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CONTENTS A NEW EUROPEAN AGENCY FOR SPATIAL PLANNING SPRING 2016

OPTION STUDIO

PROFESSOR REM KOOLHAAS

NEON PALLADIAN PALAZZO FALL 2015

OPTION STUDIO

PROFESSORS KERSTEN GEERS AND DAVID VAN SEVEREN

A RISK-POSITIVE CITY SPRING 2015

STUDIO 1202

PROFESSOR ERIC HOWELER 3

NEAR AUTONOMIES FALL 2014

STUDIO 1201

PROFESSOR PRESTON SCOTT COHEN

DEEP DATA FLIP FALL 2014

DIGITAL DESIGN 2

PROFESSOR ANDREW WITT

THE MANY LIGHTS OF PERU SUMMER 2016

PROFESSIONAL COMPETITION

PHILIPPE RAHM ARCHITECTES

A NEW EUROPEAN AGENCY FOR SPATIAL PLANNING SPRING 2016 OPTION STUDIO PROFESSOR REM KOOLHAAS

This first meeting of a New European Agency for Spatial Planning commences with two intentions. The first is to critique the European mechanisms that have led to the implosion of planning efforts at the national level and above. The tension between nation states and larger, international groups has always existed in the EU. The late 20th century produced certain political-economic forces that swung the interest of the European Union towards discrete national bodies and away from the shared-culture doctrine of the post-war and mid-20th century. As a result, the spatial planning policies which began as part of reconstruction organizations have largely been dissolved: VROM of The Netherlands exists as part of a transport ministry, DATAR as a planning group has dissolved, and Germany remains deeply attached to the LĂ¤nder as the key scale for determining spatial policy. The second intention of this meeting is to consider new maps for the EU. These maps are based on projections by the numerous organizations and agencies active in the Union. Each map hypothesizes on a different priority for spatial planning. The intention for each image is to force a rethinking of the territory by redrawing the map. In this way, certain themes which are politically loaded -ecology, infrastructure, corporate interest- could be seen as slightly disassociated from the context in which they are typically presented.

A: RESOURCE ECONOMIES To discuss the future that spatial planning holds for the European Union, it is necessary to understand the economic context in which we are proposing this new role. Thomas Pickety and Emmanuel Saez’s work into the role of capital in the 21st century has demonstrated certain trends in macro-economics relating to the widening gap in the United States and Europe between the top decile of income and the remaining 90%. In the United States and the United Kingdom, the highest tax rates were significantly higher than in Continental Europe. From the 1930s to the 1980s (when Reagan and Thatcher took office), the rate in the US and UK was in the 70%-90% range. Since the 1980s, these top tax rates have dramatically lowered to the point where they are now lower than in Continental Europe. This inequality sets up the conditions for a broader argument as to the growing divide between public and private capital in European Nations. Picketty has shown that over the past 40 years the gap between public and private capital has widened. In Italy, the value of public capital as a percentage of national income dropped from 20% to -70% over a 40 year period. What this means is that the Italian government must conceptually pay rent on the capital investments which they in fact own. The value of private capital in Italy has risen from 240% to 680% across this same period. However, projections by Picketty suggest that the rise of the value of private capital in national economies will not continue indefinitely. The growth of private capital rose out of postwar policy set on reconstruction in Europe. The period was a great boon to private capital, yet did not have the same effect for public capital. What is more problematic for Europe is the role its wealth will play in the next 100 years. The private capital available in Asia will increase dramatically, Africa will increase slightly, the Americas will remain relatively stagnant, and Europe will decline slightly. By these projections, Asia will control more than 50% of the world’s capital by the end of the century. The Center for European Policy Studies (CEPS) expressed some concern in their projection report on the economy in 2030. In their 2014 report, they wrote, “We find that investment will definitely not act as a brake on growth. On the contrary, some emerging countries should reduce their investment rates to avoid an excessive build-up of capital.”

Projected Resources

8,526 MW 17,966 GWh 1,183 MW 3,669 GWh

Lysekil LNG

14,300 MW 31,641 GWh

308 MW 647 GWh Teeside, Excelerate Klaipeda FSRU

8,130 MW 22,659 GWh

1,110 MW 2,334 GWh

Freeport of Cuxhaven

7,692 MW 17,433 GWh

Milford Haven, Dragon LNG Milford Haven, South Hook LNG

Gate, Gate Terminal

40,000 MW 120,362 GWh

12,567 MW 36,670 GWh

80,000 MW 195,786 GWh 13,150 MW 29,775 GWh

Isle of Grain, National Grid Grain LNG, Ltd Zeebrugge, Fluxys

6,300 MW 17,976 GWh 141 MW 296 GWh

2,200 MW 4,625 GWh

32,250 MW 88,301 GWh

331 MW 696 GWh

5,800 MW 12,194 GWh

Montoir, Elengy

973 MW 2,045 GWh

49 MW 103 GWh Porte Levante, Adriatic LNG

1,800 MW 3,784 GWh

5,000 MW 10,512 GWh

Mugardos, Reganosa

Panigaglia, GNL Italia

Bilbao, BBG Fos Tonkin, Elengy

OLT, Offshore LNG Toscana

44,505 MW 93,575 GWh

1,220 MW 2,565 GWh

Fos Cavaou, FosMax LNG

Barcelona, Enagas

13,600 MW 28,593 GWh

Marmara Ereglisi, Botas

Sagunto, Saggas

6,400 MW 13,498 GWh Sines, REN Atlantico

9,000 MW 18,922 GWh

Cartagena, Enagas Huelva, Enagas

Revithoussa, DESFA

49 MW 102 GWh

Bridging Resources

Resource Extraction Photovoltaic Solar Electricity Potential 7,692 MW 17,433 GWh

Projected Wind-Generated Electrical Capacity and Annual Generation Hydrolectric Dams >1500 MW 250-1500 MW

Teeside, Excelerate

Regasification Plant and Operating Company

Natural Gas Field

Projected Gas Pipeline

Level of Dependence on Imported Natural Gas

Drilling Platform

>36â&#x20AC;? Diameter Pipeline

B: SUPRA-NATIONS 8 The ability to initiate spatial planning is an expression of power. The justification for the European Commission’s engagement in this practice, as clarified by James Scott, reads, “Notions of European Citizenship, spatial development concepts, visionary cartography, regional policy doctrine, and new governance paradigms...have been woven together with Europeanising discourses that extoll the virtues of co-operation, networking, social capital and...general values”.1 This desire to create a federal structure for the European Union bears some similarity to the structure of the United States. This condition could be described as a supra-national organization - wherein one umbrella government operates above several subsidiary governments. This structure has been challenged by nation states as it has appeared in multiple forms through the 20th century. Most recently, the Convention of the Future of Europe- in preparation for which Valery Giscard d’Estaing studied at the Library of Congress2- proposed a Constitution for Europe in 2004. This was summarily defeated by French and Dutch voters. An alternative notion posits the European Union as a trans-national organization. In this capacity, member states would continue to advance international policies (such as trade,infrastructure, and environmental issues) through the mechanism of the EU. Rights that would directly affect the running and organization of individual member states would be handled within each nation. However, it could be argued that this approach does not advance an agenda of European integration, since it would explicitly restrict this capacity from the organization founded without a territory or explictly nationalistic interest. Faludi argues that “European integration means the emergence of supranational forms of governance converging on common norms...Integration implies multidirectional social transformations through interpenetration and exchanges and also the projection, by means of soft power, of a hegemonic EU identity”.3 This conflict of terminology is arguably more intense in Europe than in the United States, where cultural diversity is spread far wider, and a single language is communicated across the country. The density of cultural diversity in Europe creates a condition wherein clear divisions manifest in relatively close proximities. Scott, J. 2002. “A Networked Space of Meaning? Spatial Politics as Geostragies of European Integration.” Space and Politics 6: 147-167. 2 Norman, P. 2003. “The Accidental Constitution”. Brussels: EuroComment. 3 Faludi, Andreas. “The European Union Context of National Planning”. Planning for States and Nation-States in the U.S. and Europe. 2015 1

3 Transnational Programs

2 Transnational Programs

1 Transnational Program

Territories of the Supranational ERDF Cross Border Cooperation Program

C: NON-NATIONS

The ability for private groups to initiate spatial planning has increased in the 21st century, as governments have sought to partner with private groups. Private organizations, states argue, stand to benefit from infrastructure improvements. These partnerships are called Public-Private-Partnerships (PPP) or Private Participation in Infrastructure (PPI). While this seems to be an intuitive match, the amount of PPPs started each year peaked in 2005.1 This would suggest that private groups ascertained that controlling more of their capital investment was worth more than partnering with public organizations for improvements. The relationship between the European Union and large private organizations would seem to be mutually beneficial. Businesses wish to remove the barriers to global trade, and one of the founding tenants of the European Union is the single-market economy. The Commission states that, “Discrepancies between product rules can impose additional costs on exporting enterprises and restrict inter-EU trade. The European Commission’s objective is to prevent the creation of these barriers and help enterprises trade freely in the EU and beyond.”2 It is in the Commission’s best interest to create fluid transfer of goods across the EU because it reinforces the symbiotic relationship between corporations and a supra-national EU. The European Union has often sought to expand its influence through economic channels. After the failure of the European Constitution, the Commission sought new new methods of operating with nation states, but outside of national governments. This had led to a surge in PPP agreements, but also more spatial assemblies. Some of these, such as macro-regions and the European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation (EGTC), were initiated or approved of by the European Commission but were quickly moved away from the juristiction of the European Commission. A 2013 report on the added-value of macroregions states that, “The two existing macro-regional strategies operate with no additional EU funds, no new institutions, and no new legislation. This has required more coherence between funds, structures and policies. The strategies have created working structures around priority areas, selected in a bottom-up process of consultation, with political leadership in each area taken by participating countries, regions or organisations, supported by the Commission as facilitator”3

Piketty, Thomas, and Arthur Goldhammer. Value of Infrastructure M&A Deals. Capital in the Twenty-first Century. 2014 2 European Commission. Barriers to Trade. http://ec.europa.eu/growth/single-market/barriers-to-trade/index_en.htm. 3 European Commission. Report From The Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions Concerning the Added Value of Macro-Regional Strategies. Eurlex. 2013

Danube Macroregion

Alpine Macroregion

Adriatic and Ionian Macroregion

Kemi Free Zone

Oulu Freeport

Cohesion Funds and Territorial Groupings Lappeenranta Free Zone

Hamina Free Zone Turku Free Zone Hanko Freeport Muuga Free Zone Sillamäe Free Zone Paldiski free zone

Valga Free Zone

Freeport of Ventspils

Freeport of Riga

Rezekne Special Economic Zone

Liepaja Special Economic Zone

Laisvoji teritorija Vingės logistika SKAT Copenhagen Ronaldsway Airport Wolny Obszar Celny w Gdańsku

Shannon Free Zone

Freeport of Cuxhaven Freeport of Bremerhaven

Wolny Obszar Celny w Świnoujściu Wolny Obszar Celny w Szczecinie

Ringaskiddy Free Port Wolny Obszar Celny w Terespolu Wolny Obszar Celny na terenie Portu Lotniczego

Amsterdam Schiphol Airport

Wolny Obszar Celny w Mszczonowie

Freeport of Duisbourg

Luxembourg Free Port

SPEDQUICK s. r.o.,

Wolny Obszar Celny w Gliwicach

Merka Spedition, s. r.o., Free zone Pardubice a.s. ESCES spol. s r.o. Free zone Ostrava akciová společnost INTER EXPRES

GRADDO, a.s. B.F.C.W. Logistics s.r.o

Freeport of Deggendorf

Free zone Galati

Free zone Curtici Arad

Free zone Braila

Free Zone Sulina

Slobodna zona Varaždin Slobodna zona Krapinsko - zagorska Free Zone of Trieste

Free Zone of Verdon – Port de Bordeaux

Slobodna zona Zagreb Freeport of Koper Slobodna zona luke Rijeka Slobodna zona Luka Rijeka Free Zone of Venice Slobodna zona Kukuljanovo Slobodna zona luke Pula

Slobodna zona Osijek Podunavska slobodna zona Vukovar

Free zone Constanta Sud si Basarabi

Slobodna zona Đuro Đaković

Free Zone Giurgiu

Free Zone Rousse

Free Zone Vidin

Free Zone Dragoman

Free zone of Vigo

Slobodna zona luke Ploče

Free Zone Bourgas

Free Zone Plovdiv Free Zone Svilengrad

Free Zone of Barcelona Free Zone of Thessaloniki

Free Zone of Platigiali

Free Zone of Piraeus

Zona franca di Gioia Tauro Limassol Free Port Area Free zone of Cádiz

Larnaca Free Port Area

Free Zone of Heraklion

Zona Franca da Madeira Malta Freeport Terminals

Territories of the Non-National European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation

Free Zone Dragoman

Economic Free Zone or Port

Cohesion Fund Aid and Level

Danube Macroregion Alpine Macroregion Adriatic and Ionian Macroregion

D: INFRASTRUCTURE Infrastructure is ostensibly a neutral utility which benefits both private groups and the public through its effective advancement. However, infrastructure represents a method through which the EU must commmunicate with its neighbors. As the distribution of resources across the global is heterogenous, infrastructure is a political mechanism through which nations/ supra-nations exert international pressure. As Europe seeks to move from an oil-based economy and into a more diverse, sustainable-energy producing economy, entire systems of national infrastructure need to be retrofitted, upgraded, or replaced. During this transition stage, many nations are attempting to utilize natural gas as a stop-gap fuel source. This is particularly an issue in richer European nations seeking to move to sustainable energy sources. Poor European nations, particularly in South East Europe, have been able to sustain their fuel needs with cheaper oil from nearby Ukraine and Russia. While Norway and the Netherlands have ready access to natural gas, much of the Europeanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s gas needs are met by the same Russian gaslines supplying Eastern and South East Europe. The pipelines crossing Europe are far from numerous. Significant bottlenecks exist to the steady supply of this resource to Western Europe. Namely, in order for gas to get from Russia to Germany, the easiest/only path is through Ukraine. As Russia has long held disputes with Ukraine over territory, the control of infrastructure immediately becomes political. This has led to an increased interest in constructing pipelines such as Nord Stream I and II in order to create direct access corridors for Natural Gas to Western Europe.

New Agglomerations Skargarden Kvarken - Mittskandia Bavaria - Austria Austria - Czech Republic Austria and Slovenia Austria - Hungary Austria Slovakia Sweden - Norway Ems and Dollard Region Alperhein - Bodensee - Hochrhein Saxony - Poland Sachsen and Czech Republic Rhein-Waal and Rhein-Maas-Noord Brandenburg and Lubuskia Italy - Austria Alcotra Islands (Italy and France) Italy - Slovenia Ireland and Northern Ireland Ireland and Wales Pamina Oberrhein Bavaria and Czech Republic Fyn and Kern Sonderjylland and Schleswig Storstrom and Ostholstein-Lubeck Germany - Luxembourg - Germanophone Belgium Saarland - Mosel/Lorraine - Western Palatinate Spain - Portugal Spain - Morocco Italy Switzerland Gresund Region Greece - Albania Greece - FYROM Greece - Bulgaria Greece - Cyprus Mecklembourge Vorpommern and Poland Euregio Maas-Rhein Euregio Karelia South East Finland - Russia France - Switzerland France - Spain Nord Finland and Estonia Grensregio Vlaanderen-Nederland Wallonia and Lorraine and Luxembourg Kent-Sussex and Nord Pas de Calais-Picardie France/Wallonia and Flanders Italy and Albania Greece and Italy Greece and Turkey Italy - Balkans - Adriatic Czech Republic and Poland Poland and Slovakia Slovakia and Czech Republic Poland and Ukraine and Belarus Lithuania and Poland and Russia Hungary - Slovakia - Ukraine Hungary and Romania and Serbia and Montenegro Slovenia and Hungary and Croatia Italy and Malta Estonia and Latvia and Russia Latvia and Lithuania and Belarus

One Sky for EUrope

Pioneer Infrastructures INTERREG IIIA Programs, within NUTS3 Regions

Projected TEN-T Rail Network 110-119 100-119 90-99 80-89

Capital City

Air Traffic Control Flight Paths

NEON PALLADIAN PALAZZO FALL 2015 OPTION STUDIO PROFESSORS KERSTEN GEERS AND DAVID VAN SEVEREN The scale of America’s food production system has always been immense, covering the vast landscape of the country. Currently, the architectural forms operating on these fields have lost agency as concentrated markers of territory. Instead, the complex relationship between food production and transport has reduced architectural form to a tempered state- sheds, tanks, fridges, and gantries remain, while most else has been taken away. Now, a family can control thousands of acres of land with a tractor, two silos of seed, and a small living quarters. The goal for this studio is to reestablish these forms as the identifiable organizers of territory, as Palladio’s villas and palazzi do for the rural and urban, respectively. As such, the studio is both formalistic and pragmatic, equally concerned with imbuing identity and maintaining functions in the agricultural building. The method for accomplishing this will not be by mimicking Palladio’s tropes, but by interpreting his methods for contemporary America: the neo Palladian turned Neon Palladian. This project imagines that New York’s Fulton Fish Market had not been forced out of the South Street Seaport and into the Bronx, but instead had stayed within Manhattan. On Canal Street, the world’s second largest fish market is refashioned as an urban palazzo. The complex has two main axes; the longitudinal supports small commercial operations during the day, while the latitudinal serves the market’s primary operation from midnight to 7 AM. Since the complex’s buildings are refrigerated to 40 degrees Fahrenheit and operate only at night, they do not require windows. As such, the appearance during the day from Canal street is of an opaque volume, split to reveal the glazed and porous material of shops and offices along the building’s central axis. At night, this axis darkens as mechanized doors in the cross direction open to allow forklifts to zip between the complex’s refrigerated volumes. The project is understood in successive scales: 1 to 10,000, 1 to 1,000, 1 to 100, and 1 to 10. The 10 km drawing and perspective show the building’s relationship to Manhattan, its position along one of the city’s truck routes, and its small contribution to the lights of the city. At 1 km, it is more clear that the complex is composed of several buildings, arranged on an axis oblique to the city’s grid. As Palladio does for his pallazi, the interior organization recognizes but superscedes the contextual grid of the city. Zooming in, the 100 m drawings show how the building operates internally - the paths that circulate goods from freezers, to the market floor, and onto trucks. Finally, the 10 m drawings show the complex when its services as a market have ceased for the day and its axes are repurposed for urban life.

A RISK-POSITIVE CITY SPRING 2015 STUDIO 1202 PROFESSOR ERIC HOWELER PARTNERS BEN HALPERN, SNOWERIA ZHANG, SCOTT SMITH Risk is an inexcapable element of urbanity. This project begins with the proposal that risk has two interpretations: the unplanned opportunities and unexpected dangers of dense living. Throughout, we emphasize the processes, rule sets, and information that make cities. The architect becomes the controller of a May’s “Managerial Surface”. The design of housing within Manhattan extends from this reflexive, managerial process: to define zoning and land use, to simulate the trading and evaluation of FAR by developers, to distribute unit types, collective space, and public program, and to articulate buildings and unit clusters. Algorithms and Rules become our main tools for incentivizing action and defining subjective parameters for the city. The scripts for this projects contain two parts: one at : one at the scale of the neighborhood and block (Developer Game) and another embedded at the scale of the building and unit (Disruption Algorithm). The Developer Game simulates the operations of the developer acting in the city. Based on the trading of FAR and air rights especially present in new developments such as Hudson Yards, the script simulates deals, mergers, and demolitions through probability, while updating a realtime FAR map of the site. The script incentivizes action to occur in the vicinity of other action to build around “pulses,” thereby emulating real world urban development. The Disruption Algorithm runs continually within the larger scale Developer Game to define three new variables-Risk Value, Collective Engagement, and Lifestyle-that may inject disruption at the building and unit scale from a global, local, or independent trajectory. Each disruption, whether in collective or domestic space, has a specific impact range depending on the intensity of the change in the three variables. The Interpretation Catalogue translates the three variables attached to each cell from the Disruption Algorithm into program and architecture by articulating risk at the scales of unit organization, envelope type, and facade treatment. By reading code and architecture simultaneously, we developed a series of housing schemes to illustrate the agendas embedded within the managerial process.

A: TOPOGRAPHY OF HISTORIC RISK IN NYC

B: CROSS-SECTION AND MOVEMENT OF HISTORIC RISK

0 0 0 0

GAME 1: DEVELOPER-DRIVEN FAR TRADING

ZONE

90th PERCENTILE TOTAL FAR

28 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

50%

LIVE PLAYER DECISION

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0

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0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 5 5 2 2 4 4 5 5 5 5 1 4 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 5 4 4 4 4 1 1 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 2 2 4 4 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 2 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 5 1 1 2 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 5 5 5 5 2 1 1 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 2 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 1 1 1 2 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 5 5 5 5 2 1 1 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 5 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 5 0 0 0 0

GET AVAILABLE FAR

SELECT MERGE LOT

GAME 2: RISK-DRIVEN PROGRAMMING AND DISRUPTION

0 0 0 0

DETERMINE LAND USE

65%

50%

70% FAR AVAILABILITY

MAX FAR?

MERGE SUCCEEDS

MERGE FAR

ZONE

YES

35%

30%

DEMOLISH

USE AVAIL. ONLY

ZONE

SELECT LOT

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

ZONE AREA / TOTAL IMPACT AREA

IMPACT ZONE 70%

0 0 0 0 0 2 5 5 5 5 4 4 2 2 4 5 5 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 1 1 1 2 5 5 5 0 0 0 5 5 3 5 3 3 2 2 2 1 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 5 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 2 5 5 4 4 4 2 4 4 5 5 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 1 1 1 2 2 2 5 0 0 0 0 5 3 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 3 5 4 3 1 1 1 1 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 2 4 4 4 5 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 3 5 4 3 1 1 3 3 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 2 5 5

4 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 3 5 4 3 1 1 3 3 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 2 2 2 4 5 5 5 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 3 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 5 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 4 4 1 2 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 5 2 1 1 2 2 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 5 5 5 2 1 1 2 2 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 1 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 2 1 1 2 2 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 1 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 2 1 2 2 2 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 4 3 1 3 3 1 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 4 5 2 2 2 3 5 5 5 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 4 3 1 3 3 1 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 4 5 2 2 2 3 5 5 5 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 4 3 1 3 3 1 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 5 5 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 4 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 4 3 1 3 3 1 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 2 3 3 3 5 5 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 3 3 4 4 5 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 4 4 5 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 4 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 4 3 2 2 5 5 4 4 5 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 4 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 1 3 3 2 2 5 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 4 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 3 4 1 1 1 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 1 3 3 2 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 5 5 5 1 2 1 1 2 4 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 3 1 1 1 1 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 4 4 2 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 2 2 2 2 4 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 3 3 2 2 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 2 2 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 4 4 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 5 2 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 3 2 2 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 2 2 5 5 5 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 2 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 3 2 2 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 2 4 4 5 5 5 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 5 5 4 4 5 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 3 2 2 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 3 1 1 4 4 5 5 5 4 5 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 4 4 5 4 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 4 3 2 2 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 2 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 5 4 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 2 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 2 4 4 4 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 2 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 2 4 4 4 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 4 4 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 4 4 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 4 4 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 3 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 5 4 5 3 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 4 5 5 5 2 2 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 3 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 5 4 5 2 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 4 5 4 4 2 2 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 5 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 5 4 5 2 5 4 5 4 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 5 5 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 3 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 4 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 4 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 4 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 3 3 5 5 5 5 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 5 5 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 5 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 5 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 1 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 3 5 5 5 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 2 2 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 5 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 2 2 2 4 4 4 3 3 4 5 3 3 2 2 2 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 5 3 3 2 2 2 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 2 2 2 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 5 4 4 4 2 2 2 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0

MERGE FAILS

0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 2 2 2 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 3 4 2 3 4 2 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 2 2 2 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 0 0 0 0 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 3 4 4 2 4 3 3 2 3 4 2 4 4 4 5 4 3 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 0 0 0 0 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 4 4 4 2 4 5 3 2 3 4 2 4 3 4 5 4 3 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 1 1 1 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 4 4 4 2 4 5 4 2 3 4 2 4 3 4 5 4 3 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 1 1 1 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 4 2 2 2 2 5 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 2 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 1 1 1 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 4 2 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 4 5 5 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 4 5 5 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 5 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 4 2 2 2 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 4 4 5 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 5 4 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 4 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 5 4 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 4 2 2 5 5 5 5 3 3 4 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 4 2 5 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 2 2 2 1 3 3 1 1 1 5 4 4 2 2 2 2 1 1 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 2 1 1 5 5 4 2 2 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 2 2 2 1 3 3 1 1 1 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 4 2 2 2 2 4 5 4 2 1 1 5 5 4 2 2 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 4 4 5 5 4 4 2 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 5 5 5 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 4 2 2 2 2 4 5 4 2 1 1 5 5 4 2 2 4 2 2 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 4 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 2 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 4 2 2 2 2 4 5 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 2 2 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 4 4 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 5 5 4 4 2 2 2 2 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 4 2 2 2 2 4 5 4 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 5 5 4 4 1 3 3 3 5 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 5 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 2 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 2 1 2 5 5 4 2 2 4 2 2 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 5 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 5 4 4 5 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 2 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 2 1 2 5 5 4 2 4 2 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 4 4 2 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 3 4 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 4 4 5 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 2 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 1 1 2 5 5 4 2 4 2 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 4 4 2 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 5 3 5 3 4 4 5 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 1 2 5 5 4 2 2 2 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 4 4 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 4 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 1 2 5 5 4 2 2 2 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 4 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 4 1 2 1 1 4 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 3 4 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 1 3 2 3 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 4 1 1 1 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 4 5 4 1 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 4 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 4 5 4 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 4 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 4 4 2 4 4 4 5 4 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 2 2 1 4 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 4 4 2 4 4 4 5 4 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 2 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 1 2 2 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 2 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 2 2 2 4 4 5 3 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 3 4 4 4 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 2 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 2 2 2 4 4 5 3 2 2 3 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 2 4 4 4 3 3 5 5 1 5 5 3 3 5 3 4 2 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 4 4 4 5 5 2 2 3 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 2 4 4 4 3 3 5 5 1 4 5 3 3 4 2 2 2 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 5 5 3 3 3 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 2 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 4 5 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 5 5 3 3 3 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 2 4 4 5 4 4 5 1 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 5 5 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 3 1 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 1 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 3 3 3 4 5 5 5 2 2 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 2 4 1 2 2 2 2 1 4 5 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 1 4 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 5 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 4 2 2 2 3 4 4 1 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 3 5 1 1 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 2 2 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 5 0 0 0 0 5 4 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 1 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 3 5 1 1 5 1 1 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 1 2 2 2 2 4 1 2 2 2 2 2 4 5 0 0 0 0 5 4 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 1 4 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 3 5 1 1 5 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 4 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 2 4 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 5 5 3 3 4 3 3 5 1 4 5 1 1 4 1 1 1 3 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 1 2 2 1 1 1 4 5 0 0 0 0 5 4 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 2 2 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 5 0 0 0 0 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 5 0 0 0 0 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 1 2 2 4 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 5 5 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 1 2 2 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 3 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 2 2 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 4 4 3 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 1 2 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 4 4 3 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 2 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 1 2 2 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0

40%

80% BECOMES R4 OR R5 40% SIMULATED DEVELOPER DECISION

RESIDENTIAL

20%

RATIO: COMMERCIAL RESIDENTIAL

DETERMINE LAND USE

AMENITY

REACTIONS

OUTPUT TYPE BY ZONING MAP

80% COMMERCIAL BY ZONING LIVE PLAYER DECISION

0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 4 3 4 4 4 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 2 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 2 2 2 4 4 5 3 2 2 3 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 2 4 4 4 3 3 5 5 1 5 5 3 3 5 3 4 2 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 4 4 4 5 5 2 2 3 5 5 0 0 0 0

20% GIVEN TO REACTIONS

YES

0 0 0 0 5 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 2 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 2 2 2 4 4 5 3 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0

AFFORDABLE