Heart to Heart
Your amazing heart! Your heart beats: Approximately 72 beats a minute!
100,000 times per day! 38 million times a year! 2.5 billion times by the time you’re 70!
Your heart pumps: 70 mls per heartbeat! 5 litres per minute.
7,200 litres per day! almost 700,000 gallons 2,628,000 litres per year 184,086,000 litres by the time someone is 70 years old
Coronary artery disease Most common cause of death in Western countries Angina, heart attack
Atherosclerosis starts in childhood and is progressive Symptoms usually later life Symptoms related to area of blockage, eg PVD
Prevalence of Diabetes in UK Total in UK 3.2 million Country
Prevalence
No. of People
England
6.0
2 703 044
Northern Ireland
5.3
79 072
Scotland
5.6
252 599
Wales
6.7
173 299
Cholesterol Found ONLY in animal foods None in fruits, grains, buts, vegetables Synthesized by the liver Cholesterol unnecessary in human diet Dietary consumption raises blood levels Increased blood levels increases risk of CAD, CVA
Investigations Blood tests ECG
Exercise test
Treatments - CAD Blood pressure control Reduce lipids
Stop smoking Eat less fat Exercise
Medication
Cholesterol in Foods (in mg/3oz) Fruit
0
Chicken
82
Nuts
0
Beef
80
Grains
0
Sardines
120
Ice cream
29
Shrimp
165
Whole milk
33
Egg
213
Tuna
26
Beef liver
410
P/S ratio in foods Fish
1.80
Walnut (b)
10.33
Turkey
0.87
Pecan
3.08
Chicken
0.76
Almond
2.21
Butter
0.11
Cashew
0.86
Cheese
0.09
Palm oil
0.20
Beef
0.09
Coconut
0.01
Effectiveness of preventive measures Preventive Measure
Risk Reduction
Stop smoking
50-75% in 5 yrs
Reduce cholesterol
2-3% each 1%
Regular exercise
45%
Maintain ideal weight
35-55% if 20%o/w
Reduce blood pressure
2-3% each 1mm
Definitions Stage 1 hypertension: • Clinic blood pressure (BP) is 140/90 mmHg or higher and • ABPM or HBPM average is 135/85 mmHg or higher. Stage 2 hypertension: • Clinic BP 160/100 mmHg is or higher and • ABPM or HBPM daytime average is 150/95 mmHg or higher. Severe hypertension: • Clinic BP is 180 mmHg or higher or • Clinic diastolic BP is 110 mmHg or higher.
Background High Blood Pressure: • Major risk factor for stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, cognitive decline and premature death. • Untreated hypertension can cause vascular and renal damage leading to a treatment-resistant state.
• Each 2 mmHg rise in systolic blood pressure associated with increased risk of mortality: – 7% from heart disease – 10% from stroke.
Epidemiology • Hypertension is common in the UK population.
• Prevalence influenced by age and lifestyle factors. • 25% of the adult population in the UK have hypertension. • 50% of those over 60 years have hypertension. • With an ageing population, the prevalence of hypertension and requirement for treatment will continue to increase.
Hypertension Risk factors Age
Kidney disease
Family history
Endocrine
Obesity
Alcohol
Lack of exercise
Medications
Diet
Hypertension complications Stroke
Kidney disease
Congestive heart failure
Disease of retina
AMI
Sudden death
Atheroclerosis
Cognitive
Aneurysm rupture
Treatment - HTN
Lifestyle
Stop smoking
Plant based diet
Alcohol elimination
Reducing stress
Prayer
Weight loss
Reducing salt intake
Benefits of total vegetarian diet No Cholesterol
Low saturated fat No animal protein Rich in antioxidants
Promotes weight loss Rich in fibre and omega-3