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Egypt, North Africa, and southern Spain. In 732 the Muslim armies were at last defeated at Tours, where their western conquests ended. But they went on to conquer Oersia, Afghanistan, and part of India. When the Mongols and Turks conquered the Muslims in the thirteenth century, they adopted Islam as their own religion. The succession of the first three caliphs was the source of a schism within the faith that persists today. The Sunni, or Orthodox, supported the legitimacy of Abu Bakr, Omar, and Uthman; the Shiah, or Schismatics, upheld the divine right of Mohammed’s son Ali to be his father’s successor.

1. What is the topic of the passage? (A) The founding and spread of Islam (B) The tribe of Mohammed (C) The basics of Islamic belief (D) Islam after Mohammed 2. According to the passage, what is the problem with most accounts of Mohammed’s life? (A) They were written by non-Muslims (B) They do not describe his early life (C) They contain some false information (D) They have been destroyed 3. The word which in paragraph 2 refers to (A) tribe (B) family (C) uncle (D) Mohammed 4. Which is the best place for the following sentence? “Of the six children, only their daughter Fatima survived into adulthood?” (A) [1] (B) [2] (C) [3] (D) [4] 5. The word inaugurating in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to (A) improving (B) confirming (C) beginning (D) expanding 6. Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the underlined sentence in the passage? (A) Mohammed’s supporters in Mecca asked him to go to Medina to fight against attacks on Arab belief. (B) People in Mecca who became angry about Mohammed’s persecution were forced to go to Medina. (C) Mohammed‘s traditional Arab beliefs led to great anger against Mohammed in Mecca, and later in Medina. (D) Mohammed had to go to Medina after angering people in Macca with his criticism of older Arab beliefs. 7. It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that (A) Mohammed’s beliefs did not differ much from traditional Arab beliefs (B) before Mohammed, Arabs did not all practice the same religion (C) the Arabs had no religion before Mohammed (D) Medina was a more religious city than Mecca 8. According to the reading, what helped Mohammed in his conquests? (A) The power of his tribe (B) The support of the caliphs (C) His knowledge of Christianity and Judaism (D) The conversion of his wife, daughter, and son 79

9. Which of the following is true, according to the passage? (A) The Muslim armies won their final victory at Tours. (B) The Mongols converted to Islam after being conquered by the Muslims. (C) The Turks and Mongols became Muslims after their defeat of the Muslim armies. (D) Because of their defeat in 73, the Muslim armies lost most of the territory they had conquered. 10. The Schismatic wanted (A) to make Islam a world religion (B) to choose the caliphs themselves (C) to let Ali take Mohammed’s place as leader (D) to divide Muslims into various sects

Reading 2: Sigmund Freud was not a literary theorist. However, he did contribute to critical theory through both his theories and his use of art to show that the application of psychology can extend to the highest forms of cultures. Freud was always interested in literature, and he drew some of the best illustrations of his theories from classic poems and plays. Freud saw the unconscious as the impetus of both cultural and psychic activity. Therefore, the same principles operated in both, and that the same mechanisms – such as displacement and symbolization – applied. While Freud was not the first to note the importance of the unconscious mind, he was the first to attempt a coherent theory of its operation and function. He argued that the unconscious operates according to universal law, and is crucial to all aspects of mental life that involve fantasy, or diversion from reality. From this point of view, it is natural to apply Freudian principles to imaginative literature. Writers transform individual, unconscious fantasy into universal art - a kind of formal fantasy halfway between a reality that denies wishes and a world of imagination in which every wish is granted. In focusing on the unconscious origins for literature, Freud was in a sense reviving the traditional idea of divine inspiration. [1] Philosophers and art theorists have often turned to such a theory of the imagination to explain multiple meanings, repetition, and any apparent disorder in art. Similarly, psychoanalysis uses the theory of the unconscious to explain examples of “disorder’ in consciousness, such as dreams. [2] This analogy allowed Freud to suggest that fantasies called art could be interpreted in the same way as dreams. Writers, as Freud noted, have always seen great significance in dreams. In his view, portrayals of dreams in works of literature supported his own theories about their structures, mechanisms, and interpretation. For example, the mechanisms of displacement and symbolization obviously resemble the literary devices of metaphor and symbolism.[3] Critics of Freud have objected that the non-logical processes of the unconscious do not resemble the conscious effort that results in work of literature. Freud would reply that while conscious thought is necessary to produce works of art, the creative sources of art remain in the conscious. In this view, conscious activity merely obscures what is truly important in art. What interested Freud were the deep unconscious structures literature shares with myth and religion, as well as with dreams. The apparent individuality of literature was not as significant as its ultimate universality. [4]

11. Which of the following best states the main idea of the reading? (A) The best way to understand the creation of literature is through Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis. (B) Freud argued convincingly that both psychic phenomena and literature may be interpreted with reference to the unconscious. (C) Creating works of literature is very similar to dreaming. (D) Freud’s theories explain why both dreams and literature contain various forms of disorder. 12. According to the passage, which of the following is true of Freud? (A) He was a literary theorist. (B) He has had an influence on literary theory. (C) He wrote several plays and poems that illustrate his theories. (D) He was the first to discover the unconscious. 80