Cavalry Battle Book by Patrick Flannery

1st Squadron, 14th U.S. Cavalry (RSTA) Staff Planning Battle Book

12 June 2002

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Table of Contents Orders Development Parallel Planning.............................................................................3 Timeline for Orders Development..................................................4 Critical Staff Products....................................................................5 WARNO #1...............................................................................................6-7 ABCS Overlay Naming Convention.......................................................8 Standard Overlays..................................................................................9-10 IPB Battlefield area evaluation..............................................................11 Terrain analysis...............................................................................12 MCOO...............................................................................................13 Weather analysis.............................................................................14 Threat evaluation............................................................................15 Threat integration...........................................................................16-17 Receive & Analyze the Mission Analysis of higher mission.............................................................18 Facts.................................................................................................19 Assumptions...................................................................................20-21 Additional Staff MA Actions...........................................................22-24 Briefing format................................................................................26 Commander’s Guidance.........................................................................27-28 WARNO #2...............................................................................................29-31 Develop Courses of Action.....................................................................32-36 Wargaming...............................................................................................37-40 WARNO #3...............................................................................................41-46 Squadron OPORD Format......................................................................47-49 Reference Data Sheets............................................................................50-154

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Parallel Planning

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Timeline for Orders Development Critical Timeline Events Receive Order WARNO 1 Published Mission Analysis Mission Analysis Brief Break SQDN CDR’s Guidance Leaders Recon WARNO 2 Published Develop/Analyze COAs COA Brief Wargame (Complete Sync Matrix) WARNO 3 Published Complete Staff Products Products Due/Reproduction OPORD Complete Total Planning Time Issue OPORD Backbriefs to SQDN CDR

Planning Timeline (24-hours) Time Start Complete Time Time Z Hour Z Hour 30 min Z Hour Z+30 min 1 hr Z Hour Z+1 30 min Z+1 Z+1:30 15 min Z+1:30 Z+1:45 30 min Z+1:45 Z+2:15 10 min 1 hr 30 min 2 1/2 hrs 15 min 1 hr 1 hr

Z+2:15 Z+2:25 Z+3:25 Z+3:55

Z+2:25 Z+3:25 Z+3:55 Z+6:25

Z+6:25 Z+6:40 Z+7:40 Z+8:40 8.66 Hours

Z+6:40 Z+7:40 Z+8:40

1 hr 30 min

Troop Planning / Prep Time

14 Hours

Squadron Planning Process begins with the receipt of Warning Orders from the SBCTs higher HQs. SQDN conducts parallel / collaborative planning with BDE Staff – focused on ENABLING SBCT operations. BDE provides guidance for ISR operations based on ARFOR WARNO 1, detailed Threat information (Annex B) is received with ARFOR WARNO 2, SQDN confirms plan upon receipt of ARFOR WARNO 3. BDE staff confirms resources / synchs BDE ISR operation early in BDE MDMP. SBCT ISR requirements outlined in BDE WARNO 2.

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Critical Staff Products Orders Process Step

WARNO 1

Mission Analysis CDR’s Guidance

WARNO 2

COA Development Wargame WARNO 3 OPORD

OPORD Graphic

Product WARNO 1 Pending Changes to Task Organization Situation, Enemy (General) Possible Mission Area of Operation General Concept Grids for IBCT / SQDN Area of Operation Coordinating Instructions Timeline Command and Signal (Current C2 Locations) Standard GIRS / TIRS / CPs Graphics Facts, Assumptions, Limitations, Specified, Implied and Essential Tasks Threat COA Models MA Briefing Slides CDR Completes Guidance Worksheet Copy to SXO for Staff Oversight / Implementation WARNO 2 Higher Mission and Intent Proposed Commander’s Intent Enemy Situation (Threat COA Model) Grids for SQDN / TRP Area of Operation Coordinating Instructions Any additional Information COA Sketch and Statement BFA Considerations / Update Running Estimate Synchronization Matrix WARNO 3 Task - Purpose for each Subordinate Unit Support Timeline Any Additional Information Complete OPORD (Para / Annexes) Complete RA Worksheet Digital Graphics / MDLS Load ISR Graphics (NAI, TAI, DPs, etc) Synchronization Matrix Threat COA Model Changes or Update CSS Overlay Effects Overlay (incl on ISR Overlay)

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Staff Proponent S3 Ops S2 S3

SXO S3 Plans ALL S3/S2 ALL SCO SXO S3 Ops S3 Plans S3/CDR S2 S3 S3 Plans ALL S3 Plans ALL ALL S3 Ops S3 S4 ALL ALL S3 / Plans S3 Plans / S6 S3, S2, S3 Plans S2 S4, MED0 ECOORD

WARNO #1 to OPORD #____

________________ CLASSIFICATION

References: a. Map series: b. Brigade OPORD # ___ - ___. 1. SITUATION. a. General enemy situation.

b. General friendly situation.

c. Tentative changes to task organization.

2. TENTATIVE MISSION.

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Copy __ of __ Copies __________________ DTG: ____________

3. MOVEMENT INSTRUCTIONS. a. Earliest time of move: _____________. Movement order: __________. b. SP:____________, RP:_____________, AA/ATK/BP: ______________. c. General instructions.

5. AREA OF OPERATIONS. a. SQDN:

b. SBCT:

6. SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS. a. Effects Focus:

7. INITIAL TIMELINE. LD/Secure NLT: Final Zero/Boresight: SQDN Rehearsal SQDN OPORD:

__________ __________ __________ __________

TAA / Attack Position: Final Resupply: Orders Complete: WARNO #2

ACKNOWLEDGE __________ LTC OFFICIAL _________ S3

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__________ __________ __________ __________

ABCS Overlay Naming Convention All overlays created on ATCCS will use the following naming convention. UNIT which owns CTP. Matcheds overlays

DATE/TIME GROUP (DTG) for the most current version of overlay – changes with revision #.

OVERLAY ID type of overlay being named. (see item 4.c. below)

3BDE_00_01_MVR_BDE_R01_010900ZMAR01

REVISION # shows most current version number of the overlay

ORDER/PLAN on which current CTP is based b. Naming convention explanation. Field Example Name Field 3BDE Unit

00_01

Order, Plan, Phase

MVR_BDE

Overlay ID

R01

Revision #

010900ZMAR01

DTG

Field Explanation This field shows the unit which owns the CTP being developed. The name used must be the same for all overlays in the CTP. Show in this field the name of the order or plan on which the current CTP is based. The order/plan will be named in accordance with unit SOP. See base order/Frago for naming. This field can also describe the phase of operation. (i.e. 00_01MTC, or 00_01PH2). Identify here the type of overlay being named. The ID you are to use is found in the table below. This field shows the most current version of the overlay. The first time you produce the overlay, it is labeled R01. Every time you revise the overlay, you assign it the next number (i.e. R02, R03). This field contains the dete-time-group for the most current version of the overlay. When you change the Revision # (see above), you must also change the DTG of the overlay. Use the same time zone used in the operations order (or your local time zone if an operations plan).

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Standard Overlays Overlay IDs INTEL_R/S INTEL_MCOO INTEL_SITTEMP

INTEL_OBST INTEL_WEATHER MVR_DIV MVR_BDE MVR_BN MVR_SDRN MVR_CO MVR_DST

MVR_ACM FS_TARGETS FS_FSCM ENG_OBSTPLAN ENG_OBSTEXEC ENG_SURVPLAN ENG_SURVEXE DTSS CSS_ROUTES CSS_POINTS

CSS_SPTAREAS NBC_DECON/AREAS

GRAPHICS (Notional Overlays) Responsibility Overlay Components S2 Named Areas of Interest, Targeted Areas of Interest, Observers S2 Enemy Avenues of Approach S2 Templated enemy platforms within security zone – Pink; Templated enemy platoons beyond security zone – Pink; Templated enemy obstacles – Hashed green; Confirmed obstacles – Solid green. S2 Known enemy obstacles – Solid green S2 Weather Effects overlay S3 Depicted in black: Division Maneuver Graphics S3 Depicted in Blue: Brigade maneuver graphics S3 Depicted in Light Blue: Battalion maneuver graphics; separate overlay for each battalion S3 Depicted in Light Blue: Squadron maneuver graphics; separate overlay for each battalion S3 Depicted in Light Blue: Company maneuver graphics; separate overlay for each company S3 Enemy most likely course of action, NAI’s, possible TAI’s, decision points, time phase lines, objective, boundaries, FLOT AVN OIC Air Control Measures FSE Active priority targets FSE Fire support coordination measures currently in effect Engineer Planned obstacles Engineer Executed obstacles Engineer Planned survivability construction Engineer Executed survivability construction Engineer DTSS Overlay Provider S4 All supply routes S4 Ammo Supply Points, Ammo Transfer Points, Aid stations, Ambulance Exchange Points, UMCP’s, LRP’s, ROM locations, FARPs, EPW collection points, Refugee collection points, Engineer supply points, supply points (Class I, III, V, VII, VIII, IX) S4 Support Areas CHEMO Decontamination sites, NBC contaminated areas.

All overlays created within 3/2 ID will use the following color conventions. Page - 9

Corps/Higher units Brigade Graphics Battalion/Squadron Air Control Measures Chemical Control Measures Signal Control Measures

Black Blue Light Blue Light Blue Yellow Orange

Default colors within the ATCCS systems. Enemy Graphics Weapons Range Fan Graphics Sensor Range Fan Graphics Obstacle Graphics

Red Green Blue Green

All files created on ATCCS will use the following naming convention. It is very similar to the overlay naming convention to reduce confusion. 3BDE_00_02_WARNO_RO1_010900ZMAR01 This is an example of Warning Order #1 dated 1 March, 0900Z for 3d Bde Operation number 00-02.

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Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield BATTLEFIELD AREA EVALUATION Determine Area of Operation Given in OPORD by boundary, area, zone, or sector Consider Non-Linear and Non-Contiguous Aspects of AO May develop linear framework vs conventional threat attack

Determine Area of Interest Areas adjacent to or where threat forces can project influence into AO .

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TERRAIN ANALYSIS Avenues of Approach - Verified/Identified Avenues of Approach - Mounted / Dismounted - Reconnaissance / Main Body - Team, Squad, Platoon, Company, Battalion Avenues - Infiltration and Exfiltration Routes - Sub-surface, Surface, Super-surface Avenues Key Terrain - Identified Key Terrain - Why is it Key (advantage of possession) - Do I own it / can I influence it Natural Obstacles - How can I use them to enhance my plan - Enemy use Cover and Concealment - Cover and concealment for me - Cover and concealment for the enemy - IV lines - Dead spaces - Exposure time Observations and Fields of Fire - Support or hinder plan Urban Considerations - Social (Demographics, Ethnicity, Religious, Historical, Demonstrations) - Economic (Legitimate Business, Black-market, Economic Centers) - Political (Parties, Rivalries, Key Leaders, Events) - Military (Factions, Leaders, Unit Locations, Weapon Systems) - Building Construction (Heavy, Light, Frame, etc) - Infrastructure Subterranean Critical Nodes (Industrial, Military, Commercial, etc) Protected Sites - NGO Activity Terrain Factor Overlays Overlays can be prepared with info not found on military maps Tree spacing and tree trunk diameter that impede movement of wheeled and tracked vehicles. Stream width, depth, current speed, bank height, and riverbed composition for determining crossing points and fording sites. Soil characteristics that limit mobility. The height of vegetation or buildings in urban areas that limit or interfere with horizontal or vertical LOS. Synthetic or natural changes to the terrain that have occurred since the available maps were printed (urban sprawl, new highways, rail lines, or forest growth and cutback). Slope and other surface conditions that impede cross-country movement. Vegetation and surface roughness (micro relief).

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Modified Combined Obstacle Overlay Identify Severely Restrictive Terrain Black Outline/Green Crosshatch - Built up areas 500 meters or larger or difficult to bypass - Water features that cannot be forded or spanned by an AVLB - Slopes of 45% or greater uphill, Terrain with elevation changes of 200 to 400 meters per km -Trees of 6 - 8 inches in diameter and less that 20 feet apart - In woods, one trail per km and no hard surface roads. - Man made obstacles Identify Restrictive Terrain Black Outline/Green Hatch - Water features that can be forded in several areas - Slopes of 30-45% - Trees of 2 inches in diameter less that 20 feet apart - In woods, one hard surface road or two trails per km, or one hard surface road and one trail per km Identify Mobility Corridors Size Unit Company Battalion Brigade/Regiment Division Identify Avenues of Approach Size Unit Battalion Brigade/Regiment Division

Blue or Red arrows w/Unit size Width 500m 1.5 km 3 km 6 km Blue or Red w/Unit Size Maximum Distance Apart 2 km 6 km 10 km

Identify Key and Decisive Terrain Circle K # in Purple or Black

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Weather Analysis - Humidity - Freezing Point - TUAV / optical degradation - Visibility / Ceiling - Recon, surveillance, and target acquisition are degraded. - TUAV Operations - Wind speed and direction. - Both usually favor the force upwind. - Affects employment of smoke and chemicals. - As wind speed increases, wind chill becomes a consideration. - TUAV L/R Operations - Precipitation. - Decreases cross-country mobility. - Decreases visibility. - Extensive cloud cover reduces the effectiveness of CAS and aerial resupply. - Temperature. Temperature affects personnel and equipment.

Weather Factor Analysis Matrix Mission Area or Use Airborne/(DZ) Static Line Airmobile (LZ)

Favorable CIG/VIS > 500 & 3 SFC Wind < 13 knots Wind at Alt < 30 knots CIG/VIS > 300 & 1-1/2 miles No icing or turbulence SFC Wind < 20 knots

Night Vision Goggles MC-130 Operations to Penetration Landing MOPP IV Wear PSYOP Leaflet drop Loudspeaker NBC Smoke Operations Weapon Sighting Ground Reconnaissance

Sky clear moon > ¼ elevation > 30o CIG/VIS > 1000 & 2 miles Temp < 70o F RH 50% SFC Wind < 10 knots SFC Wind < 20 knots Temp inversion aloft Winds toward threat force SFC Wind < 5 knots VIS > 1000m VIS > 3200m

Marginal CIG/VIS < 500 & 2 but > 500 & 1 CIG/VIS < 300 & 1-1/2 miles but > 200 & ½ mile Light icing and turbulence SFC Wind > 20 knots but < 30 knots SCT clouds New moon to ¼ CIG/VIS < 1000 & 2 miles but > 500 & 1 mile Temp 70 to 85o F RG 50 to 70%

Unfavorable CIG/VIS < 300 & 1 SFC Wind > 13 knots Wind at Alt > 30 knots CIG/VIS < 200 and ½ mile Moderate icing & turbulence SFC Wind > 30 knots Overcast clouds or New moon CIG/VIS < 500 & 1 mile Temp > 85o F or RH > 70%

SFC Wind 10 to 20 knots SFC Wind 20 to 35 knots No inversion wind light/variable Neutral lapse rate Wind 3 to 7 knots

SFC Wind > 20 knots SFC Wind > 35 knots Inversion aloft with wind toward friendly force SFC Winds > 7 knots

VIS < 1000 but > 500m VIS < 3200 but > 1000m

VIS < 500m VIS < 1000m

CIG - Ceiling or height above ground level to base of clouds VIS - Optical visibility in miles or meters SFC Wind - Wind speed at the surface from any direction Temp - Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit Inversion - A layer of air above the ground where temperature rises rather than continuing to cool as height increases RH - Relative Humility

Effects on: TUAV

LRAS

NVG

MASINT

Communications

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Threat Evaluation Uses threat doctrine / database products without considering the effects of terrain and weather on operations for the current situation. Concerned mainly with the Order of Battle, tactical doctrine, weapons and equipment, and supporting battlefield functional systems. - Information sources. - Higher headquarters' intel overlays, INTSUMs, PERINTREPs. - Order of battle handbooks. - Doctrine, training, and equipment publications. - Intel Reach to various Intel Centers - Enemy information the staff should maintain is the following: - Composition (Order of Battle) - Strength - Committed forces. Units currently in contact. - Reinforcements. Enemy units not committed in or out of the friendly sector, but which can react to the friendly course of action. - Artillery, air, NBC. Other forces, such as EW, air defense, AT, unconventional warfare, combat surveillance. - Threat activity / patterns of operations to support predictive analysis.

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Threat Integration - Combines the enemy doctrine / predictive analysis with the terrain and weather. Situation Template - Three analysts using the same doctrinal template will develop three different situations for the same area. - Each situation must be analyzed, with the possibility that several templates depicting alternative dispositions may be developed for a single area. Event Template - Identifies and analyzes significant battlefield events and activities which provide indicators of enemy courses of action. - By recognizing what the enemy can do, and by comparing it with what the enemy is doing, we can predict what the enemy probably will do next. - Consider not only threat decisive points (DPs), but also threat centers of gravity (COG). Determine where influence / application of effects will result in threats inability to conduct / continue operations [eg. In order to neutralize SPF interdiction of LOCs, you can 1) eliminate the SPF, 2) deny his movement within an area, 3) ID and destroy cache sites, or 4) eliminate his C2]. NAI - activity here will confirm or deny a particular course of action. (Points, routes or areas) TPL - help keep track of enemy movements and assist the collection manager in directing collection assets. HVT - assets that the threat commander requires for the successful completion of a specific COA.

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Threat Integration (Continued) Decision Support Template - Combines the intelligence estimate and operations estimate in graphic form. - Does not require the commander to make a decision, only indicates when one might be required in order to best affect the battle. - Is a combined effort of the S2, S3, ECOORD, S4, and briefed by the S3. TAI - areas where we can delay, disrupt, destroy, or manipulate the enemy force. - normally already NAIs. - Terrain dependent (Bridges, road junctions, choke points, DZs, LZs, fording sites, FARPs, Rear Area refueling and arming points. Decision Points - Tactical decisions are required. Not what decision only where a decision must be made to have an affect on the battlefield. - Dependent on the availability of fire support, maneuver, combat support, and CSS systems. - Equate time to specific points on the battlefield and are determined by comparing times required to implement decisions, enemy movement rates, and distances. Type Surface Concrete, asphalt .17 to .33 Gravel and rubble Dirt

Average Speeds of Vehicles (Km/Min) Undamaged 10% Damage .66 to .83 .66 to .75 .25 to .42

.33 to .5 .13 to .25

Average March Rates for Mixed Columns Day, on roads .........................33 to .5 Km/Min Night, on roads .........................25 to .33 Km/Min Cross Country .........................08 to .25 Km/Min

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>10% Damage .33 to .58 .17 to .33 .08 to .17

Receive and Analyze the Mission Consists of command and staff actions related to- Gathering facts (Current status of conditions) - Making assumptions - Analyzing higher mission and intent (Tasks) - Issuing commander's guidance Analysis of Higher Mission -Purpose of the higher headquarters mission. -Intent of the higher commander and the commander two levels up. -A review of the area of operations to understand the higher commanders intent. -A review of higher's overall deception plan, the deception target and objective of the commander two levels up -Identification of tasks to be performed. Specified Usually comes from paragraphs 2 and 3, also from coordinating instructions, or annexes Implied Conduct Passage of Lines, coordination, obstacle breaching, secure routes, infiltration past initial threat positions, actions on enemy counterattack, conduct night road march, and MOUT. Do not include inherent, routine, or SOP tasks (establish liaison, maintain roads in sector, refuel) Essential Task whose completion is required for mission success. -Assets available (additions and /or deletions from current task organization) -Limitations. Restrictions placed on a commander specifying things that cannot be done and/or things that must be done. Constraints are things, which limit the unit’s freedom of actions. Does not include doctrinal considerations. Restrictions are what a commander can’t do; constraints limit what he can do. -Acceptable levels of risk. What CDR is willing to accept to accomplish the mission -Facts and assumptions (See below) -Time analysis (balance detail of planning vs. attaining speed of action) - Determine time available - Know the decision cycle - Time allocation -Restated mission (Who, What, When, Where, and Why) FACTS Facts are statements of known data concerning the situation, including enemy and friendly Page - 18

dispositions, available troops, unit strengths, and materiel readiness. - S1 units.

- Personnel status of organization, subordinate units, and attached and supporting

Manning (quality of life, personnel service support (PSS), and health service support (HSS) portions of sustain the soldiers and systems). Personnel strengths and morale Replacements and medical return to duty Critical shortages - S2

- S3

Battlefield Area Evaluation (BAE) Terrain analysis Current weather Known enemy information

- Mission and commander's intent (one and two levels up) - Current task organization (two levels down) - Current unit status (assigned, attached, or supporting) - Unit locations - Unit combat capabilities - Unit activities - Combat support - Other unit information (flank units, supporting units, higher's uncommitted units) - Radiation exposure status (before operation) - Time

- S4

- Provide current assessment of the logistic situation of the organization, subordinate units, and attached and supporting units Running Staff Estimate At different times, information can be either fact or assumption. As new information becomes available, assumptions become facts, or the staff modifies or discards them. As assumptions change, the staff reassesses their influence or potential solutions COAs. The staff must clearly understand the concepts and roles of facts and assumptions. - Has a previous assumption been turned into a fact? Is that fact now going to require a change of to the operation because it now proves a previous assumption no longer valid.

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ASSUMPTIONS Replace necessary but missing facts. Assumptions may also be required for facts that change due to the time difference between receipt of the mission and the time of execution. An assumption is considered valid if: - The situation will exist when the plan becomes an order. (For OPLANs) - It is essential to the solution of the problem. - The results of your plan would change if the assumptions were not made. - S1

Manning (quality of life, personnel service support (PSS), and health service support (HSS) portions of sustain the soldiers and systems). - Percent fill of force - Status of critical MOSs - Replacement flow - Medical evacuation capability - Hospital support capability - Human factors - S2

- Terrain - Best avenues - Best defensible ground - Proposed FEBA/LD - Effects of terrain on both enemy and friendly - Complete MCOO - Effects of weather - Enemy forces - Develop possible enemy COA - Determine enemy capabilities (EW, CI, FA, ADA, Air, NBC) - Anticipate enemy objectives, missions and intentions - Enemy vulnerabilities - Personnel strength - Combat effectiveness - Logistical capabilities - Own capabilities - Status of intelligence support - Organic & supporting collection assets - Effects of AO on enemy COA

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ASSUMPTIONS (Continued) - S3

- Status of maneuver forces - Status of combat support units - Fire support (include Tac Air) - Air defense support - Chemical (include Decon, and offensive support) - Engineer support - Electronic warfare support - General aviation support - Military police capabilities - Battlefield circulation control and security of MSRs - Prisoners of war - Rear area operations center - Command posts - Signal capabilities (MSE, TACSAT) - Time

- S4

- Discuss differences between the current logistic status in the functional areas identified above and the anticipated status of the organization at the time it begins the operation.

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Additional Staff MA Actions / Considerations S3 PLANS: - “Pull” order from BDE JCDB and post higher order in S3 Plans MCS-L staff section folders for distribution. - Prepares planning area with maps, imagery, computers, and other planning materials. - Makes 2 copies of the higher OPORD and posts one copy in the Master Orders Book. - Makes 4 copies of the higher base OPORD and provides them to the Cdr, XO, S-3, and A/S3. - If required, provides maps to the Cdr, XO, and S-3. - Begins filling out pre-formatted OPORD headers/footers and OPORD slides using the higher HQ order and initial guidance from the S3. - Posts proposed time schedules after they are developed by the XO. - Gains S3 approval for WARNO#1 and issues it to the battalions NLT X+00:30. Staff: - Reviews higher HQ order. - Completes Mission Analysis products shared on the S3 Plans MCS-L. - Assist S2 in the initial IPB. - Provides products to S3 Plans shared Mission Analysis folders: S2: - Prepares / posts MCOO. - Post enemy situation map though network meeting onto the S3 Plans LSD. - Post weather/light data. - Determines enemy courses of action (to include their objectives). - Identifies HVT’s associated with each enemy COA. - Determines any specified or implied intelligence and reconnaissance tasks. - Determines status of collection assets. - Determines intelligence gaps and shortfalls (to include RFIs). - Together with the S3, recommends initial CCIR. - Priority Intelligence Requirements (PIR). - Friendly Force Intelligence Requirements (FFIR). - Essential Elements of Friendly Information (EEFI). S3 Plans: - Posts OPORD name and number. - Posts OPORD annex responsibilities. - Identifies maneuver specified and implied tasks; collects specified and implied tasks from the other BFAs. - Identifies assumptions; collects others from staff. - Collects RFIs. - Determines current combat power and available assets.. - Determines status of subordinate units and their activities. - Recommends tentative task organization changes. - Identifies mission and intent two levels up. - Identifies maneuver constraints and limitations; collects others from the other BFAs. - Reviews overall deception plan. - Determine recommended FFIR and EEFI FFIR  Significant change in combat power  A battalion dropping below amber status  Status of weapons/C4ISR system assets  Loss of the Q-36/Q-37 radar  Loss of reconnaissance assets

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EEFI  Location of our BSA  Location of our reserve  Location of main defensive positions  Q-36/Q-37 radar location  Point of penetration

S3: - Identifies purpose of the operation and the mission essential task(s). - Produces restated mission. - Who, what, when, where, why - Task and purpose - Nested with higher HQ's mission and, if not the main effort, with the main effort ECOORD: - Identifies assets available, support relationships, location, and status - Identifies radar status and location. - Determines fire support capabilities, to include Class V. - Determines the higher headquarters' intent for fires. - Determines the ARFOR fire support plan. - Identifies priority of fires. - Identifies / coordinates fire support coordination measures. - Determines high payoff targets (HPTs) by critical event. - Identifies the protected target list and other restrictive fire control measures. - Identify restrictions. - Identify IO assets available, support relationships, locations and status. - Determine IO information requirements. - Provide IO impact to IPB, initial recon tasks, and enemy COA’s. - Determines available engineer assets and their status. - Identifies engineer augmentation requirements. - Identifies the detailed capabilities of engineer available assets - Conducts the engineer battlefield assessment. - Determines enemy mobility, countermobility, and survivability assets and options. - Determines the air defense assets available and their status and their capabilities. - Assists S2 with Air IPB. - Determines current control measures for ADA assets (ADW / WCS). - Assists S2 to develop the enemy air template and order of battle. NBC NCO: - Determines NBC asset availability and status. - Analyzes the NBC threat. - Identifies decontamination resources and options. - Conduct NBC IPB with S2. - Conduct NBC Vulnerability Analysis. - Plan NBC Reconnaissance and Surveillance Ops. - Plan NBC decontamination sustainment ops. - Plan obscurant ops. - Plan contamination avoidance ops. S1: - Determines the personnel status of organic and attached units. - Identifies forecasted replacements and replacement priorities. - Identifies personnel show stoppers and critical shortages. - Determines the ROE. MEDO: - Identifies treatment/evacuation status. - Develops casualty estimate. - Determines the higher headquarters' CASEVAC plan. S4: - Determines current maintenance status. Page - 23

- Determines forecasted vehicle and weapons status. - Determines supply status of all classes of supply, especially III, IV, and V. - Determines transportation assets available. - Determines BSA situation. - Determines MSR/ASR status. S6: - Determines communications maintenance status. - Asses impact of the operation to the C4ISR network. - Identifies higher headquarters' signal plan. - Identifies signal assets, to include T-Rex, TACSAT, and NCS. - Determines augmentation/outside agency communications interface. - Determines required/available C2 nodes. XO: - Supervises the mission analysis process. - Conducts time analysis. Produces time schedule with four concurrent timelines: - Enemy - Friendly - TLP - Logistics - Assists the S2 with the IPB. - Conducts risk analysis. This includes: - Tactical risk. - Force protection.

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MA Briefing Format Briefer

Subject 1. Purpose and Agenda SXO 2. Area of operations and area of interest 1. Initial intelligence estimate a. Country Study / background b. Weather analysis S2 c. Terrain analysis (areas of operations & interest & AoA d. Threat Order of Battle, Capabilities, Vulnerabilities e. Threat integration w/threat COA model, timelines & enemy Cdr DPs 1. Mission of higher HQs 2. Intent of higher CDR (higher & next higher Cdrs) 3. Facts S3 4. Assumptions 5. Limitations on the operation 6. Specified tasks 7. Implied tasks 1. Assets Available 2. Facts / Assumptions 3. Constraints / Limitations ECOORD 4. Specified / Implied Tasks 5. Recommended EFETs 6. Civil-Military Considerations 1. Assets Available 2. Facts / Assumptions S1/S4 3. Constraints / Limitations 4. Specified / Implied Tasks 5. CSS Show Stoppers 1. Assets Available 2. Facts / Assumptions S6 3. Constraints / Limitations 4. Specified / Implied Tasks * Attachments and Special Staff Brief as required based on METT-T S3 1. Essential Tasks XO 1. Proposed restated mission and timeline

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Commanders Guidance INTELLIGENCE EN COA’s to Consider EN Critical Decision Points PIR (CCIR) HVT’s Targeting Guidance Define Enemy Cdr’s Mission Define Enemy Cdr’s Method ISR Guidance Terrain & Weather Factors to Consider MANEUVER Initial Intent Purpose / Key Tasks / Endstate Concept of Operation Decisive Point COA Development Guidance ISR Guidance and Priorities Critical Events Number of COA’s (CDR Focused COA) Shaping Operations Decisive Operations (Defeat Mechanism) Sustainment Operations Task & Purpose of Subordinate Units Reserve Guidance Composition FFIR (CCIR) Surveillance Troop Asset Guidance (GSR / REMBASS / Prophet / TUAV / NBC-R) FIRES AND EFFECTS HPT’s Desired Effects Restrictions Coordination Measures Protected Target List TUAV – A2C2 Considerations Radar Zone Management / Considerations (NFAs / CFZs / Other) Priorities of Fires Mortar Guidance Military Deception Guidance. EEFI (CCIR) OPSEC / EW / PSYOPS / HUMINT Considerations PAO / Media Considerations Command Message Theme > Target M / CM / S Mobility / Counter-mobility/ Survivability TUAV LRS Locations / Improvements ENG Assets Available FASCAM Use and Duration (MOPMS, WAM, ADAM/RAAM, VOLCANO, GATOR). MOPP Posture. NBC Recon Guidance (Nuclear / BIO / Chem) AIR DEFENSE Protection priorities ADA Weapons Control Status Page - 26

COMBAT SEVICE SUPPORT Guidance for CSS Location of CSS Security Considerations MEDEVAC Evacuation Guidance LOGPAC Considerations MSR’s and How to Protect MP / Battlefield Circulation Control (BCC) Considerations Priorities of Support (Cl III / Cl V / Med / Maint) COMMAND AND CONTROL ROE Commander Location / CP Positioning Guidance (TAC / TOC / CTCP) TREX Positioning / Security LNO Guidance Day / Night Recognition Signals Force Protection Guidance / Acceptable Risk Type of Order and Rehearsal Specific Signal Guidance (NCS-E / ASIP / HF Radio / TACSAT)

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WARNO #2 to OPORD #____

________________ CLASSIFICATION

1. SITUATION. a. Most likely enemy course of action. (Include sketch)

b. Most dangerous enemy course of action

c. SBCT mission.

d. SBCT Commander’s intent.

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Copy __ of __ Copies _________________ DTG: ____________

2. MISSION.

3. EXECUTION. Initial Commander’s Intent.

a. General Concept of Operation.

b. Troop Mission / Task / Purpose, and AO.

c. General Concept of Effects.

5. CHANGES TO WARNORD #1.

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6. SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS.

7. TIMELINE. LD/Defend NLT: __________ Final Zero/Boresight:__________ SQDN Rehearsal: __________ SQDN OPORD: __________ Note: Mark changes with *. ACKNOWLEDGE

TAA / Attack Position: Final Resupply: Orders Complete:

________ LTC OFFICIAL ________ S3

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__________ __________ __________

Develop Course of Action - Restate Mission - Review Commanders guidance - Initial intent - Purpose of the operation - Method (reconnaissance or security phases and relationship to SBCT mission) - End state - CDR Focused COA - NBC - Time - Areas where risk will be acceptable - Preliminary guidance on deception planning (target and objective) - Command and control arrangements - Specific guidance on a portion of the battlefield - Assumptions - Size, type and composition of reserve - Commander critical information requirements (CCIR) - Combat service support instructions - Other areas important to the commander The COA should include these 5 elementsWHAT – the type of reconnaissance, security, or economy of force action. The what consists of the mission essential task(s) for the unit. WHEN – the time action will begin or must be completed by; e.g., on order, D-day, H-hour, or a specified date-time group. WHERE – the assigned AO, such as assigned areas, sectors, zones, or AO. WHY – the purpose of the operation (how it enables SBCT operation). HOW – the method of conducting the operation using major available assets. Only major significant items of the BOSs should be addressed, not the routine use of assets. The tasks and purpose for the decisive and shaping efforts should be cited. The COA must meet these tests to be consideredIs the COA suitable? Will it actually accomplish the mission when carried out successfully? Is it aimed at the correct objectives? Does it focus on the restated mission? Does it comply with the higher commander’s intent? Does it follow the unit commander’s guidance? Suitability analysis largely correlates to the “art” of war since it primarily depends on the commander’s or senior staff officer’s knowledge and opinion.

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Develop Course of Action (Continued) - Is the COA feasible? - Does the unit have the required resources (personnel, transportation, resupply, facilities, and so on)? - Can resources be made available in the time contemplated? - If conditions change significantly, will the unit’s future capability be negated? - Feasibility analysis is a qualitative measurement of a concept. It largely correlates to the “science” of war in that it primarily involves measurements such as time, space, and means. - Is the COA acceptable? - Even though the action will accomplish the mission and the unit either possesses or controls the required resources, is executing that course of action worth the cost in terms of possible losses of personnel, time, materiel, and position? - Acceptability analysis is largely an intuitive process based on experience expertise, and a firm understanding of the current situation. - Is the COA complete? - Is the COA technically complete. - Does the COA adequately answer what, when, where, why and how? Array Initial Forces Used to determine the force necessary to ID, locate, track, and defeat each threat element - Determine the ratio of friendly forces required - Determine the size of unit to be arrayed Consider all appropriate avenues / areas and array recce sections / assets - Determine a proposed AO - Develop the deception story - Make initial array (Generic ground, w/o regard to Task Organization)

Determine Size

- Allocate units required to accomplish the mission in relationship to threat force. Use standard symbols in Troop boxes - This ratio considers terrain and mission but not weather, initiative, surprise, logistics, or combat effectiveness intangibles (leadership, training, morale, and skill).

Determine Area of Operation

- Usually from higher - This graphic control measure is the expected point of initial contact and is where the initial array of friendly forces begins

Develop the deception story

- The info that must be presented to the enemy intel systems to cause him to execute the action stated in your commanders deception objective. FM 90-2 - Formulate the story’s major elements before developing any COA. - The operations and intelligence officer cooperate on this

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Make Initial Array of Friendly Forces

Reconnaissance / Surveillance Capabilities Routes: Reconnoiter up to nine routes simultaneously. Recce NAIs / TAIs Coverage: Reconnaissance or Surveillance of up to eighteen designated areas simultaneously (through OP occupation or dismounted patrols).

Sensor NAIs / TAIs Coverage: MASINT – Surveillance of up to three designated areas in time. SIGINT – Surveillance of three designated areas for LOB, or one designated area for SIGINT Cut or DF. IMINT – Surveillance of up to two designated area IAW TUAV MGT Cycle. NBC-R – Reconnaissance of up to three designated chemical NAIs (individual FOX vehicles require security element). More NAIs / TAIs can be designated, however they must be prioritized with realistic “time ontime off” in order to properly manage ISR Collection. Arrayal of forces must include detailed information for BHO / THO to Infantry BNs.

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Develop the Scheme of Maneuver - Uses the initial array as a starting point. - Reevaluate the terrain and enemy. - Reevaluate the force ratio considering: - Risk - Size of threat to be identified - Duration of mission - Ability to infiltrate / exfiltrate - Initiative - Surprise - Logistics - Temp of operation - Consider the impact of shortages and/or uncommitted forces in initial array. - Determine the BHO / THO to defeat mechanism. - Determine the location of the decisive and shaping effort. - Array additional forces. - provide depth or security. - consider how effects can support maneuver forces in various battlefield elements. - consider using combat support to accomplish a particular portion the mission. Phases of Operations to be Considered when Developing COA - Rehearsal - Arrival at APOD - Initial Security Set - Occupation of TAAs / LAs / etc. - Intelligence Hand-over from Forcible Entry Force or EAB Assets - Movement out of TAA / LA / beyond Airhead Line - Route Security - Coordination with forward units (SOF, etc) - Forward Passage of Line - Movement to LD / Operational Movement - Deploy in AO / zone / area / sector - Infiltration - Conduct of ISR Operations - Occupation of OPs - Conduct of Mounted / Dismounted Reconnaissance Patrols - Employment of Effects (Shaping Operations) - Battle Handover (BHO) / Target Handover (THO) to decisive force - Consolidation and reorganization - Security / continuation / transition to next operation Determine Command and Control - Boundaries, Axis of Advance, NAIs / TAIs / Objectives, ORPs, OP Locations, Phase lines, Assembly Areas, Fire control measures. - Overuse of control measures can produce indecision, confusion, and fear and cause commanders to lose the initiative, which could cause the mission to fail.

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Prepare COA Statements and Sketches - The sketch provides a picture of the statement. - The COA statement provides the “how” of the operation - Together, the statement and the sketch cover what, when, where, how, and why and should clearly and briefly state: - The operation’s purpose - Squadron’s role in enabling the SBCT decisive effort or decisive action - The scheme of maneuver - The statement also clarifies how maneuver units will execute the higher unit’s mission. Differentiate between linear / non-linear and contiguous / non-contiguous battlefield framework. For clarity, planners enhance the sketch with identifying features (cities, rivers, and so on) Sketch answers: - What (mission, task, and purpose) - Where (orientation) - How Statement answers: - What - When - Where - How - Why Also includes: - Defeat Mechanism - Decisive Action - Shaping Effort - Enabling Action - Security (Flanks, front, rear) - Effects - BHO / THO - Acceptable Risk

Sketch Includes: Threat Disposition / arrayal of forces Graphical Control Measures Tentative Recce Positions Tentative Sensor Positions Mission / Task / Purpose Effects Integration BOS Integration Major obstacles Fire Support Coord Measures Decisive Action BHO / THO graphics Controls for Decisive Action

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Wargaming Wargame to visualize the battlefield - List the advantages and disadvantages as they appear - Assess the feasibility of the COA to see if it meets the requirements of the mission Gather Tools - Update staff estimate (running estimate) - Post the digital overlay / map as necessary - Post threat template - Post the current friendly unit dispositions List the Assumptions "Is the assumption absolutely necessary for the solution of the problem?" - Logical, Realistic, and stated positively - Look at the higher HQs operation plan - Consider: Terrain Weather Threat Force Template Threat COA Time Status of Own Forces Progress of Friendly actions List known Critical Events and Decision Points - Essential tasks - Relate to DPs Sequence of Events to Address (By Phase) - Arrival at APOD - Initial Security Set - Occupation of TAAs / LAs / etc. - Intelligence Hand-over from Forcible Entry Force or EAB Assets - Movement out of TAA / LA / beyond Airhead Line - Route Security - Coordination with forward units (SOF, etc) - Forward Passage of Line - Movement to LD / Operational Movement - Deploy in AO / zone / area / sector - Infiltration - Conduct of ISR Operations - Occupation of OPs - Conduct of Mounted / Dismounted Reconnaissance Patrols - Employment of Effects (Shaping Operations) - Battle Handover (BHO) / Target Handover (THO) to decisive force - Consolidation and reorganization - Security / continuation / transition to next operation List Significant Factors Does the COA- Focus reconnaissance forces at vital points? - Provide balance between observation / coverage and dispersion? - Succeed despite terrain alterations? - Provide proper forces for the terrain and mission? - Facilitate future operations? - Employ OPSEC? - Employ deception? - Exploit enemy vulnerabilities? - Consider flexibility versus enemy options?

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Wargame Method Successive Phase (Belt) technique - Divides the battlefield into areas, by clearly identified phase, that run the width of the sector/zone; it analyzes the sub-component battles sequentially across the width of the sector. Belts may include more than one critical events. Sequence of the wargame is divided into BLUE SET – RED ACTIONS – BLUE RESOLUTION / MITIGATION for each identified phase or belt. Technique to Record the Results Synchronization Matrix Allows the staff to record the results of war gaming and synchronize the COA across time, space and purpose in relation to the enemy’s most likely COA, and can be readily translated into the DST. Matrix Column Titles: Phase of Operation Est StartStop Blue Set

Red Action

Blue Resolution / Mitigation

Branch / Sequel

BOS Synch Matrix Row Titles: 1. BDE Mission / Orientation / Task / Purpose 2. SBCT Maneuver: 1-23 IN / 2-3 IN / 5-20 IN / 1-37 FA / 296 BSB 3. HVTs 4. Decision Points 5. Reconnaissance / Security Focus 6. Primary NAIs / TAIs 7. EAB Intel Assets: Rivet Joint / J-Stars / ARL / GRCS / SOF ODA / EAB HUMINT / IHOL 8. Maneuver (M/O/T/P): SQDN / A / B / C / TUAV / MASINT / SIGINT / NBC-R / Sensor Cross-Cueing 9. Lethal Effects: Focus of Fires / POF / HPTs / Cannon-Rocket (asset / location) / Joint Fires (asset / location) / FSCM-Radar Mgt / Target-Observer-Trigger / PGM codes / Combat Assessment / CM Assets (MOPMs / HORNET / Volcano) / Obstacle Target / ADA / NBC Decon 10. Non-Lethal Effects: Recce HUMINT Focus / THT Focus / CMD MSG / Deception Ops / EW / OPSEC / CA / Psyops / PAO / NGO 11. CSS: Trains Locations / Classes of Supply / LRPs-LOGPACs / Maint / CASEVAC / MSRs-ASRs / External Support / EPW / Mort Affrs / Chaplain / Log DPs 12. Command and Signal: CP locations / TREX locations / TACSAT / HF Freq / SLDR Freq / Network Considerations 13. Tactical / Safety Risk 14. RFIs / Issues / Required Coordination

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Wargame the Operation - Analyzes each selected event by identifying the components of its sub-events or tasks one level down and assets two levels down - Identify how the combat support and combat service support assets support these subevents - Do not consider actions or assets more than two levels down - S2 could play the enemy forces as an adversary Sequence - BLUE SET – Identify start locations / actions for all Blue assets. - RED ACTION - Analyze the threat in relation to the action as well as the units involved. Consider all reasonable enemy reactions including counterattacks from AI - BLUE RESOLUTION / MITIGATION - Develop possible friendly responses to the enemy actions and assets required If you identify an enemy action that would defeat your COA - Develop additional mitigating actions in Branch / Sequel column of matrix - record additional coordination / RFIs at bottom of matrix Identify the assets required for each action or counteraction - If time permits conduct a detailed study of assets - If time does not permit consider main assets - Combat multipliers may include: Service support, Deception, Electronic warfare support (jam, direction finding, intercept), Psychological operations, Ground-emplaced scatterable mines, FASCAM, Military police, and Smoke Wargame results in: - refinements or modifications to the COA - change the decisive and shaping efforts - adjust control measures - identify branches - retain flexibility - identify essential elements of friendly information - used to develop the deception plan - identify tasks for maneuver units - estimate of operation duration of each critical event and the entire operation - identify acceptable and unacceptable risks - estimate km loss or gain - project the percentage of threat destroyed in each critical event and overall - identify required use of other combat capabilities - identify other critical events - awareness of potential nuclear and /or chemical effects - additional requirements for combat support - determine information necessary to plan sequels

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Unopposed Rates of March Terrain Foot Infantry Mechanized Non 4 kmph (day) 24 kmph (day) Restrictive 3.2 kmph (night) 24 kmph (night) Restrictive 2.4 kmph (day) 16 kmph (day) 1.6 kmph (day) 8 kmph (night) Severely 1.0 kmph (day) 1 kmph (day) Restrictive .1 to .5 kmph (night) .1 to .5 kmph (night) Opposed Rates of Advance in (km/hr) (BDE and below) Against a Hasty defense (2 - 12 hours of preparation) Ratio Nonrestrictive Restrictive Severely Restrictive Atk/Def Mech Inf Mech Inf Mech Inf 1:1 1.0 .8 .8 .5 .4 .2 2:1 1.5 1.0 1.0 .7 .6 .3 3:1 2.0 1.2 1.3 .9 .8 .5 4:1 2.4 1.4 1.75 1.1 .9 .8 5:1 2.6 1.6 2.0 1.2 1.0 .9 6+:1 3.0+ 1.7+ 2.3+ 1.3+ 1.1+ 1.0+ Against a Prepared defense (24 hours of preparation) Ratio Nonrestrictive Restrictive Atk/Def Mech Inf Mech Inf 1:1 .6 .5 .5 .3 2:1 .9 .6 .6 .4 3:1 1.2 .7 .75 .5 4:1 1.4 .8 1.0 .6 5:1 1.5 .9 1.1 .7 6+:1 1.7+ 1.0+ 1.3+ .8+

Severely Restrictive Mech Inf .15 .1 .3 .2 .5 .3 .5 .5 .6 .5 .6+ .6+

NOTE: Half all movement estimates at night. These rates cannot be maintained for 24 hours. SURPRISE: (Multiply the rates of advance by these figures) - Complete x5 (Germans at the Ardennes in 1944; Arabs in 1973) - Substantial x3 (Germans invasion of Russia 1941; Israeli invasion of Sinai in 1967) - Minor x1.3 (Allied Normandy landing 1944; Pakistani attack on India in 1971)

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WARNO #3 to OPORD #____

________________ CLASSIFICATION

TASK ORGANIZATION:

Enemy Activity Overview

Peculiarities

Weaknesses

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Copy __ of __ Copies 3 / 116 CAV (AR) DTG: ____________ Effective: _________________

Most Likely Course of Action

Composition & Disposition Element % Strength

Composition

Location/ Timeline

Most Dangerous Course of Action

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Disposition

Composition & Disposition Element % Strength

Composition

Location/ Timeline

Terrain Avenues of Approach

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Disposition

Observations & Fields of Fires

Cover & Concealment

Key Terrain

Obstacles

Weather/Light Data Hi / Low BARO / Precipitation Wind / Visibility

Today

24 Hour Forecast

General BMNT SR SS EENT MR MS ILLUM % MISSION

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48 Hour Forecast

EXECUTION Commanders Intent

Sketch

Tasks to Subordinate Units

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Coordinating Instructions PIR

MOPP Level _____ in effect at _________. Air Defense Warning ____________ and Control ____________. Bypass criteria Engagement Priority

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Squadron Operations Order Format Copy _____ of _____ copies HQ 1-14 Cavalry Regiment Fort Lewis, Washington DTG OPERATION ORDER ##-## WARHORSE __________ References: Time Zone Used Throughout the Order: Local. Task Organization: 1. SITUATION. a. Enemy forces. b. Friendly forces. (1) JTF. (a) Mission. (b) Intent. (c) Concept. (2) 3 SBCT. (a) Mission. (b) Intent. (c) Concept. (3) Adjacent Units. 2. MISSION. 1-14 CAV (RSTA) ... 3. EXECUTION. Commander’s Intent: The purpose of this operation is Key Tasks: Endstate: a. Concept of Operations. This is a ____ phase operation. (1) Scheme of Maneuver. Phase I: This phase begins.....This phase consists of ......This phase ends when.... Phase II: Phase III: (2) Scheme of Fires. (a) Task: (b) Purpose: (c) Method: (d) Effect: (3) Scheme of Engineer Support. (a) POE: (b) Engineer assets currently attached to Squadron. (c) Current mission of BDE engineer assets: (d) Action on obstacles: (4) Scheme of ADA Support. (a) ADA Support assigned to BDE: (b) Current ADA status: b. Tasks to maneuver units. Page - 46

(1) A Troop (2) B Troop (3) C Troop (4) D Troop (a) PROPHET focus: (b) REMBASS focus: (c) GSR focus: (d) NBC RECON focus: (1) Sampling operations instructions: (2) Potential chemical NAIs: c. Coordinating instructions. (1) Timeline. (2) CCIR. (a) PIR. (b) FFIR. (c) EEFI. (3) Direct fire engagement criteria: (4) Actions upon COB interaction: (5) MOPP ___ in effect. (6) Recognition Signals for Passage of lines: Day Far: Near: Night Far: Near: 4. SERVICE AND SUPPORT. Concept of Support. a. Material and Services. (1) Supply. (a) Class I. (b) Class II. (c) Class III. (d) Class IV. (e) Class V. (f) Class VI-IX. (2) Maintenance. (3) Transportation. b. Medical evacuation and hospitalization. c. Personnel. d. Civil Military. e. As Required. 5. COMMAND AND SIGNAL. a. Command. (1) CP Locations: TOC TAC (2) The SCO and S-3 will be located: The SXO will be located: (3) The succession of command is as follows: b. Signal. (1) Retrans Locations: (2) TACSAT and HF Radio procedures. ACKNOWLEDGE: Page - 47

SCO

OFFICIAL: S3 ANNEXES Annex A Task Organization Annex B Intelligence Annex C Operations Overlay Annex D Fire Support Appendix 1 HPT List/TGT SYNC Matrix Appendix 2 Target List Appendix 3 Field Artillery Support Plan

Appendix 4 Target Number Assignments Annex E Rules of Engagement (ROE) Annex F Engineer Annex G Air Defense Annex H Signal Annex I Service Support Appendix 1 Service Support Overlay Appendix 2 Traffic Circulation and Control Tab A Traffic Circulation (Overlay) Tab B Road Movement Table Tab C Highway Regulations Appendix 3 Personnel Appendix 4 Legal Appendix 5 Religious Support Annex J Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (NBC) Operations Annex K Airspace Command and Control (AC2) Risk Assessment Worksheet

* Annexes follow respective formats as described in FM 101-5 ** Risk Assessment Worksheet completed IAW FM 100-14

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Commander’s Confirmation Backbrief Format 1. Squadron Commander’s Intent: _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. Squadron Concept of Operations:

3. Troop Specified Tasks / Purpose: T:____________________________________________________________ P:____________________________________________________________ T:____________________________________________________________ P:____________________________________________________________ T:____________________________________________________________ P:____________________________________________________________ T:____________________________________________________________ P:____________________________________________________________ 4. Relationship between adjacent Troops / Units: _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 5. Tentative Troop Timeline: * OPORD: ________________ * Rehearsal:_______________ 6. Initial Concerns / RFIs.

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SQUADRON REHEARSALS The SQDN will always conduct a rehearsal, regardless of time constraint. Plan and coordinate a specific security plan for all rehearsals. Designate a security OIC/NCOIC for the rehearsal. Types of rehearsals: The Commander determines which type of rehearsal to conduct based on time and resources available. - Full Rehearsal. Every soldier and system participating in the operation conducts this rehearsal. Because of the demand on time and resources, the Squadron will typically rehearse only the decisive point(s) in the operation and actions on the objective. This rehearsal is conducted over a terrain model in the vicinity of the SQDN TOC. - Key Leader Rehearsal. This type of rehearsal involves only the Squadron and subordinate unit key leaders. The commander decides the level of leader involvement. This rehearsal is also conducted over a terrain model in the vicinity of the SQDN TOC. - Terrain Model Rehearsal. The Squadron conducts this rehearsal when time is limited and rehearsing on the actual terrain is not possible. The CDR identifies critical events to rehearse. At a minimum, the terrain model consists of a blow up of the objective with all graphic control measures (including fire control measures) and decision points marked with a large blue star. The standard attendees to this rehearsal are: SQDN CDR XO CSM S3 AS3 S2 S2 Tech

ECOORD S4 S6 MEDO TRP CDRs TRP FSOs Attachment Leaders

The recorder for the rehearsal is the TOC NCO or the AS3. The recorder maintains a list of issues and updates the execution checklist based on the rehearsal. The standard agenda (and briefing order) for the rehearsal follows: XO S3 SQDN CDR (or S3) S3 S2 Troop CDRs Troop FSOs ECOORD S4 MEDO S6 XO

Roll Call Review BDE / SQDN mission, terrain / AO orientation Review Commander’s Intent SQDN Task, Purpose, and concept for the first phase / critical event Current enemy situation / action for phase Mission, orientation, task, purpose, and scheme of maneuver Task, purpose, and scheme of fires / EFET support SQDN EFETs, task, purpose, scheme of effects Task, purpose, and scheme of CSS Task, purpose, and scheme of medical support/CASEVAC Task, purpose, and scheme of signal support; location of C2 Identify / Resolve Issues, Capture RFIs

Order continues through all phases / critical events… SQDN CDR XO

Specific guidance not already briefed Reviews timeline and gives PLGR time hack

d. Sketch Map Rehearsal. Conducted in the same manner as the terrain model rehearsal above, with a large sketch in place of the model. This may be used when time is critical or when inclement weather precludes a planned outdoor terrain model rehearsal. The Page - 50

sketch must be large enough for all participants to view. e. Map Rehearsal. Conducted in the same manner as the sketch map rehearsal, except the commander will use the map and operations overlay as a visual aid to the rehearsal. This rehearsal type is most effective when conducted at a vantage point overlooking the terrain in the area of operations. f. Radio Rehearsal. Conducted over radio. The rehearsal proceeds in a sequence of events that the commander establishes.

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Squadron Command and Control

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TOC Perimeter

TOC Manning Page - 59

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Squadron Digital Network

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SQUADRON VOICE NETWORK

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Commander’s SITREP Format

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Reference Data Sheets Planning Ranges - Threat T80 (AT-8)...........................4000m T80......................................2400m T72......................................2000m T64......................................2000m T62......................................1600m T55......................................1500mm AT-3.....................................500m - 3000m AT-4.....................................70m - 2000m AT-5.....................................100m - 4000m AT-6.....................................500m - 5000m AT-7.....................................1000m AT-8.....................................4000m RPG 7..................................500m Stat 300m Mov RPG 16................................800m Stat 500m Mov RPG 18................................200m RPG 22................................250m MT 12..................................1000m SPG 9..................................1000m AGS 17 GL..........................800m Point 1200m Area 14.5 MG...............................2000m 73mm..................................800m 30mm..................................2500m 100mm BMP 3....................2000m 120mm Mort.......................5700m D30......................................15,300m 2S1(RAP)............................20,500m 2S1......................................15,300m 2S3......................................17.2km - 20.5km BM-21..................................30,000m 2S5 (RAP)...........................33,000m 2S5......................................28,000m FROG - 7.............................70,000m

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Threat Reconnaissance Asset Capabilities Summary

Distance in Kilometers 10

100

200

400

800

No Limit

1. Satellite 2. Aerial a. Photographic Reconnaissance b. UAV (RPV and Drone) 3. Electronic Intercept and Direction Finding Against a. Artillery and Air Defense Radars b. VHF/UHF (low / high power) c. HF Ground Wave d. HF Sky Wave e. Airborne Radar and Communications

600 300+ 25 30

80 80+ No Limit

(Visual Limits)

4. Special Reconnaissance a. Theater SPF Assets b. OSC SPF Assets c. Division LRR Company

100-500+ 100-500 100

5. Mechanized Reconnaissance a. IRPs from Division Reconnaissance Battalion b. IRPs from Brigade Reconnaissance Company 6. Artillery Observation a. Surveillance and Countermortar/ Counterbattery Radars b. Sound Ranging c. Flash Spotting d. RPV

50+ 50

20+ 25 (Visual Limits)

Ops 6-x Effective ranges of reconnaissance means (24 Jan 01)

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THREAT ATTACK Integrated Attack. Integrated attack is an offensive action where the OPFOR seeks military decision by destroying the enemy’s will and/or ability to continue fighting through the application of joint and combined arms effects. Integrated attack is also known as a massed attack because it takes place under conditions where the OPFOR enjoys significant overmatch in combat power in relation to its opponent and is able to bring all elements of offensive combat power to bear. Dispersed Attack. Dispersed attack (also known as decentralized attack) is the primary manner in which the OPFOR conducts offensive action when threatened by a superior enemy and/or when unable to mass or provide integrated C 2 to an attack. This is not to say that the dispersed attack cannot or should not be used against peer forces, but as a rule integrated attack will more completely attain objectives in such situations. Limited-Objective Attack. A limited-objective attack seeks to achieve results critical to the SCP or operation plan by denying the enemy a particular capability he needs to execute his own plans. This may or may not be a particular manmade system or group of systems, but may also be the enemy’s capability to take action at his chosen tempo. There are four types of limited-objective attack: sophisticated ambush, raid, spoiling attack, and counterattack. Sophisticated Ambush. A sophisticated ambush is the linking in time and task of RISTA; strike assets; and window of opportunity to destroy key enemy systems or cause politically unacceptable casualties. It goes after a key enemy element that, if destroyed, will significantly affect the enemy’s center of gravity and degrade his will or ability to fight.

Raid. A raid is very similar to a sophisticated ambush and conducted under the same conditions. Like a sophisticated ambush, a raid also involves the linking in time and task of RISTA, strike assets, and window of opportunity to attack key enemy targets. However, the target of a raid is stationary, and the raiding force returns to friendly areas after the completion of the mission. Quite often, a raid will be conducted as a disrupting or misleading component of an IW plan surrounding another operation. A raid is not always accomplished by maneuver; for example, it may be an artillery raid. Spoiling Attack. A spoiling attack is designed to control the tempo of combat by disrupting the timing of enemy operations. This is accomplished by attacking during the planning and preparation for the enemy’s own offensive operations. Spoiling attacks are actually executed using one of the other types of offensive action as the base method: integrated attack, dispersed attack, sophisticated ambush, or raid. Counterattack. A counterattack is designed to cause an enemy offensive operation to Page - 73

culminate and allow the OPFOR to return to offensive operations. A counterattack is designed to control the tempo of operations by returning the initiative to the OPFOR. Strike A strike is an operational-level missioncarefully planned, based around an opportunity that is deliberately created, in most cases, by an OSCbut executed by tactical-level forces. It seeks to achieve operational decision through rapid destruction of a key enemy organization through a synergistic combination of massed precision fires and maneuver. A strike differs from other types of offensive action in that it focuses on the complete, devastating destruction of a particular enemy formation in a small span of time. The primary objective of a strike is the enemy’s will and ability to fight. The OPFOR recognizes that modern militaries cannot rapidly reconstitute entire combat formations and that significant destruction is both capable of removing all momentum possessed by a combat formation and eliminating support at home for continued combat operations.

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THREAT DEFENSE Maneuver Defense In situations where the OPFOR is not completely overmatched, it may conduct an operational maneuver defense. This type of defense is designed to achieve operational decision through primarily military means by forcing the enemy’s offensive operations to culminate before achieving his own objectives. It can also economize force in less important areas while the OPFOR moves additional forces onto the most threatened axes. As an extraregional enemy builds combat power to overmatch levels, but before the OPFOR is completely overmatched, maneuver defense can buy time for other forces to move into sanctuary areas and prepare for adaptive operations. Maneuver defenses are almost always force-oriented. They are almost always integrated defenses as part of linear operations. Decentralized maneuver defenses typically occur as part of transition operations, as an extraregional power begins to damage OPFOR C2 systems. Defensive Lines. The basis of maneuver defense is for units to conduct maneuver from position to position on a succession of defensive lines. In this case, the “line” defended on is not a continuous line of defenses, but rather a notional line on which one or more units have orders to defend for a certain time at a certain depth within a unit’s AOR. The OPFOR accepts large intervals between defensive positions on such a line. Part of the line may consist of natural or manmade obstacles or of deception defensive positions. The number of lines and duration of defense on each line depend on the nature of the enemy’s actions, the terrain, and the condition of the defending units. Defensive Maneuver. Defensive maneuver consists of movement by bounds and the maintenance of continuous fires on enemy forces. The defending force must divide its combat power into two smaller elements: a contact force and a shielding force. The contact force is the element occupying the forward-most defensive line at any point in time. The shielding force is the element occupying the next line immediately to the rear. At each line, the contact force ideally forces the enemy to deploy his maneuver units and perhaps begin his artillery preparation for the attack. Then, before the contact force becomes decisively engaged, it maneuvers to its next preplanned line, behind the line occupied by the shielding force. While the original contact force is moving, the shielding force is able to keep the enemy under continuous fires. When the original contact force passes to the rear of the original shielding force, the latter force becomes the new contact force. When the original contact force occupies its next line, it becomes the shielding force for the new contact force. In this manner, units continue to move by bounds to successive lines, preserving their own forces while delaying and destroying the enemy. Long-range fires, smoke, and obstacles can delay pursuing enemy units and assist OPFOR units in breaking contact and withdrawing. Area Defense In situations where the OPFOR must deny key areas (or the access to them) or where it is overmatched, it may conduct an operational area defense. Area defense is designed to achieve operational decision in one of two ways: Page - 75

• Through primarily military means by forcing the enemy’s offensive operations to culminate before he can dominate the key area or gain full access to it. • By preserving combat power until decision can be achieved through strategic operations. Area defense is designed to absorb the enemy’s attack. It may or may not be force-oriented. The OPFOR may set up an area defense to protect critical assets (such as SSMs). However, the purpose of the area defense may be to retain an area of complex terrain that affords an advantage to the OPFOR. This same terrain may contribute to the success of the area defense. The area defense does not surrender the initiative to the attacking forces, but takes action to create windows of opportunity that permit forces to attack key enemy systems and cause unacceptable casualties among his soldiers. Extended windows of opportunity permit the action of maneuver forces to prevent destruction of key positions and facilitate transition to an offensive action. Area defense inflicts losses on the enemy, retains ground, and protects friendly forces. It does so by occupying battle positions in complex terrain and dominating the surrounding battlespace with fire. It creates windows of opportunity in which to conduct spoiling attacks or counterattacks and destroy key enemy systems. In the course of an area defense, the OSC tries to canalize the enemy onto terrain that exposes his formations, ensuring favorable conditions for his total or partial destruction by fire or by counterattack. An area defense trades time for the opportunity to conduct a counterattack against an attacking enemy. A skillfully conducted area defense can allow a significantly weaker force to defeat a stronger enemy force. However, the area defense relies to a significant degree on the availability of complex terrain and decentralized logistics.

Page - 76

Battlefield Operating Systems General descriptions – Battlefield operating systems (BOSs) are major functional systems used to synchronize battlefield operations. To develop fully integrated battle plans, planning staffs must be familiar with each of the following BOSs, their respective roles, and how they interface. Maneuver – Maneuver is the movement of combat elements into locations to attain positional advantage and to bring their direct and indirect fires to bear on the enemy with the greatest effectiveness. The maneuver operating system normally includes infantry, armor, and Army aviation units. Fire Support – Fire support (FS) assets are positioned to mass lethal fires throughout the depth of the battlefield, to be responsive to multiple targets, and to be able to rapidly shift priority of fires. Field artillery (FA); mortars; Army and Air Force air support; naval gunfire (NGF) (when available); electronic warfare (EW); psychological operations (PSYOPS); and nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) elements constitute the FS operating system. Air Defense – Air defense (AD) assets provide early identification and destroy enemy aircraft to protect the integrity of the tactical force. The AD operating system includes AD units and air interdiction, plus organic, individual air defense artillery (ADA) resources. Intelligence – Intelligence and electronic warfare (IEW) assets provide critical intelligence and facilitate effective electronic warfare (EW) against enemy command and control (C2) systems and tactical forces. The intelligence operating system consists of military intelligence (MI) units, EW units, and tactical reconnaissance and counter-reconnaissance assets. Mobility and survivability – Engineer assets enhance friendly mobility and survivability while encumbering mobility for the enemy (countermobility). Engineer units, FA, close air support (CAS), NBC, and military police (MP) constitute mobility and survivability. Combat service support – The combat service support (CSS) operating system sustains combat operations throughout the depth of the battlefield in sufficient quantity and with flexibility. Command and control – The C2 operating system enables the commander to obtain timely information, facilitate responsive decisions, communicate his orders, and ensure compliance. Command posts (CPs) and communication units are key components of the C2 operating system. MP units are also used to control movement and to facilitate rear security.

Page - 77

Task & Purpose Terms Types of Operations Attack Movement to Contact Counter-mobility Relief in Place Exploitation

Counterattack Retrograde Survivability Raid Breakout

Defend Mobility River Crossing Pursuit

Tactical Tasks ENEMY Assault Block Bypass Canalize Contain Demonstrate Destroy Exploit Feint Fix Interdict Neutralize Pursue Penetrate Suppress Attack by Fire Recon Rupture

TERRAIN Clear Retain Secure Seize Recon

FRIENDLY Follow and Support Displace Guard Exfiltrate Infiltrate Occupy Overwatch Screen Breach Support by Fire Disengage

Tactical Purposes Prevent Envelop Influence

Open Create Deceive

Draw Enable Cause

Page - 78

Allow Surprise Support

Divert Deny

Tactical Shorthand Maneuver:Mobility/CMOB/Surviability T..............Traveling TO...........Traveling Overwatch BO...........Bounding Overwatch BX...........Box DI............Diamond W............Wedge V.............Vee CC...........Combat Column CATK......Counter Attack CORD.....Coordinate EST.........Establish CTP.........Contact Point CP...........Check Point ORT........Orient

B.............Breach A.............Assault S.............Support CMOB X..............Execute G.............Guard E.............Emplace ST...........Site CF...........Cover by Fire Survivability:. D.............Dozer Assigned Priority.....1, 2, 3 Time Allotted

Defense: O.............Occupy P.............Prepare R.............Recon EC...........Engage Criteria TL............Trigger Line DC...........Disengage Criteria

Fire Support SE...........Series GP...........Group PT...........Priority Target MP...........Mortar Priority Tgt FPF.........Final Protective Fire MFPF......Mortar FPF LT............Linear Target AH...........Attack Helicopter AF...........Air Force NG..........Naval Gun FC...........FASCAM

Page - 79

SOLDIER’S LOAD Basic Gear

Item M4 BDUs w/Boots MRE MOLLE w/o water 1 qt Canteen w/water Personal Hydration System 2 Ammo pouches 2 Frag Grenades 7 5.56mm magazines Bayonet NVGs Protective Equipment Protective Mask CPOG Helmet Protective Vest Poncho Poncho Liner Clothing Gortex Jacket Watch Cap Ruck Sack w/frame Assault Pack Rain Gear Sleeping Bag Mines/Hvy Weapons M240 Machine Gun Javelin / AT-4 Trip Flare Parchute Flare M14 AP mine M16 AP mine Claymore M21 AT mine Smoke Grenade

Weight 6.4lb 8.2lb 1.47lb 1.6lb 3.5lb 10.5lb .5lb 2lb 7lb 1.3lb 3lb 3.1lb 6lb 1.7lb 1.6lb 3lb .26lb 6.3lb 2.5lb 2.5lb 5.5lb 14.8lb 1.95lb 1lb .49lb 11.2lb 3.5lb 22.7lb 2.56lb

Page - 80

Planning Factors / Technical Data Planning Ranges - Friendly Forces M2 (.50 Cal).........................1830m / 1500m Mk19 (40mm) .....................2212m / 1500m M4 (5.56mm).......................500m M240 (7.62mm)...................900m M203....................................350m (38m min) Javelin................................2000m AT-4.....................................400m M120 (120mm)....................7200m (200m) M18A1 (Claymore).............50m (60 deg / 50m) M1A1...................................2800m M1........................................2500m TOW II.................................65m - 3750m Stinger 5000m 25mm..................................2500m M109....................................18,100m M110A2...............................22,900m MLRS..................................30,000m ACE.....................................2 Hasty Posn/hr GEMSS...............................2400m/hr (30/60 w) AVLB...................................15m span SEE.....................................3 Crw Served/hr CEV.....................................1000m MICLIC................................100m x 14m Smoke Gen.........................1 - 2 hr AN-PPS 5............................10 km (Vehicles) 6 km (Personnel) FASCAM 400m X 400m

Page - 81

AH-64 Apache Armament Weapon

Range (meters)

Missile (Hellfire)

8,000

Rocket (Hydra 70, 2.75”)

6,600 – 9,000

Gun (30mm API, HEI)

4,000

Configuration

370

Fuel Consumption Rate (GPH) 142

Duration (hrs + min) 2 + 10

370

142

2 + 10

Missile

Rocket

Gun (rds)

Fuel (gal)

Sct

1,000

Atk

1,000

Co Totals (3 Sct/5 Atk)

104

114

8,000

2,960

Bn Totals (9 Sct/15 Atk)

312

342

24,00 0

8,880

Mission

Optics System

Detect Target (km)

Recognize Vehicle Type (km)

Positively Identify as Friend or Foe (km)

TADS

10 +

8 – 10

5–7

FLIR

10 +

5–6

900 – 1,200 (meters)

Flight Characteristics Max Speed knots / mph / kmph

Normal Cruise knots / mph / kmph

Range mi / km / time

Range w/4 ferry tanks @ 230 gal ea Mi / km / time

164 / 189 / 304

140 / 161 / 259

354 / 570 / 2:10

1450 / 2,330 / 9 hr

Page - 82

OH-58D Kiowa Warrior Armament Weapon Missile (Hellfire)

Range (meters) 8,000

Rocket (Hydra 70, 2.75”)

6,600 – 9,000

Gun (.50 cal)

1,500

Configuration Mission

Either Missile

Or Rocket

Gun (rds)

Fuel (gal)

500 500

107 107

Fuel Consumption Rate (GPH) 50 50

500

107

Sct Sct

Atk

Co Totals (3 Sct/5 Atk)

20 / 26

35 / 0

4,000

856

Bn Totals (9 Sct/15 Atk)

60 / 78

105 / 0

12,00 0

2,568

Duration (hrs + min) 1 + 50 1 + 50 1 + 50

Optics System Thermal Imaging (TIS) Television Sensor (TVS) Laser range finder / designato r

Detect Target (km)

Recognize Vehicle Type (km)

Positively Identify as Friend or Foe (km)

10 +

6–7

4–6

Range 9.9

Flight Characteristics Max Speed Normal Cruise knots / mph / knots / mph / kmph kmph 125 / 144 / 232

Range mi / km / time

Range w/4 ferry tanks @ 230 gal ea Mi / km / time

107

240 / 388 / 1:50

110 / 127 / 204

Page - 83

UH-60 Blackhawk Armament Weapon

Range (meters)

2 x M60D mg (7.62mm)

1,100

Configuration Mission Utility EW (EH-60 Quickfix) Air Amb Assault Co Totals (8 acft – hvy div) (15 acft/ltabn div) Assault Bn Totals (24 acft – hvy div) (38 acft/lt – abn div)

Passenge rs 13 seat/ 22 w/o seats 2 Console Operators 1 medic

External pay load (lbs)

Internal Pay Load (lbs)

Fuel (gal)

Fuel Consumptio n Rate (GPH)

Duration hrs:min

8,000

5,000

370

142

2:10

370

142

2:10

370

142

2:10

2 console s 4 litters

(seated) 104 195

64,000 120,000

40,000 75,000

2,960 5,430

(seated) 312 494

192,000 360,000

120,000 225,000

8,880 13,756

Flight Characteristics Max Speed knots / mph / kmph

Normal Cruise knots / mph / kmph

Range mi / km / time

Range w/4 ferry tanks @ 230 gal ea Mi / km / time

156 / 179 / 289

120 / 138 / 222

304 / 488 / 2:10

1,242 / 1,998 / 9 hr

Page - 84

CH-47D Chinook Armament Weapon

Range (meters)

2 x M60D mg (7.62mm)

1,100

Configuration Mission

Passenge rs

External pay load (lbs)

Med Lift

30 seat 50 w/o seat

normal – 15,000 max – 25,000

Air Amb

2 medic

Refuel FAT COW Med Lift Co Totals (16 acft) Med Lift Bn Total (48 acft/ AASLT div) (64 acft/ corps avn bde)

(seated) 480

normal – 240,000

(seated) 1,440 1,920

normal – 720,000 960,000

Internal Pay Load (lbs) normal – 15,000 max – 25,000 24 litters 4 fuel tanks 4x600 gal normal – 240,000

Fuel (gal)

Fuel Consumptio n Rate (GPH)

Duration hrs:min

1,030

514

2:00

1,030

514

2:00

3,430

514

6:00

16,480

normal – 720,000 960,000

49,400 65,900

Flight Characteristics Max Speed knots / mph / kmph

Normal Cruise knots / mph / kmph

Range mi / km / time

Range w/4 ferry tanks @ 230 gal ea Mi / km / time

170 / 206 / 332

130 / 150 / 240

300 / 483 / 2:00

1,005 / 1,617 / 6:45

Page - 85

Aviation Planning Factors Area

Size Unit

Dimensions

1.5 km – 1.5 km

PZ / LZ

5 acft

UH-60 – 150m – 300m CH-47D – 150m – 450m

FARP

8 UH-60/AH-64 4 CH-47

800m – 400m

Page - 86

Night Acquisition Capabilities System

Device

Planning Range (meters)

Remarks

M1/M1A1

TIS

2,000

Thermal imaging sight

M2/M3

ISU

2,000

Integrated sight unit

Dragon

AN/TAS-5

1,200

Thermal sight

1,200

Moonlight/vehicles replaced AN-TVS 2B

600

Moonlight, personnel

Crew Served (M2 mg) Individual (M16/M60)

AN/TVS-5 AN/PVS-4

Individual

AN/PAS-4

Individual

AN/PVS-7B

Individual

AN/PVS-5

Individual

AN/AAQ-11

M109/M961 ITV/FIST-V

AN/TAS-4/4B

Platoon Early Warning System

AN/TRS-2 PEWS

GSR

AN/PPS-5

GSR

AN/PPS-15

Crew Served

AN/TBS-25

TOW

AN-VAS 12

400 pers 1,000 veh 150 starlight 300 moonlight 50 starlight 150 moonlight

Hand held NVG NVG

See below

Pilot NVS

2,000 +

Used w/TOW missile & G/VLLD

15 covers 250 front; 1,500 from plt 6,000 pers 10,000 veh 1,500 pers 3,000 veh 12,000 pers 15,250 veh 3,000 +

Non-optical remote sensor GSR GSR Min range 450m Thermal TOW sight

Night observation device-long range (NODLR) Detectable permits Infrared aiming sight AN/PAQ-4 150 aimed fire during darkness NOTE: Starlight night vision devices perform poorly in dark, obscured, or adverse weather conditions. Eye fatigue can occur after 3-5 hours. NOD

RN-VAS 11

3,000 +

Page - 87

Tactical Road March March Column - Includes all elements using the same route for a single movement under control of a single commander. Serial - Is organized as a single unit under the commander for purposes of planning, regulation and control. A Task Force is usually a Serial. March Unit - Is a subdivision of a Serial and is normally a squad, section, platoon or company. It moves and halts under control of a single commander using voice, visual, or radio when the others are not possible. Road Gap = is the distance between march units in KM. Time Gap is the time from the rear of one march unit to the beginning of the next. Column Gaps (COLMGP) = March Units - 1 * Time Gap. Determine Vehicles per March Unit Speed - indicates the actual speed of a vehicle at a given moment Pace - is the regulated speed of a column. Rate of March - includes short halts, is the total distance over the total time to be used. Pass Time (PST) - the time it takes a given march unit to pass a specific point Extra time allowance (EXTAL) - is 1 minute per 25 vehicles, rounded up. PST = # of vehicles * 60 + EXTAL Density * speed Time Distance (TDIS) - is the time required to move from one point to another at a given rate of march. Due Time - is the time the first vehicle of a march unit should arrive at a critical point. Arrival Time - is the time the head of the column arrives at the release point. (TDIS + Scheduled halts + SP Time). Clearance Time - is the time at which the last vehicle of a march element passes a critical point. Completion Time - is the time the tail of a column passes the release point. (Arrival time + PST).

Page - 88

Time Distance Calculations Speed Mph Kph 10 mph 16 kmph 15 mph 24 kmph 20 mph 32 kmph 25 mph 40 kmph 30 mph 48 kmph 35 mph 56 kmph 40 mph 65 kmph

Minutes to Travel 1 Kilometer

Minutes to Travel 1 Mile

3:45

6:00

2:30

4:00

1:50

3:00

1:30

2:24

1:15

2:00

1:05

1:43

:55

1:30

Movement Rates Distance Rate of March 60 km/hr

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10,000

50 km/hr

1 1.2

2 2.4

3 3.6

4 4.8

5 6

6 7.2

7 8.4

8 9.6

10 12

40 km/hr

1.5

4.5

7.5

10.5

30 km/hr

2 2.4

4 4.8

6 7.2

8 9.6

10 12

12 14.4

14 16.8

16 19.2

3 4 6 12

6 8 12 24

9 12 18 36

12 16 24 48

15 20 30 60

18 24 36 72

21 28 42 84

24 32 48 96

9 10. 8 13. 5 18 21. 6 27 36 54 108

25 km/hr 20 km/hr 15 km/hr 10 km/hr 5 km/hr

15 20 24 30 40 60 120

Movement Rates Reduced to Minutes km/hr

m/sec

mph

Knots

feet/sec

60 50 40 30 25 20 15 10 5 1

1,000 830 666 500 416 333 250 164 83 16

38 31 25 19 16 13 9 6 3 .6

33 27 21 16 13 11 8 5 3 .5

55 46 36 28 23 18 14 9 5 1

Page - 89

Pass Times 16 Vehicles 50 1 :15 2 :30 3 :45 4 01:00 5 01:15 6 01:30 7 01:45 8 02:00 9 02:15 10 02:30 15 03:45 20 05:00 25 06:15 30 07:30 40 10:00 50 12:30

16 75 :19 :38 :56 01:15 01:34 01:53 02:11 02:30 02:49 03:08 04:41 06:15 07:49 10:23 14:30 17:38

16 100 :23 :45 01:08 01:30 01:53 02:15 02:38 03:00 03:20 03:45 05:38 07:30 09:23 11:16 15:00 18:46

24 50 :10 :20 :30 :40 :50 01:00 01:10 01:20 01:30 01:40 02:30 03:20 04:10 05:00 06:40 08:20

24 75 :13 :25 :38 :50 01:03 01:15 01:28 01:40 01:53 02:05 03:08 04:10 05:13 06:15 08:20 10:25

24 100 :15 :30 :45 01:00 01:15 01:30 01:45 02:00 02:15 02:30 03:45 05:00 06:15 07:30 10:00 12:30

32 50 :08 :15 :23 :30 :38 :45 :53 01:00 01:08 01:15 01:53 02:30 03:08 03:45 05:00 06:15

32 75 :09 :19 :28 :38 :47 :56 01:06 01:15 01:24 01:34 02:21 03:08 03:55 04:42 06:15 07:49

32 Spd (kph) 100 Interval :11 :23 :34 :45 :56 01:08 01:19 01:30 01:41 01:53 02:39 03:45 04:41 05:18 07:30 09:23

56 75 :06 :11 :17 :22 :27 :33 :38 :41 :48 :54 01:21 01:48 02:14 02:41 03:35 04:28

56Speed (kph) 100 Interval :08 :13 :20 :26 :33 :39 :45 :52 :58 01:05 01:36 02:09 02:41 03:13 04:18 05:22

Pass Times Continued 40 Vehicles 50 1 :06 2 :12 3 :18 4 :24 5 :30 6 :36 7 :42 8 :48 9 :54 10 01:00 15 01:30 20 02:00 25 02:30 30 03:00 40 04:00 50 05:00

40 75 :08 :15 :23 :30 :38 :45 :53 01:00 01:08 01:15 01:53 02:20 03:08 03:45 05:00 06:15

40 100 :09 :18 :27 :36 :45 :54 01:03 01:12 01:21 01:30 02:05 03:00 03:45 04:30 06:00 07:30

48 50 :05 :10 :15 :20 :25 :30 :35 :40 :45 :50 01:15 01:40 01:55 02:30 03:20 04:10

48 75 :06 :13 :19 :25 :31 :38 :44 :50 :56 01:03 01:34 02:05 02:35 03:08 04:10 05:13

48 100 :08 :15 :23 :30 :38 :45 :53 01:00 01:08 01:15 01:53 02:30 03:08 03:45 05:00 06:15

Page - 90

56 50 :05 :09 :13 :18 :22 :26 :30 :35 :39 :43 01:05 01:26 01:48 02:10 02:52 03:36

FIRE SUPPORT Offensive Fire Planning PHASE Short of the LD/LC

From the LD or LC to the Objective

On the Objective

Beyond the Objective

ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN Consider planning fires• To support the unit movement to the LD or LC • To support the unit if the attack fails & the enemy counterattacks • To impede enemy patrols & early warning systems Provide priority of fires to lead elements Consider planning – • Fires to suppress enemy direct fire weapons • Smoke to restrict enemy observation of friendly maneuver elements • Smoke to screen friendly obstacle-breaching operations • Fires on exposed flanks Consider placing an FO or a COLT in overwatch position Consider recommending preparation fire if the advantages outweigh the disadvantages: • Will the enemy be forewarned of an attack? • Will the loss of surprise significantly affect the chance for success? • Are there enough significant targets to justify a preparation? • Can the enemy recover before the effects can be exploited? Determine when and how you will shift fires. Use one of the following methods: • Time-at a predetermined time, fires will shift • Location-fires shift when the maneuver unit reaches a certain location, such as a phase line • On call-the maneuver commander directs when the fires shift • Event-a predetermined event signals shifting of fires Consider planning – • Fires to block enemy reinforcement and resupply by ground or air • Fires to suppress enemy direct fire weapons • Obscurants to screen friendly forces or obscure hostile ground observation when consolidating on the objective with smoke and WP • Signals for lifting and/or shifting fires • Fires as you would for the defense when consolidating on the objective Consider planning – • To impede enemy reinforcements • To block avenues of approach for counterattacking enemy forces • To slow or block enemy retreat

Page - 91

Defensive Fire Planning PHASE

In front of the Position

On the Position

Behind the Position

ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN On avenues of approach• Target enemy avenues of approach and/or choke points • If COLTs are available, position them to cover avenues of approach (where high-value targets will appear) • If available, plan FASCAM to slow the enemy • Integrate fire support w/direct fire • Plan trigger points for possible moving targets On key terrain• Place an FO or a COLT on terrain where he can provide early warning, target location, and laser designation and/or overwatch of the battle • Plan to obscure enemy observation of friendly movements On obstacles• Coordinate coverage of obstacles with the engineers • Plan fires behind, in front of, and adjacent to obstacles to hinder enemy breaching operations • Consider the use of smoke or riot control agents to hinder breaching operations • If available and in conjunction with the engineer, plan FASCAM to reseed minefields that the enemy has breached • Plan fires to close gaps and lanes in barrier or obstacle plans • Plan fires to help canalize the enemy • Integrate fire support with obstacles to complement direct fire weapons • Accurately locate obstacles and preplanned targets Consider – • Using groups or series to assist in withdrawal • Using smoke to facilitate disengagement • Planning fires on top of your battle position to help in the disengagement, to deny the enemy access to the position, and to support a counterattack Plan FPFs (a prearranged barrier of fire designed to protect friendly troops). Use the following sequence in planning FPFs; but remember that the maneuver commander selects FPF locations • Select the fire support asset to fire the FPF • Adjust fire onto the FPF to determine actual firing data to be used in firing the FPF. (The tactical situation, time, or ammunition supply may not allow the FPF to be adjusted) • Determine the FPF time of flight • Select the FPF reference point (a permanent visible point on terrain to the front that is used to determine when the FPF will be requested) • Consider time of flight (TOF) and the estimated rate of enemy movement • Integrate the FPF into the final protective lines of the company direct fire weapons • Determine how the FPF call for fire will be initiated Consider planning fires– • To support alternate battle positions • To support a counterattack • To delay the enemy as the company withdraws • To prevent reinforcement by the enemy

Page - 92

Characteristics of US Indirect Weapons

Type Weapon

Min Range

HE Max Range (Meters)

Max Range RAP (Meters)

3,500

4,790

(Meters) 60mm mortar (lightweight) M224 81mm mortar M29A1 81mm mortar improved M252 107mm mortar HE M329A1 HE M329A2 105mm (M119) 105mm (M102) 105mm (M101A1) 155mm (M114A1/A2) 155mm (M109A1/A2/A3) 155mm (M109A6) 155mm (M198) 203mm (M110A2) MLRS (M270)

Max FPF Width (Meters) 2 tubes 75x30

Maximu m

Sustaine d

140x40

4 tubes 150x50

3 tubes 120x40

210x35 btry 210x35 btry 210x35 btry 300x50 6 gun 200 plt 400 btry 200 plt 400 btry 300x50 6 gun 240 plt 480 btry

6 2 min 10 3 min 10 3 min 4 3 min 4 3 min 4 3 min 4 3 min 1.5 3 min

3 30 min

Rockets

5,600

920 770

5,650 6,840

14,000

15,100

11,500

15,100

11,000

14,500

14,600

19,400

18,100

23,500

24,000

30,000

18,100

30,000

22,900

30,000

8,000

Rate of Fire (Rds/Min)

3 3 1 1 1 2 30 min .5

Planning Data for Smoke

Delivery System 155mm 105mm 107mm 81mm 60mm

Type Round

Time to Build Effective Smoke

WP HC WP HC WP WP WP

.5 min 1-1.5 min .5 min 1-1.5 min .5 min .5 min .5 min

Average Burning Time 1-1.5 min 4 min 1-1.5 min 3 min 1 min 1 min 1 min

Avg Obscuration Length (meters per round) Wind Direction Cross Quartering Head/Tai l 150 75 50 350 250 75 75 60 50 250 175 50 200 80 40 100 60 40 75 50 40

Note: All rounds are fired as standard missions with parallel sheafs under favorable conditions.

Planning Data for Illumination Page - 93

Type

Rate of Continuous Illumination

Area Illuminated

Seconds

Rounds/minut e

Meters

1,500

850,000

1,000

450,000

150

2,000

1,000,000

1,200

750,000

800

250,000

Rate of Descent

Burn time

Feet/second 107mm/ M335A2 105mm/ M314 155mm/ M485 81mm/ M301 60mm

Candlepower

Timing of Decision Points and Triggers HE/Smoke Digital Voice Digital Voice Digital Voice Digital Voice Digital Voice Digital Voice

Speed

Priority

5 5 10 10 15 15 20 20 25 25 30 30

104m 146m 208m 292m 313m 438m 417m 583m 521m 729m 625m 875m

Target of Opportunity 192m 333m 383m 667m 575m 1,000m 767m 1,333m 958m 1,667m 1,150m 2,000m

Page - 94

Maneuver CDR Called 167m 375m 333m 750m 500m 1,125m 667m 1,500m 833m 1,875m 1,000m 2,250m

Planning Time Factors Activities

60mm mort (min)

81mm mort (min)

107mm mort (min)

105mm how (min)

155mm how

203mm how (min)

Occupation

1:30

4:30

6:00

8:00

11:00

Hipshoot

2:00

5:00

11:00

12:00

Bn/plt FFE

1:00

2:00

1:35

Prim tgt

:30

:25

:30

:40

:30

:40

3:00

5:25

4:35

5:45

Immed Suppress Immed Smoke Quick Smoke Low Adjust Hi Adjust

4:00

Copperhead

2:30

FASCAM

15+

FPF

:30

:25

Target Acquisition • • • •

Critical friendly zone (CFZ). Friendly unit or location that maneuver commander designates as critical to achieving his mission. Generates priority 1 call for fire Call for fire zone (CFFZ). Area beyond the FEBA that the maneuver commander wants suppressed, neutralized, or destroyed. Generates priority 2 call for fire Artillery target intelligence zone (ATIZ). Area in enemy territory that the maneuver commander wishes to monitor closely Censor zone (CZ). Area in which the commander wishes to ignore all target detections

Page - 95

Final Protective Fires System 60mm mortar 81mm mortar 81mm mortar (improved) 107mm mortar 107mm mortar 105mm howitzer 105mm howitzer 155mm howitzer 155mm howitzer 155mm howitzer 203mm howitzer 203mm howitzer

Standard Widths Elements 2 tubes 4 tubes 4 tubes 3 tubes 6 tubes 3 tubes 6 tubes 4 tubes 6 tubes 8 tubes 4 tubes 8 tubes

Page - 96

Size (meters) 70 x 35 140 x 35 140 x 35 120 x 40 240 x 40 105 x 35 210 x 35 200 x 50 300 x 50 400 x 50 320 x 80 640 x 80

CAS Aircraft Reference Data Aircraft

Radios

A-7

Min. Ceiling 2,000

Acquisition Means Visual/LST

Loiter Time 30-50 min

UHF/VHF/ FM UHF

Visual/LST

1-2 hr

UHF/VHF/ FM UHF/VHF/ FM UHF/VHF/ FM UHF/HF

Visual/Radar

Night OPS Capability Radar/Flare/ LST Radar/Flare LST Radar/Flare/ FLIR Radar/Flare

A-10

1,500

F-4

3,000

F-16

1,500

OV-10

1,500

Visual

Flare

OA-37

1,500

Visual

Flare

F-111

700

Visual/Radar

Radar/Flare/ FLIR

UHF/FM

Visual/Radar

Army Aircraft Endurance Rates Type AH-1S

Endurance 2 hrs

Combat Radius 280 km

AH-64A

2.5 hrs

325 km

UH-1

2.2 hrs

200 km

UH-60

2.2 hrs

280 km

UH-47D

2 hrs

100 km

Page - 97

Aircraft Reference Data F-15A/C Capabilities Avionics Radios Speed Range Weapons Internal Carriage

APG-63 OR 70 Radar Air-to-air interrogator RLGINS, JTIDS 2 x UHF Have Quick II KY-58 capable Mach 2+ Unrefueled ferry – 1,500 NM Hi-Lo-Hi – 1,200 NM Hi-Lo – 1,500 NM 900 Rnds of 20mm Nine stations available

External Carriage

Air-to-Air 4 x AIM 9L/M plus 4 x AIM 7M MSIP Only – combinations of up to 8 AMRAAM

EC/ECCM Night

Air-to-Ground Aircraft is capable but current software does not allow it ALR-56, ICS, ALE-45, ALQ-135 No low level capability. All weapons have full capability.

Page - 98

Aircraft Reference Data F-15E Capabilities Mission Avionics Radios Speed Range

Weapons

EC/ECCM Night

Dual role fighter. Performs air-to-air, and air-to-ground missions APG-70 Radar LANTRIN, Moving Map Display RLGINS, GPS 2 x UHF Have Quick II KY-58 capable Mach 2+, Low Level – 540-600 Knots Ferry configuration – 2,300 NM Hi-Lo-Hi – 1,500 NM Hi-Lo – 1,000 NM Air refuelable Air-to-Air: 8 missiles (Aim-9/7/120) 500 rnds of 20mm Air-to-Ground: 12 1,000lb PGM or 4 2,000lb PGM or CBU/dumb bombs Can mix radar missiles and bombs ALR-56, ALE-45, ALQ-135 LANTRIN provides night Terrain following capability down to 100 ft

Page - 99

Aircraft Reference Data F-16 Capabilities Avionics Radios Speed Range Weapons Internal Carriage

APG-68A/A and A/G Radar, GPS INS, Computed Weapons Delivery Block 40 has LANTRIN, Blck 50 has HTS UHF Have Quick II KY-58 capable VHF/AM/FM Mach 2+ Unrefueled ferry – 1,000 NM + Hi-Lo-Hi – 350 NM Hi - 500 NM radius Lo – 250 NM radius 510 rnds of 20mm Nine stations available

External Carriage

Night

Air-to-Air (Centerline fuel, chaff, flare) 4 x AIM 120 + 2 AIM 9M plus 20mm Air-to-Ground (Centerline ECM, chaff, flare, wing tanks, 2 x AIM 9 M or 2 AIM120) 6 x Mk 82 or 2 x Mk 84 or 4 x CBU or 4 x Maverick or 2 x AGM88 HARM With LANTIRN – Low level, full weapons capability W/O LANTRIN – No low altitude or laser guided precision deliveries

Page - 100

Aircraft Reference Data F-117A Capabilities Avionics Radios Speed Range Weapons Internal Carriage Night

INS, Infrared Acquistion and Targeting System, Laser Ranger/Designator UHF (Secure) High Subsonic Unlimited w/air refueling Unrefueled range classified Two weapons only of up to 2,000lb class. Limited by size of weapons bay. Example: 2 x GBU 10 2 x GBU 12 2 x GBU 27 2 x CBU Yes. However, not all-weather capable Yes. Pave Tack pod removes weapons bay

B-52H Capabilities Avionics Radios Speed Range Weapons Internal Carriage External Carriage EC/ECCM Night

Dual INS, Doppler Radar System, Radar Altimeter, Terrain Avoidance Radar, FLIR, Steerable TV, AN/ASQ-176 Offensive Avionics System 2 x UHF Have Quick, HF, AFSATCOM KY-58 Secure Voice Maximum 390 KIAS or .84 Mach Air refueling dependent All versions of GP bombs, CBU, air delivered mines Same as internal w/addition of Harpoon and ALCM, Have Knap Numerous jammers, radar warning receivers. Keeps EWO busy Yes. Night vision goggles plus all-weather capability

Page - 101

Aircraft Reference Data B-1B Capabilities Avionics Radios Speed Range Weapons Internal Carriage External Carriage EC/ECCM Night

Offensive Avionics, Dual INS Synthetic Aperture Radar, Automatic Terrain Following Radar 2 x UHF, HF, VHF SATCOM MRT (Minature Receive Terminal), Have Quick II 1.2 Mach Hi – 4,200 NM Hi-Lo-Hi – 3,500 NM Lo – 2,000 NM 84 x Mk 82 30 x CBU 87/89 3 Weapons bays None ALQ-161, chaff, and flares Yes, Full night and all-weather capability NVG. Night time operations preferred.

MH-53J Capabilities Avionics Radios Speed Range Weapons EC/ECCM Special Capabilities Night

TF/TA Radar, FLIR, RLGINS, Doppler Nav, GPS, Projected Map Display. All sensors are fully integrated but stand-alone capability. UHF Have Quick II, VHF AM/FM, HF PLS(PRC-112), data burst, All radios secure capable Cruise – 110 Knots, Dash – 180 Knots Air refuelable (HC-130 Combat Shadow) 600 NM unrefueled 900 NM with bladder 300 NM combat radius unrefueled w/10-15 min loiter time 3 x 7.62 mini-guns or .50 caliber mg (mix & match) ALR-69 Radar Warning Receiver ALQ-157 IRCM, ALE-40 Chaff & Flare ALQ-162 ECM Sling & hoist capable, Infiltrate/exfiltrate up to 45 troops, light vehicles, SOF Ducks NVG. All-weather capable down to zero-zero ceiling & visibility

Page - 102

Aircraft Reference Data AC-130 Capabilities Avionics Radios Speed Range Weapons Internal Carriage EC/ECCM Night

Low light level TV, beacon trackers, IR imaging systems, laser target designator 2 x UHF Have Quick, 2 x VHF/FM, 2 x HF, 1 x SATCOM, All radios secure capable 250 Knots Unlimited due to air refueling H Model 2 x 20mm Vulcan (2,500 rnds/min each) 1 x 40mm Bofors cannon (100 rnds/min) 1 x 150mm howitzer (10 rnds/min) U Model – Same as H model except 20mm becomes 25mm. All weather radar targeting system H models engage only single target versus 2 targets for U model Radar Warning Receiver, ECM, IR Jammer, Flares Used exclusively at night due to large size, poor maneuverability, and predictable flight path. Requires ground beacon support in poor weather for A and H models.

U-2 Capabilities Avionics Radios Speed Range Altitude Power plant Equipment Notes:

Single INS/GPS UHF, VHF, HF Cruise – 430 KTAs, Max – Classified 3,000 NM +, 9 hours loiter Max – 70,000 feet + Non-after burning Pratt & Whitney J-75 providing 17,000lbs thrust Split fleet w/ GE engine Optical/EO/Radar/SIGINT New engine upgrade in the works all TR-1s are now designated U2s

Page - 103

Aircraft Reference Data A-10 Capabilities Avionics Radios Speed Range

INS, Pave Penny, Low Altitude Safety and Targeting Enhancement UHF Have Quick II, Ky-58 capable, VHF/FM, VHF/AM 300 KCAS cruise, 450 KCAS max ferry – 1,600 NM Hi – 800 NM Lo – 200 NM radius w/30 min loiter

Weapons Internal Carriage

30mm Eleven stations available

External Carriage

EC/ECCM Night

Air-to-Air (chaff, flare) 2 or 4 x AIM 9L/M plus 30mm MSIP Only – combinations of up to 8 AMRAAM Air-to-Ground All general purpose bombs, all Maverick models, all CBU, some LGB ALR-69, ALE-40, ALQ-184/131 NVG

EF-111F Capabilities Avionics Radios Speed Range Special Capabilities

Terrain Following Radar, INS, GPS UHF Have Quick, HF Dash Mach 2+, Cruise 450 Knots Similar to F-111F

EC/ECCM Self Protection Equipment

ALQ-99E Tactical Jammer, Targets enemy early warning, height-finder, and ground controlled intercept radar

Night, all weather low level

ALQ-137 Jammer, ALR-62 Radar Warning Receiver, ALE-40 Chaff and Flares

Page - 104

CAS Ordnance Reference Data Weapon

Description

MK 82 LD MK 82 HD MK 82 LGB MK 83 LD MK 83 HD MK 83 LGB MK 84 LD MK 84 LGB MK 20 ** 2.75 FFAR SUU-11 M-4/M-12/ SUU-23/M-61 GAU-12 GPU-5A/ GAU-8A AGM-65(AF)

500# bomb 500# bomb 500# bomb (GBU-12) 1,000# bomb 1,000# bomb 1,000# bomb (GBU-16) 2,000# bomb 2,000# bomb (GBU 10-22) Rockeye CBU (anti-armor) Rockets (various warheads) 7.62mm mini-gun 20mm Gatling gun

Minimum Safe Distance 10% Pi .1% Pi 250m 425m 100m 375m * * 275m 500m 275m 500m 275m 500m 225m 500m * * * * 100m 175m * * * *

25mm Gatling gun 30mm Gatling gun

* *

Maverick missile (TV/IR/Laser) WALLEYE I 1,000# bomb (TV guided) WALLEYE II 2,400# bomb (TV guided) SKIPPER 100# bomb (Laser guided; rocket boosted)

275m

500m

275m

500m

MK 21/29 MK 23/30 AGM-123A

Legend * - Minimum safe distances have not been determined. ** - Not recommended for use near friendly troops. Pi - Probability of incapacitation LGB - Laxer guided bomb FFAR - Folding fin aircraft rocket

LD - Low drag HD - High drag GBU - Guided bomb unit

Page - 105

Naval Gunfire Characteristics

Ship Guided missile cruiser (CGN & CG)

• • • • • • • • •

Range (meters)

Rate of Fire (Rnds per minute)

Ammunition Available

Max

Min

Max

Min

5-inch

15,700

910

HE,WP,Illum

5-inch

23,000

910

HE,WP,Ilum

Guided missile destroyer (DDG)

5-inch

22,000

910

HE,WP,Illum

Destroyer (DD)

5-inch

30,000

910

HE,WP,Illum

76mm

12,700

5-inch

22,000

Guidedmissile frigate (FFG) Amphibious assault ship (LHA)

•

Gun Size

80 910

PD 20

HE,WP,Illum

Has flat trajectory that makes it effective against vertical-face targets, but ineffective against rear-slope targets Can deliver a high volume of fire in a short period of time May provide precision-guided munitions (PGMs) Has a large range error. Always try to avoid firing over or near friendly units. Fire parallel to the FLOT Is less accurate in rough seas Has limited communications between ship and shore Is generally coordinated and executed through the support of liaison personnel organic to the air and naval gunfire liaison company (ANGLICO) The only US NGF weapon system available now is the 5-inch/54 found primarily on destroyers Danger close is 750m 5-inch gun provided illumination burn time is 45-72 seconds

Naval & Cruise Missile Characteristics Designation

Mission

Range

Warhead

TASM TLAM-C TLAM-D TLAM-N TLAM-P (notional) TLAM-M (notional)

Anti-ship Land attack Land attack Nuclear attack Bunker penetrator Microwave operations

250 NM 675 NM 485 NM 1,352 NM 485 NM 675 NM

Unitary conventional Unitary conventional Bomblets Nuclear BLU 109/B Microwave system

Page - 106

MOBILITY & SURVIVABILITY Synchronizing Engineer Efforts Commander's Guidance to Engineer: Locations of BPs Locations and functions for obstacles w/in belts Priority of obstacle emplacement Priority of blade effort (obstacles versus survivability position) Assistance in the transportation of barrier materials Control of forward stockage points Engineer Provides: Obstacle overlay Obstacle list w/grid coordinates, type of obstacles, and priority Timetable for execution of obstacles/survivability plan showing emplacing unit, start and completion time Defending and executing unit for all obstacles Routes to be left open to support tactical and logistical requirements Obstacle Minefields Surface laid, row, 1km front 500 mines per 1km 1,000 mines per 1km Buried, 500 mines per 1km Point Minefield GEMMS Minefield 500 mines, 1,000m front Anti-vehicular Wire Obstacles Tank Ditch V-Ditch, 500m Trapezoidal Ditch, 500m Road Crater Antitank Wire Road Block (15m) Abatis (hasty) Bridge Demolition (hasty) Bridge Demolition (massive)

Unit

Time

1 Engr Plt

2 hrs

1 Engr Plt 1 Engr Plt 1 Engr Sqd 1 Engr Sqd 1 Engr Sqd

4 hrs 8 hrs 1 hr

2 dozers 2 dozers 1 Engr Sqd 1 Engr Sqd 1 Engr Sqd 1 Engr Sqd 1 Engr Sqd

Remarks Does not include time for hauling & uncrating mines Includes time for marking 24 ft roadway w/18 ft shoulders

15 min 1 hr

11 rows of concertina

6 hrs 6 hrs 2 hrs

Best in clay

15 min

Del, 6 hole 11 rows concertina

1 hr 1 hr 2 hr

Page - 107

Time may vary with larger bridges

Combat Engineer Planning Factors River-Crossing: Division Engineer Bn 12 – MLC 60 AVLBs can span a 18-m gap in 5 minutes MLC 70 AVLBs are restricted to a max span of 15m Corps medium girder bridge company 4 – MLC 60 bridges 30.5m long take 1 plt 1 hour for each bridge 2 – MLC 60 bridges 48.8m long take 1 plt 4 hours for each bridge Corps ribbon bridge company 6 – MLC 60 rafts can be constructed in 20 min each The company has 212m of bridge. One company can construct up to 3 bridges simultaneously totaling 212m: i.e., 3 - 70m bridges Crossing times (minutes per round trip) Equipment

50m

75m

100m

150m

200m

Pneumatic assault boat w/motor w/paddles

2.7 3.3

3 4

3.3 5.3

4 6

4.7 7.3

Rafts (ribbon)

6.7

7.5

8.3

11.6

NOTES: The times above are round-trip times for a river of the width shown and include load and unload times and safety factors. Ribbon bridges can cross 200 vehicles per hour for any length bridge. Division load planning factors Amphibiou Unit s Mech bn 88

Less than MLC12 68

Greater than MLC12 15

Total 171

Tank bn

FA bn

178 168

Mvr bde

444

418

221

1,083

Div total 1,103 2,445 998 4,546 NOTES: These factors are general in nature. Maneuver bde includes most supporting units that would normally be moving w/the brigade.

Page - 108

Excavation (survivability) planning factors Mobility/countermobility/survivability assets Unit

Elements

Hvy engineer platoons

3 squads, 1 ACE

Hvy engineer company

2 platoons, 7 ACEs, 2 CEVs, 4 AVLBs, 2 SEEs, 4 MICLICs, 2 Volcanos

Lt engineer platoon Lt engineer company Tank company

3 squads 2 platoons, 1 Volcano, 4 SEEs 3 mine plows, 1 mine roller

Mechanized infantry company

3 infantry platoons

Lt infantry company

3 infantry platoons

Standard work rates Survivability

Dozer BTH

ACE BTH

Hull defilade position (HDP) 1 ea/1 BTH 1 ea/1.5 BTH Turret defilade position (TDP) 1 ea/2.5 BTH 1 ea/3.5 BTH HMMWV TOW Position 1 ea/1.5 BTH 1 ea/2 BTH Vehicle protective position 1 ea/.75 BTH 1 ea/1 BTH Dismount crew position 1 ea/1 SEE hr 1 ea/1 SEE hr Individual fighting position 1 ea/.5 SEE hr 1 ea/.5 SEE hr NOTES: BTH = one blade team working one hour (A blade team consists of two blades [ACE, dozer]). One vehicle (ACE or dozer) digs (cutter) while the other blade spreads the spoils (strikes). A dozer/ACE mix uses the dozer BTH. A SEE hr is one SEE working one hour. Assumptions • Personnel work 12 hours per day • Blades work 18 hours per day • Time increased by 20 percent for travel • Platoon and blade team are the basic planning units • Blades are employed as a team. At least one blade of the team is a dozer or ACE • ACEs, dozers, CEVs, and bucket loaders are blade equivalents (plus or minus) Available BTH Formula BTH Available = # of teams x effective hours per day x # of days Assets in terms of equipment or units (blade teams, platoons, etc.) Round blade team figure down to the nearest whole number; e.g., 10.5=10

Page - 109

ACE Blade Team Days to Construct Primary

Alternate

Supplement al

Total

M2 Co (14 x M2)

2.7

8.1

M1A1 Co (14 x M1A1)

2.7

8.1

M2 hvy tm (9 x M2 + 4 M1A1)

2.5

7.5

M2 hvy tm (9 x M2 + 4 M1A1 + 4 x M901)

3.3

9.9

M1A1 hvy tm (10 x M1A1 + 4 x M2 )

2.7

8.1

Balanced tm tk co Hq (10 x M1A1 + 8 x M2)

3.5

10.5

Hvy Mortar Plt (split sec – 3 M106 + 1 M577)

2.1

M109A2 btry (8 M109A2s + 8 FASVs + 3 M577s)

3.7

11.1

M109A2 bn

11.0

33.0

Patriot btry (8 lchrs, RS, EPP, ECS, AMG, CP)1

2.5

2.53

Type unit

Hawk btry (2 plts – 6 lchrs, 2 PCPs, 4 radars, 4 3.9 3.93 genrs, 2 CPs)2 NOTES: 1. One Patriot battery has 8 launcher stations, radar set, electric power plant, engagement control system, antenna mast group, and command post. Does not include essential battery support systems. 2. One Hawk platoon includes three launchers, one platoon command post, one tracking radar, one acquisition radar, tow 6-kw generators, and one command post. Does not include platoon support systems. 3. ADA doctrine has units moving to new locations after either radiating and/or firing from present sites.

Page - 110

Standard Row Minefield Planning Factors Disrupt

Turn

Fix

Block

Frontage (m) 250 500 250 500 Depth (m) 100 300 120 320 AT full (# of rows) 1 1 1 4 AT track (# of rows) 2 2 2 2 IOE (yes or no) N N Y Y AHD (yes or no) N N N Y Plt hrs required 1.5 3.5 1.5 5.0 Full-width mines 42 336 63 378 Track-width mines 84 168 84 168 Density* 0.5 1.0 0.6 1.1 M16 or M14 84 / 500 Density AP .17 / 1 / 0 *-Minefield density is an expression of how many mines are contained in the minefield. It is expressed in either linear or area density. Linear density is an expression of the average number of mines w/in a 1-meter path through the depth of the minefield anywhere along the front. Area density is the average number of mines in a 1-square meter area anywhere in the minefield. Area density is normally used to express only the density of scatterable minefields.

Countermobility Planning Factors Antitank ditch (ATD) Dozer: 70m per BTH ACE: 50m per BTH Countermobility times needed to form obstacles Standard disrupt minefield: 1 ea/1.5 PH1 Standard fix minefield: 1 ea/1.5 PH Standard turn minefield: 1 ea/3.5 PH Standard block minefield: 1 ea/5 PH Triple standard concertina: 300m/1 PH Road crater: 1 ea/1.5 SH2 Point minefield: 1 ea/1 SH Concertina roadblock: 1 ea/1 SH Bridge demolition-massive: 1 ea/1 SH Bridge demolition-steel: 1 ea/1 SH Mine prep A+ class IV/V supply point: 100 mines/1 SH NOTES: 1. PH = platoon hour (one platoon (3 squads) working for 1 hour) 2. SH = squad hour (one squad working for 1 hour)

Page - 111

M19 AT Mine

M21 AT Mine

M16 AP Mine

M14 AP Mine

MOPMS Mine

Flipper Mine

Volcano Mine

MICLIC Reload

Cube in ft

M15 AT Mine

HMMWV, M998 2,500lb 215 ft3 2 ½-T trk 5,000lb 443 ft3 5-T trk 10,000lb 488 ft3 5-T dump trk (w/side brds) 10,000lb 135 ft3 5-T dump trk (w/o side brds) 10,000lb 291 ft3 20-T dump trk 40,000lb 754 ft3 HEMMT trk 20,000lb 540 ft3 12-T S&P 24,000lb 875 ft3 40-T low boy 80,000lb 1,760 ft3 M548 12,000lb 529 ft3 Mines Wt in lb

wireConcertina

Countermobility Planning Factors

102

111

113

204

138

109

222

227

112

168

204

138

222

153

628

443

179

888

443

132

184

406

277

128

444

317

489

333

208

533

514

148

110

1,46 6

1,03 5

419

1,77 7

1,03 5

308

368

244

166

125

266

272

40 1,18 0 64

162

217

1.2

1.6

1.9

5.7

3.4

240 1,85 0 37.6

2,65 6 64.8

*Overloads vehicle For concertina = bundles; 1 bundle=40 rolls

Page - 112

Scatterable Mine Self-Destruct Times Type

Arm

Short

Long

ADAM/RAAM

2 min, 45 sec

4 hrs

48 hrs

GEMSS (Flipper)

45 min

Volcano

2 min

4 hrs

MOPMS

2 min

4 hrs

Gator

2 min

4 hrs

PDM

50 sec

4 hrs

Page - 113

5 days

15 days

48 hrs

15 days

Recycle to 15 days 48 hrs

15 days

Synchronizing a Breach Action Develop Situation (Verify boundary) Set Arty Set Mortars Support force into overwatch Assault force to ASLT Posn Call for Arty Build Smoke Suppress enemy w/direct fires Suppress enemy w/arty fires Maintain Smoke Decide to begin Breach Breach force to Breach Reduce obstacle (2 lanes) Place smoke pots Shift direct fires off of Obj Shift arty fires beyond Obj Assault thru obstacle Reorganize/ Continue Mission

Element Force in Contact DS Arty Mortars Support

Time m-m+2

Controlled By S-3

m+2-m+10 m+2-m+8 m+2-m+15

Assault

m+2-m+15

DS Arty Mortars Support

m+2-m+15 m+2-m+10 m+15-m+29

DS Arty

m+15-m+29

FSO FSO Support CDR Assault CDR FSO FSO Support CDR FSO

Arty/Mort CDR Breach Breach

m+10-m+30

FSO

m+20-m+23 m+23-m+30

Breach Support

m+23-EOM m+29-m+30

DS Arty

m+29-m+30

Assault TF

m+30-m+45 m+45-EOM

Breach CDR Engr Ldr Breach CDR Assault CDR Assault CDR Assault CDR S-3

Page - 114

AIR DEFENSE

Avenger

Visual/FLIR

Stinger: 4+ TOW: 3.75 (BSFV) 25mm 1.7 Coax mg: 900m

BSFV / BSFV-E

MANPADS (STINGER)

Armament ammunition basic load

Hawk

6 btrys/bn 8 lchrs/btry 3 btrys/bn 2 AFPs/btry 3 lchrs/AFP 12/btry in corps; lt, abn, & AASLT div 12 in sep bde, enhanced (lt) 24 in lt ACR & hvy div 6 in ACR & sep bde, enhanced (hvy)

(km)Mutual Support Distance

24 planning

Number of Systems per unit

60 planning

Engagement Altitude (km)

160

Engagement Range (km)

Acquisition (km)

Patriot

Visual

System

Visual/IR Scope

ADA Systems recap

32 msls/btry

36 msls/btry

8 msls .50 cal mg

8/ btry in hvy div 8 in sep bde, (enhanced, hvy) 12 in ACR

6 Stinger msls 5 TOW msls (BSFV) 300 25mm rds 600 mg rds

8/btry in corps; lt, abn, and AASLT div; & sep bde enhanced (lt) 10/btry in hvy div

6 msls/team

Page - 115

Risk Assessment and Management - Never accept an unnecessary risk - Make risk decisions at the appropriate level - Ensure that the benefits of a prudent risk outweigh the possible cost of the risk Step 1. Identify hazards and major events. - Review and expand the list of hazards and major events during step four of the war game. Step 2. Assess hazards. - Conduct detailed analysis of the potential magnitude of risk caused by each hazard and an estimate of the potential for fratricide. - Risk to soldiers and equipment - Risk to mission Probability Effect

Frequent

Likely

Occasional

Remote

Unlikely

Extremely High

Catastrophic

Critical

High

Marginal

III

Moderate

Negligible

Low

Step 3. Make risk decision - Reduce risk to that which is mission essential Step 4. Implement controls - Place in orders - Determine the correct type of controls. Step 5. Supervise - Avoid administrative intrusions on their subordinates’ time - Go where the risks are and spend time at the heart of the action - Analyze and think through issues, not just watch - Work with key personnel to improve operational procedures after the action. - Fix systemic problems which are hindering combat effectiveness - Capture and disseminate lessons learned from mishaps and near misses for future use. Factors to consider in risk management Level of activity Hazardous materials used Environmental concerns Operational conditions Complexity of movement Inherent dangers of equip Availability of protective equipment Level of planning Adequacy of directions given Accident frequency Personnel/organization proficiency

Page - 116

Weather used Supervision Complexity of mission Adequacy of site Condition of personnel

LNO Operations 1. Responsibilities: - Keep unit abreast of the tactical and intelligence situation of the unit to which sent. - Keep the unit to which sent abreast of you unit's tactical and intelligence situation. - LNO's will attend daily briefings at the units to which sent. - LNO's will brief on their unit's current S2/S3 situations. - Checklist. Vehicle w/camouflage net Radio w/secure capability TACSOP and TIRS of parent unit CEOI of parent unit Maps and overlays ID card and verification of authority to enter security area Crypto variable for secure equipment - Before departing parent unit, obtain a briefing from the S2/S3 sections to include: How to get to the CP of the adjacent or higher unit Status of parent unit's communications capabilities The current enemy situation Parent unit's mission readiness Any significant problem areas - Report to the S3 or XO of the gaining unit. - Establish communications with your parent unit by any available means. - Determine the time of the next briefing and attend it. Be prepared to discuss: Changes in task organization, if any Requirements for SOP's and CEOI's Contact points for coordination and passing of command and control, to include communication problem areas Logistics support, to include current equipment status Assembly areas and sector of responsibility for your unit Artillery and engineer support Present enemy disposition, strength and combat efficiency Enemy front line trace - Visit all staff sections and be prepared to: Relay urgent information to your unit Attend all staff meetings Coordinate with available liaison officers to adjacent units Obtain an out-briefing from the operations officer upon departure Notify S3 and XO of your planned departure and volunteer to carry messages or documents to your parent unit - Upon return to parent unit: Notify the S3 or S3 representative of your return Brief the staff

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Operational Terms A abatis-A vehicular obstacle constructed by felling trees (leaving a 1- to 2-meter stump above the ground on both sides of a road, trail, gap, or defile) so that they fall, interlocked, toward the expected direction of enemy approach. The trees should remain attached to the stumps and be at a 45-degree angle to the roadway. The obstacle itself should be at least 75 meters in depth to be most effective. acknowledge-A directive from the originator of a communication requiring the addressee(s) to advise the originator that his communication has been received and understood. This term is normally included in the electronic transmission of orders to ensure the receiving station or person confirms receipt of the order. acknowledgement-(JP 1-02, NATO) A message from the addressee informing the originator that his or her communication has been received and is understood. air control point (ACP)-An easily identifiable point on the terrain or an electronic nav aid used to provide necessary ctrl during air movement. ACPs are generally designated at each pt where the flt rte makes a definite change in direction & any other pt deemed necessary for timing or ctrl of the opn. advance guard-(JP 1-02) Detachment sent ahead of the main force to ensure its uninterrupted advanced; to protect the main body against surprise; to facilitate the advance by removing obstacles, and repairing roads and bridges; and to cover the deployment of the main body if it is committed to action. (Army)- A task-organized combined arms unit or detachment that precedes a column or formation to protect the main body from ground observation or surprise by an enemy. It operates within the supporting range of the main body. advance party-A team that coordinates the convoy’s arrival at the destination. It may move with the main body initially but must arrive at the destination sufficiently ahead of the main body. agility-The ability of friendly forces to act faster than the enemy and is a prerequisite to seizing and holding the initiative. Agility is a mental as well as a physical quality. air control point (ACP)-(Army) An easily identifiable point on the terrain or an electronic navigational aid used to provide necessary control during air movement. ACPs are generally designated at each point where the flight route or air coridor makes a definite change in direction and at any other point deemed necessary for timing or contro of the operation. air corridor-A restricted air route of travel specified for use by friendly aircraft & established to prevent friendly aircraft from being fired on by friendly forces. air defense warning-A degree of air raid probability according to the following codes: YELLOW. Air attack probable. Hostile aircraft &/or missiles are enroute toward an area. RED. Air attack imminent or in progress. Hostile aircraft &/or missiles are w/in or are in the immediate vic of an area w/high probability of entering the area. WHITE. Air attack not probable. May be declared before or after YELLOW or RED. air defense weapons control status-The degree of fire ctrl imposed upon Army units having assigned, attached, or organic air defense wpns. Wpns ctrl status terms normally used are: WEAPONS FREE. Weapons may be fired at any aircraft not positively identified as friendly. This is the least restrictive of the weapons controls. WEAPONS TIGHT. Weapons may be fired ONLY at aircraft positively identified as hostile according to the prevailing hostile criteria. WEAPONS HOLD. Weapons are NOT TO BE FIRED except in self-defense. air interdiction (AI)-(JP 1-02,NATO) Air operations conducted to destroy, neutralize, or delay the enemy’s military potential before it can be brought to bear effectively against friendly forces at such distance from friendly forces that detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and movement of friendly forces is not required. (Army)-Normally conducted forward of the land component commander’s forward boundary. ACP 1

CORR ID O R

300’ ALP HA 120 o

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ACP 2

air liaison officer (ALO)-(JP 1-02) An officer (aviator/pilot) attached to a ground unit who functions as the primary advisor to the ground commander on air operation matters. (Army)- The senior Air Force officer at each tactical air control party (TACP). Advises the Army CDR & staff on the capabilities, limitations, & employment of tactical air ops. He operates the Air force request net. He coord CAS missions w/ the FSE, and assists in planning the simultaneous employment of air & surface fires. He supervises forward air controllers (FACs) & will assist the FIST in directing airstrikes in the absence of a FAC. air coordination area (ACA)-A block of airspace in the target area in which friendly aircraft are reasonably safe from friendly surface fires. It may occasionally be a formal measure (a three dimensional box in the sky). More often, it is informal. The purpose of the ACA is to allow the simultaneous attack of targets near each other by multiple fire support means, one of which normally is air, Formal ACAs are usually established by a separate brigade or higher level command. Informal ACAs may be established as low as the task force (TF) level. air support operations center(ASOC)-The ASOC plans, coordinates, & directs tactical air control center (TACC) & provides fast reaction to immediate requests for (CAS). Normally the ASOC is collocated w/ a corps TOC, but may also be deployed w/ an independent operating division or brigade. An ASOC is primarily concerned w/the exchange of combat data between air & ground forces concerning the planning, coordination, & execution of tactical air support of ground operations. Provisions are made w/in the ASOC for G2 & G3 air representation as required for multi-service operations. air parity-The functional equivalency between enemy and friendly air forces in strength and capability to attack and destroy targets. air reconnaissance-(JP 1-02) The acquisition of intelligence information by employing visual observation and/or sensors in air vehicles. (Army) The use of air vehicles (fixed wing, rotary wing, or unmanned aerial vehicles) to obtain information concerning terrain, weather, and the disposition, composition, movement, installations, lines of communications, and electronic and communications emissions of enemy forces. Also included are artillery and naval gunfire adjustment, and systematic and random observation of ground battle areas, targets, and/or sectors of airspace. air superiority-(JP 1-02) That degree of dominance in the air battle of one force over another which permits the conduct of operations by the former and its related land, sea, and air forces at a given time and place without prohibitive interference by the opposing force. air supremacy-(JP 1-02) That degree of air superiority wherein the opposing air force is incapable of effective interference. alternate position-The position given to a weapon, unit, or individual to be occupied when the primary position becomes untenable or unsuitable for carrying out its task. The alternate position is located so that the individual can continue to fulfill his original task. alternate supply route (ASR)-A route or routes designated within an area of ASR NAME operations to provide for the movement of traffic when main supply routes become disabled or congested. ambulance exchange point (AXP)-(Army) A location where a patient is transferred from one ambulance to another en route to a medical treatment facility. This may be an established point in an ambulance suttle system or it may be designated independently. ambush- A surprise attack by fire from concealed positions on a moving or temporarily halted enemy. ammunition supply point (ASP)-An area designated to receive, store, reconfigure, and issue class V material. It is normally located at or near the division area. ammunition transfer point (ATP)-A designated, temporary site from which class V material is transferred from corps transportation to unit vehicles. area defense-A defense that focuses on denying the enemy access to designated terrain for a specified time, rather than on the outright destruction of the enemy. A commander may conduct an area defense by using mutually supporting positions in ACA 53ID(M) MIN ALT: 500 MAX ALT: 3000 Grids NK2313 to NK3013 to NK2320 to NK3022 EFF: 281400ZAPR281530ZAPR

AXP 2 BDE

ASP

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ATP

depth. area of influence-A geographical area wherein a CDR is directly capable of influencing operations by maneuver or fire support systems normally under his command or control. area of interest-That area of concern to the CDR, including the area of influence, areas adjacent thereto, & extending into enemy territory to the objectives of current or planned operations. This area also includes areas occupied by enemy forces who could jeopardize the accomplishment of the mission. area of operation (AO)-That portion of an area of conflict necessary for military operations. Areas of operations are geographical areas AO NAME assigned to cdrs for which they have responsibility and in which they have authority to conduct military operations. area reconnaissance-A directed effort to obtain detailed information concerning the terrain or enemy activity w/in a prescribed area such as a town, ridge line, woods, or other feature critical to operations. area of responsibility (AOR)-A defined geographical area in which responsibility is specifically assigned to the commander of the area for the development and maintenance of installations, control of movement, and the conduct of tactical operations involving troops under his control along with parallel authority to perform these operations. area security-A form of security operations that includes area reconnaissance, rear operations, security of designated personnel, unit convoys, facilities and main supply route (MSR) critical points. area support-Method of logistics and combat health support in which DS CSS relationships in effect are determined by the location of the units requiring support. Subordinate DS units provide area support to units located in or passing through their areas of responsibility. army airspace command and control (A2C2)-The effort necessary to coordinate airspace users for concurrent employment in the accomplishment of assigned missions. assault-1. The culmination of an attack which closes with the enemy. 2. In an amphibious operation, the period of time from the crossing of the line of departure (LD) by the first scheduled wave to the seizure of the initial objectives. 3. A phase of an airborne or air assault operation beginning with delivery of the assault force into the objective area and extending through the attack of objectives and consolidation of the initial airhead. 4. In river crossings, the period of time from the launching of the first crossing effort until the initial bridgehead has been secured and responsibility passed to the crossing area commander. 5. To make a short, violent, but well-ordered attack against a local objective, such as a gun emplacement or fortified area. assault breach-A breach tactic used by small units (company, teams, and platoons) to penetrate an enemy’s protective obstacles and seize a foothold within his defense. It is normally a very decentralized operation with SOSR actions synchronized at the platoon and company level. assault command post-(Army) An austere, temporary CP established to perform critical C2 functions. The assault CP serves as the early link in the assault or deployment between the forces on the ground and the next higher tactical force HQ. Doctrinal CP functions are passed to the tactical, main, and rear CP when they arrive and become operational. assault position-That position between the LD and the objective in an attack from which forces assault the objective. Ideally, it is the last ASLT covered and concealed position before reaching the objective. PSN assembly area-An area in which a force prepares or regroups for further NAME actions. assign-To place units or personnel in an organization where such placement is relatively permanent and/or where such organization AA NAME controls, administers, and provides logistical support to units or personnel for the primary function, or greater portion of the functions, of the unit or personnel. attach-The temporary placement of units or personnel in an organization. Subject to limitations imposed by the attachment order, the CDR of the formation, unit, or organization receiving the attachment will exercise the same degree of command and control (C 2) there over as 2

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he does over units and persons organic to his command. However, the responsibility for transfer and promotion of personnel will normally be retained by the parent formation, unit, or organization. attack-An offensive action characterized by movement supported by fire. Deep Attack. See deep battle; envelopment. Deliberate attack. An attack planned & carefully coordinated w/ all concerned elements based on thorough reconnaissance, evaluation of all available intelligence & relative combat strength, analysis of various courses of action, & other factors affecting the situation. It generally is conducted against a well-organized defense when a hasty attack is not possible or has been conducted & failed. Replaces coordinated attack. Frontal attack. An offensive maneuver in which the main action is directed against the front of the enemy forces, and over the most direct approaches. Hasty attack. An offensive operation for which a unit has not made extensive preparations. It is conducted w/ the resources immediately available in order to maintain momentum or to take advantage of the enemy situation. Main attack. The principal attack or effort into which the CDR places the bulk of the offensive capability at his disposal. An attack directed against the chief objective of the campaign or battle. Spoiling attack. A limited-objective attack made to delay, disrupt, or destroy the enemy's capability to launch an attack. Supporting attack. An attack designed to hold the enemy in position, to deceive him as to where the main attack is being made, to prevent him from reinforcing the elements opposing the main effort, and/or to cause him to commit his reserves prematurely at an indecisive location. attack by fire- A task assigned to a unit requiring a continuous and consistent rate of direct fire aimed at an enemy position or moving enemy force. The tasked unit uses its superior weapons standoff vs. the enemy's to destroy him. When assigning this task the commander must specify the inten of the fire: either to destroy, fix, or suppress. Most common attack by fire intent is to destroy. Attack: The friendly force attacks the enemy only through the use of direct and indirect fires and not in conjunction with a maneuvering force. Counterattack: The friendly force attacks the enemy through the use of direct and indirect fires and in conjunction with a fixing force. attack position-The last position occupied or passed through by the ATK NAME assault echelon before crossing the LD. attrition-The reduction in the effectiveness of a force caused by loss of personnel and material. avenue of approach-An air or ground route of an attacking force of a given size leading to its objective or to key terrain in its path. Friendly Airborne axis of advance-(JP 1-02)A line of advance assigned for purpose of control; often a road or a group of roads, or a designated series of Army Atk Helo locations, estending in the direction of the enemy. (Army)A general route of advance, assigned for purposes of control, which extends toward the enemy. An axis of advance symbol graphically portrays a CDR's intention, such as avoidance of built-up areas or Grnd Axis of Spt Atk envelopment of an enemy force. It follows terrain suitable for the size of the force assigned the axis & is often a road, a group of roads, or a designated series of locations. A commander may maneuver his forces and supporting fires to either side of an axis of Grnd Axis of Main Atk advance provided the unit remains oriented on the axis & the objective. Deviations from an assigned axis of advance must not interfere w/ the maneuver of adjacent units w/o prior approval of the higher CDR. Enemy forces that do not threaten security or jeopardize mission accomplishment may be bypassed. An axis of advance is not used to direct the control of terrain or the clearance of enemy forces from specific locations. Intermediate objectives normally are assigned for these purposes. Page - 121

B backbrief-A briefing by subordinates to the commander to review how subordinates intend to accomplish their mission. This is a commander to commander or one on one briefing. It takes two forms: 1. After the operation order to ensure a subordinate’s understanding of the mission. 2. When a single commander briefs how he will accomplish the mission. base-1. A locality from which operations are projected or supported. 2. An area or locality containing installations that provide logistic or other support. 3. A unit or multi-unit position that has a definite perimeter. Army, other services, or host nation units may establish a base. A base defense operation center (BDOC) is established to coordinate rear battle functions. base cluster-Bases in the rear area grouped for rear battle or mission-related purposes. A base cluster has no clearly defined perimeter. A base cluster operations center (BCOC) is established to perform the coordination functions of the rear battle. basic load (ammunition)-That quantity of non-nuclear ammunition authorized and required to be on hand in a unit to meet combat needs until resupply can be accomplished. The basic load is specified by the theater army & is expressed in rounds, units, or units of weight as appropriate. battle-A series of related tactical engagements that lasts longer than an engagement, involves larger forces, and could affect the course of the campaign. Battles occur when division, corps, or army commanders fight for significant objectives. battle command-The art of battle decision making and leading. It includes controlling operations and motivating soldiers and their organizations into action to accomplish missions. Includes visualizing current state and a future state, then formulating concepts of operations to get from one to the other at least cost. Also includes assigning missions, ranking and allocating resources, selecting the critical time and place to act, and knowing how and when to make adjustments during the fight. battlefield air interdiction (BAI)-Air action against hostile surface targets which are in a position to directly affect friendly forces & which requires joint planning & coordination. While BAI requires coordination in joint planning, continuous coordination may not be required during the execution stage. battle handover- A designated point (phase line) on the ground where responsibility transitions from the stationary force to the moving force and vice versa. It is within direct fire range and observed indirect fire range of the stationary force. battle position (BP)-1.A defensive location oriented on the most likely enemy avenue of approach from which a unit may defend or attack. Such units can be as large as battalion task forces & as small as platoons. A unit assigned a BP is located w/in the general outline of the BP. Security, CS, & CSS forces may operate outside a BP to provide early enemy detection & all-around security. 2. For attack helicopters, an area designated in which they can maneuver and fire into a designated engagement area or engages targets of opportunity. Occupy. This is complete preparation and occupation of the BP. Prepare. This is complete preparation of the position, with occupation by a small security force. The main force will occupy the position after departing from the initial position. Reconnaissance. The position is reconnoitered for occupation, with each element given a designated position and direct-fire instructions; however, the position is not physically prepared for occupation. battle space-The conceptual physical volume in which the commander seeks to dominate the enemy. It expands and contracts in relation to the commander’s ability (actually the assets that the commander controls or has access to) to acquire and engage the enemy, or can change as the commander’s vision of the battlefield changes. It encompasses three dimensions and is influenced by the operational dimensions of time, tempo, depth, and synchronization. It is not assigned by a higher commander nor is it constrained by assigned boundaries. battlefield framework-The overall structure of the battlefield consists of four interrelated components: area of interest (AI), battle space, and battlefield organization. This battlefield framework applies to both linear and noncontiguous operations. Page - 122

battlefield operating system (BOS)-The major functions performed on the battlefield that facilitate the integration, coordination, preparation, and execution of combined arms operations to successfully execute Army operations (battles and engagements) and accomplish military objectives directed by the operational commander; they include intelligence, maneuver, fire support, mobility and survivability, air defense, combat service support, and command and control. battlefield organization-The arranging and synchronizing of battlefield activities throughout the area of operations. Three closely related sets of activities characterize operations within an AO: deep, close, and rear operations. beginning morning nautical twilight (BMNT)-Begins when the sun is 12o below the horizon. It is the start of that period where, in good conditions & in the absence of other illumination, enough light is available to identify the general outlines of ground objects, conduct limited military operations, & engage in most types of ground movement w/o difficulty. be-prepared mission-A mission assigned to a unit that may not be executed, it is generally a contingency mission that will be executed because something planned has or has not been successful. In planning priorities it is planned after any on-order missions, usually given to reserves. block-A mission assigned to a unit which requires it to deny the enemy access to a given area or to prevent enemy advance in a given direction. It may be for a specified time. Units assigned this mission may gave to retain terrain and accept decisive engagement. blocking position-A defensive position so sited as to deny the enemy access to a given area or to prevent his advance in a given direction. bound-1. Single movement, usually from one covered & concealed position to another by dismounted troops or combat vehicles. 2. Distance covered in one movement by a unit which is advancing by bounds. boundary-(JP 1-02) A line that delineates surface areas (or airspace) for the purpose of facilitating coordination and deconfliction of operations between adjacent units, formations, or areas. (Army) 1. It defines the right, left, rear, and forward limits of an area of operations (AO). 2. A control measure normally drawn along identifiable terrain features & used to delineate areas of tactical responsibility for subordinate units. W/in their boundaries, units may maneuver w/in the overall plan w/o close coordination w/ neighboring units unless otherwise restricted. Direct fire may be placed across boundaries on clearly-identified enemy targets w/o prior coordination, provided friendly forces are not endangered. Indirect fire also may be used after prior coordination. branch-(JP 1-02) 1. A subdivision of any organization. 2. A geographically separate unit of any activity that performs all or part of the primary functions of the parent activity on a smaller scale. Unlike an annex a branch is not merely an overflow addition. 3. An arm or service of the Army. (Army) A contingency plan or course of actions (COA) (an option built into the basic plan/COA) for changing the mission, disposition, orientation, or direction of movement of the force to aid success of the operation based on anticipated events, opportunities, or disruptions caused by enemy actions and reactions as determined during the war gaming process. breach- A tactical task where any means available are employed to break through or secure a passage through an enemy defense, obstacle, minefield, or fortification. The employment of any means available to break through or secure passage through an enemy defense, obstacle, minefield, or fortification. The intent is to create a passage for a force or element through an obstacle. In-Stride Breach - A breach conducted by a commander (can he at the CO/TM level) using only his organic assets. This commander is responsible for all aspects of SOSR. Deliberate Breach - A breach conducted by the higher commander (TF or above) when the obstacles are too complex for an in-stride breach. Subordinate commanders are each tasked to perform support team, breach team or assault team missions. Assault Breach - A breach conducted of an enemy's protective (not tactical) obstacles characterized by decentralized battle command. Covert Breach - A breach conducted under conditions of limited visibility that breaches Page - 123

obstacles without the enemy’s knowledge, breakout-An offensive operation conducted by an encircled force to regain freedom of movement and/or contact with friendly units. It differs from other attacks only in that a simultaneous defense in other areas of the perimeter must be maintained. A breakout normally consists of an attack by a penetration force to open a gap through the enemy for the remainder of the force to pass. breakthrough-A rupturing of the enemy's forward defenses that occurs as a result of a penetration. A breakthrough permits the passage of an exploitation force. bridgehead-(JP 1-02) An area of ground held or to be gained on the enemy side of an obstacle. (Army) In river-crossing operations, an area on the enemy side of the water obstacle that is large enough to accommodate the majority of the crossing force, has adequate terrain to permit defense of the crossing sites, and provides a base for continuing the attack. bridgehead line-(JP 1-02, NATO) In offensive river-crossing operations, the limit of the objective area when developing the bridgehead usually designated as a phase line. brigade support area (BSA)-A designated area in which CSS elements from DISCOM & COSCOM provide logistic support to a brigade. The BSA normally is located 20 to 25 km behind the FEBA. bypass criteria-A measure established by higher HQ during the conduct of an offensive operation that specifies the conditions and size under which enemy units and contact may be avoided. bypass-A tactical task that involves maneuvering around an obstacle, position, or enemy force to maintain the momentum of advance. Previously unreported obstacles are reported to higher HQ. Bypassed enemy forces are reported to higher HQ. PL NAME (BRIDGEHEAD LINE)

OBJ 1

OBJ 2

River

C C-day-(JP 1-02) The unnamed day on which a deployment operation commences or is to commence. The deployment may be movement of troops, cargo, weapon systems, or a combination of these elements using any or all types of transport. The letter “C” will be the only one used to denote the above. The highest command or HQ responsible for coordinating the planning will specify the exact meaning of C-day within the aforementioned definition. The command or HQ directly responsible for the execution of the operation, if other than the one coordinating the planning, will do so in light of the meaning specified by the highest command or HQ coordinating the planning. campaign-(JP 1-02) A series of related military operations aimed at accomplishing a strategic or operational objective w/in a given time and space. canalize-(JP 1-02) To restrict operations to a narrow zone by use of existing or reinforcing obstacles or by fire or bombing. (Army) A tactical task used to restrict operations to a narrow zone by the suse of obstacles, fires, and/or unit maneuvering or positioning. cannibalize-(JP 1-02, NATO) To remove serviceable parts from one item of equipment in order to install them on another item of equipment. (Army) The authorized removal of parts or components from economically unrepairable or disposable items or assemblies and making them available for reuse. casualty collection point (CCP)-A specific location where casualties are assembled to be transported to a medical treatment facility (MTF), for example, a company aid post. check fire-A command to cause a temporary halt in firing. checkpoint-A predetermined point on the ground used as a means of coordinating friendly movement. Checkpoints are not used as reference points in reporting enemy locations. choices of maneuver-Distinct tactical combinations of fire and movement with a unique set of doctrinal characteristics that differ primarily in the relationship between the maneuvering force and the enemy. The choices of offensive maneuver are envelopment, turning movement, infiltration, penetration, and frontal attack. The choices of defensive maneuver 8

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are forward and indepth. Commanders use these to orient on the enemy, not terrain. More than one may be applied during an operation and may be used in conjunction with a form of tactical operation. classes of supply-The grouping of supplies by type into 10 catagories to facilitate supply management and planning. Supply Class Definition/Examples *I Subsistence items (MRE, T-rations, and fresh fruits and vegetables) and gratuitous-issue health and comfort items. II Clothing, individual equipment, tentage, organizational tool sets and kits, hand tools, maps, and administrative and housekeeping supplies and equipment. III Petroleum fuels, lubricants, hydraulic and insulating oils, preservatives, liquids and gases, bulk chemical products, coolants, deicer and antifreeze compounds, components and additives of petroleum and chemical products, and coal. IV Construction materials including installed equipment, and all fortification and obstacle materials. V Ammunition of all types including chemical, bombs, explosives, mines, fuzes, detonators, pyrotechnics, missiles, rockets, propellants, and other associated items. *VI Personal demand items such as health and hygiene products, writing material, snack food, beverages, cigarettes, batteries, and cameras (nonmilitary items). VII Major end items such as launchers, tanks, mobile machine shops, and vehicles. *VIII Medical material, including repair parts peculiar to medical equipment and management of blood. IX Repair parts and components, to include kits, assemblies, and subassemblies (repairable or nonrepairable), that are required for maintenance support of all equipment. X Material required to support nonmilitary programs, such as agricultural and economic development projects (not included in classes I - IX). MISC Water, captured enemy material, salvage material clear- (JP 1-02) 1. To approve or authorize, or to obtain approval or authorization for: a. a person or persons with regard to their actions, movements, duties, etc; b. an object or group of objects, as equipment or supplies, with regard to quality, quantity, purpose, movement, disposition, etc; and c. a request, with regard to correctness of form, validity, etc. 2. To give one or more aircraft a clearance. 3. To give a person a security clearance. 4. To fly over an obstacle without touching it. 5. Thie time as measured on a clock that the last vehicle passes a designated point, line, or object. The end of the column feature before the latter is cleared. 6. A. To operate a gun so as to unload it or make certain no ammunition remains; and b. to free a gun of stoppages. 7. To open the throttle of an idling engine to free it from carbon. 8. To clear the air to gain either temporary or permanent air superiority or control in a given sector. 9. The total elimination or neutralization of an obstacle. This is usually performed by follow-on engineers and is not done under fire. (Army) 1. A tactical task to remove all enemy forces from a specific location, area, or zone. 2. To eliminate transmissions on a tactical radio net in order to allow a higher precedence transmission to occur. 3. The total elimination or neutralization of an obstacle that is usually performed by follow-on engineers and is not done under fire. clear enemy in zone-A requirement to eliminate organized resistance in an assigned zone by destroying, capturing, or forcing the withdrawal of enemy forces that could interfere w/ the unit's ability to accomplish its mission. close air support (CAS)-Air action against hostile targets that are in close proximity to friendly forces & that requires detailed integration of each air mission w/ the fire & movement of II

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those forces. combat effectiveness-The ability of a unit to perform its mission. Factors such as the status of fuel, ammunition, weapons systems, & personnel are assessed & rated from 1 to 4 (1 being the highest rating). combat power-A complex combination of tangible & intangible factors which are transitory & reversible on the battlefield. Combat power is comprised of the effects of maneuver, the effects of firepower, the effects of protection, & the effectiveness of leadership. The skillful combination of these elements in a sound operational plan will turn potential into actual power. combat service support (CSS)-(JP 1-02) The essential capabilities, functions, activities, and tasks necessary to sustain all elements of operating forces in theater at all levels of war. Within the national and theater logistic systems, it includes but is not limited to that support rendered by service forces in ensuring the aspects of supply, maintenance, transportation, health services, and other services required by aviation and ground combat troops to permit those units to accomplish their missions in combat. CSS encompasses those activities at all levels of war that produce sustainment to all operating forces on the battlefield. (Army)-CSS also include those activities in stability and support operations that sustain all operating forces. The included branches and functions are: Adjutant General Corps, Acquisition Corps, Chaplain Corps, Finance Corps, Judge Advocate General Corps, Medical Corps, Ordnance Corps, Transportation Corps, and the Quartermaster Corps. combat support (CS)-Fire support & operational assistance provided to combat elements. Includes artillery, air defense artillery, engineer, military police, signal, military intelligence, & chemical. command & control (C2)-The exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned forces in the accomplishment of the mission. Command and control functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel, equipment, communications, and procedures employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and operation in the accomplishment of a mission. The exercise of command that is the process through which the activities of military forces are directed, coordinated, & controlled to accomplish the mission. This process encompasses the personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, & procedures necessary to gather & analyze information, to plan for what is to be done, & to supervise the execution of operations. command and control warfare (C2W)-(replaces command, control, and communications countermeasures (C3M))-The integrated use of operations (OPSEC), military deception, psychological operations (PSYOP), electronic warfare (EW), and physical destruction, mutually supported by intelligence, to deny information to, influence, degrade, or destroy adversary command and control capabilities while protecting friendly command and control capabilities against such actions. Command and control warfare applies across the operational continuum and to all levels of conflict. commander's intent-Commander's vision of the battle-how he expects to fight & what he expects to accomplish. committed force-A force in contact with an enemy or deployed on a specific mission or COA that precludes its employment elsewhere. communications checkpoint (CCP)-(Army) An air control point that requires serial leaders to report either to the aviation mission commander or the terminal control facility. concentration-Generally synonymous with the term “mass.” However, mass refers to “effects” while concentration refers to the relative close physical proximity of forces to achieve mass effects. FM 100-5, states concentration is “the ability to mass effects without massing large formations ***.” And “*** attacking commanders manipulate their own and the enemy’s concentration of forces by some combination of dispersion, concentration, deception, and attack.” Risk and the vulnerability of concentrating friendly forces must be carefully consiedered. concept of operations-A graphic, verbal, or written statement in broad outline that gives an CCP 2

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overall picture of a CDR's assumptions or intent in regard to an operation or series of operations; includes at a minimum the scheme of maneuver & fire support plan. The concept of operations is embodied in campaign plans & operations plans particularly when the plans cover a series of connected operations to be carried out simultaneously or in succession. It is described in sufficient detail for the staff & subordinate cdrs to understand what they are to do & how to fight the battle w/o further instructions. contact point-A designated, easily identifiable point on the terrain where two or more units are required to physically meet. contain-To restrict enemy movement by stopping, holding, or surrounding his forces or causing them to center their activity on a given front to prevent the movement of any part of his forces for use elsewhere. The limits of the containment may be expressed in terms of geography or time. controlled supply rate (CSR)-The rate of ammunition consumption that can be supported, considering availability, facilities, & transportation. It is expressed in rounds per unit, individual, or vehicle per day. The theater Army announces the CSR for each item of ammunition, and, in turn, the CDR of each subordinate tactical unit announces a CSR to his cdrs at the next lower levels. a unit may not draw ammunition in excess of its CSR w/o authority from its next higher HQ. coordinated fire line (CFL)-A line beyond which conventional surface fire support means (mortars, field artillery, naval gunfire ships) may fire at any time w/in the zone of the establishing HQ w/o additional coordination. It is usually established by brigade or division, but may be established by a maneuver battalion. coordinating point-A control measure that indicates a specific location for the coordination of fires & maneuver between adjacent units. They usually are indicated whenever a boundary crosses the FEBA, and may be indicated when a boundary crosses report lines or phase lines (PLs) used to control security forces. In NATO physical contact between adjacent units is required. counterattack-(JP 1-02) A form of offensive operation in which an attack by CATK a part or all of a defending force is made against an enemy attacking force, for such specific purposes as regaining ground lost or cutting off or destroying enemy advance units, & with the general objective of regaining the initiative & denying to the enemy the attainment of CATK CATK his purpose in attacking. In sustained defensive operations, it is undertaken to restore the battle position (BP) & is directed at limited objectives. Counterattacks may be by maneuver or by fire only. counterreconnaissance-(JP 1-02) All measures taken to prevent hostile observation of a force, area, or place. course of action- (JP 1-02) 1. A plan that would accomplish, or is related to, the accomplishment of a mission. 2. The scheme adopted to accomplish a task or mission. It is a product of the Joint Operation Planning and Execution System (JOPES) concept development phase. The supported commander will include a recommended COA in the commander’s estimate. The recommended COA will include the concept of operations, evaluation of supportability estimates of supporting organizations, and an integrated timephased data base of combat, CS, and CSS forces and sustainment. Refinement of this data base will be contingent on the time available for COA development. When approved, the COA becomes the basis for the development of an operation plan or operation order. (Army) 1. Any sequence of acts that an individual or unit may follow. 2. A possible plan open to an individual or CDR that would accomplish or is related to accomplishment of the mission. 3. A feasible way to accomplish a task or mission which follows the guidance given, will not result in undue damage/risk to the command, & is noticeably different from other actions being considered. covering force area (CFA)-In the defense, the operational area between the FEBA & the FLOT. covert breach-(Army) A breach tactic used when the force must reduce lanes through enemy tactical or protective obstacles undetected. In the covert breach, suppression from the 8

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support force is a be-prepared task upon detection of the breach force or an on-order task once the breach is completed and the assault is initiated. Normally, this type of breach is used when mission success depends on achieving surprise at the expense of speed or mass. cratering charge-(JP 1-02, NATO) A charge placed at an adequate depth to produce a crater. (Army)- A demolition charge used to create a type of point obstacle usually used to close a lane or block a road. critical point-(JP 1-02) 1. A key geographical point or position important to the success of an operation. 2. In a point in time, a crisis or a turning point in an operation. 3. A selected point along a line of march used for reference in a giving instructions. 4. A point where there is a change of direction or change in slope in a ridge or stream. 5. Any point along a route of march where interference with a troop movement may occur. (Army)- Roadways, structures, and man-made or terrain features that limit the ability to maneuver. crossing area-(JP 1-02, NATO) A number of adjacent crossing sites under the control of one commander. (Army)- A controlled access area for a river crossing operation used to decrease traffic congestion at the river. It is normally a brigade-sized area defined by lateral boundaries and release lines 3 to 4 km (based on METT-T) from each side of the river. crossing area commander-The officer responsible for the control of all crossing units, assault units, and support forces while they are in the crossing area. crossing force-(Army) Normally a division size unit that has responsibility to establish the bridgehead. This is accomplished in four phases; the advance to the river, the assault across the river, the advance from the exit bank, and the securing of the bridgehead line. crossing force commander-(Army) The individual designated to control the lead brigades during the assault across the river to secure the bridgehead line. crossing site-The location along a water obstacle where the crossing can be made using amphibious vehicles, assault boats, rafts, bridges, or fording vehicles. crossing site commander-The individual, normally an engineer company commander or a platoon leader, responsible for the crossing means and crossing site, and for crossing the units sent to the crossing site. He commands the engineers operating the crossing means and the engineer regulating points (ERPs) at the call forward areas and staging areas for that site. culminating point-The point in time and space when the attacker can no longer accomplish his purpose, or when the defender no longer has the ability to accomplish his purpose. This can be due to factors such as combat power remaining, logistic support, weather, morale, and fatigue. RI VE

Assault crossing area

Ford w/Difficulty

Raft Site

Ford Easily

Float bridge, existing bridge site, or viaduct

D D-day-(JP 1-02) The unnamed day on which a particular operation commences or is to commence. (Army)-The execution date of an operation. The use of D-day allows for planning and sequencing of events when a specific calendar date cannot be established. References to days preceding or following D-day use a plus or minus sign and an Arabic numeral following the letter “D.” deception-Actions which mislead the enemy & induce him to do something counter to his interests. It includes manipulating, distorting, to falsifying information available to the enemy to ensure security to REAL plans, operations, or activities. deception operation-A military operation conducted to mislead the enemy. A unit conducting a deception operation may or may not make contact w/ the enemy. Includes demonstrations, displays, feints, & ruses. decision point (DP)-(Army) An event, an area, a line or a point on the battlefield where tactical decisions are required resulting from the war-gaming process before the operation order. Decision points do not dictate commander’s decisions, they only indicate that a decision is required, and they indicate when and where the decision should be made to have the Page - 128

maximum effect on friendly or enemy COA. decision support matrix (DSM)-An aid used by the commander and staff to make battlefield decisions. It is a staff product of the war-gaming process which lists the DP, location of the DP, the criteria to be evaluated at the point of the decision, the action or options to occur at the DP, and the unit or element that is to act and has responsibility to observe and report the information affecting the criteria for the decision. decision support template (DST)-A staff product initially used in the war-gaming process which graphically represents the DPs and projected situations and indicates when, where, and under what conditions a decision is most likely to be required to initiate a specific activity (such as a branch or sequel) or event (such as lifting or shifting of fires.) decisive engagement-(JP 1-02)-In land and naval warfare, an engagement in which a unit is considered fully committed and cannot maneuver or extricate itself. In the absence of outside assistance, the action must be fought to a conclusion and either won or lost with the forces at hand. (Army)-In some situations, this is a desired result in order to hold key terrain, defeat a specific enemy force, or secure a specific objective. In this situation, the unit can receive additional forces or support to be able to disengage. decisive point-(Army) 1. A point, if retained, that provides a commander with a marked advantage over his opponent. Decisive points are usually geographic in nature but could include other physical elements, such as enemy formations, command posts, and communications nodes. 2. A time or location where enemy weakness is positioned that allows overwhelming combat power to be generated against it. It could be an enemy weakness to be exploited or a time when the combat potential of the enemy force is degraded. 3. Conveys to subordinates a potential point of decision that the commander has identified through his estimate process to apply overwhelming combat power. decisive terrain-Key terrain is decisive terrain if it has an extraordinary impact on the mission. Decisive terrain is rare & will not be present in every situation. To designate terrain as decisive is to recognize that the successful accomplishment of the mission, whether offensive or defensive, depends on seizing or retaining it. The CDR designates decisive terrain to communicate its importance in his concept of operations, first to his staff &, later, to subordinate cdrs. decontamination-(JP 1-02, NATO) The process of making any person, object, or area safe by absorbing, destroying, neutralizing, making harmless, or removing chemical or biological agents, or by removing radioactive material clinging to or around it. (Army)-The reduction of the contamination hazard by removal or neutralization of hazardous levels of NBC contamination on personnel and materiel. The three levels of decontamination are immediate, operational, and thorough. dedicated battery-A cannon battery whose total firepower is immediately available to suppress enemy weapons which threaten a designated company/team during a movement to contact. deep operations-(Army) Those operations directed against enemy forces and functions which are not in contact at the FLOT, LD, or friendly perimeter and are between the FLOT or perimeter and the forward boundary of the unit conducting the operation. These operations employ long-range fires, air and ground maneuver, and C 2W to defeat the enemy by denying him freedom of action; disrupting his preparation for battle and his support structure; and disrupting or destroying the coherence and tempo of his operations. defeat-(Army) A tactical task to either disrupt or nullify the enemy force commander’s plan and subdue his will to fight so that he is unwilling or unable to further pursue his adopted COA and yields to the will of his opponent. defeat mechanism-(Army) That singular action, not necessarily the type of force or unit, that ensures the success of a COA. It includes locating objectives and identifying specific targets. defend-A combat operation designed to defeat an attacker and prevent him from achieving his objectives. It employs all means and methods available to prevent, resist, or destroy an enemy attack. Forms of defensive operations are area and mobile. Choices of defensive operations are in-depth and forward. The defensive techniques are defend in sector, 3

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DCN

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DCN O

defend a battle position, and defend a strong point. Defend a battle position. A technique that places a unit in a battle Letter, # or Name position (BP) to concentrate its fires, to limit its maneuver, or to place it in an advantageous position to counterattack. The BP is a general location on the ground. The CDR positions his forces on the best terrain w/in & in the vicinity of the BP. The CDR may position security forces forward of and about the BP. He can also locate (CS) & (CSS) elements outside the BP. The CDR can maneuver his forces freely w/in the BP & seize the initiative to maneuver outside of the BP to attack enemy forces. Defend a Strong point. A form of defend a battle position that Letter, # or Name requires more engineer work and may be required to be held at all costs. It denies key terrain to the enemy and forces his movement in a different direction. Defense in depth.(JP 1-02, NATO) The siting of mutually supporting defense positions designed to absorb and progressively weaken attack, prevent initial observations of the whole position by the enemy, and to allow the commander to maneuver his reserve. Defend in Sector. A technique that requires a defending unit to prevent enemy forces from passing beyond the rear boundary of the sector, while retaining flank security, & ensuring integrity of effort w/in the parent unit's scheme of maneuver. Initial positions generally are established as far forward as possible, but a commander may use any technique to accomplish the mission. The higher commander will normally assign a nopenetration criteria. Example: Do not allow penetration of PL NAME by 12 or more tanks or IFVs. defilade-1. Protection from hostile observation & fire provided by an obstacle such as a hill, ridge, or bank. 2. A vertical distance by which a position is concealed from enemy observation. 3. To shield from enemy fire or observation by using natural or artificial obstacles. demonstrate - When given to a TF level unit, this tasking requires the unit to be observed by the enemy beyond the range of his direct fire weapons This is not a common task except in terrain which provides virtually unobstructed observation. With current weapons and indirect fire capabilities of the enemy, this is a rather daring requirement. This is not a demonstration. delay from alternate positions-Requires two maneuver units in a single sector. While the first is fighting, the second occupies the next position in depth & prepares to assume responsibility for the operation. The first force disengages and passes through or around the second. It, then, prepares to resume the delay from a position in greater depth, while the second force takes up the fight. delay forward of a specified line for a specified time or specified eventUsed to prevent enemy forces from reaching the specified area earlier than the specified time or event, regardless of the cost; presents a higher risk to the unit. This can be done by units in the covering force area or in the main battle area. delay from successive positions-A technique which occurs when a sector is so wide that available forces cannot occupy more than a single tier of positions. Maneuver units delay continuously on & between positions throughout their sectors, fighting rearward from one position to another, holding each as long as possible or for a specified time. delaying operation-An operation usually conducted when the commander needs time to concentrate or withdraw forces, to establish defenses in greater depth, to economize in an area, or to complete offensive actions elsewhere. In the delay, the destruction of the enemy force is secondary to slowing his advance to gain time. Delay mission are: delay in sector. A low risk mission which requires a unit to slow & defeat as much of the enemy as possible w/o sacrificing the tactical integrity of the unit. This mission can be given to forces in the covering force area (CFA) or in the MBA. delay forward of a specified line for a specified time or specified event. This is a high risk mission which requires a unit to prevent enemy forces from reaching the specified area earlier than the specified time or event, regardless of the cost. This mission can be given to units in the CFA or in the MBA. 272100Z SEP

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deliberate attack-(JP 1-02, NATO) A type of offensive action characterized by preplanned coordinated employment of firepower and maneuver to close with and destroy or capture the enemy. (Army)-An attack planned and carefully coordinated and rehearsed with all concerned elements based on thorough reconnaissance, evaluation of all available intelligence and relative combat strength, analysis of various COA, and other factors affecting the situation. It generally is conducted against a well-organized defense when a hasty attack is not possible or has been conducted and failed. deliberate breaching-(JP 1-02, NATO) The creation of a lane through a minefield or a clear route through a barrier or fortification, which is systematically planned and carried out. (Army)-A deliberate breach is conducted when it is not possible or necessary to cross an obstacle in stride, or after and in-stride breach has failed. A deliberate breach is characterized by detailed planning and preparation, and executed with whatever resources are available. deliberate crossing-(JP 1-02, NATO) A crossing of an inland water obstacle that requires extensive planning and detailed preparation. (Army)-A crossing conducted against a wellorganized defense when a hasty river crossing has failed or is not possible. It requires thorough reconnaissance, extensive intelligence, detailed planning, preparation, centralized control, and extensive rehearsals. deliberate defense-(JP 1-02, NATO) A defense normally organized when out of contact w/the enemy or when contact w/the enemy is not imminent and time for organization is available. It normally includes an extensive fortified zone incorporating pillboxes, forts, and communications systems. demonstration-(JP 1-02, NATO) An attack or show of force on a front where a decision is not sought, made with the aim of deceiving the enemy. (Army) 1. Type of attack that is a deception similar to a feint, with the exception that no contact with the enemy is sought. 2. In stability and support operations, an operation by military forces in sight of an actual or potential enemy to show military capabilities. destroy- 1. A tactical task to physically render an enemy force combatineffective unless it is reconstituted. 2. To render a target so damaged that it cannot function as intended nor be restored to a usable condition without being entirely rebuilt. destruction- 1. When referring to the effects of FA fires, a target out of action permanently, or 30 percent casualties or material damage. Destruction requires large expenditures of ammunition and is prohibitive unless using improved conventional munitions (ICM) or “smart weapons.” 2. When used in an attack helicopter mission, the percentage of destroyed or disabled vehicles must be specified by the higher commander. detachment left in contact (DLIC)-A DLIC is used in a withdrawal not under pressure. It is normally organized from the platoons of forward companies & commanded by the battalion XO although it may be a mission assigned to a single reinforced company. The DLIC may comprise as much as a third of the battalion's maneuver elements. The primary purpose of the DLIC is to deceive the enemy into believing the battalion is still in position as the majority of units withdraw. If the withdrawal is discovered & the enemy attacks, the DLIC defends/delays w/in its capability. It disengages & withdraws after the main body has begun movement to the next mission. detailed equipment decontamination-In thorough decontamination, removing, neutralizing, or reducing contamination on interior and exterior surfaces of unit equipment to negligible risk levels to allow the removal of MOPP gear or reduction of MOPP level for extended periods. detailed troop decontamination-In thorough decontamination, reducing MOPP levels for extended periods by decontaminating individual fighting equipment to negligible risk levels, removing contaminated MOPP Gear including protective masks, decontaminating protective masks, and monitoring personnel and equipment for effectiveness of decontamination. direct action (DA)-Short-duration strikes and other small-scale offensive actions by special operations forces to seize, destroy, capture, recover, or inflict damage on designated personnel or material. In the conduct of these operations, special operations forces may Page - 131

DCN E

DCN T

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employ raid, ambush, or direct assault tactics; emplace mines and other munitions; conduct standoff attacks by fire from air, ground, or maritime platforms; provide terminal guidance for precision-guided munitions; and conduct independent sabotage. direction of attack-(JP 1-02) A specific direction or route that the main attack or center of mass of the unit will follow. The unit is restricted, required to attack as indicated, and is not normally allowed to bypass the enemy. The direction of attack is used primarily in counterattacks or to ensure that supporting attacks make maximal contribution to the main attack. (Army) Normally used at battalion & lower levels. Direction of attack is a more restrictive control measure than axis of advance, & units are not free to maneuver off the assigned route. It usually is associated w/ infantry units conducting night attacks, or units involved in limited visibility operations, & in counterattacks. direct pressure force-A force employed in a pursuit operation that orients on the enemy main body to prevent enemy disengagement or defensive reconstitution prior to envelopment by the encircling force. It normally conducts a series of hasty attacks to slow the enemy’s retirement by forcing him to stand and fight. direct support (DS)-(JP 1-02) A mission requiring a force to support another specific force & authorizing it to answer directly the supported force's request for assistance. (NATO) The support provided by a unit or formation not attached to, nor under command of, the supported unit or formation, but required to give priority to the support required by that unit or formation. direct support (DS) artillery-Artillery whose primary task is to provide fire requested by the supported unit. disengagement-Breaking contact w/ the enemy & moving to a point where the enemy can neither observe nor engage the unit by direct fire. displace-To leave one position & take another. Forces may be displaced laterally to concentrate combat power in threatened areas. display-(Army) A deception technique to mislead the enemy’s visual senses, including his observation by radar, camera, infrared device, or the human eye. Displays include simulations, disguises, portrayals, or some combination of these measures. disrupt-A tactical task or obstacle effect that integrates fire planning and obstacle effort to break apart an enemy’s formation and tempo, interrupt the enemy’s timetable, or cause premature commitment of enemy forces, or the piecemealing of his attack. diversion-(JP 1-02) 1. The act of drawing the attention and forces of an enemy from the point of principal operation; an attack, alarm, or feint that diverts attention. 2. A change made in a prescribed route for operational or tactical reasons. A diversion order will not constitute a change of destination. 3. A rerouting of cargo or passengers to a new transshipment point or destination or on a different mode of transportation prior to arrival at ultimate destination. division support area (DSA)-(Army) An area normally located in the division rear and often positioned near air-landing facilities along the MSR. The DSA contains the portions of the division rear CP, DISCOM CP, and units organic and attached to the DISCOM. It may also contain COSCOM units supporting the division and nondivisional units in the division area. doctrinal template-A model based on postulated enemy tactical doctrine. It generally portrays frontages, depths, echelon spacing, & force composition, as well as his disposition of combat, CS, & CSS units for a given type of operation. It portrays how the enemy would like to fight if he was not constrained. double envelopment-A form of enveloping maneuver executed by forces which move around both flanks of an enemy position to attack the flanks or objectives in the rear of the enemy. The enemy normally is fixed in position by a supporting frontal attack or by indirect and/or aerial fires. Supporting

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secondary efforts, so that forces may be concentrated in the area where a decision is sought. Economy of force is a principle of war and a condition of tactical operations. It is not used to describe a mission. emergency risk (nuclear)-(JP 1-02) A degree of risk where anticipated effects may cause some temporary shock & casualties, & may significantly reduce the unit's combat efficiency. (Army) Emergency risk is accepted only when absolutely necessary. It includes vulnerability categories expressed in terms of risk to unwarned, exposed personnel; exposed personnel; warned, protected personnel. encirclement-The loss of freedom of maneuver to one force resulting from an enemy force’s control of all routes of egress and reinforcement. end evening nautical twilight (EENT)-Occurs when the sun has dropped 12o beneath the horizon, & is the instant of last available daylight for

the visual control of limited ground operations. At the EENT, there is no further sunlight available. end state-(Army) A set of required conditions that, when achieved, attain the aims set for the campaign or operation. engagement area (EA)-An area along an enemy avenue of approach where the commander intends to contain and destroy an enemy force with the massed fires of all available weapons. The size and shape of the EA is determined by the relatively unobstructed intervisibility from the weapon systems in their firing positions and the maximum range of those weapons. Sectors of fire are usually assigned to subordinates to prevent fratricide. engagement criteria-Those circumstances that allow engagement of an enemy force without a specific command to do so. Examples are a point or line on the ground that an enemy crosses or an event or action that an enemy does. engagement priorities-The sequence for attack of targets in order of importance assigned to specific weapons systems to facilitate the destruction of threat vehicles expected in an armored formation. Engagement priorities are assigned based on the type or level of threat at different ranges to best match organic weapon systems capabilities against threat vulnerabilities. envelopment-(JP 1-02, NATO) An offensive maneuver in which the main attacking force passes around or over the enemy's principal defensive positions to secure objectives to the enemy's rear. (Army) It is one of the five choices of maneuver. A commander must find or create an assailable flank by passing forces around one or both of, or over (vertical), the sides of an enemy force, pitting his strength against the enemy’s weakness. essential elements of friendly information (EEFI)-(JP 1-02) Key questions likely to be asked by adversary officials and intelligence systems about specific friendly intentions, capabilities, and activities so they can obtain answers critical to their operational effectiveness. (Army) The critical aspects of a friendly operation that, if known by the enemy, would subsequently compromise, lead to failure, or limit success of the operation, and therefore must be protected from enemy detection. event template-A model against which enemy activity can be recorded & compared. It represents a sequential projection of events that relate to space & time on the battlefield, & they indicate the enemy's ability to adopt a particular course of action. Event templates differ from doctrinal/situational templates. They are not graphics inscribed on plastic or drawings of force dispositions, but lists of enemy action in chronological sequence. This template details significant enemy maneuver during the period from 7 days to 1 hour before attack, w/ each enemy action being an indicator of his intent. exfiltrate-To move from an enemy are with maximum stealth. A task which can be very time consumg. exploitation-(JP 1-02, NATO) 1. Taking full advantage of success in battle and following up initial gains. 2. Taking full advantage of any information that has come to hand for tactical, operational, or strategic purposes. 3. An offensive operation that usually follows a successful attack and is designed to disorganize the enemy in depth.

F family of scatterable mine (FASCAM)- A grouping of munitions Uns pecified mines w/Self Des truct Time

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AP Minefield Reinforced w/Scatterable, w/Self Des truct

... ... +S

DTG

AT mines w/Self Des truct Time

DTG

that dispense scatterable mines (scatmines) by artillery, helicopter, fixed wing, or ground launchers. There are antipersonnel and antitank mines. All US scatmines self-destruct times depend on the type of munition. feint-(Army) A type of attack used as a deception intended to draw the enemy's attention away from the area of the main attack. This induces the enemy to move his reserves or to shift his fire support in reaction to the feint. Feints must appear real and therefore require some contact with the enemy. Usually a limited-objective attack ranging in size from a raid to a supporting attack is conducted. field services- Essential services to enhance a soldier’s quality of life during operations. They include food preparation, water purification, mortuary affairs support, air drop support, laundry and shower services, and cloth and light textile repair. field trains-The CSS portion of a unit at company, battalion, and brigade level that is positioned in the BSA with the FSB and other support elements pushed forward from the division MSB. At company level, supply and mess teams normally will be located in the battalion field trains. A battalion’s field trains may include mess teams and the portion of the supply section of the support platoon, a maintenance element, and ammunition and petroleum, oils and lubricants (POL) elements not forward in the combat trains. field trains command post (FTCP)-(Army)At the battalion and squadron levels, the place from which the HHC/HHT commander controls the field trains operations. final coordination line(FCL)-A line close to the enemy position used to coordinate the lifting & shifting of supporting fires w/ the final deployment of maneuver elements. It should be recognizable on the ground. It is not a fire support coordination measure. final protective fire (FPF)-(JP 1-02, NATO) An immediately available preplanned barrier of direct & indirect fire designed to provide close protection to friendly positions & installations by impeding enemy movement into defensive area. fire base (FB)-1. An area used during air assault operations from which a unit is moved via helicopters and supports the air assault operation’s main effort with direct or indirect fires. 2. An area in hostile or insurgent territory which has a 360-degree defense and which supports combat patrols or larger operations with CS and CSS assets. fire support coordinating measure-(JP 1-02) A measure employed by land or amphibious commanders to facilitate the rapid engagement of targets and simultaneously provide safeguards for friendly forces. (Army)-In close coordination with supporting air asset commanders. fire support coordination line (FSCL)-(JP 1-02) A line established by the appropriate land or amphibious force commander to ensure coordination of fire not under his control but which may affect current tactical operations. The FSCL is used to coordinate fires of air, ground, or sea weapons systems using any type of ammunition against surface targets. The FSCL should follow well defined terrain features. The establishment of the FSCL must be coordinated w/ the appropriate tactical air CDR & other supporting elements. Supporting elements may attack targets forward of the FSCL, w/o prior coordination w/ the ground force CDR, provided the attack will not produce adverse surface effects on, or to the rear of, the line. Attacks against surface targets behind this line must be coordinated w/ the appropriate ground force CDR. (Army)-A permissive fire control measure established and adjusted by the ground commander in consultation synchronization of operations on either side of the FSCL is the responsibility of the establishing commander out to the limits of the land component forward boundary. It applies to all fires of air, land, beyond the FSCL must inform all affected commanders to allow necessary coordination to avoid fratricide. fire support element (FSE)-A functional portion of a force tactical operations center that provides centralized targeting, coordination, and integration of fires delivered on surface FTCP

Final CL (PL NAME)

AG1201

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EFF 202100Z270800Z SEP

PL NAME

targets by fire support means under the control of or in support of the force. This element is staffed from the FA HQ or FA staff section of the force and representatives of other fire support means. fire support plan-A plan on how indirect fires and target acquisition will be used to support an operation. It should include a portion for each means of fire support . involved. fire support team (FIST)-(Army) In fire support operations, a team comprised of a team chief (FA LT) and the necessary additional personnel and equipment required to plan, request, coordinate, and the direct fire support efforts for company-sized units. fix-(JP 1-02, NATO)A position determined from terrestrial, electronic, or astronomical data. (Army) 1. A tactical task in which actions are taken to prevent the enemy from moving any part of his forces either from a specific location or for a specific period of time by holding or surrounding them to prevent their withdrawal fro use elsewhere. 2. A tactical obstacle effect that integrates fire planning and obstacle effort to slow an attacker within a specified areanormally an EA. flank guard-(JP 1-02, NATO) A security element operating to the flank of a moving or stationary force to protect it from enemy ground observation, direct fire, and surprise attack. follow and assume-An operation in which a committed force follows a force conducting an offensive operation and is prepared to continue the mission of the force it is following when that force is fixed, attrited, or otherwise unable to continue. Such a force is not reserve but is committed to accomplish specific tasks. follow and support force-An operation in which a committed force follows and supports the mission accomplishment of a force conducting an offensive operation. Such a force is not a reserve but is committed to accomplish any or all of these tasks: destroy bypassed units; relieve in place any direct pressure or encircling force that has halted to contain the enemy; block movement of enemy reinforcements; secure lines of communication; guard prisoners, key areas, and installations; secure key terrain; and control refugees. force protection-(JP 1-02) Security program designed to protect soldiers, civilian employees, family members, facilities, and equipment, in all locations and situations, accomplished through planned and integrated application of combatting terrorism, physical security, operations security, personal protective services, and supported by intelligence, counterintelligence, and other security programs. (Army)-One of the four primary elements that combine to create combat power. It conserves the fighting potential of a force. The four components of force protection are: operational security and deception operations; the soldier’s health and morale; safety; and the avoidance of fratricide. forward arming and refueling point (FARP)-A temporary facility that is organized, equipped, and deployed by an aviation commander, and is FARP normally located in the MBA closer to the area of operations than the aviation unit’s CSS area. It provides fuel & ammunition necessary for the employment of aviation maneuver units in combat. It permits combat aircraft to rapidly refuel and rearm simultaneously. forward defense-A choice of defensive maneuver where the majority of a unit’s combat power is deployed in a generally linear manner along or near the FEBA. Security, reconnaissance, and counterreconnaisance forces are employed forward of the FEBA. The objective of this choice of maneuver is to destroy the enemy in the vicinity of the FEBA. Counterattacks forward of the defending forces are critical to this choice of maneuver. The perimeter defense is a type of forward defense. forward edge of the battle area (FEBA)-(JP 1-02, FEBA FEBA NATO) The foremost limits of a series of areas in which ground combat units are deployed, excluding FEBA FEBA the areas in which the covering or screening forces are operating, designated to coordinate fire support, FEBA FEBA Fwd Obs

Fwd Edge of Battle Area

Actual Trace

Proposed or On Order Trace

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the positioning of forces, or the maneuver of units. forward line of troops (FLOT)-(JP 1-02) A line which indicates the most forward positions of friendly forces in any kind of military operation at a specific time. The FLOT normally identifies the forward location of covering and screening forces. (Army)-The FLOT may be at, beyond, or short of the FEBA. An enemy FLOT indicates the forward most position of hostile forces. forward logistics base (FLB)-(Army) The area occupied by multifunctional FLEs of a support battalion, group, or command when it echelons its assets to provide critical support to combat forces. This base may be the first stage of the development of a support area. forward logistics element (FLE)-(Army) A multifunctional forward logistics element taskorganized to support fast-moving offensive operations, early phases of contingency operations, and units geographically separated from normal support channels. The FLE operates out of a forward logistics base. free fire area (FFA)-A specific designated area into which any weapon systems may fire w/o additional coordination w/ the establishing headquarters. Normally, it is established on identifiable terrain by division or higher headquarters. friendly force information requirements (FFIR)-Information the commander and staff need about the forces available for the operation. This includes personnel, maintenance, supply, ammunition, and petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) status, and experience and leadership capabilities. frontal attack-(JP 1-02, NATO) 1. An offensive maneuver in which the main action is directed against the front of the enemy forces. (DOD) 2. In air intercept, an attack by an interceptor aircraft that terminates w/a heading crossing angle greater than 135 degrees. (Army)Strikes the enemy across a wide front and over the most direct approaches. It is normally used when commanders possess overwhelming combat power and the enemy is at a clear disadvantage. FLOT

FLOT

FFA X CORPS 051030051600Z OR EFF 051030Z

G GA-The symbol for the nerve agent tabun. gap-(JP 1-02, NATO) An area w/in a minefield or obstacle belt, free of live mines or obstacles, whose width and direction will allow a friendly force to pass through in tactical formation. (Army) 1. Any break or breach in the continuity of tactical dispositions or formations beyond effective small arms coverage. 2. A portion of a minefield of specified widt in which no mines have been laid to enable a friendly force to pass through in tactical formation. 3. A ravine, mountain pass, or river that presents an obstacle that must be bridged. GB-The symbol for the nerve agent sarin. GD-The symbol for the nerve agent soman. general support (GS)-(JP 1-02, NATO) That support that is given to the supported force as a whole & not to any particular subdivision thereof. general support (GS) artillery-(JP 1-02, NATO) Artillery which executes the fire directed by the CDR of the unit to which it organically belongs or is attached. It fires in support of the operation as a whole rather than in support of a specific subordinate unit. (Army) A tactical artillery mission. general support reinforcing (GSR)-A tactical artillery mission. GSR artillery has the mission of supporting the force as a whole & of providing A2B reinforcing fires for another artillery unit. group of targets-(JP 1-02, NATO) Two or more targets on which fire is desired simultaneously. A group of targets is designated by a letternumber-letter combination or a nickname. guard – (JP 1-02, NATO) A security element whose primary task is to G G protect the main force by fighting to gain time, while also observing and reporting information. (Army) A form of security operation whose primary task is to protect the main force by fighting to gain time while also observing and reporting information, and to prevent the enemy ground observation of and direct fire AG7003

AG7005

AG7002

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against the main body by reconnoitering, attacking, defending, and delaying. A guard force normally operates w/in the range of the main body’s indirect fire weapons.

H H-The symbol for Levinstein mustard, a blister agent. habitual association-The close and continuous relationship established between support elements and the combat units they support or between combat units that frequently are cross-attached to ensure a mutual understanding of operating procedures and techniques and to increase overall responsiveness. handover line-(JP 1-02, NATO) A control feature, preferably following easily defined terrain features, at which responsibility for the conduct of combat operations is passed from one force to another. (Army) 1. The handover line applies to other functions beside combat, such as intelligence, electronic warfare, and information warfare. 2. The action is complete when the receiving commander acknowledges assumption of control authority. hasty attack-(JP 1-02, NATO) In land operations, an attack in which preparation time is traded for speed in order to exploit an opportunity. (Army)-Result of a meeting engagement-launched with the forces at hand and w/minimum preparation to destroy the enemy before he is able to concentrate or establish a defense. hasty crossing-(JP 1-02, NATO) The crossing of an inland water obstacle using the crossing means at hand or those readily available, and made w/out pausing for elaborate preparations. hasty defense-(JP 1-02, NATO) A defense normally organized while in contact w/the enemy or when contact is imminent and time available for the organization is limited. It is characterized by improvement of the natural defensive strength of the terrain by utilization of foxholes, emplacements, and obstacles. HD-The symbol for distilled Levinstein mustard, a blister agent. high payoff target (HPT)-A target whose loss to the threat will contribute to the success of the friendly COA. high value target (HVT)-Assets that the threat commander requires for the successful completion of a specific COA. HL-The symbol for a blister agent consisting of mustard-lewisite mixture. HN-The symbol for nitrogen mustard, a blister agent. hold-(JP 1-02, NATO) 1. A cargo stowage compartment aboard ship. 2. To maintain or retain possession of by force, as a position or an area. 3. In an attack, to exert sufficient pressure to prevent movement or redisposition of enemy forces. 4. As applied to air traffic, to keep an aircraft w/in a specified space or location which is identified by visual or other means IAW air traffic control instructions. HT-The symbol for a mustard-T mixture, a blister agent.

I in-depth defense-A choice of defensive maneuver that forces the enemy to attack through a series of mutually supporting friendly positions, causing the enemy’s mass to be expended and his supporting forces to be unable to focus. This choice of maneuver reduces the risk of an enemy penetration and allows the enemy to gain terrain to wear him down and overextend his ability to sustain his attack. In-depth defense usually culminates in a friendly counterattack to complete the destruction of the enemy and regain lost terrain. infiltration-1. The movement through or into an area or territory occupied by either friendly or enemy troops or organizations. The movement is made, either by small groups or by individuals, at extended or irregular intervals. When used in connection with the enemy, it implies that contact is avoided. 2. In intelligence usage, placing an agent or other person in a target area in hostile territory. Usually involves crossing a frontier or other guarded line. Methods of infiltration are: black (clandestine); grey (through legal crossing point but under false documentation); white (legal). (Army) 1. A choice of maneuver that entails movement through or into an area occupied by an enemy or a friendly force by small groups or individuals at extended or irregular intervals in which contact w/the enemy is avoided. 2. When used in conjunction w/a tactical vehicular ENY

NE LA

ME NA

ENY

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march, vehicles are dispatched individually or in small groups at irregular intervals to reduce density and prevent undue massing of vehicles. information requirements (IR)-(JP 1-02, NATO) Those items of information regarding the enemy and his environment which need to be collected and processed in order to meet the intelligence requirements of a commander. in-stride breach-A type of breaching used by maneuver units to quickly overcome unexpected or lightly defended tactical obstacles. Maneuver battalions and companies are taskorganized w/the assets necessary to conduct independent breaching operations. These include mine rollers, mine plows, engineers, priority of artillery, mortars, close air support, air defense, smoke targets, and smoke generators. intent (commander’s)-(Not an operational term) the commander’s visualization of how his unit proceeds from initiation of an operation to its final endstate. The intent is communicated both face to face and in the “execution” paragraph and is expressed in three or four simple sentences that precede the concept of operation. Its utility is to focus subordinates on a method the commander will use in order to achieve success. The intent defines the purpose of the operation, acceptable risk, the end state to be achieved, and in general terms, how the force as a whole will achieve that end state. interdict-Using fire support or maneuver forces; 1. To seal off an area by any means; to deny use of a route or approach. 2. A tactical task which is oriented on the enemy to prevent, hinder, or delay the use of an area or route by enemy forces. intervisibility (IV)-The condition of being able to see one point from another. This condition may be altered or interrupted by weather, smoke, terrain masking, dust, or debris. intervisibility line-A ridge or horizon beyond which equipment or personnel can be hidden from observation. isolate-A tactical task given to a unit to seal off (both physically and psychologically) an enemy from his sources of support, to deny an enemy freedom of movement, and prevent an enemy unit from having contact w/other enemy forces. An enemy must not be allowed sanctuary w/in his present position.

J joint air attack team (JAAT)-(Army) A combination of US Army attack & scout aircraft & US Air Force close air support (CAS) aircraft operating together to locate & attack high priority, lucrative targets such as tanks & other targets of opportunity. It normally operates in a coordinated effort w/ fire support, air defense artillery, & ground maneuver forces against enemy armored formations, command vehicles, & enemy air defense weapons systems. joint task force (JTF)-(JP 1-02) A joint force that is constituted and so designated by the Secretary of Defense, a combatant commander, a subunified commander, or an existing joint task force commander.

K key terrain-(JP 1-02, NATO) Any locality or area the seizure, retention, or control of which affords a marked advantage to either combatant.

L light line (LL)-(JP 1-02, NATO) A designated line forward of which vehicles are required to use black-out lights at night. limit of advance-An easily recognized terrain feature beyond which attacking elements will not advance. line of contact (LC)-A general trace delineating the location where two opposing forces are engaged. line of departure (LD)-(JP 1-02, NATO) 1. In land warfare, a line designated to coordinate the departure of attack elements. 2. In amphibious warfare, a suitably marked offshore coordinating line to assist assault craft to land on designated beaches at scheduled times. line of departure is line of contact (LD/LC)-The designation of forward friendly positions as the LD when opposing forces are in contact. lines of communication (LOC)-(JP 1-02) All the routes, land, water, Page - 138

LL (PL NAME)

LOA (PL NAME)

LD (PL NAME)

LD/LC (PL NAME)

and air, which connect an operating military force w/a base of operations and along which supplies and military forces move. linkup-A meeting of friendly ground forces (such as when an advancing force reaches an objective area previously seized by an airborne or air assault force, when an encircled element breaks out to rejoin friendly forces, or when converging maneuver forces meet). linkup point-An easily identifiable point on the ground where two forces conduct a linkup meet. When one force is stationary, linkup points normally are established where the moving force’s routes are established on boundaries where the two forces are expected to converge. logistics release point (LRP)-1. The point along the supply route where the unit first sergeant or unit guide takes control of a company logistics package (LOGPAC). 2. The point along the supply route where the supported unit meets the supporting unit to transfer supplies. low-level transit route (LLTR)-(JP 1-02, NATO) A temporary corridor of defined dimensions established in the forward area to minimize the risk to friendly aircraft from friendly air defenses or surface fires. LU 3

ACP 1

LRP

LLTR

2706 00Z2806 00Z

ACP 2

M main attack-(JP 1-02, NATO) The principal attack or effort into which the commander throws the full weight of the offensive power at his disposal. An attack directed against the chief objective of the campaign or battle. (Army) The primary mission in support of the higher commander’s main effort. It is weighted w/combat, CS, and CSS. The higher commander will normally support the main attack w/a supporting attack(s) and other operations such as deep attacks, electronic warfare (EW) operations, deception operations, and economy of force operations. main battle area (MBA)-(JP 1-02) That portion of the battlefield in which the decisive battle is fought to defeat the enemy. For any particular command, the FEBA to the rear boundary of the command’s subordinate units main supply route (MSR)-(JP 1-02, NATO) The route or routes MSR NAME designated w/in an AO upon which the bulk of traffic flows in support of military operations. maintenance collection point (MCP)-A point established to collect equipment awaiting repair, controlled exchange, cannibalization, or evacuation. It may be operated by the user or by direct support maintenance units. maneuver-(JP 1-02, NATO) 1. A movement to place ships or aircraft in a position of advantage over the enemy. 2. A tactical exercise carried out at sea, in the air, on the ground, or on a map in imitation of war. 3. The operation of a ship, aircraft, or vehicle, to cause it to perform desired movements. 4. Employment of forces on the battlefield through movement in combination w/fire, or fire potential, to achieve a position of advantage in respect to the enemy in order to accomplish the mission. (Army)-Employment of forces on the battlefield through movement of combat forces in relation to the enemy, supported by fire or fire potential from all sources, to gain potential advantage from which to destroy or threaten destruction of the enemy to accomplish the mission. march column-A group of two to five serials using the same route for a single movement, organized under a single commander for planning, regulating, and controlling. march serial-A subdivision of a march column consisting of a group of two to five march units using the same route for a single movement, organized under a single commander for planning, regulating, and controlling. march unit-The smallest subdivision of a march column; a group of normally no more than 25 vehicles using the same route for a single movement, organized under a single commander for planning, regulating, and controlling. mass-(JP 1-02, NATO) 1. The concentration of combat power. 2. The military formation in which units are spaced at less than the normal distances and intervals. (Army) To concentrate or bring together fires, as to mass fires of multiple weapons or units. M-day-(JP 1-02) The term used to designate the unnamed day on which full mobilization commences or is due to commence. 8

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MCP

medical care echelon-Describes the five levels of treatment w/in the military system. Each echelon has the same capabilities as the echelon before it, but adds a new treatment capability that distinguishes it from the previous echelon. The five echelons are: Echelon I- unit level or immediate lifesaving measures; Echelon II-a medical unit that adds dental, laboratory, x-ray, and patient holding capability; Echelon III-mobile army surgical hospitals and combat support hospitals that add the capability to perform surgery; Echelon IV-general hospitals and field hospitals that add staffing and equipment for general and specialized medical and surgical treatment; Echelon V-continental US-based hospitals that can provide the most specialized and longterm care possible. meeting engagement-(JP 1-02, NATO) A combat action that occurs when a moving force, incompletely deployed for battle, engages an enemy at an unexpected time & place. (Army) The enemy force may be either stationary or in motion. military crest-An area on the forward or reverse slope of a hill or ridge just below the topographical crest from which maximum observation and direct fire covering the slope down to the base of the hill or ridge can be obtained. military operations in a built-up area (MOBA)-(Army) All military actions planned and conducted on a topographical complex and its adgacent natural terrain where man-made construction is the dominant feature. It includes combat in cities, which is that portion of military operations on umbarnized terrain involving house-to-house and street-by-street fighting in towns and cities. military operations on urbanized terrain (MOUT)- All military actions planned and conducted on a topographical complex and its adjacent natural terrain where man-made construction is the dominant feature. It includes combat-in-cities, which is that portion of MOUT involving house-to-house and street-by-street fighting in towns and cities. military operations other than war (MOOTW)-(JP 1-02) Operations that encompass the use of military capabilities across the range of military operations short of war. These military actions can be applied to complement any combination of the other instruments of national power and occur before, during, and after war. minefield-(JP 1-02, NATO) In land warfare, an area of ground containing mines laid w/ or w/out a pattern. minimum safe distance (MSD)-The minimum distance in meters from desired ground zero (DGZ) at which a specific degree of risk ooo & vulnerability will not be exceeded w/ a 99% assurance. mission-(JP 1-02) 1. The task, together w/the purpose, that clearly indicates the action to be taken & the reason therefor. 2. In common usage, especially when applied to lower military units, a duty assigned toa n individual or unit; a task. 3. The dispatching of one or more aircraft to accomplish one particular task. (Army) The commander’s expression of what the unit must accomplish & for what purpose. mission, enemy, terrain, troops, and time available (METT-T)-The phrase or acronym used to describe the factors that must be considered during the planning or execution of a tactical operation. (USMC)-mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops & support available, and time available. Example considerations are: mission-The who, what, when, where, & why that must be accomplished. enemy-Current information concerning the enemy’s strength, location, disposition, activity, equipment, and capability & a determination as to the enemy’s probable course of action. terrain (includes weather)-Analysis of vegetation, soil type, hydrology, climatic conditions, & light data to determine the impact the environment can have on current & future operations for both enemy & friendly operations. troops (and support available)-The quantity, level of training, and psychological state of friendly forces, to include the availability of weapon systems & critical equipment. time available-The time available to plan, prepare, & execute operations for both enemy & friendly forces. mission statement-A short paragraph or sentence describing the task and purpose that clearly indicate the action to be taken and the reason therefore. It usually contains the AT Minefield

AP Minefield

Planned Minefield Uns pecified Mines

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... ...

elements of who, what, when, and where, and the reason therefore, but seldom specifies how. mission type order-(JP 1-02) 1. Order issued to a lower unit that includes the accomplishment of the total mission assigned to the higher headquarters. 2. Order to a unit to perform a mission w/out specifying how it is to be accomplished. (Army) Specifies what subordinate commanders are to do w/out prescribing how they must do it. Mission type orders enable the command to seize and maintain initiative and to set the terms of battle. Mission type orders allow subordinate leaders to exercise independent judgement and exploit hanging situations. mobile defense-(JP 1-02) Defense of an area or position in which maneuver is used with organization of fire and utilization of terrain to seize the initiative from the enemy. (Army) A defense that orients on the destruction or defeat of the enemy through a decisive attack by the striking force. The minimum force is committed to a fixing force to shape the penetration while the maximum combat power available to the commander is dedicated to the striking force (with a mobility greater than the enemy’s) which catches the enemy as he is attempting to overcome that part of the force dedicated to defense. mobilization-(JP 1-02) 1. The act of assembling and organizing national resources to support national objectives in time of war or other emergencies. 2. The process by which the Armed Forces or part of them are brought to a state of readiness for war or other national emergency. This includes activating all or part of the Reserve components as well as assembling and organizing personnel, supplies, and materiel. Mobilization of the Armed Forces includes, but is not limited to, the following categories: a. selective mobilization-Expansion of the active Armed Forces resulting from action by Congress and/or the President to mobilize Reserve component units, individual ready reservists, and the resources needed for their support to meet the requirements of a domestic emergency that is not the result of an enemy attack. b. partial mobilization-Expansion of the active Armed Forces resulting from action by Congress (up to full mobilization) or by the President (not more than 1,000,000 for not more than 24 consecutive months) to mobilize Ready Reserve components units, individual reservists, and the resources needed for their support to meet the requirements of a war or other national emergency involving an external threat to the national security. c. full mobilization-Expansion of the active Armed Forces resulting from action by Congress and the President to mobilize all Reserve component units in the existing approved force structure, all individual reservists, retired military personnel, and the resources needed for their support to meet the requirements of a war or together national emergency involving an external threat to the national security. Reserve personnel can be placed on active duty for the duration of the emergency plus six months. d. total mobilization-Expansion of the active Armed Forces resulting from action by Congress and the President to organize and/or generate additional units or personnel, beyond the existing force structure, and the resources needed for their support, to meet the total requirements of a war or other national emergency involving an external threat to the national security. moderate risk (nuclear)-The measure of troop safety involving the medium degree of risk to friendly troops used in computation of minimum safe distance (MSD) from a nuclear detonation. It is associated w/ a maximum of 2.5 % incidence of casualties or a 5% incidence of nuisance effects. Moderate risk should not be exceeded if troops are expected to operate at full efficiency after a friendly burst. Expressed in terms of risk to unwarned , exposed personnel; warned, exposed personnel; warned , protected personnel. movement technique-Manner of traversing terrain used by a unit (such as traveling, traveling overwatch, & bounding overwatch). The likelihood of enemy contact determines which of the following technique are used: Traveling. A movement technique used when speed is necessary & contact with enemy forces is not likely. All elements of the unit move simultaneously w/ the unit leader located where he can best control. Traveling overwatch. A movement technique used when contact w/ enemy forces is possible. The lead element & trailing element are separated by a short distance which Page - 141

varies w/ the terrain. The trailing element moves at variable speeds & may pause for short periods to overwatch the lead element. It keys its movement to terrain & the lead element. The trailing element overwatches at such a distance that should the enemy engage the lead element, it will not prevent the trailing element from firing or moving to support the lead element. Bounding overwatch. A movement technique used when contact w/ enemy forces is expected. The unit moves by bounds. One element is always halted in position to overwatch another element while it moves. The overwatching element is positioned to support the moving unit by fire or fire & movement. movement to contact-An offensive operation designed to gain initial ground contact w/ the enemy or to regain lost contact. mutual support-(JP 1-02, NATO) That support which units render each other against an enemy because of their assigned tasks, their position relative to each other and to the enemy, and their inherent capabilities. (Army) 1. It normally is associated with support rendered through fire and movement. 2. A condition which exists when positions are able to support each other by direct fire, thus preventing the enemy from attacking one position w/out being subjected to direct fire from one or more adjacent positions.

N named areas of interest (NAI)-A point or area on the ground, along a particular avenue of approach, through which enemy activity is expected to occur. Activity or lack of activity w/in an NAI will help to confirm or deny a particular enemy course of action. negligible risk (nuclear)-The measure of troop safety providing the least risk to friendly troops used in the computation of minimum safe distance (MSD) from a nuclear detonation. It is associated w/ a maximum of 1% incidence of casualties or 2.5% incidence of nuisance effects. Negligible risk should not be exceeded unless significant tactical advantage will be gained. Expressed in terms of risk to unwarned, exposed personnel; warned, exposed personnel; warned, protected personnel. neutralization fire-(JP 1-02) Fire which is delivered to render the target ineffective or unusable. (NATO) Fire that is delivered to hamper & interrupt movement and/or the firing of weapons. (Army) Fires which are intended to render a target out of the battle temporarily by causing a minimum of 10% casualties. neutralize-(JP 1-02) As pertains to military operations, to render ineffective or unusable. (Army) 1. To render enemy personnel or material incapable of interfering with a particular operation. 2. To render safe mines, bombs, missiles, and boobytraps. 3. To make harmless anything contaminated w/a chemical agent. no-fire area (NFA)-An area in which no fires or effects of fires are allowed. Two exceptions are (1) when establishing headquarters approves fires temporarily w/in the NFA on a mission basis, & (2) when the enemy force w/in the NFA engages a friendly force, the CDR may engage the enemy to defend his force. no-fire line (NFL)-(JP 1-02, NATO) A line short of which artillery or ships do not fire except on request or approval of the supported commander, but beyond which they may fire at any time w/out danger to friendly troops. nonlethal fires-Any fires that do not directly seek destruction of the intended target and are designed to impair, disrupt, or delay the performance of enemy operational forces, functions, and facilities. Psychological operations, special operations forces, electronic warfare (jamming), and other command and control countermeasures are all nonlethal fire options. NAI NAME

NFA 52 ID (M) EFF 050030Z MAY

PL NAME (NFL)

O objective-(JP 1-02, NATO) The physical object or the action taken, e.g., a definite tactical feature, the seizure and/or holding of which is essential to the commander’s plan. (Army) 1. The physical object of the action taken (for example, a definite terrain feature, the seizure or holding of which is Page - 142

OBJ NAME

essential to the commander’s plan, or, the destruction of an enemy force w/out regard to terrain features). 2. The clearly defined, decisive, and attainable aims which every military operation should be directed towards. 3. The most important decisive points. obscuration smoke-Smoke employed on or near the enemy to minimize his vision both w/in & beyond his position area, or to cause an enemy force to vary speed, inadvertently change direction, deploy prematurely, or rely on nonoptical means of communication. obstacle-1. Any natural or man-made obstruction that canalizes, 116 BDE Belt delays, restricts, or diverts movement of a force. The effectiveness of an obstacle is enhanced considerably when covered by fire. Obstacles can include abatis, antitank ditches, blown bridges, Zone 116 BDE built-up areas, minefields, rivers, road craters, terrain, & wire. Obstacles are classified as either existing or reinforcing. Existing obstacles. Those natural or cultural restrictions to movement that are part of the terrain when battle planning begins. Reinforcing obstacles. Obstacles specifically constructed, emplaced, or detonated to tie together, strengthen, & extend existing obstacles. 2. Standard obstacles are designed to simplify & expedite planning & logistical support; however, they will be employed in multiples as necessary to conform to a specific target site. They are listed in a guide normally prepared by the division engineer as an enclosure to the division SOP or annex to the OPLAN. The guide lists ass the types of obstacles which the unit may employ & includes a drawing, a bill of materials, & special instructions. occupy-1. A tactical task in which a force moves onto an objective, key terrain, or other manmade or natural terrain area w/out opposition, and controls that entire area. 2. To remain in an area and retain control of that area. on-call target-In fire support, a planned target other than a scheduled target on which fire is delivered when requested. on-order mission-A mission to be executed at an unspecified time in the future. A unit w/an on-order mission is a committed force. The commander envisions task execution in the concept of operations; however, he may not know the exact time or place of execution. Subordinate commanders develop plans or orders and allocate resources, task-organize, and position forces for execution. operation-(JP 1-02, NATO) A military action or the carrying out of a strategic, tactical, service, training, or administrative military mission; the process of carrying on combat, including movement, supply, attack, defense, and maneuvers needed to gain the objectives of any battle or campaign. operational control (OPCON)-The authority delegated to a CDR to direct forces assigned so that the CDR may accomplish specific missions or tasks that are usually limited by function, time, or location; to deploy units concerned, & too retain or assign tactical control of those units. It does not of itself include administrative or logistic control. In NATO, it does not include authority to assign separate employment of components of the units concerned. operational exposure guide (OEG)-The maximum amount of nuclear radiation which the CDR considers his unit may be permitted to receive while performing a particular mission or missions. organic-Assigned to & forming an essential part of a military organization; an element normally shown in the unit's table of organization & equipment (TOE). overwatch-A task issued during the movement prior to enemy contact. Sometimes confused with "support by fire" which the unit may have to do if enemy contact is made. AG1201

SMOKE

P passage lanes-Areas along which a passing unit moves to avoid stationary units & obstacles. passage of lines-(JP 1-02, NATO) An operation in which a force moves forward or rearward through another force’s combat positions w/the intention of moving into or out of contact w/the enemy. (Army) Passing one unit through the positions of another, as when elements of a covering force withdraw through the FEBA, or when an exploiting force moves through the elements of the force that conducted the initial attack. Page - 143

passage point-A specifically designated place where units will pass through one another either in an advance or a withdrawal. It is located where the commander desires subordinate units to physically execute a passage of lines. penetration-(JP 1-02, NATO) In land operations, a form of offensive which seeks to break through the enemy’s defense and disrupt the defensive system. (Army) A choice of maneuver. phase-A specific part of an operation that is different from those that precede or follow. A change in phase usually involves a change of task. Phasing assists in planning and controlling and may be indicated by time (preparatory fire phase), by distance (intermediate objective or report line), by terrain (crossing of an obstacle), or by occurrence of an event (commitment of a reserve). It is not to be confused with a phase line (PL). It normally is associated in campaign planning with operations of larger units and with special operations (such as river crossing and airborne operations). Each phase may be defined by a change in task organization or a distinct end state. phase line(PL)-(JP 1-02, NATO) A line used for control and coordination of military operations, usually a terrain feature extending across the zone of action. (Army) It is usually along a recognizable terrain feature extending across the sector or zone of action. Units normally report crossing PLs, but do not halt unless PZ NAME specifically directed. pickup zone (PZ)- A geographic area used to pick up troops or equipment by helicopter. point defense-(JP 1-02) The defense or protection of special vital elements and installations; e.g., command and control facilities, air bases. point of departure (PD)-In night or limited visibility attacks, a specific place on the line of departure where a unit will cross. point obstacle-Any obstruction designed or employed to deny ease of movement on a road, lane, or bridge that is normally part of or completes a larger manmade or natural obstacle that has a designed effect on the attacking enemy force. port of debarkation (POD)-(JP 1-02) The geographic point at which cargo or personnel are discharged. May be a seaport or aerial port of debarkation. For unit requirements, it may or may not coincide with the destination. port of embarkation (POE)-(JP 1-02) The geographic point in a routing scheme from which cargo or personnel depart. May be a seaport or aerial port from which personnel and equipment flow to port of debarkation. For unit and non-unit requirements, it may or may not coincide with the origin. position area for artillery (PAA)-An area assigned to an M109A6 Paladin platoon and other artillery units for terrain management purposes in which the artillery can maneuver. prepositioned supplies-Supplies located at or near the point of planned use or at other designated locations to reduce reaction time and to ensure resupply. prescribed load-The quantity of combat essential supplies and repair parts (other than ammunition) authorized by major commanders to be on hand in units and which is carried by individuals or on unit vehicles. The prescribed load is continuously reconstituted as used. primary position-A place for a weapon, unit, or individual to fight which provides the best means to accomplish the assigned mission. priority of fires-Direction to a fire support planner to organize & employ fire support means according to the importance of the supported unit's missions. priority intelligence requirements (PIR)-(JP 1-02, NATO) Those intelligence requirements for which a commander has an anticipated and stated priority in his task of planning and decisionmaking. priority of support-Priorities set by the CDR in his concept of the operation & during execution to ensure that CS & CSS are provided to subordinate elements in accordance w/ their relative importance to accomplishing the mission. PP 3

PL NAME

(PL NAME) LD

PD 3

(PL NAME) LD

PAA

Paladin 2km x 2km MLRS 3km x 3km

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priority target-A target on which the delivery of fires takes precedence over all the fires for the designated firing unit/element. The firing unit/element will prepare, to the extent of possible, for the engagement of such targets. A firing unit/element may be assigned only one priority target. probable line of deployment (PLD)-A line selected on the ground, usually the last covered and concealed position prior to the objective and forward of the LD, where attacking units deploy prior to beginning an assault; it is generally used under conditions of limited visibility. program of targets-A number of planned targets of a similar nature, A program of targets identified by a code name may be initiated on call, at a specified time, or when a particular event occurs. Targets are fired in a predetermined sequence. protect- 1. A tactical task to prevent observation of or engagement or interference with, a force or location. 2. All actions taken to guard against espionage or capture of sensitive equipment and information. purpose-(Army) The desired or intended result of the tactical operation stated in terms relating to the enemy or to the desired situation (for example, to allow passage of follow-on forces or to set the conditions for the counterattack). It is the why of the mission statement expressed using an action verb. (For example, allow, cause, influence, prevent, protect). pursuit-An offensive operation against a retreating enemy force. It follows a successful attack or exploitation & is ordered when the enemy cannot conduct an organized defense & attempts to disengage. Its object is to maintain relentless pressure on the enemy & completely destroy him. PLD (PL NAME)

PLD (PL NAME)

Q quartering party-A group of unit representatives dispatched to a probable new site of operations in advance of the main body to secure, reconnoiter, & organize an area prior to the main body's arrival & occupation.

R raid-(JP 1-02, NATO) An operation, usually small scale, involving a swift penetration of hostile territory to secure information, confuse the enemy, or to destroy installations. It ends with a planned withdrawal upon completion of the assigned mission. rear area-(JP 1-02) For any particular command, the area extending forward from its rear boundary to the rear of the area assigned to the next lower level of command. This area is provided primarily for the performance of support functions. rear area threat levels-Levels of response to threat activities. a. Level I-Threats that can be defeated by base or base cluster self-defense measures. b. Level II-Threats that are beyond base or base cluster self-defense capabilities but can be defeated by response forces, normally military police, with supporting fires. c. Level III-Threats that necessitate the command decision to commit a combined arms tactical combat force to defeat them. rear battle-Those actions, including area damage control, taken by all units Older Definition (combat, CS, CSS, & host nation), singly or in a combined effort, to secure the force, neutralize or defeat enemy operations in the rear area, & ensure freedom of action in the deep & close-in battles. rear battle response forces-Rear battle response forces are MP response Older Definition forces & tactical combat forces. MP response forces-Those MP forces the CDR assigns the mission of responding to & conducting operations to close w/ & destroy attacking enemy forces beyond the capability of base defenses. Tactical combat forces-Those forces the CDR assigns the mission of defeating enemy airborne, air assault, amphibious, or ground infiltration attacks in the rear area. rear battle threat levels-Attacks in the rear area that are categorized as Older Definition follows: Level I. Enemy controlled agent activity; sabotage by enemy sympathizers; activities conducted by terrorist organizations. Page - 145

Level II. Diversionary operations & sabotage & reconnaissance missions conducted by tactical units of less than battalion size. Level III. Airborne, air assault, amphibious operations, or infiltration operations of battalion size or larger. rear echelon-(JP 1-02, NATO) Elements of a force which are not required in the objective area. (Army) Generic term used to describe all elements normally located in the rear area. rear guard-(JP 1-02) Security detachment that protects the rear of a column from hostile forces. During a withdrawal, it delays the enemy by armed resistance, destroying bridges, and blocking roads. (Army) 1. The rearmost elements of an advancing or withdrawing force. It has the following functions: to protect the rear of a column from hostile forces; during the withdrawal, to delay the enemy; during the advance, to keep supply routes open. 2. Security detachment which a moving ground force details to the rear to keep it informed and covered. rearm, refuel, and resupply point (R3P)-A designated point through which a unit passes where it receives fuel, ammunition, and other necessary supplies to continue combat operations. reception-(JP 1-02) 1. All ground arrangements connected with the delivery and disposition of air or sea drops. Includes selection and preparation of site, signals for warning and approach, facilitation of secure departure of agents, speedy collection of delivered articles, and their prompt removal to storage places having maximum security. When a group is involved, it may be called a reception committee. 2. Arrangements to welcome and provide secure quarters or transportation for defectors, escapees, evaders, or incoming agents. reconnaissance (recon)(recce)-(JP 1-02, NATO) A mission undertaken to obtain, by visual observation or other detection methods, information about the activities and resources of an enemy or potential enemy, or to secure data concerning the meteorological, hydrographic, or geographic characteristics of a particular area. (Army) 1. An operation designed to obtain information on the enemy, potential enemy, or the characteristics or a particular area. The precursor to all operations, which may be accomplished through passive surveillance, technical means, or human interaction (spies or human intelligence (HUMINT)), or through fighting for information. Forms of reconnaissance include route reconnaissance, zone reconnaissance, area reconnaissance, and reconnaissance in force. 2. NBC reconnaissance may operate with other reconnaissance forces. The NBC reconnaissance uses special equipment to determine the absence or presence and extent of nuclear, chemical, or biological contamination. 3. Engineer reconnaissance may operate with other reconnaissance forces. Engineer reconnaissance focuses on the requirements to clear obstacles or improve routes, fords, bridges, and so forth, to assist in the uninterrupted movement of the main body force. In military operations other than war (MOOTW), the information is used to task assets to improve the state of services, such as to prepare for rubble removal, erect temporary shelter, and provide improved sanitation. reconnaissance by fire-(JP 1-02, NATO) A method of reconnaissance in which fire is placed on a suspected enemy position to cause the enemy to disclose his presence by movement or return fire. reconnaissance in force-(JP 1-02, NATO) An offensive operation designed to discover and/or test the enemy’s strength or to obtain other information. (Army) A form of reconnaissance operation designed to discover or test the enemy’s strength or to obtain other information. reconnaissance-pull-Reconnaissance determines which routes are suitable for maneuver, wher the enemy is strong and weak, and where gaps exist. Thus, reconnaissance should pull the main body toward and along the path of least resistance. This facilitates the division’s initiative and agility. Reconnaissance-pull is also valid in defensive operations. Reconnaissance determines which routes the enemy is using, where the enemy is strong and weak, and where gaps exist. Thus, reconnaissance enhances agility by identifying opportunities reconnaissance and surveillance plan-A plan prepared by the G2 or S2, in close coordination with the G3 or S3, that assigns tasks to subordinates to develop information Delay

Withdrawal

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R3P

which satisfies the intelligence requirements the commander has established. It will focus assets on the targeted areas of interest and named areas of interest. reconstitution-Those actions that commanders plan and implement to restore units to a desired level of combat effectiveness commensurate with mission requirements and available resources. Reconstitution operations include regeneration and reorganization. reduce-1. A tactical task to gain control over an enemy position or objective. 2. A task to create lanes through or cover an obstacle sufficient to allow the attacking force to accomplish its mission. refuel on the move (ROM)-An operation to ensure fuel tanks on combat and fuel-servicing vehicles are full before they arrive in the unit’s tactical assembly area. reinforcing (artillery)-In artillery usage, a tactical mission in which one artillery unit augments the fire of another artillery unit. regeneration-Rebuilding of a unit through large-scale replacement of personnel, equipment, and supplies, including the reestablishment or replacement of essential command and control and the conduct of mission essential training for the newly rebuilt unit. rehearsal-The process of practicing a plan before actual execution. Rehearsals assist units in clarifying the scheme of maneuver, synchronizing the battlefield operating systems, orienting subordinates to the positions and actions of other units, and practicing any possible branches and sequels from the decision support matrix. The rehearsal should not be allowed to digress into a war game. If the commander identifies problems with the synchronization, he should direct a rehearsal after the issues are resolved to ensure all participants clearly understand the required actions. release point (road) (RP)-(JP 1-02) A well-defined point on a route at which the elements composing a column return under the authority of their respective commanders, each one of these elements continuing its movement toward its own appropriate destination. relief in place (RIP)- (JP 1-02, NATO) An operation in which, by direction of RIP higher authority, all or part of a unit is replaced in an area by the incoming unit. The responsibilities of the replaced elements for the mission and the assigned zone of operations are transferred to the incoming unit. The incoming unit continues the operation as ordered. required supply rate (RSR) (ammunition)- (JP 1-02) In Army usage, the amount of ammunition, expressed in terms of rounds per weapon per day for ammunition items fired by weapons, & in terms of other units of measure per day for bulk allotment & other items estimated to be required to sustain operations of any designated force w/o restriction for a specified period. Tactical commanders use this rate to state their requirements for ammunition to support planned tactical operations at specified intervals. The required supply rate is submitted through command channels. It is consolidated at each echelon and is considered by each commander in subsequently determining the controlled supply rate within the command. reserve-(JP 1-02) 1. Portion of a body of troops which is kept to the rear, or withheld from action at the beginning of an engagement, available for a decisive movement. 2. Members of the Military Services who are not in active service but who are subject to call to active duty. 3. Portion of an appropriation or contract authorization held or set aside for future operations or contingencies and in respect to which administrative authorization to incur commitments or obligations has been withheld. (Army)-That portion of a force withheld from action or uncommitted to a specific course of action, so as to be available for commitment at the decisive moment. Its primary purpose is to retain flexibility through offensive action. restricted operations zone (ROZ)-(Army) A volume of airspace of defined dimensions designated for a specific operational mission. Entry into that zone is authorized only by the originating headquarters. restrictive fire area (RFA)-An area in which specific restrictions are imposed & into which fires that exceed those restrictions may not be delivered w/o prior coordination w/ the establishing headquarters. 8

ROM

ROZ (UNIT ID) MIN ALT: MAX ALT: TIME FROM: TIME TO:

RFA 116 CAV BDE 051200Z-052100Z

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restrictive fire line (RFL)-A line established between converging friendly forces (one or both may be moving) that prohibits fires or effects from fires across the line w/o coordination w/ the affected force. It is established by the CDR of the converging forces. resupply-(JP 1-02, NATO) The act of replenishing stocks in order to maintain required levels of supply. retain-(JP 1-02) When used in the context of deliberate planning, the directed command will keep the referenced operation plan, operation plan in concept format, or concept summary and any associated Joint Operation Planning System or Joint Operation Planning and Execution System automated data processing files in an inactive library or status. The plan and its associated files will not be maintained unless directed by follow-on guidance. (Army) A tactical task to occupy and hold a terrain feature to ensure it is free of enemy occupation or use. retirement-(JP 1-02, NATO) An operation in which a force out of contact moves R away from the enemy. (Army) A form of retrgrade operations; a directed, rearward movement by a force that is not in contact with the enemy and does not anticipate significant contact with the enemy. retrograde-A type of operation in which a unit conducts a directed, organized movement to the rear or away from the enemy. Forms of retrograde include delay, withdrawal, and retirement. risk-Chance of hazard or bad consequences; exposure to chance of injury or loss. Risk level is expressed in terms of hazard probability or severity. risk assessment-The identification and assessment of hazards (first two steps of risk management process). risk decision-The decision to accept or not accept the risk(s) associated with an action; made by the commander, leader, or individual responsible for performing that action. risk management-The process of detecting, assessing, and controlling risk arising from operational factors and making decisions that balance risk costs with mission benefits. The five steps of risk management are identify the hazards, assess the hazards, develop controls and make risk decision, implement controls, and supervise and evaluate. rupture-A task to create a gap in enemy defensive positions quickly. The tasked unit is operating as part of a force executing a breakout operation. ruse-(Army) A technique of deception operations designed to deceive the enemy, characterized by deliberately exposing false information to the collection means of the enemy, thereby obtaining an advantage. This can be done by any means, including electronic signals and signatures, dummy position, dummy vehicles and facilities, or misleading troop and force movements. PL NAME

RFL X CORPS

EFF 202000Z270020Z SEP

PL NAME

S salient-A protrusion or bulge in the trace of the forward line of friendly troops toward or into an enemy area of operations or on the outside bend of a river. scatterable mine-(JP 1-02, NATO) In land mine warfare, a mine S laid w/out regard to classical pattern and which is designed to ooo DTG be delivered by aircraft, artillery, missile, ground dispenser, or +S by hand. Once laid, it normally has a limited life. scheduled target-In artillery & naval gunfire support, a planned DTG target on which fire is to be delivered at a specified time. S scheme of maneuver-(JP 1-02) The tactical plan too be executed DTG by a force to achieve its assigned objectives. screen-(JP 1-02, NATO) 1. An arrangement of ships, aircraft, S S and/or submarines to protect a main body or convoy. 2. In cartography, a sheet of transparent film, glass, or plastic carrying a “ruling” or other regularly repeated pattern which may be used in conjunction with a mask, either photographically or photomechanically, to produce areas of the pattern. 3. In surveillance, camouflage, and concealment, any natural or artificial material, opaque to surveillance sensor(s), interposed between the sensor(s) and the object to be camouflaged Unspecified mines w/Self Destruct Time

AP Minefield Reinforced w/Scatterable, w/Self Des truct

AT mines w/Self Destruct Time

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... ...

or concealed. 4. A security element whose primary task is to observe, identify and report information, and which only fights in self-protection. (Army)-A task to maintain surveillance; provide early warning to the main body; or impede, destroy, and harass enemy reconnaissance w/in its capability w/out becoming decisively engaged. screening smoke-Smoke employed in areas of friendly operation or in areas Older Definition between friendly & enemy forces to conceal ground movement, breaching, & recovery operations, key assembly areas, supply routes, & logistic facilities. It degrades enemy ground & aerial observation. screen line-A control measure, usually named as a phase line (PL), established forward of the main body during defensive operations. Once occupied it becomes the forward line of own troops (FLOT) and the limit of advance (LOA) for all friendly forces although permission can be obtained from the establishing headquarters to go beyond it. seaport of debarkation (SPOD)-A marine terminal for sustained port operations at which personnel and material are discharged from ships. SPODs normally act as ports of embarkation on return passenger and retrograde cargo shipments. seaport of embarkation (SPOE)-A marine terminal for sustained port operations at which personnel board and materiel is loaded aboard ships. SPOEs normally act as ports of debarkation on return passenger and retrograde cargo shipments. search and attack-A variant of the movement to contact conducted by smaller, light maneuver units and air cavalry or air assault forces in large areas to destroy enemy forces, deny area to the enemy, or collect information. Search and attack operations may be conducted against a dispersed enemy in close terrain unsuitable for armored forces, in rear areas against enemy special operations forces (SOF) or infiltrators, or as an area security mission to clear assigned zones. sector-(JP 1-02, NATO) 1. An area designated by boundaries w/in which a unit operates, and for which it is responsible. 2. One of the subdivisions of a coastal frontier. (Army)Normally, sectors are used in defensive operations and have a forward edge of the battle area (FEBA) designated by a higher commander. secure-(JP 1-02, NATO) In an operational context, to gain possession of a position or terrain feature, with or w/out force, and to make such disposition as will prevent, as far as possible, its destruction or loss by enemy action. (Army)-A tactical task to gain possession of a position or terrain feature, with or w/out force, and to deploy in a manner which prevents its destruction or loss to enemy action. The attacking force may or may not have to physically occupy the area. security operations-(JP 1-02) 1. Measures taken by a military unit, an activity or installation to protect itself against all acts designed to, or that may, impair its effectiveness. 2. A condition that results from the establishment and maintenance of protective measures that ensure a state of inviolability from hostile acts or influences. 3. With respect to classified matter, it is the condition that prevents unauthorized persons from having access to official information that is safeguarded in the interests of national security. (NATO)-A condition that results from the establishment of measures which protect designated information, materiel, personnel, systems, components, and equipment against hostile persons, acts, or influences. A screening force maintains surveillance, provides early warning S S to the main body, impedes & harasses the enemy w/ supporting indirect fires, & destroys enemy reconnaissance elements w/in its capability. A guard force accomplishes all the tasks of a screening force. Additionally, a guard force prevents enemy ground observation of & direct fire against the G G main body. A guard force reconnoiters, attacks, defends, & delays as necessary to accomplish its mission. A guard force normally operates w/in the range of the main body indirect fire weapons. A covering force accomplishes all the tasks of screening & guard forces. Additionally, a covering force operates apart from the main body to develop the C C situation early & deceives, disorganizes, & destroys enemy forces. Page - 149

Unlike screening or guard forces, a covering force is a tactically self-contained force (that is, it is organized w/ sufficient CS & CSS forces to operate independently of the main body). The requirements of an area security force are delineated by the HQ assigned the mission. Area security operations are normally associated w/ rear battle operations. Rear battle forces neutralize or destroy enemy forces to defeat enemy attacks in the rear area. seize-A tactical task to clear a designated area and obtain control of it. sequel-Major operations that follow the current major operation. Plans for these are based on the possible outcomes (victory, stalemate, or defeat) associated w/the current operation. series of targets-(NATO, Army) In fire support, a number of targets &/or group(s) of targets planned in a predetermined time sequence to support a maneuver phase. A series of targets is indicated by a code name or nickname. show of force-(JP 1-02) An operation, designed to demonstrate US resolve, that involves increased visibility of US deployed forces in an attempt to defuse a specific situation, which, if allowed to continue, may be detrimental to US interests or national objectives. simplicity-One of the nine principles of war. The preparation and execution of clear, uncomplicated, and concise orders and plans to facilitate mission execution in the stress, fatigue, and fog of war. simultaneous attack in depth-Concurrent firing on or attack of enemy reserves, logistics, headquarters, staging and assembly areas, airfields, and close forces (attacking or defending) by maneuver, fire support, and other combat support units in the close fight and fighting in depth w/cannon artillery, rocket or missile artillery (land- and sea-based), attack helicopters, airborne forces, air assault forces, other maneuver and combat support forces, special operations forces, and fighter or bomber aircraft to create a synergistic and paralyzing effect on the enemy. situational template-A series of projections that portray, based on enemy doctrine, the most probable disposition & location of enemy forces w/in constraints imposed by weather & terrain. spoiling attack-(JP 1-02) A tactical maneuver employed to seriously impair a hostile attack while the enemy is in the process of forming or assembling for an attack. Usually employed by armored units in defense by an attack on enemy assembly positions in front of a mine line of resistance or battle position. (Army)-A type of attack executed from a defensive posture to seriously impair a hostile attack by striking the enemy when he is preparing for his own attack and is vulnerable in assembly areas and attack positions. start point (SP)-(NATO, Army) A well-defined point on a route at which a movement of vehicles begins to be under the control of the commander of this movement. It is at this point that the column is formed by the successive passing, at an appointed time, of each of the elements composing the column. In addition, to the principal start point of a column there may be secondary start points for its different elements. strategic level of war-(JP 1-02)The level of war at which a nation, often as a member of a group of nations, determines national or multinational (alliance or coalition) strategic security objectives and guidance, and develops and uses national resources to accomplish these objectives. Activities at this level establish national and multinational military objectives; sequence initiatives; define limits and assess risks for the use of military and other instruments of national power; develop global plans or theater war plans to achieve these objectives; and provide military forces and other capabilities in accordance with strategic plans. strategic operating systems-The functions and sub-functions that describe the activities performed within a theater by unified, joint, or combined forces. The eight operating systems are theater force requirements and readiness, alliance and regional relations, theater strategic intelligence, theater strategic direction and integration, intra-theater strategic deployment and maneuver, theater strategic fires, theater strategic protection, and theater strategic sustainment. strong point (SP)-(JP 1-02, NATO) A key point in a defensive position, usually strongly SP 3

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fortified and heavily armed with automatic weapons, around which other positions are grouped for its protection. (Army) A position requiring extensive engineer effort for obstacles and survivability positions and positioned to control or block an avenue of approach. Normally, command and control, aid stations, and critical supply stockpiles will be dug in with overhead protection. Trenches and other protective construction will be done to protect soldiers and weapons from damage during assault by mounted and dismounted forces. subsequent position-A planned and, to some extent, prepared location for defense or delay that is behind (away from the enemy) the primary positions initially occupied for a defense. successive positions-Defensive fighting positions located one after another on the battlefield. A force can conduct a delaying action from successive delay positions. supplementary position-That location which provides the best sectors of fire and defensive terrain along an avenue of approach other than the primary avenue the enemy is expected to attack along, for example, a flank avenue of approach. support-(JP 1-02) 1. The action of a force which aids, protects, complements, or sustains another force in accordance with a directive requiring such action. 2. A unit which helps another unit in battle. Aviation, artillery, or naval gunfire may be used as a support for infantry. 3. A part of any unit held back at the beginning of an attack as a reserve. 4. An element of a command which assists, protects, or supplies other forces in combat. support by fire-A tactical task in which a maneuver element moves to a position on the battlefield where it can engage the enemy by direct fire to support a maneuvering force by either support by fire by overwatching or by establishing a base of fire. The maneuver element does not attempt to maneuver to capture enemy forces or terrain. by overwatching: This consists of observing known or suspected enemy locations, and engaging the enemy if he is visible or tries to fire on the friendly maneuver element. Overwatching frequently transition into suppression of known or suspected enemy locations. by establishing a base of fire: The unit actively suppresses an objective with direct and indirect fire, even though the enemy has not shown himself and is not firing on the friendly maneuver element. The base of fire always fires at the objective to support a moving unit's assault. When establishing a base of fire, the commander must always consider Class V expenditure. support force-Those forces charged with providing intense direct overwatching fires to the assault and breaching forces or a force that supports a river crossing and other combat operations. supporting attack-(JP 1-02, NATO) An offensive operation carried out in conjunction with a main attack and designed to achieve one or more of the following: deceive the enemy; destroy or pin down Grnd Axis of Spt Atk enemy forces which could interfere with the main attack; control ground whose occupation by the enemy will hinder the main attack; or force the enemy to commit reserves prematurely or in an indecisive area. supporting effort-The unit, battle position, sector, zone, axis, avenue of approach, area of operations, theater of operations, and so forth, whose purpose supports the success of the main effort. The supporting effort, either directly or indirectly, creates a necessary condition for the main effort to succeed. The higher commander will use other operations, such as economy of force, deep operations, interdiction, deception operations (feints and demonstrations), counterattacks, and supporting attacks as part of the supporting effort. suppression-(JP 1-02) Temporary or transient degradation by an opposing force of the performance of a weapons system below the level needed to fulfill its mission objectives. (Army)-A tactical task to employ direct or indirect fires, electronic attack, or smoke on enemy personnel, weapons, or equipment to prevent or degrade enemy fires and observations of the friendly forces. suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD)-(JP 1-02) That activity which neutralizes, destroys, or temporarily degrades surface-based enemy air defenses by destructive and/or disruptive means. (Army)-The Army has primary responsibility for suppressing groundbased enemy air defense weapons to the limits of observed fire. The USAF has Page - 151

responsibility from beyond the limits of observed fire out to the range limits of Army weapons systems; the Army, secondary responsibility. Even if the USAF can target or observe, the Army may still have to attack the target. Beyond the range limits of Army weapons, the USAF is responsible. (Army)-campaign SEAD-SEAD operations that are preplanned, theater wide efforts conducted concurrently over an extended period against air defense systems normally located well behind enemy lines. complementary SEADSEAD operations that involve continuously seeking enemy air defense system targets to destroy them. localized SEAD-SEAD operations that support tactical air operations, Army aviation operations, reconnaissance, and the establishment of corridors for Air Force and Army assets. surprise-One of the nine principles of war. The enemy is attacked at a time or place, or in a manner for which he is unprepared and which he did not expect. survivability-1. Includes all aspects of protecting personnel, weapons, and supplies while simultaneously deceiving the enemy. 2. Encompasses planning and locating position sites, designing adequate overhead cover, analyzing terrain conditions and construction materials, selecting excavation methods, and countering the effects of direct and indirect fire weapons. synchronization-(JP 1-02) 1. The arrangement of military actions in time, space, and purpose to produce maximum relative combat power at a decisive place and time. 2. In the intelligence context, application of intelligence sources and methods in concert with the operational plan. synchronization matrix-A format for the staff to record the results of wargaming and synchronize the COA across time, space, and purpose in relation to the enemy’s most likely COA. The staff can readily translate a synchronization matrix into a graphic decisionmaking product such as a decision support matrix. Each battlefield operating system can develop its own synchronization matrix for more detail on specific tasks.

T tactical air control party (TACP)-(JP 1-02, NATO) A subordinate operational component of a tactical air control system designed to provide air liaison to land forces and for the control of aircraft. tactical air operation-(JP 1-02) An air operation involving the employment of air power in coordination w/ground or naval forces to: a. gain and maintain air superiority; b. prevent movement of enemy forces into and/in the objective area and to seek out and destroy these forces and their supporting installations; and c. join w/ground or naval forces in operations w/in the objective area, in order to assist directly in attainment of their immediate objective. tactical combat force (TCF)-(JP 1-02) A combat unit, w/appropriate CS and CSS assets, that is assigned the mission of defeating Level III threats. tactical command post (TAC CP)-The forward echelon of a headquarters. The TAC CP consists of representatives from G/S2, G/S3, fire support, tactical air control party, air defense artillery, engineers, and CSS liaison (G/S1, G/S4) elements. It is located well forward on the battlefield so that the commander is near subordinate commanders and can directly influence operations. At division level, the TAC CP is normally located w/in FM radio range of the committed brigades. tactical movement-A movement or maneuver to contact w/ the enemy or during which contact is anticipated. In a tactical movement, elements are organized to facilitate combat. tactical obstacles-(JP 1-02) Those obstacles employed to disrupt enemy formations, to turn them into a desired area, to fix them in position under direct and indirect fires, and to block enemy penetrations. tactical operations center (TOC)-(JP 1-02) A physical groupment of those elements of an Army general and special staff concerned w/the current tactical operations and the tactical support thereof. tactical task-The specific activity to be performed by the unit while conducting a form of tactical operation or a choice of maneuver. It is the minimum essential effects to accomplish the purpose. tactics-(JP 1-02)1. The employment of units in combat. 2. The ordered arrangement and maneuver of units in relation to each other and/or to the enemy in order to use their full Page - 152

potentialities. (Army)- tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP)-1. Tactics-the art and science of employing available means to win battles and engagements. 2. Techniquesthe methods used by troops and/or commanders to perform assigned missions and functions, specifically, the method of employing equipment and personnel. 3. Procedures-the standard and detailed COA that describe how to perform a task. target box-Areas designated on identifiable terrain in which enemy targets are expected to appear and against which air support will be employed. targeted area of interest (TAI)-The geographical area or point along a mobility corridor where successful interdiction will cause the enemy to either abandon a particular COA or require him to use specialized engineer support to continue, where he can be acquired and engaged by friendly forces. Not all TAIs will form part of the friendly COA; only TAIs associated w/high-payoff targets are of interest to the staff. These are identified during staff planning and wargaming. TAIs differ from engagement areas in degree. Engagement areas plan for the use of all available weapons; TAIs might be engaged by a single weapon. target reference point (TRP)-An easily recognizable point on the ground 101 (either natural or man-made) used to initiate, distribute, and control fires. TRPs are designated by maneuver leaders from platoon through battalion to define battalion, company, platoon, section, squad, or individual sectors of fire and observation usually w/in an engagement area. TRPs can also designate the center of an area where the commander plans to distribute or converge the fires of all his weapons rapidly. TRPs are designated using the standard target symbol and numbers issued by maneuver commanders. Once approved by the battalion fire support officer, TRPs can be designated as indirect fire targets using the standard target symbol w/letters and numbers issued by the fire support officer. time on target (TOT)-(JP 1-02) 1. The time at which aircraft are scheduled to attack/photograph the target. 2. The actual time at which aircraft attack/photograph the target. 3. The time at which a nuclear detonation is planned at a specified desired ground zero (DGZ). traffic control post (TCP)-A place at which traffic is controlled either by military police or by mechanical means. trailer transfer point-A location where trailers are transferred from one carrier to another while en route. trigger- 1. Event or time-oriented criteria used to initiate planned actions directed toward achieving surprise and inflicting maximum destruction on the enemy. 2. A designated point or points (selected along identifiable terrain) in an engagement area used to mass fires at a predetermined range. turning movement-(JP 1-02) A variation of an envelopment in which the attacking force passes around or over the enemy's principal defensive positions to secure objectives that are deep in the enemy's rear to force the enemy to abandon his position or divert major forces to meet the threat. type of operation-A broad category of tactical activities, each w/specific doctrinal tenets. Reconnaissance, security, entry operations, offensive operations, defensive operations, retrograde operations, troop movement, and specialized operations are specific types of operations. 8

TCP

TTP

U uncommitted force-A force that is not in contact w/ an enemy & is not already deployed on a specific mission or course of action. unexploded explosive ordnance (UXO)-(JP 1-02, NATO) Explosive ordnance which has been primed, fused, armed, or otherwise prepared for action, and which has been fired, dropped, launched, projected, or placed in such a manner as to constitute a hazard to operations, installations, personnel, or material, and remains unexploded either by malfunction or design or for any other cause. unit distribution-A method of distributing supplies by which the receiving unit is issued supplies in its own area w/transportation furnished by the issuing agency. unit maintenance collection point (UMCP)-A location or a series of locations, 8

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UMC

operated by a battalion maintenance platoon, that is the nearest point to the combat unit to which equipment can be recovered, and where limited parts are available, and some repairs can be performed. unity of command-One of the nine principles of war. All forces operate under one responsible commander who possesses requisite authority to direct forces in pursuit of a common unified purpose. unity of effort-Coordination and cooperation among all forces, not necessarily part of the same command structure toward a commonly recognized objective.

V vertical envelopment-(JP 1-02) A tactical maneuver in which troops, either air-dropped or airlanded, attack the rear and flanks of a force, in effect cutting off or encircling the force.

W war game-(JP 1-02, NATO) A simulation, by whatever means, of a military operation involving two or more opposing forces, using rules, data, and procedures designed to depict an actual or assumed real life situation. way point-(JP 1-02) In air operations, a point or a series of points in space to which 2 an aircraft may be vectored. (Army)-A designated point or series of points loaded and stored in a global positioning system or other electronic navigational aid system to facilitate movement. weapons free-(JP 1-02, NATO) In air defense, a weapon control order imposing a status whereby weapons systems may be fired at any target not positively recognized as friendly. weapons hold-(JP 1-02, NATO) In air defense, a weapon control order imposing a status whereby weapons systems may only be fired in self-defense or in response to a formal order. weapons tight-(JP 1-02, NATO) In air defense, a weapon control order imposing a status whereby weapons systems may be fired only at targets recognized as W hostile. withdrawal operation-(JP 1-02, NATO) A planned operation in which a WP force in contact disengages from an enemy force. (Army) A type of retrograde where a force in contact plans to disengage from the enemy and move in a direction away from the enemy. Withdraw

Withdraw under Pressure

Z zone of action-(JP 1-02, NATO) A tactical subdivision of a larger area, the responsibility for which is assigned to a tactical unit; generally applied to offensive action. (Army)-The offensive operational area assigned to a unit or commander that is defined by a forward boundary, rear boundary, lateral boundaries, and a coordinating altitude. zone reconnaissance-A directed effort to obtain detailed information concerning all routes, obstacles (to include chemical or radiological contamination), terrain, & enemy forces w/in a zone defined by boundaries. A zone reconnaissance normally is assigned when the enemy situation is vague or when information concerning cross-country trafficability is desired.

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