Can architecture create a non-rectangular world? by Denis Alexandra Ianc

Can architecture create a non-rectangular world? The Dissertation

BA (HONS) Architecture Denis Alexandra Ianc

University of Huddersfield School of Art, Design and Architecture Department of Architecture Module THA 1121 History and Theory 3 : Architectural Dissertation Academic year 2014-2015

Can architecture create a non-rectangular world?

A dissertation submitted following the requirements for BA (HONS) Architecture by Denis Alexandra Ianc U1266346

I confirm that the information provided here is my own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others

13th February 2015 3

Content

1. 2. 3. 4.

Acknowledgements …………………………………………………..7 Abstract……………………………………………………………………..7 Introduction……………………………………………………………….9 What others think about the future……………………13 My vision – how I see the future………………….…….17 Organic and parametric architecture….……….……..31 Futuristic concepts………………….………………….……...39 Conclusion………………………………………………………………..49 References………………………………………………………………..50 • Websites • Photos • Videos • Books • Blogs

Acknowledgements I want to thank primarily to my tutor Jon Bush who helped me by giving me advice to make this work as it is. Thanks also to all teachers at the University of Huddersfield for the patience they have had with all students in all these years. And last but not least I would like to thank my family and friends for their support in whatever way.

Abstract

This dissertation describes the way in which the author hopes that civilisation – and architecture – will develop in the near future and will speculate, in as much detail as possible, upon how the ‘city of the future’ will evolve. The dissertation begins with an over-view of the development of architecture from the beginning of civilisation, using graphics for easier understanding of this process of evolution, and continues with an introduction to the work of the leading contemporary Architect, Zaha Hadid, whose oeuvre exemplifies the author’s vision for the future of architecture. The work of the early modernist pioneer, Frank Lloyd Wright, is examined with respect to his views on organic architecture, which leads to a discussion about the role of organic forms in contemporary architecture and how the development of parametric modelling is enabling contemporary architects to express themselves more freely. Some of the more interesting ‘futuristic’ projects already built or currently proposed are examined in detail with regard to their materiality and construction technology. In particular, the buildings of Dubai are cited as a prime example of the author’s vision for the future of architecture. The final chapter expands upon the author’s vision of the architecture of the future, drawing upon examples from other technologies in the automotive, railway engineering and aerospace industries. The dissertation concludes that the fluid shapes found in both organic and parametric architecture are more appropriate for the human needs because they offer unlimited means in terms of aesthetics that could provide the base for integrating technologies in order to create human and environmental comfort.

Introduction My dissertation is going research the directions in which architecture of the future is launching, and how it will change the future of the mankind. We live in an anthropogenic era design everything around us is changing in order to provide more confort, and the design is the main part of it. This means everything arround us is becoming more interactive, innovative and ergonomic. The aim of my dissertation is to analyse the parameters in which architecture must change in order not only to achieve ergonomics for humans, but for our planet as well. Ergonomic studies show us that organic, fluid shapes are providing more confort to our bodies. Could fluid shapes became the general features and adapt to Earth conditions? What would this mean? Just environmental friendly or just human friendly? Where is the balance? The first chapter of the dissertation is called “What Others Think About the Future” and it analyses few different views regarding the image of the future world and its technologies. In the second chapter, ‘My vision – how I see the future’, I will express my initial vision of evolved architecture, how buildings will look like, what car technology will people use, train technology, airplanes or ships. I will give a few examples of models that are already proposed to become reality around 2050. Showing all these examples of buildings and vehicles of the future, I would like the readers to delight their imagination and form in their mind the illusion of a totally unexpected world. This vision may change in the conclusion , the product of my research. The third chapter, ‘Organic and parametric architecture” gathers information about Frank Lloyd Wright’s opinion about organic architecture and how he defines it. The most used styles used to create buildings with a futuristic look are organic architecture and parametric architecture. I will make a short description of what they are and what are their features. In essence, organic architecture is a style that can be easily recognised because a building designed in this way seems like is growing from the site and the natural materials makes it seem closer to nature. Patrick Schumacher (2008) sees Parametric architecture as a style that is promising very much for the future, is extravagant from every point of view and it is very welcomed because architects can express their thoughts and wishes easier by using it, they get the freedom that they need.

The final chapter, ‘Futuristic concepts’, gathers detailed information about the most interesting futuristic projects built and proposed lately, and data regarding the performance of the built projects. This chapter includes in the case studies the Performing Arts Centre in Abu Dhabi designed by Zaha Hadid and Masdar City, the first 0-carbon urban settlement in the world. In the research I have conducted for the dissertation ,I have gathered many multimedia information such as websites and documentaries and also hard copy books such as “Fantasy Architecture ” and “The Shape of Things to Come”. In the conclusion I will try to define and gather the characteristics of the architecture of the future, basing on the case studies . This issue can be debated in many ways, perhaps many people have imagined what I tried to illustrate in words or with real examples, wondering how the future would look like. What would be the maximum level of technology that might exist? I mean when there would be nothing that could be invented or explored anymore. There are many 'scientific fantasies' that seem far from being made such as teleportation or time machine, but up to that level, the development must go through some steps.

1.What others think about the future

Philip Steadman (2006) wrote an article about why most of the buildings are rectangular. Giving the year, most of them were built many decades ago. I tend to agree with what he says. His theory offers proof which shows us that the majority of the buildings’ geometry is predominantly rectangular and he asks himself what are the reasons for that. Some of the affirmations he made are still to be revised. But clearly, in a vertical direction, the rectangularity is at least a bit in accordance with the gravitational force. In the horizontal plane, the rectangularity represents the starting point of the building with a single space. This strongly suggests that the cause of the rectangularity in plans with more rooms is the fact that it connects them closely together. What brought everything to their predominance is a geometrical demonstration that indicates the superior flexibility of the dimensioning by rectangular packs. He asks himself why most of the buildings are rectangular, which I believe is a fundamental question which many of us rarely ask ourselves. Considering the proof from the sci-fi movies, the extra-terrestrial seem to be nonrectangular, maybe to show exoticism and weird. Steadman also believes that the question deserves to be followed because of its implications for a theory about built form. By “buildings” he does not only refer to projects that are considered prestigious in architecture, which most of the times have the tendency to be nonorthogonal and curvilinear for reasons that could become clear. He refers to buildings of all types, buildings made by architects or without architects, present or past. With other words he asks the question: “Why is the geometry of most buildings predominant rectangular?” There will definitely be many starting points from rectangularity in rectangular buildings, but it would be rare indeed if a building with each space and component rectangular to be found. He is talking about general tendencies. But I wonder if it is really true. The everyday experience indicates that it is, but we do not need to be confident only about subjective opinions. H.G Wells (1933) relates some interesting things in his book The Shape Of Things To Come .“The first phase of that readjustment is necessarily destructive.”(page 31) “That rapid evolution came at least in the nineteenth century, and it has been described already in a preceding chapter of this world history. Steam power, oil power, electric power, the railway, the steamship, the aeroplane, transmission by wire and aerial transmission followed each other very rapidly. They knit together the human species as it had never been knit before. Insensibly, in less than a century, the utterly impracticable became not merely a possible adjustment if civilisation was to continue.”(page 38) “We are probably only in the beginning of a very much more considerable physical modification. The aesthetic ideals of the past are likely to play a large part in

determining the direction in which these modifications will take us. But these physical developments, important though they must ultimately be, are as yet much less important than the changes in moral form that are manifestly in progress. A brief consideration of these will make a fitting conclusion to this general outline of history.” (page 488) “The body of mankind is now one single organism of nearly two thousand five hundred million persons, and the individual differences of every one of these persons is like an exploring tentacle thrust out to test and learn, to savour life in its fullness and bring in new experiences for the common shock.” (page 491) Bingham N., Carolin C., Cook P., and Wilson R (2004) are sustaining in their book Fantasy Architecture that “Today, the architectural world of fantasy proliferates, aided by the technological wizardry of the computer. With a strong tradition behind them, the new fantasists, like their historic predecessors, reach beyond everyday building to transfigure, distort, extend and give new meanings to architecture.”(page 17) Bingham N. et al.(2004) are also discussing the fact that “However, it is not for their technical but their imaginative skills that architects and designers are in demand across more and more fields – creating new fantasy architectures for stock exchanges and pop princesses – celebrating the possibilities but also warning against the constraints of digital techniques. The designs of the buildings themselves are also influenced by digital technologies, which produce forms that were fantastical if not impossible a few years ago. Some of these are still to be built, as with the work of Greg Lynn or Will Alsop : fantasy can become fact. With their role and remit expanding, architects are again looking outwards for inspiration for their fantasy architecture. Buildings as organisms are back with new, intricate structures echoing natural forms – for instance, Greg Lynn’s Ark of the World project.” (page 23) Mayor Marty Walsh (2014) said about the city of Boston that “Our city’s built environment should reflect this culture of imagination. Too often, in recent decades, new buildings have been merely functional. I believe Boston can do better. We should aim for world-class design. Our historic buildings reflect our unique past. New buildings should project the values and aspirations of our growing city. We can balance the old and new.”

2.My vision - how I see the future

What I am trying to explain is that the world needs to accept, more often, the kind of designs which seem closer to nature and are defined by fluid shapes, because humankind needs to evolve and we should find the necessary information to help architecture reach a new level. Everyone has seen science fiction movies that show a more advanced technology than currently. H.G. Wells wrote a book in 1936 about how the world will evolve according to his vision. His vision is expected to become reality in 2036, so this man predicted what would happen in 100 years time. I believe that everyone aspires to this evolution of mankind, everything is becoming faster and technology can help us through it. The technology of rail travel will advance in the future as well. There is a documentary with some engineers that are working on a project for a transoceanic railway that is proposed to connect New York to London in less than an hour. The train prototypes are evaluated to achieve the speed of 4000 km per hour. There were tested three types of vacuum trains : ‘Concorde’,’ Pump it up’ and’ Space Shot’. They explained how they will do that with the help of an electromagnetic system which makes the train levitate. This technology is called Maglev. The engineers tried many variations and tested any situation of collapse and everything seems to be okay. The train tunnel could be finished in 2030.Also there is a project expected to be finished in 2075 in which trains could have as a train station a skyscraper so this is how vertical train stations will appear.

MagLev technology

The Hyper Speed Vertical Train Hub

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;The Hyper Speed Vertical Train Hubâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; will be able to solve in one way the problem of crowded cities. On the website evolo, C. Christophi and L. Mazarrasa explain how it will be possible for this train to cover an approximate distance of 300 miles in half hour. I think this is a new step for transport. Car technology is already very advanced, but imagine how it will be in the future. Christopher Neiger (n.d.) wrote an article about 5 future car technologies that really have a chance to be developed and function very well in any environment. He spoke about each of the following: The cars that can communicate with each other and the road, this car has the feature to get a signal from the road and find out where is the closest car and this way it can easily avoid an accident. The self-driving car, which, as the name speaks, it is driven automatically. Safety is once again put on the first place by these engineers too, keeping in mind that the cause of 95 % of the accidents happening today is human error. Another prototype for future is the car that displays on the windshield detailed information about the objects that get in front of it. These are called Augmented Reality Dashboards. The Company BMW has already designed a prototype which displays basic information about objects. This feature is also based on safety because the driver gets to know how far away there is an object in front of him.

BMW zx 6

Mercedes-Benz BIOME

Plane technology hasn’t changed much during the last 40 years, maybe because airline companies are however financially profitable. People are starting to travel more and more with the fastest vehicle built for long distance journeys. But scientists are already working on new aircraft models. Some examples are: 'Blended wing body' which was originally designed to carry 800 passengers but the capacity was reduced to 250 probably due to technical reasons. Another prototype is' Joined Wing 'which is developed in 1980. And the most interesting and innovative plane design is represented through ‘Oblique Flying Wing' which was studied by Robert T. Jones at NASA from 1945 to 1990.

Blended wing body

Joined Wing

Oblique Flying Wing

NASA also focuses on a prototype plane that is based on the appearance of a bird. Airplane wings are developed in more detail depending on the shape of a bird's wings making them more aerodynamic. Ashley Dove-Jay (2014) said in her article about how commercial aircrafts will look like in 2050 that “Bioinspired aircraft concept, sporting adaptive and morphing skins and structures. NASA Dryden Flight Research Center.”

I talked about land and air transport, and now I will give some examples of future ships designs. Faddgeon T. (n.d.) gathered information into an article about cruise ships of the future. Some of them seem impossible to realise but we are pleased to see the desire to evolve in this area as well as others. 2060 will bring to reality some of these prototypes. The most interesting of them being 'The Floating Island', which is exactly what the name speaks, having palm trees, cabins, a swimming pool and even a waterfall that falls from the top of a 'volcano'. One of the models that seem too unlikely to be built as a cruise ship is 'The Shark Fin' because it expands too much under water, so as a result, ports should be reconsidered. 'The Boomerang' is actually a terminal thought to be built in different parts of the ocean, perhaps on the direction of cruise ships routes. It can accommodate three large ships simultaneously and contains an inner dock where smaller boats can enter as well. Here it will be a place for shopping, dining and entertaining. The terminal is self-sustainable using photovoltaic panels that cover almost the entire outer surface. The last example that I will talk about is 'The Lilypad'. This floating city was created to accommodate 50,000 people and can be a solution in case global warming will significantly raise the level of seas and oceans.

The Floating Island

The Shark Fin

The Boomerang

The Lilypad

Such changes I want to see with architecture too. We cannot live forever with the same banal rectangular concept, I believe that the world is tired of all the stiffness and that is why some unique buildings have begun to appear in major cities that are not only eye-catching for citizens but have become city icon. I'm not saying that we should change all the buildings, historical monuments are also unique. Many criticisms have been addressed to these designs. There are some urbanism principles that need to be taken in consideration but the balance with nature can be found in very different ways, there are infinite ideas and no one has the same ones because we donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t all have the same thoughts or dreams or wishes, so each of us explore the world differently. The balance with tradition can be modernised by developing it, making a connection between tradition and evolution. If we always focus to not get out of the pattern because of urbanism then how are we going to ever start changing the overall appearance of our cities? And if architecture has evolved so much until now, why canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t we take it to another level?

Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve been thinking lately if there was a possibility that all buildings will be different in a futuristic way. Technology is changing every day, it becomes more elaborate, you can make increasingly more amazing things with it, so this vision at a time might become reality. I recently travelled to China where I saw all kinds of buildings built side by side. In the view of an architect, this eclecticism does not look good on the whole but for a tourist such a city represents an attraction and this is mainly because somehow you can see the history of architecture of the place. Where architecture started, the first concept of the place until today in which they build skyscrapers or I as showed you previously, underwater scrapers. In the future I see buildings constructed in accordance with nature. If we analyse all the elements from it, there are enough things to explore that could start an idea, starting from an animal skeletal structure, the structure of an insect or a plant, continuing with their actions and behaviour which creates their everyday life, how birds build their nests or how they procure food. Everything can be interpreted in such a way that the design of new buildings appear to belong to the place. In nature there arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t so many rectangular shapes and I believe that the world is bored to see the same type of buildings everywhere. For example, take a picture of a landscape with many elements such as stones, leaves, roots, flowers, insects, trees, etc. and think about each of these elements as a building. Imagine people and daily activities going on in a city like that. It would seem natural as an architectural jungle.

Futuristic city

In terms of building materials and how they will be utilised, there have already started to appear eco buildings also eco cars that will not run on gasoline. The buildings are increasingly higher, circulation of vehicles could be separated from the pedestrian level by creating a new movement for two reasons: 1. The safety of people - assuming that the speed will increase with advanced technology. 2. Sunlight will not penetrate so easy anymore on the ground floor level of circulation. Or perhaps there will be no pedestrian traffic at all due to the speed which vehicles will have. I would rather see three levels of circulation: Ground floor level - where vehicles will travel 10 meters above the ground - where people will travel by foot or bicycle, vehicle, unicycle, skateboards and more. Air – airplanes

‘Future London’

3. Organic and parametric architecture 3.1 Organic architecture Architecture appeared a long time ago. At first it was very simple, with materials being used in raw form, unprocessed. These early structures were constructed like mounds of earth, megaliths, stone circles and structures that today seem hard to understand. These include the construction of prehistoric monuments such as Stonehenge , straw and mud structures lost in time, and cliff dwellings of America. Organic architecture appeared in the 19th century and has developed in the early 20th century. At that time Frank Lloyd Wright said "I'd like to have a free architecture. I'd like to have architecture that belonged where you see it standing, and was a grace to the landscape instead of a disgrace. "(Frank Lloyd Wright: From Within Outward Audioguide )[New York: Antenna Audio, Inc. and the Solomon R . Guggenheim Foundation, 2009]. Organic architecture is inspired by nature, but mostly by the characteristics of plants and animals, from what they do, what they produce and what they create in their daily life. These features combined with architecture can make a building seem like an item of nature belonging to the place; this kind of design is unique. After many years of researching this style, Wright was able to describe the overall ideal design from his point of view. The principles to be followed are: the building should as thought it is growing from the site; the selection of a dominant form which then needs to be integrated in nature, the use of natural colours, the expressive use of natural materials, the adoption of an â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;open planâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, the use of green spaces.

Fallingwater House by F.L.Wright

Taliesin West by F.L.Wright

3.2 Parametric architecture Architecture and urbanism every day adapts to new technologies and new requirements of the time. These are currently addressed by a rich panoply of new techniques in parametric design. This can be considered a new style, rather than a new set of techniques. Because of the freedom of expression that this style offers we can consider that the gates were opened to new ambitions and values. But along with new opportunities, design issues come and are researched in a global design network. Beyond aesthetics that can be easily recognized and the problems justified by one enunciation of an epochal phenomenon, this new style is called Parametricism. Patrick Schumacher (2008) wrote an article about this style, which was published in the very known book AD Architectural Design. He was claiming that “Parametricism is a mature style. There has been talk about “continuous differentiation”, versioning, iteration and mass customization etc. for quite a while within the architectural avant-garde discourse. “Recently we witnessed an accelerated, cumulative build up of virtuosity, resolution and refinement, facilitated by the attendant development of parametric design tools and scripts that allow the precise formulation and execution of intricate correlations between elements and subsystems. The shared concepts, computational techniques, formal repertoires, and tectonic logics that characterize this work are crystallizing into a solid new hegemonic paradigm for architecture.”

Foundation Louis Vuitton by Frank Gehry

Parametric is a term with a large variety of application, from mathematics to design, meaning working with defined range parameters. In the contemporary design, it refers to the usage of parametric modelling software. Different from the standard software(based on datum geometric objects), parametric software links all parameters to the geometry, offering the possibility for incremental modification of a part, the adjustments affecting the whole model. For Instance, the adjustment of a point within a curve, will automatically adjust and align the whole curve into the design. As a result , parametric BIM software is an important tool for curvilinear designs such as the ones created by Frank Gehry or Zaha Hadid. It is wrong to be considered that parametric architecture is mostly focused on shape creation, as parametric techniques providing the designer with new tools of efficiency in comparison with the standard approaches, and also new ways of coordination through the design process through BIM. Algorithms can be defined as simple instructions. Algorithmic , in Architecture refers to the use of standard techniques for solving design problems, in analogical or digital design processes. In terms of digital design, algorithmic means the use of scripting languages that allow the user to step beyond the user interface, and design directly through codes. Usually algorithmic designs, are produced through programming languages such as, Rhino Script, MEL, Visual Basic, 3d Max Script. Algorithmic design uses the capacity of a computer to perform tasks and search information ,itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s utility being time saving. This is why using a computer, offers a possibility to freely design and not be concerned about standard design constraints.

Heydar Aliyev Centre by Zaha Hadid

The world has evolved much more than expected. Rectangular forms still existed from history, but we should accept a new perspective over the world. We have all things available, we are using our resources, electricity, water, we are civilized and we love simple life. Therefore we try to make our lives as simple as possible, more fluid, come all by itself. Perhaps there is a pattern for rectangular concepts and indeed probably for the most functional buildings, but new patterns, like new layouts for furniture for example, can be created after the other forms. The following chapter consists in several examples of projects that are at the concept stage but their style represent perfectly a combination between organic and parametric architecture.

4. Futuristic concepts

Architecture until now has been mostly about straight lines and rectangular facades. My subject is all about evolution of the concept. Most buildings that one can see today are somehow related to the first concepts in architecture, mostly rectangular, with straight lines or parallel edges. The following projects that I will present are not yet completed or are at the concept stage but they demonstrate that there are many ideas for the future that can be explored, and buildings like this that have already been built, some were unfortunately failures but they should be seen like a new chance for evolution.

Performing Arts Centre by Zaha Hadid

Zaha Hadid described the design of the Performing Arts Centre as â&#x20AC;&#x153;a sculptural form that emerges from a linear intersection of pedestrian paths within the cultural district, gradually developing into a growing organism that sprouts a network of successive branches. As it winds through the site, the architecture increases in complexity, building up height and depth and achieving multiple summits in the bodies housing the performance spaces, which spring from the structure like fruits on a vine and face westward, toward the water.â&#x20AC;?

4.1 Masdar City This city represents a huge investment in the development and launch of some innovative technologies in the renewal of sustainable energies and of bio-designs. This business is going to offer many competitive advantages making that the economy of Abu Dhabi technology may showcase at an international level and bring a significant reduction in carbon level. On 9 Feb 2008 Masdar amazed the world being the first city car free, with 0 carbon and 0 waste. The cars that will be utilized as main transport vehicles are driverless, therefore electric. Just at the press of a button, one can be driven directly their destination with the speed of 50 km/h. Magnetic sensors embedded in the road are guiding the cars to their destinations. At the moment there is a prototype that can be operated between two stops but it could become the main transport system in Masdar City in Abu Dhabi. This eco-town project is one of the most appreciated in the world because it is conceived in order to achieve 0 carbon and 0 waste community and in the same time using the traditional planning systems of a walled city. The first project in Masdar city was designed by Foster and Partners and respects the requirements of 0 carbon emissions. This project consists in a new university, special economic areas, an innovation center and the headquarters of Abu Dhabiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Future energy Company. The brief of this project proposed the creation of a large photovoltaic power plant avoiding low density sprawl but strengthening in the same time the urban growth. The links between Masdar city and surroundings will consist in, a network of existing roads, a new rail and public transport routes to Abu Dhabi center and international airport. Despite the high temperatures that this climate offers the streets are going to be pedestrian friendly because of the narrow streets and shaded walkways. This new city concept is entirely self-sustainable because of all the research fields and plantations and because of the photovoltaic farms and wind turbines.

Masdar City 41

Institute of Science and Technology

Masdar Institute of Science and Technology Masdar Institute of Science and Technology is a Research university for graduates, focused on The research of alternative energy, 0 emissions technology and environmental sustainability. It is the first building that was built in the city, and it already shelters 336 top-students (in 2013) enrolled in the Research Institute. The Institute is looking forward to enroll about 800 students. The students of this institute are given many benefits in order to facilitate their studies, such as: full tuition scholarships, monthly stipends, laptop computers ,travel expenses and even accommodation. The research areas in which the Institute is focusing are the renewable energy, smart grids and smart buildings. energy policy and planning, water use, environmental engineering and electronics. Architecturally, the design of the campus shows flexibility, using new technologies dressed in traditional motifs as tools that facilitate a balanced mix of natural lighting and cooling, minimizing the energy needs to almost null. The Institute developed the engineering plans in collaboration with Massachusetts Institute of Technology ,and is a research source for the Institutes. A metering system is constantly monitoring power consumption. The building uses 51% less electricity and 54% less potable water than traditional Arabic buildings.

Incubator Building Probably the most spectacular building of Masdar city is strategically positioned in the immediate proximity of the Institute, and as function it is a business center offering office facilities to the entrepreneurs interested in the innovative and flexible solutions that Institute offers. The building optimizes the energy consumption through planning. The development was built around a public courtyard, and the access in the building is provided through shaded walkways. The Innovative design of the high performance smart design facades reduces the solar radiation on the walkways by circa 40%, providing lower operating costs for the business. The facades are angled in such way that they provide shading in the streets below. However, the ceramic fritting on the glass reduces solar gain of the faรงade by 30%.The color of the ceramic fritting is transforming in accordance to the industry of solar radiation.The courtyard area facilitates the natural ventilation of the building.

Incubator Building 45

Conclusion

As I proved in the above information, the architecture seems to be on the right track in terms of building the future. Reviewing the history and major projects since then, there are many elements that have changed over time. Whether it is how you look at a project, or environments, either is the fact that we benefit of new facilities that helps us put into practice the idea. We live in an anthropogenic era where everything changes for human and also environmental comfort. In my opinion, today architect must manifest interest in technologies and how this innovations can create a better world. Infrastructure is the main technologic factor that needs to be updated everywhere in the world in order to comply with the new environmental demands and technologies. New infrastructures are hard to adapt into an already moving city. The city is defined by its infrastructure so we need to create cities in which buildings and landscapes would complete the new infrastructures needs and also, be ergonomic for people and adjusted for the climatic conditions. The shapes promoted by Masdar city buildings show that the rectangular shape is not necessary the requirement for an environmental and humanconfort In conclusion, a very good option for future concepts can be considered a combination of parametric and organic architecture and style name would be probably 'Paraganic' or 'Orgametric' architecture.This style uses software formulas to create a design through codes by adopting an open space. Algorithmic design process will be in accordance with the selection of a dominant integrated in nature while the connection of the parameters with geometry makes the building appear that rises from the site. Geometric objects designed on defined parameters will highlight the expressiveness of natural materials and colors. In other words the mathematics of the green spaces can be considered Paraganic / Orgametric architecture.If we look closely to this attempt of definition we observe that the definitions of Parametric architecture and Organic architecture become one. After I started looking for information needed to express my vision, I realized that technology today is more advanced than I thought which means that humanity already has a new plan for the future. Buildings are becoming higher because earth is overpopulated and we need to find more ways to fit people in less square meters. Architecture and medicine are exactly the same, as long as you live you learn, as technology advances everything every day becomes easier and also more complex. I made this comparison because both fields work with people and nature to meet human needs. The relationship between a building and the environment has become increasingly close and architecture is responsible for that. The world is a playground for architecture, engineering, and medicine because they are all trying to play new games every time trying new ways to solve all human problems regardless of the situation. My conclusion is that the fluid shapes found in both organic and parametric architecture are more appropriate for the human needs because they offer unlimited means in terms of aesthetics that could provide the base for integrating technologies in order to create human and environmental comfort.

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Neiger C. (2011) How stuff work Retrieved June 25th , 2015 from : http://auto.howstuffworks.com/under-the-hood/trends-innovations/5-futurecar-technologies.htm#page=5 Bay T. (n.d.) Ask men Retrieved June 25th , 2015 from : http://uk.askmen.com/top_10/cars/top-10-future-vehicle-technology.html Kroo I. (n.d.) Future technology and aircraft types Retrieved June 25th , 2015 from : http://adg.stanford.edu/aa241/intro/futureac.html Dove-Jay A. (2014) IFLScience Retrieved June 25th , 2015 from : http://www.iflscience.com/technology/what-commercial-aircraft-will-look2050 Faddegon T. (n.d.) Cruiseline Retrieved June 25th , 2015 from : http://cruiseline.com/advice/cruising-101/all-about-cruising/cruise-ships-ofthe-future

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Heydar Aliyev Centre. Retrieved June 27th , 2015 from : http://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2013/07/dezeen_Heydar-Aliyev-Centre-ZahaHadid-Architects.jpg Floating Observatories. Retrieved June 27th , 2015 from : http://www.designcurial.com/Uploads/directories/article/romanian_architect_wi ns_taiwan_tower_design_competition_101117/taiwan02.jpg Water Scraper. Retrieved June 27th , 2015 from : http://www.evolo.us/competition/water-scraper-underwater-architecture/ Galaxy Soho. Retrieved June 27th , 2015 from : http://iloboyou.com/galaxysoho-beijing-by-zaha-hadid/ Stonhenge. Retrieved June 27th , 2015 from : http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookreviews/9361647/Stonehengeby-Mike-Parker-Pearson-review.html The Hyper Speed Vertical Train Hub Retrieved June 27th , 2015 from : http://www.railway-technology.com/features/featurestations-in-the-sky-thehyper-speed-vertical-train-hub-4378707/ Pyramyds Retrieved June 27th , 2015 from : http://www.soulsofdistortion.nl/SODA_chapter8.html Ziggurat Retrieved June 27th , 2015 from : http://www.biblearchaeology.info/ziggurats.htm Palace of Knossos Retrieved June 27th , 2015 from : http://www.greekislands.com/crete/heraklio/knossos.htm Acrropolis, Athens Retrieved June 27th , 2015 from : http://www.layoverguide.com/2014/02/athens-on-layover.html Colosseum Retrieved June 27th , 2015 from : http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Colosseum_in_Rome,_Ita ly_-_April_2007.jpg

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Hagia Sophia Retrieved from : http://istanbulvisions.com/images/hagia_sophia_1.jpg Basilica San Vitale Retrieved from : http://www.pineappletours.it/wpcontent/uploads/2014/01/4716-san-vitale-basilica-ravenna-view-north.jpg Notre Dame Cathedral Retrieved from : http://www.aviewoncities.com/img/paris/kvefr1374s.jpg Florence Cathedral Retrieved from : http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/x/florencecathedral-14932670.jpg Saint Peter’s Basilica Retrieved from : http://media-1.web.britannica.com/ebmedia/86/121386-004-04D0E536.jpg Rococo architecture Retrieved from : https://billlowegallery.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/wies-church-bavaria.jpg St Paul’s Cathedral Retrieved from : http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/content/london-cathedral-index.jpg Eiffel Tower Retrieved from : http://www.kevinandamanda.com/whatsnew/wpcontent/uploads/2014/06/eiffel-tower-paris-france-26.jpg Fallingwater house Retrieved from : http://www.tuitearte.es/wpcontent/uploads/2013/10/Casa-de-la-cascada.jpg Empire State Building Retrieved from : http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Empire_State_Building_f rom_the_Top_of_the_Rock.jpg Futuristic City Retrieved from : http://pitoco.com/modo/dorflex/cidade.jpg The future city wallpaper Retrieved from : http://browsingwallpaper.com/hdwallpaper/the-future-city-wallpaper.html Futuristic cities Retrieved from : http://fivegiantsquids.blogspot.co.uk/2010/03/futuristic-cities.html Blended wing body Retrieved from : http://adg.stanford.edu/aa241/intro/futureac.html Joined Wing Retrieved from : http://adg.stanford.edu/aa241/intro/futureac.html Oblique Flying Wing Retrieved from : http://adg.stanford.edu/aa241/intro/futureac.html The Floating Island Retrieved from : http://cruiseline.com/advice/cruising101/all-about-cruising/cruise-ships-of-the-future The Shark Fin Retrieved from : http://cruiseline.com/advice/cruising-101/allabout-cruising/cruise-ships-of-the-future The Boomerang Retrieved from : http://cruiseline.com/advice/cruising-101/allabout-cruising/cruise-ships-of-the-future The Lilypad Retrieved from : http://cruiseline.com/advice/cruising-101/allabout-cruising/cruise-ships-of-the-future Mercedes-Benz BIOME Concept Retrieved from : http://www.designyourway.net/blog/inspiration/conceptual-car-bike-andmotorcycle-designs-thatll-make-you-say-wow/

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BMW zx 6 Retrieved from : http://www.innovationtoronto.com/2011/12/faster-forward-imagining-thefuture-car-of-2050/ Maglev technology Retrieved from : http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5370564.stm Future London Retrieved from : http://futuristicnews.com/future-londonvideo/ Universityof Huddersfield logo Retrieved from : http://blogs.hud.ac.uk/subject-areas/finding-your-placement/files/2013/10/unilogo.jpg http://www.metalocus.es/en/blog/new-foundation-louis-vuitton-frank-gehryrises-paris

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http://www.fallingwater.org/132/fallingwater-drawings-and-plans

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https://pbworld.com/capabilities_projects/masdar_institute_of_science_and_te chnology.aspx http://www.dlr.de/blogs/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-6192/10184_read-65/ http://citieskaku.blogspot.co.uk/2011/05/masdar-city-photos-worlds-first.html

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Videos : • [Einsteinmc2] (2012,1 Dec) Grand opening of Galaxy Soho in Beijing – Zaha Hadid [video file] Retrieved from : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsNd3KdKpb0 • [Marvellismovies] (2011,29 Nov) The Shape of Things to come 1936 – H.G.Wells – Classic Movie [video file] Retrieved from : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kn76zoYjr4k • [Entertainment in my hand] (2014,17 Apr) Future trains technology [video file] Retrieved from : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l3Z8ctuNV-s • [EducationDocumentary] (2014,16 Jan) Future transport technology will blow your mind [video file] Retrieved from : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oYOmZlTjsQ0 Books : • Wells H.G. (1933) The Shape Of Things To Come Great Britain : Hutchinson & Co. (Publishers) Ltd. • Bingham N., Carolin C., Cook P., Wilson R (2004) Fantasy Architecture London : Hayward Gallery Publishing Blogs : • Andreas C.J. (2011, October 2) Daily 10 [10 Scariest Futuristic Architecture Projects] Retrieved from : http://io9.com/5756681/10-scariest-futuristicarchitecture-projects/