Life Cycle Assessment
WHOLE LIFE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
Contents Introducing Elementa Consulting
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Our LCA services
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What is Life Cycle Assessment?
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Why LCA matters
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Whole life Carbon
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LETI 12
Front Cover: UPCycle, Austin TX © Gensler/ Dror Baldinger Right: Earthrise over the moon © NASA / Bill Anders
Refrigerant Best Practice Guide
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Morden Regeneration
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MEP Embodied Carbon Assessment
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LCA Green Building Credits
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Integral’s Global LCA Team
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Introducing Elementa Consulting
The world’s leading deep green engineering and consulting firm
Elementa Consulting are the UK member of Integral Group, an international network of engineers + consultants collaborating under a single “deep green” umbrella. We enable every client to protect the health of our planet, by taking a regenerative approach to the design, performance and function of buildings, communities, districts and cities. We provide a full range of building and district systems engineering, analysis and sustainability consulting services, delivered by staff widely regarded as innovative leaders in their fields. Our work spans the globe, delivered from offices in Australia, Canada, Europe and the United States. Kevin Hydes Integral Group was launched in 2008 by Kevin Hydes, founder and former director of Canada Green Building Council, and former Chair of the USGBC and World GBC. Kevin served as Chief Executive Officer for the first 12 years of Integral Group and in 2020 he became the firm’s first Chairman.
Life Cycle Assessment
Our projects are located in over 30 countries - more than 100 are net zero energy buildings. Integral Group are proud to be founding signatories of the World Green Building Council’s Net Zero Carbon Buildings Commitment. 4
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Our LCA services We help our clients design, build, operate and renew with a clear understanding of whole life environmental impacts. Up to 50% of the whole life carbon impact of a new building is attributable to MEP systems - yet most LCA analysts rely on ballpark estimates for these elements that vary wildly from reality. To address this problem Elementa Consulting has committed to a five year research plan to advance and share knowledge in embodied carbon in MEP design. Working with ’s LCA team gives our clients access to the unique skills and knowledge developed through this investment. Our services include:
Building level Life Cycle Assessment
Life Cycle Assessment Options Appraisals
We undertake Life Cycle Assessments for whole buildings that address substructure, superstructure, façade, services and internal finishes.
We offer options appraisals, to understand the impact of various design choices. These studies focus on the parts of the building affected by the design choice to understand which option has the least impact.
Our assessment scope typically includes A1-A5, B1B7 and C1-C4 as defined by EN 15804. • Evidence base for LEED, BREEAM and Green Star certification systems. • A detailed bespoke building level life cycle assessment.
Life Cycle Assessment
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• Façade studies • Structural studies • Studies around internal finishes • Building services
A5 - Construction & Installation
B1 - In A4 - Transport to Site
A3 - Manufacturing
A2 - Transport to Factory
C2 - T
Whole Life Carbon Study of MEP Designs
Guidance and Brief Setting
Circular Economy Appraisals
We provide detailed modelling of MEP systems applying the Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers Guidance, that was developed by Elementa Consulting.
We have experience developing whole life briefs on projects at all scales, establishing whole life carbon and embodied carbon targets, KPIs, management and reporting protocols.
As well as Life Cycle Assessments and Whole Life Carbon Assessments we also consider the circularity of products and systems.
• Heating systems options appraisals
Elementa’s LCA team also create guidance for industry.
• Investigation into ventilation systems
We have authored key publications including CIBSE Technical Memorandum on LCA, due to be published by the end of 2020 and our own Refrigerant Best Practice Guide, released in the Fall of 2020.
• Investigation into lighting systems • Investigation into data storage, including back up generation • Investigation into plumbing/ public health systems • Detailed studies on refrigerant leakage
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A1 - Material Extraction
C3 - Waste Processing
C4 - Disposal
What is Life Cycle Assessment? Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an iterative methodology to assess environmental impacts of a system across its whole life Within an LCA, the environmental impacts of the system are calculated for each of the following life cycle stages: • Production Stage • Construction Stage • In Use Stage • End of life Stage • Benefits and loads beyond system boundary Each stage is defined by a sequence of modules, standardised by BS EN15804. • Cradle to Cradle includes all modules within a building life cycle assessment • Cradle to Grave includes all modules except D (Recovery) • Cradle to Site only includes modules linked to Product + Construction Stages • Cradle to Gate only includes modules from the Product Stage The LCA scope can vary depending on the study, from a full building to only a part of the building, a system, product, component or material.
A5 - Construction & Installation
B2 - Maintenance B3 - Repair
B1 - In Use A4 - Transport to Site
LIFE CYCLE Production Stage (A1 - A3) A3 - Manufacturing
Construction Stage (A4 - A5)
B4 - Replacement B5 - Refurbishment B6 - Energy Use B7 - Water Use
Use Stage (B1- B7) End of Life Stage (C1 -C4) Reuse/Recover/Recycle (D) A2 - Transport to Factory
C1 - Deconstruction
C2 - Transport A1 - Material Extraction C3 - Waste Processing C4 - Disposal
Life Cycle Assessment
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Why LCA matters
Elementa’s LCA team evaluate the following environmental impact indicators throughout the building life cycle. Global Warming Potential (GWP) : evaluation of the impact on climate change, meaning greenhouse gas emissions responsible for Infra Radiations trapping heat into the atmosphere, resulting in global warming. This is calculated in kgCO2 equivalent, which is why it is typically called carbon emissions. A design with low GWP will help fight climate change, and help cool down the planet which ensures in the long run better health and more sustainable cities and communities. Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP): evaluation of the impact on the stratospheric ozone layer, which protects us from UV. This calculates the potential of substance to destroy ozone gas (O3) compared to chlorofluorocarbon-11, therefore the unit is kgCFC-11-Eq. A design with low ODP will help ensure better health. Acidification Potential (AcP): evaluation of the impact on acidification of soils and water, meaning a change in the pH value due to substances releasing H+ions. This is calculated in kgSO2-Eq or kgSO2-Eq/kg. A design with low AP will protect the soil and water from its environment and above. Eutrophication Potential (EP): evaluation of the impact on eutrophication, meaning excessive enrichment of nutrients and minerals of water or soils, resulting in excessive growth of algae and thus oxygen depletion. This is calculated either in kgPO4equivalent or and kgNequivalent/kg. A design with low EP will protect the soil and water from its environment and above. Abiotic depletion Potential (AdP): evaluation of the impact on abiotic depletion, meaning reduction of global amount of non-renewable and non-living raw materials such as minerals, clay, fossil fuels. This is usually calculated in MJ. A design with low AdP will protect our earth and life on land. Net Use of fresh water: evaluation of net water use in m3 throughout the building life cycle. Use of renewable primary energy: Prediction and verification of how much renewable primary energy is generated and consumed throughout the life cycle of the building. Biogenic Carbon Storage: Biogenic carbon contained within biomass such as timber with the building. When it is sustainably sourced, building with natural elements can effectively contain and store carbon over its lifetime, which has benefits in terms of global warming potential
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Life cycle assessments can help us evaluate the environmental impacts of our designs against United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
Whole life Carbon To fight global warming, the building industry needs to tackle both operational and embodied carbon emissions The purpose of using ‘Whole Life Carbon Thinking’ is to move towards a building or a product that generates the lowest carbon emissions over its whole life sometimes referred to as ‘cradle-to-grave’ or ‘cradle-to-cradle” if it includes module D. Embodied Carbon
Operational Carbon
Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) associated with:
Greenhouse gas emissions associated with the energy and water use operation of the building (Modules B6 and B7). It usually includes emissions associated with heating, hot water, cooling, ventilation and lighting systems as well as the energy used in cooking, other water usage such as supply and treatment and energy used by equipment and lifts.
• Product & construction stage (Module A): the extraction and processing of materials, the energy and water consumption used by the factory in constructing the product and then constructing the building and any transportation relating to the above. • In-use stage (Module B): the use, maintenance, repair, replacement of building elements and refurbishment as well as emissions associated with refrigerant leakage • End-of-life stage (Module C): deconstruction/ disassembly, waste processing and disposal of any parts of product or building and any transportation relating to the above.
Circular Carbon Greenhouse gas emissions associated with reuse recovery or recycling of building materials (Module D). As it is supplementary information beyond the asset life cycle, it is typically reported separately - if sufficient information is available.
Whole Life Carbon
Upfront Embodied Carbon
Sum total of embodied carbon and operational carbon emissions as well as emissions or benefits from reuse/recovery/recycle (module D). This module is typically reported separately as it is beyond the life cycle boundary.
Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) associated with Product & Construction stage (Module A): the extraction and processing of materials, the energy and water consumption used by the factory in constructing the product and then constructing the building and any transportation relating to the above.
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Embodied Carbon Operational Carbon Circular Carbon A5 - Construction & Installation
B2 - Maintenance B3 - Repair
B1 - In Use A4 - Transport to Site
WHOLE LIFE CARBON
B4 - Replacement B5 - Refurbishment B6 - Energy Use
GWP - Production Stage (A1 - A3) GWP - Construction Stage (A4 - A5) GWP - Use Stage (B1- B5) GWP - Use Stage (B6 - B7) GWP - End of Life Stage (C1 -C4) GWP - Reuse/Recover/Recycle (D)
A3 - Manufacturing
B7 - Water Use
A2 - Transport to Factory
C1 - Deconstruction
C2 - Transport A1 - Material Extraction C3 - Waste Processing
Production & Construction
In Use, Maintenance, Repair, Replacement
Operational Energy & Water Use
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20
30
40
Building Lifecycle (Years)
11
50
60
Circular
0
End of Life
GWP/ Carbon Emissions (CO2e)
C4 - Disposal
LETI The London Energy Transformation Initiative (LETI) is a voluntary network of over 1,000 built environment professionals collaborating to put London on a path to a zero carbon future
LETI have set out a series of embodied carbon
embodied carbon in buildings that are built without
reduction targets. This includes targets for re-used
implementing embodied carbon reductions.
materials in construction, and for building component
At the end of January 2020, LETI published their Climate Emergency Design Guide - a comprehensive guide outlining how to meet these targets. LETI also published the Embodied Carbon Primer which offers supplementary guidance to those interested in exploring embodied carbon in more detail.
SIGNPOST Climate Emergency Design Guide
outlined in the LETI Climate Emergency design guide
Chapter 1 - Operational Energy
and 100% renewable energy supply this ultimately leads toward whole life net zero carbon design. The
SIGNPOST Appendix 9 – Whole life carbon
‘business as usual’ figures give an estimate of
‘Business as usual’
800
kgCO2e/m 2
2020 target
500
Building Regs
kgCO2e/m 2
400
kgCO2e/m 2
40% reduction over baseline
Op. energy balance
50% reusable
30% reused
RESIDENTIAL
1000 kgCO2e/m 2
600
Building Regs
kgCO2e/m 2
500
kgCO2e/m 2
Op. energy balance
50%
30%
reusable
reused
COMMERCIAL OFFICE
1000 kgCO2e/m 2
600
Building Regs
kgCO2e/m 2
30% reused
SCHOOL Figure 7.1 - LETI Embodied Carbon Reduction Targets towards Whole Life Net Zero
Above: LETI’s Embodied Carbon Primary establishes a clear pathway towards net zero embodied carbon for different building typologies and recovery at end of life properly ensured.
The publications have been produced by over 100 LETI volunteers with Clara as the lead editor. They have been downloaded over 20,000 times and are widely and internationally referenced. www.leti.london
Life Cycle Assessment
Building Archetype pages
combined with Energy Use Intensity (EUI) targets
LETI began life in 2017 as an Elementa Consulting initiative led by Clara Bagenal George, an associate in our London office. Under her leadership LETI has developed recommendations for Energy Policy changes in London. Many of these changes have been incorporated in emerging and current policy, including; Energy use disclosure, an update of Carbon factors and all developments to be future proofed to achieve Zero Carbon on-site.
SIGNPOST Climate Emergency Design Guide
disassembly at end of use for re-purposing. When
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500
kgCO2e/m 2
Op. energy balance
50% reusable
buildings previously utilised that are repurposed to
Growth by Design, GLA.
construct a new or retrofitted building, in place of FCRBE - Facilitating the circulation of reclaimed
using virgin materials/new building elements. Reusable: Materials or elements designed to be for dissassembly and re-use in other buildings or other applications.
300
kgCO2e/m 2
65% reduction over baseline
200
kgCO2e/m 2
Salvo - Directory for reclaimed materials in UK
Whole life net zero target
Op. energy balance
80%
50%
reusable
reused
0
350
-100
kgCO2e/m 2
RESIDENTIAL
kgCO2e/m 2
250
kgCO2e/m 2
2030 target
building elements in Northwestern Europe
Op. energy
kgCO2e/m 2
balance
100%
100%
balance
Op. energy
reusable
reused
80%
50%
reusable
reused
COMMERCIAL OFFICE / SCHOOL
Key Op. energy balance
ALL ARCHETYPES
Energy Use Intensity (EUI) targets outlined in the LETI Climate Emergency design guide as well as 100% renewable energy supply must be met
30%
% target of total building construction materials & elements that are reused
80%
% target for building materials & elements designed for reuse at the building’s end of life
reused
reusable
500
kgCO2e/m 2
400
kgCO2e/m 2
Embodied carbon target (Building Life Cycle Stages A1-A5). Includes Substructure, Superstructure, MEP, Facade & Internal Finishes.
“LETI’s Embodied Carbon Primer is straightforward explainer of what is expected of industry and how we can get there”
Clara Bagenal George
Embodied carbon target, as above, also including sequestration.
Associate, London Founder of LETI
Below: LETI is a cross-disciplinary body that exemplifies Elementa’s commitment to accelerating change through collaboration
LETI Embodied Carbon Primer Supplementary guidance to the Climate Emergency Design Guide
Build less
Build collaboratively
Primary Actions
Build
Build
for the
light
future
Build wise Build low carbon
L ONDON E NERGY T RANSFORMATION I NITIATIVE
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Refrigerant Best Practice Guide By sharing our knowledge of current best practices we can accelerate the transformation of the built environment to meet our climate change obligations Integral’s best practice guide is intended to help those responsible for the design, installation, commissioning, operation and maintenance of building services to make well-informed decisions in the design of refrigerant based systems. We particularly encourage its use during initial design stages, whenever these systems are being considered. The guide reviews currently available refrigerants for common system types, with advice on how to reduce refrigerant charge, leakage, and enhance recovery at end of life. It should be considered ‘live’ and will be updated periodically to reflect latest industry data. It has been prepared by an international team of Elementa’s mechanical and sustainability engineers led by Louise Hamot, Integral’s Global Lead for Life Cycle Research. Refrigerant use continues to grow. Climate change is already increasing the demand for cooling in buildings around the world. At the same time, renewable and low carbon energy sources are displacing fossil fuels from our electricity grids making combustion-free heating and cooling systems that depend on refrigerants ever more attractive. Our ongoing research into whole life carbon emissions has highlighted the serious risk of significant climate change impacts of refrigerant use - from leakage and poor end of life recovery. These impacts could be almost entirely avoided if passive design measures were fully exploited to eliminate or at least reduce demand, and the best performing refrigerant were then specified and properly managed. Engineers can only specify refrigerants that are commercially available, permitted, safe and technically appropriate for the chosen application. Nonetheless they share a collective responsibility to encourage manufacturers to offer improved equipment with ever lower life cycle impacts.
REDUCE REFRIGERANT NEED
+
USE LOW GWP REFRIGERANTS
+
REDUCE REFRIGERANT CHARGE
+
MITIGATE REFRIGERANT LEAKAGE
+ ENHANCE REFRIGERANT RECOVERY
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WHOLESALE
“We hope that by raising awareness of best practices they will have greater confidence both prioritising passive measures and adopting new technology that can dramatically reduce the impact of refrigerants on the environment.”
TRANSPORT
Hugh Dugdale Associate Principal. London Co-author of Elementa’s Refrigerant Best Practice Guide CHARGE/ REFILL
SUPPLY REFRIGERANT IN BOTTLES
HVAC USE
RECOVERY BOTTLE PRODUCTION
TO BE REUSED RECLAIMED BOTTLE TO BE RECYCLED
DECHARGE/ RECOVERY
TRANSPORT DESTRUCTION END OF LIFE
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Left: The Life Cycle of Refrigerant in HVAC systems can be broken down into distinct phases - production, use and end of life or wherever possible, recovery.
Morden Regeneration Whole life carbon assessment of 15 heating system options for a 2000-unit residential scheme in Morden, London Our analysis considered both operational and embodied carbon related to the system. The quantities of MEP products were established i.e. the length of pipework needed and the size of heat pumps. A scenario was tested with low and high refrigerant leakage. This allows a direct comparison between different options, communal, district and individual heating system options. Systems analysed included; • District heating connections • Communal heating options including 4th and 5th generation district heating (ambient loops) • Individual heating options including exhaust air heat pumps, standard water to water heat pumps, water to air heat pumps, direct electric heating and hot water store with integrated heat pump. Refrigerant leakage makes up a large proportion of embodied carbon of heat pumps, under the high leakage scenario. Under the low refrigerant leakage scenario, there is a similarity in the whole life carbon of all five individual options, the direct electric option has the lowest embodied carbon as there is no communal or internal heating pipework, however it has the highest operational carbon of these individual heating options. Carbon emissions analysis was combined with cost analysis, and space requirements, enabling for an easy comparison between the system options. Depending on the weighting of client priorities different systems emerge as preferred options. The passive ambient loop had the lowest EUI, and the lowest operational and whole life emissions, and has cost neutral lifetime costs in relative to the comparator. The air to air heat pump has very low capital and lifetime costs, with low running costs and a low sensitivity to an increase in running cost with poor fabric. Key performance indicators were developed to be used for the project.
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MEP Embodied Carbon Assessment Integral’s LCA team are digging deep to understand the embodied carbon emissions of the systems our engineers design and the products they specify Operational carbon can be greatly reduced by MEP designs that prioritise demand reduction and system efficiencies. However, the whole life carbon impacts of MEP systems go beyond energy demand. MEP equipment represents both a significant embodied carbon impact when a building is first constructed and repeated carbon impacts through a building lifetime due to high replacement rates, followed by the challenge of disposal. Integral’s engineers understand the embodied carbon emissions of the systems they design and the products they specify, so that informed choices can be made using ‘whole life carbon’ thinking. Based on limited studies that have been carried out so far, MEP could account for 2%-27% of embodied carbon of new build schemes (excluding refrigerant leakage). In retrofit schemes, the proportion of embodied carbon related to building services can be considerably higher, with one study showing MEP could account for 75% of the embodied carbon.
Office TI & Retrofit, Global 4 studies on the embodied carbon breakdown of building services of office retrofit and Tenant Improvement across different regions. Quantities of MEP services were extracted from a Revit model and analysed low, medium and high scenarios using OneClick LCA. The study revealed the largest sources of embodied carbon as refrigerant leakage, ventilation ducts, drainage pipes and LED lighting. Published in CIBSE Journal
Heat Generation Equipment, London WLC of four types of heat-generation equipment: natural gas boiler, natural gas fired combined heat and power (CHP), air source heat pump (ASHP), and variable refrigerant flow systems (VRF). As part of the study primary data was collected from manufactures for 27 heat-generation units. Published in CIBSE Journal
Waste System At District Level, California Comparing from a whole life carbon perspective a traditional waste system with an automated waste collection system at district level.
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Above: With Robust Dynamo Scripting, we are able to extract MEP quantities from BIM models to create robust bill of quantities to do embodied carbon assessments of MEP designs
Left: In A HIGH Impact Scenario, MEP design could account for 50% of the embodied carbon impact of a new build and 75% in the case of a retrofit .
GWP (Tonne CO2e)
Gas Boiler
Gas CHP
ASHP
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VRF
2019 GWP<150
Below: In A HIGH Impact Scenario within a passive house type building, a ASHP heat pump and a VRF system can be worst in terms of whole life carbon emissions than a gas boiler or a CHP system if refrigerant is not properly managed. It is however much better if refrigerant leakage is kept low and recovery at end of life properly ensured.
LCA Green Building Credits Life cycle Assessments to ensure environmental footprint reduction can help in the pursuit of certifications. With our current tools, our team provide calculations for different certifications across the world. LEED CERTIFICATION LEED v4 BD+C, MR credit: Building Life-Cycle Impact Reduction, option 4 Whole building life-cycle assessment. The idea of the credit is to show the reduction of building material life cycle impacts compared to a baseline in at least 3 different impact categories of 10% without increasing the emissions in 3 other categories more than 5%. If the design team can show improvement in all of the 6 categories they will get an additional exemplary credit. The baseline building must have the same size, function, orientation, and energy performance but other elements may be changed.
BREEAM CERTIFICATION BREEAM Mat 01 Life cycle impacts credit and other Material credits. Mat 01 LCA credit requires a high quality whole building LCA analysis. In other words, the better the estimated quality of the analysis the more credits youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll be able to achieve. The quality and credit potential are defined by two factors: The quality of the LCA tool and the assessment scope which means the scope of different building elements included to calculation. The quality of the LCA tool defines 70% of the credit potential and the element scope remaining 30%. Depending on the scheme , LCA and LCC related credits can now provide you up to 20 credits.
LIVING BUILDING CHALLENGE New and Existing buildings must demonstrate a 20% reduction in the embodied carbon of primary materials compared to an equivalent baseline. Existing buildings may count in-situ materials against the required 20%. All projects must select interior materials with lower than industry baseline embodied carbon emissions for product categories for which data is readily available.
NET ZERO CARBON CERTIFICATION New and Existing buildings must demonstrate a 10% reduction in the embodied carbon of primary materials compared to an equivalent baseline. Existing buildings may count in-situ materials against the required 10%. The embodied carbon associated with the construction and materials installed in the project must not exceed 500kg CO2e/m2.
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• • • • •
16.5% GWP reduction 22.2% ODP reduction 9.9% for AP reduction 17.9% for EP reduction At least 5 measures with at least 10% environmental impact reduction
• TARGETING 3 points under MRc1 • 29% GWP reduction • 3% reduction ODP • 27% reduction Acidification • 45% reduction Eutrophication
• • • • •
Top: 400 West Georgia, Vancouver BC © OSO Design + Westbank Projects Corp. Above Left: Redwood City Veterans Memorial Building, California © ELS Architects Above Right: 1133 Melville Street, Vancouver BC © James KM Cheng Architects Inc
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10.75 % GWP reduction 22.2% ODP reduction 11.46% for AP reduction 27.32 % for EP reduction At least 5 measures with at least 10% environmental impact reduction
Elementa’s Global LCA Team Louise Hamot Global LCA Research Lead Louise is leading the development of the company’s global Life cycle practice and research. She supports colleagues involved in LCA work across North America, Australia, and Europe to advise architects and clients on materials selection design strategies to improve their environmental impact.
Megan White Chief Sustainability Officer As Chief Sustainability Officer, Megan is responsible for applying the same levels of ambition and performance from Integral’s project work to local and global initiatives such as the Net Zero Carbon Buildings Commitment announced at the Global Climate Action Summit. Under Megan’s direction every office will achieve zero operational carbon emissions by 2020.
Clara Bagenal George Associate Based in the UK, Clara initiated the London Energy Transformation Initiative (LETI) that has engaged over 250 industry professionals to create policy recommendations for a zero emissions London. Clara was joint recipient of the inaugural AJ100 Sustainability Champion of the Year 2020 award and won the inaugural Engineer of the Year at the 2019 CIBSE Building Performance Awards for her work on the LETI. She was also recognised as UKGBC Rising Star 2017 due to her work on energy policy and low energy building design.
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Sustainability Consultant Tom leads Integral Group’s LCA services in Australia, working from our Melbourne office. He is a Certified Passive House Designer
Breffni O’Rourke Sustainability Consultant Breffni specialises in defining the roadmap to LEED certification and reduced embodied carbon impacts of projects. Based in Oakland, California, he is a LEED Accredited Professional and a Certified Passive House Consultant.
Jeremy Field Sustainability Advisor Jeremy’s background in ecology and natural systems restoration underpin his whole life approach to environmental impact analysis. Based in Vancouver, Canada, Jeremy is a Certified Passive House Consultant, WELL Accredited Professional and a LEED AP.
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Tom Hubbard
The Elementa Way Mission: To be the top quality Deep Green engineering and consulting firm with global reach.
Trust The basis of every successful relationship, team and collaboration
Nurture We never stop learning or growing
Inspire We share our passion and expertise widely
Imagine We bring creativity and curiosity to solve complex problems
Perform Our work is target-driven, outcome-led, and evidence based
Accelerate Time is short - we need to urgently scale up
Sustain We grow and thrive so that we can have more impact
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