero Galana River, Tsavo East. Date: 1st November History, treatment and rescue A report was made by DSWT director that while flying along Galana River, in Tsavo East, they spotted a small elephant calf that was abandoned and in company of three big bulls. The vet was airlifted by DSWT aeroplane from Voi to the area to coordinate the rescue. A DSWT Helicopter was on standby to assist with the rescue. The chopper was used to separate the calf from the bulls and a team on the ground captured the calf and restrained it. He was administered long acting antibiotics, Vitamin B12 complex and Dexamethasone Hcl. The calf was loaded onto a waiting DSWT chopper and airlifted direct to DSWT orphanage in Nairobi for care and eventual release back to the wild.

RESCUE OF AN ELEPHANT CALF

Animal: African Elephant Species: Loxodanta Africana Sex: Male Age: 2 years Location: Luggards, Tsavo East. Date: 2nd November History, treatment and rescue A report was made by DSWT patrol plane that while flying along Galana River, Tsavo East where they spotted a small elephant calf that was all alone. The vet team together with Voi stockade staff rushed to the area to find the calf. A DSWT Helicopter was on standby to assist with the rescue. The team captured the calf and restrained it. He was administered long acting antibiotics, Vitamin B12 complex and Dexamethasone Hcl. The calf was loaded onto a waiting DSWT chopper and airlifted direct to DSWT orphanage in Nairobi for care and eventual release back to the wild.

EXAMINATION OF A SICK HIPPO

Animal: Hippopotamus Species: Hippopotomus amphibius Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Galana conservancy, Tsavo East Date of clinical intervention: 4th November 2017 History and Examination A report was made by tourists of a sick and stranded Hippo in Galana conservancy that is adjacent to Tsavo East National Park. The Hippo was slightly submerged in a shallow water after the rains. Tsavo vet unit team rushed to the area to ascertain the problem. The Hippo was found in the shallow water collection appearing very weak and emaciated. Probing and close examination revealed very poor body condition due to the drought effects and paralysis of the hind limbs. The prognosis of the hippo recovering was put as poor hence a decision was made to euthanize to reduce animal suffering. The cause of death was drought related.

4. Species: Sex: Age: Date: Place:

ELEPHANT CALF RESCUE Elephant Female 3 years old 8th November 2017 Sobo, Tsavo east

History, treatment and rescue A report was made by KWS teams of one elephant calf that was all alone in Sobo area of Tsavo East. The vet team together with the Voi stockade team rushed to the area to find the young elephant foraging alone, emaciated and weak. The calf was captured and loaded to a pickup truck thereafter administered with antibiotics, Vitamin B12 complex and colvasone. Having the calf stabilized she was transported to Voi stockade for more intensive care.

PROBLEMATIC LION FROM MALINDI

Animal: Lion Species: Panthera leo Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Magarini, Malindi Date of intervention: 10th November 2017 History, Capture and Translocation Then lion was trapped and captured by the KWS rangers after preying on livestock within Magarini area of Malindi. It was brought to Tsavo vet unit for examination and eventual release back to Tsavo East National Park. A dart was prepared containing 300 mgs of Ketamine Hcl and 4 mgs Meditomidine Hcl and the lioness darted. Close examination revealed complete amputation of the right paw at the ankle by suspected wire snare with some healing. With such a serious injury, the predator could not hunt wild prey and hence resorted to livestock predation as a way of feeding itself and running into conflict with the community. With that in mind a decision was made to euthanize the lioness.

EXAMINATION OF AN ELEPHANT COW

Date: 11th November 2017 Species: Loxodanta Africana (African Elephant) Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Aruba, Tsavo East History Report was received from tour drivers of a weak elephant cow that was recumbent and flat on the ground near Aruba lodge within Tsavo East. The team rushed to the area and found the cow flat on the ground with poor body condition. Examination and treatment Treatment with antibiotics, colvasone, vitamin B12 complex and Dextrose IV bolus shots were administered but the response was minimal. Attempts to pull her onto her feet also proved unsuccessful. With poor prognosis she was euthanized and the tusks removed for safe custody. The poor condition is drought related though the recent rain has not been sufficient to get her health back.

RESCUE OF AN ELEPHANT CALF

Animal: African Elephant Species: Loxodanta Africana Sex: Female Age: 3 Years Location: Pipeline, Tsavo East. Date: 12th November History, treatment and rescue A report was made by tourists of an elephant calf seen along pipeline road in company of some bulls and at times alone inside Tsavo East. The vet team together with the Voi stockade searched for the young Elephant and finally found her all alone. The calf was covered with a blanket, captured and taken to Voi stockade where administration of antibiotics, Vitamin B12 complex and colvasone was instituted. The calf stabilized and was transported to Voi stockade with the assistance of the Voi stockade team for more intensive care. She is so far doing well.

EXAMINATION OF ELEPHANT COW

Animal: African Elephant Species: Loxodanta Africana Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Sobo, Tsavo East Date of clinical intervention: 13th November 2017 History and Examination A report was made by DSWT aeroplane of a recumbent Elephant near Sobo within Tsavo East National Park. The Tsavo unit team unit visited the area to ascertain the cause. The Elephant cow appeared weak but was struggling to stand up. Treatment with antibiotics, colvasone, vitamin B12 complex and Dextrose IV bolus shots were administered but the response was minimal. A rope tied to the vet unit vehicle and looped on her tusk was used to aid her onto her feet. She stood up and walked away slowly but again collapsed. Further attempts proved futile. The cow was euthanized and tusks removed for safe custody. Some showers were witnessed in Tsavo East National Park and we hope it will continue and we believe the drought related Elephant suffering will end.

TREATMENT OF AN ELEPHANT BULL

Date: 14th November 2017 Species: Loxodanta Africana (African Elephant) Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Ithumba, Tsavo East History Report was received from DSWT Ithumba team of an injured Elephant bull that was badly lame near the Ithumba Elephant stockade. The Vet who was in Nairobi was airlifted to Ithumba and found the bull nearby in a bush. Immobilization, examination and treatment Treatment Etorphine Hcl(0.98%) (M99ÂŽ) 18 mgs 1.5 ml Dan - inject dart was prepared. Helicopter darting was carried out. Using a Dan injectÂŽ dart rifle (Dan-inject APS, Sellerup Skovvej, Denmark) the Elephant was darted and pushed by the chopper to an open and went down on lateral recumbency after 8 minutes. There was a deep penetrating wound on the left forelimb near the elbow joint with pus oozing out and swelling of the joint. The wound was washed clean with water mixed with hydrogen peroxide, necrotic tissues and pus were removed and the wound doused with tincture of iodine. Green clay was used to cover the wound. Long acting antibiotics were administered IM and intravenous administration of dexamethasone Hcl given through the ear vein after which the anaesthesia was reversed by administration of diprenorphine. Prognosis is guarded. Anaesthesia was reversed using Diprenorphine at 3 times the etorphine dose and the Elephant stood up and walked away.

10. NGULIA RHINO EAR NOTCHING AND TRANSMITTER FITTING, TSAVO WEST Date: 20th-27th November 2017 Species: Black Rhino (Diceros bicornis) Sex: Both sexes Age: Adult and sub adults (24) Location: Ngulia, Tsavo West History Successful biological management of rhinos requires good quality data to inform decision making. The information required for efficient rhino protection and meta-population management is obtained by maintaining a standardized high-quality monitoring system. One of the activities undertaken to achieve this is to maintain regular ear notching of the population. The aim remains to ensure over 60% of individual rhinos can be independently recognized by the rhino monitoring team at all times. This is outlined in the conservation and management strategy for the black rhino (2018 – 2022). Ear notching will enhance monitoring by increasing daily sightings intervals for all rhino individuals. This is done through ear notching where V- shapes are notched in specific parts the ear. Each rhino is given a unique pattern (number) to enable positive identification. During the exercise, a total of twenty-four (24) rhinos were captured: twelve (12) of them being ear notched at NRS; and twelve (12) were ear notched and fitted with transmitters in the IPZ Immobilization, fitting and reversal After the target is positively identified, it is first driven towards open ground and darted from a helicopter. Immobilization is achieved using a drug combination of Azaperone Hcl 80mg (Kyron laboratories (pty) Ltd) and Etorphine Hcl 4.5 mg (Captivon® 98, Wildlife pharmaceuticals (Pty) Ltd) with Hyaluronidase 2000 for the adults and 2.5-3.5 mgs Etorphine Hcl and 50-60 mgs Azaperone for the young and sub-adult Rhinos respectively delivered by a Dan Inject dart gun. Induction time ranged from 4 to 8 minutes with a mean of 6 minutes and 7 to 10 minutes for Notching and transmitter fixing respectively. After being immobilized, the ground team moves in quickly to process the animal. Vital parameters including respiration rate and temperature are monitored routinely in immobilized animals. To control hyperthermia, immobilized animals were liberally doused with water. A blindfold was also used to prevent damage to the cornea and to minimize visual stimulation. After confirming that the animal is in a stable condition, ears were notched using a predetermined pattern. Haemostatic forceps were used to control bleeding and topical antibiotic spray (Alamycin, Norbrook ltd) applied on wounds. Six transponders (microchips) were fitted to the animal; one in each horn, two in the neck and another two at the base of the tail. Various samples including blood for biochemical and serological analysis, feces (per rectum), tissue samples (notched ear tissue) and tail hair were collected from the animal. Prophylactic treatment against trypanosomiasis, Berenil® 4200mg (Intervet International Ltd), was administered intramuscularly to animals and a long acting amoxicillin based antimicrobial (Betamox®) was administered deep intramuscularly for prophylaxis against opportunistic infections that can arise due to capture related stress. After the operation is over, the vet then wakes up the Rhino after all is clear using Diprenorphine Hcl (Activon® Wildlife pharmaceuticals (Pty) Ltd) administered through the ear vein at three times the Etorphine dose. The Rhino is then observed until it fully awake and walking for the team to embark on the next animal.

Injured Rhino case During the exercise, a rhino with a wire snare around its neck was spotted near Rhodesia hill in the IPZ and treated. After being darted as explained above the wire snare was cut loose, wound around the neck washed with water mixed with hydrogen peroxide at a ratio of 1:1, wound doused with tincture of iodine and finally spayed with Oxytetracycline antibiotic spray. A cover of wetted green clay with wound healing properties was smeared on the wound to keep off flies and aid quick healing. Long acting antibiotics and Dexamethasone Hcl was administered by deep muscle injections. Anaethesia reversal was done as explained before and the Rhino woke up well. Prognosis is good.

11. TREATMENT OF AN ELEPHANT BULL Date: 30th November 2017 Species: Loxodanta Africana (African Elephant) Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Sobo, Tsavo East History Report was received from DSWT patrol aircraft of an injured Elephant bull that was limping badly in Sobo area of Tsavo East. The Vet team rushed to the area and found the bull near the said location with carrying leg lameness and barely unable to walk. Immobilization, examination and treatment Etorphine Hcl(0.98%) (M99ÂŽ) 18 mgs 1.5 ml Dan - inject dart was prepared. Vehicle darting was carried out. Using a Dan injectÂŽ dart rifle (Dan-inject APS, Sellerup Skovvej, Denmark) the Elephant was darted and went down on lateral recumbency after 5 minutes. There was a deep penetrating wound on the left forelimb behind elbow joint with watery blood oozing out and swelling of the joint. The wound was washed cleaned using normal saline water and doused with tincture of iodine. Green clay was used to cover the wound. Long acting antibiotics were administered IM and intravenous administration of dexamethasone Hcl given through the ear vein after which the anaesthesia was reversed by administration of diprenorphine. Prognosis is guarded to poor. Anaesthesia was reversed using Diprenorphine at 3 times the etorphine dose and the Elephant stood up and walked away.

OTHER ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN The unit examined several wildlife trophies/parts and produced expert reports to aid in prosecution of the offenders in court and testified in court on the same. The unit treated a DSWT security dog in Ngulia and Kaluku for various ailments.

TSAVO MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT DECEMBER 2017 The Tsavo Unit was on annual leave during December 2017

MARA MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT OCTOBER, NOVEMBER & DECEMBER 2017

MARA MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT OCTOBER 2017 Introduction The month was characterised by return of precipitation and more wildlife coming back to the reserve. Some humanwildlife conflict related cases were handled with one lion suffering serious injuries thought to be as a result of spearing, and an elephant treated for arrow wound injuries. One male giraffe was also treated for an arrow injury in a community area. An old tusk-less elephant cow estimated to be over 55 years, which was treated a month ago for a small wound, got stuck in mud and after being pulled out could not stand on her own despite great assistance. She died some hours later. Her molars were completely worn off, this being attributed to her advanced age. The following cases were handled during the month:

RESCUE OF TRAPPED FEMALE ELEPHANT

Date: 4th October 2017 Species: African elephant Age: Over 55years Sex: Female Location: Siana conservancy History This old elephant nursing a 3-year-old calf was being monitored, following deterioration in her body condition despite treatment. She had been treated a month ago for a small arrow wound with possible low-grade peritonitis. During the treatment, her body condition was poor with visible debilitation and worn out molars impending negatively on her ability to browse. She seemed to show some slight improvement but not satisfactorily. It is reported she slipped into a muddy pool and could not help herself out. General observation She was found lying laterally within the muddy pool struggling to stand but without any sign that the mud was hindrance to helping herself up. Way forward She was carefully pulled out of the muddy pool with help of a vehicle and straps. However, she could not rise on her own even after being placed on her sternum for ease of standing up. She made a few efforts and was assisted but still appeared too weak to stand. She was given sometime to gather some energy and see whether she could muster some strength to stand but all in vain. She succumbed some hours later, this being attributed to loss in her condition due to old age, inability to feed, all these aggravated by the injury. The calf is coping well and is being monitored having been taken over by his two older brothers who have joined a larger herd.

WOUNDED ELEPHANT BULL

Date: 5th October 2017 Species: African elephant Sex: Male Age: Young adult Location: Mara Triangle Conservancy History This young bull has been treated twice before with the latest treatment done a year ago. He has a fibroma that has developed on his left heel. Though benign, it occasionally gets abraded causing ulcerations with maggot infestation and sepsis. Once treated, the wound heals, and the problem goes away for some time but recurs when the fibroma gets injured again. The overall body condition of this bull is good and his mobility is not affected and treatment helps him afford some quality of his life. Immobilization, examination and treatment. Restraint was achieved chemically by use of 15mgs etorphine hydrochloride delivered through a 1.5ml daninject dart.This being the third time of treatment, this elephant could not be approached by vehicle for darting as he had good memory and was nervous running away on approach. Darting was therefore done from a helicopter. It took seven minutes for the drugs to take full effect with this elephant assuming left lateral recumbency. Examination revealed a maggot infested septic wound on his right heel. The wound being attributed to abrasion of the fibroma. The wound was cleaned with copious amount of water and all maggots removed manually, debrided with the help of hydrogen peroxide and disinfected with tincture of iodine after rinsing with clean water. This was then packed with green clay. Additional treatments include parenteral administration of amoxicillin antibiotic, flunixin meglumine anti â&#x20AC;&#x201C; inflammatory and ivermectin parasiticide to deter maggot re-infestation. Reversal This was done by use of 42mgs diprenorphine hydrochloride delivered intravenously through a prominent ear vein. He rose up within three minutes of reversal and walked away. Prognosis This being a benign tumour, metastasis is not expected, but complete recovery is not possible. With treatments, the wound heals but recurs after some period especially following abrasion and maggot infestation. This is to afford this bull quality life given that his body condition has remained good and the fibroma doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t bother him unless abraded.

INJURED LION

Date: 6th October 2017 Species: African lion Age: Adult Sex: Male Location: Olkiombo (Rekero area) History This lion was found with an injury on his left thigh and right front paw by tour guides around this area. They called the mobile veterinary unit for assessment. General observation He was found lying in a relatively open area in company of the popular â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Scar faceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; male who belongs to the Marsh pride of lions. The wound on his thigh was relatively fresh and he appeared to favour his right front leg. Immobilization, examination and treatment Restraint was achieved chemically by use of a combination of 240mgs ketamine and 6mgs medetomidine hydrochloride delivered through a 3ml daninject dart. Darting was done from a vehicle. Examination was done fifteen minutes after darting when he was under full effects of the anaesthetics. Both wounds appeared relatively fresh and could have been caused by a sharp object. Spearing was suspected. Since these were relatively fresh injuries, disinfection with iodine was done with the intention of putting sutures. They were then closed from inside using chromic catgut absorbable sutures and externally using nylon. Cloxacillin ointment was infused before completing the stitching process with green clay being packed topically. This lion additionally received intramuscular injection of amoxicillin antibi otic and subcutaneous administration of ivermectin parasiticide. Reversal Reversal was done 1.5 hours after immobilization by use of yohimbine given intravenously through the saphenous vein. He woke up in four minutes and moved away. Prognosis Fair. He will take time to heal completely but is lucky he belongs to a pride that will help him in hunting. Monitoring of this lion was advised and the county rangers to give a brief on his condition regularly. So far he is improving.

INJURED ELEPHANT BULL

Date: 8th October 2017 Species: African elephant Sex: Male Age: Young adult Location: Oloisukut conservancy. History This young bull was seen with a swollen right hind leg and slightly limping when walking. This prompted Oloisukut conservancy manager to seek our help to treat this elephant. General observation. He was found alone browsing within the conservancy near Mara River. He was in good body condition with extensive elephant activity noted within the area. Other herd members had been there earlier. Immobilization, examination and treatment This bull was immobilized by use of 16mgs etorphine hydrochloride delivered through a 3ml daninject dart.Darting was done from a vehicle. It took seven minutes for the drugs to take full effect with this bull assuming left lateral recumbency. Examination revealed a relatively fresh penetrating wound on the cranial surface of his mid right hind leg. This wound on closer examination appeared to have been caused by a high velocity projectile which lodged in the tibia fibula. Probing resulted into more bleeding with no foreign object traced within the soft tissues. The wound was cleaned with water and disinfected with tincture of iodine. Cloxacillin ointment was infused with green clay being packed externally. Additionally, amoxicillin antibiotics and flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatories were given intramuscularly. Reversal Achieved by administration of 42mgs diprenorphine hydrochloride through a prominent ear vein. He rose within three minutes of reversal and traced where the rest of the herd were. Prognosis Fair. Given that no fracture was detected, mobility of this elephant will not be hindered. The projectile was left inside and is known not to cause serious tissue reaction. Challenge of possible osteomyelitis is of concern, but the team were advised to do constant monitoring for possible repeat treatment to keep infection at bay.

INJURED ELEPHANT

Date: 12th October 2017 Species: African elephant Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Siana conservancy History This elephant in a herd of about twenty elephants was seen with a big swelling on the left side of his breast. Slightly dorsal to the big swelling was a small wound. They informed the veterinary unit for assessment and help. General observation This bull in a big herd was found browsing with other elephants in a slightly thick acacia bush. The swelling on his breast was evident with a small discharging wound slightly dorsal to the swelling. Immobilization, examination and treatment Chemical restraint was achieved by use of 15mgs etorphine hydrochloride delivered remotely through a 1.5ml daninject dart from a vehicle. It took eight minutes for full effects of the drugs to occur with this elephant assuming right lateral recumbency. The rest of the herd reluctantly left him as soon as he was down. Examination revealed a big swelling harbouring purulent stuff slightly ventral to an old septic wound. This was thought to have been caused by a poisoned arrow. This arrow could have since fallen off as probing yielded no foreign body. Ventro most part of this abscess was opened, and the pus drained. Copious amount of water was introduced proximally from the wound and drained ventrally from the created opening. This through and through lavage created efficient curettage of the abscess. Hydrogen peroxide and tincture of iodine were introduced to remove more necrotic tissue and disinfect respectively. Green clay was then packed to absorb toxins and hasten healing process. Additional treatments include parenteral administration of 30000mgs amoxicillin antibiotic and 5000mgs flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatory. Reversal Achieved by use of 42mgs diprenorphine hydrochloride given intravenously through a prominent ear vein. He woke up three minutes after reversal to join the other elephants. Prognosis Good.

PARALYZED ELEPHANT COW

Date: 12th October 2017 Species: African elephant Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Mara North Conservancy History This collared mother christened â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Courtneyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; had been treated for an arrow wound two months ago with the arrowhead being retrieved from her left shoulder in Musiara area. She had survived multiple arrow shots a year before after crop raiding with locals shooting her with arrows. Mara Elephant Project team noted an immobility alert signal from her collar and got concerned and on responding, they found her lying on her right lateral side with signs of posterior paralysis. There was a fresh bleeding wound on her spine at the withers. From their records, she had been lying there for at least 24hours immobile. They called the veterinary unit for assessment. General observation and case management. She was in a fair body condition with a fresh injury which was bleeding on her spine close to the withers. This injury could have been caused by spearing. An attempt to make her rise up was fruitless as her rear limbs appeared not functional. The fresh injury appeared to have damaged the spinal cord and by extension nerve supply to the posterior part of her body. With this complication, prognosis was considered grave and to stop her from further suffering, she was humanely euthanized. Her tusks were handed over to KWS security team for recording and safe custody.

ZEBRA WITH A SNARE

Date: 15th October 2017 Species: Common zebra Age: Adult Sex: Male Location: Olarro Conservancy History This male zebra was seen by management of Olarro conservancy dragging a wire from his left front limb. They called the veterinary unit to help de-snare him. General observation. This zebra was found deep in a thicket grazing with a few other zebras. He was dragging a plain wire snare on his front left limb. He appeared nervous on approach. Immobilization, examination and treatment. He was pushed from the thicket to an open place by rangers on foot. Restraint was achieved chemically by use of a combination of 5mgs etorphine hydrochloride and 50mgs azaperone delivered through a 1.5ml daninject dart from a vehicle. He was recumbent in seven minutes upon where examination and treatment was conducted. He had a plain wire round his fetlock joint of front left limb. This snare had caused some wounds through abrasion. It appeared to have been in place for approximately one week. This wire was cut loose and removed, and the resultant wound debrided with hydrogen peroxide and rinsed with clean water. Tincture of iodine disinfectant and oxytetracycline spray were then applied topically. Other treatments include parenteral administration of amoxicillin antibiotic and flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatory. Reversal Achieved by administration of 18mgs diprenorphine hydrochloride intravenously through the jugular vein. He woke up in two minutes to join the rest of the zebra herd. Prognosis Good.

GIRAFFE WITH AN ARROW WOUND

Date: 16th October 2017 Species: Masai giraffe Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Siana Conservancy History This giraffe was seen with an arrow sticking from the left side of his neck by Mara BushTops tour guides. They informed the mobile veterinary unit for intervention. General observation This giraffe was found browsing with other members of the herd with the shaft of the arrow visible from the left side of his neck. He was a big bull in good body condition. Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved by use of a combination of 13mgs etorphine hydrochloride and 60mgs azaperone delivered through a 3ml daninject dart from a vehicle. It took eight minutes for the drugs to take effect upon where he was roped down for treatment. Once down he was reversed with 36mgs diprenorphine hydrochloride through jugular vein, but the neck and head pinned down to continue with treatment. The arrow was gently removed and on examination, it was barbed but not poisoned. The resultant wound was debrided with hydrogen peroxide, rinsed with clean water and disinfected with tincture of iodine.Cloxacillin ointment was then infused. Other treatments include intramuscular administration of 7500mgs amoxicillin antibiotics and 2000mgs flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatory. After completion of treatment, he was released, and he got up with one attempt without any complications Prognosis Good.

MARA MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT NOVEMBER 2017 Introduction The conservation area has experienced good rains for a good period now with good forage and water for wildlife. Cases of human wildlife conflict are still being reported with a lion treated after being speared. An arrow head was retrieved from a severely limping elephant in Mara Triangle among other cases. All were given good prognoses. The following were cases handled during the period;

SPEARED LION

Date: 5th November 2017 Species: African lion Sex: Male Location: Masai Mara National Reserve History This lion was seen with a spear sticking out of his face slightly below the right eye by Masai Mara National Reserve rangers. They called the veterinary unit for help. His body condition looked good and he appeared to have recently fed. Immobilization, examination and treatment Restraint was achieved chemically by use of a combination of 5.2mgs medetomidine hydrochloride and 250mgs ketamine delivered through a 3ml daninject dart.Darting was done from a vehicle. He was fully anaesthetised in twelve minutes. After putting him in a more comfortable position and posture, the spear which was firmly attached below the right eye was gently pulled out. Luckily none of the eye structures were damaged. Part of the head of the spear accessed the nasal cavity with resultant bleeding from the right nose. The nostrils were cleared to facilitate easier breathing. The resultant wound was thoroughly cleaned and disinfected with tincture of iodine. The bleeders were ligated and the wound closed by stitching. Amoxicillin antibiotics were given intramuscularly with ivermectin parasiticide being administered subcutaneously. Reversal Achieved by slow intravenous administration of yohimbine through the saphenous vein. He woke up in three minutes and retreated to the small thicket. Prognosis Good.

INJURED ELEPHANT

Date: 6th November 2017 Species: African elephant Age: Young adult Sex: Male Location: Mara Triangle Conservancy History This elephant was seen alone and having difficulties walking by Mara Triangle Conservancy rangers. They called the mobile veterinary unit for assessment. Immobilization, examination and treatment Restraint was achieved chemically by use of 15mgs etorphine hydrochloride delivered through a 1.5ml daninject dart.Darting was done on foot. He did not move far after being darted and was overwhelmed by the drugs eight minutes after darting having moved less than two hundred metres. Examination revealed a necrotic wound which was more than one week old on the upper lateral side of his left hind leg near the knee. The wound had been infested with maggots. Further probing of the wound yielded an arrowhead which was deep seated. The damages caused at the point of lodging suggested this was a poisoned arrow. All the necrotic tissues were debrided with the maggots being removed manually. This debridement was done with the help of hydrogen peroxide to remove as much of dead tissue as possible. Tincture of iodine was also applied as a disinfectant after rinsing with clean water. This wound was then packed with green clay to absorb toxins and hasten healing. Other treatments given include parenteral administration of Amoxicillin antibiotic and flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatory. Reversal Done by use of 42mgs diprenorphine hydrochloride delivered through a prominent ear vein. He woke up four minutes after reversal and moved away. Prognosis Good.

Speared bull elephant at Olarro

Date: 10th November 2017 Species: African elephant Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Olarro Conservancy History This big bull was seen with a discharging wound on his left flank by rangers of Olarro conservancy. The management of the conservancy requested our intervention. General observation This bull was found in company of another three equally big bulls. Save for the injured one, all were in good body condition. Immobilization, examination and treatment Restraint was achieved by use of 16mgs etorphine hydrochloride delivered through a 3ml daninject dart. Given that the elephant was in a thick bush and with difficult terrain, darting was only feasible by use of a helicopter. The bulls were pushed to a relatively open area with better terrain before being darted. After ten minutes, this bull was fully narcotized and assumed right lateral recumbency. Examination revealed a spear inflicted wound on his left flank discharging straw coloured fluid. The injury could have been inflicted not more than 24hours earlier. The wound was probed for any foreign body which was negative. Clean water was used to clean the wound with tincture of iodine being applied as a disinfectant. Green clay was then packed to prevent sepsis. This elephant in addition received amoxicillin antibiotic and flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatory all delivered intramuscularly. Reversal Achieved by administration of 42mgs diprenorphine intravenously through a prominent ear vein. He rose up in three minutes to join his colleagues.

INJURED LIONESS

Date: 10th November 2017 Species: African lion Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Masai Mara National Reserve (Olkeju Ronkai area) History This lioness was seen with an injured tail by Matira camp guides while on their game drive. They immediately notified the mobile veterinary unit for assistance. General observation This lioness in company of her cubs and another adult female was seen in a small thicket. She looked emaciated with a dry wound proximally and on the dorsal surface of her tail. A decision to immobilize her for further examination and treatment was made. Immobilization, examination and treatment Restraint was achieved chemically by use of a combination of 4.8mgs medetomidine and 240mgs ketamine hydrochloride delivered through a 3ml daninject dart.Darting was done from a vehicle. She was fully anaesthetised in ten minutes upon where she was placed in a comfortable position under a shade. Examination revealed the injuries sustained were from a fight with other lions. The wounds appeared relatively clean. Clean water was used to remove dirt within the wound and tincture of iodine applied as a disinfectant. Oxytetracycline spray was also put topically. This lioness received parenteral administration of amoxicillin antibiotic which was given intramuscularly to prevent development of sepsis. Reversal Achieved by intravenous administration of yohimbine give through femoral vein. She woke up to join the other pride members within four minutes. Prognosis Good.

MAU FOREST ELEPHANT COLLARING

Date: 16th November 2017 Species: African elephant Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Mau Forest History There were concerns that a number of elephants who stay in Mau forest have been doing crop raids in nearby villages at night. Scanty information is available on their actual number and distribution within that forest ecosystem. KWS together with Mara Elephant Project and Narok county government came together and created an action plan with a view of knowing the number and distribution of this elephant population and find a way of monitoring their movements. An aerial recce revealed there was a big number of elephants within this forest which many people had underestimated. One group consisting of over fifty elephants was spotted and a decision to deploy a satellite/GSM collar on one of the females was arrived at. This was meant to ease the monitoring process. Immobilization and collar deployment Due to terrain challenges, helicopter was used during darting. She was immobilized with 15mgs etorphine hydrochloride delivered through a 1.5ml daninject dart.It took seven minutes for the drugs to take full effect upon where she assumed right lateral recumbency. Examination during collar deployment revealed she was in good shape with no injuries. The collar was deployed and its soundness confirmed before the elephant was reversed. Reversal Done by use of 42mgs diprenorphine hydrochloride delivered intravenously through a prominent ear vein. She was up in three minutes and went to join the rest of the herd.

SNARED ZEBRA

Date: 17th November 2017 Species: Common zebra Age: Adult Sex: Male Location: Olkinyei conservancy History This zebra was spotted moving with difficulty dragging along a snare firmly attached to his left foreleg by Olkinyei conservancy management. They called the unit for intervention. Immobilization, examination and treatment. He was immobilised by use of a combination of 5mgs etorphine hydrochloride and 50mgs azaperone delivered through a 1.5ml daninject dart.Darting being carried out from a vehicle. It took four minutes for the drugs to take effect and was recumbent a minute later. Quick examination revealed a tight plain wire snare round his fetlock join creating a wound around the area. The wound appeared slightly septic. Luckily no tendon was severed. This snare was cut loose and wound treated by first debriding with help of dilute hydrogen peroxide, then rinsing with clean water before tincture of iodine being applied as a disinfectant. Oxytetracycline antibiotic was also applied topically. Other treatments included intramuscular administration of 3000mgs amoxicillin antibiotic and 1000mgs flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatory. Reversal Achieved by use of 18mgs diprenorphine hydrochloride delivered intravenously through the jugular vein. He woke up in two minutes to join the rest of the herd. Prognosis Good.

ELEPHANT CALF RESCUE

Date: 19th November 2017 Species: African elephant Sex: Female Age: Approximately 5 days old. Area: Masai Mara National Reserve (Olkeju Ronkai area) History This baby elephant was spotted by a team of tourists who included members of ‘Friends of Masai Mara Association’ lying down with the mother frantically trying to pull her up. After attempting for several hours in vain, the mother gave up and left her alone. The team called the mobile veterinary unit and the Mara Reserve Management for help. Examination, treatment and way forward This baby was found lying alone prostrate with the mother gone away. The mother was spotted about a kilometre from this baby having given up on her and moving away. On examination, this baby appeared dehydrated, hungry with moderate fever. The umbilical stump appeared swollen and septic. There were signs of acute omphalitis with systemic involvement. There was also partial right hip subluxation thought to have been caused by her mother trying to pull her up. She was doused with water to cool her, given anti-inflammatories intravenously and antibiotics intramuscularly. She was also given Hartman’s (polyionic ringer’s lactate) solution drip to rehydrate her. When she gained strength, she was made to stand and more water was given orally. She was able to move on her own and a decision had to be made on the next course of action. With the chances of survival in the wild at this state being considered slim, the team decided she be sent to DSWT elephant orphanage in Nairobi for further fostering. Since it was getting late, she had an overnight stay at the KWS Mara research station before being flown to Nairobi first thing in the morning.

SPEARED BULL ELEPHANT

Date: 21st November 2017 Species: African elephant Age: Young Adult Sex: Male Location: Olarro conservancy History Olarro conservancy management called the unit to report an elephant moving with difficulty having a wound on his right hind leg. It became difficult to assess this elephant on ground because he was in a bushy hill inaccessible by vehicle and difficult on foot. After waiting hoping that he would come down for assessment, he did not and the management sought the services of a helicopter to drive him down to the open scrubland. From the air, a wound could be seen on his right hip and another one on the right elbow. All as a result of spearing. He was moving along with another young bull of the same age. Immobilization, examination and treatment After pushing him for some distance down the hill into a relatively open area, he was darted with 13mgs etorphine in a 1.5ml daninject dart from air. It took seven minutes for the drugs to take full effect with this young bull assuming right lateral recumbency. He had to be flipped over for better examination of the injuries. Both injuries were thought to have been caused by spearing carried out at the same time. The wounds were less than a week old and were relatively clean. Hydrogen peroxide was used for debridement, clean water for rinsing and tincture of iodine as a disinfectant. Both wounds were then packed with green clay for toxin absorption and quick healing. Additional treatments include parenteral administration of amoxicillin antibiotics and flunixin meglumine antiinflammatory. Reversal Done by use of 36mgs diprenorphine delivered intravenously through the ear vein. He rose up in four minutes to join his colleague. Prognosis Good.

ELEPHANT BULL TREATMENT AND COLLARING

Date: 22nd November 2017 Species: African elephant Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Mau Forest. History This bull is one of the four big bulls forming part of the little-known herds of Mau known for constant crop raiding. During recent crop raids, he was shot with an arrow on his front right leg. After being tracked for some time by the KWS and Mara elephant project rangers, he was found deep in the forest with signs of pain while walking. The mobile veterinary team was informed and requested to intervene. Mau forest being thick, it was not easy to see this elephant from the ground as accessibility posed a lot of challenge. Quick recce from the air was done and this big bull was seen moving slowly in the forest some distance from the edge. His right front leg was slightly swollen. Immobilization, examination and treatment Immobilization was achieved by use of 17mgs etorphine hydrochloride delivered through a 3ml daninject dart.Darting was carried out from a helicopter. This big bull was then pushed slowly towards the edge of the forest as the drugs were taking effect. The drugs took full effect after ten minutes by which time he was a few hundred metres from the forest edge and ground team was guided into where he was from the air. He assumed left lateral recumbency position and this made easy for the team to examine the affected limb. He had a relatively fresh arrow inflicted injury on the anterior surface of his right forelimb with slight swelling of this limb. No foreign body was detected on probing and the wound was cleaned with copious amount of water, disinfected with tincture of iodine and infused with cloxacillin ointment antibiotic. Other treatments instituted include intramuscular administration of 30000mgs amoxicillin antibiotic and 5000mgs flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatory. The team also felt that this was one of the right candidates to collar given the uniqueness of the eco-system and their crop raiding habit. This will help in their monitoring. A GSM/Satellite collar was deployed, its soundness confirmed before being reversed. Reversal This was done by use of 42mgs diprenorphine hydrochloride delivered through a prominent ear vein. He woke up four minutes after reversal and retreated deeper into the forest. Prognosis This was not a poisoned arrow and this bull is expected to make a full recovery.

MARA MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT DECEMBER 2017 Introduction The month experienced a good amount of rain with good forage and water for wildlife in the conservation area. Cases of human wildlife conflict persist with a young elephant bull treated for a spear wound with favorable prognosis.

INJURED ELEPHANT

Date: 6th December 2017 Species: African elephant Sex: Male Age: Sub adult Location: Olarro Conservancy History This young bull about 15 years was seen with a discharging wound on his right thigh by Olarro conservancy rangers on their normal patrols. They notified their management who requested our services for intervention. General observation This young bull was with a big herd of elephants numbering almost 40.He was in good body condition save for a discharging wound on his upper right thigh. Immobilization, examination and treatment Restraint was achieved chemically by use of 10mgs etorphine hydrochloride delivered remotely through a 1.5ml daninject dart.Darting was carried out from a vehicle. It took eight minutes for the drugs to take full effect with this bull assuming left lateral recumbency. Examination revealed an approximately one-week old spear wound ventrally directed on his right thigh. This wound was getting septic. No foreign object was detected on probing. An opening on the ventro-most point of the wound was created for maximum pus drainage and copious amount of water introduced dorsally and drained ventrally via through and through lavage technique. Hydrogen peroxide was applied for debridement and removal of dead tissue. Tincture of iodine was also applied as a disinfectant and finally green clay was packed to absorb toxins and promote healing. Other treatments include parenteral administration of amoxicillin antibiotic and flunixin meglumine anti-inflammatory. Reversal Achieved by administration of 24mgs diprenorphine hydrochloride intravenously through a prominent ear vein. He woke up four minutes after reversal to join the rest of the herd. Prognosis Good.

INJURED BULL ELEPHANT

Date: 8th December 2017 Species: African elephant Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Olkinyei Conservancy History This big bull in his early 50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s was seen with fresh injury on his left flank by Olkinyei conservancy rangers who informed their manager to contact the veterinary unit. General observation This big bull was found with an equally big colleague wallowing. He had a fresh wound on his left flank and several old and healing wounds on his right flank, right shoulder and left leg. His body condition appeared to be good though. Immobilization, examination and treatment. Restraint was achieved chemically by use of 18mgs etorphine hydrochloride delivered through a 3ml daninject dart.Darting was done from a vehicle. It took eight minutes for the drugs to take full effect with this elephant assuming left lateral recumbency. The wounds on the right side were attended to first before he was flipped over for further assessment and treatment of the wound on the right side. The old wounds, more than a month old appeared to have been caused by arrows. These wounds were slightly septic and were healing with granulation. They were opened and debrided with help of hydrogen peroxide. Tincture of iodine was infused to disinfect before oxytetracycline antibiotic being applied. The bigger and fresher of the wounds on the left flank appeared to have been caused by spearing and was about four days old. Luckily it did not penetrate into the peritoneum but damaged flank muscles. It was managed like the rest of the wounds and additionally packed with green clay. Other treatments include parenteral administration of 40000mgs oxytetracycline long acting antibiotic and antiinflammatories. Reversal Done by use of 42mgs diprenorphine hydrochloride delivered intravenously through a prominent ear vein. He woke up in four minutes and joined his colleague. Prognosis Good.

SNARED GIRAFFE

Date: 9th December 2017 Species: Masai giraffe Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Kawaii History This adult female giraffe was seen with a snare round her neck by a team of game scouts at Kawaii area. They informed Mara triangle management who called the vet unit for help. General observation This giraffe was seen in a herd of about twenty other giraffes with a wire snare round her neck. She appeared nervous on approach. Immobilization and de-snaring. Restraint was achieved by use of a combination of 12mgs etorphine and 60mgs azaperone delivered through a 3ml daninject dart. Darting was done from a vehicle and it took ten minutes for the drugs to take full effect. This giraffe was roped down and the wire which was loosely attached removed. No other injury was detected, and she was reversed. Reversal. Done by administration of 36mgs diprenorphine intravenously through the jugular vein. She woke up within two minutes of reversal to join her herd. Prognosis Good.

MERU MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT OCTOBER, NOVEMBER & DECEMBER 2017

MERU MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT OCTOBER 2017 Introduction This report describes activities of the DSWT/KWS Meru Veterinary Unit operating in northern Kenya in October 2017. Main activities carried out included control of a canine distemper disease outbreak in wild dogs in Laikipia ecosystem, treatment of an injured Grevyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s zebra at Lewa Conservancy. In Meru National Park we treated an injured lion and rescued a buffalo, which was stuck in a swamp.

TREATMENT OF AN INJURED LION IN MERU NATIONAL PARK

Date: 11/10/17 Species: Lion Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Meru National Park History This injured lion was first seen by visitors on a game drive in the park who requested urgent veterinary attention. It was suspected to have been in a fight resulting in severe wounds on its left forelimb and lacerations on the body. It showed lameness and had moved a short distance overnight. The lion was immobilized for treatment on 11/10/17. Chemical immobilization and physical examination Effective anesthesia was achieved by a single dart containing 300 mg Ketamine hydrochloride and 10mg Medetomidine hydrochloride into the gluteal muscles at 1719hr. The drugs were delivered remotely by a Dan-Inject darting rifle in a 3.0 ml dart syringe and a 2.0 Ă&#x2014; 40 mm needle. Induction time was 10 minutes. Vital physiological parameters were monitored during the procedure including respiration rate and body temperature in order to assess its physiological status while under anesthesia. Examination showed a 10cm tear on the medial claw of the left forelimb. There were puncture wounds caused by bites on its elbow causing swelling. Skin Lacerations caused by claw marks were seen on the abdomen. Its upper right canine tooth was broken suggesting it is an old male. The wounds were caused by territorial fights by younger males with intent to take over the pride females in Mulika area. Treatment and prognosis Wounds were debrided with dilute hydrogen peroxide to remove dead tissue and povidone iodine applied. Green clay was also applied on lacerations. Antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs were also injected by intramuscular route. At 1830 hr Yohimbine 25mg was injected by intravenous route to reverse effect of anesthesia. Fifteen minutes later it was on standing position. Update: Ten days later this lion was found to have regained its health and was in good body condition showing that the treatment was successful.

CANINE DISTEMPER VACCINATION IN DOMESTIC DOGS IN LAIKIPIA ECOSYSTEM

History An outbreak of canine distemper disease occurred in African wild dogs and domestic dogs in Laikipia ecosystem between April to August 2017. Disease investigation carried out by wildlife veterinarians revealed the outbreak started in domestic dogs in Doldol, northern Laikipia and spread to the north and east of the focal point. Morbidity and mortality was later reported in sympatric wild dogs. The report showed that entire packs of African wild dogs in Laikipia had died or could not be accounted for following the outbreak. In view of this, there was an urgent need for intervention to prevent further spread of the disease to contiguous wildlife habitats in Isiolo and Samburu. African wild dog is listed as endangered in the IUCN red list of endangered species and its population has declined or disappeared from much of range. Habitat fragmentation with consequent human wildlife conflict and spill over diseases has been identified as the main drivers of wild dog population decline. Studies have also shown temporal and geographical fluctuation of wild dog populations, which increases risk of local extinction, due to a combination of high mortality, high fecundity and wide-ranging behavior. Woodroffe reported a recovery of sub population in Laikipia from zero sighting in 1999 to 170 individuals in 2006. Domestic dogs are thought to be the reservoirs of canine distemper virus (CDV). Sick dogs transmit the virus to other domestic dogs and to sympatric wild dogs and meso carnivores. The epidemiology of canine distemper disease is complicated by a wide range of host species including canidae and felidae such as lions. Control of the spread of CDV is mainly achieved through vaccination of susceptible dogs using attenuated or modified â&#x20AC;&#x201C; live CDV vaccines. A CDV vaccination campaign was carried out in domestic dogs on October 8 - 14 in areas adjacent to the Lewa wildlife conservancy to form a disease barrier around the conservancy. Lewa conservancy provided the vaccines and delivery logistics while veterinarians from KWS and the state directorate of veterinary services carried out the vaccination. The target was to reach 2000 dogs in remote parts of northern Kenya within 6 days. More than 1,450 dogs were immunized which is 70% of the target. Other phases of vaccination are planned in Samburu area. Images unavailable

WHITE RHINO EAR NOTCHING

Date: 14/10/17 Species: White rhino Sex: Male Age: Sub adult Location: Lewa Wildlife Conservancy History On 14th October the Meru Unit provided veterinary support to immobilize and ear notch a white rhino in Lewa Wildlife Conservancy. Ear notching is a simple surgical procedure which entails excision of a predetermined pattern on the ear pinna for individual identification and monitoring of rhinos.

RESCUE OF A BUFFALO

Species: Buffalo Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Meru National Park History Rangers on patrol found a buffalo and its calf stuck in a swamp on the edge of rhino sanctuary and was unable to get out. Since the calf was dead, they were thought to have been stuck for more than 12 hours. Using ropes we pulled out the female from the mud. After a brief rest she stood up and we are hopeful that she will recover.

TREATMENT OF INJURED GREVY’S ZEBRA

Date: 22/10/17 Species: Grevy’s zebra Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Lewa Wildlife Conservancy History The female adult Grevy’s had a large septic avulsion wound on the rump over the entire right gluteal aspect. The animal was however grazing and had a calm demeanor. . Chemical immobilization and physical examination It was immobilized using 6mg of Etorphine hcl and 80mg of Azaperone tartarate at 1429 hrs and went down on sternal recumbency at 1433 hrs. The wound was cleaned and disinfected with water and dilute chlorhexidine, it was then debrided using a scalpel blade and hydrogen peroxide then flushed with clean water. Povidone iodine soaked swabs were used to further disinfect the wound. The wound was smeared with green clay to accelerate wound healing.Amoxicillin Trihydate and Dexamethasone was also injected by intramuscular route. Anesthesia was reversed at 1449 hrs using 120 mg of Naltrexone hcl intravenously and the animal was up in a minute Prognosis Fair

POST MORTEM EXAMINATION OF AN ELEPHANT

Date: 22/10/17 Species: Elephant Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Lewa Wildlife Conservancy History The adult female elephant carcass was bloated and decomposed with vaginal prolapse. The carcass was rolled over for external examination and no injuries were observed eliminating any possibility of traumatic fall or poaching. The tusks were also intact. The elephant was observed to be unwell a few days earlier in the company of its herd members and was also very old. Conclusion The elephant died of natural causes associated with old age.

MERU MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT NOVEMBER 2017 Introduction This report describes the activities of the Meru Veterinary Unit in northern Kenya in November 2017. We attended to various cases including an oryx which suffered a fracture on its leg in Kalama conservancy and an elephant calf was treated for an abscess in Meru National Park. At Solio ranch a zebra foal was immobilized to remove a snare. In Sera conservancy the veterinarian oversaw an elephant drive from the Sera black rhino sanctuary and in Ishaqbini we collared 3 elephants to assist in elephant monitoring in the Tana delta.

TREATMENT OF INJURED ORYX IN KALAMA CONSERVANCY

Date: 15/11/17 Species: Oryx Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Kalama conservancy History An adult oryx in Kalama conservancy suffered a fracture on its front leg. This oryx had been hand raised and was restrained physically. Due to the fracture its body condition had deteriorated, however, its appetite was normal. Treatment Wooden splints and a bandage were applied to support the leg. A long acting antibiotic and multivitamin were administered intramuscularly. Prognosis This oryx is expected to make a slow recovery.

WOUND TREATMENT IN A JUVENILE ELEPHANT

Date: 20/11/17 Species: Elephant Sex: Male Age: Juvenile (< 1 year) Location: Meru national park History We found this juvenile elephant which showed lameness on its right hind leg while on routine patrol within Meru national park. Visual examination showed a swelling and pus discharge distal to the knee joint. Chemical immobilization This elephant calf and its dam were in a herd of eight elephants. We first immobilized the mother using Etorphine hydrochloride 14mg into its thigh muscle muscle. As the drug took effect the rest of the herd was chased away by vehicle and the calf restrained physically using ropes for treatment. Examination and treatment Examination showed an open abscess distal to the right stifle joint. Treatment was by lavage using hydrogen peroxide and application of povidone iodine. Green clay was also applied. Parenteral antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs were given. Anesthesia was reversed using Naltrexone hydrochloride, when the dam showed signs of recovery the calf was released and were later reunited. Prognosis for recovery was considered good.

SNARE REMOVAL IN A ZEBRA

Date: 29/11/17 Species: Zebra Sex: Female Age: Juvenile Location: Solio ranch History The wildlife monitoring team in Solio ranch reported two zebra with wire snares injuries on their legs. We visited the ranch on 29/11/17 to remove the snares and treat the wounds. Visual examination of a stallion with a snare on the distal aspect of its left front leg showed that the snare had cut through the skin, muscles and tendons causing severe lameness. Due to the extent of injury we recommended euthanasia of this stallion. A foal with a snare on its left forelimb was darted to remove snare and treat wounds. Chemical immobilization A combination of Etorphine hydrochloride 1mg and Azaperone 30mg in a single 1.5cc dart was administered for immobilization. Induction time was 5 minutes. Snare removal and treatment The tight snare had cut through the skin on the distal to the carpal joint causing severe wounds and lameness. The snare was quickly cut and removed. Wounds were washed with dilute hydrogen peroxide to remove dead tissue and povidone iodine and green clay was applied. Systemic antibiotics, multivitamin and ivermectin were administered. Effect of anesthetic drug was reversed by administration of Diprenophine hydrochloride 6mg intravenously through the jugular vein. Two minutes later the foal was reunited with its mother and the rest of the herd. Prognosis for recovery was considered good.

SERA CONSERVANCY ELEPHANT DRIVE

The Meru veterinary unit provided veterinary support to drive out elephants within the rhino sanctuary in Sera to the larger conservancy on 28/11/17. An elephant count within the sanctuary showed 50 individuals within the sanctuary which was considered higher than its ecological carrying capacity. This drive aimed to forestall vegetation damage within the sanctuary and give priority to endangered black rhinos within the 107 km2 fenced sanctuary. Prior to the drive, a fixed wing aircraft surveyed the area to identify suitable corridors for the elephants considering proximity to the fence. A 400 meter section of the fence and posts were pulled down. Subsequently a helicopter drove the elephants in three herds through the corridor. Twenty elephants were removed from the sanctuary during this exercise. Images not available

ELEPHANT COLLARING IN ISHAQBINI CONSERVANCY

On 30/11/17 three elephant bulls were fitted with satellite tracking collars for monitoring in Ishaqbini conservancy along the Tana river. This is part of a long term program that aimed to monitor elephant movement within the Tana delta and enhance their security through optimal deployment of resources. Images not available

MERU MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT DECEMBER 2017 Introduction This report describes activities of the Meru veterinary unit in December 2017. Following short rains in November, northern Kenya had plenty of pasture and water for wildlife. In Lewa conservancy we attended to a male elephant with suspected fracture of the leg. In Shaba national reserve an elephant which showed lameness could not be traced for treatment. The Meru unit acknowledges financial and logistical support provided by the David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust to provide veterinary services to wildlife in northern Kenya.

LAMENESS IN ELEPHANT

Date: 09/12/17 Species: Elephant Sex: Male Age: Adult (15-year-old) Location: Lewa wildlife conservancy History Rangers on patrol in LWC found this elephant during routine patrol. It showed severe lameness on its left hind leg and had been left behind by the rest of the herd. We visited the conservancy on 09/12/17 to assess this elephant. Immobilization and examination We found this elephant alone in an open grassland plain which is ideal for vehicle darting. For immobilization we used Etorphine hydrochloride 10mg in a 1.5 cc dart injected into the gluteal muscles. Induction time was four minutes and the elephant fell into right lateral recumbence. Examination showed swollen left thigh muscles and excess mobility around the stifle joint. There was no external injury. Although we tentatively diagnosed fracture of the femur manipulation of the affected leg did not show any crepitus. The injury was thought to have occurred from a fall. Treatment and prognosis A conservative treatment approach was considered while we monitored its health progress. Antibiotics and antiinflammatory drugs were administered by intramuscular route. The effects of the anesthetic drugs were reversed using diprenophine hydrochloride administered through the superficial ear veins. Prognosis for recovery of fracture of bones in elephants is guarded due to massive weight and pressure exerted on the bones during locomotion

AMBOSELI MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT OCTOBER, NOVEMBER & DECEMBER 2017

AMBOSELI MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT OCTOBER 2017 Introduction The month under review has been a tough one. The ruthless drought which has been encountered has devastated the entire ecosystem making victims of the young, the weak and the old. Only the strong and suitably adapted made it through the prevailing dry weather condition. Although it has been a tough month it is encouraging to see that there were few deaths encountered though poaching or human-wildlife conflict as both the domestics and wild animals brace up for the fight. More promising still was the absence of any infectious calamity or human-wildlife skirmish. Following are veterinary activities attended to during the month;

GIRAFFE DEATH

Date: 02/10/2017 Species: Maasai Giraffe Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: AA Lodge History A report concerning a fresh carcass of a dead giraffe was made by Big Life Foundation Security Officer to the resident vet based in Amboseli National Park Headquarters. This was after spotting several old carcasses within the ranches surrounding the park. This called for a concerted effort to find out whether deaths were due to infection or complications associated with ongoing dry season. The vet visited the scene for observation. Autopsy Caution The carcass was on left lateral recumbence. It was very fresh less than 12 hours old. It was in good body condition, but a precaution was taken after bloody tinged discharge was observed to be coming from nostrils bilaterally. The carcass was visited on the following day 3/10/2017 and found to have discharged more bloody discharge from both nostrils. The upper perineum was lightly scavenged on, the left ear and left eye. Another impression smear was made to compare with the first taken to be double sure of the cause. Laboratory Results All slides were subjected to microscopic examination with a primary aim of anthrax test. All slides were negative of anthrax. It was presumed that the giraffe could have suffered trauma to the head region. The area within which the carcass was had in one month previously encountered three fatal car knocks on giraffe. The only doubt with this one is that it had died away from road edge which needed to be cleared first. Road signs have been considered to be erected along the road to warn the motorists.

SICK LESSER KUDU

Date: 2/10/2017 Species: Lesser Kudu Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Olkira; Amboseli Ecosystem History The lesser kudu had been orphaned and raised in Olkira Big Life Foundation Base for more than three years. The report of itsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; illness was received from Big Life Foundation security manager. Immobilization It depicted dehydration by sunken eyes and pain by arched back. It was habituated so it was quietly approached by one of the accustomed ranger who held it by its horns. Its mucus membranes were more pinkish than normal. Itsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; rectal dung was full of mucus and foul smelling. Cold water was generously poured on its body because of high ambient temperature and quick breathing exhibited by over exertion. Treatment Supportive treatment was offered with aim of relieving pain, increasing metabolism and appetite and taking care of any opportunistic bacterial infection. Whole blood in Plain and EDTA tubes was sampled as well as ticks for further examination. Microscope slide was prepared for microscopy. It was let go and left on sternal recumbence. It later succumbed after five minutes. An autopsy ensued immediately Postmortem observations On opening the carcass there was hardly any fluids in the cavities. The omentum and serosae of visceral organs appeared slightly congested diffusely. It was noted that the pericardial sac was adherent tightly onto myocardium at various locations. The rumen appeared full of ingesta but small intestine posteriorly to rectum appeared almost empty with very little intestinal contents. Kidneys and livers were congested and slightly swollen. Lungs were paler and spongy. On opening the rumen a ball of various colours of plastic/polythene papers about one kilo was recovered partially blocking the entrance of ruminoreticulum orifice. Postmortem Diagnosis The plastic ball impaction witnessed caused the kudu to be off feed. This demonstrated severe mineral deficiency hence the pica. It presumably felt full but the ingesta could not be digested all absorbed because it could not get down the digestive system. This caused dehydration and starvation. The bleating witnessed was later thought to be either due to pain or fear of being restrained manually. It is thought that tentatively the animal died of shock. The three types of shocks thought to have potentiated one another to cause ultimate death are hypovolemic, anaphylactic and emotional/neurogenic type. Hypovolemic because of dehydration making blood volume low. Anaphylactic possibly because of adverse reaction to administered drugs and neurogenic possibly because of manual restraint stress offered during examination and treatment.

ELAND POSTMORTEM

Date: 3/10/2017 Species: Eland Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Kwa Kuku Kimana; Amboseli Ecosystem History The Mobile Unit vet was notified of a dead eland by Amboseli Community Warden. It had died near a homestead and there was fear of being converted into game meat. We rushed to the scene for postmortem. Postmortem observations Carcass was found on right lateral recumbence mid rocky hill head downward and tail up the hill. There was greenish ruminal discharge from the nostrils. The carcass was very fresh approximated about less than six hours old. After inquiry report it was established that it was chased down hill by village boys who found it within their residential area. It then tripped and fell down mid rocky hill. It had struggled to get up there after all in vain but drifted downwards by about five meters. There were signs of struggle within those five meters. There was peripheral venous engorgement especially of the head and neck. The carcass was opened. The serosae of visceral organs were moist and appeared normal devoid of any hemorrhage or congestion. On opening the trachea there was a narrow streak of clotted blood. The subcutaneous circulation of the head and neck was heavily congested, and the left eye had hemorrhage at conjuctivo-corneal junction. The myocardium on serosal surface had several less than one centimeter in diameter hydatid cysts. No important observation was made on the abdominal organs. Dentition was in poor state with severe molar erosion and interdentine fissures filled with dry grass. Some molars were loosely held in the teeth sockets. Postmortem Diagnosis This animal was old as depicted by its teeth. It was in poor health because of fatty tissue degeneration as witnessed with body fat stores. The animal tripped and was unable to get up soon enough because of lassitude exacerbated by current drought season. The animal was down more than twelve hours through which it struggled to alight but all in vain.

MAASAI GIRAFFE LASSITUDE

Date: 6/10/2017 Species: Maasai Giraffes Sex: Two Females Age: Adults Location: Almarba and Noongotiak; Amboseli Ecosystem History The Mobile Unit vet while being on high alert concerning reported deaths of Maasai giraffe within the areas surrounding Amboseli National Park received a call from Park Community Warden and Big Life Foundation each reporting a giraffe on lateral recumbence and unable to get up. Postmortem observations Both animals were found on right lateral recumbence. All were alert and aware of human presence. Each was peddling and kicking expressing fear and trying to get up. More noticeable were bony prominences especially the spine and the pubis. Whole blood was sampled in EDTA and plain tubes for sera, whole blood and microscopic slides. Both animals were euthanized to eliminate further suffering and postmortem ensued. Important postmortem findings were recorded and they were similar to one another. The most striking feature was little muscle cover, lack of any fat deposit on brisket, perirenal, omentum and pericardial and coronary grooves. Postmortem Diagnosis These animals though moderately aged were very emaciated hence poor muscle cover. Their lethargic state is associated with ongoing lack of enough browse as dry weather continues to rec havoc. Many acacia trees within the environment are leafless and the green shrubs are very thorny. There is hardly any meaningful satiable available browse to support these animalsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; livesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; especially within the niche where these deaths are being witnessed. Hopefully the rains will soon rain and ensure vegetation regeneration.

LAME ELEPHANT

Date: 7/10/2017 Species: African Elephant Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Serenkei Conservancy; Amboseli Ecosystem History A lame elephant was spotted by Serenkei conservancy rangers. It was said to be dragging its left hind foot severely in need of vet attention. The Mobile Unit vet responded after being assured of itsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; sighting. Pre-darting Observations The elephant was said to have gone deep into a thick bush within unmotorable area. A foot approach was the only way to be able to examine the patient and decide the way forward. An examination when the elephant was still did not locate any injury or any discharge. It was observed that the animal could move fast enough to keep up with its herd. They were followed again for twenty minutes when they were located under shade. Along the track there was no discharge and it was established that the leg was dragged when in walk but not when running. Prognosis The animal was presumed to have an abnormal gait possibly from a healed trauma hence no need of treatment. The animal is not at any risk because it can reach out for nourishment and company. The prognosis is good.

ELEPHANT POSTMORTEM

Date: 8/10/2017 Species: Elephant Sex: Female Age: Juvenile Location: Amboseli National Park History The juvenile death was reported by Park Community Warden who was on his usual normal patrol within the park. The Mobile Unit vet was within the area rescuing a buffalo which had gotten stuck in mud. We proceeded to the location of death for postmortem exercise. Postmortem Observations The carcass was found on sternal recumbence along elephant track. The area surrounding the carcass had traces of other members of the family trying to help the juvenile get up before death. Little predation had been done around the anus and on left eye. The carcass was fresh and had just begun to bloat. The carcass was poorly muscled, dehydrated and pale on serosae of abdominal organs. The peritoneal fluid was reddish black in colour. The spleen consistency was normal except little swelling. Liver was blackish and swollen with many round worms oozing from cut bile ducts. The right tusk had protruded out of cheek skin by 11cm while the left had not though it could be felt under the skin. Both were retrieved and handed over to park armory for safe custody and onward transmission. Postmortem Diagnosis This death was presumed to have been caused by devastating drought which is currently being experienced. Elephants are travelling far away from the park and come back to park to seek water. The very young ones and any old or probably any weak are susceptible to lassitude which predispose them to death. The juvenile died on sternal recumbence while struggling to get up.

BUFFALO RESCUE

Date: 8/10/2017 Species: Buffalo Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Amboseli National Park History The Mobile Unit Vet was notified of a stuck buffalo by Park Security team who spotted it being stuck for over sixteen hours. We quickly rushed to intervene. Rescue The old bull was found on standing posture struggling to get out of sticky clay near the swamp edge about fifteen meters into swamp. It had spent the night there. Rescue was organized promptly by using ropes anchored around its horn base and the other end mounted on rear of pick up with an aim to pull it out. The pull was given the go ahead and it worked well. At the edge, nostrils were cleared of mud and the bull was given time to breath. Blindfold was placed on the face to calm it and minimize stress. Because of the tiredness the bull did not get up quickly from right lateral recumbence which was advantageous as it was left to rest and breath. The bull then got up and tried to fight back as it gained strength. Eventually it dropped the blindfold and charged at any vehicle which attempted to drive it away from the road. Lastly it moved off the road and was left to rest on its own. Prognosis It has good prognosis because it can ambulate well to get nourishment and can fight predators. The blocked water way at nearby culvert will be unblocked to let water in to the area in order to lighten the sticky clay soil for animals to wade through easily as they graze and wallow inside the swamp.

BUFFALO CALF RESCUE

Date: 9/10/2017 Species: Buffalo Sex: Male Age: Calf Location: Amboseli National Park History A call concerning a needy buffalo calf was received from Amboseli National Park Senior Warden. It was said that the calf was beside the dam and that it had spent the night there because it had been spotted the previous evening. An intervention ensued immediately. Rescue The calf was approximated to be about three months old. The mother had succumbed possibly to prevailing drought conditions. There were no buffalo herds near and that the mother had died on an animal track. This was an indication that they had come to drink in the swamp but the mother collapsed almost a kilometer away. The calf had to be rescued for further care since it was still dependent. After contacting DSWT it was decided that the calf should be taken to the voi stockades where extra care could be offered. It was captured manually after a well fought resistance and injected with 30mgs Azaperone to calm it down. It was then loaded into an open pick up for its journey to Voi. At the stockade, they had been alerted hence we found a pre-prepared restraint boma where it could be kept for care. It was off-loaded manually and led to the boma by five men. It was left under nursery attendants for extra care. Prognosis The calf has a favorable prognosis because all demands would be met in the nursery. It would also later join the already used orphans including two elands and a giraffe before later being released to join its wild counterparts who graze close to the stockade.

WILDEBEEST RESCUE

Date: 10/10/2017 Species: Wildebeest Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Amboseli National Park History On a usual patrol within the park, the Mobile Unit vet stumbled on a wildebeest which appeared to be lying at the swamp edge. This seemed to be abnormal because they are not known to wallow that way. We established that it had gotten stuck in the mud. We immediately began to pull it out. Rescue The old dam was approached on foot as ropes were being prepared. It was tested whether it could get up without help but it couldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t. It was pulled by the left horn by hand so that rope could be secured on the horn base without throwing. The rope was applied on the horn base and three men were enough to pull it out to the dry ground. It was placed on left lateral recumbence. Prognosis The animal was aged and in below average body condition. This predisposes it to the adverse effect of prevailing drought and also to predators. It has a guarded prognosis as a result. Chances of being stuck again cannot be ruled out because they are getting deep into swamp to graze on succulent vegetation which is the only palatable vegetation for now.

10. LION TREATMENT REVIEW Date: 12/10/2017 Species: Lion Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Amboseli National Park History The lion has been monitored since its last treatment about a month ago. It was scheduled for review after ten days post initial treatment but has been elusive since then. We were directed to the thicket where it had hidden itself. According to the confirmatory sighting made it was the same lion which had been treated on 13/09/2017. Immobilization & Examination A 3cc dart composing of 450mgs Ketamine and 5mgs Medetomidine was made quickly about 200m away from the thicket where the lion was. It was approached on vehicle. After securing a clear path, it was darted on left rump successfully. It sprung and roared to face the direction where the dart had come from, but we stopped the engine and waited quietly. It had already plucked out the dart and chewed it but it was retrieved for safe custody. The left forelimb was discharging pus from two penetrating wounds. One at the back of the elbow joint and the other at radioulna laterally. The lion was not as fully engorged as it was during the initial treatment. The sepsis and swelling at the injury site has decreased tremendously with some puncture wounds healing completely. Treatment The two discharging canals were pressed to express as much discharge as possible from the pus pockets. They were then infiltrated with 40ml Hydrogen Peroxide each and pressed manually to drain off. Tetracycline wound spray was inserted into the drained empty pus pockets and then packed with wet green clay to encourage tissue regeneration. Systemically it was injected with 3000mgs Amoxicillin, 15ml Cynocobalamine and 7mls Flunixine Meglumine all into muscles separately using separate syringes and needles. 8mgs Ivermectin was administered subcutaneously. Prognosis It has a favorable prognosis still because of tremendous improvement noted at the review time. Monitoring will continue and if sighted after twenty days a review will be necessary if discharges will be noted.

AMBOSELI MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT NOVEMBER 2017 Introduction As the month came to an end, the rains arrived sporadically making some areas greener than others. This allowed a reprieve for the both wild and domestic animals which had initially dispersed into smaller groups as they searched for the best vegetation, but towards the end of the month the unit witnessed the migration of many animals to where vegetation regeneration was at its best within the ecosystem. Within these large assemblies especially of elephants very young calves could be spotted clinging close to their mothers a sign that populations are being replenished. This is encouraging following deaths witnessed as a result of the devastating drought which had hit the area. Following are veterinary activities attended to during the month;

ELEPHANT POSTMORTEM

Date: 16/11/2017 Species: Elephant Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Enkonguma Oldepe; Amboseli Ecosystem History A report of a dead adult female elephant was received by the Unit vet from the Park Community Warden. The Mobile Vet Unit visited the scene for examination. Postmortem observations The carcass was found on sternal recumbence. Herders had initially discovered the carcass and by the time we visited the carcass the ivory had already been retrieved by KWS for documentation, safe custody and for onward transmission. General observation depicted struggle as the animal tried to get up. Presumably it was too weak to get up and instead died in that posture. Bony prominences were very obvious especially of the scapular and pelvis. Generally, the carcass had poor muscle cover depicting emaciation. Postmortem Diagnosis Tentatively the elephant succumbed to the drought witnessed especially within that locality which has claimed several elephants. The area is currently receiving rains but vegetation is yet to regenerate substantially.

ELEPHANT POSTMORTEM

Date: 18/11/2017 Species: Elephant Sex: Male Age: Juvenile Location: Olmoti; Amboseli Ecosystem History Report of a young elephant carcass was received from Amboseli Park Community Warden. It was said to have been spotted by herders. The Mobile Vet Unit set out to establish the tentative cause of death. Postmortem observations We drove to Olmoti area where we joined the game scout who led the way up the hill on foot to where the carcass was. The carcass was of a young juvenile male. It was on right lateral recumbence and it was about three or four days old. It had been predated on partially and decomposition was heavy. Both tusks were still there. Due to advanced decomposition no meaningful postmortem examination could be carried out. Trophies were pulled out of their sockets and handed over to Amboseli National Park armory for inventory, safe custody and onward transmission to central armory. Postmortem Diagnosis This juvenile elephant was presumed to have died of adverse effect of drought. Within the same area several elephants had succumbed to the same like the case above. Hopefully the rains currently being experienced will avert the effect.

SURVEILLANCE IN KIMANA SANCTUARY

Date: 21/11/2017 Location: Kimana Sanctuary; Amboseli Ecosystem History Amboseli ecosystem has been adversely affected by the ending dry spell. Many have perished in devastating hunger as there was hardly any browse to support life. Kimana Sanctuary lies between Amboseli and Chyulu Parks on the way to Tsavo West. It forms a migratory stopover for reenergizing and rest while on transit. This is favored by relatively good climate which enables it to have tall acacia trees with good undergrowth even when other areas are adversely affected. This was witnessed recently as the savannah looked impeccably green in comparison with other areas which are yet to have rain. Though there were a few old carcasses within the sanctuary, the animals remaining showed good health. It was encouraging as we carried out the patrol to come across a large group of elephants of all ages at the edge of the sanctuary. Very young calves could be observed as they stuck close to their mothersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; side as they walked along close to one another. It was a sign of hope that despite some vanishing in ending drought, population build up was an assurance. During the patrol we were accompanied by the second in-charge of resident security team who led us throughout all corners of the Sanctuary. For now the animals can have ample time as they browse within the sanctuary as the rest of ecosystem vegetation regenerates.

RHINO EAR NOTCHING

Date: 24-27/11/2017 Species: Black Rhinos Sex: 8 Males, 2 Female Age: Sub-adults and Adults Location: Ngulia Sanctuary and IPZ; Tsavo West National Park History The Amboseli Mobile Vet Unit was requested by the Capture Warden to join the Ear Notching Team which had camped at Ngulia Sanctuary. The exercise was aimed at marking the rhinos for monitoring and accountability. More importantly the exercise served as a chance to help find and desnare a male adult in IPZ which had been taken by camera trap on two incidences depicting a snare on the neck on 26/9/2017 and 1/10/2017. The desnaring exercise had been attempted more than twice all in vain. Exercise During the exercise a total of ten black rhinos were ear notched adding to fourteen which had been done earlier. The target was 12 rhinos in the Sanctuary and 10 in IPZ but each yielded twelve which was over hundred percent expectation. Each animal was quickly ear notched with a predetermined number and pattern with IPZ candidates being mounted with transmitters in their horns and solar powered satellite ear tags because of the vast area they are in. All were fitted with skin and horn transponders also. An electric drill was used to make holes in the horns for transmitters and transponders while the transponders were inserted into skin by the use of needles. Necessary bio data concerning the measurements, GPS coordinates, health status and any other relevant information was recorded in printed forms. Samples taken included the skin tissue, whole blood, horn and toe/hoof horny tissues for genetic profiling and/or hematology. Candidates Ear Notched Date Location 24/11/2017 Ngulia Sanctuary “

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24/11/2017

IPZ

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26/11/2017

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27/11/2017

Ngulia Sanctuary

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GPS 37M 0416679 9666332 37M 0413296 9671165 37M 0405295 9662231 37M 0417759 9664071 37M 0410640 9674050 37M 0409611 9671145 37M 0410379 9670109 37M 0415063 9669197 37M 0415363 9665255 37M 0416644 9670472

Sex Male

Status Healthy

Male

Healthy

Male

Snared

Male

Healthy

Female

Healthy

Male

Healthy

Female

Healthy

Male

Healthy

Male

Healthy

Male

Healthy

The snared rhino was also successfully tracked and treated. It had winch snare wire around the neck which had caused a traumatic wound around the neck with the other end of the snare dangling downwards. It was stepping on the hanging end on ambulation making it reluctant to move due to resultant pain on the neck. Upon immobilization, the snare wire was severed with wire cutters and quickly the wound was cleaned using Hydrogen Peroxide and Iodine.. Wet green clay was smeared carefully and generously on the wound starting with the right side and then left side after turning the animal onto sternum. Topically the wound was sprayed with Tetracycline wound spray liberally. It was covered systematically with 15000mgs Amoxicillin, 100ml Cyanocobalamine and 100mgs Flunixine Meglumine at different muscle sites. Its prognosis was rated as favorable because it had not lost its body condition noticeably and that it went through the anesthesia smoothly. A review would be between 14 and 21 days if necessary meanwhile the sighting was recommended at least once every week so as to record progress.

AMBOSELI MOBILE VETERINARY UNIT DECEMBER 2017 Introduction The year ends with regenerated foliage within the ecosystem. The start of the month was very wet making it inhabitable but towards the end of the month the opposite was experienced. Large herds of elephants, wildebeests and zebras which had sought refuge within the neighboring community conservancies are now exploring freely in the park savannahs and swamps as they feed and wallow. Hopefully the foliage present is going to sustain them for a long time and probably last to the next rainy season three to four months away. The Amboseli Mobile Vet Unit was covering for the Tsavo Conservation Area Mobile Vet Unit because of annual leave. Several cases were thus attended to within the Tsavos as well as Amboseli. As animals are back within the proximity of the people, human illegal activities have been witnessed particularly snaring and spearing. It is also thought that the rescued baby elephant found abandoned could have been as a result of conflict as they got near the crop fields leading to the separation of the baby from the mother who fled the area. We hope the animals will keep off farms thus minimizing human-wildlife conflict in months ahead.

SECURITY DOG TREATMENT

Date: 3/12/2017 Species: Canine Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Ngulia Rhino Canine Unit Kennel; Tsavo West National Park History The sick canine was reported by Ngulia Rhino Sanctuary Officer In-charge as having wounds along its backbone causing pruritis. The dog was said to have been attended to on the same about a month earlier with slight improvement since then. It was said to be performing poorly in search duties within the rhino sanctuary. The Mobile Vet Unit visited the kennel for examination. Observations The dog had three circular wounds ranging between five and ten centimeters in diameter. Though showing signs of scab formation, they had also fresh edges due to constant pawing leading to bleeding and irritation from flies feeding from the wounds. When examined through palpation especially underneath they appeared to have a relatively hard dermis. Considering the area being tsetse infected area it was more likely that those were tentative chancre reaction due to tsetse bite. Upon inquiring about the epidemiology of the tryps infection it was established that the kennel has lost more than two dogs due to the same with recent one being early this year. The local reaction to the bite was more on unreachable locations on the back since the animal can deter any Tsetse bite elsewhere either by head, legs and or tail. Treatment Tentatively the canine was offered symptomatic treatment. Its prophylactic regime against tryps was varied hence the wounds were cleaned with Hydrogen Peroxide and Iodine followed with Tetracycline wound topical spray. This was recommended for three times a day till the wounds heal. Systemically it was injected with 450mgs Amoxicillin as broad spectrum antibiotic cover, 5mls Cyanocobalamine as metabolic stimulant and 6mgs Dexamethasone as antipruritic Prognosis This is fair so long as the dog is withdrawn from the allergen and kept away from Tsetse infected areas

ZEBRA TREATMENT

Date: 7/12/2017 Species: Zebra Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Manyani Air Strip History Report of a lame zebra was made to the Amboseli Mobile Vet Unit by Deputy Commandant Manyani law enforcement academy. It was said to be lame on the right fore limb making it unable to keep pace with the rest of the group members. We immediately set out to treat and alleviate pain as we were holding on briefly for Tsavo Conservation Area Mobile Vet Unit which was on annual leave. Observation It was found alone near Manyani Airstrip static with fore right limb barely stepping. The fetlock had pus discharging wounds and could have possibly been caused by faulty snare which broke loose. It had slightly lost its weight due to ensuing stress. This male zebra was darted and eventually remaining still completely immobilized in seven minutes. Treatment Wounds were thoroughly disinfected with Hydrogen Peroxide after examining for any foreign object. It was then followed with Tincture of Iodine ensuring complete debridement was achieved. 10 grams of Cloxacillin antibacterial ointment was infiltrated into a canal penetrating at the medial aspect of the fetlock and then topically sprayed liberally by Tetracycline wound spray. Systemically it was injected with 15000mgs Amoxicillin, 30ml Cyanocobalamine and 10mgs Flunixin Meglumine at different muscle sites to cater for opportunistic pathogens induce appetite and reduce pain respectively. Prognosis It had good prognosis because only soft tissues were the one involved.

DOG TREATMENT REVIEW

Date: 7/12/2017 Species: Canine Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Kaluku History The canine by name Max was reported to be aggressive to allow stitches removal on its belly following a lump removal. Any attempt was met with a lot of aggressiveness thus warranting sedation to effect safe removal. The vet at Amboseli was reached out by Mr. Frans manager at Kaluku the day earlier and a response was done the following day. Treatment A keen eye on the suture line depicted one tissue dehiscence at the middle of the sure line which was about fifteen centimeters long just caudal to sternum. Surrounding tissue depicted slight edema which did not warrant any diuretic. The suture line was cleaned carefully with swab and Hydrogen Peroxide and Iodine later. Topical Tetracycline spray was made to deter the flies. It was observed that the wound had pressure and still it was ten days post-surgery thus deemed to be early for sutures to be removed. This could have posed risk of suture line gaping because of observed pressure. They were advised to keep cleaning the wound as shown and review was tentatively scheduled for ten to eleven days later. Prognosis Good since there was no noted complication on the suture line. Revisit The case was reviewed again on 19/12/2017 with the view of removing the stitches. This could not be done without tranquilization. Same sedation and monitoring procedure was done like above and stitches removed carefully one after the other by cutting with surgical blade and pulling out.

SNARED ZEBRA

Date: 10/12/2017 Species: Zebra Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Manyani Gate; Tsavo East National Park History The snared zebra had been spotted on 1/12/2017 towards 1830hrs but the time was not sufficient to call in vet team. It had been spotted by DSWT Voi De-snaring Team based at Voi Tsavo East National Park Headquarters. The Vet Unit remained on standby on the following day. The vet team was informed of sighting and embarked immediately. The long dusty and rough journey took three hours and half up to Manyani Gate Tsavo East National Park. Examination The plain single wire was lodged on the neck just behind the mandibles. It was barely tight causing no significant edema or strangulation. It was a nuisance though because it was dangling downwards in front of forelimbs and could be stepped on as animal ambulated round and more so due to bush entangling. The snare wire was not strong enough to â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;immobilizeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; the animal because it seemed the snare was meant for small game like small and medium size antelopes for game meat. Treatment The snare wire had not caused local edema because it was barely tight. The snoop was loosened using hands and taken off the neck. The animal was injected with broad spectrum antibiotic inform of 15000mgs Amoxicillin and metabolic stimulant as 50ml Multivitamin in different muscle sites. 8mgs Ivermectin was administered subcutaneously as anthelmintic. All these were geared towards taking care of any post darting opportunistic pathogen. Prognosis The animal is in no danger because the snare had not caused any traumatic wound

TREATMENT OF AN ELEPHANT

Date: 12/12/2017 Species: Elephant Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Maisuyati, Kuku Conservancy History The speared elephant was spotted by Big Life Foundation Rangers who reported the matter to DSWT Operation Center Kaluku who eventually informed the vet in Amboseli. The vet followed up the matter with Big Life Foundation Operation Centre who directed the vet unit to exact location where the elephant was. Immediately the vet unit set out and at the scene two vehicles kept assistance with BLF rangers at close range just in case of need. The elephant was found alone walking sluggishly and then started mudding at a shallow water pan. It seemed weak from far and was reported not to be aggressive as would be the expectation. A dart was made prior to close range observation so as not to stress the frail candidate. Examination The penetrating wound was parallel to the spine and about ten centimeters. It was about three to four days old exhibiting bloody edges at the mid right chest area. It was pronged for any foreign object using long forceps all in vain. It was about thirty centimeters deep just under the skin track leading anteroventrally and beginning to exude foul smell. Surprisingly there was obvious air rushing out through the wound coinciding with the inhalation i.e. expansion of the thorax cavity upon breathing in. This was not clear whether it came from pleural cavity or just under the skin. Treatment The wound was cleaned thoroughly using Hydrogen Peroxide and Iodine. 10 grams Cloxacillin antibacterial ointment was infused into the canal followed with liberal packing of green wet clay to encourage tissue regeneration and reduce dead space obscuring also the wound from ox peckers and flies. It was followed with generous topical spray of Tetracycline wound spray. The animal was injected with broad spectrum antibiotic inform of 30000mgs Tetracycline, metabolic stimulant as 100ml Cyanocobalamine and anti-inflammatory as 50ml Flunixin Meglumine in different muscle sites. Prognosis The animal seemed frail and appeared to be severely affected by the spear wound with possibilities of having penetrated into pleural cavity. This informed guarded prognosis pegged on the animal

ELEPHANT DE-SNARING

Date: 24/12/2017 Species: Elephant Sex: Female Age: Calf Location: Taita Ranch History The snared baby elephant report was made to Amboseli Vet by the DSWT Chopper Pilot at the evening of 23/12/2017. Arrangement was done to remove the snare on the following morning because the sighting was past five in the evening and there was no amble time for exercise. Treatment Quickly in order to ensure clear air way the winch wire was severed using wire cutter easing the strangulation enabling the candidate to be stabilized easily. The snare had not caused traumatic wound hence the snare pressure line was cleaned with Hydrogen Peroxide and Tincture of Iodine first on left side and then right side after turning it over. It was sprayed topically with Tetracycline wound spray and dart wound infiltrated with 5grams Cloxacillin ointment to prevent abscess formation. It was covered systemically with 75000mgs Amoxicillin, 20ml Multivitamin and 50mgs Flunixin Meglumine at different muscle sites. Reversal This was achieved by use of 12mgs Diprenorphine administered through superficial ear vein after eight minutes after being fully immobilized. It staggered once and gained feet thereafter and walked away. It was forced to face the direction where the mother was about four hundred meters away on an open plain. It picked the mothers scent as it followed the trail. Efforts to bring the mother towards where the calf was were futile even with the ground vehicle and chopper. She was adamant and turned aggressive smashing the vehicle as she tried to injure the driver resulting in breaking her right ivory tip. The driverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s door was left severely dented with a broken side mirror. It was hoped that they would rejoin at some point because the calf was on the trail of its mother. Meanwhile the security team of Taita Ranch was deployed to keep watch and raise alarm in case they fail to join in twenty-four hours or if calf is spotted alone so that a rescue can be organized. Prognosis Good as there was no resultant traumatic wound and edema was almost negligible.

ELEPHANT RESCUE

Date: 27-28/12/2017 Species: Elephant Sex: Male Age: Calf Location: Kimana Sanctuary History A young elephant baby was reported by the residential rangers while on late afternoon patrol to have been found lying on left lateral recumbence with no elephants within the area. They searched the area for any elephant presence but all in vain. They informed the Vet Unit which quickly moved to rescue the abandoned little young one before the night fell. Rescue It took twenty minutes of rough road drive to where the baby was. It was found under rangersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; guard. It was half an hour to seven in the evening and quick rescue plan had to be made. It was wrapped with a towel to keep it warm. DSWT CEO was reached out for possible aerial support and necessary advice. Meanwhile the baby was disturbed by what appeared to be hunger and or dehydration. Two litres of bottled drinking water was supplied and filled into a suckling bottle from which the calf suckled. The CEO instructed that the calf would be picked in the following morning by DSWT Helicopter because it was already at night fall. Meanwhile the baby was carried to Amboseli Park Headquarters where the vet hosted it overnight under monitoring. All communications were made between the chopper pilot and the Vet to see to it that the baby is picked safely and early enough the following morning so that the most needed tender loving care is instituted in the nursery in company of other orphans soonest possible. The chopper landed at Amboseli Headquarter football field. The calf had been driven to the field which was a hundred meters away at 6.30am. Everyone got to a safe distance from the chopper following the pilotsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; instructions and off it went up with estimated time for DSWT Nursery at Nairobi of one hour. The calf was strong all through the rescue adventure with no noticeable complication and it was hoped that it could adapt successfully at the orphanage. The pilot called after fifty-seven minutes post take off from Amboseli to inform that the baby was safe at the nursery. All from Amboseli wished it good luck in life ahead. Prognosis It was given fair prognosis considering the smooth rescue adventure witnessed and good health demeanor observed.

STUCK BUFFALO

Date: 28/12/2017 Species: Buffalo Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Amboseli National Park History A stuck buffalo was spotted by several tour drivers on their way to Observation Hill and one after the other called for help through the Park Tourism Warden. It was the Warden who informed the Vet Unit of the incidence and an immediate response was mounted. Rescue The emaciated bull was found on sternal recumbence. It was not immediately established for how long it had stuck but it was assumed to have gotten stuck the previous night. It got startled as we drove to the swamp edge where it was. It was about ten meters from the edge, but the mud/silt thickness was heavy hence it could not wade out. A rescue was achieved by use of a long rope anchored on the vehicle. It was pulled out quickly taking care not to dip nostrils into the mud or cause skin abrasions. Because there was no drug used to calm the animal, one needed to quickly get the loop off the poll before the animal got up. After taking off the loop it was placed on sternal recumbence and left for some few minutes to gain strength. It was seen attempting to get on all fours but the hind limbs were still numb. It was left in the sun bath eventually got up. We drove away to reduce stress and left it alert and on sternal recumbence Prognosis Considering the poor health status with severe emaciation it was given a guarded prognosis

ZEBRA TREATMENT

Date: 28/12/2017 Species: Zebra Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Amboseli National Park History The zebra was spotted by the Vet Unit while on their way back from rescuing a stuck buffalo. It was seen completely still on left lateral recumbence with three ox peckers on its body. This attracted our curiosity. Observation The left fore fetlock joint had blood oozing wounds both on lateral and medial aspects, the right hind limb had a discharging wound at the distolateral to tibiometatarsal joint, the left hind limb had a transverse wound at mid metatarsus anteromedially while the rest of body had skin abrasions of various sizes more so on the neck. It appeared that it had suffered territorial fight wounds from another stallion. All wounds appeared fresh. Treatment All wounds were cleaned with Hydrogen Peroxide followed with Tincture of Iodine. Topically they were sprayed liberally with Tetracycline wound spray. It was injected with 20000mgs Tetracycline, 500mgs Flunixin Meglumine, 20ml Multivitamin all in different muscle sites followed with 80mgs Ivermectine under the skin. These were aimed to take care of any secondary bacterial infection, reduce pain, instill appetite and clear endo and ecto parasites respectively. Reversal It was achieved by use of 12mgs Diprenorphine injected into jugular vein after ten minutes of complete mobilization. It was up in two minutes and walked away depicting less lameness than initially. Prognosis Good since the wounds were fresh and the animal was still in good body condition.

MOUNT KENYA MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT OCTOBER, NOVEMBER & DECEMBER 2017

MOUNT KENYA MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT OCTOBER 2017 Introduction The newly formed Mobile Veterinary Unit based at the KWS Laikipia station in Nanyuki started its operations at the beginning of October 2017. The unit is charged with the responsibility of providing veterinary care to all wildlife particularly diagnosis and treatment of injuries and diseases in wildlife, investigating disease outbreaks, disease surveillance and monitoring, translocation and rescue of wildlife under distress, and to promote animal health and welfare among other activities.The unit covers Mt. Kenya National Park, Aberdares National Park, Mwea National Reserve, Solio Ranch, Ol Jogi Wildlife Conservancy, Ol Pejeta Wildlife Conservancy, Mutara Ranch, Mugie Ranch, Laikipia Nature Conservancy and immediate surrounding conservation areas. The unit works closely with the other mobile veterinary units in Lewa and the DSWT/KWS Meru Mobile Veterinary Unit to ensure wildlife in the mountain conservation area and Southern Laikipia are provided with appropriate veterinary care. During the month of October, the new unit started on a high note and handled several wildlife cases including treatment of a wounded elephant in Loisaba Wildlife Conservancy, treatment of an injured white rhino in Solio ranch, treatment of Northern White rhino in Ol Pejeta conservancy, deworming of mountain bongos in Mt. Kenya wildlife conservancy and desnaring of zebras in Jua Kali area of Nanyuki among other cases as highlighted in this monthly report. It has been a rainy season in Mt. Kenya and Southern Laikipia and there is plenty of water and vegetation for wildlife populations hence there were no drought related wildlife mortalities. Below is the detailed report of all the cases attended during the month.

TREATMENT OF A WOUNDED ELEPHANT IN LOISABA CONSERVANCY, LAIKIPIA

Species: African Elephant (Loxodanta africana) Sex: Male Age: Approximately 15 years old (Sub-adult) Location: Loisaba Wildlife conservancy, Laikipia Date of clinical intervention: October 2017 History This was a sub-adult male elephant sighted within the Loisaba wildlife conservancy, it was weak and remained isolated from the rest of the elephant herds. It had a deep wound on the left part of the abdomen oozing pus and exudates. The elephant was sighted by security rangers and management who informed the veterinary team for prompt intervention. Chemical Immobilization The injured elephant was found in a thicket where it could not be easily accessed for darting, several attempts were made on foot and by vehicle until finally the elephant was accessed for darting from the vehicle. The elephant was darted on the thigh muscles from a vehicle using 16mgs of etorphine Hcl in a 3ml Dan-inject dart. The elephant got adequately immobilized after about 5 minutes and went down on lateral recumbency. The elephant was doused with plenty of water and eyes were covered with the pinna of the ear. The trunk was kept patent using a piece of stick and anaesthesia monitored throughout the treatment process. Examination and Treatment The elephant had a deep penetrating wound about 1 foot deep on the left abdomen, the wound had lots of exudates and necrotic tissue debris. The wound extended into the peritoneum and had a risk of causing peritonitis which would have been fatal. The wound was probed using sterile gauze swabs attached to long forceps to ensure no foreign material was left inside. The wound was then cleaned with copious amounts of water to remove mud, dirt and pus. It was then debrided with dilute hydrogen peroxide then cleaned with tincture of iodine. The wound was further treated using opticlox ointment. Other treatments were intramuscular injection of Amoxicillin Trihydrate (BetamoxÂŽ) and dexamethasone to support the wound healing process. The wound was then plugged with green clay and topical application of oxytetracycline spray. The elephant was revived from anaesthesia using 48mgs of Diprenorphine Hcl administered intravenous through the superficial ear-vein. It rose up within a few minutes and walked away feeling much relieved. Prognosis of the case Prognosis was quite good after treatment.

TREATMENT OF CUTANEOUS WOUNDS OF NORTHERN WHITE RHINO IN OL PEJETA CONSERVANCY

Species: Northern White Rhino (Named Sudan) Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Olpejeta Wildlife Conservancy, Laikipia Date of clinical intervention: October 2017 History This is a case of one of the adult male Northern white rhinos in Ol Pejeta Conservancy that has been reported to have cutaneous wounds on the left hind thighs, shoulder and front leg. The cause of the wounds has not been confirmed but suspected to have been caused by filarial worms. These are open wounds that attract flies that irritate the animal and can attract secondary bacterial infection if not treated. This is one of the only 3 remaining Northern white rhinos in the world that are currently on the verge of extinction. Examination and Treatment The animal is semi-captive and could be treated gently without chemical immobilization. One of the animal keepers assisted the vet to manage the wound without anaesthesia. The wounds were treated using ivermectin injectable solution infiltrated on the wounds using a fine needle. They were also treated using topical application of opticlox ointment, green clay and oxytetracycline spray. Further treatments & monitoring The treatment using green clay and oxytetracycline spray will continue as we monitor the wound healing progress until the animal attains complete healing. Prognosis The prognosis is good with sustained repeat treatment.

TREATMENT OF A BUFFALO WITH A CHRONIC INFECTIOUS CONDITION

Species: African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Naromoru gate, Mt. Kenya NP Date of clinical intervention: October 2017 History This was a case of an adult female buffalo at Naromoru gate in Mt. Kenya National park. It was quite weak and severely emaciated. It had alopecia and heavily infested with ticks and fleas. The rest of the buffalo herd was not affected, and it was important to establish which condition was affecting one of the animals in the herd. Chemical Immobilization & Clinical Examination The buffalo was darted from a vehicle using 5mgs of etorphine Hcl combined with 50mgs of azaperone. It became immobilized and recumbent after 10 minutes. The buffalo was quite emaciated probably due to inadequate feeding, general alopecia (hair loss) due to heavy infestation with fleas and ticks. It had all the teeth intact and not too old. Body temperature was within the normal range. Samples had to be collected for laboratory analysis to establish the condition though it was suspected to be a tick-borne infection. Blood samples were collected in EDTA coated tubes and plain tubes, blood smears, ticks and fleas collected and preserved in ethanol, these will be analysed to establish the cause of infection. Treatment The buffalo was treated using ivermectin subcutaneous injection and oxytetracycline intramuscular injection to take care of anaplasmosis or heartwater disease (Cowodriosis) or any secondary bacterial infection. It was also treated with multivitamin injection to improve the appetite and revitalize the body condition. The anaesthesia was revived using 12mgs of diprenorphine Hcl administered through the jugular vein. The buffalo was too weak and was left lying until after one hour when it rose up and joined the rest of the herd. Prognosis Prognosis fair as it will be monitored to ascertain its response to treatment and awaiting confirmation of diagnosis.

DE-SNARING AND TREATMENT OF A SNARED ZEBRA IN JUA KALI AREA, NANYUKI

Species: Common zebra Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Jua Kali area, Nanyuki Date of clinical intervention: October 2017 History An adult female zebra was reported to have a wire snare in a ranch near Jua Kali centre in Nanyuki. The wire was long, hanging over the neck and cutting through the neck muscles. The veterinary team responded promptly to help save the life of the animal. Chemical immobilization The snared zebra was found in an open field with many other zebras, but they were quite agitated and quickly ran to the bushes when they were approached for darting. The team was able to track it by a vehicle and eventually it was successfully darted from a vehicle using 5mgs of etorphine Hcl combined with 80mgs of azaperone delivered by Daninject remote delivery system. Examination & Treatment The neck wire snare had made the male zebra suffer a deep cut and severe swelling around the neck circumference and the zebra was in a very severe pain as the wire continued to cut through the neck any time the animal moved. The wire was immediately cut off using a wire cutter followed by wound treatment. The neck wound was septic and was cleaned with lots of water, cauterized and debrided using 10% Hydrogen peroxide and thereafter covered with povidone iodine. Further treatments included application of opticlox ointment then oxytetracycline spray. Amoxycillin (BetamoxÂŽ) was administered and dexamethasone anti-inflammatory drug administered intramuscularly to enhance wound healing process. Revival of anaesthesia The anaesthesia was revived using 12mgs of diprenorphine Hcl administered through the jugular vein. The zebra rose up after 2 minutes and joined the rest of the animals nearby. Prognosis Prognosis was quite good after the wire was removed and the wound adequately treated.

DE-SNARING AND TREATMENT OF A SNARED WATERBUCK AT NAROMORU GATE, MT. KENYA NP

Species: Waterbuck Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Naromoru gate, Mt. Kenya NP Date of clinical intervention: October 2017 History An adult female waterbuck was reported to have a rope snare at Naromoru gate in Mt. Kenya National park. The rope was tight and cutting through the right front foot just above the hoof. It had stayed with the snare for quite long and the wound created by the snare was already septic. The waterbuck could be seen limping and very reluctant to come out of the forest into the open. The body condition of the animal was still good due to adequate feeds and water in the forest. The veterinary team was informed about the animal and responded promptly to save it from the pain and suffering caused by the snare. Chemical immobilization The snared waterbuck was found grazing at the edge of the forest from where it was quickly darted from a vehicle using 5mgs of etorphine Hcl combined with 50mgs of azaperone delivered by Dan-inject remote delivery system. It quickly ran into the forest and after some minutes of searching on foot we eventually found it lying inside the forest from where it was successfully treated. Examination & Treatment The rope snare had cut through the muscles of the metacarpal joint creating a septic wound around the foot. The rope was quickly extracted from the tissue swellings using a pair of pliers and cut off using leatherman. The resulting wound was then cleaned with water then cauterized and debrided using 10% Hydrogen peroxide and thereafter covered with povidone iodine. Further treatments included application of opticlox ointment then oxytetracycline spray. Amoxycillin (BetamoxÂŽ) was administered and dexamethasone anti-inflammatory drug administered intramuscularly to enhance wound healing process. The anaesthesia was revived using 12mgs of diprenorphine Hcl administered through the jugular vein. The waterbuck rose up after 1 minute and joined the rest of the animals nearby. Prognosis Prognosis was quite good after the rope was removed and the wound adequately treated.

TREATMENT OF INJURED MALE WHITE RHINO IN SOLIO RANCH

Animal identification: Species: White Rhino (Ceratotherium simum) Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Solio ranch (Twiga Plains) Date of intervention: 23rd October, 2017 History This is a case of a sick white rhino that was reported by KWS rangers patrolling Solio ranch, it was sighted in Twiga plains. The rhino was weak, emaciated, limping and reluctant to move, it also isolated itself from other rhinos. It had a visible wound on the left thigh which was showing signs of bleeding. Soon after sighting the rhino disappeared again and could not be sighted for another two days of intensive search by foot, vehicles and fixed-wing aircraft. We therefore called for a helicopter from KWS to come and search for the animal and assist in darting and monitoring during treatment. Chemical Immobilization The rhino was then darted from a helicopter using 5mgs of etorphine Hcl combined with 80mgs of azaperone tartrate. Induction time was 8 minutes. Clinical examination & treatment On examination we found the rhino had superficial cutaneous wounds on the left thigh and on the right front leg and a sprain or slight dislocation of the left hind leg. The rhino was suspected to have had a territorial fight with another male where it got dislocated plus lacerative wounds on the thigh and front leg. The wounds were cleaned with water, cauterized with dilute Hydrogen peroxide then applied tincture of iodine. The wounds were then adequately covered by green clay to plug the wound and enhance healing then sprayed with oxytetracycline spray. Ivermectin injection was administered subcutaneously to take care of the filarial worms and other parasites. Amoxycillin (BetamoxÂŽ) was administered and dexamethasone anti-inflammatory drug administered intramuscularly to enhance wound healing process. The anaesthesia was reversed using 80mgs of Naltrexone administered through the ear vein, then 36mg of diprenorphine administered intramuscularly. Recovery from anaesthesia was smooth but the rhino was reluctant to move away because of the pain of the dislocation. Prognosis Prognosis was quite fair but the rhino will take some time before recovering from the dislocation, however it has good access to feeds and water nearby. The security officers and Solio management will continue to monitor the animal and update the veterinary team on the progress.

Deworming of Mountain bongo antelopes (Boocerus eurycerus isaaci)

History There were reports from Mt. Kenya Game ranch that one of the adult male bongos had extensive alopecia on the back, shoulder and thighs suspected to have been caused by mange or external parasites. Two young calves had intermandibular oedema (bottle neck) and rough hair suspected to be caused by gastro-intestinal helminths. After assessment of the entire herd of bongos, six animals were identified for deworming exercise. Deworming by drop-off darts All the six antelopes were darted using Dan-inject darts loaded with ivermectin broad-spectrum anthelmintic to treat them for both endoparasites and ecto-parasites. A few days later the bottle neck resolved, and the animal keepers and the veterinary team remained vigilant to monitor the animals of any signs of parasitism or illness.

Relocation of a rogue buffalo from Solio lodge to Aberdares National Park

Species: African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Solio ranch Date of clinical intervention: October 2017 History This was a case of an adult male buffalo that got confined within the Solio lodge compound. The lodge is within the Solio ranch wildlife sanctuary and its fenced off with 2 strands of electric fence. The buffalo was stranded inside the compound and was at risk of attacking tourists and hotel staff. The Solio management therefore requested the assistance of the veterinary team to immobilize the buffalo and translocate it out of the lodge compound. Several unsuccessful attempts had been made to break a section of the fence and chase it out but failed. The lodge is located in densely thick forest with thick undercover that the buffalo cannot be easily sighted for darting. Chemical Immobilization After searching for several hours on foot and from a vehicle the buffalo was eventually sighted and darted from a vehicle using 6mgs of etorphine Hcl combined with 50mgs of azaperone. It became immobilized and recumbent after 12 minutes. It was then manually loaded on rollers fitted on a trolley and towed out of the lodge compound using a tractor. It was released far away from the lodge into the wildlife sanctuary where it was not expected to return. Unfortunately, the buffalo came back at night and jumped back into the lodge compound. The next day it was again darted from a helicopter, loaded on a lorry truck and driven to Aberdares National park.

TREATMENT OF AN INJURED ZEBRA IN JUA KALI AREA, NANYUKI

Species: Common zebra Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Jua Kali area, Nanyuki Date of clinical intervention: October 2017 History An adult female zebra was reported to have been limping with a swollen hind leg in Jua Kali area in Nanyuki. It was left grazing alone and could not join the rest of other zebras. It required urgent veterinary intervention to save the zebra. Chemical immobilization Examination & Treatment The snared zebra was found alone in an open field it was successfully darted from a vehicle using 5mgs of etorphine Hcl combined with 80mgs of azaperone delivered by Dan-inject remote delivery system. It had a swelling on the right tarsal joint, it was a fracture that healed in an awkward position and formed a large callus swelling around the joint. The joint had not healed properly and was still weak hence the zebra was still in pain and could not put full weight on the leg. The swelling also had a small lacerative wound oozing some pus. The wound was cauterized and debrided using 10% hydrogen peroxide and thereafter covered with tincture of iodine. It was also treated using Amoxycillin (BetamoxÂŽ) and dexamethasone anti-inflammatory drug administered intramuscularly followed by oxytetracycline spray. Revival of anaesthesia The anaesthesia was revived using 12mgs of diprenorphine Hcl administered through the jugular vein. The zebra rose up after 1 minute and started running away. Prognosis Prognosis was good as the fracture had started healing and forming callus, the external wound was also treated and would soon recover.

AMBOSELI MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT NOVEMBER 2017 Introduction During the month of November the veterinary unit started on a high note and handled several wildlife cases including treatment of a wounded elephant in Marsabit National Park, treatment of an injured Grevyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s zebra in Mugie Wildlife Conservancy, treatment of several sick Mountain Bongos in Mt. Kenya Wildlife Conservancy, treatment of an injured elephant in Loisaba, relocation of a male white rhino from an enclosure to a wider sanctuary in Ol Pejeta and desnaring and treatment of a snared Rothschild giraffe in Mwea National Reserve and others as highlighted in this monthly report. The heavy rains continue in Mt. Kenya and Southern Laikipia and there is plenty of water and vegetation for wildlife populations hence there were no drought related wildlife mortalities. Below is the detailed report of all the cases attended during the month.

TREATMENT OF A JUVENILE MOUNTAIN BONGO WITH GASTROENTERITIS IN MT. KENYA GAME RANCH

Species: Mountain bongo (Boocerus eurycerus isaaci) Sex: Female Age: Juvenile Location: Mount Kenya Game Ranch Date of intervention: 1st November, 2017 History A juvenile female bongo of about 2 months old was reported to have signs of profuse watery diarrhoea and losing its body condition. Previously this condition occurred in other young antelopes and resulted in mortalities. The animal was losing a lot of body fluids through diarrhoea and was becoming dehydrated and emaciated. It required urgent treatment to recover from the condition. Restraint and treatment The calf was restrained physically by hands and blood samples collected from coccygeal vein, faecal samples were also collected from the rectum. It was then treated using Procaine penicillin and multivitamin administered intramuscularly and Diseptoprim tablets administered orally. It was also provided with KaolinÂŽ orally to control diarrhoea. Soon after the treatment, the animal responded positively, and the diarrhoea stopped almost immediately. The same treatment was repeated after 3 days to ensure the animal recovered fully. Samples collection Blood samples were collected in EDTA coated tubes and plain tubes, blood smears were also prepared these will be analysed to establish the cause of infection. Faecal samples were also to be processed and cultured to isolate the infective bacteria involved in the infection. Prognosis Prognosis was good and the animal recovered fully soon after treatment.

TREATMENT OF A WOUNDED MALE GREVY ZEBRA IN MUGIE WILDLIFE CONSERVANCY

Animal Identification Species: Grevy’s zebra (Equuis grevyi) Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Mugie Wildlife Conservancy Date of clinical intervention: 7th November, 2017 History An adult male Grevy’s zebra was reported to have been attacked by a lion and severely wounded on the right thigh muscles. The wound was large and becoming septic hence required urgent attention and treatment to avoid developing septicaemia and possible invasion by maggots. Grevy’s zebras are highly endangered wildlife species and the few surviving are only found in Northern Kenya and Ethiopia. Currently there are only less than 2000 individuals remaining in the world and Kenya hosts the largest population about 1,600 (80%) and Ethiopia about 400 (20%). Hence need to respond urgently to any critical case that may affect their survival. The veterinary team responded promptly and saved the animal. Chemical immobilization The injured zebra was found a lone in an open field, it was quite weak and slow due to intense pain from the injury. The team was able to track it by a vehicle and it was successfully darted from a vehicle using 5mgs of etorphine Hcl combined with 80mgs of azaperone delivered by Dan-inject remote delivery system. Examination & Treatment The wound was already septic and had developed some proud flesh with some loose skin hanging from the wound. The wounds were cleaned with lots of water, loose hanging ski trimmed off, cauterized and debrided using 10% Hydrogen peroxide and thereafter covered with povidone iodine. Further topical treatments included application of opticlox ointment then oxytetracycline spray and green clay applied to plug the wound and enhance healing process. Further treatments using Amoxycillin (Betamox®) was administered and dexamethasone anti-inflammatory drug administered intramuscularly to enhance wound healing process. Revival of anaesthesia The anaesthesia was revived using 12mgs of diprenorphine Hcl administered through the jugular vein. The zebra rose up after 1 minute and ran away feeling relieved. Soon after treatment the animal was monitored closely and has since recovered from the injury. Prognosis Prognosis was quite good after treatment and the zebra has already recovered.

TREATMENT OF AN INJURED MALE ELEPHANT IN MARSABIT NATIONAL PARK

Species: African Elephant (Loxodanta africana) Sex: Male Age: Approximately 20 years old (Adult) Location: Marsabit National park Date of clinical intervention: 3rd November, 2017 History This was a case of an adult male elephant sighted within Marsabit National park, it had an incomplete closed fracture of the left hind leg. The elephant was quite weak and remained isolated from the rest of the elephant herds and could be seen dragging the affected leg and unable to support its weight on the affected leg. The elephant was sighted by KWS and community security rangers and management who informed the veterinary team for prompt intervention. The veterinary team was airlifted from Nanyuki to Marsabit and back to attend to the case. Chemical Immobilization The injured elephant was found in a thicket forest where it could not be easily accessed by vehicle for darting, several attempts were made on foot and the elephant kept charging and chasing the darting team every time we got closer to it. After several attempts and attacks from the elephant it was finally accessed and darted as it was trying to cross the river. The elephant was darted on the thigh muscles using 17mgs of etorphine Hcl in a 3ml Dan-inject dart. The elephant got adequately immobilized after about 7 minutes and went down on sternal recumbency. Examination and Treatment The elephant had three deep penetrating wounds on the thigh, front leg and through the head suspected to have been caused by a sharp object. The wounds were probed using sterile gauze swabs attached to long forceps to ensure no foreign material was left inside. The wounds were then cleaned with copious amounts of water to remove mud, dirt and pus. It was then debrided with dilute hydrogen peroxide then cleaned with tincture of iodine. The wound was further treated using opticlox ointment. Other treatments were intramuscular injection of Amoxicillin Trihydrate (BetamoxÂŽ) and dexamethasone to support the wound healing process. The wounds were finally plugged with green clay and topical application of oxytetracycline spray. Prognosis of the case Prognosis was quite poor due to its inability to move and defend itself but the security rangers were informed to monitor the progress and protect it from poaching until it recovers, so far it was reported to be recovering well.

RELOCATION OF A MALE WHITE RHINO FROM AN ENCLOSURE TO A LARGER RHINO SANCTUARY

Species: White Rhino (Ceratotherium simum) Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Olpejeta Wildlife Conservancy Date of intervention: 4th November, 2017 History This was one of the adult male white rhinos in Ol Pejeta wildlife conservancy, it was originally put in a smaller enclosure with other female rhinos to assist in breeding but with time other males have grown and taken over the breeding roles. The enclosure also doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have enough pasture to sustain many animals hence the decision to remove it and transfer it to the main wildlife sanctuary. Chemical Immobilization The rhino was in the open field and was darted from the ground using 6mgs of etorphine Hcl combined with 80mgs of azaperone tartrate. Induction time was 8 minutes. To improve the plane of anaesthesia and respiration 10 mg of butorphanol plus 40mg of doxapram Hcl was administered through the ear veins. Loading and transportation The rhino was then revived from anaesthesia and directed into a wooden crate and lifted to a lorry using a lifting crane. It was then moved to the main wildlife sanctuary just about 6 kilometres away.

TREATMENT OF AN INJURED TORTOISE

Animal Identification Species: Leopard tortoise Sex: Male Age: Approximately 5 years old Location: Naromoru area Date of clinical intervention: 15th November 2017 History The tortoise was rescued by one of the area honorary wardens, it had been picked up from the forest with unknown people who intended to kill it but they didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t manage. It was bitten and injured by sharp objects. It had injuries on the legs that hindered its movement and required urgent veterinary attention. He reported the case to the veterinary unit who responded quickly and treated the animal. Examination and treatment The tortoise had several injuries on the right hind leg and right front leg, the wounds had started healing but were still exuding pus and full of necrotic debris. The wounds were properly cleaned with clean water then debrided using 10% hydrogen peroxide the applied povidone iodine. The two wounds were also treated using opticlox ointment and oxytetracycline spray. Other treatments using Benzyle penicillin was administered and dexamethasone antiinflammatory drug administered intramuscularly to enhance wound healing process. Prognosis The tortoise was later released back into the forest while being monitored and supported by the honorary warden. The prognosis was quite good and it has high chances of recovery after the treatment.

TREATMENT OF AN INJURED MALE ELEPHANT IN LOISABA WILDLIFE CONSERVANCY

Animal Identification Species: African Elephant (Loxodanta africana) Sex: Male Age: Approximately 15 years old (Sub-adult) Location: Loisaba Wildlife conservancy, Laikipia History This was an adult female elephant sighted within the Loisaba wildlife conservancy, it was weak and unable to walk. It was just limping and could not bore weight on the left hind leg. The elephant was sighted by the conservancy security rangers and management who immediately called and informed the veterinary team to respond for prompt intervention. Examination and Treatment The injured leg was palpated and flexed, it made cracking sounds of bones an indication that the leg was fractured at the level of stifle joint. The joint had swollen due to internal haemorrhage and formation of callus when the fractured bones begin to oppose. The elephant was administered with calcium injection to enhance bone formation and fracture healing. The elephant also had a small but deep wound on the medial side of the injured leg suspected to be the cause of the fracture, the wound was at the stifle joint. The wound was probed using long forceps, it extended deep into the joint, the wound had lots of exudates and necrotic tissue debris. It was adequately probed using sterile gauze swabs attached to long forceps to ensure no foreign material was left inside. The wound was then cleaned with copious amounts of water to remove mud, dirt and pus. It was then debrided with dilute hydrogen peroxide then cleaned with tincture of iodine. The wound was further treated using opticlox ointment. Other treatments were intramuscular injection of Amoxicillin Trihydrate (BetamoxÂŽ) and dexamethasone to support the wound healing process. The wound was then plugged with green clay and topical application of oxytetracycline spray. Prognosis of the case Prognosis was not good due to the intensive pain and the closed fracture. But it was near water point and had enough browse that required minimal movements. The elephant was to be monitored and progress reported to the veterinary team.

POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION OF FEMALE ELEPHANT IN MT KENYA NATIONAL PARK

Species: African Elephant (Loxodanta africana) Sex: Female Age: Approximately 10 years old (Sub-adult) Location: Mt Kenya National park Date of clinical intervention: 16th November 2017 History This was a case of a sub-adult female elephant that was found lying in Kibirichia area of Mt. Kenya National park, it remained recumbent and unable to stand or move. The management of Mt. Kenya National park informed the veterinary team to respond to the case. Post-mortem examination The elephant was found lying unable to stand, it had no visible injury, the left side of the rib cage appeared sunken and collapsed. The elephant was euthanized since it was established that it could not recover and was lying down in intensive pain and risk of poachers. It was then prepared for post-mortem examination. Post-mortem examination revealed broken ribs at the costo-chondral junction that caused the collapse of the rib cage. There were signs of internal haemorrhage and myonecrosis on the affected part of the rib cage. The elephant suffered blunt injuries of the rib cage probably caused by a fight with other elephants or hit by a falling tree in the forest. Cause of death The elephant suffered from asphyxiation caused by the paralysis of the rib cage unable to expand and contract. The animal was therefore breathing with a lot of difficulties and eventually was not able to move and became moribund. The carcass was cut into small pieces and disposed of in the forest.

TREATMENT OF A FEMALE MOUNTAIN BONGO WITH AN ABSCESS ON THE MANDIBLE

Species: Mountain bongo (Boocerus eurycerus isaaci) Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Mount Kenya Game Ranch Date of intervention: 13th November, 2017 History One of the female bongos had a large abscess on the below the left ear close to parotid glands. The swelling kept on enlarging every day and the animal was in pain and quite restless. It required urgent veterinary intervention. Examination and treatment The swelling was shaved clean using scalpel blade and disinfected using 70% ethanol and surgical spirit. It was then palpated and felt like it had some fluid inside. The swelling was then aspirated using gauge 18 needle attached to 20ml syringe, aspiration revealed pus accumulation. The swelling was then lanced using a scalpel blade attached to a blade holder, it produced a large volume of flowing exudates. The exudates were pressed out completely and the lanced abscess was cleaned properly using a forceps and gauze swabs severally, then cleaned using 10% hydrogen peroxide and povidone iodine. The wound was then treated using opticlox ointment, oxytetracycline spray and covered with green clay. It was then treated using Procaine penicillin and dexamethasone administered intramuscularly. Prognosis Prognosis was quite good after lancing and treatment of the swelling. The animal recovered quite well soon after treatment.

TREATMENT AND DEWORMING OF MOUNTAIN BONGOS

Species: Mountain bongo (Boocerus eurycerus isaaci) Sex: 1 male & 1 female Age: Adult Location: Mount Kenya Game Ranch Date of intervention: 13th November, 2017 History Two mountain bongos a male and female were reported to be emaciated, poor body condition, rough hairs and patches of alopecia. They kept deteriorating and they required urgent treatment. They were suspected to be suffering from bacterial infection combined with helminthiasis . Treatment The two animals were physically restrained in a crush and treated using Benzyle penicillin, multivitamins and oral application of levamisole syrup. Prognosis Prognosis was quite good after treatment and the animals have since improved and regained their body condition.

10. TREATMENT OF A MALE MOUNTAIN BONGO WITH CHRONIC EMACIATION AND ALOPECIA Animal identification: Species: Mountain bongo (Boocerus eurycerus isaaci) Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Mount Kenya Game Ranch Date of intervention: 13th November, 2017 History One of the male bongo antelopes was reported to have poor body condition, rough hairs and patches of alopecia. This required veterinary attention to save the animal and collect samples for further laboratory analysis. Chemical Immobilization The bongo was in an enclosure where it was darted using 5mgs of etorphine Hcl combined with 50mgs of azaperone. It became immobilized and recumbent after 10 minutes. Collection of samples and treatment Before treatment, blood samples were collected from the jugular vein in EDTA coated tubes and plain tubes, skin scrapings collected and preserved in 70% ethanol and blood smears were also prepared these will be analysed to establish the cause of infection. The animal was then treated using Procaine penicillin, multivitamins administered intramuscularly and ivermectin subcutaneous injection. The skin was sprayed using FrontlineÂŽ to eradicate all ectoparasites. Revival of anaesthesia The bongo was then revived from anaesthesia using 12mgs of diprenorphine Hcl administered through the jugular vein and rose up after 1 minute and joined the rest of the animals in the enclosure. Prognosis Prognosis was good after treatment. It recovered quite well soon after treatment.

11. DE-SNARING AND TREATMENT OF A FEMALE ROTHSCHILD GIRAFFE IN MWEA NATIONAL RESERVE Species: Rothschild giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi) Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Mwea National Reserve Date of clinical intervention: 25th November, 2017 History An adult female giraffe was reported to be limping and suspected to have a wire snare in Mwea National reserve. The animal was weak and could not keep pace with other giraffes. The effected leg was also swollen, and the animal condition was deteriorating daily. Rothschild giraffes are endangered species in Kenya and only found in a few places where they are being closely monitored to prevent their extinction in the wild. In Mwea National reserve there are less than 50 individuals that were introduced there some years back and the population has been growing steadily. The veterinary team therefore responded quickly to save the giraffe from the pain and suffering caused by the snare. Chemical immobilization The snared giraffe was found with other giraffes next to the main road in Mwea National reserve. It was quickly darted from a vehicle using 12mgs of etorphine Hcl combined with 50mgs of azaperone delivered by Dan-inject remote delivery system. It took about 10 minutes for the immobilization drug to take effect and the giraffe was roped down by the veterinary team assisted by the team at the reserve. Examination & Treatment The wire snare had cut through the muscles of the carpal joint close to the coronary band creating a septic wound around the foot. The wire was quickly retrieved from the tissue swellings using a pair of pliers and cut off using a wire cutter. The resulting wound was then cleaned with water then cauterized and debrided using 10% Hydrogen peroxide and thereafter covered with povidone iodine. Further treatments included application of opticlox ointment then oxytetracycline spray. Amoxycillin (BetamoxÂŽ) was administered and dexamethasone anti-inflammatory drug administered intramuscularly to enhance wound healing process. Prognosis Prognosis was quite good after the snare was removed and the wound adequately treated.

12. POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION OF A WHITE RHINO CALF IN SOLIO RANCH Species: White Rhino (Ceratotherium simum) Sex: Male Age: Juvenile Location: Solio ranch Date of intervention: 25th November 2017 History A young white rhino calf of about 2 months old was found dead in Solio ranch, the carcass was sighted by the patrol team and they informed the veterinary team to investigate the possible cause of death. The carcass was already decomposed but was still intact, it had not been scavenged by predators. General examination of the carcass Carcass was in good body condition no physical injury or wound, was decomposed and a few maggots had started setting in. The tail had been removed by scavengers. Post-mortem Examination  On opening the carcass, the following significant findings were noted:  General adhesion of diaphragm, thoracic organs and abdominal organs.  Lungs emphysematous, enlarged, and hyperaemic.  Stomach filled with yellowish fluid, intestines empty and gas filled. Cause of death The calf was suspected to have died of acute pneumonia due to pathological signs evident in the lungs. Lung tissue samples and other organs were collected for histopathology tests to ascertain the cause of death. The carcass was disposed by deep burial. Giraffe biopsy tissue sampling The unit also opportunistically collected biopsy tissue samples from giraffes using drop-off biopsy darts to be analysed at the KWS genetics lab to assess the level of hybridization and genetic diversity among the different giraffe species in Kenya.

MOUNT MOBILE VET UNIT REPORT DECEMBER 2017 Introduction During the month of December, the veterinary unit in Mt Kenya started on a high note and handled several wildlife cases including treatment of a wounded Northern White rhino in Ol Pejeta wildlife conservancy, treatment of an injured elephant and a lion in Mugie ranch, treatment of two sick Mountain Bongos at Mt. Kenya wildlife conservancy, treatment of an injured elephant in Samburu National Reserve, de-snaring and treatment of a snared elephant at Lewa wildlife conservancy, collaring of an elephant in Samburu National Reserve, postmortem examination of an elephant in the Lower Imenti forest, postmortem examination of zebra mortalities in Solio and treatment of two sick lions in Mt. Kenya Game ranch among others as highlighted in this monthly report. Since its inception in October, the new mobile veterinary unit has gained popularity among wildlife managers and community conservation scouts who continue to report wildlife cases almost daily. The quick response to reported wildlife cases has saved lives of many wildlife species especially the endangered species. The heavy rains have subsided in Mt. Kenya and Southern Laikipia and there could be a dry season in the beginning of 2018 that may result in increased drought related human-wildlife conflict cases. Below is the detailed report of all the cases attended during the month.

TREATMENT OF A MOUNTAIN BONGO WITH CHRONIC EMACIATION AT MT. KENYA GAME RANCH

Species: Mountain bongo (Boocerus eurycerus isaaci) Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Mount Kenya Game Ranch Date of intervention: 15th December 2017 GPS Coordinates: 37 N 0326873 UTM 0025867 History One of the female bongo antelopes was reported to have signs of poor body condition, general weakness, signs of diarrhoea, anorexia, rough hairs and patches of alopecia. The animal was losing its body condition gradually with time. This required veterinary attention to treat the animal and collect samples for further laboratory investigations. Chemical Immobilization The bongo was in a small enclosure where it was darted using 5mgs of etorphine Hcl combined with 50mgs of azaperone. It became immobilized and recumbent after about 6 minutes. Collection of samples and treatment Before treatment, blood samples were collected from the jugular vein in EDTA coated tubes and plain tubes, skin scrapings and ticks were collected and preserved in 70% ethanol and blood smears were also prepared these will be analysed to establish the cause of infection. The animal was then treated using Procaine penicillin, multivitamins administered intramuscularly and ivermectin subcutaneous injection. The skin was sprayed using FrontlineÂŽ to eradicate all ectoparasites. Revival of anaesthesia The bongo was then revived from anaesthesia using 12mgs of diprenorphine Hcl administered through the jugular vein and rose up after 2 minutes and joined the rest of the animals in the enclosure. Prognosi Prognosis was good and the animal recovered fully soon after treatment.

POSTMORTEM EXAMINATION OF COMMON ZEBRA IN SOLIO RANCH

Animal Identification Species: Common zebra (Equuis burchelis) Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Solio Ranch Date of clinical intervention: 5th December 2017 History A female zebra was found dead in Solio ranch and the cause of death was not known. It was suspected to be due to traumatic injury or infection. The carcass was found on the open field near the livestock area and there was risk of pasture contamination and pathogen transmission to livestock. Solio management requested the veterinary team to conduct a post-mortem to establish the cause of mortality and dispose of the carcass appropriately. Postmortem examination The carcass was found very much decomposed and scavenged on the perineum, thighs and abdomen. It was heavily bloated and suspected to have died of anthrax or clostridial infections. Examination of the slide smear was negative and ruled out anthrax infection. Other tissue and tick samples were collected to be analysed to confirm diagnosis in the lab. The carcass was then disposed of in a deep pit to avoid environmental contamination.

TREATMENT OF AN INJURED MALE ELEPHANT IN MUGIE RANCH

Species: African Elephant (Loxodanta africana) Sex: Male Age: Approximately 30 years old (Adult) Location: Mugie Ranch Date of clinical intervention: 8th December, 2017 History This was a case of an adult male elephant sighted within Mugie ranch in Laikipia South, it had a deep penetrating wound on the distal part of the right front leg. The elephant was quite weak and could be seen limping and remained isolated from the rest of the elephant herds. The elephant was sighted by KWS and Mugie security rangers and management who informed the veterinary team for prompt intervention. The veterinary team responded immediately the same day and managed to treat the elephant. Chemical Immobilization The injured elephant was found in thick forest within Mugie ranch where it could not be easily accessed by vehicle for darting, several attempts were made on foot and the elephant kept moving further into the thicket. The team kept following the elephant until eventually it emerged out of the thicket. The elephant was darted from a vehicle on the thigh muscles using 18mgs of etorphine Hcl in a 3ml Dan-inject dart. The elephant got adequately immobilized after about 10 minutes and went down on sternal recumbency. Examination and Treatment The elephant had a deep penetrating wound on the distal part of the right front leg, the wound extended posterioranteriorially into the carpal joint, some carpal bones were broken and we could hear bone crackling sounds upon probing with long forceps. The wound was probed using sterile gauze swabs attached to long forceps to remove all the necrotic debri and ensure no foreign material was left inside. The wound was then cleaned with copious amounts of water then debrided with dilute hydrogen peroxide then cleaned with tincture of iodine. The wound was further treated using opticloxÂŽ ointment applied topically. Other treatments were intramuscular injection of Amoxicillin Trihydrate (BetamoxÂŽ) and dexamethasone to support the wound healing process. The wound was finally plugged with green clay and topical application of oxytetracycline spray. Other minor injuries on upper parts of the leg were sprayed using oxytetracycline spray. Prognosis of the case Prognosis was guarded due to its inability to move and defend itself and the possibility of developing arthritis which has poor prognosis in elephants. The security rangers were informed to monitor the progress and report to the veterinary team in case it required repeat treatment.

TREATMENT OF AN INJURED LION IN MUGIE RANCH

Species: Lion (Panthera leo) Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Mugie Ranch Date of clinical intervention: 9th December, 2017 History This was a case of an adult lion that was seen limping and lying down most of the time in Mugie ranch. The rangers reported the case to veterinary team who responded promptly to offer treatments.The lion was in excellent body condition and had no visible traumatic injury or wound on its body despite limping and inability to run and hunt. Immobilization The lion was anaesthetized using a combination of 300mgs of Ketamine Hcl and 4mgs of Medetomidine Hcl in a 3ml dart. Darting was done from a vehicle using a Dan injectÂŽ dart rifle (Dan-inject APS, Sellerup Skovvej, Denmark); The anaesthesia took effect after about 10 minutes and the lion became recumbent. Physical Examination and Wounds management The lioness was in good body condition but preferred lying down most of the time. Physical examination revealed sprain on left front leg at the metacarpals region. The lion was then treated using dexamethasone to reduce pain and calcium-phosphorus injection to enhance bone healing. Amoxicillin trihydrate (BetamoxÂŽ) was administered intramuscularly to treat possible internal injuries. Prognosis of the case The prognosis was quite good as the lion was accompanied by other lions who hunted and brought food to him.

TREATMENT AND DEWORMING OF MOUNTAIN BONGOS

Species: Mountain bongo (Boocerus eurycerus isaaci) Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Mount Kenya Game Ranch Date of intervention: 4th December, 2017 History Another male mountain bongo was reported to be emaciated, weak and poor body condition, rough hairs and patches of alopecia. The animal kept deteriorating and required urgent treatment. It was suspected to be suffering from bacterial infection combined with helminthiasis. Treatment The sick animal was physically restrained in a crush and treated using Benzyle penicillin, multivitamins and oral application of levamisole syrup. The skin was also sprayed using FrontlineÂŽ to eradicate all ectoparasites. Prognosis Prognosis was quite good after treatment and the animal has since improved and regained its body condition.

TREATMENT OF AN INJURED MALE ELEPHANT IN SAMBURU NATIONAL RESERVE

Species: African Elephant (Loxodanta africana) Sex: Male Age: Approximately 25 years old (Adult) Location: Samburu National Reserve Date of clinical intervention: 19th December 2017 History This was a case of an adult male elephant sighted within Samburu National Reserve, it had a swollen right leg that was quite painful, and the elephant could not put weight on the leg. The elephant was quite weak and remained isolated from the rest of the elephant herds and could be seen dragging the affected leg and unable to support its weight on the affected leg. The elephant was sighted by KWS and security rangers from Samburu National Reserve who informed the veterinary team for prompt intervention. The veterinary team responded the same day and attended to the elephant. Chemical Immobilization The injured elephant was found in an open area where it was approached and darted. The elephant was darted on the thigh muscles and was immobilized after about 7 minutes and went down on sternal recumbency. It was then roped and pulled down to lie on appropriate lateral recumbency for effective treatment. Examination and Treatment The elephant had a deep wound piercing through the right arm-pit extending about 2 feet deep into the muscles, the wound was suspected to have been caused by a sharp object. There were several other abrasive wounds on the coronary band region of the same leg. The affected leg was extremely swollen and could not flex during movement. The wound was then probed using sterile gauze swabs attached to long forceps to ensure no foreign material was left inside. There was a lot of pus and exudates oozing out of the wound, a lot of necrotic tissue debris were also extracted from the wound. The wound was then cleaned with copious amounts of water to remove all necrotic tissues and pus. It was then debrided with dilute hydrogen peroxide then cleaned with tincture of iodine. The wound was further treated using opticlox ointment. Other treatments were intramuscular injection of Amoxicillin Trihydrate (BetamoxÂŽ) and dexamethasone to support the wound healing process. All the wounds were finally plugged with green clay and topical application of oxytetracycline spray. Samples collection Biological samples including blood, tissue, ectoparasites were collected and preserved appropriately for laboratory investigations and research. Prognosis of the case Prognosis was quite poor due to its inability to move and difficulty to access water and feeds. The wound also carried the risk of becoming septiceamic leading to endotoxic shock which has poor prognosis. Treatment was later own repeated after two weeks and the animal is still being monitored.

TREATMENT OF A SICK LIONESS IN MT. KENYA GAME RANCH

Species: Lion (Panthera leo) Sex: Female Age: Adult Location: Mt. Kenya Game Ranch Date of clinical intervention: 9th December 2017 History This was a case of an adult lioness in Mt. Kenya Game ranch that had developed tick fever due to heavy tick infestation. This is one of the two orphaned lions kept in captivity in Mt. Kenya. It had started losing its body condition and lost appetite. The lioness preferred lying down most of the time and became very inactive. It had lots of engorged ticks attached on its body. The animal required urgent veterinary intervention to save its life. Anaesthesia The lioness was isolated in its own enclosure away from the other lion for treatment. The lioness was then anaesthetized. Anaesthesia took effect after about 10 minutes and the lioness became recumbent. Physical Examination and Wounds management The lioness was examined and found with lots of engorged ticks on most of the body parts including the back, belly, neck, head, ears and legs among others. The ticks were physically plucked off by hand and the body sprayed adequately using FrontlineÂŽ to eradicate all ticks and other ectoparasites. The lion was then treated using ImizolÂŽ (Imidocarb dipropionate) and Procaine penicillin administered intramuscularly.Biological samples including blood, tissue and ticks were collected and preserved appropriately for laboratory investigations and research. Reversal of anaesthesia After treatment anaesthesia was revived using 26mgs of Yohimbine Hcl given intramuscularly approximately. The lioness gradually recovered from anaesthesia and was up within 3 minutes. Prognosis of the case The prognosis was good after treatment and removal of the ticks. It was recommended that the enclosure be cleaned up and grass cut short to clear the habitat for ticks.

TREATMENT OF CUTANEOUS WOUNDS OF NORTHERN WHITE RHINO IN OL PEJETA CONSERVANCY

Species: Northern White Rhino (Named Sudan) Sex: Male Age: Adult Location: Olpejeta Wildlife Conservancy, Laikipia Date of clinical intervention: 6th December 2017 History This is a case of one of the adult male Northern white rhinos named Sudan in Ol Pejeta conservancy that had severe cutaneous wounds on the right hind thighs, abdomen, shoulder and front leg. The cause of the wounds has not been confirmed but suspected to have been caused by filarial worms and secondary bacterial infections. These are open wounds that attract flies that irritate the animal and can attract secondary bacterial infection if not treated. This is one of the only 3 remaining Northern white rhinos in the world that are currently on the verge of extinction. Examination and Treatment The animal is semi-captive and we were able to treat it without chemical immobilization. One of the animal keepers assisted the vet to manage the wound without anaesthesia. One of the worst wounds was on the right hind thigh penetrating through the pelvic joint. It was oozing a lot of pus and exudates when pressed. The animal had become quite weak and was developing septicaemia over time. The affected leg was quite weak and could not support the weight of the rhino, it preferred lying down most of the time. The wound was pressed and all pus drained out completely. Further treatment The wounds were properly cleaned and debrided using 10% hydrogen peroxide followed by tincture of iodine, it was also treated using topical application of opticlox ointment, green clay and oxytetracycline spray. The animal was the treated with Procaine penicillin administered intramuscularly.The treatment was repeated after every 3 days until the animal recovered fully. Prognosis The prognosis was good with sustained repeat treatments, the animal has since fully recovered.

EAR-NOTCHING OF A MALE WHITE RHINO IN LEWA WILDLIFE CONSERVANCY

Animal Identification Species: White rhino (Ceratotherium simum) Sex: Male Age: Sub-adult (3 years) Location: Lewa Wildlife Conservancy Date of clinical intervention: 11th December 2017 Background This was one of the young male white rhinos in Lewa wildlife conservancy in a family of several other rhinos. The animal required an ear-notch for accurate identification during monitoring by security rangers. Ear-notching of rhinos is a very important management tool for rhino conservation as the security rangers are able to use the ear-notch to accurately identify specific individuals and report their status on daily basis. The management of Lewa requested the veterinary unit to assist in capture and ear-notching of this particular rhino. Chemical Immobilization The rhino was in the open field and was darted from the vehicle using 3.5mgs of etorphine Hcl combined with 60mgs of azaperone tartrate. Induction time was 5 minutes. To improve the plane of anaesthesia and respiration 10 mg of butorphanol plus 40mg of doxapram Hcl was administered through the superficial ear veins. The rhino was then earnotched successfully followed by collection of biological samples including blood, tissue, ectoparasites collected and preserved appropriately for laboratory investigations and research. Prognosis The rhino was then revived from anaesthesia and released back to the wild.

10. COLLARING OF A MALE ELEPHANT IN SAMBURU NATIONAL RESERVE Species: African Elephant (Loxodanta africana) Sex: Male Age: Approximately 30 years old (Adult) Location: Samburu National Reserve Date of clinical intervention: 15th December, 2017 Background The veterinary unit assisted in chemical immobilization and replacement of a GPS-GSM collar of an adult male elephant in Samburu National reserve. The operation was done in collaboration with the Save the Elephants who replaced the collar. The collars are used for tracking and monitoring of elephants in the wild to control incidences of human-elephant conflicts and improve elephant security. Chemical Immobilization The elephant was darted on the thigh muscles using 18mgs of etorphine Hcl in a 3ml Dan-inject dart. The elephant got adequately immobilized after about 6 minutes and went down on lateral recumbency. Samples collection Biological samples including blood, tissue, ectoparasites were collected and preserved appropriately for laboratory investigations and research.

11. TREATMENT OF A SICK LIONESS IN MT. KENYA GAME RANCH Species: Lion (Panthera leo) Sex: Female Age: Sub-adult Location: Mt. Kenya Game Ranch Date of clinical intervention: 19th December 2017 History This was another case of a sub-adult lioness in Mt. Kenya Game ranch that also developed tick fever due to heavy tick infestation. This is one of the two orphaned lions kept in captivity in Mt. Kenya. It had started losing its body condition and lost appetite. The lioness preferred lying down most of the time and became very inactive. It had lots of engorged ticks attached on its body just like the other lioness. The two lionesses were sharing the same enclosure and suffered a similar condition. The animal required urgent veterinary intervention to save its life. Anaesthesia The lioness was isolated in its own enclosure away from the other lion for treatment. The lioness was then anaesthetized using a combination of 200mgs of Ketamine Hcl and 2mgs of Medetomidine Hcl in a 3ml dart. Darting was done on foot using a Dan inject® dart rifle. Anaesthesia took effect after about 8 minutes and the lioness became recumbent. Physical Examination and Wounds management The lioness was examined and found with lots of engorged ticks on most of the body parts including the back, belly, neck, head, ears and legs among others. The ticks were physically plucked off by hand and the body sprayed adequately using Frontline® to eradicate all ticks and other ectoparasites. The lioness was then treated using Imizol® (Imidocarb dipropionate) and Procaine penicillin administered intramuscularly. Reversal of anesthesia After treatment anaesthesia was revived using 26mgs of Yohimbine Hcl given intramuscularly approximately. The lioness gradually recovered from anesthesia and was up within 2 minutes. Prognosis of the case The prognosis was good after treatment and removal of the ticks. It was recommended that the enclosure be cleaned up and grass cut short to clear the habitat for ticks to avoid re-infection.

12. TREATMENT OF A SNARED MALE ELEPHANT IN LEWA WILDLIFE CONSERVANCY Species: African Elephant (Loxodanta africana) Sex: Male Age: Approximately 20 years old (Adult) Location: Lewa Wildlife Conservancy Date of clinical intervention: 22nd December 2017 History This was an adult male elephant sighted within the Lewa wildlife conservancy, it had a tight rope snare on the trunk. The snare was quite tight and had cut through the trunk and the lower end. The elephant had difficulties breathing as the trunk was partially cut and the snare was still tight around the trunk. The elephant was sighted by the conservancy security rangers and management who immediately called and informed the veterinary team to respond for prompt intervention. Chemical Immobilization The elephant was darted on the thigh muscles from a vehicle using 16mgs of etorphine Hcl in a 3ml Dan-inject dart. The elephant got adequately immobilized after about 6 minutes and went down on lateral recumbency. Examination and Treatment The snared trunk was lifted, and the rope snare immediately cut off using a sharp knife. The snare had stayed for long and the cut had healed on its own that required no treatment. The cut trunk was just sprayed using oxytetracycline spray to keep off the flies. Prognosis of the case Prognosis was good after removing the snare, there was no wound.

13. TREATMENT AND POSTMORTEM EXAMINATION OF A JUVENILE ELEPHANT IN LOWER IMENTI FOREST, MERU Species: African Elephant (Loxodanta africana) Sex: Female Age: Approximately 5 years old (Sub-adult) Location: Lower Imenti Forest Date of clinical intervention: 21st December 2017 History This was a case of a sub-adult female elephant that was found lying in Lower Imenti forest in Meru area, it remained recumbent and unable to stand or move. The forest management informed the veterinary team to respond to the case. The elephant was extremely weak and was found lying in the forest, it was heavily infested with ticks on the shoulder, abdomen, head, ears and other parts. It was already anaemic, and all the membranes were pale. The animal was also quite dehydrated and hypoglycaemic. Treatment The elephant was treated with dextrose 50% and normal saline solution through the superficial ear-veins in order to boost energy levels and resolve dehydration. Most of the engorged ticks were plucked off and the animal sprayed using FrontlineÂŽ to clear all the ticks and fleas. It was also treated with ImizolÂŽ (Imidocarb dipropionate) for tick-borne infections. Unfortunately, the elephant never regained energy despite dextrose infusion. Several attempts to lift up the elephant and support it to move did not succeed. The elephant was later on euthanized and tusks extracted. Postmortem examination Postmortem examination revealed severe dehydration, anaemia and paralysed legs that could not support the weight of the elephant. The elephant died of hypovolemic shock due to anaemia caused by heavy tick infestation, severe dehydration and muscular paralysis. Clinical intervention came late and it could not be resuscitated.

14. TREATMENT OF WILDLIFE SECURITY DOGS IN LEWA WILDLIFE CONSERVANCY Species: Blood Hound (Security dog) Sex: Male Age: Adult (5 years) Location: Lewa wildlife conservancy Date of clinical intervention: 19th December 2017 History One of the security dogs in Lewa wildlife conservancy had lacerative wounds on the distal parts of front leg and a large swelling around the anus. The dog was quite restless and kept scratching the affected leg and making the wounds worse. Examination and treatment The dog was examined and had normal body temperature. On palpation, the swelling on the anal sphincter was rounded and consolidated, aspiration revealed no pus or fluid in the swelling. It was suspected to be a benign tumour that required surgery to excise. The dog is being prepared for surgical excision of the swelling at a convenient time. The other lacerative wounds were treated topically using oxytetracycline spray and opticlox ointment. It was also treated with intramuscular antibiotics and dexamethasone to enhance healing of the lacerative wounds. Prognosis Prognosis was good for the lacerative wounds while the anal swelling requires surgery.