Irish Farm Business - Vol 1 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2014 by dawn_media

IFBD SPINE

21/03/2014

14:01

Page 2

EXPANDING GRASSLAND MANAGEMENT KNOWLEDGE

GENETIC SELECTION TO INCREASE PROFITABILITY

CALF AND REPLACEMENT HEIFER REARING

>> SEE PAGE 20

>> SEE PAGE 40

>> SEE PAGE 50

IRISH

Farm Business Volume 1 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2014 Price €3.95 £2.95 (Stg)

DAIRYING

A GUIDE TO HERD EXPANSION

Foreword/Contents/Credits IRISH

Farm Business DAIRYING

Volume 1 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2014 Price €3.95 £2.95 (Stg)

Features

Foreword

20 EXPANDING GRASSLAND MANAGEMENT KNOWLEDGE

Increasing grass utilisation and production should be the dual objectives of dairy farmers in the coming years. Michael O' Donovan, Grassland Science Department, Teagasc, Moorepark reports.

rish Dairy Farming is entering a period of considerable opportunity which will allow dairy farmers to expand for the first time in over 25 years. However this expansion needs to be undertaken in a planned and cautious fashion over a number of years. It is very necessary that the existing farm base is being run in an efficient manner as it is this production unit that will ultimately have to pay for the cost of expansion. In many cases it may be wise to increase grass production and milk yields before expanding herd numbers. In this Edition we have brought together a number of experts in the building blocks of this exercise from planning and design, through to breeding and grassland management.These writers work within both the Industry and also with government bodies that provide research and support to the industry. The export oriented dairy sector has the potential to contribute significantly to Ireland’s economic recovery based on a strong world demand for high quality Irish dairy products.The short– term challenge for dairy farmers is to plan for farm business expansion towards 2015. With the countdown to the removal of EU Milk quotas well–advanced and an increase in milk production also anticipated, Irish Farm Business will provide a voice for the Dairy Industry with a quality, informative publication. Irish Farm Business will be published in both Print and Electronic format with the latter available for download to Computer, iPad and Smartphone. Within the Electronic Edition there will also be click–throughs available on all advertisements to the company website or designated URL. We trust you enjoy reading this new publication as we embark on exciting times for dairy farming in Ireland.

28 FINANCIAL RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH DAIRY HERD EXPANSION Irish dairy farming is entering a period of significant opportunity.Tadhg Buckley,AIB Agri Advisor reports.

40 GENETIC SELECTION TO INCREASE PROFITABILITY The ideal cow for Ireland, irrespective of the coat colour, is a cow that will efficiently deliver high milk solids from grazed grass with little fuss, and continue to go back in calf year–on–year, writes Donagh Berry Teagasc, Moorepark.

50 CALF AND REPLACEMENT HEIFER REARING GUIDLINES Replacement heifers are, by definition, the future of your dairy herd, writes Scott Lovell,Technical Manager Dairygold Agri Business.

60 FARMYARD DESIGN An important element in the expansion of any dairy farm is the infrastructure of the farmyard, writes David Coughlan.

Profiles 24 Goldcrop 26 Calor Gas 32 Gain Feeds (Glanbia) 34 Merial 36 ICE Comfort Slat Mats 38 Dairymaster 46 Tegral 48 Irish Holstein Friesian Association (IHFA) 56 Geoline 58 Pearson International 69 Carbon Group 72 BoQuip 74 Progessive Genetics

Until the next time……… The Publishers, Irish Farm Business Publishers: Denis Lane and Robert Heuston Enquiries: Editorial: Denis Lane Advertising: James Small Design: John Barrett Production: Emma Meade

Contributors:

Distribution:

Michael O' Donovan,Grassland Science Department,Teagasc Easons, Newspread,WNS Tadhg Buckley Agri Advisor,AIB Bank Donagh Berry Teagasc, Moorepark Published by: Select Media Ltd, Scott Lovell,Technical Manager Dairygold Agri Business 26 Clare Street, Dublin 2, Ireland Rob O' Keeffe, Glanbia, David Coughlan (Grasstec) Photography: Dairymaster, Claas Machinery, Progressive Genetics,Tegral

Tel. + 353 1 6622266 Fax. + 353 1 6624981 Email. info@selectmedialtd.com

All material contained in this edition is copyright of Forestry and Energy Review 2014 and may not be reproduced or electronically stored without the permission of the publisher. However items may be freely reproduced provided the source is acknowledged. Content and views expressed in the publication do not necessarily represent those of the publishers.

IRISH FARM BUSINESS – DAIRYING

NEWS

SERVING THE DAIRY SEED DIRECT INDUSTRY IN THE UK www.seeddirect.ie S AND IRELAND FOR OVER 60 YEARS www.kilco.co.uk

ilco (International) Ltd was founded in 1953 and is a family run business based in Lockerbie, Scotland, with a further manufacturing unit in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Kilco offer a broad range of TRIED TESTED TRUSTED biosecurity, animal health, food and beverage hygiene products. They remain at the forefront of innovation by producing these first class products for distribution to over 60 countries worldwide in their state of the art GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) Approved facility. Kilco’s ongoing research and development programme means that they can offer this unrivalled range of products to their customers and keep one step ahead of their competitors. Kilco's commitment to this industry ensures that the welfare of animals and avians are catered for in this climate of high demand by consumers for safer and humanely reared food. To find out how you can improve the profitability of your business, just give us a call on +44 (0)1576 205480 or visit www.kilco.co.uk

eed Direct have been supplying grass seed to the Agricultural trade since 1959. Seed mixtures are supplied to farmers who require a special blend of grasses for a particular use e.g. grazing for horses/cattle/sheep, silage and hay. Our mixtures are formed to suit the different soil types. As we are an independent seed company, our customers can choose from a wide range of grass seed varieties and mixtures.

Choosing the right varieties to reseed old and degraded pasture, in conjunction with appropriate soil pH and fertility will: Increase grass dry matter output per acre; Improve response to fertiliser, especially Nitrogen; Extend the grazing season in spring and autumn; Improve animal performance; and, Increase profits. Since the launch of Seed Direct, the first online grass seed purchasing website in Ireland, farmers from all over the country are availing of the opportunity of ordering online, and selecting their own special grass seed mixtures. On this website, guidance is given on how to form a mixture. Information is also given on such areas as sowing weights, heading dates, clover use, and sample mixtures etc.This is a very user friendly website. It is both a simple and cost effective method of purchasing grass and clover seed.All mixtures are Department of Agriculture certified and delivery is nationwide. For more information visit www.seeddirect.ie or Tel: 041 9824142

IRISH FARM BUSINESS – DAIRYING

NEWS

TEEMORE ENGINEERING LTD K.E. LIQUID SOLUTIONS www.teemoreengineering.com K.E. Liquid Solutions based at the Water Shop T Kilkenny Mart Cillin Hill Business Complex,

eemore Engineering has been at the heart of innovation within the agri engineering sector for forty years. Since 1973 the Co. Fermanagh based business has grown organically from what can be best described as an ‘incubator company’ to what it is today – an export focussed operation manufacturing and supplying the farming industry throughout the British Isles and beyond. Over the years Teemore Engineering Ltd. has established a tremendous reputation as a leading manufacturer and supplier of livestock housing equipment.It is renowned as one of the top livestock housing specialists in both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Significant sales have also been generated across Scotland, England and Wales. Initially, the company carried out light Engineering work, but later expanded into the manufacture, supply and erection of Industrial and Agricultural sheds and also livestock handling equipment. In the early 1990's,Teemore Engineering expanded further into the manufacture of cow cubicles. Significantly, the company has been researching and developing numerous other livestock products since. As the business expanded, so did its sales and reputation.Teemore Engineering Ltd has become a popular household name in the field of comfortable, welfare–friendly livestock housing equipment. In 2002 the company became the distributor for Easy Fix Slat Rubber in Northern Ireland and the Border counties.The following year it was appointed as distributor for "Jourdain" (world's leader in cattle tubular equipment) for the UK and Ireland.Teemore Engineering Ltd has developed a professional network of agents throughout the Republic of Ireland, all strategically placed to reach any area. For more information visit www.teemoreengineering.com email: info@teemoreengineering.com or Tel: 0044 2867748377

Kilkenny is a one stop shop for all your water and waste water needs. e supply and fit all types of water pumps, from bore holes to booster pump systems, complete parlor and yard wash down systems, MDPE water piping and fittings, concrete troughs and accessories. We also supply and fit all types of dirty water systems designed to customer requirements, and with our 3 wheel travelling irrigator, dirty water can be spread up to a mile from its source. We are the Green Crop Agents for Ireland and supply a large range of slurry mixers from open lagoons to over ground storage tanks and also offer the award winning sepcom slurry separator and umbilical slurry systems. We also supply and fit all types of drinking water treatment and sewage treatment systems. As water is currently a major talking point, we can design and install rain water harvesting systems to suit your needs. We can offer storage tanks in Precast Concrete, Polyproplene and the flexi storage tank, the cheapest and safest way to store your liquid with sizes from 20,000 litres to 500,000 litres. Call Martin Kells today with your requirements on Tel: 085 1216471 www.keliquidsolutions.com or email: keliquidsolutions@gmail.com

IRISH FARM BUSINESS – DAIRYING

NEWS CE MARKING OF STEEL FRAMED BUILDINGS Farmers and farm building suppliers need to be extra vigilant ahead of upcoming changes to European law. A new regulation which could have far reaching effects on the way farmers source new buildings comes into force on July 1st, 2014. The Construction Products Regulation (CPR) makes CE Marking of steel frames and roof sheeting mandatory throughout the European Economic Area. Affected construction products to be sold or marketed within the EEA must bear the CE Mark, a mandatory indicator of conformance with this law. After July 1st it will become a criminal offence for a steel framed building to be supplied without this mark. CE Marking demonstrates, among other things, that the building complies with the technical requirements for steel structures under EN 1090 Part 2 ‘Execution of Steel Structures and Aluminium Structures’. The new regulation requires manufacturers of construction products to make a Declaration of Performance in respect of the regulated requirements of their products. Importers and distributors must also ensure that construction products, where required, conform to the requirements. One way that farmers can ensure the new buildings they are investing in are correctly designed and fabricated is by insisting that all work complies with this regulation. The application of the CE mark effectively confirms conformance with the requirements. Duggan Steel Group recognises its responsibilities in enabling fabricators and designers choose certified construction products. They have placed particular emphasis on avoiding the inevitable complications of funding or insuring non compliant buildings. As a result the Duggan Steel Group is happy to confirm that the relevant products in its range will be CE Marked to the relevant regulation when it is fully implemented on 1st July 2014. Interested parties can contact the Duggan Steel Group on Tel: 056 7722485 or email: info@steel.ie

EUROGENE AI SERVICES www.eurogeneaiservices.com

om Baker, Breeding Manager at Eurogene Ais is delighted to see how the popular Eurogene Bulls such as Supersonic (WDS) S Ross (ROZ), C.Twist (S 1038) & Gold Crown (GWC) have performed now that they have a widespread 2nd Crop proofs with hundreds of Daughters. In most cases, they have doubled their EBI index from Spring 2011 when they only had an initial proof! Likewise, Mark Ryder, GM LIC Ireland is delighted to see how the popular LIC Bulls such as Grandeur,Inca,Lamont and Supersonic have performed recently.These former genomic Sires are now the Top Daughter Proven International bulls available and have more than lived up to expectations! The LIC New Zealand bulls have proven themselves in the past to also be undervalued on conversion but generally come up trumps when they attain an Irish Daughter Proof. We recently analysed the 2009 “Active Bull List”published by ICBF & there are some startling revelations! (See below) • Average LIC Bulls up €48 or add WDS and it goes to €55 (WDS was not on list, EBI too low) • Average Company A up less than €5 • Average Company B down €14 • Average Company C up €4 4 LIC bulls gained over €110 EBI (includes WDS, CWJ & WAU) 21 Company A bulls went down 3 LIC bulls went down 2 Company A bulls lost over €100, (Biggest loss of €112 for Bull A from €148 to €36) 13 Company A Bulls lost over €20 Nearly all the Company A’s bulls that gained EBI were LIC bred!

PROOF THAT IT PAYS TO GO WITH YOUR PROVEN PARTNER; Eurogene / LIC Contact Eurogene AI Services at www.eurogeneaiservices.com

IRISH FARM BUSINESS – DAIRYING

NEWS

unique selection of products to cater for all cubicles and muck systems.After years of development, our modern blending and screening facilities produce the highest quality animal bedding product available on the market today. Our market leading Powder Bed™ is a very fine softwood-based powdered sawdust with an exceptional absorbency rate that significantly reduces hock rubbing.Additionally we offer a wide range of specialised products such as Platt’s Premium White Shavings and Fibre Bed that allows farmers to maintain a dry and clean environment. Platt’s pride themselves in their persistence to assist farmers in finding and creating the most suitable products on the market for all animal bedding needs. In recent years Platt’s have researched and designed a new, easy to use bedding additive for cattle stalls in the fight against Mastitis. Antibacta is a highly–effective biodegradable carrier which is impregnated with a revolutionary disinfectant system. Scientific research has proven that antibiotics are not always effective pressing, and often–overlooked matter that poses a significant because the bacteria soon becomes resistant whereas Antibacta assists challenge on most of today's dairy farms is maintaining cow in controlling Mastitis as well as any antibiotic–resistant hospital bacteria.When faced with the problem of Mastitis, financial implications comfort and cleanliness. can often be crippling and prevention is key. There are a wide variety of environmental stressors that must be Simply using Antibacta from the start will far out way future veterinary taken into consideration in a dairy operation, and they have a direct bills and the reduction in income that can be the consequence of impact on the production level of the cows. Dry and comfortable bedding conditions are one of the most important factors in reducing the infection. Platts recommend using the Antibacta at the rear of stress in dairy cows, which also greatly affects their physiology and the cattle beds (where the udders touch) to kill the bacteria and productivity. Fortunately, there are practical and economical solutions combine this with frequent cleaning. For more information on any of our products or to get available to deal with this issue. complementary advice on your current animal bedding, Platts Animal Bedding have been supplying and manufacturing please contact our sales team on Tel. 01978 854666 or animal bedding to the agricultural industry for over 40 years.With email:sales@plattsanimalbedding.co.uk. over 5,000 satisfied dairy farmers on a regular basis, Platts offer a

IRISH FARM BUSINESS – DAIRYING

NEWS

IMMUBOOST POST–CALVER FERTILITY RANGE ineral imbalances and deficiencies are quite common in Contributes to lower somatic cell counts Irish Grazing scenarios, while supplementation at grass Supports udder health can prove difficult, especially where little or no concentrate Improves hoof quality due to the inclusion of Biotin and Zinc supplementation is fed. (both organic and in-organic forms) Mineral imbalances may be noticed in isolation or in combination. Available in both bag and block form Imbalances of major elements may cause rickets, lameness, milk The ImmuBoost range is formulated based on the latest scientific fever, lambing sickness, tetany, reduced appetite, reduced milk yield research and forage analysis in line with EU legislation. and depraved appetite.While deficiency of trace elements may cause For local stockist and product details contact Nutribio on ill thrift, abortion/placental retention, perinatal calf death, reduced Tel: 021 4507303 or visit the website www.nutribio.ie immunity in calves and cattle. Susceptibility to bacteria and parasites, infertility in cows, reduced fertility in bulls, lowered milk yield, lameness, slow healing of wounds and poor skin/hair quality. Nutribio’s Immuboost fertility post calver is a highly palatable premium mineral, formulated to bridge the mineral and vitamin gap of lactating dairy and suckler cows during their lactation in addition to supporting fertility, aiding the reduction of lameness – a growing issue on many farms and maintaining a properly functioning immune system. When these elements are combined the net result is a healthier, more efficient and undoubtedly more profitable cow. The ImmuBoost fertility post-calver range is designed as the ideal follow on from the ImmuBoost pre-calver range.

KEY FEATURES AND BENEFITS: Supports optimal reproductive function Helps maintain a healthy immune system Supports postpartum health

CONCRETE GROOVING GROOVE CONCRETE TO PREVENT ANIMALS FALLING www.concretegrooving.ie

lippery concrete can be a big problem on farms.Areas that can cause problems are any place cattle turn a corner, calving boxes, calf pens, cattle crushes, milking parlours, collection yards, cattle pens,cubicle passages,feeding passages,slats,farm roadways, bull pens, concrete slopes, road underpasses.The slippery concrete causes many problems to both cattle and people, falls, slips which discourage mounting so less heat detection which causes cows to calve later. In slippery milking parlours cows are nervous and let down less milk. On all other slippery concrete areas, falls and slips cost money through broken bones and splits. Cull rates may be as high as 25% on slippery concrete from fallen animals. The solution to this problem is Concrete Grooving. It is a low cost solution to a serious problem. I use a machine to cut grooves 1/4 to 1/2 wide and deep and the grooves are 1 1/2 to 2 inches apart so the animals hoof is always on a groove to prevent slipping. I cut more grooves at 90 degrees to the first so you end up with 1 1/2 to 2 inch squares. On slates I only cut grooves one way to prevent too much chipping at the edges. I have been grooving concrete since 1996. For further information contact Concrete Grooving Tel: 087 236 2736. Website: www.concretegrooving.ie or email: info@concretegrooving.ie

IRISH FARM BUSINESS – DAIRYING

NEWS ENFER

www.enfergroup.com

nfer was established in 1990 and is a privately company and is 100% Irish owned. It has the largest Commercial veterinary testing laboratory in Ireland. Enfer specialises in high throughput sample analysis of bovine, ovine and porcine animals. Enfer has a dedicated technical and R&D focused team developing unique diagnostic assays for use in Ireland and for export to international laboratory customers. Enfer labs has been testing BVD samples since 2008 and is an approved Laboratory for the National BvD eradication scheme as well as a range of Bovine diseases. Enfer labs are constantly developing new products and are now offering a fast and reliable milk pregnancy test for cows. Enfer’s fully validated Milk Pregnancy test accurately detects pregnancy from 35 days post breeding using milk samples. It is the simplest, most cost effective way to confirm open cows and maximise overall herd health management programs. This is an ELISA test which detects Pregnancy associated Glycoproteins (PAG’s) to accurately determine whether or not a cow is pregnant. PAG’s are produced in the maternal and embryonic regions of the placenta of pregnant cows and are accurately detected 35 days after the animal has been served. Using this test can help to improve herd fertility if used for confirmation of pregnancy status or as an early indicator of pregnancy. PAG’s will circulate in milk for a certain period of time after embryonic loss or abortion. Current estimates indicate that these disappear after 7 days. In the case of abortions, they may remain for longer.This test can be used right throughout the pregnancy. As the pregnancy develops, the accuracy of the test increases. See www.enfergroup.com for more details on this product and others.

O’DONNELL ENGINEERING ’Donnell Engineering has been designing, manufacturing and installing agriculture handling and housing equipment for over 35 years. Initially operating from a small scale workshop in Emly, the company has now expanded to a production facility of over 123,000sq feet allowing us to caters for the Irish and International agricultural sector. Currently we supply a complete range of over 200 labour saving equipment for Cows, Calves and Sheep. All products are manufactured to high standards and hot dipped galvanized for superior strength and durability. Due to continuous research and development O’Donnell Engineering strive to be the leader in new product design and innovation and as a result we can provide an unrivalled range of products to our customers. Products include but are not limited to Barriers, Group penning, Self–locking cattle crushes, Suckling crates, Water troughs, Hoof pairing crates, Calf transporters, Calf pens, Portable crushes along with a vast variety of cubicles and feeding aids. All design work is completed in the latest computer 3D technology to produce a complete and efficient design. All design work is completed by O’Donnell’s internal engineering department which can custom any design to suit its application and customers’ requests. Contact O'Donnell Engineering today at (062) 57209 or visit www.odonnellengineering.ie.

COMMERCIAL FEATURE

NEW SCORPION Higher capacity SCORPION

ince it was first launched in 2005, the success of the CLAAS SCORPION telescopic handler is evident in the fact that sales have grown sevenfold and it has become the market leader in Germany. To meet the demands of operators who are expecting more from their telescopic handler, both in lift capacity but also overall performance, CLAAS has introduced a new range of six SCORPION telescopic handlers. The new SCORPION range is split between two frame sizes, large and small, with three models in each.All models are built around a new chassis design which enables them to lift heavier loads.The frame features a very low pivot point for the telescopic arm, which means that when fully lowered, the top of the arm is flush with the body, so providing excellent stability and unobstructed visibility. The greater lift capacity means that from a previous maximum lift capacity of 4.4 tonnes, the two new top of the range models, the SCORPION 9055 and 7055, can now lift 5.5 tonnes to a maximum lift height of 8.8m or 7.0m respectively.The new arm geometry means

PLUS transmission is complimented by the new SMART ROADING function, whereby when the top speed is reached, to save fuel the engine speed is reduced to 1800rpm, whilst on the smaller SCORPION 7044 it drops to 2000rpm. All models feature a larger cab with 5% more volume and 9% greater width, with 8.5% more glass for even better all–round visibility. In the cab, the main operating modes are displayed on the right hand ‘A’ pillar and the right hand dash and joystick have been redesigned. The three steering modes are now selected using a rotary push switch and all the switches are back–lit for night work. The new joystick can be used to select a total of 13 functions. A new feature is the choice between three driving ranges:‘Snail’ (0–7kph), ‘Tortoise’ (0–15kph) and ‘Hare’ (0–30/40kph). All SCORPION models incorporate the SMART HANDLING overload protection system. Four operating modes are now available; Stack mode, vertical lift, manual mode and bucket mode and in all modes

“To meet the demands of operators who are expecting more from their telescopic handler, both in lift capacity but also overall performance, CLAAS has introduced a new range of six SCORPION telescopic handlers” that all models now benefit from a very high breakaway force of 72kN and a residual lift capacity of 2.0 tonnes.To reduce shock loading and bounce, all the lift, tilt and telescopic rams have end–of–travel damping and the arm incorporates an automatic load stabilisation system that is engaged/disengaged at road speeds above/below 7.0 kph. Under the bonnet, the SCORPION is powered by a new generation Deutz Tier 4i compliant engine. On the largest 9055 and 7055 models, a 4.1 litre engine develops 156hp and is fitted with a DPF (diesel particulate filter) and DOC (diesel oxidation catalyst).The other four models are powered by a 122hp 3.6 litre engine with DOC only. Clean air for the engine cooling is drawn in through the top of the bonnet, channelled past the engine and vented out through the rear of the bonnet, along with the exhaust gasses. The new SCORPION retains the well proven and highly efficient VARIPOWER transmission. On the two largest models, the VARIPOWER

the lowering speed is automatically adjusted according to the load and angle.A new function is ‘bucket return’ which enables the arm to return to a pre–selected lift height at the press of a button. The standard specification across all models includes a high capacity, load–sensing hydraulic system, with a new pressure release button for the third function on the side of the swan neck. Up to nine work lights are available, including LEDs, and in addition to extra storage space in the cab, large frame SCORPION models also feature lockable storage bins incorporated into the rear weights. For further information contact: Alastair McCallum CLAAS UK Web: www.claas.co.uk Tel: 01284 763100

Transmission

Lift capacity (t)

Lift height (m)

SCORPION 9055

156

VARIPOWER PLUS

5.5

8.8

SCORPION 7055

156

VARIPOWER PLUS

5.5

7.0

SCORPION 7044

122

VARIPOWER

4.3

7.0

SCORPION 7035

122

VARIPOWER

3.5

7.0

SCORPION 7030

122

VARIPOWER

3.0

7.0

SCORPION 6030

122

VARIPOWER

3.0

6.0

Large frame

Small frame

IRISH FARM BUSINESS – DAIRYING

EXPANDING GRASSLAND MANAGEMENT KNOWLEDGE Michael O’Donovan, Grassland Science Department,Teagasc, Moorepark reports.

can be explained by grass utilised/ha ; increasing grass utilisation by 1 t dry matter (DM)/ha can increase profitability by €161/ha.A significant relationship between grazing season length and technical objectives of dairy farmers in the coming years efficiency was reported using the Teagasc National Farm Survey An increase of 1t DM/ha utilised on a dairy farms is worth €161/ha Farmers must upskill with the relevant grazing management tools, (NFS).The greater the number of days at grass the greater the farm such as the spring rotation planner, grass wedge and 60;40 autumn profit. Due to climatic conditions, in normal years Irish grass based grass budget, to ensure increased grass utilisation system’s have the potential to achieve a long grass growing and grazing Soil fertility is commonly over looked especially lime requirement. season. There is now a trend towards soils moving from higher and more While perennial ryegrass is by far the most widely sown grass species productive Index 3 and 4 down to low fertility Index 1 and 2. in Ireland, its level in the national pastures is still low. Perennial ryegrass Farmers need to target achieving more grazing’s from the farm establishes rapidly from seed, has a strong tillering ability to produce grazing area a dense sward,is highly acceptable to stock,is capable of withstanding More perennial ryegrass swards are required on commercial farms. intensive grazing, and responds well to fertile soil conditions and nitrogen (N) inputs.A recent grassland survey confirmed the decline INTRODUCTION in grassland reseeding in Ireland.Twenty three percent of specialist Weather events of the last 12 months have put huge financial pressure dairy farmers surveyed said that they had not reseeded in the on dairy farmers. Further challenging times are to be faced due to previous three years.Where reseeding occurred, farmers were more major changes in national and international policy.The continued likely to reseed the grazing area rather than the silage area.The level reform of the European Union (EU) Common Agricultural Policy of reseeding has increased since 2009. In 2011, 4,606 t of agricultural (CAP) is likely to change the production landscape dramatically for grass seed was sold in Ireland, a substantial increase from the 2,900 t all EU milk producers. Recent agreements, such as the CAP Health sold in 2009.This trend needs to continue upward to sustain the levels Check, have centred on the removal of milk quotas by 2015. Under of DM production required post quota. the CAP regime, milk price supports through import tariffs and export subsidies have stabilized prices in the EU compared to those INCREASING GRASS UTILISATION outside the EU, however WTO agreements are likely to result in Grass utilisation is one of the key drivers of productivity and reduced EU milk prices through lower domestic support, tariff cuts profitability in grass–based systems.The amount of grass utilised per and a reduction in export refunds. Once milk quotas are removed in hectare and the efficiency with which that grass, together with 2015, costs of production will have to be reduced as far as possible supplementary feeds, is converted into milk will determine the and increased milk production per hectare (ha) will be crucial to the productivity and profitability of the farm.The Grass Calculator can be viability of Irish dairy farmers in a much more volatile milk price used to back calculate the quantity of grass harvested or utilised on market.Approximately 44% of the variation in total profit per hectare farm in terms of UFL’s. Data from the National Farm Survey (NFS) in

SUMMARY

Increasing grass utilisation and production should be the dual

IRISH FARM BUSINESS – DAIRYING 2010 was entered into the Grass Calculator to obtain an estimate of the quantity of grass utilised per hectare on the average dairy farm in Ireland (Figure 1). On average approximately 6.6 t DM/ha (UFL’s) were utilised on the average dairy farm at a stocking rate of 1.85 cows/ha. Figure 1 shows the relationship between grass utilised per hectare and net profit for the 316 dairy farms in the NFS database for 2010.The proportion of the variation in net profit/ha accounted for by the level of grass utilized/hectare in 2010 was similar to that previously reported (€161/hectare for every additional one tonne of grass utilised).

business to risk due to an increased requirement for supplementary feed. Farmers need to stock their farms to the grass growth capability of their holding and increase the number of grazings achieved from the farm.The majority of Irish dairy farms have the potential to grow and utilise more grass.

GRAZING MANAGEMENT

In the past 10 years there have been a number of new developments in technologies available to improve grassland management.These include the spring rotation planner, the grass wedge and the 60:40 autumn grass budget. In 2013,Teagasc introduced PasturebaseIreland Figure 1. The relationship between estimated grass utilised (www.pasturebase.teagasc.ie) a national grassland database which per hectare and net profit per hectare in 2010. can capture both research and commercial farm grassland production. PasturebaseIreland will assist the dairy industry move forward and increase farm grassland performance.Already from the data been captured within the system, some important aspects of grassland performance are been identified. The most surprising finding to date with PasturebaseIreland is the large variation in grass production between paddocks within farm, on some farms the range in grass DM production can be by upto 10t DM/ha. Such a range in DM production will have to be reduced substantially. Research herds at Moorepark are utilising between 11 and 12 t DM/ha at stocking rates of between 2.5 and 3.0 cows/ha.The objective of Irish dairy farmers should be to increase the quantity of grass utilised on their farms from the average of 6.5 t DM/ha up to a target of 11 – 12 t DM/ha through a combination of increased grass production, STOCKING RATE longer grazing season length, better grazing management and higher Stocking rate is one of the major factors affecting the amount of stocking rates.A focussed grazing management system can have a grass utilised per hectare.Achieving a balance between the amount of grass grown and herd demand for that grass, through the appropriate major impact on increasing grass production and utilisation across

“Once milk quotas are removed in 2015, costs of production will have to be reduced as far as possible and increased milk production per hectare (ha) will be crucial to the viability of Irish dairy farmers in a much more volatile milk price market” stocking rate, is the key to maximise productivity within grazing systems. In both Irish and international studies of grazing systems, increasing stocking rate has been observed as the main method to increase productivity from grassland with more milk being produced through increased grass utilisation at higher stocking rates.A recent study examining the impact of stocking rate on milk production found that increasing stocking rate by one cow/ha results in an increase in milk production per hectare of 20%. Excellent grazing management is a key component of increasing stocking rate and without first increasing the amount of grass grown and improving grazing management, increased stocking rate could expose the

the farm. Just because farms are lowly stocked does not mean that high grass utilisation cannot be targeted.Use of key grassland management technologies is crucial to high grass utilisation,for further information on these technologies, visit–www.agresearch.teagasc.ie

SPRING ROTATION PLANNER The best way of managing grass in spring is to set out the area to be grazed weekly and implement this grazing plan during the spring period. The ‘spring rotation planner’ provides clear advice on calculating the appropriate area and implementing the grazing strategy.The planner uses simple parameters – turnout date, weekly calving pattern, grazing

IRISH FARM BUSINESS – DAIRYING

area and the targeted finish date of the first rotation. For the plan to Figure 2. Grazing wedge with the demand line starting at be successful, the following is required: 1400 kg DM/ha (the ideal pre–grazing yield) and finishing at Stick to the target area allocated by the planner, do not graze more 100 kg DM/ha (~4cm: the ideal post–grazing yield) or less per day Post–grazing sward height in the paddock should be 3.5 cm ensuring high quality grass in the next rotation If after allocating the correct portion of the farm, post grazing height is >3.5 cm then feed allocation is too high,concentrate should be phased out. If grass is in short supply the cows should be supplemented. Table 1 shows the proportion of the farm to be grazed by three key points in the first rotation.Achieving these targets will ensure grass in the diet of the dairy cow during the first rotation as well as an adequate supply of high quality grass for the second rotation. In a spring like this year, these dates had to be adjusted (delaying the end of the first rotation) in line with spring grass recovery levels. Table 1. Dates by which proportions of the farm are to be grazed if the spring rotation planner is to be successful.

AUTUMN GRAZING MANAGEMENT

The grazing season begins in autumn,i.e.autumn grassland management is a primary factor influencing grass availability the following spring. The two main objectives of autumn grazing management are (1) to Week end date % of total farm area grazed at week end maximise the proportion of grazed grass in the diet of the dairy cow during this period, and (2) to finish the grazing season with the 1st February Start grazing desired farm cover. Sufficient grass for the remainder of the grazing 1st March 30% Grazed season can be accumulated by increasing rotation length to greater 17th March 66% than 30 days from mid–September. Pre–grazing yields should be 7th April Begin rotation 2 maintained below 2,500 kg DM/ha, if this is exceeded other stock (e.g. dry cows) should be used to graze the sward. Grass budgeting is CONTROLLING MID SEASON GRASS SUPPLY – essential to ensure that these objectives are achieved.The ‘60:40’ rule USING THE GRASS WEDGE is recommended as best practise (Table 2).Aim to have at least 60% During the mid–season (April to August) the farm should be walked of the farm closed by the end of the first week of November and at least once per week and farm cover details collated.The information graze the remaining 40% from then until housing. must then be used to make critical decisions regarding the quantity of feed available to the herd.The ‘pasture wedge’ is a simple method Table 2, Dates by which proportions of the farm are to be used to interpret this data.A profile of the amount of grass available grazed and closed if the desired closing farm cover is to be in each paddock (kg DM/ha), from highest to lowest paddock is set achieved. out on a graph.The pasture wedge visually illustrates the breakdown of the herbage mass distribution on the farm.A ‘target line’ is % of total farm area grazed superimposed onto the graph to set a target pre–grazing yield for the Week end date grazing herd.This line depicts the target pre–grazing yield required in 10th October Start closing the farm in rotation each paddock to meet demand in the next rotation e.g. 1,400 kg 7th November 60% grazed and closed DM/ha in Figure 2. If the paddocks are above the target line there is 1st December Full time Housing surplus grass on the farm, if they are below the line there is a grass deficit (grass is in short supply).

IRISH FARM BUSINESS – DAIRYING The final grazing rotation should commence on October 10th – every paddock grazed from this date onwards should be closed (this may be two to three weeks earlier in more northerly regions to compensate for lower growth rates in late autumn and early spring). During the final grazing rotation post–grazing residuals of 100 to 150 kg DM/ha (4.0 cm) should be targeted to encourage winter tillering. Each day delay in closing from October 10th will reduce spring grass supply by approximately 15 kg DM/ha.

SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT Soil fertility needs to be a major focus of grassland farmers for PERENNIAL RYEGRASS CONTENT future years.The importance of a balanced approach to nutrient Increasing the level of reseeding on farm has a positive effect on management is more critical with increasing grass growth targets and profitability through an increase in total and seasonal herbage fertilizer costs. Soil pH affects the availability and uptake by crops of production and, when accompanied by an increased stocking rate both major and trace elements. and increased herbage utilisation.The greatest gain in terms of DM The ideal pH for grass growth, nitrogen (N) release and phosphorus yield will be achieved when the new sward is replacing a sward which is (P) and potassium (K) availability is 6.3. Liming increases the soil pH producing less grass than it potentially could, especially when there and stimulates the release of N from soil organic matter and may also is a high proportion of weeds and unwanted grasses present. It is increase N supply by increasing white clover growth.Applying lime likely that low sward perennial ryegrass content is a significant factor to increase the soil pH will increase nutrient uptake and DM yield, and in the underperformance of swards, particularly in spring. Figure 3 shows the spring and autumn DM production of four improve the long–term persistency of perennial ryegrass and clover in the sward.Recent research illustrates that 5 t/ha of lime applied to a soil pastures ranging from 15% – 100% perennial ryegrass content. It is with low pH (5.3) increased grass production by approximately 1.5t clear that pasture with high perennial ryegrass content produces more grass in spring and autumn. Pastures with less than 50% DM/ha over a two year period. Only approximately 30% of soils are perennial ryegrass will not support early or late grazing systems as in the agronomically optimum Index 3 range for P and K. Managing insufficient grass is being produced. In recent years ground score (a soils with poor fertility status is essential in order to prevent an method of scoring % of PRG in the sward, scale 0–9) differences of overall reduction in soil fertility below that required to grow swards with different levels of PRG. Obviously the aim is to increase productive grass swards. Increasing soil fertility of low Index 1 and 2 the level of perennial ryegrass in the swards and increase the ground soils up to Index 3 is vital to maintaining high DM production across score. In 2012, as part of an on farm grass variety evaluation study, the farm. Research has shown that soils with P Index 3 will grow >1250 paddocks on 40 dairy farms were ground scored. Mean approximately 1.5 t DM/ha/yr more grass than soils with P Index 1. ground score was 3.1, which ranged from paddocks scoring 0 to 6.5. Current trends in soil P and K indicates a movement of soil Index It is very clear from this investigation that perennial ryegrass content from higher and more productive Index 3 and 4 down to low fertility needs to increase in swards on commercial dairy farms. Index 1 and 2. In the past four years, the proportion of Index 4 soils SUMMARY has decreased, while the proportion of soil samples with P levels in The focus of dairy farmers must be to optimise the level of home Index 1 has increased from 14% to 22%. Soils in the Index 2 range have remained relatively stable at 25–28% produced grass in the diet of the dairy cow.Increasing grass production for the past number of years. Soil K indices show a similar pattern to by increasing farm soil fertility, reseeding poorly productive paddocks P. Sulphur (S) is also a key nutrient that needs to be applied in fertilizer, and using best practise grazing management will all help this objective. Farmers need to invest in themselves to gain some of the key grassland especially on lighter more free draining soils. Deficiency of S in swards will reduce DM yield by upto 14% but also the response to N management skills; such skills will greatly assist the pursuit of high profit dairying from pasture. fertilizers.

COMMERCIAL FEATURE

GRASS RESEEDING TO INCREASE PROFITS

Grass is the key ingredient in Irish livestock farming and it sets us apart from most other countries. costs and increases profitability. Based on reseeding rates in Ireland in the past few years this message is being taken up by farmers.There is however much more potential to exploit this important management tool to continue improving efficiency and this should be an integral part of dairy expansion plans.

RESEEDING ADVICE – GET THE BASICS RIGHT Identify paddocks to reseed - Poor yield performance and low

Perennial Ryegrass content (less than 50%). Timing of reseeding – The farm needs a good supply of grass and

suitable soil conditions to carry out the cultivation and seed sowing operation. Both requirements are weather dependent. Spring reseeding razed grass is the cheapest feed for livestock and grass silage is generally leads to more successful establishment and gives better among the cheapest winter feeds.The benefits are seen in opportunities for post emergence weed control. Ideally graze once or reduced production costs and in the green and environmentally twice, reseed in April and be back grazing in June. Generally when you friendly image of our milk and meat products.The rainfall that so often plan on spring reseeding you are more likely to get it done makes grass utilisation difficult is what allows such a consistent supply of grass from year to year. Spray off the old sward with Glyphosate. Grass reseeding is one of the best paying investments available to Get a soil test done and apply Lime, Phosphate and Potash as livestock farmers recommended.Apply Nitrogen at or after sowing. To maximise grass production and utilisation target a reseeding rate Select a suitable grass seed mixture with the best available varieties of 10% of the farm area each year and sow at 14-16kg per acre. Get the basics right when reseeding; herbicides, lime, fertiliser, A fine firm seedbed is essential whether ploughing or not. cultivation and sowing Ideally cover the seeds and always roll well. Choose a grass mixture with the best grass varieties available Monitor closely for pest attack from the date of sowing and take The best grazing mixtures will include Astonenergy and Glenveagh. Astonenergy has the highest digestibility and palatability, Glenveagh has action where necessary. Slugs, Leatherjackets, Frit Fly and Rabbits are the main threats. the best ground cover of all available varieties. Post emergence weed control is essential particularly for docks and thistles. Normally apply herbicide 5-6 weeks after sowing. Get advice on GRASSLAND MANAGEMENT IS ABOUT the most suitable product. DECISION MAKING Do not underestimate the challenge of top class grassland management; it requires a combination of successful decision making and constant GRASS VARIETIES learning.There are grass management decisions to be made every day Grass varieties are constantly being evaluated in recommended list on a dairy farm and it draws on the experience, knowledge and skills of trials, grassland research centre trials and on farms.There is new the farmer.The key to success is to learn from your past decisions and information coming available all the time about grass varieties.This

“Grass reseeding is an important grassland management tool to increase the productivity of grass swards. Reseeded pastures will produce higher annual yields of grass compared to old swards” the experiences of others and then to make better decisions in future; influences the choice of varieties for the ideal grass mixture whether for even if only slightly better.Typical everyday decisions will be about the grazing or silage. Make sure all varieties are tried and tested in Ireland. amount of grass to allocate per cow or how much nitrogen to apply.The Grazing mixtures: Astonenergy and Glenveagh are essential in the bigger decisions will be about stocking rates on the farm,supplementary mixture. Include one other variety from the recommended list with the feeds and most importantly reseeding.The decisions about reseeding are choice dependent on the sward requirements.Astonenergy is a seasonal, the best advice is to make a plan in February each year tetraploid and has the highest digestibility and palatability of all available deciding what fields need to be reseeded and what time of year it will varieties. It has been the best performing variety in cow feeding trials at be done. Teagasc Moorepark. It gives excellent grass intake and cows will graze out paddocks no problem. Glenveagh is a new high yielding diploid bred by Teagasc Oakpark and has the highest ground cover of available THE DECISION TO RESEED varieties. It will give a dense sward to resist poaching and weed ingress. Grass reseeding is an important grassland management tool to increase Silage mixtures: Choose 3 or 4 varieties from the recommended list the productivity of grass swards. Reseeded pastures will produce higher and keep the heading date interval shorter than 5 days.The current best annual yields of grass compared to old swards. Grass digestibility and three varieties are Solomon, Rosetta and Carrick. Solomon and Carrick intake potential will improve. Essentially you are sowing the very best are bred at Teagasc Oakpark and Rosetta is bred at AFBI Northern grass varieties that are available and replacing broadleaf weeds, grass weeds and older less productive perennial ryegrass plants.The message Ireland.All show excellent yield and spring growth. For more information Contact: Dave Barry, Goldcrop Ltd from research and advisory organisations in the past ten years is that Web: www.goldcrop.ie reseeding pays; it delivers increased stock carrying capacity, reduces

COMMERCIAL FEATURE

EFFICIENCY, CONTROL AND A REDUCED CARBON FOOTPRINT –THE KEYS TO THE SUCCESS OF CALOR ENERGY SOLUTIONS ON THE FARM Calor have been delivering energy solutions for over 75 years and by continuing to innovate, source manufacturers to partner with in providing the most energy efficient technologies, they have remained at the cutting edge of developments to benefit the farm and agri–business sector. Hot water is supplied at 85ºC and is used to wash milking lines up to twice daily and the bulk storage tank approximately every second day. It would have been impossible to achieve this performance with an electrically powered system because of the very long heat up times and storage losses associated with electric hot water storage systems. The new system is capable of delivering the required 300 litres of water at 85ºC in just 7 minutes. Hot water storage costs are eliminated with this system as an infinite supply is heated only when it is required.There is also the added benefit of a reduced risk of monetary penalties resulting from higher than permitted bacteria counts in the milk.This system can be run with automatic or manual dairy washing systems.

BENEFITS OF A CALOR GAS POWERED HOT WATER SOLUTION FOR DAIRY FARMS Infinite hot water on demand. Standby hot water storage losses eliminated.

or a number of years Calor have worked closely with Irish farmers to tailor solutions for their specific energy needs, help improve energy efficiency and ultimately, their bottom line. As running a farming business is a costly, complex undertaking, with so many variables to deal with, it makes sense to have better control wherever you can, such as with heating, having instant hot water and ensuring the fuel you choose doesn’t compromise your produce. For the Dairy Farmer, Calor powered instantaneous water heaters can provide an ideal solution as a reliable and ample hot water supply is an essential component in managing hygiene and controlling the Total Bacteria Count (TBC) of milk produced. Hot water storage costs are eliminated with this system as water is heated only when it is required.The farmer no longer needs to worry about running out of hot water for his dairy parlour. For Kilmurry Lodge Farm in Ballyneale the requirement was a reliable and ample hot water supply for washing the milk lines and

Varying hot water demand profile can be met. Additional bulk tank washing requirement catered for without

affecting washing of milk lines. Can be used in conjunction with both manual and automatic

washing systems. Improve TBC and avoid penalties with the improved washing

regime that hot water on demand facilitates. Lower carbon hot water solution. Can be tailored to suit the individual farm requirements.

Calor provides a full range of tailored energy solutions for farms and businesses right across the agricultural sector, from highly efficient and safe heating for grain drying to hot water and cooking solutions designed to save money, ensure greater control and produce better results.And with less emissions compared to other fuel types, Calor can help the farmer continue to deliver produce to the highest standards.

“Hot water storage costs are eliminated with this system as an infinite supply is heated only when it is required.There is also the added benefit of a reduced risk of monetary penalties resulting from higher than permitted bacteria counts in the milk” the bulk milk storage tank. Having expanded, the farm required an upgraded water heating system for the new milking parlour to aid hygiene management in the dairy and control of the Total Bacteria Count (TBC) of milk produced. The pre–existing electrically powered installation was not capable of providing enough hot water at a sufficient high temperature. On consultation Calor Gas proposed the solution of installing a direct gas powered water heater system using ‘Rinnai’ water heaters from Hamilton Gas Products.

To find out more information and learn how Calor Gas can deliver tailor–made energy solutions to improve efficiencies and provide cost savings for your business, visit the following websites: www.calorgas.ie/calor-for-business/or call us on Tel: 1850 812 450 (Republic of Ireland) or Tel: 028 9045 5588 (Northern Ireland).

IRISH FARM BUSINESS – DAIRYING

FINANCIAL RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH

DAIRY HERD EXPANSION Irish dairy farming is entering a period of significant opportunity. Tadhg Buckley, AIB Agri Advisor reports.

he impending removal of the EU milk quota regime in 2015 presents real opportunity for Irish dairy farmers to expand output and truly maximise the competitive advantage offered by our grass–based production system.The industry, as documented in Food Harvest 2020, targets an increased dairy output of 50% by 2020. On many farms throughout the country,it is evident that expansion plans are already well underway. There are increased stock numbers on the ground. Many farmers have already undertaken development work to cater for expanding cow numbers and many more plan to expand existing operations in the years and months ahead. Expansion brings with it challenges, both from a financial and non–financial point of view. Realising the opportunities ahead will require careful planning so as not undermine an already strong business.

CONSIDERATIONS PRIOR TO EXPANSION

2) Potential milk production platform Ireland’s competitive advantage in milk production, now and in the future, centres around the maximum utilisation of grass.Accordingly, access to land, particularly around the milking parlour, will become one of the biggest constraints for many Irish dairy farmers considering expansion in a post quota environment.The milk production platform, its land quality, management and underlying soil fertility, will determine the maximum sustainable stocking rate that this platform can service without having to utilise increasing quantities of supplementation to achieve desired levels of output. For all operations therefore, there is a level beyond which it becomes unprofitable to further expand, a factor of prevailing milk price and feed prices. Farmers considering expansion should therefore give due consideration of how much grass the grazing platform is realistically capable of growing.

3) Infrastructural cost of expansion Another major consideration is the capital expenditure required to allow the farm achieve the proposed expansion.There are cases where farmers future–proofed their businesses by installing capacity beyond existing requirements when undertaking past farm investment. However, for many, a substantial revamp of milking facilities, winter accommodation or additional slurry storage will be required to expand.The individual cost of expansion will depend very much on existing facilities; the 1) Cost base Dairy expansion will only give a return to farmers who are currently speed and scale of expansion, along with type of infrastructure required. To get a realistic idea of the potential cost involved, farmers should operating from an efficient base. Expanding from an inefficient base get a quote from a number of different contractors, using detailed will only magnify inefficiencies.The priority for all farmers should specifications where possible to reduce the risk of having to pay be to improve and maximise their existing competitive position over the odds for ‘extras’ at a later date. It may be worthwhile to take before considering expansion. Once operating performance is at its time to visit other expansion projects and learn from the farm investment optimum (in particular with regard to variable costs), expansion experiences of other farmers. then becomes a viable option. The increased milk, calf and cull cow sales offered by herd expansion will undoubtedly increase farm revenue and receipts.The degree to which this translates into increased profitability is however very much dependent on prudent cost control and technical management. There are a number of key considerations a farmer must weigh up prior to undertaking expansion, some of which are examined below:

IRISH FARM BUSINESS – DAIRYING commitments, as and when they fall due, is an important consideration in this regard. For many, bank finance will be required to fund expansion plans. While prudent use of bank borrowings is an effective part of a growing business, it is important to note that heavily borrowed farms are significantly exposed to downturns in product prices, increases in input prices, and the variability of our weather, particularly during the expansion stage.The level of debt which an individual farm can carry is very much dependent on range of factors, including existing farm productivity and efficiency, family living expenses, and existing debt levels on the farm. When planning farm expansion, it is important to stress test expansion plans to ensure that the farm business can sustain external shocks such as a period of very low milk prices (e.g. 2009) or very difficult weather conditions (e.g. 2012/2013). In addition, any increase or 5) Impact on farm cash flow One of the most important considerations for farmers contemplating decrease in personal drawings or the impact of existing off farm employment ceasing, may need to be considered. farm expansion is the impact on farm cash flow. Expansion is cash hungry, with cash flow difficulties common on many expanding farms, particularly in the initial years.This is due largely to the higher KEY FINANCIAL RISKS Farm investment or expansion is a major consideration for any working capital demands arising from increased stock numbers and increased financial commitments, particularly where bank finance is farm business. Significant financial resources are often tied up for a number of years with individual farm investments so you need to be utilised to fund capital expenditure. Many farmers often overlook the cost of retaining additional dairy stock organically. It is important clear why you are making the investment, and determine from the 4) Reduced farm efficiencies Even with excellent management, expanding dairy farms rarely achieve existing levels of on–farm efficiency during the initial years of expansion. An increased percentage of heifers in the herd will result in a lower output per head, while other herds adopt lower culling rates in order to increase cow numbers which may compromise the overall quality of the dairy herd. Farmers considering expansion should take a multi annual view of farm performance, and base projections on conservative market prices, levels of output and operating costs. Depending on the level of expansion, and associated investment involved, it may take a number of years before the full benefits of a substantial dairy expansion are realised.

“The increased milk, calf and cull cow sales offered by herd expansion will undoubtedly increase revenue and receipts.The degree to which this translates into increased profitability is however very much dependent on prudent cost control and technical management” to account for the rearing costs involved and the opportunity cost of outset what the proposed investment will be worth to you and your not selling the heifers once reared, both of which can be a significant business’ bottom line when complete. Cost and reward should be of at least equal considerations when thinking about farm expansion. cost to the farm business. When planning farm expansion it is important to include such Any business investment involves risk and without an adequate return there is really no point.The central risks associated with dairy costing into financial projections, and to complete a cash flow forecast for the initial 3–5 years post expansion, to truly analyse the farm expansion and indeed any financial investment, are outlined and examined below: net cash effect of expansion on the farm business. 6) Repayment capacity It is imperative that proposed farm expansion does not in any way undermine an already strong business.The ability of the farm business to generate sufficient cash flow to meet personal and financial

1) Capital overruns Over–runs in capital expenditure are common on farms undertaking farm development/expansion, which can place considerable pressure on farm finances, particularly where the farmer tries to fund this from cash flow.

IRISH FARM BUSINESS – DAIRYING Thorough and careful financial planning and analysis and inclusion of a contingency of 10–20% can significantly help in minimising over–runs.Where over–runs appear evident, even after comprehensive planning and budgeting has been undertaken, early contact with your local financial institution is advised.

low–cost counterparts. It generally takes high–cost producers much longer to recover from a depressed price period and in many cases the losses incurred may take years rather than months to overcome. Milk price averaged almost 39c/litre in 2013, the highest price in nominal terms ever paid in Ireland and, in real terms, the highest in the past fifteen years.At a historic high price, increasing farm output can look like a very attractive option.As noted earlier,farmers considering 2) Disease outbreak expansion should base projections on more conservative market prices, Additional numbers will typically mean less available time for taking a multi annual view of farm performance. This ensures that individual stock husbandry or management duties, potentially resulting in increased incidence of ill–health or disease in the herd.A projections are realistic, reflect the actual average farm performance, substantial disease breakdown has the potential to have a significant and can be achieved. negative effect on farm finances. Even where dairy cow numbers are increased organically the stress FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SKILLS For a dairy farmer considering expansion there is an acceptance levels on cows will increase during expansion bringing with it increased disease risk. A comprehensive herd health programme that they need to be efficient at grassland management, breeding including a widespread vaccination plan can help minimise disease and other on–farm practices. However, there are also other skills that are of equal importance in order to make expansion a success, one risks. of which is financial management. Regular monitoring of cash flow is important when debt levels increase to allow you to identify at an 3) Milk price volatility early stage periods when cash deficits may occur.This will enable A consequence of the reduced level of intervention by the EU in corrective action be undertaken from a proactive rather than market management is that volatility in output price has been a reactive stance. constant feature of the sector in recent years.The difficulty with volatility is that it makes financial planning and cash flow management CONCLUSION much more difficult for both farmers and industry alike. Irish dairy farming is undergoing a period of major expansion. Milk price has fluctuated from 34c/litre in 2007 to 22c/litre in 2009 This expansion can give a significant positive return to Irish dairy – a difference in milk revenue of approximately €60,000 on a 500,000 farmers provided it is carried out in a planned and sustainable litre dairy farm. manner.There must be a clear goal underpinning individual expansion plans, with due consideration given to both the reward and risk involved. For efficient producers expansion can be justified, however for inefficient producers, it could be detrimental to their business and efforts should be made to first improve existing on–farm performance. Expansion is a long–term project, often taking a period of time before the cash gain becomes evident. Indeed cash flow pressure is common on many expanding farms, particularly in the initial years, as reduced on–farm efficiencies, increased working capital requirements and financial commitments put considerable pressure on farm finances. Rigorous pre–expansion analysis, coupled with ongoing financial monitoring are a pre–requisite to making any expansion venture a success. Farmers with a high cost of production are much more exposed to The medium to long term outlook for the sector remains positive, significant price variations than low cost producers. During periods and broadly speaking, Irish farmers are well placed to capitalise on of high prices the vast majority of producers are profitable; however the opportunities ahead. during periods of low output prices those with a high cost of Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. is regulated by the Central Bank of Ireland. production are much more heavily affected financially than their

COMMERCIAL FEATURE

GAIN Feeds Heifer Rearing Programme

alving maiden heifers at 24 months, as opposed to 30 possible, thereby allowing them to fully utilise high quality spring months, will save dairy farmers €1,500 per head when the grass.These rations include a number of Alltech technologies that are additional rearing costs and loss in milk sales are taken into specifically designed to boost and aid in the development of a strong account. Given this reality, the challenge of successfully calving immune system.These include the addition of Sel-Plex plus Copper, heifers at 24 months becomes obvious. But the good news for milk Manganese and Zinc in their Bioplex form. producers is that Gain® Feeds and Alltech® have joined forces to Gain Feeds and Alltech have developed technical booklets for the develop the Gain® Heifer Rearing Programme designed to meet the programme which were posted recently to 4,500 Glanbia milk aforementioned target of calving these uniquely valuable animals suppliers. It contains all the information dairy farmers will need to down for the first time at 24 months. implement the new programme effectively. Denis Herlihy, Commercial Manager of Gain Feeds stressed that INTEGRATED PROGRAMME TO MAXIMISE “the comprehensive advisory backup that is available from the Gain PROFITABILITY Business Manager team is critical.The Business Manager will identify The Gain heifer rearing programme is an integrated two year major issues which prevent farmers from successfully hitting heifer programme that divides the heifer’s life into the following five rearing targets. It helps farmers to overcome these issues and is distinct phases; 1. Dry Cow, 2. Birth, 3. Birth to Weaning, 4. customised to each dairy herd’s profile, setting targets for the heifers Weaning to Breeding and 5. In-calf.At each phase key areas are to meet at each stage ” focused on such as management matters, targets, feeding plans and Commenting on the relevance of the new programme,Alltech’s animal health in order to increase the chance of success. John Lawlor said:“Rearing replacement heifers is known to be the Key features of the programme which are currently very timely are second biggest cost on the dairy farm.The Gain Heifer Rearing Phase 2; Birth and Phase 3; Birth to Weaning. Post calving, the number Program has identified the major areas where money is lost. It has one priority is to ensure that the newborn receives its first feed of been designed to address these areas in an effort to boost farm colostrum within two hours of birth.A second feed should follow profitability.” within 8 hours. Rumen development is a key driver in determining WHAT FARMERS ARE SAYING whether a heifer will reach the weight required to allow her calve Tom Walsh milks 100 Spring calving Friesian cows in Rath, Danesfort, down successfully at 24 months. Significantly, the new rearing programme stipulates the feeding of high quality Gain® Feeds such Co. Kilkenny. Last year the Walsh herd averaged 1245 gallons at as Gain® Startacalf Muesli to calves from three days of age.This 3.96% butterfat and 3.56% protein. In a normal year Tom will have approximately 90 in calf heifers coming through, some of which are ensures that young calves will develop into ruminants as early as

COMMERCIAL FEATURE kept for his own herd with the rest sold a fortnight or so after calving • Cooked flaked materials including maize, wheat, barley, soya and “Giving replacement heifers the best possible start is so important, peas. but that’s only part of the story,” stressed Tom.“Managing them properly • Yea-Sacc live yeast improves digestion and performance, naturally. • High vitamin E (200iu/kg) and natural plant antioxidants help to ensure that they calve down fit and well at 24 months is just as important. In fact, it’s the only management option that makes sense, improve disease resistance. • B vitamins added for extra performance. given the cost pressures on dairy farming at the present time.” “Our aim is to increase milk output by 50% post 2015.We will achieve • MINPLEX (Bioplex Cu, Zn, Mn & Sel-plex Se) protected minerals this by increasing cow numbers and upping yield per cow. Increased guarantee availability meal feeding may well play a part in this regard.The focus of the GAIN® GOLDGRAIN CALF NUTS business is to produce as much milk from grazed grass as possible.” • 18% Protein “We have traditionally calved our replacements at 24 months.We have found it feasible to have heifers weighing just over 500 kilos at • Gain®’s unique “wholegrain” all-stages calf feed combining the that stage. But we still have a lot to learn. And that’s why I was so benefits of coarse feed and nuts. • Wholegrain concept proven in UCD and Teagasc Grange to boost pleased that Gain Feeds took the trouble to develop its new Heifer intake, safety and performance. Rearing Programme. “I have studied the programme in some detail and there are a number • Yea-Sacc live yeast improves digestion and performance, naturally. of key advisory points that will be adopted on this farm as a matter • Rumen buffer helps stabilise rumen conditions and encourage intake. of priority. “For example, we are now offering meals to the calves, from 4 days • High vitamin E (150iu/kg) helps improve disease resistance. onwards.And it is more than noticeable that they are keen to pick at • B vitamins added for extra performance. it, even at such a young age.” “We started calving this year on January 14th.A month later, we had 60 calves out in the paddocks. It is our intention to keep meal feeding these animals throughout the 2013 grazing season.” Tom also recognises the benefits of setting weight for age targets with replacement heifers. “The need to weigh young stock regularly is also important. But assessing weanlings with the naked eye only tells half the story whereas using a weigh tape as highlighted in the Gain programme can be very beneficial. Focusing on body weight allows more effective management of heifers to achieve higher levels of performance” he commented. Gain Business Manager John Murphy explained that “the feedback in regards to the Heifer Rearing Programme to date has been extremely positive.We are available to provide whatever advice and support our customers require when it comes to implementing the new programme.”

GAIN® STARTACALF MUESLI

• 18% Protein • Palatable early starter muesli for young calves until two weeks before weaning.

To find out more info about the new program or to download your free technical booklet please visit www.gainfeeds.com or call 1890 321 321.

COMMERCIAL FEATURE

COULD YOUR HERD BE DELIVERING MORE?

umerous studies have shown that treating adult dairy cattle against parasites can improve milk production and returns from grass. Some studies have also shown treatment to increase milk quality and milk solids. Indeed in herds with a high gutworm challenge trials show that cows could be delivering anything up to an additional 2.2 litres of milk per day if they are treated with Eprinex® to remove gutworm infection1.

Furthermore the chances of a dairy herd carrying a high gutworm burden are very high according to the results of MOO tests, which measure the level of antibodies to gutworms in bulk milk. Indeed between 2009 and 2011 MOO tests conducted on 810 herds across Ireland showed that there is a significant risk,with an average of 87.2% of herds tested proving to have a high level of gutworm challenge.

An additional 2.2 litres of milk per cow per day equates to around 671 extra litres of milk per cow per year which at an average price of €0.32 per litre, less the average cost of treatment with Eprinex® means an additional producer profit of around €210.With the pending abolishment of milk quotas in 2015 and the opportunity this offers to increase production from the dairy sector, these figures should be of interest to all dairy farmers aiming to maximise the productivity of their herds.

This information should be of concern to all dairy farmers. It seems that most herds are exposed to a high gutworm challenge from pasture, and this means that if treated they could be delivering more milk and more money. Cattle start to pick up gutworms from pasture as soon as they are put out to grass. Cattle that are treated for gutworms eat more and when treated at, or shortly after, calving are less likely to lose condition, meaning milk production and fertility are less likely to be compromised.

“This information should be of concern to all dairy farmers. It seems that most herds are exposed to a high gutworm challenge from pasture, and this means that if treated they could be delivering more milk and more money” In adult cows it is uncommon to see obvious signs of gutworm infection, such as scouring, so farmers are often unaware of the problem and may not feel it is having any impact on their cows. However, there is clear evidence that a high level of gutworm challenge has a detrimental effect on production in a number of critical areas.As well as the evidence in respect to increased milk yield, there is also evidence that treating dairy cows against gutworms can improve their fertility, reducing the calving to conception interval and improving conception rates 2.

Given the risk of herds suffering a high gutworm challenge and the benefits of treatment, dairy farmers should really consider treating their dairy cows at grass to make sure they are maximising the productivity of their herd from their cheapest source of nutrition. Eprinex® is weatherproof and has a zero milk withhold, providing the ability to treat cows at any stage of lactation without the worry of lost milk sales. Eprinex® is also proven with more than a decade of successful use by Irish dairy farmers. So this year why not let Eprinex® help your herd deliver more.

References: 1 M. Reist, et al, The Veterinary Record, 2002, p377–380. 2 McPherson WB et al. Proceedings of the American Asssociation of Veterinary Parasitologists. 44th Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Lousiana, USA, 1999 Abstr. 28. EPRINEX Pour–On for Beef and Dairy Cattle contains eprinomectin. EPRINEX® and the steerhead® logo are registered trademarks of Merial Ltd.© Merial 2014.All rights reserved. Legal Category: LM. For further information call the Merial Customer Support Centre on Tel: 1850 783 783.

COMMERCIAL FEATURE

EXPANSION, LAMENESS & PROFITABILITY slats over slurry tanks is widespread. Studies show cows should lie in cubicles between 12 and 14 hours per day with the balance engaged in feeding, milking, drinking and socialising.That means 10 to 12 hours is standing on hard, wet, dirty and cold concrete slats.This is the primary cause of lameness in modern day dairy farming.

LAMENESS

CHALLENGES

Lameness reduces the cow’s mobility and causes loss of body condition through reduced feed intake.This affects the cow’s fertility most notably loss of body condition, inability to show sign of heat and increased likelihood of being hurt during bulling activity.The reduction in fertility is related to the severity of the lameness such as cows requiring more services The losses associated with lameness are a significant drain on the profits, with farmers often unaware of the scale of these losses. However, farmers are often of the opinion that large scale lameness “go with the territory” and is something to deal with as it occurs.

The last number of years have been challenging to dairy farmers PREVENTING LAMENESS – ENABLING who have faced considerable hardship due to diminishing returns, GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY poor weather and higher feed costs.The ending of milk quotas in How can The Netherlands achieve double the milk production to 2015 has led to considerable debate to achieve sustainability and Ireland? The simple answer is they have recognized and invested in growth particularly with land availability and fragmentation limiting advanced animal health and welfare. Identifying lameness and tackling expansion. In this environment, many dairy producers are re–assessing it has led to enormous productivity gains. One of the most cost production methods especially with climate change and the necessity for sustainable growth.There is a realisation that increased intensification effective is the use of specialized Plastic Flooring Systems.There is required, with a move to some version of confinement systems seen have been great advances achieved on flooring systems since the introduction of a simple black rubber fitted onto concrete slats and as inevitable. still used today in Ireland.

CONFINEMENT Much discussion has centred on the use of “confinement” farming as a solution.There are two versions – Total confinement where cows are housed inside year round, milked in parlours and fed mechanically harvested feed and Winter confinement – usually family sized farms with cows milked in parlours but during non–pasture season the cows are housed inside and fed mechanically harvested feed familiar to Irish farms today. The central benefits of confinement systems stem from the high level of cow management which achieves savings in production costs – labour, higher levels of performance by the herd (increased milk/milk solids yield).Also, adverse weather conditions have minimal impact on the day to day working of the farm especially as the herd cannot degrade the land by poaching.

GROWTH With current weather patterns restricting grazing, farm fragmentation and limited land availability to facilitate an increase in herd size, it is difficult to see how the dairy industry can achieve the 50% increase in milk production through the traditional grazing practices. There are three possible paths to achieve the significant increases in milk yields envisaged – 1. Increase the herd size, 2. Intensify the farm production through farm consolidation and adopting total confinement practices or 3.A combination of the two.

THE NETHERLANDS The average milk yield in Ireland is 4429 litres/year per cow while in The Netherlands is yield is 8101 litres/year.This near double the output is through the application of total confinement methods. In The Netherlands herds are often housed 24 hour a day as the only means to manage a large herd with limited land resources.This is not without detrimental effects on the animals and the efficiency of the farm if not managed. In Ireland and The Netherlands, use of concrete

“89% of the cows did not show any clinical sign of lameness” Animal science and innovative manufacturing have moved beyond the limitations of flat black rubber mats. Manufacturers working with the Animal Science Group of Wageningen University (The Netherlands) have developed the next generation of flooring system to meet the challenges ahead. A study conducted by Dutch Hoof health Centre into lameness in Dairy Herds on such flooring systems show the “percentage of lame cows as low. On average 89% of the cows did not show any clinical signs of lameness”, which contrasts with 95% lameness (mild to severe) in an Northern Ireland (AFBI) study in 2011. Irish dairy farming has the advantage and disadvantage of low–cost grazing, so sustainable growth and profitability will only occur when we embrace more intensive milk production and innovative solutions to persistent dairy lameness. For further information contact Comfort Slat Mats Tel: 01 8643494. Email: sales@comfortslatmat.com or www.slatmats.com

COMMERCIAL FEATURE

THE MILK TANK THAT IS SHAKING UP THE MARKET At Dairymaster we believe that the milk tank is as important to the dairy farmer as a safe in a bank. By the time the milk enters the bulk milk tank and is cooled to the correct temperature, the farmer has completed his or her work.

all levels of pre–cooling and blend temperatures.A myriad of pressures, temperatures and energy consumption parameters are recorded and automatically uploaded to the Dairymaster cloud servers using the very same software available on the SwiftCool CoolControl tank. An example of the benefit such a facility ultimately provides to the Dairymaster customer is the development of the SwiftCool DM42 condensing unit. Starting with the leading cooling unit used throughout the industry and optimising the design specifically for milk cooling, Dairymaster were able to achieve increases in cooling capacity of 11% and also reductions in cooling costs of 13%.

he contents of the bulk milk tank is the farmer’s livelihood and Cooling capacity performance of the new Dairymaster SwiftCool condensing the sole objective remaining is to securely and hygienically store unit (blue) versus the industry leading cooling unit (orange) this produce until collection. The whole area of milk tank design had seen very limited development for decades, other than with increasing storage capacity, and five years ago Dairymaster took the decision to apply our expertise and technology to bring milk tank design into the 21st century. With a desire to challenge milk cooling costs and integrate intelligent control using technology already developed for other Dairymaster product lines, the resulting SwiftCool milk tanks have shook up what was a stagnant market.

PERFORMANCE With various studies estimating that milk cooling accounts for up to 40% of the electricity consumption on the dairy farm, the significance of milk tank performance becomes apparent.When comparing cooling performance claims it is important to know the corresponding ambient temperature.The milk cooling unit extracts heat from the milk and pushes this heat into the ambient air. The warmer the ambient air the harder the cooling unit has to work.This is why the milk cooling times are longer in hot weather. In evaluating milk cooling performance, the two questions of most relevance to the dairy farmer are: · How long will it take to cool the milk? · How much will the electricity cost be?

Cooling cost performance of the new Dairymaster SwiftCool condensing unit (blue) versus the industry leading cooling unit (orange).

Speed and efficiency in the milk cooling process is only one aspect of the overall milk cooling costs.When the milk has been cooled to the correct temperature this temperature must be maintained. The international standard EN13732 requires the insulation to be sufficient that, in the event of a power failure, the temperature rise “shall not exceed + 3 °C in 12 h when the rated volume is allowed to stand undisturbed, without In order to answer these two questions, Dairymaster invested in a unique climatic evaluation facility which allows accurate and repeatable agitation nor refrigeration.” The Dairymaster SwiftCool tank design is more akin to a passive milk cooling performance testing to be carried out. In this facility the house design with a temperature rise rating of only + 0.25°C in 12 ambient temperature can be controlled to simulate winter or summer weather conditions with temperatures from sub–zero to +40°C and above. hours for such a scenario. Indeed internal testing show actual temperature rise values of < 0.1 °C over a 24 hour period. Results such Every cooling unit gets performance tested across the range of temperatures and the resulting data is used to validate design improvements. as these have been achieved by the elimination of thermal bridging, combined with an inherently rigid “nested cylinder” construction to Each individual performance test involves cooling the milk tank contents from 35°C down to 2°C, thus providing performance data for sandwich a high compressive strength insulation layer.

COMMERCIAL FEATURE

FUTURE – PROOF

SOFT START

Recent negotiations at EU level regarding the impact of the refrigeration industry on global warming have resulted in a set of proposals that, if enacted in law, will see the refrigerants most commonly used in milk cooling being phased out.Current and future owners of the Dairymaster SwiftCool milk tanks can rest assured that, if or when such proposals are passed,a simple changeout of the refrigerant is all that will be required.

By constantly monitoring the milk level, the system can use this to adjust the level of cooling in the tank. Many farmers will be familiar with milk tanks where the cooling actually starts 20 or 30 minutes after pressing the button.This is in the hope that the milk level in the tank will be high enough to avoid freezing.With the CoolControl software, milk cooling can begin in SoftStart mode when the milk level is at just 1% of the tank volume.The SoftStart mode begins with a low cooling intensity and increases up to full cooling capacity as the milk level rises.

INTELLIGENT CONTROL The Dairymaster philosophy is to use science and technology to make dairy farming more profitable, enjoyable and sustainable.All our product development efforts are focused on bringing to market products that raise the farm profitability and enhance the quality of life for the farmer and their family.By the custom development of intelligent control software specifically for the milk cooling and storage process, the design team were able to incorporate features to achieve both cooling cost savings and to make the farmers life easier. The SwiftCool intelligent control system constantly monitors what is happening with the milk tank,and if necessary can intervene automatically or alert the farmer to an abnormal situation. For example, when the truck arrives to the farm the driver stops the cooling and begins the agitation for taking the sample. He connects up the truck hose and starts emptying the milk. Sometimes, if for example milk production was unexpectedly higher, the truck will not have the capacity to collect all the milk.The driver decides he will collect the rest of the milk tomorrow, disconnects the truck hose and drives off. If he has forgotten to put the tank back into cooling mode then when the next milkings are added the temperature in the tank increases, but there is no cooling! With the Swiftcool milk tank the system knows that the milk is being collected and watches the milk level drop. If all the milk is not collected then the CoolControl software will automatically put the tank back into cooling mode and alert the farmer via SMS. Similarly when all the milk is collected the truck driver usually starts the wash cycle before he leaves. If he forgets to do so then the milk residue will remain on the tank surfaces probably until the farmer comes along to do the next milking.The residues will have dried and be more difficult to clean properly,and the farmer will be delayed in starting the milking.With the SwiftCool milk tank, the CoolControl software knows that the tank is due to be washed and if this doesn’t happen with 1 hour of the milk collection, the farmer will be alerted via SMS. Two key technologies are used in the examples given above: milk level measurement and cloud connectivity via GSM.The GSM connection allows the CoolControl software to send alerts to the farmer and even to the service technician. It also allows the farmer to send queries and commands back to the milk tank. For example, if the farmer is away from the farm he can check for milk collection information such as the time, milk volume and milk temperature of the collection, and if the tank was washed afterwards. The milk level measurement capability has other benefits too.On farms where there is no milk recording the milk level reading in the tank allows the farmer see the gross milk production value for each milking.

NIGHT MODE The SwiftCool milk tanks also offer a feature called Night Mode which increases the level of cooling on the lower tariff night rate electricity, thus lowering the requirement for day rate cooling.This feature can reduce transfer up to 25% of the cooling load to the lower tariff electricity and has the added benefit of lowering the peak blend temperature which occurs in the tank during each milking.

PRECISION TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT A control system can only be as good as the sensor data it relies upon and for the bulk milk tank the critical measurements are the milk temperature and, where installed, the level measurement.The position of the temperature sensor is important to ensure it is reading the actual milk temperature. For many makes of milk tank the sensor is simply attached to the steel shell within the wall cavity, and in such cases the instantaneous temperature reading can be up to 1°C higher than the actual milk temperature.This of course means that the milk is being cooled to a lower temperature than is necessary as, by the time the sensor reached 4°C and the cooling is switched off,the milk may already have been cooled to 3°C.The SwiftCool milk tank uses a thermowell type sensor fitting where the temperature sensor is installed in a metal “finger” protruding into the milk.This improves the precision and responsiveness of the control system by measuring the temperature of the milk, not the temperature of the steel!

WASHING Effective cleaning of bulk milk tanks, as with any piece of equipment, depends on achieving a critical level of cleaning action comprised of four factors: · Time duration of the wash cycle · Temperature – actual wash temperature · Chemical action – detergent quality and concentration · Mechanical action – spray force and flushing power Reduction in one factor will require compensation by increasing one or more of the others. For example, using cold wash water will require a greater detergent concentration than for hot wash water. With water fill based on level rather than time,and with individually monitored detergent dosing pumps,the SwiftCool milk tank ensure that the correct detergent concentration will be used.The wash pump used is one of the most powerful on the market and, when combined with a blockage free spray system, ensures all internal surfaces are subject to a powerful spray action for thorough cleaning.

SUMMARY Milk cooling and storage are often overlooked, but yet are among the most important functions on the dairy farm. Many factors contribute to the optimum care for the milk, from the milk tank construction and cooling technology used, to the washing and control systems.The SwiftCool CoolControl milk tank makes life easiest for you, does more to protect your milk, provides the lowest cost of milk cooling and gives you the greatest peace of mind and is the one you need on your farm. For further information visit www.dairymaster.com email:info@dairymaster.com or call 1890 500 247.

IRISH FARM BUSINESS – DAIRYING

GENETIC SELECTION TO INCREASE PROFITABILITY

The ideal cow for Ireland, irrespective of coat colour, is a cow that will efficiently deliver high milk solids from grazed grass with little fuss, and continue to go back in calf year–on–year. Donagh Berry Teagasc, Moorepark reports.

he ideal cow is the same irrespective of herd size but also irrespective of whether the herd is expanding, stagnant, or shrinking in size. Robust performing cows will ensure profit generation regardless of the volatility that future economic or climatic conditions will present. Genetics is responsible for approximately half the changes in performance observed in dairy cattle both in Ireland and internationally over the past few decades. Figure 1 shows the contribution of genetics to gains in milk fat plus protein yield in Ireland since 1980; Figure 1 also illustrates the contribution of genetics to the deterioration in calving interval in Irish dairy cows until the introduction of the economic breeding index (EBI) in 2001.Therefore, genetics is fundamental to the success of dairy herd performance. A herd breeding program can result in favourable gains in performance but, if not implemented correctly, can equally contribute to erosion in farm profit. It must be understood that genetic change (e.g., breed substitution or using a breeding index not suitable for Ireland) does not

necessarily imply genetic gain. Moreover, genetics is cumulative and permanent meaning that good genes introduced into a herd one year remain in the herd for several generations and can be built upon with each generation; conversely bad genes introduced into a herd can persist for many years thereafter.Therefore, effort into designing the appropriate breeding strategy for a farm will pay dividends for years to come.

THE ECONOMIC BREEDING INDEX (EBI) The EBI was introduced in Ireland in 2001 with the goal of identifying animals that will produce profitable progeny. Profitability is a function of both revenues (i.e., milk and beef sales) and costs (i.e., infertility, compromised survival and feed costs).The evolution of the EBI since its conception in 2001 is outlined in Figure 2. Prior to the introduction of the EBI, the relative breeding index (RBI) was based solely on milk production. Genetic gain in milk production during this period was rapid (Figure 1) and this was reflected in increased milk production

IRISH FARM BUSINESS – DAIRYING per cow on–farm.The improvement in genetic merit for milk production was, however, to the detriment of genetic merit for fertility (Figure 1).The EBI was introduced to increase milk solids production without compromising, in particular, reproductive performance and cow longevity. Figure 1 illustrates that post the introduction of the EBI, genetic merit for milk solids yield is still increasing although genetic merit for fertility (i.e., calving interval) is also simultaneously improving.Therefore, the EBI is achieving its goals of improving profit.The fundamentals remain the same in an expanding herd. It could nonetheless be argued that more emphasis should be placed on non–production traits in expanding herds to improve labour efficiency (i.e., all cows calve and are bred together, calves and therefore heifers at similar ages during the calendar year, no requirement for individual cow fertility or health treatment). Much debate exists on the suitability of the EBI in Irish herds in the absence of milk quotas.Some think that greater emphasis should be placed on milk production within the EBI. It should be noted that the EBI was revised in 2007 in light of revelations that milk quotas were to be abolished around 2015. Moreover, gains in milk production through breeding can be achieved through three avenues: 1. Genetic selection for increased solids production 2. Extending lactation length through earlier calving 3. Improving survival thereby allowing a greater proportion of herd to achieve mature yield The EBI is targeting all three avenues.A 1 kg differences in genetic merit (i.e., predicted transmitting ability) for fat yield between bulls is reflected as a 1 kg difference in fat yield between their respective progeny; the same applies for protein yield and milk yield.Therefore selection for fat yield and protein yield (i.e., the milk sub–index) can be very successful in achieving gains in performance. History shows, however, that selection for greater milk production alone will reduce fertility and survival thereby eroding any gains made.Any selection for increased milk production must be undertaken within a balanced breeding objective such as the EBI. The median lactation length in spring calving Irish dairy herds is 279 days.A considerable quantity of milk production is therefore “lost” compared to if cows achieved a 305–day lactation length. In fact, cows milking for only 279 days achieve only 96% of the yield achievable if milked for 305–days. For a cow yielding 6,000 kg milk this equates to a loss of 240 kg per lactation; for a cow yielding 9000 kg milk this equates to loss of 360 kg milk per lactation. Achieving a 305–day lactation can be best achieved by calving cows earlier in the year which

Figure 1. Phenotypic (i.e., on-farm) (-- --) and genetic (– –) trends for (a) fat plus protein yield and (b) calving interval in Irish dairy cows by year of birth.

Figure 2. Evolution of the Irish national dairy cattle breeding objective the economic breeding index (EBI) since its development in 2001.

“The EBI is targeting all three avenues.A 1 kg differences in genetic merit (i.e., predicted transmitting ability) for fat yield between bulls is reflected as a 1 kg difference in fat yield between their respective progeny; the same applies for protein yield and milk yield” A second lactation cow yields approximately 14% more than a therefore requires optimal fertility performance.A similar exercise first lactation cow. A mature cow (i.e., third parity or greater) can be undertaken by calculating the production losses associated yields, on average, 22% more than a first lactation cow.Therefore, with an April calving cow to a March calving cow (i.e., 30 days of all else being equal, a more mature herd will yield more. A more milk). mature herd can be achieved through improved cow longevity or The EBI, through selection on calving interval is improving cow survival. Cow survival constitutes 11% of the weighting within the fertility (Figure 1) facilitating, at least the option, of calving cows EBI. earlier. If genetic trends in calving interval for the past 4 years in Therefore, the EBI is achieving gains in herd milk production by Ireland persist, the genetic merit of the national herd for fertility achieving gains in each of the components of herd milk production. in the year 2020 will be the same level as was observed in the The EBI is still the most appropriate tool to rank animals for year 1989; this is despite a 60% increase in milk solids production profitability even in expanding herds. during that 30 year period.

IRISH FARM BUSINESS – DAIRYING

the analysis of an animal’s DNA at birth can provide a useful indicator of how good the animal (and its progeny) will perform. Genomics is the study of the DNA of an individual. DNA is the On–farm implementation of genomic selection is relatively simple building blocks of genes and it is the genes that determine whether and performs equally well in male and female cattle. A biological an animal will produce a lot of milk or be (in)fertile. sample (e.g., hair or blood) of a calf, heifer or cow is sent to a DNA is present in all cells and remains the same throughout an laboratory to determine its genotype.The genotype of the individual animal’s life; in other words the DNA of a calf taken at one day of is matched with the ideal genotype for Ireland and the genomic age is the same as that animal’s DNA several years later.The science proof of the animal calculated. Currently, approximately 40% of of genomics has been used for several decades in human forensic the weighting in a genomic proof in Ireland is based on the science to catch criminals. animal’s DNA while the remaining is based on the pedigree of Genomics has also recently been used in medical science to evaluate the animal. In Ireland, up to 6,000 sires with genotype and the risk of individuals contracting some diseases; for example performance information are used to estimate the best genotype some women opt to be screened for mutations in the BRCA1 and for Ireland; the reliability of genomic proofs is up to 35 percentage BRAC2 genes to provide information on their likelihood of developing units (i.e., double of the reliability for fertility proofs) better than breast and/or ovarian cancer. Genomics has also been used for the parental average. Retrospective analysis of the genomic selection some time now in cattle. Genomics is being used routinely in procedure in Ireland since its implementation 5 years ago unequivocally parentage testing since an animal inherits half its DNA from its shows that it is considerably more accurate than the previous pedigree sire and half from its dam so parentage assignment can be accurately based traditional (BLUP) genetic evaluations. undertaken based on the DNA information of the individual and its parent(s). Genomics is also routinely used in cattle breeding in The use of genomics in breeding programs is rapidly increasing; the screening of AI bulls for known lethal major genes like CVM, 57% of semen sold in 2013 was genomic based. Genomics will shortly become a routine part of day–to–day BLAD and DUMPs. DNA can be obtained from blood, hair or tissue farm management. One of the greatest benefits of genomics in samples. the near future will be genomic matings or precision breeding. While heretofore applications of genomics in cattle breeding Full sibs on average share half their DNA but considerable exploited knowledge on only a few pieces of DNA, today’s application variation exists around this average.The mating of two full sibs of genomic selection utilises information on tens or hundreds of could (theoretically) result in no inbreeding.This phenomenon thousands of pieces of DNA of an individual. Genomic selection exists because although each full sib received half its DNA from was launched for dairy cattle in Ireland in 2009 and is now the its sire and dam the two full sibs could actually have received a method of dairy cattle genetic evaluations in most developed totally different complement of DNA from each parent and are countries.The objective of genomic selection is to improve the therefore “unrelated”. By knowing the DNA of each full–sib the accuracy by which genetically elite animals can be identified expected inbreeding of the progeny could be determined. Similarly, while still very young. Because DNA is the same throughout an a grandsire–granddaughter mating could result in a non–inbred individual’s life and because DNA is a contributing factor to progeny; again knowledge of the DNA of the grandsire and differences among animals in performance (e.g., milk production) granddaughter could be used to estimate the likely inbreeding

PRECISION BREEDING USING GENOMICS

IRISH FARM BUSINESS – DAIRYING accruing from such a mating. Moreover, many lethal recessive The average heterosis attainable for each generation of a 2–way, mutations (i.e., DNA mutations that result in the death of the 3–way, or 4–way cross is in Table 1. Using data from the ICBF embryo, foetus or calf) have been purged out of most populations database, 100% heterosis (i.e., achievable from the first cross by restrictions imposed that AI sires cannot be carriers of known mating between two alternative breeds) is worth approximately lethal mutations. Firstly every individual (including humans) are €100. carriers of at least 6 –7 lethal mutations which have yet to be Table 1. Heterosis obtained for each generation of a 2-way, detected but secondly culling genetically elite sires carrying a 3-way or 4-way rotational crossbreeding system known lethal mutation can reduce genetic gain. In the future, 4-way 3-way 2-way Generation when (almost) all animals, male and female, are genotyped it will be possible to develop more accurate mating advice 100 100 100 1 schemes to avoid the matings of carrier animals and minimise the 100 100 50 2 accumulation of inbreeding. 100 75 75 3 88 88 63 4 94 88 69 5 CROSSBREEDING VERSUS WITHIN–BREED 94 84 66 6 SELECTION 94 86 67 7 Much discussion nowadays revolves around whether farmers 93 86 67 8 should embark on crossbreeding or select within breed (usually 93 86 67 9 within the Holstein–Friesian breed which is the predominant 93 86 67 10 breed). Crossbreeding or within breed selection are not mutually exclusive.The success of either approach is based on using the highest ranking animals on EBI as parents of the next generation. STEPS IN SIRE SELECTION 1. Determine your average herd EBI and EBI subindex values from Fundamentally a successful crossbreeding strategy aims to 1) your Herdplus herd summary sheet introduce favourable genes from another breed selected more 2. Determine what herd characteristics (e.g., fertility) you want to strongly for traits of interest (e.g., fertility or health), 2) remove improve and by how much the negative effects associated with inbreeding depression 3. Ignoring AI company, breed of sire and reliability of proofs, (inbreeding in Irish Holsteins is increasing by approximately 0.1% annually), and 3) to capitalise on heterosis or hybrid vigour, identify sires predominantly from the active bull list that fit your where crossbred animals usually perform better than that expected herd’s breeding goals, that is what traits you want to improve based on the average of their parents. Estimates of heterosis vary 4. Decide on whether or not you want to crossbreed or to which breed you want to restrict yourself. Remove unsuitable sires based in magnitude depending on the trait being examined. Heterosis on this criteria but before you do, examine what attributes they for production traits is usually in the range 0 to 5%, whereas could have brought to your herd and think again heterosis for traits related to fertility is usually in the range 5 to 25%. Several alterative dairy cattle breeds exist.As however previously 5. Decide on 3–5 bulls that you want to use in your herd making sure that at least 2 are easy calving (direct calving difficulty <3) eluded to, the sires available for the alterative breed must rank highly on EBI. A rotational crossbreeding strategy is a commonly and suitable for use in heifers and that you can get access to the used approach in crossbreeding and is used widely in New Zealand. semen A two–way rotational crossbreeding strategy, assuming one begins 6. Get the average EBI and EBI subindex values of your team of bulls and make sure they are better that your targets set out in with a Holstein–Friesian cow involves mating this cow to an step 2. This will ensure genetic gain alterative breed bull (e.g., Jersey bull) in the first generation, a Holstein–Friesian bull in the second generation, the alternative HOW LONG WILL IT TAKE ME TO INCREASE breed bull in the third generation, and so on.A three–way rotational crossbreed strategy (e.g., Jersey and Norwegian Red) is the same MY HERD EBI FROM X TO Y? but a third breed is used in the second generation (i.e., first cross On average assuming a replacement rate of 20%, a team of bulls that are at least €70 greater EBI than the milking herd average cow) and every three generations thereafter. If a rotational crossbreeding strategy is to be implemented, is should increase the milking herd EBI by €5 annually. Obviously bulls more than €70 above the herd average will increase it it vitally important that not only high EBI sires are available but faster. that they are consistently available from a genetically diverse Therefore, a herd with an average EBI of €40 should use a team breeding pool.This therefore necessitates a world–class breeding of bulls with an average EBI of at least €110 to increase herd EBI program for the alternative breed(s) based on a breeding objective rapidly. similar to the EBI.

SUMMARY Genetics, and its interaction with nutrition and management, are the basis for differences in performance among animals. Genetics has contributed half the performance gains in milk production over the past few decades but has also contributed substantially to the deterioration in cow fertility. The economic breeding index (EBI) identifies genetically elite animals for profitability (i.e., increased revenues and reduced costs). The EBI is still applicable post–quotas in expanding herds. It is increasing milk production through 1) genetic selection for milk production directly, 3) facilitating longer lactations through improved fertility and 3) increasing the herd age structure thereby ensuring a larger proportion of the herd are achieving mature yields.

COMMERCIAL FEATURE

TEGRAL BUILDING PRODUCTS LIMITED The abolition of milk quotas in 2015 gives many dairy farmers scope to increase milk production for the first time in 30 years. Furthermore, dairy demand is on the rise! So if you’re thinking of expanding or building your dairy unit, think Tegral! PROFILE6R Profile 6R is a high strength fibrecement sheet with polypropylene reinforcement strips inserted along precisely engineered locations that run along the length of the sheet.This provides maximum impact strength without affecting the durability of the product. Its vapour permeability protects against rust, rot and corrosion and also reduces the internal humidity level which allows for more comfortable working conditions for the workers as well as the animals. It allows any residual moisture to pass through the roofing sheets, resisting the worst of the Irish weather conditions from high to low temperatures and wind and ounded in 1936,Tegral Building Products Limited is Ireland’s rain, making sure your stock are safe and protected at all times. Another key benefit of Profile6R sheeting is the significant reduction largest and longest established supplier of roofing materials and throughout this time has made a significant contribution of the sound of rain drumming on the roof and internal echoes, therefore ensuring a quieter and more relaxed environment for to the Irish building industry. your livestock. From its manufacturing base in Athy, Co. Kildare,Tegral supplies Available in five colours, Blue–Black, Green, Brown, Russet and the widest and most diverse range of quality products through its fibrecement and metal forming operations.Two of these products Grey, Profile6R can add vitality to any farmyard. which are at the foremost of agricultural roofing and cladding requirements are Profile6R and Agribild® plus. Perfect for your dairy production requirements, both products are quality assured and CE approved and are Ireland’s best guaranteed livestock sheeting available. Ireland’s leading cattle breeding group, Munster Cattle Breeding Group, chose Tegral agricultural products for their building, which provides assurance and confidence in these products.

AGRIBILD® PLUS Farmers can take comfort in the fact that Tegral Agribild® Plus is Ireland's most popular roofing and cladding product for animal housing and farm buildings. Agribild® Plus offers the highest grade of zinc coating available on the market and has an advanced protective coating that offers excellent corrosion and scratch resistance. It is available in two unique colours, Curragh Green and Kilkea Grey, and three distinctive profiles, designed to suit the Irish landscape and to enhance any farmyard. It is also 100% recyclable, uses a minimum volume of material and offers clean, dust free construction with minimum site waste. One of the key features of Agribild® Plus is its condensation control ability. Tegral provide vented sheets called Agrivent Plus which can be combined with Agribild® Plus to achieve maximum condensation control and optimum conditions for your livestock.

THE TEGRAL GUARANTEE Tegral offer factory to farmer guarantees on all their agricultural roofing and cladding products, so you can be sure that no matter what, we have you covered. Tegral Agribild® comes with an extended guarantee period of twenty years offering the farmer the longest guaranteed protection for metal roofing and cladding in the Irish market. Profile6R is renowned for its long life span, which is anticipated in excess of sixty years and guaranteed by Tegral for thirty years. Tegral is a guaranteed Irish manufacturer so by buying Tegral, you are supporting Irish jobs and the Irish economy. All of its products meet with the stringent requirements of the ISO 9001 Quality Management System.They are also certified to the Environmental Standard ISO 14001, as well as being CE approved. Tegral Agricultural Roofing and Cladding products are available through agents, contractors and builders’ merchants nationwide. If you would like to learn more about Tegral’s agricultural roofing and cladding range, you can contact us directly at Tel: +353 (59) 86 31316, email: info@tegral.com or check out www.tegral.com If you would like to talk to your Tegral area representative directly, you can call Micheál Brislane who looks after the Southern counties on Tel: + (353) 87 681 6212 or Seamus Whelan who looks after the Northern counties on Tel: +353 (0) 87 257 5678.

COMMERCIAL FEATURE

IRISH HOLSTEIN FRIESIAN ASSOCIATION Holstein Friesian – A Fertile Source of Genetic Diversity.

Group of Award Winners at the IHFA’s recent All Ireland Awards Night

THE IRISH HOLSTEIN FRIESIAN ASSOCIATION The Irish Holstein Friesian Association is a member owned organisation directed by a Board elected from its 3,600 members in 15 club areas.The Association is approved by the Department of Agriculture and Food and is responsible for the validity and upkeep of the herdbook of Holstein Friesian cattle, through DNA checks and for giving direction to the development and promotion of the breed 'in Ireland through its many events and services.The Association offers a Grade–up service whereby commercial dairy cows can be graded to full pedigree in three simple steps. It also offers a Genomic Service. Over 70,000 females are registered in the herdbook annually.This equates to approx. one quarter of the National herd, equivalent to the size of the dairy herds in Northern Ireland and in Scotland respectively.The services offered include; Pedigree Registration, Ancestry Validation,Type Classification, Genomic Service, Performance & Genetic Awards, Educational & Social events.

CLASSIFICATION SERVICE The IHFA’s breeding goal is to breed profitable cows that are long living, durable, which suit the dairy farmer’s system! To help achieve this aim IHFA provide a type classification service to its members and all dairy farmers, through linear scoring of daughters of AI bulls and cows. This helps with breeding decisions, as it identifies bulls with the biological diversity to suit all systems. It is the roadmap to suit all dairy systems. Type provides an independent unbiased analysis of animals’conformation. Type enhances breeding and marketing decisions. Type Increases cow values and improves herd quality

IHFA PEDIGREE BULL REGISTRATIONS VERIFIED BY GENOMICS SHOWING VERY POSITIVE TREND Pedigree Holstein Friesian bulls registered with the Irish Holstein Friesian Association continue to be a rich genetic resource for Irish Dairy farmers. Clear and significant genetic trends in its Male population have emerged following the decision taken by the board last year to introduce Genomic Testing using SNP technology. 2,500 Males were

“The S.N.P. technology has developed with the evolution in genomic testing for cattle. The effect of the Board decision means that all male animals receive genomic breeding values in addition to parentage validation from a single tissue sample” GRADE UP SERVICE FOR NEW MEMBERS IHFA operates an open herd book and facilitates dairy farmers who have good black and white cows and are milk recording to grade them up to pedigree. On thousands of dairy farms there are well bred cows that are now purebred. If good records have been kept, these cows can be graded up to full pedigree status.After all, farmers with these herds have invested time and money in selecting the best bulls and culling inferior stock. By grading up to pedigree, this added value can be realised. In the grading–up process, IHFA field staff visit farmers to authenticate their breeding and production records, and complete the registration procedure. They also use records held on the ICBF database as verification. The process is completed in three simple steps: ASR to BSR to full Pedigree. If good ancestry records are kept, full pedigree status can be achieved on most cows. Once completed, the process will pay for itself thousands of times over through improved herd value.

Pedigree Registered using the breakthrough DNA based technology during 2013. Of the Males born last year who attained IHFA Pedigree Status; 933 Bulls had an EBI over €200 41 Bulls had an EBI over €300 The Top Bull has an EBI of €379 and has been purchased for A.I. 1,421 Bull have a Fertility Sub Index greater than €100 Highest Bull on Fertility Sub Index was €255 There are 207 Bulls from VG/EX Dams with EBI’s greater than €200 To date 7 Bulls have been coded for AI use by Irish AI stations. The S.N.P. technology has developed with the evolution in genomic testing for cattle.The effect of the Board decision means that all male animals receive genomic breeding values in addition to parentage validation from a single tissue sample. Commercial farmers buying stock bulls will gain added reliability and higher genetic merit when breeding the next generation in their herd. Contact IHFA office on Tel. 023 8833443 or www.ihfa.ie email:enquiries@ihfa.ie

IRISH FARM BUSINESS – DAIRYING

CALF AND REPLACEMENT HEIFER REARING GUIDELINES Replacement heifers are, by definition, the future of your dairy herd, writes Scott Lovell, Technical Manager Dairygold Agri Business.

TARGET REARING OF YOUR REPLACEMENT HEIFERS There are proven risks of significant long term financial impact (reduced performance in your milking herd) if your heifer rearing is not a key focus and fully target driven.The net cost of rearing a replacement heifer on your farm is estimated to be circa €1,500 per head by Teagasc. Invest wisely. Achieving the target weights at critical stages for each breed during the first two years of life will go a long way to ensuring lower rearing costs and maximising future performance of your replacement heifers. Table 1 shows the target weights for a number of breeds, each having a target 30%, 60% and 90% of mature live weight at established intervals. Key Point: Knowing the target weights for your replacement heifers, monitoring performance and taking corrective action to get back on target where necessary is critical.

TARGET DRIVEN MATING Traditionally maiden heifers are targeted to be mated at 15 months and to calf at 24 months. The latest research from Teagasc shows that bodyweight and body condition score (BCS) at mating are far more important than age with heifers mated at target bodyweight and BCS producing significantly more milk in their first lactation. It is, in fact, possible to mate your heifers at 13 months and calf them at 22 months provided they achieve the correct weight for their breed and a minimum BCS of 3.25 at 13 months. Key Point: There is a shift of focus from AGE TO WEIGH & BCS. Bodyweight and condition score is more important than age in determining the correct timing to begin mating your heifers. Target rearing of your replacement heifers begins at birth; with the first three months of life crucial in rearing strong healthy

Table 1. Target weights for different breeds of replacement heifers at different stages during the rearing period Age

Approx % mature live weight

Holstein Friesian

New Zealand/British Friesian

Jersey X Holstein Fr.

6 months

30%

175Kg

160Kg

145Kg

13-15 months

60%

330Kg

315Kg

295Kg

22-24 months (pre-calving)

90%

550Kg

525Kg

490Kg

IRISH FARM BUSINESS – DAIRYING calves. Therefore the basics are critical i.e. managing calving, ensuring timely and adequate colostrum intake and early nutrition. The first step is ensuring you have adequate calving facilities for the calving season.

Figure 1

ANIMAL CALVING FACILITIES Poor calf housing and facilities will mean more calf deaths on your farm. Remember to: Match your cow numbers to your calving area–Your calving area should be big enough to hold 20% of your herd during the calving season allowing at least 6m2 per cow e.g. if you have 100 cows this means your calving area should be at least 120 m2 i.e. 10m X 12m (32.5 foot X 39 foot). Match your calf numbers to your calf housing area–Allow at least 1.5m2 per calf you intend to rear on your farm. If you plan to rear 50 calves this means your calf housing should be at least 75 m2 i.e. 10m X 7.5m (32.5 foot X 24.5 foot). Keep your calf housing clean and comfortable–Aim for good ventilation without draughts. Are you being generous enough with straw for bedding? You should be happy to kneel down in the calf housing yourself. Other steps to reduce calving problems and calf losses on your farm 1. Ensure your calving facilities are fit for purpose i.e. clean, well lit, well bedded and clean water available at all times. 2. Move your cows/heifers to calving facilities before they calf to reduce stress. This requires good records and regular monitoring. 3. Observe all calvings if possible. Late evening/nightime feeding helps reduce the number of calvings at night. 4. Intervene where calving is not progressing normally. However, do not intervene too quickly. As a rule of thumb wait six hours where cow is ‘sick to calf’ without the waterbag/feet appearing and a further two to three hours after either have appeared (unless there is an obvious reason to intervene before this). 5. Have all necessary equipment clean, disinfected and on–hand i.e. calving jack, calving ropes (ideally coloured to prevent loss), arm–length gloves, lubricant etc.

While stomach tubing has drawbacks (slightly less absorption of antibodies, care needed to ensure it is done properly), it is probably the best option as it is the easiest and quickest method to guarantee adequate colostrum intake. It is important to remember however, that stomach tubing is only recommended for the first colostrum feed, as repeated stomach tubing can cause digestive upsets.

COLOSTRUM MANAGEMENT Colostrum is the first milk your cows produce after they calve. Your new–born calves are born without immunity to disease, and colostrum contains high levels of antibodies which build immunity in your calves as well as being a very nutritious feed. Later milkings contain much lower levels of these antibodies and your calves’ ability to absorb antibodies decreases dramatically within hours of birth and is virtually zero after 24 hours.

COLOSTRUM (LEFT) AND MILK (RIGHT) See Figure 1 Fresh colostrum from the dam is the preferred option in the majority of cases and pooling of colostrum is not recommended Key point: It is recommended you use a stomach tube for the first due to the risk of spreading disease on your farm e.g. Johne’s disease. feed to ensure the correct quantity of colostrum is consumed by the calf. Colostrum feeding can be summarised by the AHI 1–2–3 recommendation: 1. Use colostrum from the first milking for the first feed 2. Give colostrum within two hours from the calf’s birth 3. Give at least three litres Ideally your calves should suckle their mothers to receive this colostrum. However, it is recommended that dairy calves are separated from their mothers and either bottle fed or stomach tubed colostrum.

Colostrum storage You can store colostrum intended for use within 24 hours in the fridge. If you wish to keep colostrum for longer periods, it is recommended you freeze it as bacteria levels can rise quickly in unfrozen colostrum. You can store colostrum in the freezer for up to 12 months. It is important you thaw colostrum slowly in a water bath below 50 oC. DO NOT thaw or heat colostrum using strong direct heat e.g. microwave as this damages the vital antibodies (required to give your calves immunity to disease) in the colostrum.

IRISH FARM BUSINESS – DAIRYING

EARLY NUTRITION Successful rearing of your calves requires proper colostrum management (see page 51) and unrestricted access to: Clean water (in addition to milk/milk replacer fed) Fresh, palatable starter concentrate (preferably coarse) e.g. Prime Elite Krispi Kaf It is also advisable to have fresh, good quality straw available. Hay is not ideal as it can reduce starter concentrate intake. Water and starter concentrate intake are vital for development of the rumen. A well–developed rumen (left below–calf fed milk and starter concentrate) will aid earlier weaning and less growth setbacks after weaning (right below–calf fed milk and hay)

To avoid growth checks after weaning, calves should not be weaned until they are consistently consuming 1Kg of starter ration per head per day. In restricted systems this will usually occur when calves are about eight weeks of age. In ad–lib systems it is not recommended to initiate weaning until calves are 12 weeks of age. Weaning should be a gradual process completed over 7–10 days. Computerised feeders have increased in popularity in recent years

Key point: Ensure clean water, fresh starter ration and straw are available at all time to calves. Hay is not recommended as it tends to reduce starter intake and delay rumen development. There are numerous systems for successfully feeding and rearing calves. Calf rearing systems can broadly be divided into three groups: 1. Restricted feeding systems Feeding is carried out using buckets or teat feeders.Twice–a– day feeding is the traditional method of calf rearing, the most popular and is low cost but labour intensive. Traditional feeding rates of milk/milk replacer are 2L twice daily (from day 5). Modern feeding recommendations have increased to 3L twice daily (from day 5) in order to achieve target daily growth rates of 0.5 -> 0.6Kg. Once–a–day feeding is less labour intensive but requires a higher level of management. Note calves should be fed twice daily until they are 3 weeks of age (this is a legal requirement). 2. Ad–lib feeding systems Rearing calves on ad–lib systems requires less labour and can give higher weight gains. However, there are more set up costs, more milk consumed and a high level of stockmanship is required to keep losses at a minimum.

WHOLE MILK VS MILK REPLACER There are a number of arguments for feeding a good quality milk replacer instead of whole milk even if you are over quota: 1. Performance A good quality milk replacer e.g. Prime Elite 23 generally outperforms whole milk. Whole milk contains very high levels of fat/energy. This delays solid feed intake, rumen development and ultimately weaning. 2. Scour Milk Replacer is consistent and acidified to improve digestion

and decrease scours 3. Health DO NOT feed milk with antibiotic residues to your calves–this

milk can be tainted which can reduce intakes and performance and more importantly it can lead to the development of organisms 3. Computerised feeding that are resistant to antibiotics. The use of computerised feeders has increased where herds are High SCC,TBC or transition milk should only be fed if it is large and availability of labour is limited.Computerised feeders allow calves of various ages to be fed according to their individual requirements. PASTUERISED to avoid transmission of disease and compromising your calves’ health. While there are large set–up costs, well researched feeding Feeding whole milk greatly increases the risk of spreading programmes can offer improved calf performance and health disease e.g. Johne’s disease. benefits.

IRISH FARM BUSINESS – DAIRYING 4. Economics AHI recommend a three point action plan in response to Prime Elite 23 costs 23–29 cent per Litre of mixed milk calves scouring: (10%–12.5% concentration) vs. Whole Milk at 39 cent per Litre. 1. Remove the calf from the group–this prevents the infection Of course if you are over quota the economics will swing in spreading. favour of whole milk but it is worth considering milk replacer for 2. Rehydrate with a good quality oral rehydration solution (up to heifer calves for the reasons outlined in points 1–3. 4 litres per day by stomach tube if necessary). 3. Continue to feed milk/milk replacer in normal amounts. How to mix calf milk replacer DO NOT dilute the milk/milk replacer or feed by stomach tube. 1. Add half the required volume of water into a clean container Antibiotics should only be given if the calf becomes very sick. 2. Measure – weigh the correct amount of powder and add to Antibiotics do not work against the parasites and viruses that are water the most common causes of calf scour. 3. Mix thoroughly with a whisk until smooth and in solution Therefore it makes no sense to treat calves with antibiotics just 4. Add the rest of the water because they are scouring, unless there is an accompanying fever 5. Check temperature with a thermometer or the calf looks sick. Key Point: If one of your calves scour; remove from the group, rehydrate with electrolytes and continue to feed milk. Antibiotics should only be given if the calf becomes very sick.

TARGET DRIVEN REARING AFTER YOUR CALVES ARE SUCCESSFUL REARED Mix at 40°C and feed at 37°C DO NOT mix at temperatures above 50°C as this will damage the sensitive proteins which are essential to calf performance

Post weaning Ideally follow a rotational grazing leader–follower system where your calves graze ahead of yearlings. Feed all your calves 1–2Kg of concentrate for the first 4–6 weeks after weaning. This can then be eliminated unless calves are behind target. Ensure a good fluke and worm dosing programme is followed in this first grazing season. First Winter On grass based silage (70 DMD) diets, your spring born weanling heifers will achieve weight gains of approximately 0.5Kg/day with 1.5 -> 2Kg concentrate/day (e.g. Prime Elite Heifer Rearer 19% Cube). Feeding rates should only be reduced if animals are ahead of targets and should be increased or decreased depending on silage quality (circa 0.5Kg/day per 4 units DMD). Second Grazing Season Prioritise your heifers for good quality grass.This should be sufficient if your heifers are on target. If behind target, feed 1–2Kg of concentrates. Heifers will need to be dosed for fluke but may not require worm dosing (depending on the burden on your farm) during this second grazing season.

Poor performance checklist Check calf temperature/respiration – involve the Vet? Check quantity and concentration of milk being fed Quantity fed versus expectations/external temperature Mixing temperature, not above 50oC Fresh concentrates daily, how much are they eating? Water, and straw available Drainage – kneel on bedding – wet knees? Ventilation not draughts – smoke bomb? Environment, ambient temperature and draughts Shared airspace?

Pre Calving Heifers Good quality silage (70+ DMD) is generally sufficient for your in–calf heifers provided they are up to target weight at housing. Heifers that are below target live weight may be fed up to 2Kg SCOUR TREATMENT Damage to the intestines or gut of calves from infectious agents concentrate per head per day until 6–8 weeks pre-calving (e.g. Prime Elite Heifer Rearer 19% Cube). From then until calving, results in watery/custardy faeces more commonly known as switch to a quality pre–calving mineral with vitamins e.g. scour. The calf continues to loose salts and water in scour until Superchoice Precalver Gold. the intestine is repaired.

COMMERCIAL FEATURE

LINED SLURRY LAGOONS

If you are considering expansion to take advantage of Milk Quota’s disappearing in 2015, you must now make plans and put facilities in place to cater for the increased herd size.

Lined Lagoons are built with safety in mind. Long gone are the days where a hole is simply lined with plastic and an electric fence is put around it.Thankfully, the S126 Regulations demand that a proper 6 foot (1.8m) high secure fence is constructed around the lagoon, with an anti–climb access gateway constructed at the agitation and emptying point.Adding to safety, there is a very secure safety handrail system surrounding the concrete mixing point, which protects the farmer if he has reason to go to the back of the tractor when agitating. In the unlikely event that a person or animal entered the lined lagoon, a series of tyre ladders are secured to the perimeter fence posts to aid the escape of the person or animal.To protect the 2.5mm thick heavy duty geomembrane used to seal the lagoon, a 40N concrete pad is poured over the liner at the mixing point.This will protect against all possible damage that could occur while agitating the lagoon. To add to the integrity of the lined lagoon system, a full leak detection system is constructed under the floor of the lagoon.This network of pipes enters into an inspection manhole which is accessed outside the ne of the main problems you will encounter is lack of storage perimeter safety fence.The purpose of this manhole is for regular facilities for Slurry and Farmyard effluent. Traditionally the way inspection by the farmer and possible inspections from the Council / to deal with this, was to install costly slatted tanks or above EPA, who may want to monitor the quality of the ground water ground silo’s. The major downside to these two options was that usually underneath the lagoon.Should a problem ever arise with the lining system, it a tank was built that matched a budget available and not a tank that will be detected in the leak detection manhole. Once Geoline have matched the storage requirements of the farm. been informed of a problem, we immediately send a team to site to Since 1987, Geoline Ltd. (Part of the LSW Group of Companies) has repair any defect found.The material itself is very durable and does not been installing plastic lined Slurry Lagoons, which have been fully degrade with UV or sunlight. Making a repair to the material 30 years accepted by the Dept. of Agriculture under S126, since November 2002. after the date of installation would not be a problem. All completed projects come with a 30 year leak–free guarantee, which To construct a lined slurry lagoon,planning permission must be attained is the minimum requirement set down by the Dept. of Agriculture. from the local Council.Geoline will assist in any way to enable a planning

“To add to the integrity of the lined lagoon system, a full leak detection system is constructed under the floor of the lagoon.This network of pipes enters into an inspection manhole which is accessed outside the perimeter safety fence” These Lined Lagoons offer unlimited storage capacity for any farmyard, application be made.The only restrictions on the location of lined lagoons are: so long as the land is available to construct the lagoon itself. Construction No part of the structure shall be directly under any power lines. of a lined lagoon can take as little as 1 week from start to finish and No part of the fence must run under any nearby trees. usually no longer than 3 weeks for lagoons in excess of 1 million gallons The lagoon must be located at least 10m away from any waterbody in (4545m3).The biggest advantage of the lined lagoon is that it saves you the case of modifications to existing facilities. thousands of Euros over any other system. The minimum distance from a public or domestic water supply shall be 60m. These lined lagoons are normally located at the lowest end of the farm If you can comply with these criteria,then a lined slurry lagoon is ideal yard where gravity naturally takes the effluent in that direction. Often for you.As a rule–of–thumb, we calculate storage capacity requirements you will see the lagoons constructed at the gable end or side of a by allowing a volume of 3,000 gallons (13.65m3) per adult animal. If you cubicle shed, where automatic scrapers take the slurry directly into the have a query about a possible lined lagoon for your farm, please contact lagoon. In cases where adjacent grounds have been built upon, Lagoons Pat Browne (see advert opposite) and any concerns or questions you have been placed at the far end of the yard and slurry is either scraped may have will be answered. to it by tractor, pumped to it, or flow channels have been used to For more information call Pat Browne on Tel: 087 232 5982 or transfer the slurry. Tel: 051 294090

COMMERCIAL FEATURE

PEARSON INTERNATIONAL www.pearson-international.com

ounded by Eric Pearson in 1948 in Ireland, the company started supplying bucket milking plants to Irish dairy farmers. Pearson Milking Technology is now in its third generation with over 60 years experience in the dairy equipment industry.These long years of experience work to the advantage of the dairy farmer, as the high standard of quality and reliability in Pearson milking technology, keeps running costs to a minimum whilst pursuing greater and more efficient milk yields.

Designing and manufacturing their equipment in Ireland, Pearson can closely control quality.This allows products to be introduced faster and more efficiently into the market. Knowing that some of the best ideas come from people who use their equipment everyday Pearson works closely with and listens to the customer, this relationship has enabled Pearson to introduce new and innovative ideas into the dairy industry. Although there is the standard range of products Pearson Milking Technology can manufacture customised parlours to suit almost all needs from extensions to existing parlours, upgrades and conversions through to rotary parlours and robotic milking machines.

For further information contact: Pearson International Tel: +353 59 8631842 Email: info@pearson-international Web: www.pearson-international.com

IRISH FARM BUSINESS – DAIRYING

FARMYARD DESIGN An important element in the expansion of any dairy farm is the infrastructure of the farmyard, writes David Coughlan. Picture 1

he beginning of each new dairy season brings both challenges and opportunities to every dairy farmer. However this year people are approaching with one eye on 2015 and the abolition of the milk quotas. Many farmers are weighing up their options and prospects to expand their herd for the future. Historically in Ireland development within farmyards has been piecemeal. Since the introduction of milk quotas in 1983 development has been pretty much static.Any development has been sporadic with a focus on short term solutions as opposed to long term planning. We did see a burst of growth in terms of farmyard development with the Building Grants Scheme in 2007 & 2008.A lot of positive work was done but I have seen some pretty badly thought out projects.This is mainly due to the time pressures that people were under to complete work.The focus in a lot of cases was to get the job done as opposed to getting the best planned job completed. Some of the biggest repercussions of poorly planned out work is where future expansion of the yard is snookered by say a calf shed for example that was thrown up in a panic. It might now be blocking the extension of a cubicle shed The farmyard is the key element of every dairy farm. It includes the milking parlour, winter accommodation, calving facilities, calf rearing and silos.This is where most of the dairy operators work takes place throughout the year and especially for a spring calving herd during the calving season. Because of the numerous activities taking place in the farmyard at the one time it is critical to have a farm layout which works well for the operators, machinery and especially the animals.

COMMON MISTAKES TO AVOID Any investment decisions within farmyards must be thought through carefully. It is important to plan and detail all proposed development work so as to avoid making common mistakes such as; Positioning a building/buildings in the wrong location, that will in time hinder future development Positioning a building/buildings in the wrong location, that will increase the labour requirement to undertake daily routine tasks Not focusing on proper cow flow from the grazing infrastructure and within the farmyard Not planning for future expansion in the years ahead both for the current generation and the next generation.

IMPORTANCE OF GOOD FARMYARD DESIGN When we look at farmyard expansion we must consider how the farm will grow in the short, medium and long term. It is an advantage to do a dynamic plan which can be implemented as the herd grows. This may be a 5 and a 10 year plan. We must look at how the farmyard will function during the expansion and always think of the future bearing in mind the maximum herd size may increase again as circumstances change.The rising cost of labour is also a factor to consider and as machinery and automation advances it is important to make provisions to incorporate this technology in the future. When addressing farmyard design whether expanding an existing farmyard or establishing a Greenfield Site we need to achieve certain goals:

IRISH FARM BUSINESS – DAIRYING We must maximise existing farm buildings and use as much as

possible with future plans Locate proposed buildings in the farmyard correctly Get the correct layout for each element in the farmyard Have good animal and machinery movement throughout the yard Design infrastructure which is economic to build Use the natural slopes of the ground and work with the slopes and gravity Lower farm operating and labour costs with good design

Cow flow from farm roadways and new cubicles was an essential element of this design.A new silage pit will be built as well as a new overground slurry storage tank which will be fed by gravity using the natural slopes of the site. These examples show the importance of planning around the farmyard and having a master plan to aim towards rather than building in piecemeal style which has happened historically in Ireland.

Ensure maximum performance from your capital investment

If we can achieve all or a number of these goals when designing a PLANNING FOR THE FUTURE farmyard we will end up with a farmyard layout which will function Farmyard infrastructure is only one element of expansion. It is well and be operator friendly at all times of the year. however a key component of any dairy farm expansion plans. In the process of planning expansion it is important to get the plans EXISTING FARMYARDS down on paper and to consider all options. An external view on For every farmer it is an advantage to have an up to date plan drawing the farmyard may come up with some ideas you may have not of their individual farmyard. This is an important visual tool which considered before. If you get future plans down on paper you can get will help to plan and map: the thoughts and input of discussion groups or other respected Clean and Soiled Water routes throughout the yard parties which may have something to add. By getting the plans Cow flow routes from the grazing platform and winter accommodation. complete in advance you can build an idea in your head of how Machinery routes around the farmyard for different times of year construction will take place and changes you think may benefit the Explain where elements of the farmyard are to visitors or employee’s. design.Therefore I would advise to complete the design sooner rather than later as it is a lot cheaper to change a design on paper than doing SURVEY it on the ground. Once a plan is agreed, the drawings can be used to An important element of the farmyard design process is to complete provide estimate pricing for the project and to price the work with a topographical survey of the existing farmyard and proposed location building contractors. for future developments. This involves mapping the existing buildings and taking spot levels on areas where future developments may take GRASSTEC LTD FARMYARD DESIGN SERVICE place. The survey will help the design process by: Grasstec Ltd is the market leader in farmyard design.We offer Establishing levels of the proposed site so they can be considered numerous farmyard design packages from designing one element of in the design process. the farmyard such as a milking parlour to a full turnkey solution for Designing new buildings to tie in with the existing farmyard. a greenfield project.We can take a project from concept through the Using the existing natural slopes in the ground and avoid building design and planning stage complying with all the elements listed up areas. above to ensure a good layout. Each farmyard is individual and every Using gravity for natural and soiled drainage of the yard. farmer has a different idea on how the farmyard should function.

“When we look at farmyard expansion we must consider how the farm will grow in the short, medium and long term. It is an advantage to do a dynamic plan which can be implemented as the herd grows.This may be a 5 and a 10 year plan” Picture 1 shows the topographical survey of an existing farmyard. Therefore Grasstec will work closely with each farmer to come up The survey is complete using a Robotic Total Station which will measure with a design to satisfy the needs and future objectives of each the eaves and ridges of existing buildings using a built in laser. individual farm. Examples GRASSTEC’S FARMYARD DESIGN SERVICE Dwg 1 shows a farmyard currently operating a suckler herd.The WORKS AS FOLLOWING: aim is to milk 200 cows in 7 – 10 years.We explored many different 1. A Grasstec Operative calls to the farm to assess the scope of works options and came up with drawings as shown in Dwg 2 & Dwg 3. 2. Initial consultation with the farmer to establish aims and expectations Dwg 2 shows the layout for year 1 to 5. We are going to convert an 3. Topographical survey of the existing farmyard and proposed site existing shed into cubicles with some of the feeding outdoors.The 4. Process drawings showing different layouts and elements for main aim is to get the parlour, dairy, collecting yard and handling proposed yard area built to a good design and layout which will benefit the future. 5. Consultation to go through options and agree on proposed layouts Dwg 3 shows an extension onto the collecting yard, a new calf 6. Process drawings of proposed layout rearing house and an extension onto the cubicle shed.The design 7. Consultation and changes to proposed layout will function well during the expansion and leave room for further 8. Final construction drawings issued expansion in the future. 9. Estimated costs can be complete for proposed works Dwg 4 shows a farmyard with a current herd size of 130 cows.This 10. Planning permission can be acquired for the proposed works. drawing shows the topographical survey of the existing yard. Cows At Grasstec we pride ourselves in coming up with intelligent designs for were collected and milked in the existing cattle wintering shed farmyards, whether the aim is to make the existing farmyard more through a 10 unit herringbone. Dwg 5 shows the layout to milk 320 operator friendly or expand the farmyard for increasing cow numbers. cows. 258 new outdoor cubicles will be built in stages as the herd You can find out more Information go to www.grasstecgroup.com expands.A 25 unit herringbone parlour will be constructed with See Page 62, 63, 66, 68 & 70 for some Farmyard layout options. collecting yard and handling area while using the existing dairy.

IRISH FARM BUSINESS – DAIRYING

EXISTING FARM LAYOUT Dwg: 1

IRISH FARM BUSINESS – DAIRYING

PROPOSED FARM LAYOUT 1–5 YEARS, 100 COWS

Dwg: 2

IRISH FARM BUSINESS – DAIRYING

PROPOSED FARM LAYOUT 5-10 YEARS – 200 COWS Dwg: 3

IRISH FARM BUSINESS – DAIRYING

PROPOSED FARM LAYOUT 5–10 YEARS – 130 COWS Dwg: 4

IRISH FARM BUSINESS - DAIRYING

LEADING PRODUCTS FOR THE PROGRESSIVE FARMER DELVOTEST®:ON–FARM ANTIBIOTIC RESIDUE TESTING AVALKSAN AND THERMOKLENSE SANITERS, The importance of testing for antibiotics on–farm, prior to the collection of the bulk tank, is well known. Detection of antibiotics residues in milk will result in milk being rejected and heavy fines & penalties imposed on the farmer. Prevention of detection is therefore a key concern for all farmers. The Delvotest developed by DSM and available direct from Carbon Group, through most Co-op Stores nationwide and also through regional agents, is the ‘Gold Standard’ in milk testing. It is used by farmers and dairy processors in Ireland and worldwide, for the detection of inhibitory substances and checking milk for payment purposes. Simple to use,with either the standard 3 hour test or the rapid 5 minute test, the tests can be performed at any stage in the milk processing chain from the individual cow to the factory silo. To get started;a simple starter kit is available which has all the necessary requirements to get you up and running (see starter kit image below).Then all you need to do is decide which test best suits your needs: Most milk processors set very high standards to guarantee the antibiotic–free quality of their milk.As such, the majority of creameries in Ireland rely on Delvotest to safeguard this.

DETERGENTS & DESCALERS Carbon Group manufactures an extensive range of branded caustic, chlorinated and chlorine free dairy-farm detergents under the “AVAL” brand.The range includes the market– leading AVALKSAN dairy detergent, suitable for both hot and cold cleaning and other accompanying products for maintaining low TBC counts. Carbon Group has the‘chosen market leader’product for non foaming detergent/ sterliser for machine & bulk tank circulation cleaning, called AvalKsan. This AvalKsan product is ideal for; ALL temperatures, cold or hot washing,it is approved by Teagasc,it is formulated for application on milking machines, automatic bulk milk tanks and manual cleaning of bulk tanks and is also phosphate free.AvalKsan is available in 25 litre and 205 litre drums. It is available to purchase from Dairygold & Kerry Co–op Stores or phone carbon Group directly on 021 437 8988. Carbon Group also have a descaler and sanitiser product called ThermoKlense, to be used in the final rinse stage. It is Biodegradable (won’t taint your milk) and is particularly effective in the maintenance of low TBC and thermoduric bacteria. We are always interested in speaking to possible distributors for our Agricultural products, so please do not hesitate to call if this is something you may be interested in. For more product information please visit our Carbon Group Website www.carbon.ie Email: sales@carbon.ie or Tel: 021 437 8988.

IRISH FARM BUSINESS – DAIRYING

PROPOSED FARM LAYOUT 320 COWS Dwg: 5

COMMERCIAL FEATURE

NCBC – THE NATIONAL CATTLE BREEDING CENTRE he National Cattle Breeding centre (NCBC) is Ireland’s largest cattle breeding organisation operating the largest Dairy and Beef breeding programmes and through our shareholders Munster A.I. and Progressive Genetics the largest insemination services and 98% of all herd recording services in Ireland. Fertility, health and a focus on maximising profit from grazed grass is the essence of NCBC’s comprehensive dairy programme which makes maximum use of modern technologies such as data analysis

and genomic selection to identify and select the best grassland genetics. Our beef programme is designed to identify and test superior sires of each breed for commercially important terminal and maternal traits. NCBC’s highly successful breeding programmes has delivered a line up of independently proven superior sires to ensure today’s market demands are met in an efficient and profitable manner. Semen from all NCBC sires is available exclusively in Ireland through Munster A.I. and Progressive Genetics.

Dam of CFF, Bull is EBI €291 with massive milk solids and excellent daughter fertility. Dam, pictured, is on 5th lactation with 4.45% fat and 3.81% protein lifetime and yields to over 8,000 kgs in a grass based system

Dam of PBM, Bull is EBI €285, a real production sire with massive kgs milk solids and high percentages, also good daughter fertility. Dam, pictured, is currently on 4th lactation with lifetime average 4.05% fat and 3.56% protein

Dam of PKR. Bull is EBI €300, a fantastic milk solids sire with excellent daughter fertility.The Dam pictured is on 4th lactation and has averaged 4.06% fat and 3.43% protein lifetime with yields to over 9,000 kgs.

Grand Dam of YGD. Bull is EBI €305, a good milk volume sire with high solids and excellent fertility.The granddam pictured is on 4th lactation and has averged 4.02% fat and 3.54% protein

MUNSTER CATTLE BREEDING AND PROGRESSIVE GENETICS

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Are farmer owned cattle breeding co–ops who work together to deliver top quality bulls to the farmers in their areas.They also provide milk recording and A.I. technician services.Together they employ over 600 people in the local rural economy. Both are long established companies in the cattle breeding industry and have a long history of genetic improvement.Together they account for over 70% of the calves born to A.I. nationally.

NCBC Telephone: +353 (0)46 9541333 or Fax: +353 (0) 46 9541438 email: admin@ncbc.ie or www.ncbc.ie Munster A.I. Telephone: 022 43228 or Fax: 022 31010 Email info@munsterai.ie or www.munsterai.ie Progressive Genetics Call Centre,Tel 1850 20 20 50 Email: lfeeney@progressivegenetics.ie or www.progressivegenetics.ie