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Sheet 1
Medium Scale Hospital No. of beds: 200 Garbage generated per bed per day: 1.5 kg a) Hazardous: 15% b) Hazardous but non-infective: 5% c) Hazardous and infective: 10% d) Non-hazardous: 85%
Area planning: Motility of Garbage: Collection of non hazardous waste through garbage chutes leading to the common garbage collection area
User end planning Biodegradable wastes from the kitchen can be used as fertilizer for window gardens since it purifies the air entering the patient rooms
Biomedical wastes can be stored for longer periods of time with lesser chance of spreading infection
A hospital carries a commitment to improve the general health standards of the public
Intermediate design stages Biowaste containment unit (BCU) 타 A standard unit which serves as a place of collection for
bio-waste can be included in every type of hospital 타 Size of the unit and the number of garbage bins that it can handle can vary depending on the capacity of the hospital
Final design stages
Nascent design concepts -Each type of person should have a unique circulation space, which may or may not crisscross -The hospital represents a building type which generates almost every type of garbage -Hospital built forms should not be curvilinear to ensure better waste mobility -The stretch of circulation spaces in hospitals should be minimized so that there is efficient and quick removal of garbage -Reduction of circulation space stretches also reduces building construction costs
Tiles made of bonded and indigenous Belati Jhau (Casuarina) wood chips from furniture industry wastes can be used as cladding in operation theatres since they have anti-microbial properties
Cost of transportation decreases because the frequency of garbage truck visits reduces considerably
Why BCU? The BCUs are cooled by AC ducts leading from the mortuary since they require the same temperatures
The unit is built with wastes of hospital construction. It provides maximum thermal resistance to decrease energy consumption
Hospital design
Sheet 2 Construction phase Virgin bitumen binders are produced by heating and vacuum distilling crude petroleum
Demolition phase
-Fly ash clay bricks are more environmentally Bitumen roofing shingles are melted friendly to use than concrete fly ash bricks and added to asphalt. -Cement production consumes more energy than production of sun baked bricks
타 Bitumen in buildings is present in felt roofing
shingles. 타 Recycled bitumen obtained from melting asphalt can be used for the manufacture of these shingles. Soft bitumen should be preferred for recycling since it requires lesser energy during the process of recycling.
Transportation of bitumen involves heating of bitumen. The trucks can be lined with photovoltaic cells which charge batteries when the truck is stationary and heat the bitumen when it is moving.
Bitumen is combustible and so to prevent inflammation mineral wool can be added since mineral wool is fireproof and environmentally friendly
-Plasterboard land filled with biodegradable waste produces hydrogen sulphide -The hydrogen sulphide produced can be used in nuclear power plants to separate radioactive wastes -When properly segregated, the plasterboard can be recycled to produce fresh plasterboard units
-Plasterboard during its lifetime releases sulphur fumes which is deleterious to health -Sulphur fumes can be stopped by applying a layer of alkaline coating
Intermediate environmental effects Bitumen at normal air temperatures does not give out fumes and so does not cause environmental damage
타 Recycled fly ash along with sewage
sludge can be used as fertilizer 타 The fly ash precipitates heavy and toxic metals and converts the sludge into a stable sol type fertilizer
Environmental impact codes: Harsh Moderate Light
Material analysis
Sheet 3 Site: Kharagpur, West Bengal Site area: 72,000 sq.m Soil: High in phosphorous, mixture of laterite and red soil Site section AA'
The WHERE of the design Site contours Unique sloping features are present which accommodates all the features of a dumpyard. Two depressed points are present in the site
A
The surrounding The north side vegetation provides an excellent odour buffer to the local school and buildings beyond. Empty fields around it can be used for producing fertilizers from biodegradable wastes
A'
Climatic influences 1400mm of rainfall with most of it falling in monsoon months of June to September. The site fills with water during the rainy season. The wind predominantly blows from south and southwest
N
The site Dumpyard re-design
Sheet 4 The HOW of the design
Energy production -Solar panels are put up on corrugated roofs Ÿ The solar panels face south and the northern side is transparent which allows the building to be illuminated with indirect light o Ÿ The solar panels are inclined at 22.5 to the horizontal to
-Garbage inflow per day: 32 tons -Number of people serviced: 23,000 -Soil from the middle part of landfill is distributed to the remaining depressed levels -Administrative units are established to ensure proper services -A water treatment plant is installed for treating the leachate and storm water runoff - Water from the two lowest points is pumped to the water treatment plant during monsoon -Movable solar panels are placed on the patches of landfill that are already filled -Buildings are built with fly ash mud baked bricks from the nearby Kolaghat thermal power plant
Leachate problems solved:
Inside the recycling centre Ÿ Waste is segregated by the common man
through some incentive given for separating the waste Ÿ Recyclable waste is put through an electromagnet to remove the ferrous metals Ÿ The remaining part is put through the eddy current separator to remove the aluminum part Ÿ The remaining plastic, paper and glass is separated by hand picking Ÿ The recycling unit is run by power produced by solar panels and the methane gas plant Ÿ The last stage of separation can generate jobs around the area to at least 100 persons
The WHY of the design
How: Activated carbon layer adsorbs the chemicals What: Ÿ It halts the precipitation of chemicals in the drain pipes Ÿ Pipes do not face corrosion due to chemicals in the
leachate
The WHAT of the design Existing problems -Site fills with water during short bursts of rain -Improper access roads -Leachate is not properly handled -Systematic dumping did not take place earlier
Landfill details
-Pyrolysis units are provided at the south west side of the site along with the incineration unit -Pyrolysis of organic matter give activated carbon as a byproduct -Activated carbon is placed below every soil layer to adsorb the chemicals from the leachate -Methane is extracted from the landfill using pipes leading to gas stations -Jenbacher engines are used to convert the methane gas to electricity which is supplied to the Disha Seema school -The permanent structures are constructed on the south and south east side of the site because prevents the stench of the landfill in penetrating into the structures
Dumpyard re-design
Sheet 5 Other advantages
Green advantages Fertilizer produced out of biodegradable waste: 100 tons per year Water for irrigation: 70,000 cu.m per year
-No. of jobs generated: 100 -Electricity is provided to the previously unpowered Disha Seema School
Solar cells: 550 kW Methane gas plant: 1MW
Recycled ENERGY
Recycled MASS Plastics: 600 tons Metal remelted: 350 tons Paper: 720 tons Glass: 100 tons
Total: 1.550 kW
Total: 1820 tons per year
All hospitals or buildings which produce biological waste or any type of waste which causes infection should have a refrigeration unit or a BCU to contain the waste so that the risk of infection is reduced Energy savings after implementation Per medium scale hospital
Electrical energy conserved
21% 1276 kgs
536kgs of CO2 emissions reduced per month
of building materials recycled per BCU
Risk of infection reduced by
92%
References www.new1.dli.ernet.in edugreen.teri.res.in www.anpar.org isebindia.com www.jenbacher.com
200 liters of diesel conserved per month
EPA- HOD landfill case study MREC anaerobic report Ozonia.com- Leachate case studies Use of wood ash and anaerobic sludge for grassland fertilization- Insam,Franke-Whittle, Knapp and Plank
The law