Dedza District Social Economic Profile 2013-2018 by Juliana Lunguzi MP. RN. MSc. Cert(Midwifery)

Government of Malawi

DEDZA DISTRICT SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE 2013-2018

Price

MK5, 000.00

Table of Contents Acknowledgements...................................................................................................v Executive summary ................................................................................................ vi List of Acronyms ................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER I. GENERAL FEATURES .................................................................8 1. Physical Description.............................................................................................8 1.1. Location and Size ...........................................................................................8 1.2. Topography, Geology, and Hydrology ........................................................8 1.3. Soils ..................................................................................................................8 1.4. Climate .............................................................................................................9 1.5 Administrative Structure and Local Politics .............................................10 1.5.1 Formal Administrative Structures..............................................................10 1.6. Local Politics .................................................................................................16 1.6.1 Constituency ..................................................................................................16 1.6.2 Wards .............................................................................................................16 Chapter 2.Demography and settlement ...............................................................17 Population Size And Characteristics....................................................................18 2.2 Population, by age group sex and TA/STA ................................................18 2.3 Population by sex and religion ....................................................................20 2.4 Population growth rate by STA/TA............................................................20 2.5 Population density ........................................................................................21 CHAPTER 3: LAND USE.....................................................................................23 3.1. Land Tenure System ....................................................................................23 3.2. Customary Land ...........................................................................................23 3.3 Private leasehold ...........................................................................................23 3.4 Government/public land ..............................................................................23 3.5 Land Use System...........................................................................................23 CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENT ..........................................................................25 4.1.Forest Reserve and Wild life ...........................................................................25 4.2.Production Forests /Tree Plantation ..............................................................25 4.3.State of Forest Reserves/Plantations ..............................................................25 CHAPTER 5. ECONOMY ....................................................................................27 5.0 AGRICULTURE ..........................................................................................27 5.1.1 Crops ..............................................................................................................27 5.1.2 Food situation ................................................................................................28 5.1.3 Crop Production (tonnage), .........................................................................29 5.1.4 Area Cultivated (Ha) ....................................................................................30 i

5.1.5 Crop Yield (kgs/Ha) .....................................................................................31 5.1.6 Agricultural Markets ...................................................................................33 5.1.7 Agriculture Practices....................................................................................34 5.1.8 Agricultural Services ....................................................................................34 5.1.9 Farm Holding ................................................................................................36 5.1.10 Number of estate and area ........................................................................36 5.1.11 Soil and Water Conservation ................................................................38 5.1.12 Soil Fertility Improvement ....................................................................38 5.1.13 Conservation Farming ...........................................................................38 5.1.14 .Rain Water Harvesting..............................................................................39 5.2. Irrigation .......................................................................................................39 5.3. Livestock Production....................................................................................44 5.3.1 Common Parasites/diseases affecting livestock .........................................46 5.3.2 Livestock Uses ..............................................................................................48 5.3.3 Livestock Services .........................................................................................49 5.4. Fisheries .........................................................................................................54 5.4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................54 5.4.2 Fishing Grounds ...........................................................................................54 4.4.3 Capture Fisheries..........................................................................................55 4.4.4 Fish species ....................................................................................................55 4.4.5 Fishing gears .................................................................................................56 4.4.6 Fishing Craft .................................................................................................57 5.4.4 Fisheries services...........................................................................................59 5.4.5 Fishery Activities ..........................................................................................59 5.5. Forestry..........................................................................................................60 5.5.1 Tree Planting .................................................................................................60 5.5.2 Village Forest Areas and Communal Woodlots ........................................61 5.6. Labour force for the district ........................................................................63 5.6.2 Labour and Employment .............................................................................63 5.6.3 Labour force size for the district.................................................................64 5.6.4 Types of labour available .............................................................................64 5.6.5 Sectoral distribution of labour ....................................................................65 5.6.6 Employment and Unemployment Rates .....................................................66 5.6.7 Conditions of Employment ..........................................................................66 5.6.8 Labour Complaints ......................................................................................66 5.6.9 Occupational/workplace accidents .............................................................67 5.6.10 Child labour situation ............................................................................67 ii

5.6.11 Child trafficking .....................................................................................68 5.7.2 Potential areas of Tourism ...........................................................................68 5.7.3 Tourism potential .........................................................................................69 5.7.4 Plans to develop Tourism Industry .............................................................69 CHAPTER 6: SOCIAL SERVICES .................................................................70 6.1. Health .............................................................................................................70 6.1.1 Health Profile ................................................................................................70 6.1.2 Trends in district health services performance, 2009 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2012 ...................71 6.1.3 Human Resource for Health ........................................................................72 6.1.5 Routine Operations at service delivery level .............................................78 6.1.6 Major Public Health Problems ...................................................................78 6.2.1 WATER SECTOR........................................................................................79 6.2.2 Surface water sources...................................................................................79 6.2.3 Ground water sources ..................................................................................79 6.2.4 Accessibility to safe water ............................................................................79 6.2.5 Water Supply technologies in the district for safe water points ..............81 6.2.6 Threats And Challenges To Safe Water Supply ........................................83 6.3.1 EDUCATION ................................................................................................86 6.3.2 Primary Education .......................................................................................86 6.4.1 Secondary Education....................................................................................92 6.5.2 Specific issues affecting the youth ...............................................................96 6.5.3 Population of Youths ....................................................................................98 6.6.1 Social Welfare Services ..............................................................................100 6.6.2 Early Childhood Development ..................................................................103 6.6.3 Child care and protection ..........................................................................109 6.6.4 Gender Based Violence ..............................................................................110 6.7.1 Gender and Community Development .....................................................111 6.7.2 Community Mobilization ...........................................................................111 6.7.3 Community Capacity Building..................................................................112 6.7.4 Community Nutrition .................................................................................114 6.7.5 Gender .........................................................................................................114 6.7.5 Community Economic Empowerment .....................................................115 6.7.6 Literacy Programme ..................................................................................117 CHAPTER 7: INFRASTRUCTURE AND UTILITIES ..................................120 7.1.1 Communication...........................................................................................120 7.1.2 MTL Exchange lines...................................................................................120 7.1.3 Road Network .............................................................................................120 iii

CHAPTER:8 SECURITY SERVICES .............................................................127 8.1.1 Malawi Police Service.................................................................................127 8.1.2 Crime ...........................................................................................................127 8.1.3 Security Services Available.......................................................................129 8.1.4 Community Policing ...................................................................................129 8.1.4 Offences committed by youth ....................................................................130 8.1.5 Transport .....................................................................................................131 8.1.6 Police Communication facilities ................................................................132 8.1.7 Number and capacity of jails/Cells ..........................................................132 8.1.8 Security Services Personnel .......................................................................133 8.2.1 Judicial Services.........................................................................................135 8.2.2 Courts ..........................................................................................................136 8.2.3 Criminal cases .............................................................................................136 8.2.4 Civil cases ....................................................................................................138 8.3.1 Prison Services ............................................................................................140 8.3.2 Prisoners Capacity......................................................................................140 8.3.3 Common Offences.......................................................................................141

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dedza District Council would like to express its gratitude to a number of officials and institutions which were involved in the formulation of the 2012-201Socio Economic Profile (SE). Firstly and foremost word of thanks should go to District Executive members (DEC) with the leadership of the District Commissioner, Sphiwe .Mauwa the Director of Planning and Development â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Mr. Kanyesi. Secondly word of thanks should go to Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development and in particular to, Steve Zulu for the technical support through the process. Thirdly all Traditional Leaders, ADC and VDC members for their support in the process of VAP exercise, all members of staff and task force for untiring fine tuning the document. In addition, may thanks should go to United Nations Development Programme(UNDP) for the financial support for preparing and printing of the Socio Economic Profile(SEP).

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The 2013-2018 Dedza Social Economic Profile replaces the old District Profile which was produced in 1999 and came to an end in 2003. The district has been using the old data for the past eight years as a result the council was not effective and efficient in terms of delivering programmes and projects hence, the need to produce the 2013-2018 SEP. The production of Social Economic Profile (SEP) is the initial stage in the District Development Planning Process. It provides an in-depth overview of physical, political, social, and economic situation of the district and it gives one a better appreciation of the district. This SEP has provided important information for conducting situation analysis that serves as the foundation of the formulation of the District Development Planning Framework (DDPF).The primary objective of Dedza SEP is to provide up to date information for policy makers, planners, researchers and programme managers so that they can come up with the right development intervention. The Dedza District Social Economic Profile has eight chapters. The first chapter highlights general features of the district in terms of location, size, topography, geology, hydrology, soils, climate, administration and politics. The second chapter discusses issues pertaining to population and its characteristics. Chapter three has ably explained land in terms of use, tenure and system. Chapter four is discussing issues on environment like fisheries and mining. Chapter five is the economy analysis of the district in terms of agriculture like crop production, farm subsidy programme, livestock production, irrigation, commerce, industry, labor and tourism. Chapter six is highlighting social services in the district like health, water, sanitation, education, youth and women development. Chapter seven is describing infrastructure and utilities for the district like communication services. Considering that development cannot take place in a vacuum, issues of security has also been included as the last chapter by discussing most types of crimes in the district, community policing and prison services,so as to give out how safe the district is in terms of investors. The SEP has also highlighted some of the challenges that the council is facing in terms of achieving social economic development for improving the livelihoods of communities of Dedza. On the other hand, some potential areas for improving the social economic development of the district which contributes to the attainment and improvement of social-economic of Malawi as a country have been discussed thoroughly. Considering that the document has been developed two years before United Nations 2015 millennium development goals, it will be a measure of achieving the UN millennium Development goals. Finally the document has aligned itself to the development agendas of Malawi in terms of achieving the Malawi growth and development strategy II and the recent Malawi Economy Recovery Plan which coincidentally they have been launched in the same year of 2012. vi

LIST OF ACRONYMS ADC ADD ADMARC AIDS DC DDB DDP DDPF DEC DEM DPD DPS DEMAT DTI EPA ESCOM GVH IGA MACOHA MASAF MCP MGDs MHC MPC MTL MRFC M&E NABW NGO OPC RDP SEDOM SME SRWB TA UDF UNDP VAP VDC VG

Area Development Committee Agriculture Development Division Agriculture Development and Marketing Corporation Acquired Immune â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Deficiency Syndrome District Commissioner District Data Bank District Development Plan District Development Planning Framework District Executive Committee District Education Manager Director of Planning and Development District Planning System Development of Malawian Enterprises Trust District Training Team Extension Planning Area Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi Group Village Head Income Generating Activity Malawi Council for the Handicapped Malawi Social Action Fund Malawi Congress Party Millennium Development Goals Malawi Housing Corporation Malawi Postal Corporations Malawi Telecommunication Limitation Malawi Rural Finance Company Monitoring and Evaluation Officer National Association of Business Women Non Governmental Organization Office of the President and Cabinet Rural Development Programme Small Enterprise Development of Malawi Small and Medium Enterprises Southern Region Water Board Traditional Authority United Democratic Front United Nations Development Programme Village Action Plan Village Development Committee Village Head vii

CHAPTER I. GENERAL FEATURES 1. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION 1.1. LOCATION AND SIZE Dedza District is located in the Central Region of Malawi about 86 kilometers South of Lilongwe City, the Capital City. It borders Lilongwe district to the north, Salima district to the North East, Mangochi district to the West. It is the third largest district in the Central Region of Malawi covering a total land area of 3,624 sq. Km which is about 4% of the total land surface area (94,276 sq. Km) of Malawi. 1.2. TOPOGRAPHY , GEOLOGY, AND HYDROLOGY The district is divided into three topographic zones: the Lilongwe Plain, Dedza Highlands, and the Escarpments. The Lilongwe Plains are in the northern and western parts of the district and lie at an altitude of 1100-1300 metres above sea level. The Dedza Highlands (Kirk Range and Dzalanyama Range) occupy the western part of Dedza Escarpments. The highlands consist of uplands with an altitude varying between 1200 metres to 2200 m above sea level. The topography is characterized by rolling slopes to hills varying between 13-55 degrees. The soils in the lower escarpments (600-1200 m above sea level) and upper escarpments (700-1500 m above sea level) are moderately deep and well-drained , brown to reddish brown in colour and course to fine texture. There are no minerals discovered yet in the district except for quarry and sand excavation at Chongoniforestry hills and various rivers/streams 1.3. SOILS 1.3.1 Types of soil Clay loam and sandy loam soils are predominant in various parts of the district as shown in table1 below; Table 1.Soil types by Traditional Authority Traditional Authority Kachindamoto Kachere

Common type of soil Sandy loam alluvial soils Clay loam red soils 8

Chilikumwendo Kaphuka Tambala Chauma Kasumbu Kamenyagwaza

Clay loam red soils Clay sandy loam Clay loam red soils Gravel red soils Clay loam soils Clay loam red soils

Source: SEP 2010-2012 1.3.2 Soil fertility and degree of soil erosion

The soils of Dedza are relatively fertile but soil erosion is very high in most parts due to poor farming practices. 1.4. CLIMATE 1.4.1 Temperature and rainfall trends The temperature for Dedza has been increasing steadily as seen from the district temperature data for the past three decades. This resonates with global trends of rising temperatures that is associated with climate change (IPCC, 2007). 1.4.2 Rainfall Rainfall data for Dedza shows high rainfall variability over the past three decades (Figure 8.3). There was so unusually high rain fall between the 1988/89 season (average 1367mmp.a.) and unusually low rainfall in the 1998/99 season (average of 264mm). Such variations in rainfall pattern and increasing temperature over the recent past have been associated with extreme weather events especially floods and drought in the district

1.5

ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE AND LOCAL POLITICS

1.5.1 FORMAL ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURES 1.5.2 Local government System, Functions and Structures Composition the District council Dedza District Council is one of the 35 local Authorities in Malawi established under the Local Government Act 1998. The Council is mandated to pass bye-laws to govern its operations as well as raise resources for executing its functions under its jurisdiction. The mission statement of Dedza District Council is ‘to create conducive operating environment and enhance service delivery to achieve improved livelihood, good governance and other essential services for the people under the Council’s jurisdiction.’ Table 2.Composition of the district council The Chairperson

Voting member

Vice Chairperson

Voting member

One Council Member per ward

Voting member

Members of Parliament

Voting member

Representatives of the special interest groups

Non-voting member

The district council comprise of 8 Traditional Authorities I.E Seniour Chief Kachindamoto,TA, Tambala,TA Kasumbu ,TA Chauma,TA Chilikumwendo,TA Kaphuka,TA Sub TA Kamenyagwaza and 8 Members of Parliament. There are no Councillors because Local Government Elections have not yet taken place since the year 2005. By sex, there is one female Member of Parliament and 1 female Traditional Authority. There are representatives of special interest including the Business Community, Religious , disabled ,Orphans and Vulnerable Children, Youths , Elderly People Living with HIV and AIDs (PLWHA) representative.The District Council performs the following functions;

Table 3. Functions of the district Council. 1.

Making policies and decisions on Local Government and development

Consolidating and promoting democratic institutions and participation

Promoting infrastructure , economic and social development through the formulation , approval and execution of a District Development Plan

Mobilization of resources

Maintaining peace and security in conjunction with the Malawi Police Service and other law enforcement agencies

Passing bye-laws for good governance of the Council

District Executive Committee (DEC) 7. District Executive Committee (DEC) is a technical arm of the Council chaired by the District Commissioner. It comprises of all Heads of Government Departments, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), and Statutory Corporations. There are 40 DEC members comprising of 13% female members. There are 16 Government Departments,fourteen of which have devolved their functions and funds to the council, 10 Non-Governmental Organisations, and 6 Statutory Corporations. Area Development Committee (ADC) ADCs are made up of the chairpersons, secretaries of VDCs, WARD councils, religious leaders, youth representatives, women, business representatives and chairpersons of the Area Executive Committee. They are responsible for mobilizing community resources and determine community development interventions in the area. There are 8 ADCs in the district with a total of 194 GVHs/VDCs and 1090 villages as shown in table below; Table4.Number of ADCs, VDCs, and Villages by TA/STA Number of ADCs 1

Number of VDCs 18

Number of Villages 151

Kachere Chilikumwendo

1 1

46 21

237 104

Kaphuka Tambala Chauma Kasumbu Kamenyagwaza

1 1 1 1 1

54 22 9 19 5

282 136 53 84 32

Total

194

1079

Traditional Authority Kachindamoto

Status/Functionality of Area Development Committees Four out of 8 ADCs are functional as they hold/submits regular and monthly meetings/minutes on development issues. The remaining half requires capacity building on their roles and responsibilities. Only 39 percent (76VDCs are functional). Area Development Committees have the following roles and responsibilities;

Table 5.Roles and Responsibilities of Area Development Committee. 1.Prioritise development requests from the VDCs 2.Submit requests to the Council for funding 3.Conduct ADC meetings regularly 4.Inform communities about government policies 5.Monitor development initiatives

National Government Sectors The following are the line ministries and departments with offices in the district, namely;  Ministry of Agriculture  Ministry of Health  Ministry of Education  Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Environment  Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development  Ministry of Women and Child Development  Ministry of Transport and public works  Ministry of Youth, Sports and Culture  Ministry of Justice and Internal Affairs  Ministry of Labour In addition, there is the Malawi Police Service, Malawi Prison Service, Immigration Services, National Registration Bureau, and National Intelligence Bureau.

Statutory Co-operations/Parastatals with offices in the district There are 7 statutory co-operations with offices in the district, namely;  Agriculture Development and Marketing Corporation (ADMARC)  Malawi Telecommunications Limited (MTL)  Malawi Post Corporation (MPC)  Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi (ESCOM)  Malawi Housing Corporation  Malawi Rural Development Fund  Central Region Water Board (CRWB) Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) The table below shows the list of NGOs/FBOs operating in the district. There are thirty six (38) NGOs with seven implementing agriculture activities as the highest. Second intervention being implemented by NGOs is on Health (7) followed by Education and socio welfare (5) respectively. The least interventions being implemented are on Governance, Community Development, Judiciary and social development (1) List of NGOs in Dedza by Impact Area and Area of Specialization. Table 6. List of NGOs in the District No .

Impact Area by T/A

Sector

Area of Specialization

Name of NGO Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace (CCJP)

Kasumbu Kachindamoto, Kaphuka , Tambala, and Chilikumwendo

Governance Judiciary

Transparency and Accountability Primary Justice

World Vision

Tambala

Agriculture

Food security, Water and Sanitation , Disaster Risk Reduction/Management

Malawi CARER

All T/As

Paralegal services

TEVETA

All T/As

Social Development Social Welfare

Forum for African Women Education in Malawi (FAWEMA) Women’s legal Resources Centre (WOLREC)

All T/As

Education

Teacher Education in SubSahara Africa (TESSA)

All 8 T/A

Human Rights and Development

Democracy Consolidation Programme (DCP)

OVC technical & vocational education

No . 7

Name of NGO Malawi Human Rights Commission (MHC)

Impact Area by T/A Kachere

Sector Health

Nkhoma Synod

Kachere

Health

Concern Universal

Kachere, Chauma, Kaphuka, Kasumbu

Agriculture

Evangelical Lutheran Development Service

Kaphuka

Water

Kachindamoto

Health

Hunger Project

All T/As

Education

Capacity building

Action Against Hunger Link Community Development Salvation Army

All T/As

Human Rights

Advocacy on anti-child trafficking

RTI International

All T/As

Education

15 16

All T/As All T/As

Human rights Social Welfare

Kachindamoto & Tambala

Agriculture

Kachindamoto & Tambala

Health

Eye for the Child Youth and Children Rights Shield(YOCRIS) Catholic Development Commission of Malawi(CADECOM) Catholic Health Commission(CAHEC OM) RTI International

Education Decentralization Support Activity Child rights Child rights

All T/As

Education

Pillars of Hope

All T/As

HIV & AIDS

Banja La Mtsogolo

All T/As

Health

Family Planning

Family Planning Association of Malawi (FPAM) National Association of People Living with Aids in Malawi (NAPHAM)

All T/As

Health

Family Planning

All T/As

HIV & AIDS

Support to PLWHIV

Area of Specialization Promotion of human rights: improve maternal health Malaria Prevention Food security, decentralization, environment, Disaster risk reduction/management , water and sanitation Irrigation, HIV and AIDs, Livestock Production, Water and Sanitation

Soil and Water Conservation, Livestock production HIV and AIDs

Education Decentralization Support Activity

No . 24

Impact Area by T/A All T/As

Sector HIV & AIDS

Area of Specialization Capacity building support to CBOs

All T/As

Community Development

Micro-finance

Name of NGO Malawi Network of AIDs Services Organization (MANASO) Concern Universal Microfinance (CUMO) CRECCOM

All T/As

Education

Youth empowerment

Total Land Care

Kaphuka, Kachere

Agriculture

Land Resources

Malawi Red Cross

All T/As

Health

HIV and AIDs

All T/As

Social Welfare

Anti-child trafficking

Tambala

Social Welfare

Early Child Development

Guidance Counseling and Youth Development Centre for Africa Save The Children (USA) Land O Lakes

Kaphuka

Agriculture

Milk production

Action Aid

Kasumbu

Water

Water and Sanitation

Feed the Children

All T/As

Social Welfare

Vitameal support to CBOs/NGOs

Water for All

Kaphuka, Tambala

Water

Supports Solar panel water pumping system

BASEDA

water

Boreholes repair and maintenance

Umodi Community Development

Kachere ,Kamenyagwaza, Tambala , Chilikumwendo Kachindamoto Kamenyagwaza,Kasumbu,Kache re,Tambala

HIV & AIDS

Support to PLWHIV

Source:DSWO office

Private sector / leading institution In addition, there are also private sector/lending institutions that include;  Malawi Rural Finance Company (MRFC)  Dedza Teachers SACCO  FINCA  NBS Bank  Malawi Savings Bank  Standard Bank  First Merchant Bank (FMB)  Concern universal microfinance(cumo) 15

1.6. LOCAL POLITICS Since the multiparty era in 1994, several political parties were borne. Popular political parties in the district include;  Democratic Progressive Party (DPP)  Malawi Congress Party (MCP)  United Democratic Front (UDF) 1.6.1 CONSTITUENCY There eight (8) constituencies in the district namely Dedza east,Dedza south,Dedza north,Dedza central,Dedza central,Dedza West,.. Table 7.Distribution of Political Parties by Parliamentary Representation Political Party

1994

1999

2004

2009

Democratic Progressive Party (DPP)

Malawi Congress Party(MCP)

United Democratic Front (UDF)

Total

Source: Dedza Electoral Commission Office, 2010

Gender disparity in PPEs has been generally high with women representing about 13 percent compared to 50% Southern African Development Community (SADC) requirement. Deliberate efforts should be made to promote women participation in the PPEs. 1.6.2 WARDS There are sixteen 16 wards(see table 8) in the district according to amended Local Government Act 2010. There were no elected members (Councilors) in the period of review; Table 8.List of Wards 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Mayani North Ward Mayani South Ward Thiwi Ward Diamphwe Ward Malembo Ward Golomoti Ward Mtakataka Ward Bembeke Ward

9. Mlunduni Ward 10. Msunduzi Ward 11. Thete Ward 12. Katewe Ward 13. Kambiri Ward 14. Magomero Ward 15. Mchokera Ward 16.Chongoni Ward 16

CHAPTER 2.DEMOGRAPHY AND SETTLEMENT 2.1 PEOPLE AND TRIBES IN DEDZA Dedza district has various tribes that live side by side and in harmony across the district. The predominant tribes in the district are Chewa, Ngoni and Yao. In terms of distribution, the Chewa are mostly found in T/A Chauma, Kaphuka, Kasumbu and Chilikumwendo respectively. The Ngoni are found in T/A Kachindamoto, Kamenyagwaza, Kachere and parts of Chilikumwendo. As of the Yao, these are found in dominance in T/A Tambala, Kasumbu and parts of Chauma respectively. Mention has to be made that the distribution of population in various T/As in not homogenous due to a mix of factors. Some of the overriding factors in this regard are intermarriages. Generally because of intermarriages various tribes are interwoven across the district. In addition, the search for fertile arable land has also contributed to the mixing of various tribal groups. Whilst the three are the dominant tribes in the district we also find other tribes but in trace amounts in the district. These are mostly the Lomwe, Sena and Tumbuka respectively. In terms of distribution these are mostly found within the precincts of Dedza Town and other trading centres. The push factor of utmost importance for these people to be found within these areas is largely employment within the public sector and NGOs. In addition some of them have found Dedza to be lucrative in view of growing informal sector where various skilled tradesmen operate a number of small and medium enterprises. Dedza has also seen an increase in foreign nationals operating various businesses particularly shops. These of late have consisted of nationals from China, Rwanda, Burundi and a few Indians. These have mostly been concentrated in the urban and peri urban areas of the district. In view of Dedza sharing an international boundary with Mozambique, the district also has a significant number of Mozambican nationals staying within the district particularly along the periphery of the border areas. These have hugely had an impact on the provision of social economic services such as access to health, education, agriculture just to mention a few to Malawian nationals mainly because 17

the National Registration System has not been affected completely. However, due to historical and cultural ties that exist between People of Dedza district in Malawi and the adjoining Angonia district in Mozambique relations have generally been cordial. To this end, the two districtsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; administrative structures have established an international working relationship that aims to foster mutual relations and resolutions of cross boarder issues for the benefit of the people of the two districts. The two districts normally host each other biannually in this regard. This initiative has been in existence since 2006.

Population Size And Characteristics 2.2

POPULATION, BY AGE GROUP SEX AND TA/STA

Table 9.Population by 5 year Age Groups and TA/STA

Area

Total

Age Group <1

Malawi Central Region Dedza TA Kachere STA Chilikumwend o

13 ,077 ,160 5 ,510, 195 624 ,445 131, 097

503, 385 212, 210 23 ,845 4 ,613

2, 294

TA Kaphuka

60 ,707 133 778

TA Tambala

62 ,637

2, 511

TA Chauma

20, 896

788

TA Kasumbu TA Kachindamoto S/C Kamenya Gwaza

71 ,199

2, 938

93, 532

3 ,957

30 ,358

1, 068

Dedza Town 20 ,241 Source: NSO, PHC, 2008

5, 087

589

1-4 1 ,866, 626 787 ,569 90 ,989 17, 922 8, 858 19 ,176 9, 919 3, 205 10, 871 14 ,702 4 ,089 2, 247

5-9

10-14

15 - 19

20 - 24

25 - 29

30 - 34

35 - 39

1 ,968 ,299 824 ,280

1 ,670 ,391

1 ,276 ,692

1 ,240, 329

1, 102, 976

704 ,303

539, 008

529, 606

466, 451

827, 547 356, 102

623 ,330 267 ,242

94, 794

80 ,567

59 ,666

55, 918

47, 876

38, 171

29 ,739

19, 742

16, 992

12 ,932

11, 626

9 ,812

8 ,034

6 ,259

9 ,363

7 ,688

5, 221

5, 348

4, 482

4 ,085

3, 012

20, 086

17, 382

12, 637

11, 842

10, 120

8 ,266

6 ,826

9 ,674

8 ,120

5, 649

5 ,147

4 ,496

3 ,633

2 ,843

3, 071

2 ,743

1, 904

1 ,736

1 ,418

1 ,121

1 ,064

11, 157

9 ,027

7, 021

6, 460

5 ,636

4, 063

3 ,094

14 ,592

11, 870

8 ,702

8 ,298

7 ,385

5 ,542

4 ,104

4 ,537

4, 033

3 ,131

2, 938

2 ,403

1, 960

1 ,432

2 ,572

2 ,712

2 ,469

2, 523

2 ,124

1 ,467

1 ,105

Table 10.Population Distribution by Traditional Authority

Population districbution by TA 133,778

131,097

93,532 71,199 62,637

60,707

30,358 20,896

20,241

Population distribution is uneven with TAs Kaphuka and Kachere having the highest (over 133,778 people) number of people while TAs Kamenyagwaza, Chauma and Dedza Town having the lowest (20,241 people). Table 11. Population by 5 year Age Groups and Traditional Authorities (TA) Area Malawi Central Region Dedza District TA Kachere TA Chilikumwendo TA Kaphuka TA Tambala TA Chauma TA Kasumbu TA Kachindamoto S/C Kamenya Gwaza Dedza Town

40 - 44 441 231 189 175 21 418 4 615 2 045 4 768 2 088 797 2 333 2 979 1 061 732

45 - 49 343 190 146 277 16 738 3 744 1 580 3 674 1 600 580 1 881 2 364 816 499

50 - 54 269 634 112 840 13 485 3 090 1 273 2 843 1 399 501 1 455 1 948 613 363

Source: NSO, PHC, 2008

55 - 59 258 214 104 067 13 206 2 958 1 261 2 866 1 227 515 1 366 2 088 640 285

60 - 64 184 679 74 886 10 246 2 321 1 080 2 237 1 092 347 1 054 1 468 484 163

65 - 69 153 829 63 970 8 768 2 128 966 1 951 803 331 879 1 190 370 150

70 - 74 106 020 42 690 6 119 1 461 630 1 276 715 220 633 842 265 77

75 + 240 788 89 519 12 900 2 848 1 521 2 741 1 721 555 1 331 1 501 518 164

2.3 POPULATION BY SEX AND RELIGION By sex, female dominates male population with a proportion of 52 and 48 respectively according to NSO PHC, 2008. Table shows population distribution by sex and religion in Dedza District. Table12. Population by sex and religion Sex Total Male Female

Total 1[1]625,828 300,310 325,518

Christian 496,459 235,617 260,842

Muslim 62,733 29,554 33,179

Other 25,953 12,390 13,563

None 40,683 22,749 17,934

Source: NSO, PHC, 2008

The table below shows that by religion, Christians dominates the rest of the religion. Christians comprise of 79%, Muslims 10%, others 4% and none is 7% of the total population as shown in fig. below; Table 13.Population distribution by religion

2.4 Population growth rate by STA/TA The annual growth rate in the district for the years 1998-2008 is 2.6 percent which is lower than the regional and national 3.1 percent and 2.8 percent respectively. By

sex female inter-censal growth rate is lower (2.5%) compared to males 2.6% which corresponds with the district inter-censal growth rate (see table 14 below) Table 14.Annual Population Inter-censal Growth Rates and Increase 19982008, by sex

Region Malawi Central Region Dedza

Intercensal Annual Rate (%)1998-2008 Both sexes Male Female 2.8 2.7 2.9 3.1 3 3.2 2.6 2.6 2.5

Intercensal Population 1998-2008 Number Percent 3143292 31.6 1443855 35.5 137763 28.3

Source: NSO, PHC, 2008

2.5 POPULATION DENSITY Population density for Dedza district increased from the year 1987-2008 by about 51%.In the year 1987 it was 114 and increased to 172 in the year 2008 (table 4). This is the highest compared to both Central region and national level. Table 15.Population density, 1987-2008 Region Malawi Central Region Dedza

Land Kms) 94276 35592 3624

area

(Sq. Population Density 2008 1998 139 105 155 114 172 134

1987 85 87 114

Source: NSO, PHC, 2008

Migratory patterns The table shows migration patterns in the district mainly through DedzaMozambique border post. The number of visitors and returning residents 1 almost doubled the year 2008 from 17 784 people in the year 2007 to 35 209 people in the year 2008 mainly because people transiting from South Africa to various countries were emigrating from South Africa in fear of xenophobic attacks. The number of emigrants increased from 2008 to 2009 from 48 643 people to 71 332 people mainly due to transiting people from eastern countries. There were more prohibited 1

Returning residents includes Malawians and foreigners with residential permits.

immigrants (30 people) in the year 2009 due to various reasons including suspected prostitution business. Table 16.Immigration statistics for 2007/20092

Year

No. of visitors

No. of returning Residents

No. of Emigrants

No. of persons refused entry

No. of prohibited immigrants

No. of persons restricted

No. of refugees intercepted

2007

17 784

23 005

48 643

126

500

2008

35 209

42 122

55 585

143

1504

2009

26 050

38 915

71 332

113

3191

2010

26144

39755

72493

404

2011

24676

30626

75200

136

620

Source: Dedza District Immigration Office, 2012

The number of refugees intercepted doubled as much with 500 in the year 2007, to 1,504 in the year 2008 and 3,191 in the year 2009.

Dedza District is a border district with Mozambique and facilitates international transits

CHAPTER 3: LAND USE 3.1. LAND TENURE SYSTEM There are three main categories of land tenure systems in the district namely customary land, private land (leasehold) and Government/public land. 3.2. CUSTOMARY LAND This is all land that falls within the jurisdiction of a Traditional Authority, which has been granted to a person or group and used under customary law. This land is held in trust and administered by traditional leaders (chiefs) on behalf of people in a community. 3.3 PRIVATE LEASEHOLD This is land that has been registered under the Registered Land Act. It can either be created from customary land or Government land. The land in this category can be leased up to 99 years for residential or commercial purposes and 21 years for agricultural purposes. 3.4 GOVERNMENT/PUBLIC LAND This is government owned land and is occupied, held and used under the Land Act. It is also land that has been clearly defined by the Land Act to be Government/Public land. Examples of public land in Dedza include government infrastructures like Dedza Stadium, government schools and hospitals, national roads plus road reserves and many others. 3.5

LAND USE SYSTEM

Table 17.Showing Land Use Pattern Land Use Category Forest Agriculture Settlement and lake Total

Land Sq KM 1,087.20 1,739.52 797.28 3,624

% of Total Land 30% 48% 22% 100%

Table 18.Total land use in the District % of Total Land use in the district Forest

Agriculture

22%

Settlement and lake

30%

48%

Table and chart above show that 30% of the land in Dedza is under forest/woodland, 48% is used for agriculture and 22% is under forest and the lake.

CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENT 4.1.FOREST RESERVE AND WILD LIFE Forest resources in Dedza are found in protected areas (i.e. forest reserves and plantations) and on customary land (Village Forest Areas, woodlots, graveyards and on farms). Traditional leaders take a leading role in managing forest resources on customary land. Most forests in forest reserves sit on mountains and hills except one reserve on Lake Malawi Rift Valley. Forests on customary land sit on open access areas, on hills, along river lines and on moderate gentle slopes. The customary land forest resources are in patches growing in graveyards, communal and individual woodlots, scattered trees on farms and clustered trees, shrubs and reeds/grass along river lines and degraded natural forests on hills demarcated as Village Forest Areas. 4.2.PRODUCTION FORESTS /TREE PLANTATION There are 7 gazetted forest reserves in Dedza. These are: Dedza, Dzenza, Chongoni, Dzalanyama, Mua- Livulezi, Dedza/ Salima Escarpment and Mua- Tsanya. The common tree species found in these reserves are: Adima microcephala (Mgwenya), Burkea africana (Mkalati), Pterocarpus angolensis (Mlombwa), Sclerocarya caffra (Mfula), Bauhimia thonningii (Chitimbe), Terminalia sericea (Naphini), Dalbergia melanoxylon (Phingo), Brachystegia floribunda (Tsamba), pericopsis angolensis (Muwanga and Syzygium cordatum (Katope). Table 19.List of forest reserves, their size and location Name of forest reserve Chongoni Dedza/Salima Escarpment Dedza Mountain Dzenza Mua-Livulezi Mua-Tsanya Dzalanyama Total Forestry cover

Year gazzetement 1924 1974 1926 1948 1924 1932 1922

Hectarage (area of forest) 13,639 32,600 3,263 829 12,147 1,062 29,200 92,740 Ha

Location Kaphuka Tambala, Kasumbu, Kachindamoto. Kasumbu Kaphuka Kachindamoto, Kamenyagwaza, Kachindamoto. Chilikumwendo, Kachere.

4.3.STATE OF FOREST RESERVES/PLANTATIONS Forest resources are declining due to population growth in Dedza and nearness to the city of Lilongwe. People flock into the reserves to collect wood for fuel and building materials. Table 20.Area destroyed through illegal Settlement (HA) Name of Forest Reserve Chongoni Dedza/Salima Escarpment Dedza Mountain

2007/08 0 0 0

2008/09 0 0 0

2009/10 0 0 0

2010/11 0 0 0

2011/12 0 0 0

Dzenza Mua-Livulezi Mua-Tsanya Dzalanyama

0 5 0 0

0 7 0 0

0 10 0 0

0 12 0 3

0 15 0 3

People have started building houses in Mua- Livulezi Forest Reserve because of land pressure and family conflicts. Table 21.Area destroyed through illegal farm land (HA) Name of Forest Reserve Chongoni Dedza/Salima Escarpment Dedza Mountain Dzenza Mua-Livulezi Mua-Tsanya Dzalanyama

2007/08 0

2008/09 0

2009/10 0

2010/11 0

2011/12 0

2.5 0

4 0

10 0

1.5 0

25 0

30 0

41 0

43 0

44 0

Encroachment through opening up of gardens is increasing in most of forest reserve because of population growth and loss of fertile soils on customary land. Table 22.Area destroyed through cutting/ charcoal burning.(HA) Name of Forest Reserve Chongoni

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

17.5

13.1

12.78

15.2

48.4

Dedza/Salima Escarpment

0.5

0.8

1.2

1.8

1.9

Dedza Mountain

0.7

3.2

2.2

2.0

14.3

Dzenza

Mua-Livulezi

49.3

Mua-Tsanya

0.4

0.6

0.9

Dzalanyama

16.6

18.4

30.1

35.3

39.7

Source: DFO, Forestry, 2012

 Mua-Livulezi is most vulnerable because of high population around the area and accessibility to townships.  Bareland increased in Chongoni and Dedza mountain plantations in 2011/12 due to normal harvesting  Most of the fuel wood used in Lilongwe is collected from Dzalanyama Forest Reserve. Population growth in Lilongwe City increases fuel demand resulting increasing area destroyed through cutting / charcoal production.

CHAPTER 5. ECONOMY 5.0 AGRICULTURE 5.1.1 CROPS The department of crop development strives to promote increased crop production by facilitating increase in yields and hectarage under various crops in order to achieve national and household food security, increased crop based incomes, foreign exchange earnings and import substitution. Major crops grown in the District include maize, beans, groundnuts, soybeans, potatoes, sweet potatoes cassava and rice while, minor crops include but not limited to: pigeon peas, field peas sorghum, and ground beans. The horticultural crops grown include citrus fruits, bananas, cabbage, and other leaf vegetables. Rainfall Total mean rainfall that the district received was 1506 in 69 rain days(2007/2008), 1035 in 59 rain days(2008/2009), 1003 in 76 rain days, 917mm in 59 rain days(2009/2010) and 935mm in 64 rain days(2010/2011) during the seasons respectively. During 2007/2008 season despite the higher mean received, a lot and continuous rains were received in January and February which resulted into rotting in some crops like beans. After these continuous rains, it abruptly tailed off very early in the month of April which resulted into crops like maize drying up prematurely. The District then started receiving lesser rains from 2008/2009 to 2011/2012 compared to 2007/2008. Refer to figure below; Table 23 .Mean rainfall peryear.

5.1.2 FOOD SITUATION The district usually experiences higher food shortages in the months of January and February especially in 2008/2009 season because of the early tailing off of rains during the previous season which resulted into the crop more especially maize drying up prematurely; and thus resulting into low yields. Refer to Table below for details. However, it has to be noted that calculation of households without food is based on maize only and not other food stuffs that are also readily available in the district like, potato, sweet potato, cassava, rice , just to mention a few. Table 24.District trend of farm families without food in the past three years 2007/08

Month

July August September October November December January February March April May June

2008/09

2009/10

1 2.7 3.2 4.2 8.8 11 17 24 16 3.1 2.1 -

2.2 3.3 5 7.4 10.1 12.5 20.3 17.8 2 0.2 0.2 -

0.2 0.2 0.2 2.4 4.6 5.2 8.1 10 8.5 0.5 0.2 0.2

Table 25.Percentage farm farmilies without food per month for the period of three years Percentage of farm families without food per month for the period of three years 30 25

Axis Title

2007/08 2008/09

2009/10

5 0

Table 24 and 25 show that percentage of Farm families without food was higher in 2008/2009 season because of lower maize production realized due to early tailing off of rains in 2007/2008 season. Despite lower mean rainfall received in the preceding years, maize production was increasing because rainfall distribution was fair during these years. 5.1.3 CROP PRODUCTION (TONNAGE), Table below shows that maize production has been varying for the past years despite the input subsidy programme which in a way has been contributing significantly at district level when compared to years without subsidy. Production went much lower in 2007/2008 season because of the abrupt tailing off of rains such that most crops dried prematurely. In 2009/2010 production was affected by dry spells the district experienced, army worm and delayed rains experienced in some EPAs of the district like Kanyama, and Bembeke (rains started end December and planting of crops like maize continued up to mid January). Table 26.Crop Production in (Mt) Crop Type

2007/2008

2008/2009

2009/2010 206,370

2010/2011 239,701

2011/2012 247,627

Potatoes (mt)

164,095

206,554

Maize (mt)

140,261

183,555

182,604

204,392

202,904

Sweet Potatoes (mt)

109,492

122,920

120,120

133,791

138,316

Cassava (mt)

104,167

115,113

114,473

120,832

125,573

Groundnuts (mt)

20,848

22,531

21,299

22,568

23,564

Beans (mt)

17,210

22,636

21,700

25,085

24,864

Soyabeans (mt)

10,757

12,532

11,301

11,398

12,946 9,541

Rice (mt)

9,149

12,779

12,277

12,765

Cotton (mt)

1,551

2,161

970

2,083

6,944

Cowpeas (mt)

1,442

1,778

1,819

1,982

1,962

Millet (mt)

923

1,079

1,141

1,289

1,303

Sorghum (mt)

504

537

598

692

690

Ground Beans (mt)

471

633

606

632

562

Field Peas (mt)

385

462

467

506

531

2,817,660

4,223,912

4,093,912

4,352,306

1,626,152 751 130

Tobacco-burley (kgs) Paprika (mt) Pigeon Peas (mt)

333

630

699

688

105

112

128

Source: Dedza District Agriculture office (2012

Potato production has been equally varying but was much lower in 2007/2008 season because of bacterial wilt and early tailing off of rains. Production thereafter went much higher in 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 seasons because more area was planted to potato due high demand on the market. 29

Rice production went down in 2007/2008 due to early tailing off or rains and in 2011/2012 due to dry spells experienced during the season. Refer to Table 26 for details. 5.1.4 AREA CULTIVATED (HA)

Maize area has been fluctuating all the way from 2007/2008 season due to availability of seed except in 2011/2012 season where the area was much lower due to shift to other crops like cotton whose area went higher in 2011/2012 season due previous yearâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s prices which made more farmers to opt for the crop. Phaseolus beans. Ground nuts and soybeans areas have been increasing due to readily available markets and pricing Rice area has been fluctuating all the way from 2007/2008 season due to availability of enough water except in 2011/2012 season where it went much lower due to drying up of nurseries prior to transplanting due to dry spells experienced in the main rice growing area. Refer to Table 27 for details.

Table 27.Crop Area Cultivated (Ha) per Year by Crop Crop

2007/2008

2008/2009

2009/2010 100,102

2010/2011 100,812

2011/2012 100,071

Maize

100,334

100,250

Beans

46,844

48,449

50,167

51,092

51,647

Groundnuts

19,467

19,390

20,265

21,813

Potatoes

11,687

13,156

13,524

13,922

14,196

Soybeans

12,294

13,235

12,708

12,386

13,889

S/ Potatoes

6,722

7,101

7,197

7,471

7,852

Cassava

5,923

6,104

6,208

6,338

6,488

Rice

3,642

4,054

4,029

4,031

3,397

Cowpeas

3,131

3,586

3,711

3,875

3,927

Millet

2,057

2,203

2,318

2,398

2,437

Cotton

1,643

2,131

996

1,896

7,130

763

911

886

890

810

Tobacco-burley

2,855

3,931

4,004

3,994

1,614

Paprika

1,058

1,582

838

1,490

1,589

Sorghum

610

638

724

753

765

Field Peas

484

566

582

622

643

Pigeon Peas

116

170

185

203

206

219630

227,457

227,569

232,438

2384,74

Ground Beans

Totals

Source: Dedza District Agriculture office (2012)

The table 27 show that Maize yields has been varying for the past years despite the input subsidy programme which in a way has been contributing significantly at district level when compared to years without subsidy. Yield went much lower in 2007/2008 season because of the abrupt tailing off of rains such that most crops dried prematurely. In 2009/2010 yield was affected by dry spells the district experienced, army worm and delayed rains experienced in some EPAs of the district like Kanyama, and Bembeke (rains started end December and planting of crops like maize continued up to mid January). 5.1.5 CROP YIELD (KGS/HA) Potato yield has been equally varying but was much lower in 2007/2008 season because of bacterial wilt and early tailing off of rains. Yield thereafter went much higher in 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 seasons because of the favorable weather that was experienced Rice yield went down in 2007/2008 due to early tailing off or rains and in 2011/2012 due to dry spells experienced during the season. Refer to Table 5 for details. Table 28.Crop yield trends (kgs/Ha) Crop

2007/2008

2008/2009

2009/2010

Cassava

17587

18859

18440

2010/2011 19065

2011/2012 19355

Sweet Potatoes

16289

17310

16690

17908

16615

Potatoes

14041

15700

15260

17217

17443

Rice

2512

3152

3047

3167

2809

Maize Groundnuts Cotton Soybeans Sorghum Field Peas Ground Beans Pigeon Peas Cowpeas Millet Beans Tobacco-burley Paprika

1398 1071 944 875 826 795 617 590 461 449 367 987 315

1831 1162 1014 947 842 816 695 620 496 490 467 1075 398

1824 1098 974 889 826 802 687 603 490 492 433 1022 381

2027

2028

1114 1099 920 907 814 710 624 511 538 491 1090 462

1080 974 932 904 825 694 631 500 535 481 1008 472

Source: Dedza District Agriculture office (2012)

Percent of land planted with various types of crops has not been varying much from 2007/2008 to 2011/2012. Highest percentage of land (44.8% to 46.3%) was being planted with maize followed by beans, then ground nuts, soybeans because these crops are usually interplanted with maize and potatoes because Dedza is a potato growing area. The least grown crops were pigeon peas, field peas, sorghum and ground beans. Refer to Table 29 below for details; 31

Table 29.Pecentage area planted to a particular crop

Table 30.Percentage of land planted with various types of crops Crop Name Maize Rice Groundnuts Beans Cassava Potatoes Sweet potatoes Tobacco Cotton Millet Soy beans Cowpeas Sorghum Ground beans Paprika Field Peas Pigeon Peas Total

2007/2008

2008/09

2009/10

2010/2011

2011/2012

45.7 1.7 8.9 21.3 2.7 5.3 3.1 1.3 0.7 0.9 5.6 1.4 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.1 100

44.1 1.8 8.5 21.3 2.7 5.8 3.1 1.7 0.9 1.0 5.8 1.6 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.2 0.1 100

44.0 1.8 8.5 22.0 2.7 5.9 3.2 1.8 0.4 1.0 5.6 1.6 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.1 100

43.4 1.7 8.7 22 2.7 6.0 3.2 1.7 0.8 1.0 5.3 1.7 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.1 100

42 1.4 9.1 21.7 2.7 6.0 3.3 0.7 3.0 1.0 5.8 1.6 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.1 100

Source: Dedza District Agriculture office (2012)

There are 10 Extension Planning Areas (EPAs) in the District, namely, Chafumbwa, Kabwazi, Linthipe, Lobi, Kaphuka, Mayani, Kanyama, Bembeke, Golomoti and Mtakataka. There are 169 sections and 25 veterinary stations (Dip Tanks). Number of farm families both at EPA and District level increased from 2007/2008 to 2008/2009 season and remain constant up to 2010/2011 season because no farm family update 32

exercise was conducted. In 2011/2012 season the District updated its farm family and the number increased to 223054 FF from 210250 FF in 2010/2011. Refer to table below; Table 31.Number of faming farmilies in the District

Table 32.Number of Farm families per Year by EPA EPA Name

2007/2008

Chafumbwa Kabwazi Linthipe Lobi Kaphuka Mayani Kanyama Bembeke Golomoti Mtakataka District Total

2008/2009

14,888 15,299 26,264 18,497 16,923 18,637 23,145 14,868 10,913 14,830 1,74,264

2009/2010

17,432 17,833 37,436 21,239 22,588 20,165 25,661 19,283 12,877 15,736 210,250

2010/2011

17,432 17,833 37,436 21,239 22,588 20,165 25,661 19,283 12,877 15,736 210,250

2011/2012 18,494 18,919 39,716 22,532 23,964 21,393 27,224 20,457 13,661 16,694 223,054

Source: Dedza District Agriculture office (2012)

5.1.6 AGRICULTURAL MARKETS There are 34 agricultural markets in the District. Names and ownership of the markets are indicated in Table below; Table 33.Names and ownership of agricultural markets EPA Chafumbwa

No 1

Names of markets/ Ownership

EPA

Thiwi Lifidzi ADMARC

Mayani

No 1

Names of markets/ Ownership Mayani ADMARC

EPA

No 2

Names of markets/ Ownership

No 2

Names of markets/ Ownership

Kulima Gold

Farmers World

Mlunduni ADMARC

Makota ADMARC

Bembeke ADMARC

Kulima Gold

Dedza ADMARC

Farmers World

Export traders

Kulima Gold

Farmers World

Namakasu ADMARC

Kabwazi

Kabwazi ADMARC

Linthipe

Chimbiya ADMARC

Chitowo ADMARC

Thiwi ADMARC

SFFRFM

5 6

Lobi

Lobi ADMARC

Export traders

Kaphuka

4 5

EPA

SFFRFM

Kanyama

Bembeke

Golomoti

SFFRFM

Nankokwe ADMARC

Kulima Gold

Golomoti ADMARC

Farmers World

Kapiri ADMARC

SFFRFM

1 2

Mtakataka ADMARC

Kulima Gold

Kaphuka ADMARC

SFFRFM

Mtakataka

Farmers World

5.1.7 AGRICULTURE PRACTICES There are two cropping seasons in the District namely: Summer cropping season from October to March and irrigated (winter) cropping season from April to September. The number of farmers applying fertilizer differs from season to season. This depends on various factors like prices of inputs, availability of inputs on the market, availability of cash to buy the inputs, availability of various project/programmes and Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) that provide inputs to farmers after participating in various activities and number of farmers that have been provided with coupons to buy inputs at subsidized price. 5.1.8 AGRICULTURAL SERVICES There are various sources of farm inputs. These are ADMARCs and other agro dealers; where farmers buy inputs by cash; Non Governmental Organizationsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (NGOs) that provide inputs to farmers; projects like Input for Asset under Irrigation, Rural Livelihoods and Agriculture Development Project (IRLADP); where farmers participate in various asset development activities and receive a bag of 50kg Urea and maize seed; and Agriculture Sector Wide Approach project (ASWAp) where farmers participate in various maize variety, nutrient management and water and land management trials and 34

are provided with fertilizers and other inputs according to the trial; and lastly but not least, Farm Input Subsidy Programme, where poorest of the poor farmers receive coupons that are used to purchase farm inputs at a subsidized price from designated produce markets. Government through subsidy programme, ASWAP-SP and some NGOs which have provided farm inputs to farmers during the season as shown in the Table 34 below; Table 34.Farm Input Subsidy Coupon Allocation Trend EPA Chafumbwa Kabwazi Linthipe Lobi Kaphuka Mayani Kanyama Bembeke Golomoti Mtakataka District Total

2007/2008 19,350 17,400 23,790 24,910 16,740 17,799 25,449 16,070 12,780 9,396 183,684

2008/2009 21,778 22,276 46,266 26,232 27,579 24,632 30,578 22,809 15,707 18,944 256,801

2009/2010 5,165 5,500 12,583 6,604 7,146 7,042 8,079 5,806 4,358 5,103 67,386

2010/2011 5,188 5,450 12,979 6,539 7,220 6,971 8,027 5,632 4,293 5,238 67,537

2011/2012 4,868 4,862 11,418 5,094 7,077 5,367 7,135 4,714 4,052 4,517 59104

Table 35 .Distribution of farm subsidy coupons

Farm subsidy coupons for the District 2007/08-2011/12

256801

183684

67386

67537

59104

2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 The table and chart above show that more coupons were distributed in the growing seasons 2007/08- 2008/09 compared to years 2009/10-2011/12. The reason is that 2007/2008-2008/09 growing season separate coupons were provided for 23:21:0+4s, 35

UREA, D/compound, CAN, maize seed legume and flexible, while. the growing seasons 2009/10-2011/12 a strip coupon comprising of 23:21:0+4s, UREA, maize seed and legume was provided hence the difference. . 5.1.9 FARM HOLDING Total area covered by small holder farming and Estates, Proportion of smallholder farming area to total cultivated area, by EPA 99% of total cultivatable area is under smallholder farming, where as less than 1% of the area is under estates. Average family land holding by EPA The average family land holding size (ha.) is 1.0 for all the EPAs except for Chafumbwa and Golomoti EPAs where the average land holding size is 2 ha respectively. 5.1.10 NUMBER OF ESTATE AND AREA The estates are owned by different individuals and of varying hectarage ranging from 9 to 260. Refer to Table and chart below shows that the area under estates for the district is 1,999.8 (ha). Lobi EPA has the highest area under estate (1,029.8 ha) and number of estates 16, followed by Mtakataka EPA 432 ha and 5 estates. Chafumbwa is third interns of area under estates 335 ha and is second comparing number of estates 10. The EPA with least area under estates is Kaphuka 83 ha and with 2 estates. Table 36.Name of Estates and area EPA Chafumbwa Linthipe Lobi Kaphuka Mtakataka District

Number of estates 10 3 16 2 5 36

Source: Dedza District Agriculture office (2012)

Hectarage 335 121 1029.8 83 431 1999.8

Table 37. Area under estate per EPA Area (ha) under estates per EPA and District 1,999.8

1,029.8

431

335 121

Chafumbwa

Linthipe

Lobi

Kaphuka

Mtakataka

District

Table 38.Land Resources Area

Dambo

31,105

Hilly Arable District

138,251

187,635

356,991

100

The table above and charts below show the total district agriculture area is 356,991 accounting for 98% of the total land area (3,624km2) of which 52% is arable area, 9% dambo area and 39% is hilly area. Table 39. Percentage of land use. % of land use for the district Dambo

Hilly

Arable

52%

39%

5.1.11 SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION The district is practicing four types of soil and water conservation as illustrated in the below. Among the four types of soil and water conservation marker ridges registered 10,869 the highest number of farmers in 2008/09 in the past three year. The least was figure registered was 3,551 in 2009.10. The trend is the same for the area under practice the year 2008/09 had the highest area cultivated under marker ridges as the means of soil conservation. Number of farmers practicing vertiver nurseries has been constant for the past three years Table 40.Soil Conservation Practices Type Marker ridges Ridge realignment Box ridges Vetiver hedge rows Vetiver nurseries

Area under the practice (HA) 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2007/08 1,363 856 643 48.6 2.8

1,429 919 346 42.8 2.7

805 593 199 60.7 3.5

No. of Farmers 2008/09 2009/10

6,867 6,101 3,706 2,122 1,439

10,869 9,070 7,157 960 1,085

3,551 4,807 3,922 2,191 1,428

5.1.12 SOIL FERTILITY IMPROVEMENT There are three technologies used in increasing soil fertility in the district. The technologies are manure, agro forestry and crop residue management. The area under manure making has been decreasing from 119,351 heaps in 2007/08 to 97775 heaps in 2008/09 and to 82,371 heaps in 2009/10. There has been notable increase in Agro forestry and crop residue management technologies for the past three years

Table 41. Soil Fertility Technologies Type of Soil Fertility Technology Manure (indicate number of heaps) Agro forestry Crop residue management

Area under the technology (HA) 2007/08 2008/09 119,351 97,775 1,800 5,751 3.4 5.3

2009/10 82,371 4,413 10.4

5.1.13 CONSERVATION FARMING Three types of conservation farming technologies are being practiced in the district as follows, use of herbicides, crop residue management pit planting and reduced tillage. The table below shows that most farmers are practicing use of herbicides and reduced tillage technologies. Farmers using of herbicides technology registered the highest in 2009/10 38

(89) for the past three years and the lowest number of farmers registered was 51 in 2008/09. Number of farmers practicing reduced tillage showed a decrease from 89 in 2007/08 to 57 in 2009/10 with the lowest in 32. Table 42. Conservation farming practices Type of technology being practiced Use of herbicides Crop residue management Pit planting Reduced tillage

Area under the practice (HA) 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 18 23.3 35 4 5.3 10.4 1 1 1.8 20 3.4 13

No. of Farmers 2007/08 85 31 49 89

2008/09 51 25 15 32

2009/10 89 56 50 57

5.1.14 .RAIN WATER HARVESTING Table 43.Rain water harvesting technologies Type of technology being promoted Underground tanks Swales soak pits Infiltration ponds

Number of Tanks/ Swales/ pits 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 4 4 0 1,069 184 190 2,060 438 359 7 3 8

2007/08 56 1,965 429 2

No. of Farmers 2008/09 2009/10 56 0 1,217 780 200 254 11 12

The table above show four types of rain water harvesting technologies as follows; underground tanks, swales, soak pits and infiltration ponds. Among the four technologies soak pits and swales showed are being mostly practiced by farmers. Number of soak pits continues to decrease for the past three years from 2,060 to 339. This also has been the same with number of farmers practicing 5.2. IRRIGATION Dedza district irrigation services falls under Lilongwe Irrigation Services Division. The district implements irrigation activities under the following technologies: Treadle pump, Motorized pump, Gravity fed and Watering can based irrigation. The major sources of water are: shallow wells, dams, rivers, boreholes, springs and lakes. Total area served by irrigation facilities Irrigation technologies that are currently being practiced in the District are: treadle pumps, motorized pumps, Water can and Gravity fed. There is a general increase in both area under cultivation, and number of beneficiaries from 849 ha. in the year 2007/2008 to 2256 ha in 2011/2012 growing seasons. Motorized pump based irrigation has proven not to be sustainable hence reduced number of sites under this technology. Most of these motorized pumps are privately owned. A number of NGOs are working within the district 39

hence an increase in irrigation area as well. Refer to Figure for area under irrigation farming by technology. However, the area under irrigation farming (2,256 ha.) remains low, as this is 37.7% of the total irrigable land (5973 ha.). Table 44.Total Area under Irrigation Type of irrigation technology Treadle pump Motorised pump Water can Gravity fed Total

2007/08 370 9.8 21.33 448

2008/09 375.2 31.24 463 459.4

2009/10 704 64.6 765 528

2010/11 750 64.6 765 560

2011/12 779 82 765 630

849.13

1328.84

2061.6

2139.6

2256

Total area served by irrigation facilities There is a general increase in area under cultivation, from 849 ha. in the year 2007/2008 to 2256 ha in 2011/2012 growing seasons.. A number of NGOs are working within the district hence an increase in irrigation area as well. Refer to Figure for area under irrigation farming by technology. However, the area under irrigation farming (2,256 ha.) remains low, as this is 37.7% of the total irrigable land (5973 ha.).

Table 45.Total number of sites served by irrigation technologies Type of irrigation technology Treadle pump Motorised pump Water can Gravity fed Total

2007/08 1,040 8 430

2008/09 1,288 19 1,753

2009/10 1543 22 6,749

2010/11 1550 22 6749

2011/12 1555 27 6479

247

296

324

327

333

1725

3356

8638

8648

8394

Motorized pump based irrigation has proven not to be sustainable hence reduced number of sites under this technology. Most of these motorized pumps are privately owned. Table 46.Total Number of beneficiaries engaged in irrigation by Type Treadle pump Motorised pump Water can Gravity fed Total

2007/08 3,493 115 2,126 3,148

2008/09 3,526 357 5,812 3,351

2009/10 3,996 397 9,457 3,724

2010/11 4300 397 9,457 3978

2011/12 4,678 502 9,457 4,321

8,882

13,046

17,574

18,132

18,958

The number of beneficiaries has doubled from 8,882 farm families to 18,956 between the years 2007/2008 and 2011/2012 as shown in Table above. This increase in the number of beneficiaries is partly due to: access to winter subsidized fertilizer, erratic rainfall for the 40

past years which has forced farmers to engage in irrigation farming and increased farmersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; interest in irrigation farming. Picture 1.Irrigation Crop Production

Table 47.Crop production under irrigation in (Mt) per year Crop Potatoes

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

1546.94

2658.81

3770.68

Maize

515.361

867.762

1908.67

2694.95

2851.8

Sweet potatoes

352.78

1234.73

2363.63

Cabbage

44.362

377.077

1308.68

1264.32

1463.95

190.143

1457.76

718.318

781.699

1204.24

122.07

325.52

590.005

651.04

Onion Tomato Rice

1659.04

1755.6

351.12

390.621

Beans

21.384

49.896

95.256

98.496

Rape

14.434

28.868

72.17

Cow peas

13.152

24.66

29.592

Chinese cabbage

13.486

202.29

26.972

Field peas

22.958

24.724

Carrot

0.0227

22.698

Okra

0.14676

2.446

Garlic

2.2743

Table 47 above shows Irrigation crop production under winter cultivation for potatoes has been increasing from 1546.94 metric tons in 2007/08 to 3770.67 metric tons for the past three years in 2009/010, 2010/11 2011/12. Maize ranked second crop under irrigation, its production has been increasingly for the first past five years. In general a number of crops have registered a notable production except for garlic field peas and okra that have been constant for the past five years. 41

Table 48.Top six crop production under irrigation per year

The top six Crop production under irrigarion in (mt) per year 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Potatoes

2007/08

Maize

Sweet Cabbage potatoes

2008/09

2009/10

Onion

2010/11

Tomato

2011/12

The chart above illustrates the increase of the top six crop production for the period of five years. There is significant increase of potatoes, all maize, while sweet potatoes cabbage, onion and tomatoes varied in production characterized by constant and increase. Table 49.Crop yield (kg/Ha) per crop per year Crop

2007/08 22,698

2008/09 22,698

2009/10 22,698

2010/11 22,698

2011/12 22,698

Cabbage

22,181

Onion

21,127

Tomato

20,345

Sweet potatoes

17,639

Potatoes

16,114

Mustard

14,665

Rape

14,434

Chinese cabbage

13,486

Garlic

7,581

Rice

4,389

Maize

2,037

Okra

1,223

Wheat

1,200

Field peas

883

Beans

648

Cow peas

548

Carrot

The table above and chart below show that yield has been constant for the past five years. This is evidenced by the chart that illustrates the yield for the top 10 crops. Table 50. Crop yield per year Crop Yield kg/ha per year 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 Carrot

Cabbage

Onion

2007/08

Tomato

2008/09

Sweet Potatoes Mustard potatoes

2009/10

2010/11

Rape

Chinese cabbage

2011/12

Table 51.Area (ha).under irrigation by crop per Year 253

426

937

1323

2011/12 1400

Potatoes

165

234

Beans

147

152

Sweet potatoes

134

378

400

Cabbage

Onion

Maize

Rice

Cow peas Tomato

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

Rape

Chinese cabbage

Okra

0.12

Carrot

0.001

Garlic

0.3

Cucumber

0.2

Field peas

The table above and chart below shows that area cultivated under irrigation for the following crops, maize potatoes, beans and sweet potatoes has been increasing for the past five years. Vegetables such as cabbage, tomatoes and onion also showed notable 43

increase. There has been insignificant increase on rice for the first three years and drastically decrease for the last two years. Table 52.Area(ha) cultivated under irrigation by crop fro period of five years Area (ha) cultivated under irrigation by crop for periof of five years 1400 1200 1000 800 600

400 200 0 Maize

Potatoes

Beans

2007/08

Sweet potatoes

2008/09

Rice

2009/10

Cabbage

Onion

2010/11

Cow peas

Tomato

2011/12

5.3. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION Livestock reared in Dedza district include, cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, rabbits, guinea pigs and poultry (chickens, ducks, turkey, guinea fowl and doves). Some farming households also keep donkeys, dogs and cats. Most households keep local chickens hence the highest number of farm families throughout the five years; however, number of households keeping broilers and layers are the smallest and this is due to increase in the prices of feeds, day old chicks and drugs. Number of farm families keeping various species of livestock is increasing throughout the five years, this is mainly due to pass on programme after the first beneficiaries have benefited from Non-governmental organizations and other government programmes; refer to Table below for details. Table 53.Farm families keeping different species of livestock

Type of livestock

Number of farm families keeping livestock 2007/2008

2008/2009

2009/2010

2010/2011

2011/2012

Beef Cattle

4739

4829

5029

5599

5595

Dairy cattle

307

324

356

387

404

Goats

45008

45019

45038

45404

45555

Sheep

1399

1453

1471

1482

2155

Type of livestock

Number of farm families keeping livestock 2007/2008

2008/2009

2009/2010

2010/2011

2011/2012

Pigs

10484

10502

10508

11830

13479

Local Chickens

94296

94555

95001

95305

125882

Broilers

Layers

Black Australorp

1843

1899

1989

2014

1934

Guinea Fowls

4768

4810

4905

5004

5390

Ducks

5902

5947

5980

6017

6270

Doves

4297

4344

4346

5826

5051

309

319

322

417

208

Guinea Pigs

2125

2153

2189

2225

1761

Rabbits

4586

4616

4629

5696

6035

Donkeys

359

377

378

313

Dogs

17008

17041

17059

18424

18220

Cats

2703

2748

2750

2746

2804

Turkeys

Source: Dedza District Agriculture office (2012)

Data in Table 56 below indicate that population of various livestock species has been increasing over the years except broilers and layers that has been consistently going down, over the years; this is due to increase in prices of feeds, day old chicks and drugs. On the other hand, other livestock species especially, small stock have been increasing; the reasons for increase in population include but not limited to procurement and distribution of breeding stock to the district by various Non Governmental Organisations and government programmes. Table 54.Livestock population over five years Livestock population over five years Type of livestock

2007/2008

2008/2009

2009/2010

2010/2011

2011/2012

43897

45814

47255

46959

47438

723

870

994

1061

1158

Goats

174005

193224

197543

212826

226542

Sheep

9199

10702

10723

8423

8890

49898

49374

48906

51504

56611

746887

771036

822086

968249

1095997

Broilers

8844

10320

9250

7059

6961

Layers

12061

8602

7035

5236

4928

Black Australorp

15924

12223

12077

15514

15586

Beef cattle Dairy cattle

Pigs Local Chickens

Livestock population over five years Type of livestock

2007/2008

2008/2009

2009/2010

2010/2011

2011/2012

Guinea Fowls

27814

26772

27995

38552

41684

Ducks

29401

24723

33947

38909

42219

Doves

56016

66749

74317

86545

79464

867

760

770

1099

1018

Guinea Pigs

13269

15964

17558

20718

22820

Rabbits

28563

29262

28738

31324

34325

582

683

692

719

731

Dogs

31791

35006

29961

36384

27851

Cats

5411

6643

6335

6697

7119

Turkeys

Donkeys

Source: Dedza District Agriculture office (2012)

5.3.1 COMMON PARASITES/DISEASES AFFECTING LIVESTOCK Different types of parasites and diseases affect livestock in the district. Common diseases in chickens are New Castle and Gumboro. Small ruminants especially, goats are known to be hardy but suffer from worms. Common diseases in cattle are worms and tick borne diseases especially, East Coast Fever. Major problem in pigs is African swine fever Table 55.Number of livestock affected per year affected Number of livestock Common livestock diseases East Coast Fever Mastitis

Livestock Type All cattle

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

472

504

231

498

All cattle

All livestock

6471

6480

6330

10112

11212

Dogs

299

371

369

352

482

New Castle Disease

Chickens

8834

5936

5160

11164

13901

Gumboro

Chickens

1648

1200

3589

5085

10798

Pigs

180

217

361

681

165

Mange

Rabbits

317

116

118

168

Coccidiosis

Rabbits

138

446

Helmiathiasis (worms) Possible Rabies cases

Suspected African Swine Fever

The table above and chart below shows proportion of livestock affected by most common parasites/diseases. Number of chickens affected by gumboro has been increasing throughout the years. This is mainly because the disease was not common in the villages but after some farm families started rearing broilers and layers, the disease started spreading to local chickens and yet most of these are not vaccinated against gumboro due to the hatching system in local chickens. In the past two years, it has been noted that 46

chickens affected by New Castle Disease has been increasing; due to reduction in vaccination of chicken against the disease due to increase in prices of vaccines Table 56 .Top three diseases that affect livestock and poultry. The top three disease that affect livestock and poultry Helmiathiasis (worms)

New Castle Disease

Gumboro 13901

11212

11164

10798

10112 8834

6480 5936

6471

6330 5160

5085

3589 1648

2007/08

1200

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

Table 57.Number of livestock treated per year Common livestock diseases

Livestock Type

Number of livestock treated 2007/08

East Coast Fever Mastitis

All cattle

358

2008/09 2009/10 41

215

2010/11

2011/12

167

308

All cattle

All livestock

6471

6480

6330

10112

11212

Dogs

New Castle Disease

Chickens

Gumboro

Chickens

Pigs

Rabbits

Helmiathiasis (worms) Possible Rabies cases

Suspected African Swine Fever Mange

The table above shows that all livestock that were affected by helmiathiasis were treated for the period 2007/08- 2011/12. East cost fever 358 livestock were treated out 472 in 2007/08 and in 2011/2012 total number of 308 was treated out of 498. .

Table 58.Number of livestock died Common livestock diseases

2007/08

East Coast Fever

Livestock Type All cattle

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

Mastitis

All cattle

All livestock

207

351

493

371

420

Dogs

171

238

210

315

455

New Castle Disease

Chickens

7477

5061

3368

9124

12376

Gumboro

Chickens

395

462

1994

2378

5254

Pigs

147

217

227

447

105

Rabbits

189

Helmiathiasis (worms) Possible Rabies cases

Suspected African Swine Fever Mange

Source: Dedza District Agriculture office (2012)

A lot of deaths were recorded in chickens caused by New Castle Disease and Gumboro; and this is mainly in local chickens. Helmiathiasis (worms) affected all types of livestock but caused fewer deaths as compared to New castle Disease and Gumboro 5.3.2 LIVESTOCK USES Percent uses of cattle (dairy, meat and traction/transport purposes) The uses of cattle in the district are mainly three, dairy, meat and traction. For the five years in question, 2007/2008, 2008/2009, 2009/2010, 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 the percent uses of cattle used for dairy, meat and traction has on average remained the same; 2%, 93% and 5% respectively; Refer to the Table and Figure below for details. Dairy production has on average remained the same, despite the high demand for dairy animals; this is mainly because most farmers get dairy animals through pass on programme that is coordinated by Central Region Milk Producers Association (CREMPA); and the proportion that comes to the three milk bulking groups in the district is small compared to the demand. Table 59.Number of cattle for various uses 2007/2008

2008/2009

2009/2010

2010/2011

2011/2012

Average percent proportion

41466

42999

44829

44667

45260

92.82048

723

870

994

1061

1158

2.0273

2431

2815

2426

2292

2178

5.152216

44620

46684

48249

48020

48596

100.0

Uses of cattle Beef Dairy Traction Total

Table 60.Percent uses of cattle

Average percent proportion Beef

Dairy

Traction

2% 5%

93%

USAGE OF ANIMAL BY-PRODUCTS Animal by-products have various uses in the district. The uses include but not limited to: meat, milk, eggs, dung/droppings used for making manure; hides/skins used for making chairs, small tables, beating drums and sleeping/seating mats; skins and feathers are also used for various tradition dances. 5.3.3 LIVESTOCK SERVICES Livestock services provided in the district include animal production and animal health. These are provided by field staff and officers (based at the district office). The district has 25 dip tanks spread within the 10 Extension Planning Areas (EPAs) in the district. There are three cattle crushes in the District and all are in Mtakataka EPA; and the fourth one is under construction in Bembeke EPA. The District also has four cattle markets, but only two had been operational during the period in question. The district also has one clinic at District Veterinary office. Numbers of dip tanks and slaughter slabs have been constant for the past five years. Refer to Table below for number and type of livestock facilities in the district.

Table 61.Livestock facilities in the district Operational dip tanks

Cattle market 0

Slaughter slab 0

No. of dip tanks 3

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

Kabwazi

Linthipe

Lobi

Kaphuka

Mayani

Kanyama

Bembeke*

Golomoti

Mtakataka

District Veterinary office (Dog bath) Total

EPA Chafumbwa

Source: Dedza District Agriculture office (2012)

*Note: Slaughter house is only in one EPA, Bembeke (Dedza Boma); the rest are slaughter slabs.

Picture 2.steer being weighed at Dedza cattle market

Dipping services: Previously, government used to buy arcaricide (for dipping) and distribute to all dip tanks; but from 1989/1999 season, dipping policy changed; where the services were left 50

in the hands of farmers to get organized and buy dip to ran dipping. Since then, dip tanks are being renovated; and management of the dipping services is left in the hands of the farmers through dip tank committees. Farmers contribute money for dipping their cattle, and the money collected act as a revolving fund for buying arcaricide for the following season. The number of dip tanks that have been renovated and are operational has been increasing in the past years. The dip tanks have been renovated with support from Concern Universal an NGO that has been operating in the district; Irrigation Rural Livelihood and Agriculture Development Project (IRLADP) under the component of Input for Asset; Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development and Farmersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; own initiative. The rest of the services have been operational throughout the years. Refer to Figure, showing one of the dip tanks that was renovated by farmers own initiative and is operational. Picture 3.Dedza Dip tank

Number and types of other livestock services. The district has three Milk Bulking Groups (MBGs). These are farmers groups that sell milk in bulk at one cooling centre. Two MBGs, Chitsanzo and Dzaonewekha are in Linthipe EPA and one, Magomero Bulking Group is in Chafumbwa EPA. Milk is collected daily and farmers are paid at the end of the month. There are other basic animal health services that are also conducted in the District like: Artificial Insemination that is done mainly by community Vaccinators (these are community members that have been trained in artificial insemination) in the Milk Bulking Groups. Treatments of livestock from different diseases, deworming, castration and vaccination are also conducted in the district. This is done for all livestock types. 51

Refer to Table below for figures that were recorded for the period 2007/2008 to 2011/2012.

Basic animal health services Table 62.Number of livestock treated per year by type Type of Livestock

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

Poultry

2,402

2,562

1,831

4,167

17,855

Goats

1,275

1,848

385

2797

5050

Pigs

606

258

620

1926

Dogs

321

159

207

572

Sheep

408

Cattle

1876

1449

532

2222

310

The table above and the chart below show that treatment of poultry, goats and pigs has been increasing for the past five years , poultry recorded the highest figure of 17,855 in 2011/12, while the trend of cattle has been inconstancy recording the highest figure of 2222 in 2010/11 and the lowest figure registered was 310 in 2011/12. Table 63.Number of live stock for period of five years.

Number of livestock treated for period of five years 20,000 15,000

10,000 5,000 0

Poultry

Goats

Pigs

Dogs

Sheep

Cattle

The table 63 above shows that2008/09 five types of2009/10 livestock in the district are2011/12 being castrated 2007/08 2010/11 every year. The statistics shows there is fluctuation of the number being castrated for the past five years. For example the highest number of dogs castrated was 224 in 2011/12 and the lowest number was 65 in 2009/10. Cattle, goats and pigs has registered the highest figure in the year 2011/12 52

Table 64.Number of livestock castrated per year by type Type of Livestock

2007/2008

2008/2009

2009/2010

2010/11

2011/12

Dogs

164

100

224

Cattle

584

880

630

845

1241

Sheep

114

Goats

509

933

649

1234

1800

Pigs

230

497

344

1302

Table 65.Treands of cattle insermised per year Trends of cattle insermited per year 235 210 170 145

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

The chart above illustrated the notable increasing on number of cattle inseminated for the past five years. Figures has been increasing from 98 in 2007/09 to 235 in the year 2011/12 Table 66.Number of livestock dipped/sprayed per year by type Type of Livestock

2007/2008

2008/2009

2009/2010

2010/11

2011/12

Dogs

470

550

655

1417

3120

Cattle

8,420

9,754

10,721

9,560

8,710

The table above shows dogs and cattle are the only types of livestock that have been dipped/ sprayed for the period of five years. The statistics further indicates that there has an increase of number of cattle sprayed for the first three years and continue decreasing for the last two years Table 67.Trend of animal deworning per year by type Type of Livestock Poultry Goats

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

8,172

3,835

8,810

9,868

18,783

1,635

1,734

1,640

2,279

5,141

Cattle

1,556

1,340

1,539

1,433

3,699

Pigs

884

412

1,649

1,247

3,611

Dogs

735

332

189

332

497

Sheep

101

283

192

The table above illustrated the number of livestock deworning for the past five years. Poultry registered the highest figure of 18,783 in 2011/12 while the lowest number dewormed was 3,835 in 2008/09.

Livestock vaccination Livestock vaccination is also practiced in the district the table below show that dogs and chickens were being vaccinated for the past five years. Dogs were vaccinated against rabies and the highest figure recorded was 9,436 in 2009/10 and the lowest was 1,330 in 2008/09. Chickens were also vaccinated against NCD and Gumboro. Table 68.Number of livestock vaccinated per year by type Type of Livestock

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

Dogs (against rabies) Chickens (against NCD & Gumboro)

3,047 130,707

1,330 132,737

9,436 98,031

8,320 15,800

7,906 11,061

5.4. FISHERIES 5.4.1 INTRODUCTION Fishing and fish farming activities provide a source of income and over 70% of animal protein in the district. Communities benefit directly and indirectly through fishing, trading, fish processing and small business enterprises. The fishing industry also provides livelihoods for people who are involved in boats and fishing gear making. With the increase in demand, and coupled with dwindling fish stocks in Lake Malawi, fish farming provides a leeway in supplementing the shortfall. Aquaculture is being practiced by over 300 fish farmers at small scale. There are over 365 fish ponds covering an area of 10.090 hectares.

5.4.2 FISHING GROUNDS The fishing grounds include, lake fishing and river fishing as two major types of fishing ground. The district borders Lake Malawi to the East (Mtakataka stratum 3.2) where most of the fishing activities take place. Rivers such as Livulezi, Lifidzi, Nankhokwe, Linthipe and Thiwi are fishing ground where fishing activities takes place, but at a very small scale. 54

4.4.3 CAPTURE FISHERIES The main water body in the district is Lake Malawi (Mtakataka Stratum 3.2).It involves the use of highly assemblage of gears including beach seines, gill nets, fish traps and hooks. The sector is diverse ranging from large stern trawlers to hook and line fishing from the shore. Small-scale commercial fishers are self -employed or employed boat owners. Lake Malawi has about 400 species of fish. One of the reasons why the lake has such large number of species is said to be due to its size (60 km long and up to 75 km wide with a maximum depth of about 785 m) (M Moyle et al. 1996). In Dedza, fish species that are caught in abundance are Kambuzi (Lethrinops spp) and Usipa (Engraulicypris sardella). 4.4.4 FISH SPECIES Fish species that are commonly caught are Mlamba (Clarias gariepinnus), Utaka (Haprochromis), Mbamba (Haplochromine cichlids), Kasawala, Kampango (Bagrus spp). Chambo (Oreochromis species), Chisawasawa (Rhamphocromis spp, Ntchila (Labeo mesops), other tilapia (Tilapia rendalli), Tilapia saka and Orechromis shiranus). Others are Mpasa (Opsaridium macrolepis) and Sanjika (Opsaridium macrocephalaus). Table 69.Type of fish species caught and their level of production N0. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 14 15

Fishing Species Kambuzi Usipa Mlamba Utaka Mbaba Kasawala Kampango Chambo Chisawasawa Other tilapia Others Mcheni Sanjika

FISH CATCH ( Kg ) 2006 2007 425.7 334.94 0.62 255.95 88.37 43.44 7.1 106.07 78.88 78.65 23.67 5.7 7.01 39.08 19.29 75.31 50.11 3.46 531.99 57.74 1,068.76 40.72 128.81 10.01 132.91 19.42

2008 185.15 74.65 11.75 37.33 42.74 2.75 15.54 8.43 2.1 5 15.3 3.37 0.5

2009 228.15 214.71 90.4 86.31 66.03 25.3 24.61 10.15 4.39 0.71 8.1 0.03 0.1

2010 2303.3 296.0 255.2 88.2 56.4 75.9 15.9 24.3 7.8 3.4 10.8 5.0 0.4

2011 3456.9 3780.9 203.0 70.0 48.9 40 8.7 11.5 5.4 4.4 8.7 5.9 2.0

Table 70 .Cumulative fish productions for different species over a period of six year

Table 70 shows the cumulative productions for different species over a period of six year (2006 to 2011). Mbaba is the comm0nly caught fish followed by Kambuzi.While Chambo is the least which implies that this fish species has dwindled to unsustainable level. Table 71.Number of fishers and crew members by year NO

DETAILS

YEAR 2005

2008

2009

2010

2011

Fishers

389

259

120

131

118

Crew members

855

1031

908

1090

890

Source: Fisheries Department Annual Frame Survey (2005, 2008, 2009 , 2010 and 2011 )

Data for 2012 was note available during the reporting period because it was yet to be processed at Monkey Research station. 4.4.5 FISHING GEARS Number of fishing gears has significantly reducing over the years due to scarcity of fish stocks. Breeding grounds have degraded because of siltation resulting from deforestation of catchment areas. Table 72.Type of fishing gear Type Gillnets Ngongogngo

2005 803 612

2006 723 498

2007 718 450

2008 520 478

2009 509 411

2010 504 435

2011 417 790

Chikwekwesi Long line Hand line Chilimila Nkacha Kandwindwi Kambuzi seine net Mosquito net Fish trap

7 378 13 9 45 60 8 4 89

4 345 7 17 38 57 11 2 105

3 336 5 19 29 44 8 1 88

2 207 3 20 27 24 6 3 30

0 178 2 14 20 3 4 1 15

0 152 0 22 23 6 2 6 4

0 71 0 18 23 6 3 13 73

Source: Annual Fisheries Frame Surveys 2005 to 2011

4.4.6 FISHING CRAFT The increase of Boats with engines has been largely due an increase in Catch Per Unit Effort by fishers because of dwindling fish stocks. This has been attributed due some environmental issues affecting the fishing industry.

Table 73.Fishing Crafts Type of Craft Boat with engine Boat without engine Plank Canoe Dugout Canoe

2005 6 108 0 89

2006 8 120 0 79

2007 10 110 0 81

2008 13 104 0 88

2009 16 93 0 97

2010 18 89 0 105

2011 18 94 0 92

Source: Annual Fisheries Frame Surveys 2005 to 2011

Table 74.Number of fishers and crew members 1200 1000 800 600

Fishers Crew members

400 200

0 2005

2008

2009

2010

2011

The chart above, show the number of crew member to gear owners has reduced concurrently and this is due to different types of gears that were used since different gears require different number of crew members to operate the gear and the craft, for example, Chilimila would require not less than 9 crew members to operate the gear while Gill net 57

would require less number of crew member, even 3 can operate. This shows that the gears that were forth coming were those that required less crew members in 2011. There is a slight decrease in number of fishers due to continued decline of fish stocks which forces fishers to move to far away beaches in search of better catches. Table 75.Number of fish farmers per Traditional Authority NO

Traditional Authority

Chilikumwendo

2007 0

2008 0

2009

2010

2011

2012 1

Kaphuka

Tambala

Chauma

Kachindamoto

Kachere

120

Kamenyagwaza

Kasumbu

102

139

202

365

Totals

Source: District Fisheries Office Annual Survey Report 2011

From table 77 above, TA Kachere has the highest number of fish ponds (120) partly due to the presence of NGOs participating in fish farming promotion. The NGOs include Concern Universal, CADECOM and Evangelical Lutheran Development Programme supporting fish farming. Similarly in TA Tambala there was Concern Universal, Save the Children and World Vision who supported fish farming initiatives. STA Kachindamoto has 2 fish farming initiatives due to availability of Lake Malawi in the area but itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s another potential area due to availability of water. TA Chilikumwendo has the least partly due to in availability of reliable water sources. The average fish pond size ranges between 100 and 400 square meters. Picture 4 .Fishers and vendors

5.4.4 FISHERIES SERVICES

The main services offered in both capture and aquaculture sections are extension and statistics. Extension services in capture fisheries are provided by Senior Fisheries Assistant who is based at Mtakataka. There are 5 Beach Executive Committees that are involved in co-management of fisheries resources in capture fishery. Their mandate is to assist in enforcement of fisheries legislations and regulations Statistics services in Capture Fisheries are provided by a fish Scout who is also based at Mtakataka. There are 5 beaches where data is collected namely Chikoleza, Chitukula, Kamwitsa, Nankhande and Chikakuda. Extension services and Data collection in aquaculture are provided by the District Fisheries Officer who is based at District Agriculture Development Offices. The DFO uses other frontline staff from NGOs, Agriculture and Community Services. The use of other Extension agents has a short fall apart from helping to reach out farmers since they are not regularly available since they have their line of duty. There are Fish Farming Clubs and individual farmers who are assisted by the extension service providers. There is a need to reduce that pressure of work in fish farming by having additional extension staff at least 4 to ensure that the services are to the best level.

Pictre 5. Nankhande beach

Nankhande beach(Stratum 3.2) 5.4.5 FISHERY ACTIVITIES The main fishery activity is value adding and promoting of alternative source of fish resources. Fish handling, processing and transportation are being main value adding activities while fish farming promotion being alternative source of fish resource. 59

5.5. FORESTRY 5.5.1 TREE PLANTING In an effort to restore forest resources, government and its implementing partners embarked on Afforestration programmes. Table 76.Number of trees planted for period of four years by beneficiaries per category. Category

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

Small Holder Farmers

802334

965792

1231632

400961

SURVIVAL2012 2,720,575

2292070

678435

987191

1743559

4,561,000

3730

467200

444640

1488000

1,922,856

W/Groups CBOs Youth clubs Schools Estates Missions/ Religion groups Government Institutions Forestry Department

9820 2772 19151 31248 98293 197760

6300 4000 1500 25600 285000

13001 300 14397 5872 8610 181922

2600 15630 18479 19300 11010 177289

6,875 19,738 1,274 44,820 21,338 40,690 111,500 505,182

Others/ Company (WICO) TOTALS

293990 3,089,327

657000 3,751,168

2,887,565

3,876,828

760,792 10,716,640

VNRMC F/Clubs

The statistics in the tables above indicates the following:  Small holder farmers plant trees consistently because of resources ownership.  VNRMC plant more trees because most NGOs promote group work to ensure sustainability.  Other institutions like schools have gone down because most of the land around schools has been claimed by surrounding communities.  WICO do not plant trees anymore because Co-management agreement with government has expired.  Women groups have been incorporated in VNRMCs while Government institutions have got no enough land for tree plantation. Customary Land Forests Forests on customary land cover an estimated area of 34,421.0ha. These forests are both natural and manmade. Most of these forests are found in marginal lands under open access regime, on and around farms and estates, graveyards and around homesteads. These forests exist in the form of Village Forest Areas (both under controlled and uncontrolled access), communal and individual woodlots, scattered trees on farms and villages.

5.5.2 VILLAGE FOREST AREAS AND COMMUNAL WOODLOTS Village leaders allocate land for creation of Village Forest Areas. These areas are covered by natural trees and some have a mixture of natural and exotic trees. Below is the list of Village Forest Areas.

Table 77.Village Forest Areas Name of VFA

Nature of VFA

Hectarage Forest)

Kafulama

Indigenous

Surveyed

Ndapandamkondo

Indigenous

10.4

Not surveyed

Bondo

Planted and indigenous

6.7

Not surveyed

Mkwaila

Indigenous

1.5

Not surveyed

Mganja

Indigenous

Not surveyed

Kabulika

Indigenous

Not surveyed

Chagotha

Indigenous

Not surveyed

Kapenuka

Indigenous

Not surveyed

Kuthindi

Planted

Not surveyed

Kasiyamphanje

Planted

Not surveyed

Nkhanganya

Planted

Not surveyed

Njimbula

Planted

Not surveyed

Kamenyagwaza

Planted

Not surveyed

Msongwe

Planted and indigenous

Not surveyed

Phikani

Indigenous

1.2

Not surveyed

Khwekhwerere

Indigenous

1.5

Not surveyed

Phumula

Indigenous

Not surveyed

Kazembe

Indigenous

Not surveyed

Mpango

Indigenous

Not surveyed

Mwasiya

Indigenous

Not surveyed

Lumwila11

Indigenous

Not surveyed

Musaya

Indigenous

Not surveyed

Seko

Indigenous

Not surveyed

Chenjero

Indigenous

Not surveyed

Luza

Indigenous

Not surveyed

Makonyola

Planted and indigenous

Not surveyed

Wuwu

Planted and indigenous

Not surveyed

Mpango

Planted and indigenous

Not surveyed

Chitana

Planted and indigenous

Not surveyed

Kalulu

Planted and indigenous

Not surveyed

Lodzanyama

Planted and indigenous

Not surveyed

Kumtawanga

Planted and indigenous

Not surveyed

(Area

Status

Name of VFA

Nature of VFA

Hectarage Forest)

(Area

Status

Gosheni

Planted and indigenous

Not surveyed

Chithakwa

Planted and indigenous

Not surveyed

Kathenga

Planted and indigenous

Not surveyed

Kaphuka

Planted and indigenous

Not surveyed

Mpalale

Planted and indigenous

Not surveyed

Mlunduni

Planted and indigenous

Not surveyed

Kumwembe

Planted and indigenous

Not surveyed

Songwe

Planted and indigenous

Not surveyed

Table 78.Summary Nature of VFA Indigenous Planted Planted and indigenous Total

Not surveyed (Ha) 77.6 11.0 164.7 253.3

Surveyed (Ha) 21.0 0 0 21

No VFA 19 5 17 41

The statistics in the table above indicates the following:  Most Village Forest Areas are covered by indigenous tree species because they need little resources to manage.  Communities are able to do enrichment planting in VFAs because of land scarcity.  Forestry Services  Forestry extension services  Number of workers has increasingly been declining in the District. The number of staff has been going down because of retirements and deaths. Table 79.Number of Forestry Extension Workers (FEW) Post District Forestry Officer (DFO) Assistant District Forestry Officer (ADFO)

Established

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

Foresters

Senior Forestry Assistant (SFA)

Forestry Assistants

Forest Guards

Patrolmen

General workers

320

173

170

166

164

Total

458

285

267

268

270

NB: Forestry Assistants, Forest guards and General workers are under staffed, yet they are direct implementers of Forestry activities. 62

5.6. LABOUR FORCE FOR THE DISTRICT 5.6.1.LABOUR SECTOR The sector is mandated to look into the affairs of the workers and the Employers as they advance their interests to earn a living through economic and Labour dependence. Ministry of Labour is mandated under section 31 of the Malawi Republican Constitution to initiate the formulation and administer the implementation of Labour Statutory Laws to ensure fair Labour Practices in all workplaces and at Local community level in order to create conducive environment for sustainable economic development. Sector core values:  Ministry of labour is committed to ensuring harmonious labour relations that promote productivity in the labour market.  Ministry of labour is committed to ensuring a Safe and Healthy working environment for the workers and bystanders in the general public.  Ministry of labour is committed to developing productive labour force that will promote sustainable economic development at community level.  Ministry of labour is committed to providing and establishing Social Security Systems for the labour force at both Industrial and Community level to promote sustainable livelihood.  Ministry of labour is committed to providing full protection of children from any form of practice or activity that poses a threat to the mental, health, moral, physical, and economic development of the child. 5.6.2 LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT Labour Sector is a sector that is mandated to look into the affairs of the workers and the Employers as they advance their interests to earn a living through economic and Labour dependence. Ministry of Labour is mandated under section 31 of the Malawi Republican Constitution to initiate the formulation and administer the implementation of Labour Statutory Laws to ensure fair Labour Practices in all workplaces and at Local community level in order to create conducive environment for sustainable economic development. Sector core values:  Ministry of labour is committed to ensuring harmonious labour relations that promote productivity in the labour market. 63

 Ministry of labour is committed to ensuring a Safe and Healthy working environment for the workers and bystanders in the general public.  Ministry of labour is committed to developing productive labour force that will promote sustainable economic development at community level.  Ministry of labour is committed to providing and establishing Social Security Systems for the labour force at both Industrial and Community level to promote sustainable livelihood.  Ministry of labour is committed to providing full protection of children from any form of practice or activity that poses a threat to the mental, health, moral, physical, and economic development of the child. 5.6.3 LABOUR FORCE SIZE FOR THE DISTRICT Labour force in this context is defined as that part of the population whose aged ranges between 15 years and 65 years which can be meaningfully engaged into any kind of employment. Basing on the above definition, Dedza District is currently having a Labour Force of 301,704 as of June, 2010 (NSO Report 2008 and extrapolated at 1.5% basing o). Table below illustrates the Distribution of Labour Force in the District by T/A: Table 80.Size of Labour Force by TA/STA TA Kachere Kachindamoto Kaphuka Tambala Chilikumwendo Chauma Kamenyagwaza Kasumbu Total

2005/06 60,421 41,552 61,057 26,956 27,152 9,224 14,331 31,751 272,444

2006/07 62,034 42,632 62,687 27,676 27,878 9,472 14,704 32,599 279,682

2007/08 63,690 43,741 64361 28,415 28,623 9,723 15,086 33,469 287,108

2008/09 65,392 44,878 66,079 29,174 29,387 9,983 15,478 34,363 294,734

2009/10 66,373 45,551 67,070 29,612 29,828 10,133 15,710 34,878 299,155

2010/11 67,368 46,234 68,076 30,056 30,275 10,285 15,946 35,402 303,642

2011/12 68,379 46,928 69,097 30,507 30,729 10,439 16,185 35,933 308,197

5.6.4 TYPES OF LABOUR AVAILABLE Labour force has been classified as Unskilled and Skilled and Dedza District as of June 2010 has a Total of 30,615 Skilled Labour Force and 264,118 Unskilled Labour Force (NSO, PHC Report 2008). Table 81 shows labour classification for the past five years by TA/STA:

Table 81.Number of unskilled people per year by TA TA

2005/06

2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

Kachere

57,001

57,692

58,276

58,599

59,479

Chilikumwendo

25,615

25,927

26,190

26,335

26,675

Kaphuka

57,601

58,299

58,890

59,215

60,090

Tambala

25,430

25,739

26,000

26,144

26,478

Chauma

8,702

8,807

8,897

8,946

8,998

Kasumbu

29,944

30,317

30,624

30,794

30,308

Kachindamoto

39,202

39,648

40,023

40,217

40,780

Kamenyagwaza

13,518

13,675

13,804

13,870

14,008

257,013

260,104

262,704

264,120

263,231

Total

2010/11

2011/12

60,354 61,239 27,007 27,353 60,972 61,882 26,812 27,148 9,065 9,113 30,743 31,169 41,347 41,921 14,137 14,294 270,437 274,119

Table 82.Number of skilled people per Year by TA 2005/06

2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

Kachere

3,420

4,342

5,414

6,792

6,894

Chilikumwendo

1,537

1,951

2,433

3,052

3,153

Kaphuka

3,456

4,388

5,471

6,864

6,980

Tambala

1,526

1,937

2,415

3,030

3,134

Chauma

522

663

826

1,037

1,135

Kasumbu

1,807

2,282

2,845

3,569

4,570

Kachindamoto

2,352

2,984

3,718

4,661

4,771

813

1,029

1,282

1,608

1,702

15,433

19,576

24,404

30,613

38,473

Kamenyagwaza Total

2010/11

7,014 3,268 7,104 3,244 1,220 4,659 4,887 1809 33,205

2011/12

7140 3376 7215 3359 1326 4,764 5,007 1891 34,078

5.6.5 SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION OF LABOUR Labour force in Dedza District is utilized in various sectors which includes; Manufacturing Industry, Agricultural Industry, Health Sector, Commercial or Trading Industry, Civil Society etc. between 50,000 to 100,000 people are employed in agriculture sector and the least in commercial sector. However, there has been an increase in women participation in economic activities in both Agriculture Industry and Entrepreneurship which promotes self employment in the district. Table 83. Labour Distribution by Sector/Industry SECTOR/ INDUSTRY Self employed Civil servants Commercial Agriculture Manufacturing District totals

M 11700 5209 1560 55528 695 74692

205/06 F 2700 1956 450 60696 174 65976

M 13488 4704 2340 61079 834 82445

2006/07 F 5180 1767 890 66766 191 74794

M 12180 5127 2808 73294 1001 94410

2007/08 F 7980 1979 1139 73442 245 84785

M 12502 5640 3342 87220 701 109405

2008/09 F 9288 2276 2051 84458 196 98269

M 12840 6091 4344 95942 560 119777

2009/10 F 15680 1390 3896 101350 176 122492

5.6.6 EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT RATES Employment rate has been increasing from about 52% in 2005/06 to 81% in 2009/10 while unemployment rate stands at 19.37% . However, there has been a decreasing of employment in the Manufacturing Industry due to Global Financial Crisis which prompted for retrenchments within the industry Table 84.District Employment and Unemployment Rates Employment Status

2005/06

2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

Total labour force

272,444

279,682

287,108

294,734

301,703

379

455

Labour force employed

140,666

157,239

179,195

207,673

243,270

202

275

District employment rate

51.63

56.22

62.44

70.46

80.63

District unemployment rate

48.37

43.78

37.59

29.54

19.37

581

730

5.6.7 CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT Table 85. Condition of employment Employment Condition

2005/06

2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

K66.00

66.00

95.00

153.00

178.25/317

Existing wage ranges

25-58.86

Working Hours Range

10-16 hrs

46-66.53 10

57-6653 16 hrs

60-78.00 10

78.00 16 hrs

16 hrs

Minimum Wage (Statutory)

The table above illustrates the statutory minimum standards and the conditions being offered by the employers. It also shows that there are wage abatements where employees are being paid below the Minimum wage rate set by the Government to provide protection. This remains a challenge to the Labour Sector. 5.6.8 LABOUR COMPLAINTS More and more complaints are being registered in the district which indicated that more employers are not aware of the labour rights as provided by the Malawian labour Laws. For the past five years little has been done to promote observation of Labour rights in the workplace. The table below illustrates the nature of complaints that indicates knowledge gaps for the labour rights and employment contract obligations. Table 86.Labour Complaints Reported Type of violation Non Payment of wages

2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 188 244 167 220 233 136 55

Underpayment of wages Unlawful dismissals Nonpayment of benefits Nonpayment of overtime Total

0 6 54 0 248

1 0 70 0 315

1 2 36 4 210

12 10 18 1 261

1 14 10 0 258

31 16 20 0 203

1 9 40 0 105

5.6.9 OCCUPATIONAL/WORKPLACE ACCIDENTS Workplace accidents in the District pose a very big challenge as more and more accidents are reported for the working class. Worse still Employers are not complying to the Workers Compensation Act to compensate for the incapacities by not paying out to the beneficiaries Table below shows the trend of workplace or occupational accidents involving the workers that happened within the borders of Dedza District. Table 87.Distribution of Industrial accidents occurring in the district. Type of accidents Road accidents Factory accidents Diseases and poisoning Other accidents District Totals

2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 11 8 10 17 17 4 15 4 8 2 5 2 6 8 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 12 7 12 18 7 14 9 29 25 24 40 26 24 32

5.6.10 CHILD LABOUR SITUATION Child labour refers to all jobs or activities that children are engaged in that poses a threat to the Health, Mental, Morals, and Physical development of the child. The Constitution of Malawi further defines Child Labour as any work or activity that deprives a child from exercising his /her right to education. MICS 2006 conducted by NSO indicates that, 12 percent of the children under the age of 18 are engaged in child labour. This % indicates that over 41,213 children are involved or employed in child labour. This figure disregard those children trafficked out to other districts and outside Malawi for employment. Table 88. Number of Children Rescued from Child Labour Type of accidents

2005/06

2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

Tambala

257

120

Kaphuka

697

262

Chauma

Chilikumwendo

299

125

Kachere

512

262

Kasumbu

256

137

Kachindamoto

384

181

Kamenyagwaza

129

2,623

1,188

132

District

From table 90, the highest number of children rescued was (2,623) in 2005/6 due to ILO/IPEC programme which was rolled out in the district in 2003 where Child Labour Monitors were allocated in all the 8 T/As to collect data. However that was a three year project which phased out in 2006. Since then Monitors naturally withdrew and not much has been done to raise awareness and collect data. 5.6.11

CHILD TRAFFICKING

Child Trafficking is defined as an exploitative and decisive motive of moving children from one point to another where children are being abused due to insecurity. Statistics in the Labour sector indicates that over 60% of the Children are trafficked out of the district for employment both outside Malawi and to other district within the Country. Table below indicates increasing number of children being trafficked out to other districts. 5.7.1 Tourism Dedza Tourism sector is a growing industry. Between 2008 and 2011, three groups of tourism degree students and staff from Norwich City College visited Dedza in the Dedza –Norwich Partnership, collected information and constructed a website to promote tourism in Dedza – www.visitdedza.com. They have carried out training with local craftspeople, accommodation owners and others associated with tourism on dealing with tourist visitors. 5.7.2 POTENTIAL AREAS OF TOURISM  Chongoni Rock Arts offers scenic beauty(UNESCO wolrd heritage centre)  Dedza Mountain offers natural plateau.  Forest reserves such as Mua-Livulezi Forest officers scenic beauty with a number of resourceful indigenous tree species  Dzalanyama Range  Beaches like Chituka Beach in Mtakataka along Lake Malawi  Dedza Pottery where different clay made materials can be viewed  Dedza Golf Course

Picture 6. Chituka Beach -Lake Malawi-Mtakataka

5.7.3 TOURISM POTENTIAL Most tourism potential areas are not fully developed, for instance, lodging areas are still in poor state and cannot meet international standards. Forest reserves need to be protected. 5.7.4 PLANS TO DEVELOP TOURISM INDUSTRY  To develop new information centre for the Chongoni Rock Art and with women’s crafts groups and village guide groups associated with this development  To privatize tourism potential areas under Public –Private Partnership  To train as guides for tourists wishing to walk in the forest reserves in Dedza – Dedza Mountain, Chongoni and Mua-Livulezi.  To develop Dedza Golf Course  To protect forest reserves through co-management

CHAPTER 6: SOCIAL SERVICES 6.1. HEALTH Dedza district health sector offers the following health services to the general public: Community health, Family Health, prevention and control of diseases, curative, rehabilitative, maternal health, child health, and health promotion. The district Health sector serves a population of 671,337 with a density 172 per sq. Km (1998 NSO Population Projection). Life expectancy at birth is 43.99 years and 46.94 years for males and females respectively giving an average of projected life expectancy of 45 years. It is higher among females compared to males Table 89.Demographic indicators for Dedza district, 2011/12 Indicators

Year 2009/2010 2010/2011 Population* 624,445 671,137 Under one population 31,222 33,557 Under five population 106,157 114,093 Under 15 population 105,155 322,146 WCBA 143,622 154,362 Expected pregnant women 31,222 33,557 Expected deliveries 31,222 33,557 Expected EOC 4,683 5,034 Inter-censal population growth rate 2.6% 2.6% Life expectancy* 44.5 44.9 Crude Birth rate 38.6/1000 39/1000 Crude death rate 8/1000 8/1000 Fertility rate per woman 5.2 5.8 Source: *(1998-2023 NSO population projections; Dedza HMIS 2011/12)

2011/2012 671,137 33,557 114,093 322,146 154,362 33,557 33,557 5,034 2.6% 45.4 44/1000 14/1000 5.8

6.1.1 HEALTH PROFILE The social indicators have not improved in the past several years. According to the Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 2010, infant mortality rate for Dedza is 65 deaths per 1,000 live births. The estimate of child mortality is 80 deaths per 1,000 children age 12-59 months, while the overall under-five mortality rate is 140 per 1000 live births. The neonatal mortality rate is 27 deaths per 1000 live births and post neonatal mortality rate is 38 deaths per 1000 live births. The early child mortality rates have been decreasing over period of time. However the overall child mortality is still high compared to other districts in Malawi. (See Table below) 70

Table 90.Child health indicators for Dedza district, 2010 Indicator Infant mortality rate Neonatal mortality rate Post neonatal mortality rate Child mortality rate Under five mortality Source: MDHS 2010

DISTRICT 65/1000 27/1000 38/1000 80/1000 140/1000

NATIONAL 66/1000 31/1000 35/1000 50/1000 112/1000

Table below presents trends in district health services performance on selected indicators. Under reproductive health, the percentage of pregnant women attending ANC during the first trimester has slightly increased from 18% in 2009/10 to 20% in 2011/12. The percentage of deliveries attended by skilled health personnel has also increased from 54% in 2009/10 to 64% in 2011/12. Some gains have also been made in reducing the direct obstetric deaths in the district. The Direct obstetric death rate was reduced from 400 per 1,000 EOC cases in 2009/10 to 337 per 1,000 EOC cases in 2011/12. 6.1.2 TRENDS IN DISTRICT HEALTH SERVICES PERFORMANCE, 2009 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2012 Table 91.Reproductive Health Reproductive Health Percentage of pregnant women attending ANC during the first trimester Percentage of deliveries conducted by skilled health personnel Direct Obstetric Death rate Contraceptive Prevalence rate

Performance 2009/2010 18% 54% 400/100000 43%

2010/2011 17% 60% 440/100000 44%

2011/2012 20% 64% 337/100000 53%

The number of people started on ART rose from 2,690 in 2009/10 to 5,567 in 2011/12. However the HIV prevalence rate remained at 11.3% during the period under review Table 92.HIV and AIDS Indicator HIV prevalence rate Number of People on ARVs

2009/2010 11.3% 2690

2010/2011 11.3% 4913

2011/2012 7.5% 5567

DAC office 2012 The table above shows that HIV prevalence rate reduced from 11.3% for the period 20102011 to 7.5%. The indicator on number of people that are no ARVs continue to increase from 2690 in 2009/10 to 5567 people in 2011/12.

Table 93.EHP Condition Indicator Diarrhoea under five Malaria morbidity rate Malaria in under five Malaria in Over five ARI Trauma Malnutrition Mental illness and Epilepsy Eye infections Ear Skin ITN coverage TB cure rate TB case detection rate

2009/10 14.4% 48% 149.7% 27% 20/1000 12,081 6,975 0 7,917 4,123 18,486 42% 85% 30%

2010/11 11.7% 50% 152.8% 30% 87/1000 18915 6230 0 10432 5163 22119 46% 85% 30%

2011/12 15.4% 50% 153.6% 29% 95/1000 13650 4329 34 10799 6400 22491 48% 95% 30%

Source: (MDHS 2010 & HMIS 2011/12)

Malaria continued to be the leading cause of morbidity in the district. Approximately 50% of all population had an episode of malaria, whilst for every 1,000 under 5 population, there were more than 1,000 episodes of malaria (150%, 153% and 154% for 2009/10, 2010/11 and 2011/12 respectively). The TB cure rate remained constant between 2009/10 and 2010/11 at 85% and increased to 95% in 2011/12 against the national target of 85% and above. However, case detection rate has remained very low at 30% against the national target of 70%. 6.1.3 HUMAN RESOURCE FOR HEALTH Recent trends in human resources indicators broadly support the fact that there has been little progress in reducing staff shortage. Only 15% of health facilities meet the HSSP standard staffing norms of 2:2:1 (Two Medical Assistants/One Clinical Officer; Two Nurse midwives and One Assistant Environmental Table 94.Trends in Human Resources for Health, Dedza 2009 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2012. Cadre

Doctors State Registered Nurses EN/M Technicians Clinical Officers Medical Assistants Radiography Technician Laboratory Technician

GVT 4 13 84 22 21 2 3

CHAM 1 3 24 5 9 0 0

2009/10 Total 5 16 118 27 30 2 3

Performance 2010/2011 GVT CHAM Total 3 1 4 14 5 19 62 48 110 21 5 26 27 13 40 2 1 3 4 1 5

GVT 1 20 72 16 30 3 4

2011/2012 CHAM Total 1 2 1 21 63 135 5 20 9 39 1 4 1 5

Dental Technician Pharmacy Technician Envirmental Health Off AEHO HSAs

2 2 3 3 540

0 0 1 0 0

2 2 0 3 545

1 2 3 8 520

1 1 0 0 0

2 3 3 8 520

2 2 3 8 528

1 1 0 0 0

3 3 3 8 528

Source: HMIS 2011/12

The number of nurse midwives on the other hand, fluctuated over the years with the overall figure indicating an increase from 118 in 2009/10 to 135 in 2011/12. This translated into a slight reduction in the nurse: population ratio from 1:4,660 in 2009/10 to 1:4,302 in 2011/12.

Pharmaceutical and medical supplies Information on drug day availability, stock outs for tracer and consumption rates are demonstrated in Table 5 below. The table shows that most of the drugs were available 100% of the time except for HIV test kits which were available 88% of the days. Table 95.Availability of tracer drugs, Dedza 2011/2012 Name of drug LA Oxytocin ORS Cotrimoxazole Diazepam HIV test kits TB drugs TTV Source: HMIS 2011/12

Number available 365 365 365 365 365 320 365 365

days Consumption rate 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 88% 100% 100%

Essential Basic Equipment Table below shows the number of days some basic essential equipments were functional in 2011/12 financial year. Not all equipment were functional throughout the year, for instance x-ray machine and ultra sound machines were functional only Table 96.Number of days essential basic equipment was functional from July 2011 to June 2012 Name of equipment Stand by generator X-ray machine Ultrasound machine Mortuary cold rooms Oxygen concentrator Blood bank

No of days functional 365 250 310 365 365 365

6.1.4 Infrastructure There are 34 health facilities in the district, 23 for government, 11 CHAM and 1 Police College. All facilities have communication, 11 have ESCOM electricity, and 18 have solar electricity whilst 5 do not have the lighting system. There are 8 facilities with piped water system, 21 with solar powered water pumps, one gravity fed water system and one with a borehole. Table 97.Infrastructure distribution No

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Name

Dedza Chimoto Chitowo Mphathi Lobi Kafere Kalulu Mtakataka

Mayani Dzindevu Chikuse Kaphuka Golomoti Kanyezi Maonde Mlangali Mdeza Tsoyo Chongoni Mjini Mganja Police Mua Bembeke Chiphwan ya Kanyama Kasina Kaundu Matumba Mikondo Mphunzi Mtendere Nakalazi Kachinda moto

Type

Owners hip

Population

Infrastructure Development

U/5

Fully Renovated

Water

Elect

Communica tion

Hosp HC HC HC HC HC HC HC HC HC HC HC HC HC Disp. Disp. Disp. Disp. Disp. Disp. Mat. Disp. Hosp HC HC

Gvt Gvt Gvt Gvt Gvt Gvt Gvt Gvt Gvt Gvt Gvt Gvt Gvt Gvt Gvt Gvt Gvt Gvt Gvt Gvt Gvt. Private CHAM CHAM CHAM

21222 22,731 33,655 9,247 23,348 8,228 11,018 17,035 38,871 16,623 23,299 21,561 18,932 18,030 15,339 15,183 12,001 21,239 15,906 16,632 6,868 9,421 16,907 23,535 10,914

3,608 3,864 5,721 1,672 3,969 1,399 1,873 2,896 6,608 2,826 3,961 3,665 3,218 3,065 2,608 2,581 2,040 3,611 2,704 2,282 1,168 1,602 2,874 4,001 1,855

17 HH Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Not Fully Not Fully Fully Fully Fully

Piped Solar piped Solar Piped Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Bhole Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Gravity Solar Solar Piped Piped Piped Solar

Escom Solar Solar Solar Escom Solar Solar Escom Solar Solar Solar Solar ESCOM No Solar Solar No No Escom Solar No Escom Escom Escom Solar

Available Available Available Available Available Available Available Available Available Available Available Available Available Available Available Available Available Available Available Available Available Available Available Available Available

HC HC HC HC HC HC HC HC Dispens ary

CHAM CHAM CHAM CHAM CHAM CHAM CHAM CHAM Govt

15,221 23,812 13,601 26,455 12,641 18,294 49,103 6,507 11,066

2,588 4,048 2,312 4,497 2,149 3,110 8,348 1106 1881

Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully

Solar piped Solar Solar Solar Solar Piped Solar Solar

Solar Escom Solar Solar Solar Solar Escom Solar Solar

Available Available Available Available Available Available Available Available Available

Source: HMIS 2011/12

Table 98.Type of Water sources per health facility in the district. Health Facility Dispensary HC Hosp Maternity Total

Borehole 0 1 0 0 1

Gravity 1 0 0 1

Piped 1 5 2 0 8

Solar 6 17 0 1 24

Total 8 23 2 1 34

The table above shows that the district uses four types of water sources in the health facilities such borehole, gravity, piped and solar. Statistics indicates that solar is used in most of the facilities with highest figure of 17 in health centres, 6 in dispensaries and one in maternity. There are 8 health facilities using piped water the statistics indicates that health centres have the highest number of piped water (5) followed by Hospital (2) the least is I in dispensary.

Table 99.Ownership of health facility in the District. Health facility Dispensary HC Hosp Mat. Total

CHAM 0 10 1 0 11

Govt Government 1 6 0 13 0 1 0 1 1 21

Private 1 0 0 0 1

Total 8 23 2 1 34

The table above shows that there are 34 health facilities in the district the statistics shows that 23 are health centres followed by dispensaries (8). Government owns the highest number of 21 while CHAM is second with 11. Table 100.Sources of electricity per health facility in the district Health facility Dispensary HC Hosp Mat. Total

ESCOM 2 6 2 0 10

No 2 1 0 1 4

Solar 4 16 0 0 20

Total 7 23 2 1 34

24 21 24 22 24 8 18 24 166

10 12 11 12 10 5 10 8 78

No. of Beds

0 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 8

H/ Post

3 1 7 5 3 0 3 2 24

Clinics

0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2

Dispensary

Population Served 55143 44757 174114 100337 94934 21239 77435 56486 671,137

H/Centres

Name of TA/STA Kasumbu Kamenyagwaza Kachere Kachindamoto Kaphuka Chauma Tambala Chilikumwendo District Total

Hospital

Number of Facilities Available

Bed :Population Ratio

Table 101.Number of Health Facilities by TA/STA

44 317 125 187 94 3 57 23 850

1:1,618 1:96 1:1048 1:500 1;1423 1:6965 1:1093 1:22639 1:735

Source: HIMS 2011/12

Table 103 shows that there are a total of 850 beds in the district with a bed to population ratio of 1:735 far much higher than expected 1 to 1. Table 8 shows health facilities by traditional authority with the population being served.

Outreach clinic â&#x20AC;&#x201C; where under five clinics are conducted.

Table 102.Health facilities by ownership

6.1.5 ROUTINE OPERATIONS AT SERVICE DELIVERY LEVEL Delivery of EHP and Service level agreement (SLA) The percentage of health facilities that are providing full Essential Health Package registered at 79% (27 facilities) and one service level agreement signed with Mua Mission Community Hospital. Health transport section Dedza district health office has 14 motor vehicles of which 7 are ambulances. The vehicles have been allocated to district hospital and also to 6 health centres. 3 health centres are provided with motorcycle ambulances. The major challenge of transport is that majority of our vehicles are aged leading to high fuel consumption and maintenance costs. 6.1.6 MAJOR PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEMS Priority setting Morbidity status is an indicator of the health status of the community and if unchecked can lead to high mortality which is another important indicator of the same. Using the HMIS data available in the district, it was noted that the major causes of death in the general population include malaria, Respiratory Tract Infections, pneumonia (Tb and pneumonia), Malnutrition and anaemia. The major cause of death in the under five population include malaria, gastroenteritis, HIV and AIDS related infections, respiratory tract infection (TB, pneumonia) and malnutrition. The major causes of death in women of child bearing age include obstetric infection (viral and bacterial), anaemia and malnutrition (HMIS 2011 - 2012). The total OPD attendance registered 1,356,747 and 46,745 admissions (HMIS 11/12) and 44,922 discharges. Malaria contributed 25% of all morbidities in the district. The attendance of the community to health facilities in the district registered an OPD utilisation rate of 202% (HMIS 11/12) against the national target of 100%. The ANC attendance had registered 195,594 (HMIS 2010), the under-five attendance registered 457,321 (HMIS 11/12). In Family Planning services more clients prefer Depo-Provera (inject able) method 56,721 to lofeminal 19,473 (pill) followed by condoms 8,466, the other methods BTL, Norplant and others are ranked least. Malaria in U/5 (164) is the leading cause of inpatient death followed by ARI in U/5(99). Malaria in >=5yrs (157). TB death rate is at 11.5%, Direct Obstetric inpatient deaths (1%) and malnutrition <5yrs (48), traffic accidents (31) and diarrhoea<5yr (26). (HMIS 2011-2012) 78

Childhood immunization has also increased from 82% 2010/11 to 85% in 2011/12. . Childhood underweight for age in U/5 (5.8%) 6.2.1 WATER SECTOR

Water sources in the Dedza district are comprised of surface and groundwater. Surface water is water found in sources that are on the earth surface, examples include; rivers & streams, man-made reservoirs. Ground water is water found beneath the earth surface, examples include; boreholes, shallow wells and natural springs. 6.2.2 SURFACE WATER SOURCES Dedza district has an abundance of surface water sources which vary from rivers, streams and also Lake Malawi in Dedza East. The major rivers in the district are; Linthipe, Bimbili, Mwachikula, Nadzipulu, Livulezi and Lifidzi. 6.2.3 GROUND WATER SOURCES Groundwater in the district is accessed mostly through boreholes, hand dug wells and to a lesser extent natural springs, and is mostly used for domestic purposes. The district has a total of 1,843 boreholes, 2,679 shallow wells (of which 407 are protected shallow wells) and 128 springs (of which 28 are protected springs) (Dedza district Water Point, sanitation & hygiene status Survey, 2011). 6.2.4 ACCESSIBILITY TO SAFE WATER Safe water in the district is accessed through piped water, boreholes and protected shallow wells & springs. About 65% of all households in the district have access to safe water. The total number of water points in the district both safe and unsafe is 6,079. 3,707 out of the 6,079 are safe water points of which 1,429 are stand pipes or taps, 1,843 are boreholes, 407 are protected shallow wells and 28 are protected springs (Dedza district Water Point, sanitation & hygiene status Survey, 2011).

Picture 7.Unprotected shallow

Women drawing water from an unprotected shallow well (TA Kaphuka, 2008)

Picture 8.Protected shallow well

Women drawing water from a protected shallow well (TA Kaphuka, 2010)

6.2.5 WATER SUPPLY TECHNOLOGIES IN THE DISTRICT FOR SAFE WATER POINTS Table & Figure below summarizes the proportion of the technologies of water sources available in the district. Table 103.Status of water Supply technologies in the district from 2009/10 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2010/11 Water source type

2009/10 2011/12 Total Functionality Total Functionality (%) (%) Stand pipe/tap 715 62 % 1429 92.4 % Borehole 1392 69 % 1843 81.5 % Shallow well 934 70 % 407 73% Springs 28 94% TOTAL 3,041 67% (average) 3707 85% (average) Dedza district Water Point, sanitation & hygiene status Survey, 2009 and 2011

As shown in Table above and Figure below, boreholes are the main source for safe water in the district. This is because they are very easy to construct in a rural setting and they are also relatively cheaper than other technologies like piped water schemes which require a huge initial investment cost. Also, functionality for almost all technologies went up from 67 % in 2009/2010 to 85 % in 2010/11 due to various water supply projects that were implemented within the period that focused mainly on rehabilitation of existing non-functional water points instead of constructing new water points. Such examples include, Concern Universal projects in TAs Kamenyagwaza, Kaphuka, Chauma and Kachere as well as World Vision Malawi in TA Tambala among others. Such projects also contributed to an increase in the number of boreholes, shallow wells and protected springs in the district within the period. Table 104.Water supply technologies in the district

Number of water source by type 1843 1429

407 28 Tap

Springs

Table 105.Current distribution of water supply technologies at Traditional Authority level TA

Kachindamoto

90573

Total water points 436

Kasumbu

94226

255

131

Kamenyagwaza

27112

284

169

Kachere

165904

1594

942

466

176

Kaphuka

143382

593

419

102

Chilikumwendo

58012

177

164

Chauma

23602

110

Tambala

68914

258

222

671725

3707

1429

1843

407

Total

Population

Tap

149

264

Number Of Water Sources SW Springs Protected Protected 21 2

Dedza district Water Point, sanitation & hygiene status Survey, 2011

Table above shows that the district has a total of 1,843 boreholes, 1429 Tap and 407 protected shallow wells. Most water points in the district are in TA Kachere with 1594 water points, seconded by TA Kaphuka with 593 water points. This is because of the high number of taps (especially in TA Kachere) supplied by Central Region Water Board and the boreholes constructed by JICA and Concern Universal projects in TAs Kachere and Kaphuka respectively. TAs with the least number of water points are TA Chauma with 110 water points, seconded by TA Chilikumwendo with 177 water points. This is the case because these TAs have not benefited from large scale water supply projects for some time. Table 106.Accessibility to safe water for the district TA Popula tion

Kaphuka Kamenya-gwaza Kachinda-moto Chauma Tambala Kachere Kasumbu Chili-kumwendo DEDZA

137,959 31,612 93,808 20,874 62,107 138,340 78,128 60,961 623,789

Total boreholes 513 172 469 170 591 792 151 183 3,041

2009/10 Func tiona Function lity al (%) boreholes 78 397 62 107 68 321 70 119 65 386 66 524 58 87 61 112 67% 2,054

People per functional borehole 348 295 292 175 161 264 898 544 304

Populati on

143,382 27,112 90,573 23,602 68,914 165,904 94,226 58,012 671,725

Total boreholes 593 284 436 101 253 1,603 255 177 3,707

2010/11 Funct ionalit Function y (%) al boreholes 86 509 75 213 90 392 82 82 79 199 80 1282 82 209 67 119 82% 3,005

People per functiona l borehole 282 127 231 287 346 129 450 487 292

Government of Malawi (GoM) (20011/12), Dedza District Wide Sector Investment Plan (DWSIP)

The table above highlights accessibility to safe water from boreholes (since boreholes are the widely used water source in the district). The ratio of people per functioning borehole for the district is 292 people against a national standard level of 250 people per borehole. Traditional Authorities, TAs Chilikumwendo, Kasumbu, and Tambala have the lowest ratio with 487 people per functional borehole, 450 people per functional borehole and 346 people per functional borehole being served respectively. The main reason for this is 82

that in these particular TAs, there were very few water supply interventions carried out for some time. In TA Kasumbu, the situation has improved tremendously from 898 people per water point in 2009/10 to 432 in 2010/11, because of a large scale water supply project that is being implemented since 2010 which focuses on rehabilitating non-functional water points as well as constructing new ones. It is expected that the situation will also improve in TA Chilikumwendo where another large scale safe water supply project is also being implemented. The overall access rate has improved from 304 people per functioning borehole in 2009/10 to 292 people per functioning borehole in 2010/11. This has been due to rehabilitated water points and new water points that have been constructed during the period. 6.2.6 THREATS AND CHALLENGES TO SAFE WATER SUPPLY Although there have been notable positive developments, the district still faces several threats and challenges arising from within and outside the district. Some of these include:  Inadequate financial resources to implement safe water supply programmes: The financial resources that are allocated to the Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development (MoIWD) office in the district are hardly sufficient to carry out planned tasks adequately. As a result, it is difficult to manage all water sources. .  Inadequate human capacity: There are few MoIWD staff members in the district to provide the required technical support such as training water point committees, conducting water monitoring visits etc. The sector has only one Water Monitoring Assistants (WMAs) instead of the required eight to cater for all 8 TAs  Theft and Vandalism of Water Supply Facilities: Theft and vandalism of water facilities, especially boreholes, has in recent years become a problem in Dedza. Water facility pump parts are stolen, thereby frustrating the efforts of government and cooperating partners in the provision of potable water to the rural communities of Dedza  Poor supply chain of spare parts: Unavailability of retail outlets that sell spare parts for the maintenance of water supply facilities in some parts of the district poses a challenge to the sustainable supply of potable water to the rural communities in Dedza. Most boreholes are not functioning as a result of non availability of spares in the proximity of the communities  Inadequate community capacity to manage and maintain their own water facilities: Some communities have not been trained in management and maintenance of their water facilities. Such communities are unable to repair their water facilities when they have broken down 83

Recommendations In order to improve water resource development and management, the following need to be considered:  The district should lobby for more financial, human and material resource allocation from Central Government and development partners for water resource management  When improving accessibility to safe water, emphasis should be placed on empowering local communities to maintain and repair their own water facilities. Communities should therefore be trained in operation and maintenance. At the same time, provision should be made to ensure that repair parts are available to communities within a short distance. Furthermore, community policing structures should be strengthened.  The business community should be encouraged to stock more water point spare parts in their retail outlets to ensure the availability of parts within the proximity of rural communities. Source Government of Malawi (GoM) (20011/12), Dedza District Wide Sector Investment Plan (DWSIP) Government of Malawi (GoM) (2009/10), Dedza District Wide Sector Investment Plan (DWSIP),

6.3.1 SANITATION Table 107.Number of sanitation facilities in the District Number of sanitation facilities in the district 2007/8 – 20009/10 120000 100000 80000 60000 2007/08

40000

2008/09

20000

2009/10

Source DHO, 2010 84

The graph 8 shows the number of sanitary facilities is increasing gradually each year from 2007/08 to 2009/10 above. Latrines with San Plats and the wash hand facilities much lower than other sanitary amenities. There is significant improvement in the number of bath shelters and kitchen. Table 108.Sanitation coverage

Sanitation Coverage 2009/2010 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

86% 82%

83%

51%

48% 34%

11%

16% Sanitation Coverage

Source DHO 2009/10

The district sanitation coverage for ordinary pit latrines is 83% with 11% latrines with san plats and 16% wash hand facilities. Table 109. Number of households with improved sanitary san plat pit latrines 2009/10 T/A

2007/08

2008/9

2009/10

Kasumbu

540

1580

2087

Kaphuka

745

2465

3165

Kachere

458

1053

2050

Kachindamoto

390

1165

2248

Kamenyagwaza

654

1070

1054

Chilikumwendo

432

908

1257

Chauma

214

410

547

Tambala

650

868

1305

District

4083

9519

13707

Source DHO 2008 85

There is steady increase in number of San Plats casted in district because of the support the community gets from Concern Universal on promotion of water and sanitation program.

6.3.1 EDUCATION The vision of the Education Sector of Dedza District Council states that ‘by the year 2020, the Council will have an efficient and effective education system that promotes quality and relevant education for all which will in turn, promote good governance and sustainable national development.’ On the other hand, the mission of the Education Sector is to improve quality of education offered to the people of the district through deployment of competent and committed highly motivated gender – sensitive teachers, and other support staff served by adequate infrastructure and enhanced partnerships with all key stakeholders in education. Education structure Dedza District Council has early childhood learning centres, primary schools, secondary schools, a teacher training college and Adult Literacy centres which offer some kind of formal education to improve on the literacy levels. There are 13 main zones with purposely built Teacher Development Centres (TDCs) in the district and 6 sub zones with no purposely constructed structures. In terms of adult literacy level, it is sad to note that the district is at 48% which is lower than the national average of 52%. Underlying factors that affect education Cross border effects; Dedza boarders with Mozambique and this impacts the education sector negatively. There are some Mozambican children who come to Malawi Schools and migrate to their schools any time they feel so and this leads to high dropout rate especially in the primary schools. Tradition and culture; There are three main ethic groups in Dedza namely the Chewas, the Ngonis and the Yaos. These ethnic groups have different cultures which also impact on the education system negatively. For example, the Yao culture conflicts with education in terms of ceremonies such that in some cases their initiation ceremonies take place during school time. They also opt for early marriages which lead to high dropout rate. The Chewas like sending their children for employment in Estates. The Ngonis engage their children in household chores in towns and cities. They also encourage their children to take beers which increase indiscipline cases in schools. 6.3.2 PRIMARY EDUCATION The table below shows that there are 228 public primary schools in the district of which 52 are solely Government schools and 175 are equally government schools with mission 86

churches as agencies. There is 1 private primary school owned by the Nkhoma CCAP Synod. There are more government primary school with mission churches as agencies because most of the schools were established by missionaries. In certain cases it was just because the schools were established near particular mission churches. TA Kachare has the highest number of primary school 50, mission with 40 primary schools, government with 9 and I1 private school. TA Chauma has the least number of schools 7. There 2 government schools and 5 mission primary school. This is because it smallest compared to other TAs in the district. Table 110.Agencies of Primary Schools Per TA – 2011 Traditional Authority Kamenyagwaza Kasumbu Kachindamoto Kachere Chauma Chilikumwendo Kaphuka Tambala Total Source: DEMIS 2011

Government 2 9 10 9 2 3 6 11 52

Mission 13 19 24 40 5 18 40 16 175

Private 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

Total 15 28 34 50 7 21 46 27 228

Table 111. Primary School Enrolment by Sex 2008 TA Kamenyagwaza Kasumbu

2009

2010

2011

2012

Boys

Girls

Boys

Girls

Boys

Girls

Boys

Girls

Boys

Girls

656

4,359

4,805

4,711

5,305

5,511

4,250

8,688

4,570

4,376

8,238

11,374

9,040

9,147

9,290

10,400

17,554

17,861

11,386

11,907

Kachindamoto

11,216

13,058

11,723

10,810

12,223

12,910

15,196

15,497

15,101

13,881

Kachere

16,820

17,039

18,582

17,970

21,294

19,603

8,029

9,625

18,287

18,490

Chauma

2,761

2,630

2,838

2,868

2,680

2,935

8,905

9,185

3,288

3,181

Chilikumwendo

7,809

7,959

8,094

8,468

8,344

9,294

9,960

10,060

9,964

10,233

Kaphuka

14,904

14,857

15,623

16,907

18,050

18,573

14,323

14,646

18,460

18,690

Tambala

8,441

8,025

8,858

8,705

9,108

9,005

3,026

3,412

13,809

13,735

TOTAL

70,845

79,301

79,563

79,586

86,294

88,231

81,243

88,974

94,865

94,493

The table above shows that enrolment of girls has been higher than that of the boys in all the years except in 2007. This enrolment for girls has risen by 17.1% from 2008 to 2012. This increase in the girls’ enrolment is due to a lot of interventions by the Government and Development partners like UNICEF, LCD etc. on promotion of Girls’ Education. In 87

TA Tambala, the Girls’ enrolment has been lower than that of boys throughout the four years. This is partly attributed to some cultural practices which have a bearing on girls’ education as they are made to be married at an early stage. In TA Kamenyagwaza it was higher than that of the boys only in 2010. In Traditional Authorities Chauma and Kaphuka, the girls’ enrolment surpassed the boys’ enrolment from 2009. On the hand, enrolment for boys has generally risen by 25.4% in the years between 2008 and 2012. Table 112. Primary enrolment per year by TA TA

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Kamenyagwaza

5,015

9,516

10,816

12,938

8,946

Kasumbu

19,612

18,187

19,690

35,415

23,293

Kachindamoto

24,274

22,533

25,133

30,693

28,982

Kachere

33,859

36,552

40,897

17,654

36,777

Chauma

5,391

5,706

5,615

18,090

6,469

Chilikumwendo

15,768

16,562

17,638

20,020

20,197

Kaphuka

29,761

32,530

36,623

28,969

37,150

Tambala TOTAL

16,466 150,146

17,563 159,149

18,113 174,525

6,438 170,217

27,544 189,361

Source: DEMIS 2012

The table above shows that learner enrolment has been increasing for the past four years i.e. from 150146 in 2008 to 189361 in 2012 representing 21% increase.

Table 113.Dropouts by sex per TA and Year 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Boys

Girls

Boys

Girls

Boys

Girls

Boys

Girls

Boys

Girls

Kamenyagwaza

183

222

310

321

312

325

318

325

251

214

Kasumbu

792

593

890

863

730

706

728

700

678

710

Kachindamoto

1,011

887

673

840

675

841

568

843

268

Kachere

1,452

1,615

1,648

1,704

1,651

1,749

1,670

1,752

1112

1227

Chauma

123

112

123

115

124

113

120

240

281

Chilikumwendo

501

534

800

766

803

768

810

774

186

119

Kaphuka

851

904

1,296

1,303

1,298

1,309

1,300

1,310

991

969

Tambala

274

324

449

478

452

481

450

496

136

5,159

5,202

6,178

6,398

6,036

6,303

5,957

6,320

3862

3609

Totals

Source: DEMIS 2012

Dropout level in the district is lower than the National level average. The dropout rate had increased from 6.5% in 2008 to 7.9% in 2009 and dropped to 7.1% in 2010. The dropout rate was constantly higher in T.A. Kachere from 2008 to 2009. In 2010 the dropout rate was higher 8.95 in TA Chilikumwendo. In TA Kasumbu the dropout rate 88

was higher in 20 08 and 2009 standing at 9.8% and 9.6% respectively. T.A. Tambala shows the lowest dropout rates in the past four years. Table 114.Number of Classrooms Per TA, type and Year 2008 TA

2009

2010

2011

2012

Perm

Temp

Perm

Temp

Perm

Temp

Perm

Temp

Perm

Temp

Kamenyagwaza

105

108

106

Kasumbu

122

127

137

251

126

Kachindamoto

192

196

210

317

268

Kachere

264

271

289

140

358

Chauma

109

Chilikumwendo

102

104

138

516

569

Kaphuka

213

226

246

218

248

Tambala

118

109

113

136

Total

1137

158

1142

227

1220

227

1315

232

1797

917

Source: DEMIS 2011

The table above shows that number of permanent classrooms has risen from 1037 in 2008 to 1215 in 2011. In spite of this increase in number of classrooms in the district, Learner/Permanent classroom ratio is still higher as compared to recommended ratio of 60:1. It is at 143:1. The situation is worse in TA Chilikumwendo where Learner/Permanent classroom ratio has been rising from 143:1 in 2008 to 170:1 in 2010. This is followed by TA Tambala in which the ratio had risen from 135:1 in 2008 to 160:1 in 2010. TA Kamenyagwaza and Kachindamoto have a little lower Learner/Permanent classroom ratio as compared to the other TAs. For example, in TA Kamenyagwaza, it was 55:1 in 2008. It rose to 113:1 in 2009 and 129:1 in 2010. While in TA Kachindamoto, it was 129:1 in 2008. In 2009, it dropped to 55.1 and rose again to 120:1 in 2010. The Learner/Permanent Classroom ratio is high due to upgrading of schools and increase of learner enrolment with very little increase in new classrooms being constructed. This has led to increase of temporally classrooms from 158 in 2008 to 232 in 2012

Table 115.Number of teachers per TA and year 2008

2009

Trained

Un trained

Kamenyagwaza

112

Kasumbu

2010

2011

Trained

Un trained

Trained

105

135

142

160

Kachindamoto

221

227

Kachere

362

393

Chauma

Chilikumwendo

134

Kaphuka

225

Tambala

Total

Un trained

2012 Un trained

Trained

Un trained

108

115

394

410

247

289

152

322

168

412

415

428

139

157

164

179

352

372

394

410

113

121

138

140

146

1335

219

1493

330

1641

330

1732

480

1832

504

Trained

Source: DEMIS 2012

Table above shows that number of trained teachers has been rising for the past four years from 1, 335 in 2008 to 1, 832 in 2012. This has reduced Learner/Qualified Teacher Ratio from 136:1 in 2008 to 106:1 in 2012. This is because the district has been receiving newly qualified teachers for the past four years. The number of untrained teachers is seen to have also risen as indicted in the table above. It has moved from 219 in 2008 to 330 in 2009 and 504 in 2012. There has been a big rise from 219 in 2008 to 330 in 2009 because of the Open and Distance Learning (ODL) teacher trainees the district received. Teacher shortage is high in T.A Tambala which has a Learner/Qualified Teacher Ratio of 131:1 as indicated in the table above. Other TAs that had higher Learner/Qualified Teacher Ratio than the district ratio are Chauma and Chilikumwendo, both standing at 112:1 by 2010. Table 116.Number of Teachers' houses Per TA and Year Traditional Authority Kamenyagwaza Kasumbu Kachindamoto Kachere Chauma Chilikumwendo Kaphuka Tambala Total

Perm 60 45 74 116 13 47 67 42 464

2008 Temp 6 8 17 24 7 19 9 11 101

Perm 39 54 60 99 14 34 140 43 483

2009 Temp 12 7 10 26 1 2 16 11 85

Perm 39 56 62 102 15 36 142 44 496

Source: DEMIS 2012

2010 Temp 12 7 10 26 1 2 16 11 85

2011 Perm 67 50 98 129 11 62 100 55 572

Temp 12 7 10 26 1 2 16 11 85

2012 Perm 68 50 60 110 15 50 120 42 515

Temp 15 3 12 26 0 5 11 8 80

Reading from the table 116; it shows that there is an acute shortage of Permanent Teachers’ houses in the district although the number of Permanent Teachers’ houses rose from 464 in 2008 to 4515 in 2012.The District Teacher/Permanent House Ratio was 4:1 in 2010 and remains the same in 2012. In TA Kasumbu and TA Tambala, the Teacher/Permanent House Ratio was 3:1 in 2010 which is lower than the District Ratio. Acute shortage of Permanent Teachers’ Houses is in TA Chilikumwendo whose Ratio was 6:1 in 2011. This is followed by TA Kachindamoto and TA Kamenyagwaza both standing at 5:1 in 2011.

Table 117.Number of special needs per school, per TA TA Kamenyagwaza Kasumbu Kachindamoto Kachere Chauma Chilikumwendo Kaphuka Tambala Total

2008 Girls 111 464 304 502 34 119 377 191 2005

Boys 97 361 357 487 51 139 476 217 2070

2009 Girls 242 344 344 684 46 213 522 151 2062

Boys 239 379 377 632 53 183 521 176 2144

Boys 239 290 517 640 53 183 521 283 2667

2010 Girls 242 223 427 694 46 213 522 287 2682

Boys 300 358 350 490 48 145 560 301 2552

2011 Girls 242 475 370 514 40 210 525 294 2670

Boys 24 235 568 417 38 169 278 284 2013

2012 Girls 21 245 526 396 34 196 264 247 1929

Source: DEMIS 2012

Table above shows that number of Special Needs Learners has raised from 4075 which is 2.7% of the total enrolment to 5222 which reflects lower percentage of the total enrolment in 2012. There had been more male Special Need Learners than females in the district for the past four years except in 2009 when there were more female Special Need Learners than males. The number of Special Need Learners had been increasing for the past four years due to a lot of awareness campaigns on the need for registering of such learners. TA Chauma there had been the lowest number of such learners in the district while TA Kamenyagwaza. Table 118.Number of OVCs Per School, Per TA 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Boys

Girls

Boys

Girls

Boys

Girls

Boys

Girls

Boys

Girls

Kamenyagwaza

655

605

596

602

596

602

680

601

578

591

Kasumbu

747

680

826

783

827

784

730

780

840

726

Kachindamoto

1778

1481

1900

1607

1901

1607

1890

1340

568

526

Kachere

1765

1670

1823

1720

1832

1730

1990

1560

1946

1942

Chauma

296

333

322

295

322

295

321

386

Chilikumwendo

608

562

840

663

842

665

608

560

169

196

Kaphuka

1828

1821

1708

1818

1710

1819

2001

1990

1685

1635

Tambala

1009

944

1160

1114

1162

1120

890

1004

1056

1109

Total

8686

8096

9175

8602

9192

8622

9110

8221

6880

6759

Source: DEMIS 2011

The table shows that number of Orphans and other Vulnerable Children (OVC) had risen from 13,559 in 2008 to 17,814 in 2010. In comparison to the learner Enrolment, it has dropped from 11.8% in 2008 to 10.2% in 2010 at district level. The numbers show that there were more male OVCs than female OVCs throughout the past four years. However, the percentage in relation to the Learner enrolment, there has been higher female OVCs (9.2%) than male OVCs (9%) in 2007.In 2010, the percentage of male OVCs rose to 10.7% while that of female rose to 9.8% which is 0.9% lower than that of the males. The percentage of OVCs in TA Kachindamoto, TA Tambala, TA Kamenyagwaza and TA Chauma is higher than the district percentage pegging at 14%, 12.6%, 11.1% and 11% respectively by the year 2010. That percentage is in relation the learner enrolment in the particular Traditional Authority.

6.4.1 SECONDARY EDUCATION Table below shows that there are 38 Secondary Schools in the district. 26 are government Secondary Schools, 1 Mission secondary School and 12 Private Secondary Schools. It is interestingly noteworthy that there is at least a government secondary school in all the Traditional Authorities in the district. For example, Traditional Authorities Kachere, Kaphuka and Kachindamoto have 6, 5 and 4 secondary schools respectively. However, although this is the case, there are still some critical gaps where students travel more than 15 kilometres to the nearest Community Day Secondary School. The school mapping exercise conducted in 2011 recommended a number of sites like at Ntcheu in TA Tambala and Nachilambo in TA Kamenyagwaza for secondary school opening. Table 119.Proprietors of Secondary School per TA â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2012 Traditional Authority

Government

Mission

Private

Total

Chauma

Chilikumwendo

Kachere

Kachindamoto

Kamenyagwaza

Kaphuka

Kasumbu

Tambala

Total

Source: DEMIS 2012

Secondary school enrolment has risen from 7,767 in 2007 to 9,093 in 2010. In 2009 it went up to 9,214. In 2010 it dropped due to closure of some Private Sec. Schools. Looking at this enrolment, it is very low compared to the Primary School Enrolment which feeds the secondary Schools. In all the past four years, Girlsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; enrolment is lower than that of the boys. This shows that there are little interventions to raise the girlsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; enrolment in Secondary Schools in the district. Table 120.Secondary School Dropout by sex per TA and Year 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Boys

Girls

Boys

Girls

Boys

Girls

Boys

Girls

Boys

Girls

Chauma

Chilikumwendo

Kachere

107

173

101

143

Kachindamoto

Kamenyagwaza

Kaphuka

Kasumbu

Tambala

TOTAL

202

218

231

241

254

302

251

253

224

281

Source: DEMIS 2011

From table above, it shows that in 2008 dropout reduced to 420 and rose again in 2009 to 472 and in 2010 it rose to 556. Throughout the past four years, there were more girls dropping out than boys. There were more dropouts in TA Kachere in all the four years. In TA Kachere, the dropout rose from 147 students in 2008 to 244 students in 2011. This may be due to the fact that there are more Secondary Schools in there. The trend was similar with TA Kaphuka, TA Chauma, T.A Chilikumwendo and TA Kamenyagwaza. As for TA Kasumbu, TA Kachindamoto and TA Tambala, the dropout had decreased.

Table 121.Secondary school number of classrooms per TA, type and year TA

2008

2009

Perm

2010

2012

2011

Temp

Perm

Temp

Perm

Temp

Chauma

Perm 5

Chilikumwendo

Kachere

Kachindamoto

Kamenyagwaza

Perm

Temp

Kaphuka

Kasumbu

Tambala

TOTAL

164

192

185

Source: DEMIS 2012

According to Table 61 above, the district has a shortage of Permanent classrooms although the number rose from 158 in 2007 to 185 in 2010. The Student/Permanent classroom Ratio was 49:1 in 2008, it dropped to 48:1 in 2008 and 2009. It rose again to 49:1 in 2010 and remained constant in 2011. This is higher than the expected 40:1 Student/Permanent Classroom Ratio for secondary schools. Table 122.Secondary School Number of Teachers per TA and Year 2008

2010

2011

2012 Un trained

Trained

Un trained

Trained

Un trained

Trained

Un trained

Trained

Un trained

Trained

2009

Chauma

Chilikumwendo

122

127

130

Kachindamoto

Kamenyagwaza

Kaphuka

Kasumbu

Tambala

212

180

231

190

244

137

271

160

327

129

Kachere

Total

Source: DEMIS 2011

Table above shows a rise in number of trained teachers from 212 in 2008 to 271 in 2011. This has reduced students/qualified Teacher Ratio from 47:1 in 2008 to 37:1 in 2011. This is because the district has been receiving trained teachers from other districts and from colleges. The number of under qualified teachers has dropped from 180 in 2008 to 160 in 2011. Although there is such a low district Student/Qualified Teacher Ratio, some schools, especially Community Day Secondary Schools, have inadequate teachers both qualified and under qualified. Table 123.Secondary School Number of houses per TA and Year 2008

2009

2010

2012

TA Chauma Chilikumwendo Kachere

Perm 0 8 52

Temp 0 0 10

Perm 1 3 68

Temp 4 14 8

Perm 1 3 69

Temp 4 14 0

Perm 1 3 69

2011 Temp 4 14 0

Perm 4 20 71

Temp 1 3 12

Kachindamoto Kamenyagwaza Kaphuka Kasumbu Tambala Total

21 7 14 45 11 158

0 0 0 1 0 11

16 7 30 31 12 168

0 0 2 23 0 51

17 7 26 35 12 130

0 0 0 14 0 32

19 7 27 39 12 177

0 0 0 15 0 33

21 7 25 40 12

2 0 2 11 0

Source: DEMIS 2011

Table above indicates reduction in number of Permanent Teachers’ houses from 158 in 2008 to 130 in 2011. In 2008, the number rose to 158 and rose again to 168 in 2009. The district therefore has inadequate Teachers’ houses which compels the communities to be constructing temporary ones. So the number of temporary houses has risen from 11 in 2008 to 32 in 2011.The Teacher/Permanent House Ratio rose from 2:1 in 2008 to 3:1 in 2011. This is an indication that very few houses are being constructed as compared to classrooms. Availability of teachers’ houses affects distribution of qualified teachers in secondary schools. Table 124. Junior Examination (JCE) results by TA and Year TA

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Boys

Girls

Boys

Girls

Boys

Girls

Boys

Girls

Boys

Girls

Chauma

Chilikumwendo

464

Kachere

475

260

393

268

370

361

370

341

206

261

Kachindamoto

117

138

137

140

117

109

Kamenyagwaza

104

201

Kaphuka

142

128

180

110

136

112

122

Kasumbu Tambala

196 61

34 58

181 53

31 43

190 85

38 57

192 87

39 61

25 84

67 88

1140

570

1045

590

1115

754

1093

759

1220

775

Total

Source: DEMIS 2012

Table above shows that more boys had been passing the Junior Certificate Examinations (JCE) for the past four years in the district. This might be because it is usually the case that more boys than girls are selected to our secondary schools. The number of learners passing JCE had risen from 1710 in 2008 to1852 in 2011.In TA Chauma there had been the lowest number of girls passing JCE for the past four years. This might had been due to the fact that there is only one secondary school in the area. 6.5.1 Youth, Sports Development & Welfare

Mission: To provide leadership and oversight in youth and sports development through coordination, planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of youth and sports programmes in order to have healthy and productive citizens. 95

Picturen 9 and 10 Girls group discussion and youth programmes

(Group

discussions S 2 S Project) Staffing:

(Youth Programs)

The ministry relies on its District Youth Office to fulfill its designated mandate with the support of community structures of Youth Networks and the Youth Action Committees created at each T/A to assist in the coordination of activities. Youth Profile 6.5.2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

SPECIFIC ISSUES AFFECTING THE YOUTH High illiteracy and innumeracy rates especially among out of school youth Limited access to technical, vocational and entrepreneurial education Limited access to credit facilities Unemployment and under employment Low youth participation in development activities Limited access to Youth Friendly sexual and reproductive Health (SRH) ,HIV and AIDS services 7. Inadequate guidance and counseling services 8. Weak coordination structures

(A)

Illiteracy and innumeracy among out of school youth

School drop out Although formal education system has made great strides (DEMIS REPORT) in improving access to education, many children still drop out before attaining basic education ď&#x201A;ˇ Limited access to technical, vocational and entrepreneurial education 96

 In availability of technical schools and capacity  Very few out of the many applicants access technical education. (the known figure is that under the Dedza- Norwich Partnership 10 are sent to Salima Technical School)  High illiteracy rates adversely affect delivery of technical and vocational training programs  Cost of training is often beyond the reach of the youth Limited access to capital or credit Collateral requirements by financial institutions limit youths from accessing loans to enable them effectively engage in economic activities. Unemployment and underemployment Lack/inadequate employability skills vs. stiff competition from experienced job seekers (source Labor) Low youth participation in development activities Low youth participation in decision making bodies at community level  such as Village Development Committees (VDC)  Area development Committees (ADC)  District Councils Limited access to Youth Friendly SRH, HIV and AIDS services  HIV prevalence among young men and women aged 15-24 is pegged 12%  Adolescents (15-19yrs) contribute 12% to all births in the district  Adolescent child bearing has a myriad negative health implications including obstructed labour, fistula and contributes to high maternal and child mortality in the district

Inadequate Guidance and Counseling Services  Young people face several social, cultural, economic and political challenges that impede their realization of their potentials  Low skills, low incomes frustration and feeling of social alienation, lack of basic life skills and business opportunities and lack of accessibility to second chances of learning.  Youth tend to set unrealistic goals  Frustrated young people have great propensity to high risk behaviors including crime, prostitution, alcohol and substance abuse Weak Coordination Structures Weak structures for implementing and monitoring youth activities 97

ď&#x201A;ˇ Youth clubs, organizations, networks district offices ď&#x201A;ˇ Weak Monitoring and Evaluation system Youth Club Membership In The District Table 125.Status of Youth out of school Club Members per TA by year TA Kamenyagwaza Chauma Kaphuka Kachindamoto Kachere Kasumbu Tambala Chilikumwendo

2007 M 54 129 83 106 168 721 316 302

2008 F 53 97 73 96 163 630 253 285

M 280 239 272 337 454 1098 287 707

2009 F 238 246 221 284 448 1236 223 752

2010

M 294 232 420 535 464 1113 364 822

F 227 246 311 467 456 1221 279 880

M 205 45 355 320 217 269 1004 437

2011 F 258 65 370 339 241 273 1020 441

M 102 58 300 301 211 104 1002 329

2012 F 183 63 359 322 236 150 1019 433

M 94 53 292 277 209 99 1002 327

F 143 61 347 363 231 137 1015 401

6.5.3 POPULATION OF YOUTHS The total population of youths aged 10-24 years is 196,163 of which about (2008 Population & Housing Census) 52% are female. There is a change in the Youth Policy definition of a Youth. The new Policy recognizes and defines a youth as a person in the age range of 10-29 years, the data below only accounts for those in the former definition of 10-24 years category. Table 126.Youth Population Traditional Authority/Area Youth Population Kamenyagwaza Chauma Kaphuka Kachindamoto Kachere Kasumbu Tambala Chilikumwendo Dedza Town Total

Total 10-14 4,033 2,743 17,382 11,870 16,992 9,027 8,120 7,688 2,712 80,567

15-19 3,131 1,904 12,637 8,702 12,932 7,021 5,649 5,221 2,469 59,666

20-24 2,938 1,736 11,842 8,298 11,626 6,460 5,147 5,348 2,523 55,918

10,112 6,383 41,861 28,870 41,550 22,508 18,918 18,257 7,704 196,163

Picture 10 .TEVET vocational skills youth programmes

Skills training in carpentry (TEVET Project)

Youth Activities This highlight account for activities youths have involved themselves in Dedza in the past five years (2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Peer education Youth Friendly Health Services Youth Centre Management Skills Vocational Skills training Sister 2 Sister Initiative Sessions Counseling services Youth Enterprise Development Youth Reproductive Health (SRH)

Most activities are not fulfilled due to lack of resources and coordination in providing each other with relevant information on what each sector or NGO is doing in support of youth programming.

Table 127.Youth Community Structures Youth Network Member Area Town Centre Kachere Kachindamoto Tambala Chauma Chilikumwendo Kasumbu Kaphuka Kamenyagwaza District Youth Network

Male 22 78 24 32 23 23 19 36 22 22

Youth Action Committee Members Female 14 82 25 31 23 25 23 36 22 14

Male 8 9 9 9 9 10

Female 4 3 3 3 4 2

9 7 8

4 5 4

6.6.1 SOCIAL WELFARE SERVICES VISION The Department of Social Welfare envisions creating a vibrant environment in which the vulnerable and disadvantaged groups of people are cared, protected and empowered to live productive and satisfactory lives. MISSION Its mission is to provide psychosocial and economic support to those suffering and at risk of serious deprivation in partnership with all stakeholders. GOAL To promote human capacity development and self reliance amongst the vulnerable groups through the provision of preventive curative, rehabilitative and remedial social welfare services. CORE SERVICES  NGOs and CBOs Coordination  Juvenile Justice  Early Childhood Development  Orphans and Vulnerable Children  Education support  Childcare and Protection  Gender Based Violence 100

STAFFING The District Social Welfare Office is manned by four members of staff, thus 3males and 1 female who usually commute from the district to the field to do some work and have no specific work areas. However, for its effective service delivery, the office very much relies on Community Based structures and on its cadre of field staff called Community Child Protection Workers who are currently working in all Traditional Authorities in the district. These Child Protection Workers are divided into two categories; employed and volunteers. Those on governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s pay roll have been designated as the Supervisors of the Volunteer Child Protection Workers. Both categories of Child Protection Workers do provide Social Welfare Services to communities and make referral of cases to appropriate service providers where necessary. They are there to implement, coordinate and supervise all Social Welfare Programmes. Table 128.Dedza District Social Welfare Staff Establishment Establishment

Post

Filled Posts

Vacant Posts

1 4 4 3 3

DSWO SASWO ASWO SSWA SWA

1 0 2 0 1

0 4 2 3 2

Child Protection Workers

NOTE: As for now, we have 11 Child Protection Workers who are on government payroll and are placed at Traditional Authority level. As for TAs Kachindamoto, Kachere and Kaphuka have two Child Protection Workers each. We are aware that other areas are not adequately reached with the services of Child Protection Workers like Kafere in TA Kachere, Tchetsa in TA Tambala, Madzumbi, Nakaona and Kanyenda in TA Kasumbu.

Community Based Organization (CBOs) Table129.Number of CBOs by Traditional Authorities in Dedza NO

Name of TA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Kachere Chauma Chilikumwendo Kaphuka Tambala Kamenyagwaza Kachindamoto Kasumbu TOTAL

NUMBER OF COMMUNITY BASED ORGANISATIONS 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 12 18 24 33 35 54 3 5 6 6 7 10 8 11 17 25 25 36 7 9 13 18 21 29 5 8 13 17 17 19 5 9 11 19 20 20 7 10 13 18 18 19 6 9 14 19 22 33 53 79 111 155 165 220

Source: DSWO 2012

101

Table above shows that the number of CBOs had been increasing over the past six yearâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s e.g. In 2007 were 53 CBOs while in 2012 there were 220 CBOs representing 75.9% increase. The increased number of CBOs in 2007 to 2012 could be attributed to intensive awareness campaigns that were held in all ADCs and VDCs to disseminate CBO guidelines. For TAs Kachere and Kasumbu because of Concern Universalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s presence in those areas who wanted to work with VDCs and CBOs. Like in TA Kachere there was Local Development Support Programme under Concern Universal which facilitated formation of CBOs and building capacities of the CBO members.

Juvenile justice Table 130.Number of Child offenders by TA in the district Traditional Authority

2008 M

2009 M

2010

2011

2012

Kachere

Kaphuka

Kasumbu

Kamenyagwaza

Kachindomoto

Chauma

Chilikumwendo

Tamabala

TOTALS

Source: DSWO 2012

The table shows that there had been an increase in number of children found in conflict with the law like in 2008 the office registered 15 cases with the year 2011 recording the highest in the past 5 years. The rise in juvenile offenders was attributed to HIV/Aids which created OVCs, broken families and lack of parental care as most children whom we assessed found themselves in the wrong side of the law because assumed adult responsibilities while young, lack of basic necessities as their parents divorced or parents do not provide the necessities to children. For female offenders, in the year 2008 and 2009 the office registered 1 offender for consecutive years but 2010 was the highest with 6 girls and in 2011 and 2012 registered 4 and 2 girls respectively. The rise in the number of girls offenders was due to public awareness that this office carried out between 2010 to 2012 informing communities that girls also commit crimes and should be brought to relevant authorities. Before, 2010 communities had the perception that crimes committed by girls were not worth reporting. Most crimes committed by girls were to do with concealing birth. 102

6.6.2 EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT Early Childhood Development is a comprehensive approach to policies and programs for children from (0 to 8 years) conception to eight years. The vision of ECD Programme is to have children who are holistically developed; well stimulated and educated, healthy and nourished, well protected and morally upright so that they can excel in life. The main objective of ECD is to create an enabling environment for children from 0 to 8 years that is conducive for their early learning, stimulation, growth and development in order to realize their well being and full potentials. ECD services in the district are mainly offered through Community Based Childcare Centres popularly called CBCCs, Private Nursery Schools and Day Care Centres. However, ECD services in the district are facing a number of challenges like; poor ECD infrastructure, poor access, poor care giving quality due to huge number of untrained caregivers, lack of incentives for caregivers and in adequate play materials in ECD centres. Picture 11. Children eating porridge at Topaizi CBCC centre in TA Kasumbu Dedza. Picture taken by Benjamin Kapuchi

Table 131.Number of Community Based Childcare Centres(CBCC) Traditional Authority Kamenyagwaza Kasumbu Kachindamoto

2007 11 29 27

2008 15 52 33

2009 19 71 46

2010 21 73 49

Kachere

Chauma Chilikumwendo

5 11

9 44

14 69

19 73

Kaphuka

103

2011

2012 29 88 54 79

33 99 66 79

75 50

76 69

Tambala Total

8 188

29 282

41 369

46 401

59 455

520

Source: DSWO 2012

The table above shows that there had been an increase in the number of Community Based Child care Centres from 188 in 2007 to 520 in 2012 representing 63.8% increase. This had been due to collaborative efforts amongst partners in order to raise the profile of CBCCs through encouraging communities to establish CBCCs in their localities. These Partners include Save the Children, Concern Universal and World Vision. The World Bank Project dubbed Protecting Early Childhood Development (PECD) in the year 2012 also enhanced public awareness on ECD hence increase in number of CBCCs in TAs Kamenyagwaza, Tambala, Kasumbu, Chauma and Kachere. Table 132.Enrolment of Children in CBCCs by sex per Year 2007 Girl s

2008

Boy s 431

603

Kasumbu

903

816

Kachindamoto

692 1456

637 207 4

820 2,26 1 1,20 0 1,66 5

Chauma Chilikumwend o

149

101

311

268

Kaphuka

631

Tambala

156

TA Kamenyagwaz a

Kachere

Total

4729

Boys

2009 Girls

Boys

2010 Girls

Boys

2011 Girls

2012

Boys

Girls

Boys

Girls

790

663

1,263

1,291

1,490

1,302

1,669

1,395

2,094

2,970

2,779

3,356

3,880

3,279

3,901

4,777

3,992

4,951

1,187

1,585

1,784

945

2,946

1,134

2,833

1,162

3,150

1,900

2,038

2,461

2,373

2,973

2,413

4,143

2,894

4,111

814

388

821

488

418

441

841

890

899

1,700

2,406

2,874

1,953

3,952

2,001

4,115

2,519

3,835

403

377 1,53 6 1,30 0

1,438

1,648

1,689

1,588

1,988

1,697

2,101

1,793

2,204

152 505 4

407 9,56 6

760 11,16 3

818 12,37 8

1,468 15,73 6

819 13,73 9

1,818 19,34 5

802 14,06 4

800 20,82 6

812 15,38 8

867 21,70 0

The table above shows that enrolment for girls had been more than that of boys over the past 6 years. For instance in the year 2007 boys enrolment was at 4729 whereas in 2012 was at 15,388 representing 69.2% increase. As for girls enrolment, in 2010 was at 5054 while in 2012 was at 21,700 representing 76.7% increment. It is common knowledge that enrolment for girls at lower classes is more than that of boys but the higher classes go the lesser number of girls in schools so the situation is the same at pre-schools where there are more girls than boys.

104

Table 133.Total Enrolment of Children in CBCCs per Year TA

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Kamenyagwaza

1034

1610

1926

2781

2971

3489

Kasumbu

1719

5231

6135

7159

8678

8943

Kachindamoto

1329

2387

3369

3891

3967

4312

Kachere

3530

3565

4499

5346

6556

7005

Chauma

250

795

1282

1789

1202

1309

Chilikumwendo

579

3236

5280

5905

6116

6354

Kaphuka

1034

2738

3337

3576

3798

3997

Tambala

308

1167

2286

2637

1602

1679

9783

20729

23610

33084

Total

34890

37088

Source: DSWO 2012

Table above shows an increase in enrolment of children over the past six years. In 2007 the CBCC enrolment was at 9783 whereas in 2012 it was at 37088 children representing an increase of 73.6%. The increase in enrolment could be attributed to introduction of community feeding programmes in most CBCCs. Besides, between 2008 to 2010 Save the Children was implementing an ECD Project in TAs Kasumbu, Kachere and Chilikumwendo, so an increase in enrolment in these areas could be attributed to interventions by Save the Children. The World Bank Project, Protecting Early Childhood Development which was being implemented in 2012 in TAs like Kachere, Kasumbu, Kamenyagwaza, Kachindamoto and Chauma contributed to high enrolment due to the provision of assorted play materials to CBCCs and incentives that were being provided to caregivers which made them to work even extra harder. Table 134. shows number of Trained Caregivers 2007 TA

2008 F

2009 F

2011

2010 F

2012 F 0

T 0

M 0

F 4

T 4

100

115

Kachindamoto

100

110

Kachere

140

149

120

129

100

138

140

156

Kamenyagwaza Kasumbu

Chauma

100

115

Chilikumwendo

Kaphuka

120

127

Tambala

TOTAL 49 Source: DSWO 2012

442

491

506

552

504

589

733

805

Table 136 shows an increase in number of trained caregivers using Basic ECD Training manual from 491 in 2007 to 805 in 2010 because of support from UNICEF and other partners in the district like Save the Children. In 2011 we trained 90 and 2012 trained 105

64caregivers because of non funded Project Proposals due to global financial crisis. However, Concern Universal and World Vision trained some caregivers in TAs Kachere and Tambala with World Bank, PECD Project training some few caregivers in TAs Kachindamoto, Kasumbu, Kachere, Chauma and Kamenyagwaza. However, the challenge had been to have men take part in care giving in the CBCCs. Other than that, the other challenge had been to retain the trained caregivers in the absence of incentives . Table 135. Untrained Caregivers 2008 TA

2009 F

2010 F

2011 T

2012

F 76

T 82

M 9

F 192

T 201

Kamenyagwaza

Kasumbu

107

Kachindamoto

151

163

139

158

456

503

Kachere

Chauma

105

139

114

137

440

468

Chilikumwendo

102

158

177

Kaphuka

107

113

134

186

217

Tambala

163

186

TOTAL

441

456

731

816

1958

Source: DSWO 2012

The table above shows that the number of untrained caregivers had been increasing each passing year. For instance, in 2008 there were 441 untrained caregivers whereas in 2012 there were 1958 untrained caregivers representing 77.4% increase of untrained caregivers. The situation was like this because over the years we had been training few caregivers due to limited resources at our disposal. On the other hand, the number of people expressing interest to take part in care giving had been increasing over the years as we had been encouraging communities to establish more Community Based Childcare Centres where children could acquire early stimulation and education. Table 136.Number of CBCCs with permanent and un permanent ECD Centres per TA and year 2007 TA

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Temp

Perm

Temp

Perm

Temp

Perm

Temp

Perm

Temp

Perm

Temp

Perm

Kachere

Chauma

Chilikumwendo

Kaphuka

Tambala

Kamenyagwaza

Kachindamoto

Kasumbu

187

277

362

392

422

486

Total

Source: DSWO 2012 106

Table above shows that most CBCCs had no permanent ECD Centres e.g. in 2007 there was 1 permanent ECD structure while in 2012 there were 34 ECD centres with permanent structures. The TA Kamenyagwaza had the highest number of permanent ECD Centres because most MASAF buildings were turned into ECD Centres.

Orphan and Vulnerable Children (OVCs) Table 137.Number of orphans by Traditional Authorities TA

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Kachere

3,930

3,852

3,986

4,765

5,845

Chauma

955

1,053

1,214

1,306

1,423

Chilikumwendo

2,143

2,318

2,393

2,957

3,567

Kaphuka

2,809

2,897

2,998

1,974

1,901

Tambala

2,003

2,184

2,358

3,789

4,785

Kamenyagwaza

1,170

1,303

1,777

1,640

1,423

Kachindamoto

2,414

2,576

2,830

2,918

1,400

Kasumbu

2,692

2,907

3,068

4,785

5,859

TOTALS

18,116

19,090

20,624

24,134

26,203

Source DSWO-2012

The table above shows that the number of orphaned children had been increasing over the past five years. In 2008 there were 18,116 OVCs whereas in 2012 there were 26,203 OVCs representing 30.9%. The increase had been due to HIV/AIDS which had claimed lives of productive people thereby leaving behind Orphans who were cared by old and frail grandparents. However, for TAs like Kasumbu and Tambala Yao tribe is more dominant than other tribes but also there are some cultural practices being conducted in silence. Other than that, most people are illiterate which means that they could have information of HIV and Aids but difficult to change due to poor education background for education is an important tool for protection against HIV and AIDS. These are areas in Dedza where communities do not value education much but rather flock to South Africa for greener pastures. Most married men spend years there without any support to their spouses and in some instances other men leave for South Africa just soon after getting married. These tendencies therefore accelerate spread of HIV. For the other TAs like Kachere, Kachindamoto its about Gender inequalities in sexual reproductive health, in accessing productive resources, development opportunities and decision making. For instance, in issues of safe sex usually women have no say as such they are more likely to be subjected to non consensual sex thereby become infected with HIV through un protected heterosexual intercourse.

107

Table 138.Number of orphans by sex per Traditional Authorities TA

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Kachere

1,475

2,455

1,563

2,289

1,598

2,388

1,883

2,882

1,953

3,892

Chauma

466

489

475

578

569

645

550

756

612

811

Chilikumwendo

1,015

1,128

1,072

1,246

1,106

1,287

1,368

1,589

1,684

1,883

Kaphuka

1,054

1,755

1,098

1,799

1,164

1,834

987

1,003

854

1,047

Tambala

871

1,132

983

1,201

1,071

1,287

1,795

1,994

2,193

2,592

Kamenyagwaza

568

602

616

687

791

986

820

981

612

811

Kachindamoto

992

1,422

1,065

1,511

1,187

1,643

1,359

1,559

524

876

Kasumbu

1,384

1,308

1,497

1,410

1,589

1,479

2,592

2,193

2,814

3,045

TOTALS

7,825

10,291

8,369

10,721

9,075

11,549

11,354

12,957

11,246

14,957

Source: DSWO, 2012

Table above shows that the number of orphaned girls in each year over the five year period was surpassing that of orphaned boys. Like in 2008 and 2012 there were 7825 and 11246 orphaned boys respectively representing an increase of 30.4%. For girls in 2008 and 2012 there were 10291 and 14957 respectively an increase of 31.2%. We have more orphaned girls than boys because even the population of Dedza for 2008 shows that there are more females than males. Education support Recognizing that Orphans and other Vulnerable Children (OVC) constitute one of the biggest social challenges that confront Malawi as a nation and Dedza in particular, various cooperating partners have joined the bandwagon in supporting OVCs with school fees assistance by awarding them with educational scholarships. However, the challenge over the years had been to provide a complete education package which includes school fees, learning materials and school uniform. Table 139.Number of students on education scholarship per year Name of Bursary Scheme Dedza District Council Bursary Scheme (NAC Support) Dedza-Norwich Partnership

2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

721

529

356

293

213

192

World Vision

District Council ORT

732

637

421

356

263

325

Catholic Health Commission

TOTAL Source: DSWO 2012

The table above shows a decreasing number of needy students being supported by various bursary schemes each passing year for the six academic years. This represented a 44.4% decrease in number of needy students. The Catholic Commission Bursary ended in 108

2007/08 academic year due to the phasing out of the project that used to pay school fees for needy OVCs. The Dedza-Norwich Bursary started with a bang in 2007/08 academic year but later the numbers started decreasing and that in two academic years 2010/11 and 2011/12 the number of students was constant, thus, 50 students each academic year. The same was true with National Aids Commission Support in schools fees to needy OVCs as it had been decreasing over the years like in 2006/07 and 2011/12 supported 721 and 192 respectively. The decrease in number of needy students was due to global financial crisis. In this view, Dedza District Council in the school year 2011/12 introduced a Bursary that was being run using its ORT which saw 23 needy students being supported in that year. Table 140.Number of students on education scholarship by sex Name of Organization

2006/2007 M

207/08

2008/09 M

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

Bursary Scheme (NAC Support)

322

399

216

313

182

174

122

171

120

107

Dedza-Norwich Partnership Catholic Health Commission World Vision District Council ORT Total

0 6 0 0 328

0 5 0 0 399

44 8 0 0 268

49 7 0 0 369

24 0 0 0 206

41 0 0 0 215

21 0 0 0 143

32 0 0 0 203

32 0

18 0 0 0 111

35 0 39 12 193

15 0 21 11 132

0 152

Source: DSWO 2012

The above table shows that the numbers of male beneficiaries in 2006/07 and 2011/12 academic years were 328 and 193 respectively representing a decrease of 58.8% whereas for female beneficiaries in 2006/07 and 2011/12 was 399 and 132 respectively representing a decrease of 33.1% decrease. 6.6.3 CHILD CARE AND PROTECTION The district has a cadre of child protection workers who are placed at TA level to champion issues of child rights. Their efforts are complemented by child protection committees which are based at Traditional Authority and Group Village Headman levels. These monitor and report cases of child rights violations to relevant authorities. However, these committees do not discharge their duties efficiently because they have not undergone any training related to their work. Table 141.Types and number of child abuse cases Type of abuse Type of abuse

2008 B

2009

2010

2011

2012

Defilement

Child labour

127

Child trafficking

Indecent assault

Abandonment

111

204

130

108

103

101

Total

Source: DSWO 2012 109

The table above indicates there had been a reduction in cases of child rights violations over the years with 204 recorded in 2008 and 101 cases in 2012.This had been attributed to by the coming in of Malawi Human Rights Commission with a project on Human rights, YOCRIS on child rights, participation of more CBOs in civic educating communities on issues of child rights as well as the deployment more child protection workers in the district. 6.6.4 GENDER BASED VIOLENCE Gender Based Violence continues to cause discomfort in various spheres of life in the communities. Reports of the cases that Social Welfare Office is registering show that Gender Based Violence is still prevalent in the communities. In most of the cases recorded at our office, more females are victims than male counterparts. The common types of Gender Based Violence being reported include physical, economic, emotional and sexual abuses. Table 142.Number of GBV cases by sex and totals per year and TA TA

2008 M

Kamenyagwaza Kasumbu

2009 F

2010 F

2011 T

2012

F 11

T 14

M 3

F 8

T 11

Kachere

Chauma

Chilikumwendo

Kaphuka

Tambala

TOTAL

189

269

175

245

166

247

124

171

130

Kachindamoto

Source: DSWO 2012

The table above shows that more women were victims of GBV than men over the five year period. For instance, in 2008 and 2012 were 189 and 95 cases respectively representing a decrease of 50.3%. Whereas in 2008 and 2012 were 80 and 35 GBV cases respectively for men representing a decrease of 43.8%. The decrease in GBV cases could be attributed to numerous efforts by the Government and NGOs through public awareness and capacity building activities on Gender Based Violence and related laws. The reduction of GBV cases in TAs like Tambala and Kamenyagwaza could be attributed to a Malawi Human Rights Resource Centre Project on GBV from 2008 to 2012. Whereas in TA Kasumbu from 2011 there had been a GBV project by Action Aid which also facilitated establishment of Community Victim Support Units at GVHs Madzumbi and Chiluzi where some victims were referred to for support. The women were the worst victims because of their poor economic, educational and social cultural factors. 110

6.7.1 GENDER AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT The essence of the office of Gender and Community Development within Dedza district is to enhance the Council's capacity for strategic management to improve service delivery and manage change effectively through committed programmes and management at all levels in collaboration with all other key stakeholders. In this regard, every effort will be made to monitor and review progress in order to respond to emerging issues as a result of implementing all sector programmes namely;  Community Mobilization,  Community Capacity Building,  Community Economic Empowerment  Community Nutrition,  Gender mainstreaming. Expertise in the lined programmes is readily available within the district provided by officers of the sector well placed per T/A. Refer staff location table below. Table 143.Staff Location Table TA

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Chauma

Chilikumwendo

Kachere

Kachindamoto

Kamenyagwaza

Kaphuka Kasumbu Tambala Total

1 1 0 4

0 0 1 6

1 1 0 4

0 0 1 6

1 1 0 4

0 0 1 6

1 1 0 4

1 0 1 6

1 1 0 3

1 0 1 7

It is worth noting that T/A Chauma has no resident officer as of now resulting from staff turnover (retirement and death). Staff replacement has been sort at central level. 6.7.2 COMMUNITY MOBILIZATION The success of project and programme implementation and sustainability at the community level is very much a function of the way communities are mobilized to participate in project identification, planning, implementation, monitoring and Evaluation (project management cycle) as well as the subsequent ownership which is instrumental to project or programme sustainability. The situation on the ground is that there is significant low level of community participation in development programmes due to misconceptions about democracy and conflicting messages from development partners and politicians. Community Mobilization is a basic core function that helps the Council 111

effectively execute interventions and initiatives within its development systems and structures. Sound sensitization and operational messages are disseminated to both males and female as depicted in the bar graph. The outreach coverage is in percentages clearly indicates that more women respond to issues when mobilized as compared to men. The trend of respond to issues has been increase over the past five years. The highest figure reached for female was 65% in 2012 and the lowest was 20.4% in 2007 It is also important to appreciate the fact that they are more developmental conscious hence maximum participation. Table 144.Percentage ot outreach community mobilization by sex per year

Percentage of outreach community mobilization by Sex per year Male

Female 65

30.6 20.4

2007

38.6 27.4

2008

2009

50.5 45

65 50

2010

2011

2012

6.7.3 COMMUNITY CAPACITY BUILDING

Community Capacity Building is the key in all development and other relevant social agendas because individuals in their local settings and environment are reached out to with various knowledge and skills. It promotes capacity of the indigenous Malawians for full participation and decision making. The table below depicts the pattern on trainings by type over the years. Note that the district has conducted a lot of leadership trainings in comparison to the others; this is so as to facilitate desirable guidance in terms of planning and programming of development issues at grass root level.

112

On Community Nutrition trainings were switched off in the early 2000 years because the department had deviated from this programme until the year 2011/2012 when it regained the focus. Table 145.Number of trainings conducted Type of training

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Leadership

1,346

1,976

2,042

2,276

2,389

2,405

Financial literacy

1,246

1,926

1,992

2,226

2,339

2,355

Business management

1,246

1,926

1,992

2,226

2,339

2,355

Gender mainstreaming

109

PMC-SMC

103

Adult Literacy

Community Nutrition

Table above and chart below show that number of training in community development has been increasing on all three types. Leadership registered more number of people from 1,346 in 2007 to 2,405 in 2012.Financial literacy and business management are related as evidenced by the figures registered in five year period. Adult literacy has been constant and no figures were recorded in 2012. There were no figures for 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010 for Community nutrition because the programme started in 2011. The figures for 2011 was 32 and in 2012 (81) people were registered.

Table 146.Number of people trained in Community Development Number of people trained on top three type of training on community Development 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000

500 2007 Leadership

2009

2010

Financial literacy

2011

2012

Business management

113

6.7.4 COMMUNITY NUTRITION Table below show that data on out reach to communities through messages and. demonstrations on food utilizations and dietary diversification has been increasing both for males and females Table 147. Number of people reached by nutrition messages Year 2011 2012

Male 240 608

Female 560 1,418

6.7.5 GENDER Equal participation for sustainable development entails the removal of inequalities and disparities between males and females. Through various gender messages and initiatives outreach coverage has positively progressed over the years. In the table below, there is an acute increase of coverage from 2011 -2012; this is owed to joint efforts from government and partners in development such as CCJP, Malawi Career, Action Aid and WOLERC. Though efforts are being made a lot more still need to be done so as to cover the whole district whose total population is currently at 624,445. Table 148.Number of participating reached in various gender messages by sex Year

Male

Female

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

1,736 1,971 2,607 3,561 5,357 6,311

Total 2,604 2,964 3,918 5,508 8,112 9,066

Table 149. Pecentage of people reaced by gender messages Perecentage of participants reached in gender messeges by sex

60.0

Male

Female

60.0

60.7

60.2

40.0

39.9

40.0

39.3

39.8

59.0 41.0

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

114

4,340 4,940 6,525 9,069 13,469 15,377

6.7.5 COMMUNITY ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT Low income at household level is of major concern amongst the communities of Dedza The Council is primarily trying to improve the situation through various interventions such as the COMSIP initiative, The initiative is programmed to promote the culture of savings and investment at group/cluster level. The table CEE1 below shows coverage in terms of groups mobilized by T/A over the period years. The trend shows that there are more female groups mobilized this is because most of them follow the progression model (i.e. starting small). Table 150.Number of COMSIP groups per T/A T/A

2007

2008

Chauma

2009

2010

2011

2012

112

107

222

172

Chilikumwendo

114

213

216

277

220

320

Kachere

116

236

243

288

386

486

Kachindamoto

131

176

208

223

268

368

Kamenyagwaza

285

309

266

384

Kaphuka

146

195

288

254

353

851

Kasumbu

398

455

385

390

222

322

Tambala

253

252

316

263

567

652

1,246

1,926

1,992

2,226

2,339

3,555

Total

Table 151. Number of COMSIP groups per year Total Number COMSIP Groups per Year 4,000 3,500

3,000 2,500

2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 2007

2008

2009

2010

115

2011

2012

Table 152.Number of COMSIP groups by Sex per Year 2007

T/A

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Chauma

111

206

122

Chilikumwendo

200

199

206

154

224

106

221

222

262

204

182

234

252

Kachindamoto

131

159

189

200

180

118

250

Kamenyagwaza

251

275

298

232

302

Kaphuka

133

173

217

234

328

453

398

Kasumbu

382

390

341

353

167

237

Tambala

221

230

272

245

203

349

233

419

109

1,137

191

1,735

179

1,813

222

2,004

695

1,644

1333

2,204

Kachere

Total

Table 153.Number of COMSIP groups by sex

Number of COMSIP groups by Sex 1,735

2,204

2,004

1,813

1,644

1,137

1333

695

2008

2010

2011

116

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

2009

Male

222

179 Female

Female

Male

2007

Male

191

109

2012

Table 154.Voluntary Savings of Groups of COMSP per TA T/A Chauma

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

234

345

1,775

2,304

52,304

Chilikumwendo

311

475

579

1,920

7,803

67,083

Kachere

400

554

712

1,967

6,554

76,554

Kachindamoto

338

870

815

1,736

7,001

88,023

Kamenyagwaza

203

832

544

1,221

3,425

73,425

Kaphuka

198

474

600

2,105

2,712

92,712

Kasumbu

774

898

990

8,906

9,945

160,841

Tambala

476

635

915

7,592

9,012

99,012

2,700

4,972

5,500

27,222

48,756

682,953

Total

The savings highlighted in table CEE2 above are the voluntary savings only. Volumes of Mandatory and Shares have not been captured. 6.7.6 LITERACY PROGRAMME The programme aims at increasing literacy levels among adults thereby making them functionally literate and self â&#x20AC;&#x201C;reliant so that they can actively participate in the development processes. To a great extent the government efforts to reduce poverty has been constrained by high illiteracy levels and that is why the government has taken a more aggressive approach to eradicate illiteracy in the country and indeed in Dedza by introducing the Mass literacy program under the Adult literacy program. The activities include recruitment and training of community adult literacy workers, provision of teaching and learning materials and the supervision of classes. The program has two approaches that are being applied. The conventional Adult literacy is being applied in the seven TAs of Kachere, Chilikumwendo, Kaphuka, Chauma, Kamenyagwaza, Tambala, and Kachindamoto while TA Kasumbu was selected to pilot the REFLECT approach. Table 155.Number of Literacy Centers per TA TA Kasumbu Tambala Chauma Kaphuka Kachere Chilikumwendo Kachindamoto Kamenyagwaza Totals

2007 30 20 14 24 32 16 24 4 164

2008 50 20 14 24 32 16 24 4 184

2009 65 45 27 45 87 39 39 22 369

2010 65 45 27 45 87 39 39 22 369

2011 65 45 27 45 87 39 39 22 369

2012 65 45 27 45 87 39 39 22 369

The table 155 shows number of classes per TA, however TA Kasumbu alone has more centers because the area is under a project known as FLIRD (Functional Literacy for 117

Integrated Rural Development) and there was a gradual increase of centers each year. TA Kachere also tops other TAs under the Conventional Approach because of its vastness. TA Kamenyagwaza has the list number of centers because by literacy levels the TA has higher literacy levels as compared to the rest. The table also shows us there were more centers in 2009 as compared to the other years. The reason is that the government of Malawi through the department of Community Development introduced the Mass Literacy Program. So you can see that number of centers double in 2009 Table 156.Enrolment of Adult Literacy Learners by TA TA Male Kasumbu 225 Chauma 29 Kaphuka 52 Kachere 214 Chilikumwendo 111 Kachindamoto 61 Kamenyagwaza 43 Tambala 22 Totals 757 Source DEM office

2008 Female 1033 259 244 349 313 288 78 242 2806

Male 147 106 123 201 108 101 40 133 959

2009 Female 1358 429 521 407 490 415 280 423 4323

Male 177 136 153 231 138 141 70 168 1209

2010 Female 1428 499 591 477 560 695 350 493 5093

Male 177 136 153 231 138 141 70 168 1209

2011 Female 1428 499 591 477 560 695 350 493 5093

Male 177 136 153 231 138 141 70 168 1209

2012 Female 1428 499 591 477 560 695 350 493 5093

The table above shows the trend in adult literacy learnerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s enrolment: the enrolment has gradually been rising for the past three years and almost doubled in 2009 because of the introduction of the Mass literacy programme by government in 2009 in the seven TAs where the program is implemented. However TA Kasumbu had high rates because the project has a package of livelihood activities for the learners so this was like a motivation. The table also shows low participation of male participants in all the TAs because men feel shy to expose their illiterate position among women. Picture12.Adlut literacy class

The picture shows one of the literacy centers patronized by women 118

Table 157.Distribution of Community Literacy Workers by TA TA

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Kasumbu

Kachere

Tambala

Kachindamoto

Chilikumwendo

Chauma

Kaphuka

122

247

122

247

122

247

122

247

Kamenyagwaza Totals Source DCDO office

The table above shows numbers of qualified and unqualified community literacy workers in a particular year by TA. In 2007 and 2008 there was capacity gap because of instructor drop out. This means that dropouts were replaced by volunteers who were just oriented without undergoing a formal training. This affected the delivery of quality service to the communities because they were not efficient enough. But in 2009 all instructors who were recruited and the old unqualified instructors were all trained hence there were no unqualified community literacy workers in 2009. As for TA Kasumbu all literacy workers received training because the project provided resources for the activity. ď&#x201A;ˇ

Summary-Take note that activities in the Literacy programme have remained constant due to logistical shifts experienced between 2010-2012.

119

CHAPTER 7: INFRASTRUCTURE AND UTILITIES 7.1.1 COMMUNICATION There are four service providers namely Malawi Telecommunications Limited (MTL), air tell, Telecom Networks Limited (MTL). Postal Corporation, Pony services by G4 security are other communication services by mail. 7.1.2 MTL EXCHANGE LINES There are three types of exchange in the district as follows as NEAX, DRMAS and CDMAS. Statistics in the table below shows that CDMA has the highest number of lines compared to NEAX and DRMAS. Its trends for the past six years have shown relative change as follows. From 200 lines in 2007 the lines increased to 600 in 2008 and went down to 400 because of most light were hit by lighting, then picked up to 1370 in 2011 and 1632 in 2012. The reasons that contributed to the increase of lines are that there has been increase of vandalism of to underground net work. Table 158.MTL Exchange and number of lines per year Location

Lobi Maurana Chimbiya Bembeke Dedza Boma

Type of exchange NEAX NEAX DRMAS DRMAS NEAX CDMA

Number of Lines by Year 2007 64 64 64 42 546 200

2008 14 3 0 2 11 600

2009 26 7 0 16 10 400

Working lines 2010 24 54 64 24 535 1,200

2011 24 24 64 24 610 1,370

2012 24 64 64 24 660 1,632

7.1.3 ROAD NETWORK Dedza District has an extensive road network in service that link the District to other Districts in Malawi and different places within the District. The roads are classified as: Main, Secondary, Tertiary, Feeder and tracks. 8% of these roads are Paved while 92% are Unpaved. Most Unpaved roads are in poor conditions which create accessibility problems especially during the rainy seasons. Most roads require drainage structures such as bridges, and culvert lines because Dedza has mountainous terrain in most areas. Local communities have taken initiative to provide temporally structures in areas where Authorities are unable to provide the services.

120

Table 159. Length and types of roads Length (km) of types of roads in the district 385.7

277.2 219.1 144

114

Main

Secondary

Tertiary

Designated

Undisginated

The chart bove clearly shows that undisgnated road has the longest number of kilometers followed by designated. The least likometeres of the road is 114 for main road.

Table 160. Number of bridges per catigory by status Number of bridges per road category by Status Number Bridges

Number Bridges Not Functioning 92

42 33

0 Main

0 Secondary

0 Tertiary

Designated

121

Undisginated

The chart above shows that there more bridges on undesignated roads 92. Out of 92 bridges 42 are not in functioning.

Picture 13.Temporally Footbridge Accessing Mua Hospital to Local Communities

The District Council is striving to improve transport services for the poor in order to allow greater access to markets and livelihood opportunities, so that poor people can improve their economic and social status. Maintenance of these roads is done periodically under different programmes and these are; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Income Generating Public Works Programme Roads Authority Local development Fund Constituency Development Fund Integrated Rural Agriculture Development Programme

Maintenance of Unpaved Roads include; grading, Labour Based Reshaping, Dragging, Patching, Gravelling (Mechanised or Labour). Maintenance of Paved Roads include General Repairs, Surface Dressing (Mechanised), Resealing and Thin Overlays 122

Picture 14.Gravelling using Labour Intensive

Table 161.Main Roads Designation

Name of road

Type of surface

M001 M005 M010 Total

Diamphwe-Nkutu Ngozi-Mganya Mua-Phanga

Bitumen Bitumen Gravel

Length of road

Functioni ng bridges

56 42 16 114

Non functioning bridges

4 7 1 12

0 0 0 0

There are three main roads that pass through the District, namely; M001, M005, and M010. The total length of these roads is 124.4 Km with a total of 12 bridges. M001 and M005 roads are paved roads whilst M010 had bitumen surface but the surface is now in bad condition. Table 162.Secondary Roads Designation

Name of road

Type of surface

S124

Diamphwe â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Dedza via Mphunzi

Earth

S126

Linthipe - Lobi

S127

Masasa - Kapiri

Total

Length of road

Function ing bridges

Non functionin g bridges

Gravel

Bitumen

144

Secondary roads in the District cover a total of distance of 144.7 Km with 8 bridges. All the bridges are functional and good condition. The roads are both paved and unpaved.

123

Table 163.Tertiary Roads Designation

Name of road

Type of surface

T372

Linthipe – Dedza boma

Earth

Non functionin g bridges 0

T368

Mikondo – Mphanyama

Earth

T371 T366 T373 T375 T374

Chimbiya – Mphunzi Livinza – kachere Chilanga – Kaphuka Mayani – Chiphwanya Linthipe – Dedza boma

Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth

12 63 11 5 50.1

0 12 3 0 9

0 0 0 0 0

T376

Bembeke T/Off – Bembeke

Earth

219.1

Total

Length of road

Functionin g bridges

There are 8 tertiary roads in the District with a total length of 219.4 Km and 33 bridges . Table 164.Designated Roads Designation

Name of road

Type of surface

D209 D210 D211 D212 D213 D214 D215 D216 D217 D218 D219 D220 D222 D223 D224 D225 D226 D227 D228 D230 D231 D232 D233 D234

Lifizi Admarc – Kapiliuta Chinkhu – Magomero Chenga – Mambulu Mphati – Njonja Chinkhu – Njonja Mwenje – Kawerama Diamphwe – Chidewere Thete TC – Chinkhu Kanyezi Farm – Thete Mcheneka – Maonde Kaliozi – Mphati Junc. T372 – Diamphwe Chauma - Kalulu H/C Mayani – Gwengwe Mpatamilonde – Mjini Mkomeko – Kankhomba Kasumbu – Lengwe Kumpolota – Kapesi Milonde Sch – Mkomeko Bembeke T/Off – Ntonya Bembeke – Ngonoonda Mtakataka – Chitukula junc. M5 - Mtakataka T/C Mganja – Mua

Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth

E004 E005

M1 - M1 (Town Ring Road) Junc. T372 - Dedza Sec Sch.

Bitumen Earth

Length of road 12.5 18 8 7 16 10 20 12 13 15 12.7 12.4 13 7.3 18.3 5.8 20 6 10 8 6 13 2 3.7 5 2.5 277.2

Functio ning bridges

Non functioning bridges 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0

1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 14

0 3

There are 26 designated roads with a total length of 277.2 Km and 16 bridges. These roads connect villages and rural trading centres and most of them are earth roads which are poor condition. 124

Table 165.Undesignated Roads Name of road

Type of surface

Katseko – Kakolo Kalinyeke – Mphunzi

Earth Earth

Mtendere Campus – Lobi

Earth

Kalinyeke – Mpalale

Length of road

Functioning bridges

Non functioning bridges

Earth

Nazikhale – Mtakataka

Earth

Thete TC – Kabwazi

Earth

Kachenzi Farm – Kankhomba

Earth

Njonja – Magomero

Earth

8.1

Kalilombe – Alberito

Earth

10.7

Bango - Chitowo H/C

Earth

8.9

Mayani – Kankhomba

Earth

16.3

Katewe – Kanyezi

Earth

Tchesa – Maiza

Earth

7.9

Kalulu – Kapanda

Earth

9.7

Mtiwe – Monje

Earth

4.7

Ntcheu Sch. – Mpalankhanga

Earth

Chitundu – Miyowe

Earth

Kalinde – Kantedza

Earth

Mtawanga – Mtemwende

Earth

Mkamula – Lungale

Earth

Sete - Mkundi Sch.

Earth

1.3

Mwase – Kayesera

Earth

2.5

Nkhokha – Khakhwa

Earth

Chimbiya - Chejoni

Earth

Chikuse – Mayani

Earth

Kamenya – Pemba

Earth

6.5

Chimbiya – Kabvumba

Earth

5.4

Seveni – Chipsye

Earth

Mpata – Kaphuka

Earth

7.5

Kafotokoza – Chimpalika

Earth

5.6

Lasani – Maya

Earth

6.4

Mazingwa – Mafedwe

Earth

2.4

Mazingwa – Chipuputa

Earth

7.5

Kanyimbi – Bizimeni

Earth

Njonja – Mchenga

Earth

Chatata - Mthembanji

Earth

7.8

Kafulama - Mwasinja

Earth

Mua - Ngonoonda

Earth

Njini - Mpalankhanga

Earth

125

Name of road

Type of surface

Length of road

Functioning bridges

Non functioning bridges

Kasauka - Mzumazi

Earth

5.4

Chimutu - Anjazi

Earth

Bango - Chidewere

Earth

4.7

Khanganya - Masasa

Earth

Linthipe II - Mlamba

Earth

6.4

Mnyanga - Nthulu

Earth

Huwa – Jenya

Earth

Chumachitsala – Marist

Earth

3 10.5

Njonja – Lasani

Earth

4.5

385.7

The undesignated roads constitute tracks and trails. The number of undesignated roads keeps on increasing every year as new roads are opened and some footpaths upgraded under different programmes. As a result of this the road inventory is not properly updated. Undesignated roads form the largest number of road network in the District and there are a total of 36 recorded undesignated roads covering a total of 387.5 Km.

126

CHAPTER:8 SECURITY SERVICES Dedza District Council offers security services in collaboration with Malawi Police Service and Immigration Department, Prison Service and Judiciary. 8.1.1 MALAWI POLICE SERVICE Security Services Facilities The table below illustrates 14 number police facilities in the district. Table 166.Number and location of Police Stations, Units, and Road Blocks by TA/STA Station/Post And Unit

Dedza Police Station Linthipe Police Post Mtakataka Police post Thete Police Unit Mayani Police Unit Njonja Police Unit Chafumbwa Police Unit Kabwazi Police Unit Lobi Police Unit Namoni katengeza Police Unit Golomoti Police Unit Bembeke Police Unit Chimbiya Police Unit Dedza Road Block

Location By TA/STA

Kasumbu Kaphuka Kachindamoto Kachere Tambala Kachere Kachere Chilikumwendo Kachere Kaphuka Kachindamoto Kamenyagwaza Kaphuka Kamenyagwaza

Policing Area by TA/STA

Kasumbu, Kachere, Kaphuka kaphuka Kachindamoto Kachere and Kaphuka Tambala and Chaima Kachere Kachere Chilikumwendo Kachere Kaphuka Kachindamoto Kamenyagwaza Kaphuka National

SOURCE: Dedza Police Station, research & Planning Unit 2010

Some Police formations are so vast such that sometimes the quality of security services is compromised. There is need for establishment of more Police Units at Kapiri, Mganja and Ngozi areas in T/A Kachindamoto. Dedza Road block on M1 road is serving National security. 8.1.2 CRIME In the table above indicates that the district registered 2976 cases in the year of 2005 but in the year 2010 the district registered 1896 cases, it means in the period of five years, the district managed to reduce the criminal cases by 36.3%. Some of the reasons for the district to reduce the reported cases are as follows: Firstly, Police officers from all police formations conducted awareness and sensitization meetings in all CPF, CPCs and CPPs. Secondly, Police officers from all police formations were deployed for day and night patrols especially between 1000hrs and 1400hrs of the day and between 2300hrs and 0230hrs during night time, for prevention of assault and breaking cases respectively. 127

Table 167.Type and number of Crimes Committed/Reported up to 2012 Types of Crime/Offence Murder Rape Defilement Indecent Assault Armed Robbery Robbery with violence B.I.B.C.F. Therein House Breaking and Theft Burglary and Theft General theft Grievous harm Unlawful wounding A.O.A.B. Harm Other criminal offences District

2005 23 23 43 16 0 162 113 76 90 542 76 212 107 1439 2976

2006 22 31 19 29 0 127 77 89 88 492 64 187 99 1202 2467

No. Committed/Reported 2007 2008 2009 2010 23 25 22 28 26 16 13 6 24 18 14 15 13 11 9 4 0 0 1 3 87 56 84 26 66 108 92 35 102 92 83 33 152 127 119 102 457 421 406 107 49 38 31 81 194 176 173 62 43 65 58 50 1039 1091 1385 456 2287 2287 2516 1896

2011 16 11 24 10 3 59 91 90 319 481 26 226 424 405 1828

2012 23 21 14 9 4 40 55 56 64 208 19 153 60 270 996

Source: Dedza Police Station, research & planning unit 2012

Prosecution The branch works as an outlet of the criminal cases reported at the police Station, post and unit. It was established to bring suspects before court, escort young offenders to the probation officers and also to provide legal advice to the investigators. The table below shows the number of the cases taken to court (sub total) and sentences given. Some cases are otherwise disposed at the police formation, due to among other reasons; insufficient evidence, if the suspect not located and also if the case withdrawn by the complainant. Table 168.Results of Cases DESCRIPTION Convictions Acquittals Discharges withdrawals Sub total

2005 591 30 18 54 693

2006 707 60 34 45 844

2007 633 29 51 126 839

2008 637 40 37 48 762

2009 596 47 29 45 717

2010 334 39 29 61 463

2011 695 36 52 56 839

2012 243 21 14 13 291

Closed at station Outstanding TOTAL

1713 570 2976

1296 327 2467

811 637 2287

1274 360 2287

913 886 2516

567 866 1896

471 518 1828

342 363 996

Discharges and withdrawals were at peak in 2007 because the complainants were failing to report back to court to tender their evidence and for fear of sending their loved ones to prison. 128

From table 84, the number of cases brought before court continue to decrease as 92 offenders were brought before court in 2008 as compared to 333 in 2007 and 213 in 2006 as 165 in 2005 representing an average decrease of 42.2%. This has been so because the total number of cases has tremendously decreased since 2005 up to 2008 as you can see on the above table. (i) Type of Crime Offenders (First Time , Second Time and Multiple Offenders) trend years 2006 up to 2008 Most of the offenders in the years under review were first offenders. (i) Number of Crime Offenders (Type and Sex) Most of the offenders in the years under review were males, majority of who were between 18 and 35 years of age. 8.1.3 SECURITY SERVICES AVAILABLE Dedza Police provide the following services:  Day and Night Patrols  Crime Investigation  Crime Prevention  Law Enforcement  Victim Support  Community Policing  Public Order Management  Road Traffic Control and Road Accident Preventions  Escort/Guard/Search Duties Private Security Companies such as G4 Security, Kamu, Rangers, Loma Security companies have offices in the district where they provide security services in some enterprises like SOBO, Banks, Government departments etc. 8.1.4 COMMUNITY POLICING This branch was established to involve the general public in crime/ traffic detection and prevention. Structures were placed in all the Traditional Authorities, Group Village headmen and Villages to make sure that all people are accessing security services through these structures. Table 169.Community Policing Structures In The District Traditional Authority

1 2 3 4

Kachindamoto Kachere Kaphuka Kasumbu

No. CPP

1 1 1 1

No. CPP

No. CPC

18 42 46 16

169 378 313 141

129

No. of Neighborhood Watch 0 0 0 0

No. of Business Watch 2 4 2 5

5 6 7 8 9

Chilikumwendo Tambala Chauma Kamenyagwaza Dedza Urban TOTAL

1 1 1 1 1 9

25 16 8 6

169 327 129 70

177

1696

0 0 0 0 13 13

2 1 1 1 5 23

Source: Dedza Police Station, research & planning unit 2011

Within the Community Policing branch, there are several sub branches such as Victim Support Unit which deals with gender based violence cases; there is also Child Protection Desk Officer responsible for children matters. Table 170.Gender Based Violence Cases Handled Victim Support Unit OFFENCES Family Dissertation Domestic Violence Failing to support/maintain family Wife/Husband Battering Wife/Husband Chasing Child Abuse Child Labour Child Dumping Child Delinquency Child Abandoning Child Trafficking Property Grabbing Labour Issues

Land Dispute Forced Marriage Abduction TOTAL

2007 3 10 11 15 6 2 0 1 0 0 1 5 1 0

2008 2 5 20 7 12 4 0 1 0 0 1 3 0 0

2009 11 5 24 8 3 1 0 2 2 1 0 4 0 1

2010 8 6 29 10 12 1 0 0 5 1 0 5 0 0

2011 14 9 53 1 18 11 0 0 0 0 0 9 0

2012 6 25 6 15 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0

Total 42 96 184 81 73 24 2 7 7 4 2 32 2

0 0

2 2

0 54

0 55

1 64

2 80

0 115

2 58

5 561

Source: Dedza Police Station, research & planning unit 2012

Gender Based Violence cases has increased in the past five years (2005-2010) by 37.9% which resulted that most of the victims in cases of Gender Based Violence are vulnerable groups (women and children) and their perpetrators husbands and relatives. 80% of the victims were women, 15% were children and 5% were men. 8.1.4 OFFENCES COMMITTED BY YOUTH On young offenders most of them are between the age of 11 to 16 years, and the most involved offenders are male and in many cases they are being used by men. Statistics shows that malicious damage, theft, BIBCF therein, Unlawful wounding AOAB harm, Robbery by violence, B theft, Grievous Harm are offences that the youth usually committee

130

Table 171.The table below shows cases committed by the youths. 2010

OFFENCE

2011

2012

Malicious Damage

Theft

Murder

Defilement

Touting

BIBCF therein

Theft of cattle

Unlawful wounding

AOAB Harm

Robbery with Violence

Destroying Forest

Theft from Motor Vehicle

H/B/Theft

B/Theft

Theft of Bicycle

Grievous Harm

F.I.Possession of Indian Hemp

Rogue and Vagabond

CLC B of Peace

Theft of M/Cycle

Rape

F.I.Possession of Fake Currency

Arson

8.1.5 TRANSPORT The district uses three types of transport in order carry out duties efficiently. The statistics shows that. For the past seven years the district has been using 3 vehicles, motorcycles are also used and number of motorcycles has been increasing from 0 in 2005 the 2 in 2008 then the figure dropped to 1 in 2007, 2008 and 2009, the figure went up to 4 in 2001 and 11. Basing on number of crimes committed as shown in the table of crimes, there is indication current means of transport used to carry out duties are inadequate. Table 172.Type and Number of Police Transport (Vehicles, Motorcycles, bicycles) Vehicle M/Cycle Bicycle Runner No runner Runner No runner Runner No runner 2005 2 1 0 0 0

131

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

3 3 3 3 3 3

0 0 0 1 1 1

2 1 1 1 4 4

0 0 0 2 3 3

1 1 1 6 10 10

1 1 1 4 3 3

8.1.6 POLICE COMMUNICATION FACILITIES The MPS in Dedza uses three types of communication as illustrated in table below. The statistics clearly base radio and pack sets are the ones commonly used. This is evidenced by the increase of numbers for both types. Table 173.Type and Number of Police Communication Facilities

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Base radio MTL Lines Pack sets Working Not working Working Not working Working Not working 6 0 1 0 2 0 6 0 2 2 3 1 7 2 2 0 4 1 8 0 2 0 4 0 8 1 2 1 6 2 13 1 2 1 6 2 11 2 2 1 6 2

8.1.7 NUMBER AND CAPACITY OF JAILS/CELLS The district has number of 6 six cells and with total capacity of 120 offenders. The statistics in the table below shows that Linthipe police unit, Mtakataka, Mayani Police Unit, Thete police unit have a number of 2 cells each. While reaming ones have 1 cell each.The parent station (Dedza) need to construct new cells for females and juveniles and renovate the current one to accommodate growing number of offenders. Table 174.Number and capacity of police cell Station Dedza Police Station Linthipe Police Post Mtakataka Police Post Njonja Police Unit Mayani Police Unit Kabwazi Police Unit Chafumbwa Police Unit

Number of cells 1 2 2 1 2 1 1

Capacity 10 30 30 5 20 5 5

132

Station Lobi Police Unit Thete Police Unit Namoni Katengeza Police Unit

Number of cells 1 2 1

Golomoti Police Unit Chimbiya Police Unit Bembeke Police Unit Dedza Prison Chitowo police unit

1 1 0 6 2

Capacity 5 20 3 15 3 0 120 20

Source: Dedza Police Station, Research & Planning Unit

Fire Facilities Presently Dedza District does not have firefighting equipment hence does not have firemen. There is need to have the fire service in Dedza as we depend on Lilongwe City Council in case of need which is 89 Km away. 8.1.8 SECURITY SERVICES PERSONNEL 1. Policemen (i) Number of Police Personnel The total number of Police Officers in the District is 211. (ii) Police to population ratio The population is 624,445 quoting 2008 population census, representing a Police to population ratio of 1: 2988. The male population of the district is 297,529 while female population is 326,916. The total land area of Dedza is 3,624km2 representing 3.8% of the total land area of Malawi. Table 175. Number of police officers by grade

Source Dedza police station 2013. 133

Table 176.Number of police officers by grade RANK SACP S/SUPT SUPT A/SUPT INSPECTOR S/INSPECTOR SERGEANT CONSTABLE

MALE

TOTAL

FEMALE 1 2 1 2 5 28 50 69

1 3 2 4 6 34 60 90

1 1 2 1 6 10 21

Source: Dedza Police Station, Research & Planning Unit 2013

Traffic Management While geographically, environmentally and historically Dedza is famous, its name rings sad bells to Malawians for it is linked to many fatal road accidents in the last few years which have claimed over hundred lives. To reduce these accidents, there is a need for concerted efforts from everyone. The station cherishes support from social measures project in the Ministry of Local Government through the District Commissioners' office to conduct Youth and Schools Outreach Programmes. Major causes of road traffic accidents in the district include:  Careless / reckless driving  Over speeding  Use of un roadworthy vehicles  Inadequate road signs  Drink and drive  Target by some SPV operators which forces their drivers to drive recklessly. The station has intensified traffic patrols and checks, removal of un roadworthy vehicles and maximizes the use of speed gun (trap machine). Table 177.Table Below Summarizes Occurrence Of Accidents And File Records Description Fatal Serious Minor Damages Animal Killed/Injured TOTAL

2005 28 23 45 0 2 98

2006 27 18 32 12 3 92

2007 32 19 48 13 4 116

2008 43 19 28 8 NIL 98

2009 43 16 25 8 3 95

2010 36 25 16 3 NIL 80

2011 40 31 25 8 1 105

Source: Dedza Police Station, Research & Planning Unit 2012

For the past five years, road traffic accidents has been reduced by 22.5%.Though the introduction of speed trap has enabled the Police to reduce road traffic accidents by 134

15.8% in the year 2010, the traffic branch lacks mobility and that stationary check points and patrols have proved ineffective. Table 178.Accidents Files Records VARIABLES YEAR Accident reported Pending at station Sent for perusal Taken to court Acquitted Imprisoned /fined Fined Value of fine MK)

Number Of Accident Files Handled 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 98 92 116 98 95 80 29 20 44 16 28 55 11 17 26 33 19 Nil 18 7 9 5 12 10 0 1 0 0 2 Nil 40 47 69 43 10 170, 000 104, 500 234, 000 139, 000 122, 500 10, 715,400

2011 113 80 4 29 5 24 424, 000

The speed gun also has assisted the Police to collect more revenue in 2010 than in the 2009 when is introduced. Fatal road accident cases delays because the Police are failing to pay for medical reports at the hospital and that the system of sending files for perusal at the Office of Director of Public Prosecution delays justice resulting in many files pending at the station.

8.2.1 JUDICIAL SERVICES Mission statement of the Judiciary is to provide independent and impartial justice and judicial services that are efficient and that earn the respect, trust and confidence of the society. This mission statement demonstrates that the key rule of the judiciary is to protect, promote and uphold the rule of law. Democracy and human rights as enshrined in the constitution. The Judiciary also aims at promoting social economic development and attainment of peace and security in collaboration with other stakeholders. Core Value of the Judiciary  Integrity  Accountability  Responsiveness Overall all Objective of the Judiciary  Promote, protect and uphold the rule of law, democracy, human rights and the constitution to enable socio economic development and achieve peace and security in collaboration with other related institution or players. 135

 Respect the quality and dignity of all, and unsure that services are accessible user friendly and affordable. Broad strategies of the Judiciary  To improve number of crime flow management and monitoring system  To exercise good leadership supported by qualified and competent staff. 8.2.2 COURTS There are 7 courts in the district in with the furthest being Katewe about 80 km from Dedza Boma. Among the 7 magistrate courts, 5 are functioning. The following are courts that are functioning Dedza, Mtakataka, Maonde, Mkhaza and Katewe. Two courts that are not functioning are Mlunduni and Chitundu. Lack of staff houses and court rooms are issues that contribute to closure of the facilities. The table below illustrates the name of the court, grade, distance and Traditional Authority in which are located. Further the table shows that Katewe Fourth Grade court is 80km from the Boma, followed by Mtakataka First Grade Court 51km. Table 179. name of courts by TA, Grade and Distance to the Boma Name of Court

Grade

Dedza Mtakataka Mkhaza Maonde Katewe Mlunduni Chitundu

First Grade First Grade Second Grade Second Grade Fourth Grade Vacant Vacant

Kasumbu Kachindamoto Kaphuka Kachere Chilikumwendo Kasumbu Tambala

Distance from the Boma (Km) 0 km (at the Boma) 51 km 30 km 30 km 80 km 15 km 49 km

Source Dedza District Magistrate Court

The above mentioned magistrate courts have original jurisdiction over criminal and civil cases register, concluded, pending and backlog. 8.2.3 CRIMINAL CASES A criminal case is a case which deals with public wrongs. These are offences against the state. A criminal case usually attracts punishment such as fine, imprisonment or both. Such punishment is usually satisfies the public. Furthermore is usually decided by a criminal court and is always prosecuted by the state. The table below shows that assaults has more cases among the cases registered. The highest figure was 188 in 2009 followed by 162 in 2007 and the least was 150 in 2008 and the trend increased by 16%. Bleach of peace was also on high side, but there was a 136

relative change of trend from 112 in 2007 to 40 in 2009 representing a decrease of 64%. Cases that also showed relative changes were rape and witch craft. Table 180.Criminal Registered per year 2007

2008

2009

162

150

188

Bleach of peace

112

Theft

107

225

256

Road Traffic

111

Other

143

Malicious Damaged

Rape

Burglary

Robbery

638

779

639

Type of case Assaults

Witch craft Total

Table below shows the trends of concluded criminal cases, more case were concluded on assaults with 115 in 2007, 110 in 2008 and 137 in 2009. Generally there is a positive relative change to most of cases concluded. Table 181.Criminal concluded per year 2007

2008

2009

115

110

137

Theft

162

243

Malicious Damaged

Bleach of peace

Rape

Robbery

Burglary

Road Traffic

111

Other

Type of case Assaults

Witch craft

The table below illustrates pending cases from previous years, because of the postings of presiding magistrates and court clerks; hence there were no immediate replacements. The table clearly shows that assaults, bleach of peace and theft are cases that are on the high side.

137

Table 182.Criminal cases pending per year 2007

2008

2009

Assaults

Theft

Malicious Damaged

Bleach of peace

Rape

Robbery

Burglary

Witch craft

Road Traffic

Other

Total

260

256

119

Type of case

8.2.4 CIVIL CASES Civil case is a case which starts by the way of civil summons. It is usually settled by remedies. A civil case is usually settled in a civil court or could be settled by the parties concerned amicably outside court at any point before judgment. Examples of civil cases are shown in the table 183. Table 183.Table Civil cases registered per year Type of case Debt Divorce Impregnation Maintenance Affiliation Land Other Total

2007 228 326 86 37 8 0 65 750

2008 282 385 67 28 4 0 50 816

2009 168 256 68 31 13 15 114 665

The 186 table above shows that divorce registered more cases compared to other cases. The domestic violence contributed greatly to the increase of cases in divorce. The highest figure was registered was 385 in 2008 followed by 326 in 2007 and figure dropped to 256 in 2009. Debt also indicates that it a big issue taking into account of figures shown above. This indicates that people are poor therefore they cannot afford to buy back what they borrowed.There is minimal decrease on impregnation and maintenance as figures for impregnation decreased to 68 in 2009 from 86 in 2007 and 67 138

in 2008. Maintenance also the figure went down to 31 in 2009 from 37 in 2007. Land disputes were only registered in 2009. Table 184.Civil cases concluded per year Civil Cases Debt Divorce Impregnation Maintenance Affiliation Land Other Total

2007 228 221 56 25 2 0 21 553

2008 274 145 30 20 0 0 5 474

2009 130 100 31 13 1 0 46 321

The table above shows more cases were concluded in debt followed by divorce. Debt cases concluded reached 274 as the highest figure in 2008, followed by 228 in 2007 and then 130 in 2009. For divorce the highest figure concluded was 221 in 2007, followed by 145 in 2008 and 100 in 2009. Table 185.Civil cases pending per year Civil Cases Debt Divorce Impregnation Maintenance Affiliation Land Other Total

2007 0 105 30 12 6 0 44 197

2008 8 240 37 8 4 0 45 342

2009 36 84 23 5 5 0 21 174

Table above shows that there was no pending case on debt in 2007 that indicate that cases were concluded the previous year as indicated in the table of concluded cases. Only 8 were pending in 2008 and 36 was the figure on the pending list for debt. More pending cases are on divorce with highest figure in of 240 in 2008 followed by 105 in 2007 and the least was 84 in 2009. Pending figures are also appearing on impregnation and maintenance as follows impregnation with highest figure of 37 in 2008 followed by 30 in 2007 and 23 was registered as the lowest in 2009. Table 186.Staffing Establishment and filled per year by sex in the district Post First Grade Magistrate Second Grade Magistrate

2008

2008 M 2 1

F 1 0

139

M 2 1

2009 F 1 0

M 2 1

F 1 0

Post

2008

2008 M 0 3 1 1 2 4 0 9 0 0

Third Grade Magistrate Fourth Grade District Court Admin Community Service Officer Senior Court Clerk Court Clerk Accounts Assistant Court Marshal Security Guard Copy Typist

F 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 0

M 0 3 1 1 2 4 0 9 0 0

2009 F 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 2

M 0 3 1 1 2 5 0 17 8 0

F 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 6 0 0

The table above shows staffing filled the post by gender. According to the table the district 7 magistrates and 6 are male and 1 female for the three years period. The district also has 1 administrator, 1 community service officer, 7 clerks comprising of 6 males and 1 female. 1 female accounts officer, 11 court marshal of which 9 are males and 2 are females. As of now the council has no copy typist. 8.3.1 PRISON SERVICES 8.3.2 PRISONERS CAPACITY There were six cells at Dedza Prison with male section having five cells while female section one cell only. On average basis, 260 prisoners were accommodated at the prison against the recommended holding capacity of 100 prisoners. This gives a prisoner cell ratio of 2.6:1. Table 187.Prisoners capacity between the years 2008 to 2009 Cell No.

Recommended Capacity

Number of Prisoners 2007

2008

2009

100

260

270

252

Total

From table 189, the number of inmates increased from 260 to 270 in the years 2007 to 2008. However, the number reduced from 270 in the year 2008 to 252 in the year 2009. In all cases, male prisoners dominated with the highest percentage being 95.2% (240) in the year 2009. There was an increase of prisoners under detention in2007-2009 because of the following reasons; 140

 Imprisonment was the main judgment by court despite that that was other punishment such as community service.  Most of prisoners, serving long term sentences were not transferred to Maula as it is required since there was congestion at Maula. There was decrease of total number of prisoners in 2008-2009 because of the following reasons;  There were frequent court camps at the prison, therefore some prisoners were charged and released in time if not guilty.  Some prisoners were transferred to Maula. 8.3.3 COMMON OFFENCES The common offences in 2007/2008 were as follows;  Theft  Burglary  Arson  Robbery  Unlawful wounding  Rogues and Vagabond  Intimidation Staff Strength Table 188.Prison staff to prisoner ratio Year

No. Of Officers

2007 2008 2009

M 19 22 23

F 8 6 11

No. Of prisoners T 27 28 34

260 270 252

Prisoner to staff ratio

10:1 10:1 7:1

From table 190, the prisoner to staff ratio has been generally higher above the national recommended 5:1 for the period 2007 to 2009. The number of staff had been increasing due to consecutive recruitment that the department had. Staff Accommodation Since 2007-2009, there have been only six houses for prison officers. Almost 28 Prison Officers dwell outside the compass, representing 93.3 percent staff without accommodation.

141

Rehabilitation Activities In the year 2007, Fish farming was introduced at Dedza Prison as rehabilitation activity for Prisoners. 31 prisoners benefited from this programme. Irrigation scheme was another rehabilitation activity took place in 2007.Nine prisoners were attached to this programme. In the year 2008, Rabbit rearing programme was introduced that attached 10 prisoners. Whilst in the year 2009, Bee keeping was a fourth programme introduced at Dedza Prison. Key issues affecting Prison services  Prisoners’ capacity has been very high since 2007. Therefore congestion is the main challenge being faced at the Prison.  Shortage of staff houses is also another challenge at the prison.  Under staffing also occurs at Dedza Prison. Rehabilitation activities have been a good tool to transform inmates into reliable citizens after the completion of their imprisonment and therefore should be continued.

142

CHAPTER 9.District Development Planning Framework (DDPF) Table 189. District Development Planning Framework Development Issue 1: High Malnutrition Rate No 1

Strategic Issue High malnutrition

Causes 

Low knowledge on food utilization and nutrition



Cultural beliefs



High post harvest losses High Extension worker: Farmer Ratio (1:2124) Low livestock production

 

Development Objective Reduce malnutrition to 30% by 2018

Immediate Objective 



Poor access to produce markets

    

Poor organization of farmers Low knowledge on group organization and marketing Poor produce processing and value addition Poor road networks Production of poor



Promote access to produce markets



143

To increase knowledge on food utilization and nutrition to70% Reduce postharvest losses by 50% by 2018 To reduce extension worker: Farmer Ratio from1:2124 to.1:1500)by 2018 To promote livestock production by 30%

Promote farmer organization in marketing by 65% by 2018 Promote food processing and value addition by 45% by 2018

Strategies 

Sensitization of farming families on Food (both plant and animal) utilization and nutrition  Trainings on food utilization (diet diversification, food processing)  Introducing post harvest storage technologies (trainings and demonstrations)  Promote sustainable food production at household level  Reducing Extension: Farmer Ratio  Promote livestock production  Promote livestock disease surveillance 



Promote formation of farmer marketing association and cooperatives Facilitate farmer market associations to profitable and

Strategic Issue

Causes

Development Objective

Immediate Objective

Strategies

quality produce

reliable markets



Promote production of high quality produce by 60% by 2018



 

Low access to farm inputs (Inorganic fertilizers, seeds, herbicides, pesticides)

 

High cost of farm inputs Inadequate farm input out let shops



To improve access to farm inputs



To increase access to farm inputs by 50% by 2018

  

 

144

Facilitate trainings on agribusiness, and group organization Promote value addition and processing of agricultural produce Promote crop production diversification and introduction of profitable non-traditional crops Promote farm mechanization Provision of extension services on production of high quality produce Promote group organization Promote manure making Facilitate establishment of input outlet shops Promote village seed banks Promote migratory pest monitoring and integrated pest management

No 4

Strategic Issue Under utilization of irrigation potential

Causes    

Development Objective 

Siltation of Abstraction points Land and water conflicts Inadequate irrigation equipment Under staffing

To improve utilizatio n of irrigation potential

Immediate Objective

Strategies



Reduce siltation of abstraction points by 60% by 2018 Reduce land and water conflicts by 40% by 2018



Sensitization of farmers on siltation of abstraction points Training of front line staff and farmers on operation maintenance in irrigation sites Promote community mobilization on land and water management Procurement of irrigation materials and equipment

Development issue 2: Low literacy levels No 1

Strategic Issue High Illiteracy Rates 48%

Causes        

Inadequate teaching and learning materials High learner/ permanent classroom ratio High learner/qualified teacher ratio Inadequate sanitation Weak capacity of social school structures High school dropout rates Low male participation in literacy circles High literacy instructor dropout rates

Development Objective  Reduce illiteracy rates from 48% to 35% by 2018

145

Immediate Objective  -Reduce the learner/ textbook ratio from 8/1 to 2/1 by 2018  -Increase the supply of adult literacy instructor’s guides and learner’s books  -Reduce the learner/desk ratio from 29/1 to 3/1 by 2018  -Increase the supply of note books, dusters, chalk boards, chart paper and writing materials to schools

Strategies 

 



Provide text books of all learning areas/ subjects to all classes in all schools Provide desks to all schools provide note books, dusters, chalk boards, chart paper and writing materials to schools Provide adult literacy instructor’s guides and learner’s books Provide and maintain permanent

Strategic Issue

Inadequate capacity of key stakeholders and inadequate supervision

Causes

 

Development Objective

Inadequate trainings for key stakeholders Inadequate supervision

Reduce illiteracy rates from 48% to 35% by 2018

Immediate Objective  Reduce the learner/ permanent classroom ratio from 143/1 to 60/1 by 2018  Reduce the learner/ qualified teacher ratio from 106/1 to 60/1 by 2018  Increase the number of safe water points in schools from 136 to 216 by 2018  Reduce the learner/latrine ratio from 107:1 to 60:1 by 2018  Build the capacity of SMCs, PTAs and Mother groups in management and good governance of schools by 2018  Reduce school dropout rates from 7.1% to 1% by 2018  Increase participation of males in literacy circles from to by 2018  Provide conducive working environment for instructors  Build the capacity of literacy circle supervisors to supervise literacy circles

Strategies



 



 



146

classrooms for schools in need Provide more qualified teachers to schools Provide safe water sources to all schools Provide latrines to all schools

Provide training to all SMCs, PTAs and Mother groups -Enforce the school readmission policy -Enforce the automatic promotion policy -Provide a learner friendly learning environment Provide awareness on the importance of literacy to both men and women -Increase instructors honoraria -ensure timely payment of honoraria for instructors Provide training

Strategic Issue

Causes

Development Objective

Immediate Objective

Strategies to literacy circle supervisors on supervisory skills

Development issue 3: Low community economic empowerment No

Strategic Issue

Causes

Unsustainable and poor business activities

Low capacity in Financial literacy and business mgmt skills

Development 

Objective

Enhancement of financial literacy and business mgmt skills of individual members in the business groups.

Immediate Objective  Enhance capacities of individual members in small business groups from 50% to 80 % by 2018

Strategies   

  1 2

Low or poor enterprise growth

Poor /low participation in investment promotion stiff conditions of the financial lending Institutions



Promote the culture of investment within the rural communities through COMSIP Increase chances of accessibility on business startup capital.

147



To increase the number of COMSIP groups from 40 % to 90% by 2018 To facilitate the increase of community loaning out base in individual groups at least to 65% by 2018



  

 

Mobilize and form business groups Conduct informal trainings Conduct group screening for formal trainings Conduct formal trainings Facilitate linkages. Strategize and rein force group share management Intensify cooperative concept Facilitate adoption of value chains Strategize and rein force group share management Intensify cooperative concept Facilitate adoption of value chains

No 3

Strategic Issue

Causes

Low females participation in the ADC and VDC structures

Lack /little information on active gender mainstreaming

Compromised community safety & security for women and children

Development 



Little information and few community based structures on justice advocacy.

Objective

To promote female participation in local decision making bodies.

Immediate Objective  Promote female participation to at least 40% in local decision making bodies.



Promote community safety and security for women and children

Strategies 



Increase justice advocacy for women and children to at least 85% by 2018.

Conduct gender mainstreamin g sensitization meetings Conduct gender mainstreamin g formal./ Informal trainings. Facilitate establishment of Community Victim Support Units at VDC level.

Development Issue: 4. Theft and low Security N o

Strategic Issue High Gender Based Violence cases

Causes  

Development Objective Drug and alcohol abuse Negative culture practices



To reduce GBV cases by 2018

Immediate Objective

Strategies



Reducing cases of drug and alcohol abuse



1 2

Increasing level of crime



Inactive community policing structures. Porous borders



Increase number of active and revamping community policing structures Improve security in border areas



Increase awareness meetings with CPS members Establish adhock roadblocks



 



148

Conduct awareness campaigns emphasizing on GBV Support VDCs in identifying solutions to local security problems Revamp nonfunctional community policing structures Train the community in crime prevention Visit homes in order to conduct crime prevention home audits Conduct crime

N o

Strategic Issue

Causes

Development Objective

Immediate Objective

Strategies



surveys in Govt, NGOs and Private premises Establishment of border patrol teams

Limited operational resources



Inadequate funding from central government



Improvement of transport system for quick response



Improve service provision to the public



Human Rights Inadequate infrastructure s (Prisoners visitors’ shelter, HTC rooms, cells and staff houses)



Ignorance of rights Inadequate funding from central government



Reduce cases of human rights abuse Improvement of Dedza Prison infrastructure



Train the community on Human rights To reduce number of officers living outside the camp and conducive environment for visitors and detainees



Improve living standard of prisoners Improve service Renovate 4 dilapidated courts Provision of magistrates Improve service delivery to the public



Renovate the cells at the prison camp



Purchase of 2 new motorcycles Rehabilitation of courts Location of magistrates Purchase of 3 new motorcycles



Limited operational resources



Poor condition of Dedza prison



To improve living standard of prisoners



COURT Nonfunctional courts Understaffing Limited operational resources



Limited operational resources(vehicle s ,fuel) Dilapidated courts Inadequate human resource Limited operational resources(motorc ycles, fuel)



Increase number of running vehicles Renovation of Courts Increasing number of magistrates Increase number of running motorcycles



  

149

  



  

Maintenance vehicles, motorcycles and purchase 5 new motorcycles Conduct customer care and human rights trainings for Police officers. Awareness campaigns on human rights for members of the general public. Mainstreaming human rights issues in already existing clubs and committees. Construct new staff houses (police & prison camps) and visitors’ shelter.

Development Issue 5: Low access to Health Services No

Strategic Issue

High HIV and AIDS incidence (new cases) and prevalence (7.5%)

Causes  



Development Objective Prostitution Inadequate knowledge in HIV and AIDS prevention High risk behavior among the youth



To reduce prevalence of HIV and AIDS from 7.5% to 5% by 2018 in Dedza District

Immediate Objective

Strategies



    

To reduce the incidence (new cases) of HIV and AIDS from 7.5% in 2010 to 5% in 2018 To reduce the prevalence of HIV and AIDS among women To increase delayed sex and safer sex among the youth

 



Concurrent multiple sexual partners Poverty Lack of access to condoms Gender based violence Harmful cultural practices Injection drug use, blood transfusions, and use of other HIV contaminated items



150

Reduce multiple and concurrent partners through promotion of HIV and AIDS prevention measures Provide universal HIV testing and counseling Increase delayed sex, and safer sex among young people by providing targeted life skills education and assess behavioral impact among boys and girls Scale up voluntary medical male circumcision by increasing awareness and access Scale up HIV and AIDS programs in the workplace by conducting trainings for workplace committees and conducting regular staff awareness meetings Increase accessibility of post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) by increasing the number of ART sites Improve access and proper use of male and female

Strategic Issue

Causes

Development Objective

Immediate Objective

Strategies



High mortality and morbidity among children under 5 (160 per 1000 live births)

  



Malnutrition Diseases (i.e. diarrhea, malaria, ARI) Inadequate health infrastructure Inadequate supply of drugs, medical supplies, and equipment



To reduce mortality among children under 5 from 160 per 1000 live births in 2010 to 134 by 2018. To reduce morbidity among children under 5



151

To increase knowledge to caregivers about dietary diversification To increase the coverage of long-lasting insecticide treated nets. To increase access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene at the household level. To increase early, healthy seeking behavior. Increase access to family



condoms by increasing coordination with community health workers and increasing education Modify harmful cultural practices by engaging local leaders and traditional authorities Promote positive deviant hearth by community capacity building on use of locally available foods Improve referral mechanisms to nutritional rehabilitation units by early identification of malnourished children Provision of longlasting insecticide treated nets by National Malaria Control Program Provision of safe water by distributing HTH and promoting the

Strategic Issue

Causes

Development Objective

Immediate Objective



planning services. Increase number of health facilities from 33 to 36, upgrade 3 dispensaries to full health centers, and upgrade one current health facility to a rural hospital.

Strategies



High infant mortality (79 per 1000 live births)



Lack of access to adequate health services diseases (ie, ARI)



To reduce infant mortality from 79 per 1000 live births in 2010 to 69 per 1000 live births in 2018

152



To establish village clinics with adequate resources Increase coverage of immunization services from 80% to 90%

 



use of water guard Implementation open defecation free Dedza through community led total sanitation Promote use of hand washing facilities by sensitization of the communities Increase awareness on the need for seeking early medical care by mobilizing the communities Build capacity of health surveillance assistants on provision of some family planning methods Provide more health facilities by constructing 3 facilities, upgrading 3 dispensaries to a full health center, maintenance of 22 health facilities, and the extension of one facility to a rural hospital Increase number of village clinics from 75 to 100. Procure adequate essential drugs and supplies by DHO Provision of antigens at all

Strategic Issue

Causes

Development Objective

Immediate Objective

Strategies

by 2018.

High maternal mortality (704 per 100,000 women of child bearing age)

Hemorrhages



To reduce maternal mortality from 704 per 100,000 women of child bearing age in 2010 to 150 per 100,000 women of child bearing age in 2018.



To train 80 HSA’s in community case management



Increase awareness on reproductive health issues

times by ensuring that all under 5 clinics are conducted



Mobilize communities through awareness campaigns on reproductive health issues

Development Issue 6: Limited transport and communication infrastructure No 1

Issues

Causes

Poor condition of some structures such as roads, road structures, and houses.

Roads:  Adverse weather conditions  Encroachment of road reserve and carriage way  Insufficient routine maintenance works  Weak road surface soils (cotton black soils) Bridges:  Construction of temporary structures  Adverse weather conditions  Lack of routine maintenance

Development Objective 

To increase access to good quality public infrastructure by 10% by 2018.

Immediate Objective 

To improve quality of infrastructure

Strategy  

 



153

Upgrading roads to all weather roads Intensify civic education on effects of road encroachment vandalism. Promote routine maintenance work Promote construction of permanent structures Intensify monitoring and supervision of construction projects. Training of artisans, contractors and technical

Issues

Causes 

Development Objective

Immediate Objective

Strategy

works Vandalism of bridge of bridge components

personnel in construction

Houses:  Use of poor quality materials for construction  Poor workmanship  Lack of routine maintenance works 2

Insufficient infrastructure

  

High population growth Low number of buildings Low number of road structures

To increase access to infrastructure by 10% by 2018.



To increase number of infrastructure

 

Construct more buildings Construct more road structures

Development Issue 7: Low access to safe water and sanitation No 1

Issues Poor accessibility to safe water

Causes   



Development Objective Inadequate safe water points Non-functional safe water points Poor supply chain of spare parts for borehole maintenance Inability of communities to operate & maintain their boreholes Vandalism of water points especially boreholes Inadequate financial resources

To increase accessibility to safe water from 65% to 80% by 2017.

Immediate Objective 



154

To increase number of safe water points To increase number of functioning water points from 66% to 100% To improve accessibility of water point repair parts Increase number of trained Village Health & Water Committees in CBM To reduce

Strategy  



Construct 607 new boreholes, 447 shallow wells Rehabilitate/main tain all nonfunctional water points Sensitize shop owners within strategic trading centre points on trading in borehole spare parts Train 2082 Village Health & Water Committees and 2411 Water Point Committees Integrate community



Inadequate human resources



cases of borehole vandalism To improve availability of adequate financial resources for the DWO office To increase number of Water Monitoring Assistants



policing into CBM trainings Lobby for more funding from Central level and Development partners Lobby for adequate Water Monitoring Assistants

Development Issue 8: Low Urban Development No

Issues

Poor physical development in 14 urban centres

Causes 



Development Objective

Weak development enforcement control Lack of layout plans in trading centers

Improve physical development planning in 5 trading centers by 2018.

Immediate Objective 

  

Poor ICT communication in 14 trading centers

 

Absence of Tele Centers Poor knowledge on Internet use



Improve ICT access in 5 trading centers by 2018. Improve knowledge on internet use for 5 Tel Centers by 2018.

155



Strategy

Improve development control enforcement in 5 trading centers by 2018. Regulate settlement patterns Improve development control Unplanned trading centers reduced



To increase access to ICT in a trading centre per year by 2018. To increase the number of 20 people for internet use per Tel Center



   

 

Enforce development controls Review and implement zoning plans Sensitize the developers on planning issues Prepare layout plans for trading centers Establish relevant by-laws

Donate ICT equipment to trading centers Establish Tele center in Trading Centers Capacity building of community in internet use

Issues

Low revenue base

Causes   

Development Objective

Poor market infrastructures Weak market committees Un tapped revenue



 

Poor waste management

  



 

Inappropriate dumping site Inadequate transportation of solid waste Lack of waste treatment facilities



Immediate Objective

Improve all market infrastructures by 2018. To Strengthen the market committees Collect revenue from other unexplored avenues like bicycles , taxis, car hire, boat licensing



Improved health status through sanitation and waste management



Increase revenue collection by 30%

Strategy 

    Improve sewerage, electronic and solid waste disposal and treatment

  



Inadequate waste collection points / receptacles

 

Illicit dumping of household waste Absence of disposal for electronic waste equipment

 

156

Construct additional infrastructures such as sheds, toilets, water points, slaughter houses Rehabilitate and maintain existing infrastructures. Revamp market committees Review TOR' Introduce licenses Provide adequate sewerage disposal facilities Provide proper solid waste disposal sites Provide waste treatment facility Capacity building on waste management Provide adequate transport for solid waste Provide adequate waste collection points Promote clean development mechanism Capacity building on electronic waste management

Development Issue 9: Low coordination of development effort N o 1

Issues

Weak local leadership

Causes

  

Weak local level structures/instit utions eg ADC, VDC, neighbourhoods , market committee, Civil Protection Committees, CBOs etc



 

Development Objective

Immediate Objective

Strategy

Low literacy levels Lack of leadership skills Inadequate orientation on leadership issues

To strengthen leadership at local level

To improve quality of leadership at local level



Lack of frequent committee meetings Poor committee leadership Lack of technical backstopping by the Council

To strengthen capacity of local level structures/institutions



157

To improve frequency of meetings of local level structures/insti tutions To enhance technical backstopping of local level structures/insti tution



Promote adult literacy learning targeting local leaders Organize leadership orientation workshops for local leaders Promote conduct of meetings by local level structures/instituti ons Organize leadership skills trainings for local level structures Enhance technical backstopping of local level structures by the Council