the trellick tower by sander riis

T H E T R E L L I C K TOWER TYPOLOGY

PROJECT

Laborator y Of Sustainable Architectural Production UMA 2012

B Y : S A N D E R R I I S & F R E D E R I C E K L Ö F

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Intro

s.07

s.09

Introduction

summary

s.11

City analysis

s.13

Zoom in England s.14 London s.14 Kensington & Chelsea s.18 The Area North Kensington s.24 Notting Hill s.26 Maida Vale s.28 Goldbourne Road s.32 Traffic situation s.34

Background s.39

IN DE X:

London The Blitz Reconstruction North Kensington Background Notting hill racial riots The punk era Portabello market Trellick Tower Brutalism Council Housing Background First years - social problems The turning point Graded II building - Cultural icon

Building analysis Construction Structure Function Communication Appartment types Thermal analysis Thermal transportation Cold bridges Thermal Interventions Daylight analysis Daylight Analasys Daylight Interventions

s.40 s.40 s.42 s.44 s.46 s.48 s.50 s.51 s.52 s.54 s.56 s.58

s.61 s.62 s.64 s.66 s.68 s.70 s.74 s.76 s.90

References s.102 //5

INTROD U C TION:

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INTRODUCTION The main focus of this booklet is to, by zooming in and zooming out, give a broader picture of Trellick Tower. The first two chapters are research based where we have been trying to find relevant texts and facts. The chapter with building analysis is more based of experiments and calculations with help from computer software. That specific software for the thermal analysis is “Heat2” and for the daylight analysis “Velux Daylight Visualizer”. Both these programs has like all tools its advantages and disadvantages but it is our

hope that it gives an overview of the most important aspects of the building when it comes to daylight and thermal conditions. There are also some interventions made in this part of the booklet. These are supposed to be seen as theoretical examples of how the interventions could change the buildings performance and not proposals that we consider should be executed. However we believe that the interventions gives a better understanding of how the actual situation is.

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SUMMARY Trellick tower is situated in the Royal Borough of Chelsea and Kensington, London, England. The area North Kensington is situated just north of Notting Hill. The demographic, social and economical situation differ a lot and the northern part of the area where Trellick Tower is situated, is the part with the lowest economical resources and the part with the highest number of ethnicities. In the 70’s there was a lot of underground culture in the area and it came to be a major scene for the punkmovement during the late 70’s. One of the strongest reasons for that might be “The Clash”, a band founded in North Kensington along Portobello Road. In the 1970s Notting Hill was known as the poor man’s corner of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. However, it is now considered to be one of London’s most fashionable and desirable residential addresses.

Listed and has become something of a pop culture icon. The building consists of a “communication tower” where you enter and where the main stairs and elevators are. On every third floor there is a corridor that connects to the main building where the apartments are. From each corridor you can access three floors. Thus the building consists of 3 story high modules with a access level, one level below access level and one level above access level. You reach your apartment with internal stairs. Trellick Tower has a mixture of nine different apartments. All of them have double-glazed windows on both sides of the building. Moreover, the kitchen and the dining area are located at the gallery level having in front of them large balconies, facing south.

Trellick Tower has a concrete cross wall construction. There is a simplicity in this type of construction and the construction costs are relatively low. London was heavily damaged during the Wold Since the major part of the building is made out War II and lot of homes was destroyed. That of concrete and there is no insulation wich makes caused “Building programs” to reconstruct Lon- the thermal conditions a big problem. The heating don. A type of social housing “Council Housing” system is radiators next to the windows wich gives was widely spread in London and Trellick Tower some convection of the heat in the apartments but was one of the buildings built as council housing. we assume that the cold bridges caused by the uninsulated concrete cool down the air fast. Trellick Tower was designed in the Brutalist style by architect Ernő Goldfinger, after a commission The configuration of the apartments gives different from the Greater London Council in 1966, and conditions in cold bridges, heating and daylight. completed in 1972. The tower was completed at a This is also the main focus in the daylight analysis. time when high-rise tower blocks were going out Showing the conditions for different apartments of fashion as local authorities were beginning to and rooms facing north and south. The daylight realise the social problems they caused. By the late in the appartments are acceptable exept the central 1970s Trellick Tower had a very poor reputation core where there is no daylight at all. The reason is for crime and anti-social behaviour, and many ten- interior walls and doors wich have to be there acants resisted a transfer there. But there is a turning cording to fire protection legislations. point in the 80’s when the security was improved and the “right to buy” legislation gave the build- All in all, Trellick Tower is a child of its time, with ing a more diverse group of tenants. Today Trellick problems and assets, but foremost it is a building Tower´s debilitating social problems have been that almost everyone (good or bad) have an opinlargely stamped out and the building is Grade II ion about.

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C I T Y ANALY S I S :

Trellick Tower City analysis | History | Building Analysis zoom in | the area

England Area Total 130,395 km2 Population 2008 estimate 51,446,000 2001 census 49,138,831 Density 395/km2 Ethnic groups 87.5% White 6.0% South Asian 2.9% Black 1.9% Mixed race 0.8% Chinese 0.8% Other LONDON Area Total 1,572.1 km2 Population 2010 estimate 7,825,200 Density 4,978/km2 Ethnic groups 69.7% White 13.2% South Asian 10.1% Black 3.5% Mixed race 1.5% Chinese 2.0% Other

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ngland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight. England’s terrain mostly comprises low hills and

ondon is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London’s ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its square-mile medieval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transport all contributing to its prominence. It is the world’s largest financial centre alongside New York City and has the fifth-largest city GDP in the world (and the largest in Europe). It has the most international visitors of any city in the world and London Heathrow is the world’s busiest airport by number of international passengers. London’s 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education in Europe. London has a diverse range of peoples, cultures, and religions, and more than 300 languages are spoken within its boundaries. In July 2010 Greater London had an official population of 7,825,200, making it the most populous municipality in the European Union. The Greater London Urban Area is the second-largest in the EU with a population of 8,278,251, while London’s metropolitan area is the largest in the EU with an estimated total population of between 12 million and 14 million. London had the largest population of any city in the world from around 1831 to 1925.

plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the south west. England’s population is about 51 million, around 84% of the population of the United Kingdom, and is largely concentrated in London, the South East and conurbations in the Midlands, the North West, the North East and Yorkshire, which each developed as major industrial regions during the 19th century. Meadowlands and pastures are found beyond the major cities. (1)

London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret’s Church; and the historic settlement of Greenwich (in which the Royal Observatory marks the Prime Meridian (0° longitude) and GMT). Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul’s Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square and Wembley Stadium. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world and the second-most extensive (after the Shanghai Metro). Topography. Greater London covers an area of 1,583 square kilometers , an area which had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 4,542 inhabitants per square kilometer . A larger area, referred to as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration covers an area of 8,382 square kilometers has a population of 12,653,500 and a population density of 1,510 inhabitants per square kilometer . Modern London stands on the Thames, its primary geographical feature, a navigable river which crosses the city from the south-west to the east. Climate. London has a temperate oceanic climate. Despite its reputation as being a rainy city, London interestingly receives less precipitation in a year than Rome at 834 mm (32.8 in), or Bordeaux at 923 mm (36.3 in), do.[94] Winters are generally chilly to cold with frost usually occurring in the suburbs on average twice a week from November to March. Snow usually occurs about 4 or 5 times a year mostly from December to February. Snowfall during March and April is rare but does occur every 2–3 years. Winter

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Trellick Tower City analysis | History | Building Analysis zoom in | the area

don boroughs in addition to the ancient City of London. The City of London is the main financial district and Canary Wharf has recently developed into a new financial and commercial hub, in the Docklands to the east. The West End is London’s main entertainment and shopping district, attracting tourists. West London includes expensive residential areas where properties can sell for tens of millions of pounds. The average price for properties in Kensington and Chelsea is £894,000 Districts. London’s vast urban area is often described with similar average outlay in most of central London. using a set of district names. These are either informal The East End is the area closest to the original Port of designations, reflect the names of villages that have London, known for its high immigrant population, as been absorbed by sprawl, or are superseded adminis- well as for being one of the poorest areas in London. trative units such as parishes or former boroughs. Such The surrounding East London area saw much of Lonnames have remained in use through tradition, each don’s early industrial development; now, brownfield referring to a local area with its own distinctive char- sites throughout the area are being redeveloped. acter, but without current official boundaries. Since 1965 Greater London has been divided into 32 Lontemperatures seldom fall below −7 °C or rise above 8 °C. Summers are generally warm and sometimes hot, the heat being boosted by the Urban heat island effect making the centre of London at times 5°C warmer than the suburbs and outskirts. London’s summer average is a comfortable 24 °C. On average there are 7 days a year above 30 °. Rain generally occurs on around 2 out of 10 summer days. Temperature extremes range from -10C to 37.9C.

Ethnic groups. According to the Office for National Statistics, based on 2009 estimates, 69.7 per cent of the 7,753,600 inhabitants of London were White, Some 13.2 per cent are of Asian descent. 10.1 per cent of London’s population are Black. 3.5 per cent of Londoners are of mixed race; 1.8 per cent are Chinese; and 1.7 per cent belong to another ethnic group. Across London, Black and Asian children outnumber White British children by about six to four in state schools. However, White children represent 62 per cent of London’s 1,498,700 population aged 0 to 15 as of 2009 estimates from the Office for National Statistics, with 55.7 per cent of the population aged 0 to 15 being White British, 0.7 per cent being White Irish and 5.6 per cent being from other EU White backgrounds. In January 2005, a survey of London’s ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken and more than 50 non-

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indigenous communities which have a population of more than 10,000 in London. Figures from the Office for National Statistics show that, as of 2010, London’s foreign-born population is 2,650,000 (33 per cent), up from 1,630,000 in 1997. (2)

1. City of London 2. City of Westminster 3. Kensington and Chelsea 4. Hammersmith and Fulham 5. Wandsworth 6. Lambeth 7. Southwark 8. Tower Hamlets 9. Hackney 10. Islington 11. Camden 12. Brent 13. Ealing 14. Hounslow 15. Richmond 16. Kingston 17. Mer-

ton 18. Sutton 19. Croydon 20. Bromley 21. Lewisham 22. Greenwich 23. Bexley 24. Havering 25. Barking and Dagenham 26. Redbridge 27. Newham 28. Waltham Forest 29. Haringey 30. Enfield 31. Barnet 32. Harrow 33. Hillingdon [2]

Trellick Tower City analysis | History | Building Analysis zoom in | the area

Royal Borough of Kensington anD Chelsea / [NORTH KENSIGNTON]

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Area Total 12.13 km2 Area rank 325th (of 326) Population 2010 estimate 169,500 Rank 102nd (of 326) Density 13,973.6/km2 Ethnicity 57.1% White; 6.4% Asian; 6,3% Black; 3,9% Mixed Races; 2,7% Chinese; 3,6% Other [3]

1-18 Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea 1-6 North kensington 1 Goldborne

ROYAL BOROUGH OF KENSINGTON AND CHELSEA //19

Trellick Tower City analysis| History | Building Analysis zoom in | the area

populatioN

0-14

rbkc

15-34

15%

London England

35-64

32%

21% 19%

Goldborne

27%

50,1%

37,3%

Goldborne

London

LANGUAGES

10% 11%

40%

16%

asian

| other |

28,5%

7,0%

4,9%

9,6%

11,5% 3,9%

10,9% 2,3%

12,1% 4,6%

5,1% 2,2%

18,7% 23,8% 6,3% 13,9%

60,3% 87,0%

England

12%

39% 39%

ethnicity | white British | white other | black |

rbkc

65+

41%

30% 41%

17%

after English

rbkc

Arabic

people moved in previous 12 months. 2001.

Spanish

Italian

Portugese

Arabic Spanish Somali Portugese French

Goldborne

migration

French

Goldborne

10%

rbkc

19,4%

london 14,2%

england

12,2%

facts sheet

[4]

Trellick Tower City analysis| History | Building Analysis zoom in | the area

Trellick Tower City analysis | History | Building Analysis zoom in | the area

ROYAL BOROUGH OF KENSINGTON AND CHELSEA & NOrth kensington

he Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea (RBKC) is a central London borough of Royal borough status. After the City of Westminster, it is the wealthiest borough in England. It is an urban area and was named in the 2001 census as the most densely populated local authority in the United Kingdom, with a population of 158,919 at 13,244 per square kilometer (the land area is approximately 12 square kilometers, making it the smallest of the London boroughs, excluding the City of London). The borough is immediately to the west of the City of Westminster, which is at the heart of modern London, and to the east of Hammersmith & Fulham, and itself contains a substantial number of city center facilities such as major museums and universities (in “Albertopolis”), department stores like Harrods, Peter Jones and

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Harvey Nichols, is home to the Notting Hill Carnival, Europe’s largest carnival, and several Embassies in its Belgravia, Knightsbridge and Kensington Gardens districts. It also contains many of the most exclusive residential districts in London, which are also some of the most expensive in the world. The local authority is Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council. The Royal borough’s motto is Quam Bonum in Unum Habitare, which translates approximately as ‘How good it is to dwell in unity’. The borough was created in 1965 from the former boroughs of Kensington and Chelsea. Kensington’s Royal Borough status was inherited by the new borough. The new borough was originally to be called just ‘Kensington’ - the inclusion of Chelsea was locally supported.

Demographics. According to the 2001 census, the borough has a population of 158,919. It is 79% White, 4% Black African and 3% Black Caribbean. 44% of households are owner–occupiers. As of October 2004, statistics released[3] by the Office for National Statistics show that life expectancy at birth for females in Kensington and Chelsea was 84.8 years in 2001-2003, the highest in the United Kingdom. Male life expectancy at birth for the same period was 79.8 years, third highest in the UK. The figures for Kensington and Chelsea during 1991-1993 were significantly lower: 73.0 years for males (ranking 301st in the nation) and 80.0 for females (ranking 129th). Further investigation, however, indicates a 12 year gap in life expectancy between the affluent wards of Chelsea (Royal Hospital, Hans Town) and the most northerly wards of North Kensington (Golborne, Dalgarno) which are categorised by high levels of social housing and poverty. Kensington and Chelsea’s affluence is demonstrated by the fact that it has the largest number of highearners (over £60,000) of any local government district in the country—16.6%. It has the highest number of workers in the financial sector and the lowest number working in the retail sector. In December 2006, Sport England published a survey which revealed that residents of Kensington and Chelsea were the fourth most active in England in sports and other fitness activities. 27.9% of the population participate at least three times a week for 30 minutes. [3]

orth Kensington is an area of west London lying north of Notting Hill Gate and south of Harrow Road. North Kensington is the key neighbourhood of Notting Hill. It is where most of the violence of the Notting Hill race riots of 1958 occurred, where the Notting Hill Carnival started and where most of the scenes in the film Notting Hill were shot. Even the area’s main transport hub, Ladbroke Grove tube station, was originally called Notting Hill from its opening in 1864 until 1880, and Notting Hill & Ladbroke Grove between then and 1919, when it was renamed Ladbroke Grove (North Kensington). It acquired its current more simple name in 1938. The area was also once served by St. Quintin Park and Wormwood Scrubs railway station, until it closed in 1940. [citation needed] Estate agents now call the super-rich area to the south Notting Hill; they are in fact referring to the neighbourhoods of Notting Hill Gate and Holland Park. [5]

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Trellick Tower City analysis | History | Building Analysis zoom in | the area

NOTTING HILL

otting Hill is in an area in West London, in the Royal Borough of Chelsea and Kensington. The area is most well known for Portabello Market on Portabello Road which runs everyday except Sundays. Also the Notting Hill Carnival which runs annually in the last month of August. The regeneration of many parts of Notting Hill in the last decade or so has seen property prices spiral rapidly. What with the mixture of vibrant main streets and peaceful residential areas, and the plethora of shops, restaurants, bars and other sources of entertainment, this part of London is a very popular place to live. Notting Hill is also extremely sought after because of the different types of properties from modern new-build apartments, to flats in converted Victorian buildings, to grand large houses. Notting Hill Today Notting Hill, the movie, helped popularise the area, but gentrification was underway long beforehand . Movie stars, rock singers, media types and fashion designers are flooding into the area, which has acquired the sort of atmosphere associated with King’s Road, Chelsea, in the 1960s. The Canal Way branch of Sainsbury’s near the Ladbroke Grove tube station is now said to be one of the best places in London to spot celebrities. The Golbourne Road area — well known for its Portuguese and Moroccan eateries and the infamous Trellick Tower. [6]

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Trellick Tower City analysis | History | Building Analysis zoom in | the area

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maida vale

aida Vale is a residential district in West London between St Johnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Wood and Kilburn. It is part of the City of Westminster. The area is mostly residential, and mainly affluent, consisting of many large late Victorian and Edwardian blocks of mansion flats. In the late 19th and early 20th centu-

ries, Maida Vale was a predominantly Jewish district, and Lauderdale Road in Central Maida Vale contains the 1896 Spanish & Portuguese Synagogue (a Grade II listed building) and headquarters of the British Sephardi community. [7] //29

Trellick Tower City analysis | History | Building Analysis zoom in | the area

Goldbourne Road trellick tower

rellick Tower is a 31-storey block of flats in North Kensington, Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, London, England. It was designed in the Brutalist style by architect Ernő Goldfinger, after a commission from the Greater London Council in 1966, and completed in 1972. It is a Grade II* listed building and is 98 metres (322 ft) tall (120 metres (394 ft) including the communications mast). History Goldfinger’s design is based on his earlier and slightly smaller Balfron Tower (in Poplar, east London), and is in effect a sister building. It is also similar to Anniesland Court in Glasgow, design by J Holmes & Partners and completed in 1968. It has a long, thin profile, with a separate lift and service tower linked at every third storey to the access corridors in the main building; flats above and below the corridor levels have internal stairs. The building contains 217 flats and was originally entirely owned by the GLC with the flats rented as council flats. Shortly after its completion the building was transferred to the local council (the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea). Most of the flats are still social housing, but a significant minority are now privately owned. The tower was completed at a time when high-rise tower blocks were going out of fashion as local authorities were beginning to realise the social problems they caused. By the late 1970s Trellick Tower had a very poor reputation for crime (rapes in lifts and staircases, children attacked by drug addicts)[citation needed] and anti-social behaviour, and many tenants resisted a transfer there. However, with the introduction of the ‘right to buy’ council homes, many of the flats were bought by the tenants. [8][9]

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5 Goldbourne Road /

THE TRELLCK TOWER

31 Storeys high 98 meters (tower 120 m) tall 219 Flats

his is one of the capitalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s finest postcodes when it comes to transport services. The A404 (Harrow Road) runs west from the great train stations of Euston/Marylebone Road to north-west London, past Kensal Green cemetery. To the west the A219 (Scrubs Lane) can take you to the transport hub of Hammersmith //34

to the south and the Westway (A40) can deliver you all the way to the Pembrokeshire coast. Tube lines run along the northern and southern borders of W10. To the south the Hammersmith & City Line has stations at Latimer Road, Ladbroke Grove and Westbourne Park. [10]

Distance. Westbourne Park Tube. Great Western Road, North Kensington, W11 1AB , Underground lines: Hammersmith & City, Circle. 6 mins from Trellick Tower. Ladbroke Grove Tube. Ladbroke Grove, North Kensing-

ton, W10 6HJ , Underground lines: Hammersmith & City, Circle. 11 mins from Trellick Tower. Queenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Park Tube. Salusbury Road, Kilburn, NW6 6NL , Underground lines: Bakerloo. 17 mins from Trellick Tower [11]

traffic situation

Trellick Tower City analysis | History | Building Analysis zoom in | the area

westborne park station

BACKG R O U N D :

Trellick Tower City Analysis | History | Building Analysis LONDON | NORTH KENSINGTON | TRELlICK TOWER

“More than one million London houses were destroyed or damaged during the Blitz”

The Blitz

The Blitz was the sustained strategic bombing of Britain by Nazi Germany between 7 September 1940 and 10 May 1941, during the Second World War. The city of London was bombed by the Luftwaffe for 76 consecutive nights which devastated the docks and many industrial, residential, and commercial districts, including the historic heart of the City. About 30,000 Londoners died because of enemy action in the skies above the capital, and a further 50,000 were injured.[1][2]

Reconstruction

The end of hostilities brought a return of evacuees, and reconstruction of the city began at once, even though building materials were in desperately short supply. During the war the Greater London Plan (1944) had been prepared as a blueprint for reconstruction and also for relocating some Londoners and their jobs in new towns around the capital and in “assisted areas” in parts of the English provinces. Construction of new housing was discouraged and tightly controlled in a Green Belt around London, and the subsequent dispersed growth of the metropolis occurred in more distant sections of southeastern England. The New Towns Act (1946) gave rise to eight new settlements outside the metropolis. Passage of town and country planning acts, notably in 1947 and 1968, gave municipal authorities unprecedented powers of land purchase and control over development in London. The Festival of Britain (1951) proclaimed national recovery and produced the Royal Festival Hall on the south bank of the Thames, as well as the Lansbury Estate (a redevelopment area in Poplar). However, severe air pollution from coal-burning domestic hearths and industrial chimneys contributed to the Great Smog of 1952, which played a part in the death of 4,000 Londoners. During the subsequent quarter century there was vast investment in slum clearance, construction of new houses and apartments, and improvement of services. Urban planning was more widely accepted, together with a broad policy to divert a share of employment and housing to localities beyond London’s continuously built-up area. As a result, the number of residents in Greater London contracted from about 8,193,000 in 1951 to about 6,600,000 in 1991; however, growth continued in other parts of the southeast.[3]

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Trellick Tower City Analysis | History | Building Analysis LONDON | NORTH KENSINGTON | TRELlICK TOWER

Background

Long seen as a poor cousin to Notting Hill, from which it is neatly divided by the Westway, North Kensington, Golborne and Kensal Town are fast becoming bohemian attractions at a fraction of the price of their costly southern sisters. The farm land around Portobello was developed by Henry Blake, who constructed 3-storey houses with cellars for wealthy families who never arrived. Subdividing soon filled this vacuum and overcrowding was a curse here. In 1930 Southam Street had 130 houses accommodating 625 families - some 2,386 people. Kensal Town earned a reputation for violence with local gangs regularly slugging it out in pitched battles up to Edwardian times. Slums remained a problem here even after clearance produced post-war estates, a problem which invited ghettoization. The areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cheap housing attracted large-scale immigration, from Spanish refugees in the Civil War of 1936-39 up to Londonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest Moroccan enclave of today. Further pressure came in the form of the Westway, built to ease traffic flow into central London in the late Sixties but in addition yielding 23 acres of derelict land underneath and a great eyesore above. [4]

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Trellick Tower City Analysis | History | Building Analysis LONDON | NORTH KENSINGTON | TRELlICK TOWER

Background

The riots

The end of World War II had seen a marked increase in Caribbean migrants to Britain. By the 1950s, white working-class "Teddy Boys" were beginning to display hostility towards the black families in the area, a situation exploited and inflamed by groups such as Sir Oswald Mosley's Union Movement and other far-right groups such as the White Defence League, who urge d disaffected white residents to "Keep Britain White". There was an increase in violent attacks on black people through summer. For instance, 24 August, a group of ten white youths committed a series of serious assaults on six West Indian men in four separate incidents. At 5.40am, their car was spotted by two police officers who pursued them into the White City estate, where the gang abandoned the car. Using the car as a lead, investigating detectives arrested nine of the gang the next day after working non-stop for 20 hours. Just prior to the Notting Hill riots, there was racial unrest in Nottingham, which began on Saturday, 23 August and went on intermittently for two weeks.

The riot is thought to have started on Saturday 30 August when a gang of white youths attacked a Swedish woman, Majbritt Morrison. The youths had seen her the previous night arguing with her Jamaican husband Raymond at Latimer Road tube station. They had shouted racial insults at him and were incensed when she turned on them. Seeing her the next night, the same youths pelted her with bottles, stones and wood and struck her in the back with an iron bar, until the police intervened and she was escorted home. Morrison later wrote an autobiographical book, Jungle West 11, which included details of her ordeal. Later that night a mob of 300 to 400 white people, many of them â&#x20AC;&#x153;Teddy Boysâ&#x20AC;?, were seen on Bramley Road attacking the houses of West In-

Notting hill riots Aftermath dian residents. The disturbances, rioting and attacks continued every night until they petered out by 5 September. The Metropolitan Police arrested over 140 people during the two weeks of the disturbances, mostly white youths but also many black people found carrying weapons. A report to the Metropolitan Police Commissioner stated that of the 108 people charged with crimes such as grievous bodily harm, affray and riot and possessing offensive weapons, 72 were white and 36 were black.

The sentencing of the nine white youths arrested during the riots has passed into judicial lore as an example of "exemplary sentencing" – a harsh punishment to act as a deterrent to others. Each of the youths received five years in prison and they were to also pay £500. The riots caused tension between the Metropolitan Police and the British African-Caribbean community, which claimed that the police had not taken their reports of racial attacks seriously. In 2002, files were released that revealed that senior police officers at the time had assured the Home Secretary, Rab Butler, that there was little or no racial motivation behind the disturbance, despite testimony from individual police officers to the contrary. The Notting Hill Carnival was started by Claudia Jones in January 1959 as a response to the riots and the state of race relations in Britain at the time.[5][6]

“Notting hill race riots took place in Kensington over several nights in late August and early September 1958”

Trellick Tower City Analysis | History | Building Analysis LONDON | NORTH KENSINGTON | TRELlICK TOWER

“When I think of the punk years, I always think of one particular spot, just at the point where the elevated Westway diverges from Harrow Road and pursues the line of the Hammersmith and City tube tracks to Westbourne Park Station.” Jon Savage

the punk era North Kensington and Notting hill came to be major scenes for the punk-movement during the late 70’s. One of the strongest reasons for that might be “The Clash”, a band founded in North Kensington along Portobello Road. One of their first songs “White Riot” was inspired by their participation in another riot. The riot occurred many years after the Notting Hill Riot, in 1976 at the conclusion of the Notting Hill Carnival after police arrested a pickpocket and a mixed group of both black and white youths came to his defence. The disturbance escalated and over 100 police officers were injured. Two notable participants in this riot were Joe Strummer and Paul Simonon. The punk subculture emerged in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia in the mid1970s, and has maintained a strong following to present. “When I think of the punk years, I always think of one particular spot, just at the point where the elevated Westway diverges from Harrow Road and pursues the line of the Hammersmith and City tube tracks to Westbourne Park Station. From the end of 1976, one of the stanchions holding up the Westway was emblazoned with large graffiti which said simply, Rough Trade 202 Kensington Park Road “That street was not a trendy street,” reminisced Viv Goldman in Art Rocker fanzine, “it was a shabby block, a lot of old dears and a grocery next door, probably an art gallery now, where people would get sarnies... Rough Trade coming in there was quite a shock, like a new generation coming up. They had hi-tech files and it was like the future had arrived in a street which practically could be in an Ealing comedy.”[7]

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Trellick Tower City Analysis | History | Building Analysis LONDON | NORTH KENSINGTON | TRELlICK TOWER

gentrification - TODAY … there is very little left of the poorer enclaves of Hampstead and Chelsea: in these boroughs, the upper-middle class take-over was consolidated some time ago. The invasion has since spread to Islington, Paddington, North Kensington - even to the “shady” parts of Notting Hill - to Battersea, and to several other districts, north and south of the river... This resulted in a decline in social segregation at the macro borough scale in London. There is no longer a small middle-class residential area in central London surrounded by a homogeneous sea of working-class housing. Rather, the middle classes have expanded outwards into a number of hitherto working-class areas. The social class composition of Inner London is now far more mixed than it was thirty years ago. But, at the local or micro level, it is likely that segregation has risen between wealthy homeowners in one street, and unemployed, low-income council tenants a few streets away. In the 1970s Notting Hill was known as the poor man’s corner of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. It is now considered to be one of London’s most fashionable and desirable residential addresses. The large stock of Georgian & Victorian houses has been fundamental to the district’s successful transformation. The majority of the “multi-occupied houses” have been converted into desirable flats or returned to their former glory as townhouses. As the average income of residents has increased, the retail provision has improved with Ledbury Road and Westbourne Grove becoming exclusive retail destinations, and numerous restaurants and bars opening to cater to wealthy residents. The markets and antique stores on the Portobello Road remain perennially popular with both residents and tourists. Housing Associations were also one of the main progenitors of Notting Hill’s renaissance; they have kept a strong hold, many maintaining controlled rents to ensure some housing remains affordable and thus re-enforcing the diversity of these neighbourhoods. These properties are rarely resold thus ensuring the supply of affordable rental property on the marke. Residential values have continued to rise in Notting Hill; in the last 5 years alone the district has seen capital growth of 62%.[8][9]

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Trellick Tower City Analysis | History | Building Analysis LONDON | NORTH KENSINGTON | TRELlICK TOWER

brutalism This term is derived from the French phrase ‘béton brut’ (meaning ‘raw concrete’) describing the use of exposed concrete in buildings such as Le Corbusier’s Unité d’Habitation in 19521. By revealing the marks left by wooden formwork when the concrete was poured, the material takes on a much more expressive appearance, portraying the modernist principles of truth to materiality and honesty of construction. Le Corbusier is quoted

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stating2 “L’Architecture, c’est, avec des matières brutes établir des rapports émouvants” which translates as “Architecture is the establishing of moving relationships with raw materials” highlighting his belief that honesty of construction and expression of materials leads to a more successful architectural style. However, whilst the architecture of post-war Europe embraced this brave new modernism in projects such as Le Corbusier’s ‘Unité’, the

post-war architecture of Britain took a different route. Whereas the International Style and subsequent ‘Brutalist’ style of architecture were popular in Europe, a more conservative form of building evolved in Britain, based on Swedish social architecture. This style, labelled ‘New Empiricism’ by the monthly Architectural Review magazine as early as 1948, was heavily imitated across post-war Britain as a largescale solution for social housing.

With flush wall surfaces, large windows, overly elaborate wood detailing and pitched roofs, the younger generation of architects, including Peter and Alison Smithson, did not approve of this supposed dilution of modernism. Dissatisfied with the course British architecture was taking they rejected the apparent retrogression to ‘picturesque’ town planning of the late 19th Century and the architecture of ‘New Empiricism’ being promoted by fig-

ures such as Nikolaus Pevsner and the editors of the Architectural Review.3 Whereas Corbusier’s Unité remained a bright, sun-drenched emblem of Brutalist architecture, similar schemes in Britain are recognised for their damp patches and bleak discoloured, concrete façades. However, one must remember the buildings themselves have not always been at fault for the apparent failings of most New

Brutalist schemes. A large number of schemes, Park Hill included, failed to create a sense of community similar to traditional terraced streets because the developments were not organised and maintained in a coherent way. One such example, Trellick Tower, demonstrates the social problems that can be encountered when social housing is not maintained properly.[10][11] [12]

council housing A council house, otherwise known as a local authority house, is a form of public or social housing. The term is used primarily in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. Council houses were built and operated by local councils to supply uncrowded, well-built homes on secure tenancies at reasonable rents to primarily working class people. Council house development began in the late 19th century and peaked

in the mid-20th century, at which time council housing included many large suburban “council estates” and many urban developments featuring tower blocks. These developments did not live up to the hopes of their supporters, and now suffer from urban blight. Since 1979 the role of council housing has been reduced by the introduction of right to buy legislation, and a change of emphasis to the de-

velopment of new social housing by housing associations. Nonetheless a substantial part of the UK population still lives in council housing. Approximately 40% of the country’s social housing stock is owned by local authorities, 15% is managed by arm’s length management organisations, and 45% by housing associations. In Scotland, council estates are known as schemes.[13]

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Trellick Tower City Analysis | History | Building Analysis LONDON | NORTH KENSINGTON | TRELlICK TOWER

BACKGROUND Trellick's seeds were sown in the modern movement that enraptured Continental architects in the 1920s, among them a Hungarian called Erno Goldfinger. Spurning stylistic conservatism, the modernists proposed housing Europe's teeming urban masses in high-rise blocks, thus securing sun, space and greenery. That and the potential of reinforced concrete were absorbed by Gold//52

finger before he moved to Britain in 1933. Commissions for schools, houses and offices followed but he had to wait for the housing crisis after the Second World War before realising his vision of the monumental sense of weight and texture of concrete. London County Council, scrambling desperately to replace slums and destroyed homes, turned to Goldfinger. When not seducing

women and gifting Ian Fleming with the name of a worthy Bond villain, he had built a reputation, irresistible to planners, for working quickly, competently and within budget. Landlords praised him for squeezing more space out of a site than anyone else in England. Having agreed to his 1963 plan for the 27-storey Balfron Tower in Bow, east London, the LCC's nerve was steeled for a giant leap of faith

“Opened in 1972, Ernö Goldfinger’s Trellick Tower was initially a great success, providing much needed social accommodation in Kensington, London.”

in the heart of north Kensington. Goldfinger proposed a £2.4 million, 31-storey slab block at Edenham Street, on the Cheltenham estate. "One has a feeling that this is Stalin's architecture as it should have been," says James Dunnett, an architect who worked in Goldfinger's office. The LCC's powers of patronage were near absolute. Once its approval was given in April 1966,

only central government, which was paying the bill, could stop the thousands of tons of concrete rolling towards Kensington. It nearly did. It introduced regulations that would force Trellick's radical redesign or abandonment. "Quite a lot of corners were cut to beat the deadline," says Dunnett. Chums in the LCC turned a blind eye. Drawing freehand in 3B pen-

cil on butcher's paper, Goldfinger sketched what he considered a beautiful creation: a slab block linked to an enclosed walkway on every third floor, leading to a detached service tower, containing lifts, stairs and refuse shutes, on top of which was planted a cantilevered boiler house. Some said it resembled the bridge of a warship, others said a Cyclopean eye, others said a mutant fridge.[14] //53

Trellick Tower City Analysis | History | Building Analysis LONDON | NORTH KENSINGTON | TRELlICK TOWER

First years - social problems By 1972, the social consequences of tower blocks were dawning on city planners, but it was too late, Trellick was completed. Within months tenants were begging the council for emergency measures to deal with the vandalism, burglaries, muggings, caretakers' strikes, rubbish and ankle-deep floods. A pensioner collapsed and died after broken lifts forced him to climb six flights. The rush to escape turned into a stampede. The waiting list jumped to six months, then 12, then 18, then two years. Trellick was sinking into decay, neglect and crime. It was said to have inspired JG Ballard's novel, High Rise, in which residents collapse into anarchy and wage war on each other's floors. A destiny of desolation and demolition seemed inevitable. The nightmare would start moments after entering the lobby. Stench of urine, beer and stale sweat would seep from shadows, the lights would be smashed again and the corridor vandalised into gloom. Silence did not mean no one was there. Walk, and the broken bottles and syringes crunched underfoot. With luck, one of the tower's three lifts would be working. Fresh graffiti, used condoms and a passed-out vagrant might have been waiting inside when the doors parted. The 12-person aluminium box, shaped like a coffin, would grind upwards at 1.5 metres per second. Often it would stop at the wrong floor, open into darkness and the sound of dripping water, then resume the ascent. One Christmas, vandals on the 12th floor opened the fire hydrant and unleashed thousands of gallons of water into the lifts, blowing fuses and leaving the block without electricity, heat, water or toilet facilities. Grind up another three floors and you would be where a 27-year-old woman was dragged from the lift and raped. Down the same corridor a depressed young mother jumped to her death. On the 21st floor, an 11-year-old girl was dragged from a lift into the chute room and attacked. If there was a figure huddled in a doorway, it was best not to check. It could have been a prostitute waiting for business, an addict shooting up, an imminent squatter or a neighbour, fumbling for a key. This was Trellick Tower. To newspapers it was the Tower of Terror or Colditz in the Sky, to residents it was hell. From the outside it looked even worse, said just about everyone. What yawned upwards was a monstrous disfigurement, 31 storeys of concrete brutalism, 322 feet of high-rise council folly branded one of the ugliest buildings in the world. It would scar the west London skyline until it was demolished and forgotten. [14] [15]

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;Within months tenants were begging the council for emergency measures to deal with the vandalism, burglaries, muggings, caretakersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; strikes, rubbish and ankle-deep floods.â&#x20AC;?

Trellick Tower City Analysis | History | Building Analysis LONDON | NORTH KENSINGTON | TRELlICK TOWER

The turning point In 1982, the GLC spent £343,336 on an entryphone system and repairing electrics, lifts and lights, but breakdowns and cock-ups made them worse than useless. The same year a skydiver, Francis Donellan, sneaked to the top of the tower and jumped but his parachute failed to open. He died. All the while the odium flowed, for Trellick's exterior was seen as an extreme, some said pathological, rejection of the English picturesque tradition. An ageing Goldfinger continued to defend it as a work of pure geometry, of beauty, a perfect resolution of horizontal and vertical elements. But it was a cry in the wilderness. His career never recovered from Trellick. No one would touch him. He died in 1987, defiant, bitter, his reputation in ruins, his tower loathed. He would never know how close he was to redemption. For already, imperceptibly at first, Trellick was undergoing a renaissance, dated by many to October 8, 1984, when a new residents' association was formed. Its influence uncoiled slowly: petitions on security, phone calls and letters to the housing department, articles in the local papers, nagging tenants to help, lobbying councillors. A survey formally recorded the widespread fear of crime. The Trellick tower management group was set up. Numbing negotiations inched through committees and sub- committees. Reports were written, ignored, updated, ignored again and still the residents chipped. Years passed. Then things began to change. In 1986 the council changed its policy: flats would be given only to tenants who wanted to live in the tower. And to the council's astonishment, demand was strong. Word of Goldfinger's attention to detail had //56

spread: the balconies with cedar cladding, the architrave light switches fitted into metal door frames, the timber-framed double-glazed windows that turn inside out for ease of cleaning, the space-saving sliding doors, the natural light, the sunsets. A year later the now-defunct London Daily News declared Trellick "terrifying but now fashionable". Their Dark Age had lasted decades, but the residents were suddenly living in some of Britain's most sought after flats. Many were stunned. Improvements started to flow: 38 gallons of hot water heated overnight on economy-priced electricity courtesy of an £880,000 Cyclocontrol system, a £180,000 entryphone and key fob system, a derelict site redeveloped as a playground, three £200,000 faster and bigger stainless steel lifts, enough CCTV cameras to inflame the GLC and best of all, in 1994, 24-hour security. Fear, crime and vandalism plummeted as civic pride soared. "Who'd want to live in that hell hole?" sneered a character in The Bill, and 25 furious residents wrote to ITV saying they did. Residents now feel cocky enough to bar filmmakers unless they pledge to be be nice. They like it mentioned that kestrels are nesting on the service tower. Friendships forged in the dark days have endured leaving a vibrant sense of community on most floors. Neighbours look out for each other in tiny and big ways, saying hello, fetching groceries, caring for the sick. "London sprawls below in all directions as far as the eye can see so maybe we need to know we're not alone up here," says Martin Brady, 37, a language teacher. [14] [15]

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Friendships forged in the dark days have endured leaving a vibrant sense of community on most floors. Neighbours look out for each other in tiny and big ways, saying hello, fetching groceries, caring for the sick.â&#x20AC;?

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Trellick Tower City Analysis | History | Building Analysis LONDON | NORTH KENSINGTON | TRELlICK TOWER

Grade II listed building - Cultural icon Something unexpected, something astonishing, has happened. Trellick has clawed out of the abyss. Against all the odds, it has hewn a renaissance from the concrete. Crime and disorder have virtually evaporated. Lifts glide, boilers hum, management works. Tenants adore it, Blur sing about it, directors and advertisers film it, T-shirt designers transpose it, architects study it, coach-loads of tourists photograph it. A Mongolian planner seeking inspiration visited, followed by South Africa's housing minister. Trellick's transformation is the closest urban renewal gets to fairytale - one which planners hope will become a model for Britain. It is a story of a flawed ideal, a vilified architect, a doomed vision and tenants who refused to give up. Above all, it's a story of the fickleness of fashion. Architecture students like Peter Smith would occasionally visit and stand at the base, awed, but that was in the early days and criticism never softened. So when James Dunnett, Goldfinger's former aide, lobbied English Heritage to recognise Trellick as an outstanding postwar building, success seemed remote. English Heritage sent a listing team to inspect the tower. On the team was an architect, Peter Smith, now middle-aged, who had visited before. He was still awed. "I always liked it, its mass, its shape, its sculptural power." So did his colleagues. Trellick, welded to the landscape, was immutable, constant, but the world around it was not. Virtually unnoticed, glimmers of admiration had for two decades seeped from architectural colleges into the heart of the conservationist establishment. In 1999 the people at English Heritage made a shocking decision. They made Trellick a listed building. They said they liked its sublime grandeur. Trellick’s debilitating social problems have been largely stamped out and the building has become something of a pop culture icon. Examples of that is its presence in Blur’s video for “For Tomorrow”, the video for “Kingdom of Doom” by Blur lead singer Damon Albarn’s 2007 project The Good, the Bad and the Queen, in the video for “Tomorrow Comes Today” by further side project Gorillaz, in the video for “I Shall Overcome” by Hard-Fi and in the video for “Little 15” by Depeche Mode. [14] [15]

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BUILDI N G ANALY S I S :

Bearing system Cross-wall is a generic method of building construction using a series of division or party walls which transfer the floor loads through the building to foundation or transfer slab level. The cross-wall system generally utilises stair cores and lift cores for overall stability, using the floors as stiff diaphragms for the transmittal of horizontal forces into shear walls located at staircase and lift shaft positions. The floors in are made up of either hollow core, solid slab, or composite construction. The advantages of this form of construction are: Simplicity and uniformity of construction - the walls consist of simple unbroken in situ concrete. Projecting beams and columns are eliminated The external walls, being free from load, may be design with greater freedom in the choose of materials and finish. As a result of these factors, construction costs are relatively low. Concrete cross wall construction in multi-storey buildings is normally reinforced and is then called box-frame construction. This is to be seen in comparison with the later open frame system in which the walls have no load-bearing function. (Foster, Jack Stroud; Harrington, Raymond; Greeno, Roger: Structure and fabric pt.2 7th Edition. Pearson Education Limited. Essex 2007)

In Trellick tower the load bearing walls are 200mm and the slabs 250mm. Both the walls and slabs are made of in-situ reinforced concrete. The emergency stairs works as lateral load bearing elements.[1] //62

Appartment types //63

commmunication The sectional organization features an enclosed gallery bridge at every 3rd floor with entrance and stairs to flats or maisonettes above and below the access level. The galleries connect to a detached vertical circulation tower with bridges at every 3rd floor. The circulation element is rendered as a separate small tower and, in addition to elevators and stairs, contains mechanical equipment, including the boiler, as well as shared community spaces. The opposite end of the building is occupied by the emergency staircase.

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above Access level

appartment types Trellick has a mixture of nine different apartments. All of them have double-glazed windows on both sides of the building. Moreover, the kitchen and the dining area are located at the gallery level having in front of them large balconies, facing south. Goldfingerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s aim was to provide his tenants with the spectacular view across London without having to leave their seats. Floor to ceiling glass along the length of the kitchen-diner beckons visitors to gaze at the panorama before them. â&#x20AC;&#x2DC; He used proportional systems in his buildingsapplying a modular grid and regulating lines to achieve more harmonious results.[2]

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Access level

below access level

4-person flat above access gallery level

6-person corner flat above access gallery

2-person flat at access gallery level

4-person corner flat at access gallery level

4-person flat below access gallery level

6-person corner flat below access gallery level

6-person maisonette lower level

6-person maisonette upper level, with access galery

7 of 9 Appartment types //67

Thermal transportations This spread shows the princple of thermal transportations from the outside to the inside in a typical appartment. It only cover the facade facing south. The heat radiation comes from the sun and from the electric storage heaters placed next to the windows on the inside. Since the walls and slabs are made from concrete there is a conduction bringing the outdoor climate to the inside. The cold concrete then radiates coldness

Conduction

Radiation from the sun

Radiation from the windows

Conduction

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Radiation from the slab

out in the room making the indoor air cold. Furthermore the electric storage heater creates a convection of air in the room wich to some extent get rid of the down draught from the window. The assumption is however that the cold concrete in the slabs and walls cool down the hot convected air wich then drops in the middle of the room resulting in that the hot air do not reach the back of the room.

Air cooling of

Convection

Radiation of cold air from the windows Convection Radiation of warm air from the radiator

Electric storage heater

Air cooling of

Convection

Radiation of cold air from the windows Convection Radiation of warm air from the radiator

Electric storage heater

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COLD BRIDGES in slab construction

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0°c

THERMAL SIMULATION [SECTION ] Interior Temp = 20°c Exterior Temp = 0°c

0°c

THERMAL SIMULATION [SECTION ] Interior Temp = 20°c Exterior Temp = -5°c

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Floor temperature in different outdoor climates

0°c

THERMAL SIMULATION [SECTION ] Interior Temp = 20°c Exterior Temp = -15°c

0°c

THERMAL SIMULATION [SECTION ] Interior Temp = 20°c Exterior Temp = -20°c

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interventions | insulation improvments

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DaYLIGHT SIMULATION All the studies were made with the same parameters on the same date and time. The idea of the study was to investigate the light conditions between different levels, apartments and rooms of the trellick tower. 1lux = one candle 2,5% daylight factor enough for reading 5% daylight factor no need for artificial lights

DATE: TIME: SKY: UNIT:

SEPTEMBER 21 12:00 INTERMEDIATE LUX (max 500)

Daylight factor - below access level

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livingroom

bedroom

Daylight factor - access level

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livingroom

bedroom

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Daylight factor - above access level

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livingroom

bedroom

bedroom

kitchen

SOUTH vs NORTH

There are 4 different theoretical interventions, we made, with the mission to improve the lightconditions in the apartments of the trellick tower. No.1. walls. No.2. No.3. No.4. room ready //90

Added windowstrips just under the ceiling height on the inner That gave the result of only 1 lux. avarege (1lux = one candle). Replaced the inside doors with glass doors. Result: avarege of 3 lux. Windowstrips + Glassdoors combined. Result: avarege of 4 lux. Removing the wall between the corridor and the livingto have an openplan apartment. Results: having daylight alentering the apartment where it was complete darkness before.

THE INTERVENTIONS NO.1. WINDOWSTRIPS

NO.2. GLASSDOORS

NO.3. WINDOWSTRIPS + GLASSDOORS

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NO.4. OPEN FLOORPLAN

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Trellick Tower references

City analysis [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Kensington_and_Chelsea [4] http://www.rbkc.gov.uk/voluntaryandpartnerships/jsna.aspx [5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Kensington [6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notting_Hill [7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maida_Vale [8] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trellick_Tower [9] http://housingprototypes.org/project?File_No=GB010 [10] http://www.nu-mad.com/3.htm [11] http://www.londontown.com/TransportInformation/Attractions/Trellick-Tower/a406d/ BACKGROUND [1]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blitz [2] http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/648813/World-War-II/53543/The-Battle-ofBritain?anchor=ref511861 [3] http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/346821/London/10113/Reconstruction-after-World-War-II [4] http://www.findaproperty.com/areaguidebook.aspx?edid=00&salerent=0&storyid=0741&areaid=0148 [5] http://www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk/server.php?show=conInformationRecord.161 [6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Notting_Hill_race_riots punk era [7]http://www.historytalk.org/Notting%20Hill%20History%20Timeline/timelinechap14.pdf [8] Unequal city: London in the global arena Av Chris Hamnett [9] http://www.ipglobal-ltd.com/investor-centre/investment-newsletter/regeneration-and-gentrification-inlondon.html [10]Reyner Banham, “The New Brutalism: ethic or aesthetic?” London, Architectural Press, 1966. “Brutalism”, The Grove Dictionary of Art, Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2000. [11]From Here to Modernity, Open University, 2001. [12]“Brutalism,” Tate Online Glossary, 2007. http://www.tate.org.uk/collections/glossary/definition. jsp?entryId=58 [13] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_house [14] http://www.housingprototypes.org/project?File_No=GB010 [15] Rory Carroll The Guardian, Thursday 11 March 1999 http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/1999/ mar/11/features11.g28 BUILDING ANALYSIS [1] (Foster, Jack Stroud; Harrington, Raymond; Greeno, Roger: Structure and fabric pt.2 7th Edition. Pearson Education Limited. Essex 2007) [2] http://www.modernarchitecturelondon.com/pages/trellick-tower.php

EKLÖF & RIIS | 2012