AA LANDSCAPE URBANISM TERM 2 BOOKLET AYUMI NAKAGAWA
00: CONTACT
AA LANDSCAPE URBANISM TERM 2 BOOKLET 2013.3.27 AYUMI NAKAGAWA
00: CONTENT
01: INTRODUCTION 02: 03: ANALYSIS OF MASTER PLAN (1)INDIAN CONTEXT 04: ANALYSIS OF MASTER PLAN (2)RISK MANEGEMENT 05: ANALYSIS OF MASTER PLAN (3)VILLAGE LOCATION 06: PROPOSAL 07: IDENTIFICATION OF CLUSTER 08: REVISION OF CLUSTER 09: SCENARIO ANALYSIS 10: RELOCATION OF INDUSTRY 11: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (1)FIRE RESISTANT BUFFER ZONE 12: 13: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (2)FIRE RESISTANT TECHNIQUES 14: 15: 16: 17: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (3)REFUGE AREA 18: 19: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (4)ESCAPE ROUTE 20: 21: NEXT STEP
01: INTRODUCTION
a
b
The site Dahej is located along Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor. 89 % of the land use is agriculture in current stage. The site is proposed to become a petrochemical industrial town of more than 60 square kilometers by the year of 2040. There is Master plan proposed by the State Government for the site, and it was analyzed in this project in terms of the flollowing aspects:
1. Indian context 2. Risk Management 3.Location of Villages
c
02: INTRODUCTION a: Dahej Location b: Current Stage of Dahej c: Industry in Dahej d: Proposed Master Plan by State Government
d
03: ANALYSIS OF MASTER PLAN (1)INDIAN CONTEXT
Chinese Model
-clear hierarchy -top-down structure
Chinese Model -clear hierarchy Chinese Model
-top-down structure -clear hierarchy -top-down structure
1. Indian Context
IndianChinese Model Model
-clear hierarchy -diversity -top-down structure -unorganize political structure
Indian Model -diversity Indian Model
Indian Model
-diversity -unorganize political structure
-unorganize political structure -diversity -unorganize political structure
The implementation of the massive master plan does not address the conflicts and negotiations among diverse political groups. Also, it does not provide flexibility for future urbanization to develop with the uncertain pace of industrial development affected by the fluctuation of national politics and global economy.
04: ANALYSIS OF MASTER PLAN (2)RISK MANEGEMENT a: Case Study (Produced by Ada Liu) b: Wind Simulaton on Master Plan (Produced by Ada Liu)
EXPLOSION LEVEL
LEVEL 0
LEVEL 1
San Juanic, Mexico City San Juanic, 1984 Mexico City, 1984
ACCIDENT
Phillis PhillisComplex Complex66, 66,Huston 1989 Huston, 1989
Damage Circle
Effective Circle
LEVEL 3
LEVEL 2
Exploded Industry InfrastructureSummer Wind From Northwest Residential Open Area
Gujarat Namada Valley Formosa Plastic Corporation, India’s India’s Gujarat Narmada Valley Formosa Plastics Corporation Fertiliser Co (GNFC), Bharuch Illionis Fertilisers Co (GNFC), Illinois, 2010 2004 Bharuch, 2004 2003 and 2010
=10
=100
=10
=100
$ =100 Thousand
$ =10 Million
AREA 200 m
200 m
200 m
$ =100 Millon
200 m
Industry DEATH AND INJURED
LEVEL 2
COST
a Plastic Corporation, Plastics Corporation
$ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $LEVEL $ $ $3 $ $ $ $$$$$$$$ India’s Gujarat Namada Valley India’s $ $ $ Valley $ $Gujarat $ $ $Narmada Fertiliser Co (GNFC), Bharuch
Exploded Infrastructure
Effective Circle
$$$$ $ $Exploded $$
=100
=10
=100
$$$
(a)
Open Area =10
Industry
=100
$ =100 Thousand
$ =10 Million
$ =100 Millon
200 m
=10
$$$
Industry
Residential
Open Area
200 m
Damage Circle
Infrastructure
Industry
Residential =10
0
2 2
2
1 3 2
0
=100 2
0
$ =100 Thousand
$ =10 Million
3
$ =100 Millon
2. Risk Management
0m
2
2 3 3
3
3
3 5km
$$$
5km
Winter Wind From Northeast
Fertilisers Co (GNFC), 2010 Bharuch, 2003 and 2010 Damage Circle Effective Circle
y Valley h
Residential
$$$
Since the fire accidents due to gas leak and explosion happen occasionally in petrochemical industries, safety and health issue of the labour and residents has always been the most important issue during the urban development of the petrochemical industrial town. When wind 2 analysis was run on the master plan, it turned out that residential area is located down-wind 2 0 2 1 3 position of industries throughout the year. It suggests that the plan2 is vulnerable against fire spreads and air pollution from industries. 0 2
0 3
2
2
Residential
5km
(b)
05: ANALYSIS OF MASTER PLAN (3)VILLAGE LOCATION
3. Village Location The proposed master plan is going to relocate 24 villages. (24 village = 750 household =18000 people) Therefore, with the implement of master plan, 18000 people need to leave the land and community where their identity belongs to by 2040. Relocating of massive population in short time range can be the factor for creation of slums.
06: PROPOSAL
Proposal Fire resistance landscape is introduced to the site as a tool to improve the safety of life and properties, as well as the health of the residents of the petrochemical industrial town. At the same time, it challenges the integration of petrochemical industries and urban fabric by creating new urban form and urbanization in the diverse political and uncertain economical context of India.
07: IDENTIFICATION OF CLUSTER
2
2
2
4 4
4
4 3
2
2 2
3
3 4
3
3
4 0
0
1 -1
0
1
1
1 2
3
3 3 2
2
2
2
2
3 3
3
3
2
2
5km
highway secondary road village with more than one highway connection
2
2
2
4 4
village with one highway and one secondary road conncetion
4
4 3
2
2 2
3
3 4
3
3
4 0
0
1 -1
0
1
1
1 2
3
3
village with only onw highway connection
3 2
2
2 2
2
3 3
2
2
3
3
village with more than one secondary road connetion vilalge with only secondary road connection village without highway or secondary road connection (a)
08: REVISION OF CLUSTER
existing
direct
minimum
combined
outline
existing
direct
minimum
combined
outline
a: Identification of Cluster (Produced by Ada Liu) b: Revision of Cluster c: Area Comparison between Proposed Plan and Alternative Plan
cluster
sample 1 cluster
sample 1
cluster
sample 2 cluster
sample 2
(b)
proposed master plan
alternative plan
industry : 294km2 residential : 98km2 proposed master plan
industry : 293km2 residential : 87km2 alternative plan
industry : residential :
294km2 98km2
industry : residential :
293km2 87km2
(c)
Existing villages are highlighted to find out their hierarchy according to the connection to highways and secondary roads. Then clusters of villages with certain size and connectivity were formulated in order to make it possible for the villages to remain in their original location and sustain themselves against industries. Inside each cluster, network path was revised, and then forms were given to clusters. (Criteria: take advantage of existing network and enforce it) After the form was given to each cluster in the same way, the rest of the area was given to industry, and then they were adjusted as a whole to make the alternative plan capable of containing same amount of industries and residential area as master plan.
09: SCENARIO ANALYSIS
Phase1: 2020 Phrase 1: 2020
Phase2: 2030 Phrase 2: 2030
Phase3: 2040 Phrase 3: 2040
Scenario A: Growth From Exiting Industries 3 3
3
1 1
Scenario B: Growth From Two Special Ecnomic Zones 3
3
1
Scenario C: Growth From Highways 3
(a)
Sam
10: RELOCATION OF INDUSTRY
mple 1:
Level 0 Industry
Level 1 Industry
Level 2 Industry
Level 3 Industry
-oil refinery -storage -cracker
-large scale petro
-medium scale petro
-engeering -fertilizer
Sample 1:
Industry requires costal line
Sample 2: Wind Direction in Summer
a: Scenario Diagram (Produced by Ada Liu) b: Relocation of Industry according to Wind Simulation (Produced by Ada Liu)
Wind Direction in Winter
Proposed Industry Location
Exiting Master Plan
2
2
2
0 1
0
2
0 2
3
0 0
0
2
3 3
1
1
0
3
1
0
1 1
0 2
2 3 1 11 1 1
1
0
2
0 0
2
2
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 3
2 2
2
0 1 2
3
0 0 1 3 3
3
3
1
Level 0 Industry
Level 1 Industry
Level 2 Industry
Level 3 Industry
-oil refinery -storage -cracker
-large scale petro
-medium scale petro
-engeering -fertilizer
Sample 2:
2 2
0
Three scenarios of industry growth were examined, and one of them was chosen as a base to test the alternative design strategy. Defferent types of industries were located inside the industry boundary from previous step in a way that it minimizes the residential area that sits down-wind location of heavily polluted industry.
Industry requires costal line
(b)
11: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (1)FIRE RESISTANT BUFFER ZONE
industry type 0
industry type 1
industry type 2
industry type 3
-oil refinery -storage -cracker
-large scale petro
-medium scale petro
-engeering -fertilizer
r= 400m
r= 300m
r=200m
r=50m
industry type 23
industry type 3
-medium scale petro
-engeering -fertilizer
r=200m
r=50m
0 2
[FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE] 1. Fire Resistant Buffer Zone 2. Fire Resistant Techniques 3. Refuge Area 4. Escape Route
3 2
industry type 0
industry type 1
1
Phase 1 (2020)
-oil refinery -storage -cracker
-large scale petro
r= 400m
r= 300m
3
5km
3
2 3
0
1 1
3
0
2 2 3
Phase 2 (2030)
-oil refinery -storage -cracker
-large scale petro
r= 400m
r= 300m
3
0
industry type 1
1
Fire resistant buffer zone provides buffer between industry and residential area. Different industry type is associated with different fire damage circle radius (r1) and explosion circle radius (r2). Thickness of buffers is given as r1-r2. Since the buffer is required to place when industry immigrates into the area, it has potential to work as a negotiation tool between residents and industry. More buffer zone will be implemented with the growth of industry.
0
2
industry type 0
3
3
0
3
industry type 23
industry type 3
-medium scale petro
-engeering -fertilizer
r=200m
r=50m
5km
3 2
2 3
2
1 0
0
2 3
0
1 0
1
3
0
2
0
1
3
0
3 3
0 0 0
2
3 1 3
Phase 3 (2040)
5km
12: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (1)FIRE RESISTANT BUFFER ZONE
0
0 0
0
1
2 2
industry
1
2
industry
1 1
residential
residential
2
3 3
3
300m given buffer zone between industry and residential area 300m given buffer zone center =between explosion in industry industry and residential area
r = firedamage circle (r1) -explosion circle (r2) = thinkness of buffer center = explosion in industry r = firedamage circle (r1) -explosion circle (r2) fire damage circle = thinkness of buffer r1 r1
r r2
r
r2
explosion circle fire damage circle explosion circle
3 r r
industry type 0
industry type 1
industry type 2
industry type 3
-oil refinery industry type 0 -storage -cracker -oil refinery -storage r= 400m -cracker
-large scale industry type 1 petro -large scale petro r= 300m
-medium scale2 industry type petro -medium scale petro r=200m
-engeering industry type 3 -fertilizer -engeering -fertilizer r=50m
r= 400m
r= 300m
r=200m
r=50m
open space
13: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (2)FIRE RESISTANT TECHNIQUES a: Wind Analysis on Alternative Plan (Produced by Ada Liu) b: Catalog of Techniques
human factor
wind direction (berm)
30
20
natural extinction 71.39%
10
FIRE RESISTANT TECHNIQUE
plantation
deta : fire extinction open space factor (Tokyo earthquake fire 1923)
landscaped berm
plantation use of open space as a fire resistant scheme in city scale, Tokyo 1700
[FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE] 1. Fire Resistant Buffer Zone 2. Fire Resistant Techniques 3. Refuge Area 4. Escape Route
commercial and office use uses allowed in buffer between industry and residential area
open space
30
open space and recreation use (greenbelts, parks, playfields)
human factor
wind direction (berm)
natural extinction 71.39%
20
FIRE RESISTANT TECHNIQUE
10
plantation
deta : fire extinction factor (Tokyo earthquake fire 1923)
Summer Wind From Northwest
use of open space as a fire resistant scheme in city scale, Tokyo 1700
commercial and office use uses allowed in buffer between industry and residential area
Fire resistant technique is combination of open space, landscaped berm and plantation. The technique is applied to fire resistant buffer zone and it creates series of open space. (Rest of the area in buffer zone is used as commercial / office.) Then, additional option is applied to the wind critical area. Option includes berm with extra height, plantation, water body and wall.
open space and recreation use (greenbelts, parks, playfields)
FIRE RESISTANT TECHNIQUE
Winter Wind From Northeast
Critical Wind Zone
(a)
14: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (2)FIRE RESISTANT TECHNIQUES
for 50 - 400m range bufferzone to operate as fire resistant landscape, it requires total 120M of open space (composed of series of min 30M open space) where the buffer includes such features as screening wall, landscaped berms, and/or dense landscaping or water feature, 120M can be reduced [fire resistant buffer section]
[additional option for [additional option for wind critical area] wind critical zone]
[fire resistant buffer section] 50M [fire resistant buffer section] residential 50M
use of landscaped berms to compensate 120M requirement
industry
7m min height
5.25m min height
200M residential
60 M x 2 open space
commercial/office industryto compensate 120M requirement use of landscaped berms
200M r2(explosion radius)
residential
commercial/office
industry
300M residential
commercial/office
r2(explosion radius) commercial/office
60 M x 2 open space
300M residential 400M
residential
more is better
40M x 3 open space
industry
r2(explosion radius)
6m min width commercial/office
commercial/office
commercial/office
industry
commercial/office
commercial/office
industry
r2(explosion radius)
40M x 3 open space
30M x 4 open space
r2(explosion radius)
400M residential
commercial/office
commercial/office
commercial/office
industry min 7m
r2(explosion radius)
30M x 4 open space
(b)
15: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (2)FIRE RESISTANT TECHNIQUES fire resistant buffer zone of sampe cluster
a: Growth of Program Inside Cluster b: Internal Organization Inside Cluster c: Characteristic of Open Space
phase 1-1: residential growth
3
3
2
1. Fire Resistant Buffer Zone 2. Fire Resistant Techniques 3. Refuge Area 4. Escape Route
1
2 1
1 3
3
phase 2-1: residential growth 3
0
3
phase 2-2: connection growth
0
3
2 3
3
2
3
FIRE RESISTANT TECHNIQUE
phase 1-3: commercial growth
3
2
1
[FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE]
phase 1-2: connection growth
0
0
3
0
0
2
2
1
phase 2-3: commercial growth
1
1 3
3
3
2 1 3
phase 3-1: residential growth 3
0
phase 3-2: connection growth
0
3 0
2
0
3
3 0
2 1
1
Residential area will grow along the buffer zone, because immigration of worker for industry into the cluster will be the main factor for the growth. Therefore, new immigrants (worker) will be attracted to live closer to industry for everyday commute. As a result of residential area grows along buffer, commercial/office grow inside buffer or along main streets. Open area in buffer zone will gain specific character depends on type of surrounding programs.
0
phase 3-3: commercial growth 0
0 0
2 1
3
3
(a)
existing village commercial/office residential open space
1km
(b)
16: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (2)FIRE RESISTANT TECHNIQUES
0
3
0 400M
2 1
200M
0
50M
50M
300M
industry
residential
residential
commercial/office
industry
3 residential
200M
commercial/office 1
commercial/office 2
industry
300M
residential
commercia/officel 1
commercial/office 2
commercial/office 3
industry
400M
TYPE A [open space between residential and commercial area ]
TYPE B [open space between commercial/office area]
TYPE C [open space between industry and commercial area]
TYPE D [open space between residential area and industry]
-play ground for children -park -noise barrier -street market
-park, plaza -place for networking -resting area for workers
-resting area for workers -strong protection from industry pollution (plantation) -wind protection will provided in this area if it’s in critical wind zone
-highest protection from industrial pollution is required -visual barrier -noise barrier -potential for using the slope as recreational public space (c)
17: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (3)REFUGE AREA a: Open Space as Refuge Area b: Creaton of Refuge Area
[FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE] 1. Fire Resistant Buffer Zone 2. Fire Resistant Techniques 3. Refuge Area 4. Escape Route
Open space can work as refuge area during accident. Refuge area is going to develop along three different factors: phasing of growth, in between programs, and growth of network path. Combined with open area gained from fire resistant buffer zone, they eventually form refuge area network.
(a) fire origin fire flow burned area open space
18: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (3)REFUGE AREA
refuge area growth with phase
+ open area in fire resistant buffer zone
refuge area growth with program
refuge area network residential commercial refuge area growth along important road network
1km
(b)
19: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (4)ESCAPE ROUTE a: Escape Route for Residential Area (Produced by Ada Liu) b: Escape Route for Industry (Produced by Ada Liu) c: Connection between Cluster and Escape Route
3
[FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE]
0
1
0
0
0
0 0
2
3
0 3
1. Fire Resistant Buffer Zone 2. Fire Resistant Techniques 3. Refuge Area 4. Escape Route Industry
Highway
Escape Route
5km
Village
(a)
Escape routes were set in a way that it connects refuge areas, and let people escape outside of this region. At every 15 min,roads to connect each cluster and the escape route were established.
3
0
1
0
0 2
Escape Route
0
0 0
Highway
3
0 3
Industry
Village
5km
(b)
20: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (4)ESCAPE ROUTE
15 min walking circle 5km
road to connect escape route and cluster is given at every 15 min walking circle
5km
(c)
21: NEXT STEP
[DIRECTON FOR TERM3] Buffer zone not only increases safety, greenary and public space for the villages and industries, it also functions as a future city boundary and place to generate city identities. Creating township based on existing villages and infrastructure reduces transportation cost of the industry and labour. At the same time, it creates mix land use, dynamic landscape and help to reserve agriculture lands.