Study area analysis

railway junction that connects all of the country's states. Vijayawada is currently the capital of the new state of Andhra Pradesh. Population growth has been fast, almost tripling in three decades, culminating in 2001 with a population of 8.45 lakhs. In 2001, the total gross density was 13600 per square kilometre. Vijayawada has a lot of room for growth and development. By 2021, the city's population is projected to reach 16.5 lakh. With an ever-increasing population and unprecedented urban development, the city's environment is experiencing unwelcome changes. A rectangular region that covers the surrounding area of Vijayawada city has been chosen for the current research. Vijayawada is the second biggest city in Andhra Pradesh, with an area of 61.86 square kilometres and a population of about 11 lakhs. It has a population density of 16, 518 people per square kilometre [2011 census] and an annual population growth rate of 17.2 percent, compared to the national average of 10.93 percent. The city accounts for about 3.91 percent of the state's total urban population. The city relies on business activity due to its location as a transportation hub linking north and south India. Vijayawada city, along with the adjacent urban regions on its outskirts, is the county's 34th biggest urban agglomeration. Being situated on India's east coast, approximately 70 kilometres from the Bay of Bengal, it is heavily influenced by the subcontinent's monsoonal activity. The city gets rainfall from both the southwest and northeast monsoons and has very high temperatures in the summer. During the northeast monsoon, the city is subjected to cyclonic winds (especially during the months of September and November), floods, and heat waves (April and May). Over the last several years, the city has seen an average temperature of 27oC, with high temperatures reaching at approximately 46oC in the month of May. The city's vegetation/tree cover is very low.

Study area analysis

The detection of urban heat islands (UHI) is helpful for protecting urban areas from the potentially harmful impacts of UHI. Proper environmental management, including appropriate methods to prevent deforestation and de-vegetation, as well as the creation of green areas, may help to decrease the severity of the issue. The traditional measurement of temperatures using thermometers may be time-consuming, and their interpretation in the form of maps can be difficult. The use of satellite pictures may be a good solution for this. Several studies studied the UHI impact using satellite technologies. Land surface temperature may be calculated using satellite photos with thermal band information. Landsat is one of the biggest satellites, providing multispectral and thermal pictures since the 1970s. Knowledge the pattern of urbanisation requires an understanding of the spatiotemporal features of land use land cover change. Changes in land use and land cover may be detected and assessed using multi-temporal satellite imagery. Divine Odame Appiah et al. used geo information methods to analyse changes in land use and land cover]. Lewoye Teague used remote sensing data and GIS analysis to evaluate land use land cover change and its causes, and she tracked urban land use land cover change using multi temporal remote sensing satellite information. Several studies utilised multi-temporal and multi-spectral satellite