Paradise Pomegranates: Walls, Gardens, Growing by Deruilee

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

WALLS, GARDENS AND GROWING DESIGN REPORT DE RUI LEE

THESIS:

P A R A D I S E P O E M G R A N A T E S | WA L L S , G A R D E N S , G R O W I N G

[PARA]SITUATION:

O L D C I T Y O F A H M E D A B A D, G U J A R AT, I N D I A

AGENCIES:

H O U S E F O R T H E G AT E K E E P E R THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY F R U I T FA R M E R ’ S G U I L D H O U S E & R I V E R F R O N T M A R K E T P L A C E ACUTION & PROCESSING HOUSE [RACHEL DUNNE] C O M M U N I T Y H A L L A N D D W E L L I N G [ L I LY G O N L A G ]`

MEASURED INTENSITY:

PA N C H K U VA D A R WA J A T O K A L U P U R [O L D C I T Y WA L L O F A H M E D A B A D ]

AUTHOR:

DE RUI LEE

TEAM MEMBERS:

L I LY G O N L A G RACHEL DUNNE

TUTORS:

DORIAN WISNIEWSKI KEVIN ADAMS

1:500 Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology North Elevation located along path of Measured Intensities [Panchkuva Darwaja to Kalupur]. 2

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : WALLS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY 3

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

CONTENTS NARRATIVE INTRODUCTION FOREWORD THE IMAGINED AND IMAGINABLE ABSTRACT

THE GARDEN OF AHMEDABAD R E T H I N K I N G A G R I C U LT U R E A S T U D Y I N P O M E G R A N AT E T H E WA L L E D C I T Y

CULTIVATING THE WALL T H E H O U S E F O R T H E G AT E K E E P E R THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY A H M E D A B A D I N S T I T U T E O F P O M O L O G Y D R AW I N G S PA C K A G E T R A N S F O R M I N G S E T [ S E R I E S O F E N Z Y M AT I C T E R R I T O R I E S ]

A PARADISIAL LANDSCAPE THE POSSIBLE T H E F R U I T FA R M E R ’ S G U I L D H O U S E MENDING THE RIVERFRONT

APPENDIX AUCTION HOUSE INTERVIEW INDEX MEASURED INTENSITIES C U R AT I N G T H E E X H I B I T I O N B E Y O N D PA R A D I S E P O M E G R A N AT E S BIBLIOGRAPHY

Rooftop of Ahmedabad pols during the kite festival, Gujarat, India.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : WALLS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY

Naroda Wholesale Fruit Market in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

INTRODUCTION

FOREWORD

Paradise Pomegranates seeks to remove distortions in the existing agriculture supply chain by establishing a tightlyknit integrated fruit cultivation chain. They operate mainly in two conditions specific to the city: Between the Old City Wall of Ahmedabad and along the Sabarmati Riverfront. Speculations generated from this report operate within the following 5 main scales: THE LOVING METROPOLITAN LANDSCAPE [TLML] Gujarat State

CITY Old City of Ahmedabad

SET OF ENZYMATIC TERRITORIES [SET] Territories held Between the Walls and the Sabarmati Riverfront

BUILDING [BLG] Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology

BODY [BDY] Handrail & Detail

Orange

Banana

Papaya

Lime

Pomegranate

Mango

[Citrus Sinensis]

[Musa]

[Carica Papaya]

[Tilia Lime]

[Punica Granatum]

[Mangifera Indica]

The P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E design report should be read in conjunction with the following:

A STUDY IN POMEGRANATE FOLIO THE “IMAGINED” AND THE IMAGINABLE FOLIO THE EMPIRICAL FOLIO TECHNICAL DRAWINGS FOLIO PACKAGE DRAWINGS FOLIO INSTALLATION OF PARTS SCHEDULE FOLIO ENVIRONMENTAL PACKAGE FOLIO

Indexing the tree types explored.

FILM

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : WALLS, GARDENS, GROWING

“In spite of being one of the largest producers of fruits and vegetables in the world, the export competitiveness among the Indian producers remains low due to post-harvest losses and wastage due to poor infrastructure facilities such as storage and transportation” Pushpendra Singh (President of CIPHET), “Issues in Indian Agriculture.”

INTRODUCTION

TLML SET BLG BDY

1:200 Section of Sabarmati riverfront.

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

ABSTRACT

“The city has been thus growing in all directions and encroaching upon all available space, with the result that the industrial area which first came into existence on the periphery is now in the midst of various residential zones. Extension beyond municipal limits has taken the form of ribbon development along the main highways going out of the city in various directions.” Nirupama Sharma, “A study of Ahmedabad, its urban core and its urban components.”

Fruit production in Ahmedabad has faced challenges in recent years due to poor and inefficient post-harvest management systems. Expensive land prices and overcrowding in and around the city has caused farming to become decentralised. The metropolitan city of Ahmedabad has thus very much outgrown its former size and population. There is an apparent disconnect in the fruit industry between the inner Old City of Ahmedabad and the greater outer Gujarat region state of India. At present, systems for transporting fruits across these large distances result in high wastage and loss of quality in fruits, decreasing farmers’ profits as a result. Paradise Pomegranates speculates a reconfiguration of Ahmedabad’s fruitscape; remapping the trace of Ahmedabad’s lost Old City Walls as an instigator for a fruit-growing network capable of supplementing the city’s fruit requirements. The pomegranate fruit is adopted as a means for understanding the architectural language of the fruit network from metropolitan through to body scale. The thesis borrows from Italo Calvino’s Invisible Cities’ (1972) analogy of interpreting the pomegranate and empire interchangeably as two similar entities that have grown and exploded far beyond its reach. The peeling and (un)-peeling of a pomegranate is understood as a methodology for understanding and appropriating the disappearing fragments of the lost Ahmedabad city Wall. At present, the thickness of the Old City Walls - the skin - has

been peeled back at many points. The contents of the Old City ‘spill’ outwards. Paradise Pomegranates operates within that [In-Between] zone, mediating the friction between the inner (old) and outer (new) city. The proposal follows the “spillage” of (un)-peeling pomegranates to create “spillscapes” that function as an instigator for re-establishing the presence of the lost city Wall. The result is an urban fruit harvesting network of Interstitial Spillscapes operating on a fluctuating thickness through pockets of spaces found within the existing urban fabric. Etymologically, culture stems from the word cultivate: the process of tilling the land and preparing the ground for growing crops. Paradise Pomegranates tests the merits and limitations of cultivating the [In-Between] as an instrument for fruit production in Ahmedabad, and its role within the larger metropolitan fruit network. Visualising the [In-Between] zone of the Old City Walls as both an inside and outside, three architectural agencies of Growing, *Selling and *Dwelling become the apparatus for forging fruitful interventions and creating conditions of continual wetness. The intensity of this liminal condition is transposed to the Sabarmati Riverfront Project, where vast openness offers potential for further cultivation. As the agencies emerge, so does the etymological link between culture and cultivate: tilling the land, and the acquisition of skills. Paradise Pomegranate does not aspire to utopian ideals, but gestures instead towards evocations of lushness and delight, rooted in the modest origins of the term Paradise in Old Iranian as a ‘Walled enclosure’. This design report in particular focuses on Growing through Research and Education driven by the Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology.

[Left] 1:250 Dwelling for the Fruit Farmer. By Lily Gonlag. [Right] 1:100 Auction House. By Rachel Dunne. *Refer to respective Design Reports.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : WALLS, GARDENS, GROWING

INTRODUCTION

TLML SET BLG BDY

[Right] Aerial view of Ahmedabad, India. Image sourced from Architectural Digest.

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

THE IMAGINED AND IMAGINABLE

Ahmedabad’s Old City is a ruptured pomegranate. The thickness of the Old City Walls has been peeled back; it’s seeds have spilled to the periphery. In Invisible Cities, Calvino writes: “My empire has grown too far toward the outside. It is time,” the khan thought, “for it to grow within itself,” and he dreamed of pomegranate groves, the fruit so ripe it bursts its skin...” Italo Calvino, Invisible Cities (Italy: Giulio Einaudi, 1972), 73.

Paradise Pomegranates adopts interchangeable appropriation of the pomegranate and Kublai Khan’s empire to imagine the representation and re-presentation of the city. Reimagining the conversations between Marco Polo and the Khan, the thesis follows a series of graphic drawings attempting to convey the inside-out narrativity, symbolism and vibrancy of this possible landscape. Weaving through the Imagined and the imaginable whilst simultaneously negotiating through the Empirical, we set out to explore the paradisial city of Ahmedabad. Welcome to Paradise Pomegranates.

Historical map of Ahmedabad Old City, India. Sourced from Legacy Library.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

THE IMAGINGED AND THE IMAGINABLE

TLML SET BLG BDY

1:200 Wormseye view of the Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology adopting the “Imagined” drawing style accompanied by the “Empirical” representation alongside it.

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

THE IMAGINED AND IMAGINABLE

1:500 Transposing Series of Enzymatic Territories for the Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

THE IMAGINGED AND THE IMAGINABLE

TLML SET BLG BDY

1:500 “Imagined” axometric drawing of the Sabarmati Riverfront.

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

THE IMAGINED AND IMAGINABLE

1:250 “Imagined” axonometric of the situation Between the Wall.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

THE IMAGINGED AND THE IMAGINABLE

TLML SET BLG BDY

1:100 “Imagined” axonometric of the situation Between the Wall.

Fruit seller inside Naroda Wholesale Fruit Market, Ahmedabad, India.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : WALLS, GARDENS, GROWING

THE IMAGINGED AND THE IMAGINABLE

TLML SET BLG BDY

Under the bridge fruit stall along the Sabarmati Riverfront, Ahmedabad, India.

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

THE GARDEN OF AHMEDABAD

R E T H I N K I N G A G R I C U LT U R E

Agriculture forms the backbone of India’s economy. It contributes more than 20% of its GDP and provides livelihood support to roughly ⅔ of the country’s population. With an arable land of 162mn ha, India is yet to fully utilise its resources to become a major player in the global market. In 2014, India ranked 22nd in global exporter of agro products totalling US$10.1 billion1. With processed fruits and vegetables estimated to comprise only 2% of total production, the agriculture sector is yet to leverage on the export market as a tremendous prospective source of revenue. As the third largest producer of fruit in the world, Gujarat ranks as the third highest producing state. In Gujarat, 176.2 hectares of land goes to fruit farming, producing 2,376 tons each year2. In recent years, post-harvest management has become a key issue affecting farmers in Ahmedabad due to expensive land and overcrowding. Farming has become decentralised; resulting in an apparent disconnect of links between farmers, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. Current systems for transporting fruits across these large distances have resulted in high wastage and loss of quality in fruits, translating into less remunerative prices. The existing Gujarat fruit transport system currently follows a decentralised network, resulting in fruits undergoing highly unnecessary indirect routes between farms and markets. Paradise Pomegranates re-imagines The Loving Metropolitan Landscape Fruit Network as a fruit growing and distribution network with the city of Ahmedabad at its core.

1. [Agricultural Finance Corporation, “2014 Export promotion of pomegranate from India project report”]

2. [Economic Affairs, “Performance of Pomegranate Export from India”]

“The district’s area under fruit cultivation has fallen by

55% since 2005 while productivity of Ahmedabad’s fruit industry has fallen by 66% over the corresponding time period ...Between the ongoing farmers’ protests highlighting the

cries of no proper remuneration for what the “annadata” (food provider) produces and India’s 103rd position in the Global hunger index (GHI) lies Indian agriculture’s third shocking reality - the amount of produce wastage generated countrywide.” India Today, “India grows more food, wastes more, while more go hungry.”

1: 1 000 000 Satellite image location of Ahmedabad within Gujarat State. Imaged sourced from Apple Maps.

LAND USE ARABLE LAND WAT E R B O D I E S FORRESTS URBAN UNPRODUCTIVE LAND RIVER DEPOSITS PRIMARY FRUIT GROWING REGION

+ PRIMARY FRUIT GROWING REGION

SOIL TYPES

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

+ AHMEDABAD

CO S TA L A L LU V I A L S O I L

MEDIUM BLACK SOIL SALINE SOIL DEEP BLACK SOIL DESERT SOIL ALLUVIAL SANDY LOAM SOIL MUD

+ PRIMARY MANGO GROW ING REGION

1:1 000 000 Metropolitan Scale drawing of the proposed fruit distribution network. By Lily Gonlag.

THE GARDEN OF AHMEDABAD

TLML SET BLG BDY

ALLUVIAL SANDY SOIL

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

R E T H I N K I N G A G R I C U LT U R E

“The lack of cold chain and proper storage facilities, exports, transportation, adequate processing facilities and marketing are fields where the current infrastructure system has failed to deliver, leading to wastage of crop production... Statistics reveals a need to move up fast

on capability to store and distribute farm produce. If India spends almost Rs 1.5 lakh crore on cheap and free food grain each year, a study in 2016 estimated that Rs 92,651 crore is lost annually in farm produce wastage.” Pushpendra Singh (President of CIPHET), “Issues in Indian Agriculture.”

Cultivation of pomegranate [Punica granatum L.] is native to the northern India region. In recent years, pomegranate has gradually become an export oriented crop with its production and area increasing substantially. With an annual export of 35,176 tonnes, India ranks second just behind the global leader Iran (60,000 tonnes)3. However at an export rate of 3%, the country also commands the lowest export to total production share behind its main competing countries. India’s continuous year-round harvesting period suggests tremendous potential future upside towards being the dominant export player. With a lower than national average yield of 7044 kg/ha, Gujarat state ranks third in pomegranate production (behind Maharashtra and Karnataka)4. Along the western coast border, Gujarat remains the last remaining “under-developed” state to fully leverage the geographical conditions to dominate the pomegranate market.

1:50 000 Greater City Spillage. By Lily Gonlag.

3. [National Research Centre On Pomegranate, “Global Scenario of Pomegranate Culture with Special Reference to India”]

4. [National Research Centre Pomegranate, “Vision 2050”]

MEMBRANE

NETWORK

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

AHMEDABAD CITY

AHMEDABAD DISTRICT

PROPOSED

EXISTING

PROPOSED NETWORK EXPANSION

WHOLESALE FRUITMARKETS

1:1 500 000 Proposed Fruit Distribution Network. By Lily Gonlag.

APPLE

[OCT - DEC]

CITRUS

[JUL - SEP]

GUAVA

[NOV - JAN]

MANGO

[ MAY - JUL]

P O M E G R A NATE

[JAN - DEC]

EXPORT

THE GARDEN OF AHMEDABAD

TLML SET BLG BDY

EXISTING FRUIT NETWORK

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

THE GARDEN OF AHMEDABAD

A S T U D Y I N P O M E G R A N AT E

In the Greek mythology of Persephone’s abduction by Hades (Lord of the underworld), the pomegranate as a fruit is linked to the symbol of fertility, life and regeneration: “One day while out gathering flowers, Persephone noticed a narcissus of exquisite beauty. As she bent down to pick it, the earth opened and Hades seized her and dragged her down to his kingdom. By eating a few pomegranate seeds, Persephone tied herself to Hades—the pomegranate being a symbol of the indissolubility of marriage. Inconsolable at the loss of her daughter, the corn goddess Demeter prevented the earth from bearing fruit unless she saw her daughter again. Zeus intervened and worked out a compromise: Persephone should live with Hades for one third of the year and the other two thirds with Demeter. Persephone’s return from the underworld each year is marked by the arrival of Spring.” New Larousse encyclopedia of Mythology, “Why a pomegranate?”.

As a project that looks upon fruit-farming as a continuous process, Paradise Pomegranates is etymologically linked to the symbol of the pomegranate. Inside-Out explorations centred on the peeling and un-peeling of the pomegranate prompts the treatment of buildings within the thesis as a continual journey that evolves with time and season. Just like the dissection of a fruit, interventions cultivated within the [InBetween] do not emerge instantaneously but spill gradually, forming spillscapes that undergo a cyclical process of refinements and seasonal changes.

Anatomy of Pomegranate Exploration Exhibition. Photography. 3D Scanning. Casting & Watercolour

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : WALLS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY THE GARDEN OF AHMEDABAD Dissecting the Pomegranate

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

A S T U D Y I N P O M E G R A N AT E

The pomegranate fruit can be considered as old as human life. The fruit of paradise in the hands of first human on earth - Adam and Eve is believed by many to be the pomegranate and not the apple, because the Garden of Eden was located today somewhere in the Middle East known for pomegranate since old ages. The historic fruit tree is domesticated for its innumerable health benefits. Folk medicines have been using this fruit for a long time. Pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries proliferate businesses with pomegranate especially in the European, American and Asian markets. Two decades of consumer awareness towards its innumerable health benefits increased market demand, resulting in profitable monetary returns from this horticulture crop in India, leading to the constant increase in area and production of this crop. Commercial cultivation of pomegranate in India started in 1936. This was the first popular commercial cultivator of pomegranate for extensive cultivation. Its soft seeded variety with bright red attractive rind and aril colour became highly popular due to its demand in export and local markets. The popularity of the pomegranate can be witnessed through increase in growth area (108.9%), production (268.5%), productivity (72.2%) and export (56.9%) during the last 7 years5. Per recent estimate, currently more than 2.5 lakh families earn their livelihood from this crop in India.

5. [National Research Centre on pomegranate, “Global Scenario of Pomegranate Culture with Special Reference to India”]

Gradually, the emerging pomegranate industry started facing hurdles due to diseases and insect pests, non-availability of disease free planting material, disease resistant varieties and lack of processing technologies.

Anatomy of Pomegranate Exploration Exhibition. Photography. 3D Scanning. Casting & Watercolour

SPILLAGE NO. I

[5:1]

[10:1]

THE GARDEN OF AHMEDABAD

TLML SET BLG BDY

SPILLAGE NO. II

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : WALLS, GARDENS, GROWING

SPILLAGE NO. III

1 ing 3]

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

A S T U D Y I N P O M E G R A N AT E

SPILLAGE NO.1 [Model: Drawing 4]

Anatomy of Pomegranate Exploration Exhibition. Paper Model.

SPILLAGE NO.2 [Model: Drawing 1]

SPILLAGE NO.2 [Model: Drawing 3]

SPILLAGE NO.2 [Model: Drawing 2]

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : WALLS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY THE GARDEN OF AHMEDABAD

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

A S T U D Y I N P O M E G R A N AT E

“The existing pomegranate supply chain comprising an entire network of raw material handlers, transportation, storage and marketing are plagued by intermediaries. This has contributed to significant cost build up, which is ultimately passed onto the end consumers, raising retail prices of the produce. Currently farm gate price of the finished processed product only accounts for 35% of the retail price. As the number of intermediaries increase, the more the mark-up at each level.” Financial Express, “India wastes up to 16% of its agricultural produce; fruits, vegetables squandered the most.”

This ancient fruit crop has played an essential role in modern horticulture, not only as a ‘super health fruit’ steeped in history and culture. It has also doubled farmer’s income in rural areas of arid and semi-arid regions that face challenges of natural calamities and unpredicted weather conditions. Analysis of pomegranate statistics for last 6-7 years shows that, average increase per year, in area was 14.7%, production 29.7%, productivity 13.2% and export 16.3%6. Looking ahead with prospective promising technologies and climate change, Paradise Pomegranates aims to leverage its potential as one of the most important horticultural crops in the coming years.

Unfolding the fruit onto the city. [Right drawings by Lily Gonlag].

6. [Economic Affairs, “Performance of Pomegranate Export from India”]

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY THE GARDEN OF AHMEDABAD Naroda Wholesale Fruit Market Auction House

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

THE GARDEN OF AHMEDABAD

T H E WA L L E D C I T Y

Paradise Pomegranates extends its understanding of the pomegranate by mapping its biological structure onto the Old City. Initial investigation into the fruit reveals a network system of layers that is used to further speculate and build upon the network infrastructure proposed from The Loving Metropolitan Landscape Fruit Network. The pomegranate and the Old City of Ahmedabad are etymologically linked, mapping the fruit onto the city, allowing it to be understood Inside Out and the city to become the fruit. The lushness spreading from the Sabarmati River superimposes its relationship to the rest of the city while framing itself as a ‘magic carpet’. Not unlike the dissection of a fruit framed by the boundaries of a chopping board, the ‘carpet’ becomes a zone for further spatial exploration. The speculation resituates key building elements around the Old City while establishing the situations located [InBetween] the Old City Wall and the Sabarmati Riverfront as two key intervention zones. Primary elements, designated researching and growing zones (along with dwellings and auction houses) are situated around Interstitial zones between the lost Wall. Secondary industrial functions, the Farmers Guildhouse, Wholesale Distribution Centre, Satellite campuses and Wholesale Markets are located along the periphery of the Old City in an effort to re-invigorate the permeability and connectivity of the riverfront as the core central activity space.

Re-presenting the Ahmedabad landscape as a green carpet spreading from the Sabarmati Riverfront.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

THE GARDEN OF AHMEDABAD

TLML SET BLG BDY

1:25 000 Paper model mapping the expansion of the Ahmedabad Old City on canvas landscape.

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

800000 470000

750000

T H E WA L L E D C I T Y

4000000 40000

620000

280000

“The area under agriculture has been shrinking - it reduced from 159.5 million hectares in 2010-2011 to 157 million ha in 20152016 - but the number of operational holdings has been rising (from 138.3 million to about 146 million). I think this clearly reflects in the falling average landholding size of farmers, which has come down from 1.2 ha to 1.08 ha.” Fruit Net, “Fruit cultivation halves in Ahmedabad.”

340000

25000

490000

42000

70000

LAND YIELD CALCULATION [TLML]

42000

140000

25000

*Al l nu m be rs i n m 2 u nl e ss st at e d o t he rw i se

TOTAL P L ANT ING AREA: ~ 4 2 000/ 10 4 00 acres

330000

100000 1900000

260000

AREA REQUIRED F O R NARO DA SUP P LY [ALL F RUIT S] : ~ 11 616 acres

2200000 98000 9000

49000

AREA REQUIRED F O R NARO DA SUP P LY [P O M EG RANAT E] : ~ 1 8 9 6 acres

850000

130000

15000 6000

480000

25000

37000

Paradise Pomegranates responds to the disconnect between the inner and outer city post-modernisation.The cultivated land is conceived as a collective effort to explore the possibilities of urban farming in the city and how it can be integrated with community building. The Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology serves as a test-bed for further propagations comprising a performative ensemble of learning and cultivating urban farming event-architecture. Fragments of the lost city Wall are retroactively turned into segments of farming terrain. Nature is introduced anew from Ahmedabad’s lost heritage; traces of the ghost Wall are taken as green oases amongst the urban chaos, reconnecting the inside and outside.

% O F TOTAL SUP P LY TO NARO DA [ALL F RUIT S] : 8 9 %

100000

280000 200000

% O F TOTAL SUP P LY TO NARO DA [P O M EG RANAT ES] : 550% 2000000

9000 14000 970000 14000 43000 98000

19000 100000

1400000

19000 15000

160000

2700000 360000

68000

57000 960000

1400000

460000

1400000 440000

Planting area requirement for Naroda Wholesake

35000

Fruit Market [all fruits]

45000 170000 16000

300000

3300 35000

10000 10000 9600

170000

450000

82000 35000

1000000

4000 4000 580000

400000 36000

580000

300000

140000

Planting area

250000

requirement for

430000

[pomegranate]

470000

390000

16000

140000

14000 100000 35000 28000 35000 35000

60000

2500000

1800000 14000

12000 330000

1400000

700000 7800 100000

1:25 000 Quantifying the landscape.

160000

37000

730000

140000

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

TH GR AD RD E NO O AH ED AA BD AD TH E EG A EN F FA H MM ED AB

TLML SET BLG BDY

1:25 000 “Imagining the Possible - Phenomenological” Combined architecture elements reforming the wider Ahmedabad landscape.

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

T H E WA L L E D C I T Y

“Perishable products like fruits and vegetable are wasted due to unavailability of cold storage and improper transportation facilties. The bottleneck in supply chain between farmers and consumers has resulted in surplus production stripped from farmers and consumers...Post-harvest losses in pomegranate crops range from 15-50%. At a micro level, these losses increase the marketing cost of the product and at macro level they also reduce the per capita availability. There is need to remove the distortions in the present supply chain, create more integration between the different links of the supply chain and reduce these losses. This will result in net gain to producers, consumers and to the nation.” Pushpendra Singh (President of CIPHET), “Issues in Indian Agriculture.”

The multiplicity of these spaces blur the boundaries between economics and sociality. Re-tracing and navigating the path of Old City Wall, these agencies aim to re-establish a presence where it has been visible removed. The cultivated land is then conceived as a collective effort exploring the possibilities of urban farming in the city and how it can be integrated with community building. Each interstitial site involves a degree of ground manipulation by developing sunken green carpets with workable land for crop production and distribution. The arable land within each situation transforms the urban built environment condition into a community and agricultural zone.

[Middle] 1:50 000 Greater City Spillage . By Lily Gonlag. [Right] 1:10 000 City scale model of Ahmedabad’s Old City.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

THE GARDEN OF AHMEDABAD

TLML SET BLG BDY

1:25 000 Satellite image of Ahmedabad’s Old City within the wider landscape context. Imaged sourced from Apple Maps.

Naroda Wholesale Fruit Market Auction House 36

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

LAND YIELD CALCULATION [CITY] 1:10,000

Missing sections of the Wall offers approximately 57260m of land for farming. Assuming that the Naroda Wholesale Market handles equal quantity to fruit requirements for the city of Ahmedabad, we are able to calculate the extent to which our Old City Wall orchards can provide for the demand of Ahmedabad’s fruit market (see fig. 1). 2

MASS SCALE FARMING COMMUNITY GROWING ZONES MIXED FRUIT PRODUCTION

Quantifying Produce of Orchards on Old City Wall Banana

Area (sqm)

8670

Pomegranate

8715

Mango

24180

Mandarin

7195

Papaya

3035

BANANA

+ +

BORE WELLS FOR DRIP IRRIGATION RIVER WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM

Guava

MANADARIN

+ +

5465

PAPAYA

Area (acre)

2.14

2.15

5.98

1.78

0.75

1.35

+ +

Yield per year (tonne)

42.85

15.07

35.85

8.53

63.75

13.5

% of fruit demand met

3.61

0.11

0.06

0.48

2.82

8.39

++ A M R U T V A R S H I N I STEPWELL

Appropriating the Riverfront as fruit orchards offers an extra 182000m2 of land, bringing the total area of inner city farmland to just under 240000m2. For guava, which is the most delicate and inappropriate for transport, our inner city proposal provides for

MIXED FRUIT PRODUCTION

55% of requirements (see fig. 2). On the other hand, mango, for example, is in much higher demand across India and globally, so

+ +

+ MANEK BURJ

Pomegranate

Mango

Mandarin

Papaya

Guava

+ +

38970

39015

54480

37495

33335

35765 +

9.63

9.64

13.46

9.27

8.24

8.84

MANDARIN

POMEGRANATES

MIXED FRUIT PRODUCTION

Area (acre)

POMEGRANATE GROWING ZONE

GUAVA

PAPAYA

Yield per year (tonne)

192.59

67.49

80.77

44.47

700.17

88.38

% of fruit demand met

16.23

0.51

0.15

2.52

30.93

54.89

1:10 000 Calculating land yield for fruit production at city scale. By Lily Gonlag.

TLML SET BLG BDY

Quantifying Produce of Orchards on Old City Wall and Riverfront Orchards Combined Banana

POMEGRANATES

we will still need to rely on outer city mass scale farming to provide for such quantities.

Area (sqm)

THE GARDEN OF AHMEDABAD

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

CULTIVATING THE WALL The path of the Ahmedabad Old City Wall is seen not as a single line, but as a thickness that fluctuates within an [InBetween] zone of the Old City. The [In-Between] zone bridges conditions on either side: it is not as chaotic as the Old City contained within, not as comparatively subdued as the outer new city. It continues to exist [In-Between] these two worlds. The skin - the Wall - once containing the seeds - dense city blocks - has ruptured, losing its function as a container. What was once interior has become exterior. As the Wall zones fold on itself, what was once exterior becomes interior. The peeling and unpeeling - as etymologically interchangeable of a pomegranate has become the method for understanding and appropriating the [In-Between]. At its current state, the Old City Walls - the skin - has disappeared at multiple points. Paradise Pomegranates operates primarily along the path of the Measured Intensities site - between Panchkuva Darwaja and Kalupur Darwaja. Etymologically, culture stems from the word cultivate: the process of tilling the land and preparing the ground for growing crops. Laying the paths of unpeeling pomegranates along portions of the former lost Wall re-establishes a ghost presence of its former function both as a container and interface for an urban farming test bed.

1:10 000 Satellite image of Ahmedabad’s Old City highlighting the two conditions investigated. Imaged sourced from Apple Maps.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY CULTIVATING THE WALL 1:500 City as a Pomegranate re-presentation.

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

E D U C AT I O N A S A N I N S T I T U T I O N A L F O R M

[R]

[G] +

+ +

[F]

[W]

[GH]

[AH]

[GH]

[PH]

[F]

[D]

[C]

[R] [F] + [G]

1:500 “Empirical” Combined architecture elements along the Between the Wall path of Measured Intensities.. *Refer to respective Design Reports.

[D]

[PH]

[R]

[PH]

[W]

[S]

[R]

WALLS, GARDENS & GROWING

RESEARCH & GROWING: INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY [Amenity]

AGRICULTURAL SATELLITE CAMPUS BUILDINGS [Amenity] FRUIT FARMERS’ GUILD MEETING HALL [Amenity]

[D]

[W]

+ +

[S]

[AH]

[GH]

[PH]

[W]

D] +

[C]

+ + +

[R] +

[R]

[D]

[C]

[AH]

[GH]

[S]

[C]

Lily Gonlag

WALLS, GARDENS & SELLING* FRUIT AUCTION HOUSE [Amenity]

PROCESSING & WASH HOUSE [Factor y]

[D] [C]

WALLS, GARDENS & DWELLING* DWELLING: FRUIT FARMERS’ DWELLING [Bed] COMMUNIT Y HALL [Amenity]

GRADING & PACKING HOUSE [Factor y] WAREHOUSE [Factor y] STEPWELL [Butt]

CULTIVATING THE WALL

TLML SET BLG BDY

] ] ] ] ]

[D]

Rachel Dunne [AH [PH + [GH + [W + [S

[C]

[D]

+ +

[D]

[F]

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

E D U C AT I O N A S A N I N S T I T U T I O N A L F O R M

1:500 “Imagining the Possible” Combined architecture elements along the Between the Wall path of Measured Intensities..

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY CULTIVATING THE WALL

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

T H E H O U S E F O R T H E G AT E K E E P E R

The first site of Amrutvarshini Stepwell, located along the periphery of the east city Wall, lies adjacent to Panchkuva Darwaja and a large remaining portion of the Old City Wall, forming the site for a Gate-House. Gate-Houses are inserted [In-Between] on either side of the city Wall. Step pools and screens create micro-climates tailored for urban farming productivity, effectively making the Wall well again. Primary architectural insertions (screens and gates) emerge from motifs ‘drawn’ out from both sites, translating into physical, but not visual thresholds between Inside-Out. Steppools and gutters serve dual purposes, carrying storm water from the Wall back to the well to recharge the Amrutvarshini Stepwell, and also morph into dwelling rooms. Screens and pivoting gates blur the transition Inside-Out, negotiating between ventilation and privacy purposes.

Amrutvarshini Stepwell. Site of The House for the Gatekeeper.

Focused Study Areas

Pattern B

Pattern E

Pattern D

Decay Pattern

A B

D E

1) Wall Well - Railing/ “Gutter” for water flow/collection 2) Well Wall - Decay & Lost motif

Amrutvarshini Vav Decay Pattern Study Texture Analysis Technical Drawing 1:50

Pattern A Fragment of ‘Ruins’ drawing. Examining the ruined condition of the Amrutvarshini Stepwell.

Pattern C

CULTIVATING THE WALL

TLML SET BLG BDY

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

Projected Intervention Pathway

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

T H E H O U S E F O R T H E G AT E K E E P E R

The main architectural intervention at this site is the House for the Gatekeeper. The dwelling sits in-between the two different definitions of planted gardens – the productive fruit orchards and the secluded, spiritual planted oasis. The house itself is designed to act as a ‘gutter’, and be part of the larger water movement through the site: water flows directly through the house itself. Spaces are formed from combinations of solid Walls and screens, to give privacy or provide ventilation when needed. The roofs of the dwelling are constructed from timber, and are free standing within the rest of the design. Central courtyards are essential to the Indian vernacular and the design channels that significance through the open space in the middle. The rooms within the house were designed as a series of closed to increasingly open spaces, which focus on the relationship to water and the surrounding orchard.

[Top] 1:5 Detail of revolving gate of House for the Gatekeeper. By Rachel Dunne. [Right]1:500 Paper Model of House for the Gatekeeper at the Amrutvarshini Stepwell.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : WALLS, GARDENS, GROWING

CULTIVATING THE WALL

TLML SET BLG BDY

Observations drawing of Amrutvarshini Stepwell. Graphite. By Rachel Dunne.

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

T H E H O U S E F O R T H E G AT E K E E P E R

1:200 Axonometric “imagining the possible” combination of architectural language for House for the Gatekeeper. By Rachel Dunne.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

CULTIVATING THE WALL

TLML SET BLG BDY

[Right] Roof plan and axonometric of “imagining the possible” combination of architectural language for House for the Gatekeeper. By Rachel Dunne.

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

T H E H O U S E F O R T H E G AT E K E E P E R

1:200 Elevation of “Imagining the possible” combination of architectural language for House for the Gatekeeper at Amrutvarshini Stepwell. By Rachel Dunne.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY CULTIVATING THE WALL

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

E D U C AT I O N A S A N I N S T I T U T I O N A L F O R M

Education in Ahmedabad, from the very beginning, was an institutional form that received great emphasis and patronage in its modern avatar. Despite having neither the climate nor the proximity to resources such as coal, Ahmedabad’s success in the textile industry in the 19th century is indicative of the spirit of its residents and their ability to adapt to rapid changes happening around them. Naturally, other ideas in modernity followed with industrial modernisation. Thus came the birth of demand for modern institutions. The city pioneered in formed one of the first municipal corporations and became the first city to develop the idea of a co-operative housing society, a strategy that would continue to fuel housing typologies for the next 50 years. Post independence in 1947, institutions were supported and patronised by an enlightened class of eminent architects and designers (Le Corbusier, Alexander Calder etc)7. Following the formation of the Gujarat State in 1960, more institutions were set up in response to the needs of society and economy with modern predilections. With liberalisation of the Indian economy in 1992, the focus was shifted from public to private enterprises, dramatically transforming the idea of an institution. A new energy of enthusiasm and impatient private capitalism was infused into public infrastructure projects. Public-private partnerships became the preferred mode of implementation, replacing the sluggishness of bureaucratic processes. The Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology seeks to continue this institutional tradition by furthering the promotion of agro-industrial education and research through growing.

7. [Riyaz Tayyibji, “AMD Ahmedabad”]

“The marketing cost of pomegranates in Gujarat is almost 50% of the total cost of production. There is a clear need to set up institutional agencies that can advance credit to farmer motivate them to market the produce themselves.” India Today, “India grows more food, wastes more, while more go hungry.”

1:5000 Model and drawing showing spillage of the city [In-Between] the old Walls Inside Out.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY CULTIVATING THE WALL 1:10 000 Spillage of the city. Compiled by Lily Gonlag.

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

E D U C AT I O N A S A N I N S T I T U T I O N A L F O R M

1:250 "Empirical” axonometric of the situation Between the Wall.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

CULTIVATING THE WALL

TLML SET BLG BDY

1:250 “Imagined” axonometric of the situation Between the Wall.

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

E D U C AT I O N A S A N I N S T I T U T I O N A L F O R M

1:200 Ground floor plan of the situation Between the Wall.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

CULTIVATING THE WALL

TLML SET BLG BDY

1:200 “Imagined” situation Between the Wall with routes of circulation adopted by the specific user.

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY

The Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology translates architecture that inherently adopts the site’s Ocean of Wetness through an interconnected network of water collection strategy. Combating the increasing flood prone risks with extreme dry summers, the building opens itself as a sponge to its surroundings.The expanse of the buildings interventions stretches along the path of the Ghost Wall. Dispersed along the interstitial spaces throughout are populated with elevated green roofs. Continuing the Inside-Out architectural language found within the Institute, these green structures provide respite from the sweltering summer heat or shade from the monsoon downpour. Underneath beneath the ground surface, these shelters are interconnected through clusters of cisterns responsible for the collection of storm water run-off and irrigation for the greenroof. Leveraging the water collected during monsoon season, the Institute recharges the aquifer by channelling storm water into basins located within its lower grounds. Overtime this intervention will aim to recover the now depleted watertable to its previous levels. The water is then rechannelled back through boreholes implemented within the cistern network use for irrigation on the green roofs. By maximising the water collection during monsoon seasons, the element of life is now re-purposed and re-allocated for constructive uses to bring about a cooler and more pleasant environment.

1:500 “Imagined” Between the Wall condition with combined architecture elements along the path of Measured Intensities..

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

SPILLAGE NO.1 [Model: Drawing 3]

SPILLAGE NO.1 [Model: Drawing 2]

SPILLAGE NO.1 [Model: Drawing 4]

CULTIVATING THE WALL

TLML SET BLG BDY

SPILLAGE NO.1 [Model: Drawing 1]

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY

The Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology functions as the nodal agency for reinstating the cities’ significance of pomegranates on the macro export scene. The facility looks to increase sustained demand for consumption and export through key drivers: Research and Education. The learning center attracts stakeholders from all stages (growers, processors and traders) to introduce proper cultivation/ processing techniques and harness fuller potential of the fruit. Research conducted within the facility is focused on introducing sustainable pomegranate cultivation in nontraditional areas through scientific management practices, high density planting, integrated disease and insect pest management etc. RESEARCH FRUIT GROWTH PRODUCTIVIT Y Introduction of modern cultivation methods and cultivars capable of producing high fruit yield DIESEASE & PEST MANAGEMENT Resistance against major biotic (bacterial blight, wilt and fruit borer) and abiotic (fruit cracking, aril browning and sun scald) stresses F R U I T VA R I E T Y D E V E L O P M E N T Developing the full potential of its natural variation in identifying important pomegranate genes for future exploitation

[Left] 1:5000 SET scale plan of the 3 architectural languages located along the path of Measured Intensities. [Right] 1:200 Site of the Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology “imagined” through 3 stages of its evolution.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY CULTIVATING THE WALL

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY

“The main issue that plague supply chain in India include non-transparent pricing, limited financial capability, primitive sorting and grading facilities, rampant wastage, lack of quality and hygiene packaging and absence of market determined prices” Pushpendra Singh (President of CIPHET), “Issues in Indian Agriculture.”

Both wings of the institute embrace the ground similarly but in differing manners. The southern timber frame wing is elevated over a sunken infiltration basin. The building opens up into the site, allowing run-off water to divert into the bed of loose rocks and pediments. During dry seasons, the basin is irrigated through an in-built pipe network maintaining its greenery throughout the year. The northern wing digs into the ground through a unique technique developed by the caste communities of Wadders and Boyis. Based in the Diu district of the Gujarat state, these specialised methods of construction are responsible for casting the earth and stone work that comprise the lower ground level. The space remembers the Amruvarshini stepwell by creating a modern interpretation of the stepwell. Dug deeper into the lower ground, the basement opens itself up loosely by offering a despite from the summer heat for activities and shelter during the monsoon. The Institute engages the ground in an interrogative manner, blurring the Inside-Out boundaries by opening its spaces up sensitively in line with its program throughout.

1:500 Institute of Pomology paper model.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

CULTIVATING THE WALL

TLML SET BLG BDY

1:250 “Imagined” axonometric of the Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology.

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY

“Focused research on crops grown in low-productivity states can deliver better seeds, which can then stand better against the challenges of higher temperatures due to climate change. Drought-tolerant varieties of seeds could also be developed for crops grown in rain-red areas. Production of good quality seeds can also enhance productivity by 1520%” India Today, “India grows more food, wastes more, while more go hungry.”

Spaces and programs are loosely connected Inside-Out to encourage interactive learning. The green roof transforms the building into a test-bed for promoting fruit cultivation within dense urban spaces while returning spacious greenscapes back to the community. The Institute’s architecture seeks to navigate the [In-Between] space of the old and new city by celebrating the traditions of the past with the incorporation of the new modernisation.

1:250 Axonometric of the Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

CULTIVATING THE WALL

TLML SET BLG BDY

Imagined render of main circulation through Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology.

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY

1. Ghost Wall 2. Brass Strip/Railing 3. Greenscape Shelters 4. Borehole Network

1:200 Roof Plan of Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING 2. Basement Activity Space [Run-off Area] 3. Flexible Learning Corner 4. Northern Wing Entrance 5. Classrooms 6. Infiltration Basin 7. Southern Wing Entrance 8. Brass Strip 9. Greenscape Shelter 10. Borehole Irrigation

1:100 Ground Floor Plan of Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology.

CULTIVATING THE WALL

TLML SET BLG BDY

1. Greenscape

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY

1. Public Green Roof 2. Research Growth Plots 3. Research Labs 4. Brass Railing

1:100 Second Floor Plan of Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY CULTIVATING THE WALL 1:100 Axonometric of Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology.

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY

Section through the Institute of Pomology maquette study model.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY CULTIVATING THE WALL 1:50 Section A.

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY

1:50 Paper Section model through Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY CULTIVATING THE WALL

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY

1:50 Paper model dissecting the Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology section.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

Nirupama Sharma, “A study of Ahmedabad, its urban core and its urban components.”

1:50 modular render of Institute of Pomology.

CULTIVATING THE WALL

TLML SET BLG BDY

“The houses in the city proper are pucca structures built of bricks ornamented with wooden carving of high excellence possessing two or more storeys. They stand side by side with some of the new structures which have come up along with the old and present a unique blending of the orient and the accident. It does not suffer from the economic stratification usually to be found in the present day extensions.”

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY

“When we talk about Ahmedabad, old and new there are two distinct features of it. The Wall city architecture has a unique blend of community based structure and modern structures on the other side of the city. The old part of the city has a community based structure. It is bound by the community.” Nirupama Sharma, “A study of Ahmedabad, its urban core and its urban components.”

1:100 Section B of Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY CULTIVATING THE WALL

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY

1:50 Longitudinal section D through Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY CULTIVATING THE WALL

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY

1:200 [Top] North Elevation [Bottom] South elevation of the Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY CULTIVATING THE WALL

PARADISE POMEGRANATES THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY D R AW I N G S PA C K A G E

The architecture of the building carries forward an element of Inside-Out spatially, programmatically and materially. Residing along the trace of the ghost Wall, the architecture celebrates both the old and new. Traditional construction techniques and materials found within the historic pols make up the southern wing. Easily sourced materials bricks, timber and recycled terracotta tiles make up the classrooms, conferences and research labs within the learning wing. On the nothern research wing, a concrete shell structure digs into and above the ground, supported by steel columns. Resource library and seminar rooms are enclosed within their own private enclave.

1:200 Exploded Axonometric of Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

CULTIVATING THE WALL

TLML SET BLG BDY

Rendering impression of Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology’s green roof used for testing crop production.

PARADISE POMEGRANATES THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY D R AW I N G S PA C K A G E

1:100 Exploded Axonometric of Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY 85

PARADISE POMEGRANATES THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY D R AW I N G S PA C K A G E

Developmental maquettes for Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : WALLS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY APPENDIX Developmental sketches for Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology

PARADISE POMEGRANATES THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY D R AW I N G S PA C K A G E

Working drawings developing timber screen module.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : WALLS, GARDENS, GROWING

APPENDIX

TLML SET BLG BDY

1:20 Assembling and dis-assembling the timber module within a “kit of parts” schedule.

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

Glass Tile

THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY D R AW I N G S PA C K A G E : R O O F A S S E M B LY

The research lab cantilevers off the central tower structure overlooking the opposing green roof, offerings researchers a direct intimate relationships with their test subjects. In a nonair-conditioned building like this, techniques like shading and ventilation play a major role in improving the building’s overall comfort value for the users. The space features an internally controlled environment suitable for research work. For greater insulation efficiency, the inner Wall is separated from the exterior surface, which is exposed to weather conditions. This layering on effect creates a cushion for the environment to adapt to the changing climate throughout the year. The primary skin language is continued from lower levels, forming the “loose” transitional threshold between Inside-Out. The adjustable nature of this louver system accommodates fluctuations in Ahmedabad’s fluctuating climate, allowing for natural ventilation and an overlooking viewpoint or being partially closed of to avoid the intense heat from the afternoon sun. The layered roof structure is insulated with keeth (interwoven coconut leaves) to reflect heat from direct sun rays. The layered roof skin provides a buffer for heat exchange to be directed out and away from the structure.

1:20 Exploded axonometric of roof assembly detail.

Recycled Terrcotta Tiles

Counter Batten

DPC

Keeth Insulation

Timber Frame

Plasterboard

Teakwood Flooring

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

Black Ceramic Gravel

Solar Chimney Mechanically Controlled Shutters

Cavity [Double] Brick Wall

Recycled Terracotta Clay Tiles Glass Tile [Daylight Entry Row]

Keeth [Interwoven Coconut Leaves] Insulation Web Counter Batten Timber Fascia 20x200mm

Retractable Glass Window Non-engineered Timber Fixed Horizontal Louver [Primary Skin]

Plasterboard

Teakwood Flooring

1:20 Research Lab Section

CU CL U TL ITVI A V TA ITNI N G GT H TH E EW W A LA LL L

TLML SET BLG BDY

150x50mm Rafter Support End Runner

Drip Irrigation System Growth Medium for Planting Filter Fabric

PARADISE POMEGRANATES THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY D R AW I N G S PA C K A G E : C O N C R E T E S T R U C T U R E A S S E M B LY

Reservoir Layer with Aggregate Moisture Retention Layer Laminated Timber Frame Fixed Window w ultra clear glass

Drainage Cell 30mm Root Barrier Protection Course Waterproof Membrane

Embedded Irrigation Pipe

Precast Concrete Slab

Planter Base Moisture Retention Layer 30mm Drainage Cell Root Barrier Precast Concrete Slab

Spotlight Lamp

Steel Column

Laminated Timber Tabletop Solar Chimney Shutters

Laminated Timber Frame Awning Window Lime Render Cast-In-Place Fairfaced Concrete

1:20 Section through library and administrative office concrete structure.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

Timber Decking Waterproofing Membrane Vapour Control Layer Joist Soffit Plywood

Ant Cap [Galvanised Steel] DPC Weep Hole [For Ventilation] Handcasted In Place Earth Stonework Perforated Concrete Climate Tiles

Library space within the concrete shell structure features another internally controlled environment. The overhead green roof agency doubles as both a passive cooling and water collection strategy. The use of lime plaster on the concrete is found throughout the structure. This is used to help keep the insects away but more importantly reflects the sunlight and reducing the heat within the building spaces. 1:50 Full building assembly detail.

Climate Tiled Water Collection Tank

CU CL U TL ITVI A V TA ITNI N G GT H TH E EW W A LA LL L

TLML SET BLG BDY

Timber Perforated Louver Wall

PARADISE POMEGRANATES THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY D R AW I N G S PA C K A G E : T I M B E R S T R U C T U R E A S S E M B LY

The timber frame’s skin comprises a primary and secondary louver system. Not unlike the many layers of the pomegranate fruit where its components are enclosed by layer upon layer of fruit structure, the building peels and (un)peels according to the fluctuations of the weather. Fixed horizontal louvers prevent the direct glare from external sunlight with the secondary vertical louvers providing the option of opening or closing up the space to its external environment. This layering-on effect adapts to the extreme heat and mild winters, allowing inhabitants to regulate the internal conditions. The recycled terracotta roof structure mimics traditional crasftmenship of overhanging beyond lower spaces. This provides invaluable shade in the hot arid of Ahmedabad. A glass tile strip opening ensures sufficient but not overbearing amounts of daylight into the internal spaces. The spaces on each floor also respond spatially to its respective program. With classrooms located on the ground floor and break/conference rooms on the first, each floor closes itself up more progressively private until the very top where the researchers are located. The ground floor is openly accessible to the public while the top floor is largely reserved for key staff.

Recycled Terracotta Clay Tiles 100x150mm Inclined Timber Roof Rafter Membrane Moisture Layer Keeth [Interwoven Coconut Leaves] Insulation Glass Tile [Daylight Entry Row] Copper Bracket Flashing Timber Fascia 20x200mm 50x25mm Treated Timber Roof Batten Perforate Timber Screen

Brass Railing [Detail] Steel Balustrade Frame [Detail]

Timber Flooring Gutter Ceiling Batten Non-engineered Timber Fixed Horizontal Louver [Primary Skin] Black Burnt Timber Manually Adjusted Vertical Louver [Secondary Skin]

Flashing Moisture Membrane Layer Underlay Counter Batten Eaves Soaker [Drip Edge]

Teakwood Flooring Timber Bearer Timber Stud [Concrete Base Foundation] Precast Concrete Block Foundation Permeable Top Soil Filtering Sand Gravel

1:20 Timber Structure Assembly.

Infiltration Basin [Storm water Run-

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

CULTIVATING THE WALL

TLML SET BLG BDY

Rendering impression of the timber structure housing research labs within the Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology.

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

DZR C27450 Lead Free Brass

THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY D R AW I N G S PA C K A G E : B A L U S T R A D E D E TA I L

Weathered Steel

30mm cross laminated Deodar Timber Wood

1:20 Balustrade module detail explosion.

THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY D R AW I N G S PA C K A G E : L O U V E R D E TA I L Black Burnt Timber Louver

Screw On Bolts

1:5 Exploded axonometric of louver detail.

CULTIVATING THE WALL

TLML SET BLG BDY

Black Burnt Oak Louver

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

PARADISE POMEGRANATES

PARADISE POMEGRANATES THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY D R AW I N G S PA C K A G E : G R E E N R O O F

Green roofs form one main component of water retention strategy, capable of reducing total storm water runoff volume and peak flows of up to 50-85%. It also improves building insulation properties and could even extend the expected lifespan of the roof ’s base material. The green roof implemented in the Institute can be categorised under the Intensive grouping. Intensive rooftop gardens allow the growth of deeper media (small trees and shrubs), ideal growing fruit trees. This would come at an additional weight of up to 36-70kg onto the roof. With a strong roof structure with waterproofing system, areas of lawn and herbaceous borders are laid out with at least 30-45 cm soil depth. Planting is done by placing the soil between the outer Wall or parapet and the Wall built on the inner side of the roof. The soil must be lightweight, nutritious and not get water-logged (porous addition to improve drainage essential). Potting mixture frequently enriched with rich (not clayey) compost. Growth Medium

Filter Fabric Resvervoir Layer with Aggregate (water collection layer) Moisture Retention Layer Aeration Layer Thermal Insulation Drainage Layer Root Barrier Protection Course Waterproofing Membrane

1:10 Green Roof Detail.

Structural Deck

D R AW I N G S PA C K A G E : WAT E R P R O O F I N G

Waterproofing membrane and under layer restricts dampness of excess water and rainwater in the roof. To prevent seepage of water, the roof is to be treated with bitumen compound or fitted with moisture-proof wooden shutters. Non-biodegradable eco friendly plastic drainage cells are laid beneath the growing media to allow water retention and drainage. Polystyrene core with a non-woven polypropylene filter fabric on the top and bottom sides of drainage cells prevent passage of particles in the drainage core and facilitate easy drainage. Protection filter fabric is a polypropylene non-woven needle punched cloth used as a layer of protection that restricts the spread of soil chemicals and bacteria. Root barrier non reinforced polypropylene sheets further restricts spread and penetration of roofs in rooftop garden flooring and Wall, protecting the waterproof membrane. The green roof is designed with a minimum of 2% slope to preventing water logging.

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

1:10 Cultivation process of pomegranate fruit tree.

CULTIVATING THE WALL

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The green roof agency also doubles as both a passive cooling and water collection strategy. During the summer heat, green roofs are proven to absorb extreme sun rays away from roof surfaces, keeping the internal temperature cooler. During rainy seasons, rainwater is first collected in the soil bed. Excess storm water is then drained through filter pipes leading into the underground cistern within the building.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY

PARADISE POMEGRANATES THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY D R AW I N G S PA C K A G E : T H E R M A L S T R AT E G Y

Surrounding green landscape around the Institute is partially responsible for reducing direct sun from striking and heating up building surfaces. This has provided a buffer for heat, sun, and noise, preventing reflected light from carrying heat into the building from the ground. Trees and greenery planted surrounding both wings forms part of a natural solar passive strategy through shading. In the hot & dry climate, East and West facades receive maximum solar intensity especially in summers. Entire east and west Walls are fully shaded to protect from strong summer solar intensity. The central circulation zone opens itself up as an inner courtyard within the building. This inclusion plays a substantial role in optimising the natural ventilation of the building. Cross ventilation is achieved by opening the louver glass windows on the concrete structure, drawing breeze from outside of the building through to the courtyard and vice versa.

1:200 Axonometric of full building understanding thermal strategy. The central courtyard is exposed to direct sunlight, heating up faster than sheltered spaces. The rising hot air leaves behind a suction, drawing in cooler air from both sides.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY D R AW I N G S PA C K A G E : R E S E A R C H L A B D E TA I L

The research lab condition draws from the stack effect. Leveraging the lower to higher air flow movement as hotter air travels upwards. Separate to the brick solar chimney, the research labs are controlled through a mechanical window at the top allowing it to remain open for hot air to flow out during warmer periods or shut to retain the heat during cooler periods of the year.

CULTIVATING THE WALL

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[Top] Front elevation render of brick solar chimney module. [Right] 1:20 Study of air flow within research lab detail section.

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PARADISE POMEGRANATES THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY D R AW I N G S PA C K A G E : T H E R M A L S T R AT E G Y

The courtyard enhances air circulation through the principle of stack affect. This refers to air movement driven by buoyancy. Exposed to heat rays from the sun, the courtyard heats up quickly from the middle of the building. Similar to the solar chimney, the hot air rises as it heats up and escapes upwards. When open to circulation from both sides of the building, the escaping hot air sucks in cooler air from the lower basement spaces, administrative offices and classrooms into the central courtyard. This follows a chain reaction where cooler shaded air is continually drawn in through lower parts of the building and exits to the central courtyard.

Maquette study light model. Louvers on both sides of the first floor utilises the stack effect, drawing in cooler air from lower shaded spaces as hot air leaves through higher openings on the opposing sides.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY D R AW I N G S PA C K A G E : S O L A R C H I M N E Y

The brick solar chimney passively integrates into the building design. This mechanism is aimed allowing the structure to naturally heat, cool and ventilate. By harnessing environmental conditions such as daytime solar radiation and cool night, air pressure differences are created to drive the internal environment. This tall and wide structure is integrated into the brick structural core of the tower. Elevated and exposed towards the exterior conditions, the chimney is specifically designed to maximise the absorption of solar radiation. The tower is capped by a black coloured matt surface. As the chimney heats up, the air within the double brick cavity Walls gets heated too. The hot air rises up the chimney and escapes through the vents at the top. In doing so, the hot air creates a suction that draws more cooler air into the lower level classrooms at the bottom of the chimney.

1:50 Axonometric of brick solar chimney module studying transitional passage of cool and hot air from bottom to top.

CULTIVATING THE WALL

TLML SET BLG BDY

The tall and wide surface area of the brick tower ensures that the chimney maximises its surface area, deriving maximum efficiency. During cooler conditions, the mechanically controlled vents in the chimney are mechanically shut at the top. This effectively warms up the building by creating a closed circuit for the hot air to circulate back in.

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PARADISE POMEGRANATES THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY D R AW I N G S PA C K A G E : C O N C R E T E S H E L L V E N T I L AT I O N

The concrete shell also adopts the stack effect. It additionally channels air flowing upwards from the lower ground level. The suction movement allows the warmer air to flow out the integrated concrete solar chimney or through the louvered glass windows, joining the warm air rising from the courtyard.

1:20 Section of concrete structure ventilation.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY CULTIVATING THE WALL 1:50 Section demonstrating full building circulation.

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PARADISE POMEGRANATES THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY D R AW I N G S PA C K A G E : I R R I G AT I O N I N C U R R E N T C L I M AT E

Agriculture remains the dominant consumer of water globally. Increasingly, unpredictable rain patterns ranging from heavy monsoon rainfall to drought conditions, have led to further challenges and suffering for horticulture in Ahmedabad. Irrigation struggles have caused land cultivation areas within Ahmedabad to decrease by 55% between 2003 and 2013, causing productivity to fall by 66%. Despite high levels of rainfall during monsoon seasons, there is no effective means to capture and store huge influxes of water. Ahmedabad currently relies on water imports from Narmada. Climate change has resulted in spatial and temporal changes in precipitation, significantly influencing rates of natural recharge. Evidence has shown soil cover and properties contributing to increased infiltration rates. Within the African context, replacing natural vegetation by crops can increase natural recharge up to a factor of 10. A H M E D A B A D ’ S C U R R E N T C L I M AT E

Intense and large rainfall events in short monsoons followed by long dry spells. Due to its distance from the Sabarmati river, the project’s siting will be unable to rely on that as any form of water source. As such, maximising the rate of retention and storage will form the institutes’s main strategy for water sourcing. Groundwater recharge through natural infiltration only occurs beyond a certain level of precipitation. However at present state, the ratio of run-off to precipitation itself increases with an increase in rainfall intensity. Through the years, due to inadequate care and resources allocated to protection of the water-table, higher fluctuations in precipitation levels have inadvertently negatively impacted general natural recharge. Sabarmati River taken under the Ellis bridge.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

Aquifers have shown greater resistance in responding to droughts and climate fluctuations as compared to surface storages, functioning as more resilient buffers during extended dry spells due to their large storage. During recent decades, India has experienced explosive growth in ground water demand, forming Indian farmers’ main coping mechanism with droughts. Gujarat has become one of the over-exploited areas of concentrated groundwater hotspots, severely hindering the resilience of their aquifers in forming a stable water source through increased hydro-climatic variability. With present agriculture/ horticulture’s dependence on groundwater as a fait accompli, the need for an evolution in India’s aquifer storage management strategy is clear. At current consumption rate, pre-monsoon aquifer levels have dropped below a standard zone, leading to declines in the natural recharge rate. Post-monsoon aquifer recharge has been successful in achieving steady water levels. Proper aquifer management during extended dry spells would prevent current flood water from storm water as rejected 1:50 Section demonstrating water collection and storage strategy.

CULTIVATING THE WALL

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RETHINKING STORAGE

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PARADISE POMEGRANATES THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY D R AW I N G S PA C K A G E : R E C H A R G I N G T H E A Q U I F E R

India’s Central Groundwater Board estimates that 10% of India’s 4000km3 annual precipitation currently ends up as natural recharge without significant intervention. Implementing any form of groundwater recharge (especially through hotspot areas) would significantly benefit the resilience of its aquifers for protecting the agriculture/ horticulture industry from greater hydro-climatic variability. I N F I LT R AT I O N B A S I N

Also described as a recharge basin, the sloping permeable green land absorbs storm water collection, funnelling it down into the ground and gradually recharges the watertable beneath. It is a device specifically used to gather storm water runoff, preventing flooding and downstream erosion. Essentially, it functions as an artificial pond designed to infiltrate storm water through permeable soils into the groundwater aquifer. The allocation of this device is particularly effective along the periphery of the Ahmedabad Old City where the groundwater level is low, minimising the risk of surface infiltration. The installation resides on a bed of vegetation that doubles as a pretreatment platform, removing sediment from storm water before sub-surface penetration.

1:200 Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology responding to enzymatic conditions of monsoon rainfall water run-off.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : WALLS, GARDENS, GROWING

THE AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY D R AW I N G S PA C K A G E : WAT E R C I S T E R N & I R R I G AT I O N

The pump room located on the lowest section of the building is responsible for circulating water in and around the whole structure. Pumping groundwater up through the borehole, additional water collected through the climate tiles catchment tank. Additionally water is filtered lower into the water table. The ground pipe network is also responsible for irrigating greenery on the permeable soil basin throughout the dry seasons of the year. G R E E N R O O F S T O R M WAT E R M A N A G E M E N T

[Left] Flooding during monsoon season in Ahmedabad. Image sourced by The Independent.

CULTIVATING THE WALL

TLML SET BLG BDY

The rooftop gardens play an essential role in source controlling storm water management in order to reduce stress on down-stream treatment systems. This cistern follows the process of interception, retainment, detainment, and filtering rainwater before the storm water treatment system. Implemented in conjunction with the lower ground pump room cistern for storm water management, the piping network embedded within the green roofs offer greater consistency in capture and provision of harvested rainwater. Indirectly, this further leads to the potential of reducing demand for irrigation purposes. Excess rain water is drained, retained and re-used meticulously, reducing storm water runoff.

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CULTIVATING THE WALL

TRANSFORMING SET

Spaces along the lost City Wall operate as satellite campuses for the Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology. Siting of the buildings are driven by a desire to inculcate close relationships between students and their crops while also providing sufficient outdoor gathering areas, aiming to bring greenery back to urban cityscapes. Centrally organised farm structures amongst field crops and orchards, frame open gathering space divided by a central promenade. Learning and research programs engage in civic aspects of each local community by involving them in local production of fruit crops. These Interstitial Spillscapes creates a communal and collective food culture in an urban setting, avoiding the wastage of food production and transportation costs.

1:500 Transposing Series of Enzymatic Territories for the Ahmedabad Institutde of Pomology.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : WALLS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY CULTIVATING THE WALL

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TRANSFORMING SET

1:100 Plan of Between the Wall Farmscape elements.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : WALLS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY

1:200 Elements of architectural elements within the Institute of Pomology within their enzymatic territories.

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TRANSFORMING SET

1:250 Transposing Between the Wall architectural language and its enzymatic territories along the Wall.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY CULTIVATING THE WALL

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1:100 “Empirical” axonometric of the situation Between the Wall.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

CULTIVATING THE WALL

TLML SET BLG BDY

1:100 “Imagined” axonometric of the situation Between the Wall.

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TRANSFORMING SET

1: 200 Transposing and transforming architectural growing elements through their sets of enzymatic territories to the Sabarmati riverfront.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY CULTIVATING THE WALL

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TRANSFORMING SET

1: 200 Transposing and transforming architectural “heavy” brick elements through their sets of enzymatic territories to the Sabarmati riverfront.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY CULTIVATING THE WALL

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TRANSFORMING SET

1: 200 Transposing and transforming architectural concrete elements through their sets of enzymatic territories to the Sabarmati riverfront.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY CULTIVATING THE WALL

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TRANSFORMING SET

1: 200 Transposing and transforming architectural light timber “screen” elements through their sets of enzymatic territories to the Sabarmati riverfront.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY CULTIVATING THE WALL

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TRANSFORMING SET

1: 200 “Imagining the possible” transposing and transforming combined architectural “heavy and light” elements through their sets of enzymatic territories. By Rachel Dunne.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY CULTIVATING THE WALL

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PARADISE POMEGRANATES

A PARADISIAL LANDSCAPE

THE POSSIBLE

The process of transpositioning architectural elements established from Between The Wall Situations onto different conditions in relation to their enzymatic territories is an attempt to extend the interrogation of the site. Along the Sabarmati riverfront, conditions are less instrusive. Scarcity of land once abserved within the Old City conditions are replaced by expansive periods of open land. Once a fluctuating waterfront condition, the new riverfront project has introduced a permanence through the immovable concrete retaining Wall. The influence of Paradise Pomegranates aims to “break” that permanence by interrogating the landscape, reinvigorating the space through introductions of lushness up and along the riverfront. Welcoming locals to interact with interfaces through commerce, leisure, and entertainment will look to return the once lively waterfront situation to its former conditions.

1:10 000 Satellite image of Ahmedabad’s Old City highlighting the two types of situations investigated. Imaged sourced from Apple Maps.

500 m2 80 m2

68 m2

270 m2 260 m2

170 m2 26 m2 130 m

20 m2

200 m2

44 m2 450 m2

100 m2

44 m2

65 m2

120 m2

450 m2 600 m

30 m2

15 m2

280 m2 300 m2

28 m2 1100 m2

400 m2 210 m

24 m2

45 m2

20 m2

50 m2

26 m2

230 m2

26 m2

400 m2

650 m2

45 m2

1800 m2

28 m2 170 m2

48 m2 15 m

28 m2

2000 m

74 m2

200 m2

80 m2 28 m2 42 m2

200 m2

170 m2

240 m2

70 m2

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : WALLS, GARDENS, GROWING

40 m2

1360 m2

95 m2

140 m2

840 m2

460 m2

LAND YIELD CALCULATION [SET] *A l l n u m b e rs in m 2 unl ess stat ed otherw ise

TOTAL P L A NTING A R E A : ~1 5 6 0 0 /3 .85 a cre s

AREA REQ U IR E D FO R NA R O DA S U PPLY [A L L F R U I T S] : ~ 11 616 a cre s AREA REQ U IR E D FO R NA R O DA S U PPLY [P O M EG R A N AT E ] : ~ 1 8 9 6 a cre s

% OF TOTA L S U PPLY TO NA R O DA [A LL F R U I T S] : 0 .03 3 % % OF TOTA L S U PPLY TO NA R O DA [PO M EG R A N AT E S] : 0 . 2 %

1:500 Riverfront land yield calculation for fruit growth & production. By Lily Gonlag.

A PARADISIAL LANDSCAPE

TLML SET BLG BDY

25 m2

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PARADISE POMEGRANATES +

THE POSSIBLE

[PH]

[C] +

+ +

[P]

[AH] +

[R] +

+ +

[PH]

[D] +

[D]

[GH] +

[S]

[PH]

[P]

[W] +

[D]

+ +

[GH]

[D]

[F]

[W]

[R] [F] + [G]

WALLS, GARDENS & GROWING

RESEARCH & GROWING: INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY [Amenity]

AGRICULTURAL SATELLITE CAMPUS BUILDINGS [Amenity] FRUIT FARMERS’ GUILD MEETING HALL [Amenity] FRUIT-GROWING PLOT [Factor y]

1:500 “Imagining the Possible - Empirical” Combined architecture reforming the Sabarmati Riverfront.*Refer to respective Design Reports.

[

[PH]

[P]

[GH]

[W]

[R]

[PH]

[F]

[GH] +

[D] +

+ +

[D]

]

[P]

[S]

[F]

[AH]

Rachel Dunne [AH + [PH + [GH + [W + [S +

] ] ] ] ]

WALLS, GARDENS & SELLING* FRUIT AUCTION HOUSE [Amenity] PROCESSING & WASH HOUSE [Factor y]

Lily Gonlag [D] + [C]

WALLS, GARDENS & DWELLING* DWELLING: FRUIT FARMERS’ DWELLING [Bed] COMMUNIT Y HALL [Amenity]

GRADING & PACKING HOUSE [Factor y] WAREHOUSE [Factor y] STEPWELL [Butt]

A PARADISIAL LANDSCAPE

TLML SET BLG BDY

[G]

[P]

[AH] +

[C] +

[R]

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

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TT H O SL S I BDL EC I T Y HE E P WA LE

1:500 “Imagining the Possible - Phenomenological” Combined architecture reforming the Sabarmati Riverfront.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY A PARADISIAL LANDSCAPE

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T H E F R U I T FA R M E R ’ S G U I L D H O U S E

Before the establishment of regulated markets in Ahmedabad, wholesale trade in fruits (and vegetables) was largely controlled by a few traders, resulting in unfair, exploitative practices and low market efficiency. As the founding bastion to the city, our visualisation pays homage to the Manek Burj by reinstating its purpose as the Fruit-Farmers Guildhouse along the Sabarmati riverfront. The Fruit-Farmers’ Guildhouse is designed sectionally in two zones: the underground wholesale fruit market - recapturing the ideology of stepwells as subterranean retreat social spaces from the heat. An administrative block occupies the office space above ground level, facilitating the city-scale network of urban farmers locating around the Old City Walls. The Guildhouse comprises of office rooms for stall holders, conference/ meeting rooms, toilet facilities and canteen facilities. Members include farmers, traders, officials of local bodies/ government and cooperatives from marketing societies. A meteorologist resides on the top floor. His key role primarily revolves around surveying and forecasting weather patterns before passing this information through to the network of farmers, sellers and key figures. Primary and sub-form architectural features flow through the design of the Fruit-Farmers’ Guildhouse spaces: steppools direct storm water collection through the market from the riverfront to a well located beneath the Manek Burj, essentially transforming the Wall into a well. Pivoting gates open and close store fronts. Screens introduce green spaces of retreat within the activity.

Manek Burj. Site of The Fruit Farmer’s Guildhouse

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : WALLS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY A PARADISIAL LANDSCAPE

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T H E F R U I T FA R M E R ’ S G U I L D H O U S E

Our speculation upon the site began with ‘Drawing observations of the city”, in noticing the distinct transition from moments of chaos to calm within the existing urban life. In both extracting and reproducing, we began developing our own understanding of the city. Based on public information sourced from archives, images and videos, these drawings form the basis for phenomenological projections of our perceptions - distanced from bodily experience - onto the researched sites. Spaces conceived are neither fully factual nor inaccurate, residing in an [In-Between] zone, which constitutes the early developmental stage and eventually carrying on to our eventual sites. The architecture intervenes at these thresholds of transitions, negotiating between sections of tranquillity within constant activity. The thesis supports the act of drawing upon observations from and further redrawing upon it our intervention and speculations to represent our visualisation of the “new” Ahmedabad city.

(Right) Graphite drawing of Manek Burj. By Rachel Dunne

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

Decay Pattern

Manek Burj

FRAGMENTS OF ‘RUIN’

Decay Pattern Study Texture Analysis Technical Drawing 1:50 1) Wall Well - Stepwell atop the Burj. “Gutter” wrapping around Burj

In John Ruskin’s 1849 book The Seven Lamps of Architecture, he asks “What copying can there be of surfaces that have been worn half an inch down?”. Ruskin believes that restoration is the“most total destruction which a building can suffer”. It was Ruskin’s writings that influenced David Chipperfield when he restored the Neues Museum in Berlin, where he mediated between the ‘ruin’ and new construction – attempting to sympathetically bring together a new whole without losing the integrity of the individual fragments.

2) Well Wall - Decay & Lost motif

C E

Pattern E

This process of “Drawing - Observations - Re-Drawing” has encouraged an emerging and continuously developing objectivity of our speculations throughout our understanding and representation of the city and its atmosphere.

Pattern C

Fragements of Ruin drawing on the Manek Burj. Graphite.

A PARADISIAL LANDSCAPE

TLML SET BLG BDY

We started with a much closer look into the material fabric and stonework of each site, since it was evident in both that huge portions of decay and ruin had occurred over time. At 1:20 scale, the current appearance of the stone faces were recorded using pencil. This then allowed an analysis on each of the drawings, where we could pinpoint places of significant ruin or damage. We also started a recording of the motifs that were observed in each – some of which can be seen to cross between sites – and marked places where the motifs had eroded or been destroyed.

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T H E F R U I T FA R M E R ’ S G U I L D H O U S E

1:200 Section of Sabarmati Riverfront underground wholesale fruit market. 138

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

G ATE INTERVENION

OB SERVATION DEC K

STEP-POOLS

GUTTERS

OASES

FRUIT FARMERS’ GUILD

WELL

WHOLESALE MARKET

HANDRAIL

(Left) 1:250 Exploded Isometric of Fruit Farmer’s Guildhouse and Riverfront market (Right) :200 Section of Sabarmati Riverfront underground wholesale fruit market. 139

A PARADISIAL LANDSCAPE

TLML SET BLG BDY

MANEK BURJ

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T H E F R U I T FA R M E R ’ S G U I L D H O U S E

[Top] 1:100 Ground floor plan of Sabarmati marketplace. [Bottom] 1:200 Roof plan of Sabarmati marketplace. [Right] Manek Burj model - deconstructed.

N GROUND 1. 2. 3. 4.

1:200

Riverfront entrance to market Riverfront road Pick-up / drop-off point Ground level access to obersevation deck and circulation

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

A PARADISIAL LANDSCAPE

TLML SET BLG BDY

Rendering impression of the architecture elements translated to the Sabarmati Riverfront.

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MENDING THE RIVERFRONT

Spaces along the Riverfront set out to create public orchard site for gathering and socialising. Workable patches within the farm zone are available for local farmers to grow and gathered for sale at the riverfront underground market. In the middle is a central hybrid structure that combines the programs of classrooms, research labs, office spaces, seminar rooms and open demonstration pavilions. Paradise Pomegranates reunites consumers with their fruit sources, redeveloping an appreciation for their nutrition and the land around them.

1: 500 Transposing and transforming architectural language between the Wall along the Sabarmati riverfront

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY A AP AP R AA RD AD I SI ISAI LA LL AL N AN DD SC SA CP A EP E

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MENDING THE RIVERFRONT

1:500 “Empirical” drawings of Sabarmati riverfront transformation in stages.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

A AP AP R AA RD AD I SI ISAI LA LL AL N AN DD SC SA CP A EP E

TLML SET BLG BDY

1:500 Plan of Sabarmati riverfront.

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1:500 “Empirical” axonometric drawing of the Sabarmati riverfront.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

A PARADISIAL LANDSCAPE

TLML SET BLG BDY

1:500 “Imagined” axometric drawing of the Sabarmati Riverfront.

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MENDING THE RIVERFRONT

1:200 Transformed Sabarmati riverfront with satellite campuses and expansive farming plots.

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : Wal lS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY A PARADISIAL LANDSCAPE

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Pomegranate fruit stall along Relief Road, Ahmedabad, India

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : WALLS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY

Fruit seller along Naroda Wholesale Fruit Market, Ahmedabad, India.

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Fruit cart outside Naroda Wholesale Fruit Market, Ahmedabad, India

P A R A D I S E P O M E G R A N A T E S : WALLS, GARDENS, GROWING

TLML SET BLG BDY

Fruit stall along Relief Road, Ahmedabad, India

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APPENDIX I

THE AUCTION HOUSE INTERVIEW

Manoj: Because they are coming. They are unloading in the morning themselves. We are doing auction over here from 9 to 12. We are distributing in various other than customers are there from 1… for 1 box to 100 box. All customers are coming here, they are carrying the ?? from ?? And ending the market is all empty. Fruits they are coming and keeping them in the cold store, we have a small cold store, you have seen? Me: Yeh, yeh. We saw 3. Manoj: They are all different. In one store we can keep kiwi, in another store apples. We cannot keep kiwi and apple in one store. Because some problem is there. Apples are getting ripened early if we keep the kiwis and apples in one store. Me: So does every store have their own cold storage? Manoj: No. Total, 8-10 members will have cold storage… 8-10 members. Me: Why do some not have it? Manoj: Because the ?? are not needed. We are a big business over here. Me: So how many businesses are in this fruit market? Manoj: Total, we have an association over here, we have 135 members. 135. They all are dealing in, now you see, I do not deal in pineapple. We do not deal in papaya. We do not deal in grapes. We mainly deal in apples, kinnows [mandarins], mangoes. We mainly deal in them.

Me: From Kashmir?

Me: 250? Here?

Manoj: Apples from Kashmir. They are all different, mangoes coming from Marastra, Saod, everywhere they are coming from.

Manoj: Yeh. Big shop is there, small shop is there. Very small shop we have also.

Me: So this is… What about if you have complaints about the market?

Me: What are the main areas here? There’s the big shops, small shops…

Manoj: They are coming back, they are reducing the rent also ?? Morning 900. If the companies, there they are coming back they are calling us. We can do 850, 800, depending on what complaint.

Manoj: This is the main area here. Auction is going on here, rest of the programmes are over there. And offices of the small keepers.

Manoj: Yeh. We all are one. We have a business from 1952 year. My grandparents were there, my father was working there, my father is now almost retired, he is coming into his office and we are handling this.

Me: Offices for?

Me: And then anyone will take this after you?

Manoj: Our wholesale, retail and customers.

Manoj: We have our son. He is going to come.

Me: And so, you have packaging, you have storage?

Me: Ok, thank you very much.

Manoj: No. We have storage, we don’t pack here. The farmers pack and send here in different packing. Some crates are there, some packets are there, some boxes are there. All the red boxes are there. They come in crates also. They come in wooden boxes also. The farmers directly do that. We don’t do the packing; the farmers send us the packing. It’s a very different business, very different. Because mainly the special items you want to clear it.

Manoj: What’s your name?

Me: But complain about… Manoj: Quality? No, no, no. There’s no complaint to APMC. Companies of.. customers have a quality problem. That’s all. Me: Based on what you know, what does the APMC do? Manoj: APMC do what is that… the security is them. The cleaning is purposes of APMC. Any other purpose, some customer is running away with our money, we can complain to APMC. Then somebody will be there. That nobody will deal with him. If we do have a complaint of any customer no other agent can deal with him. Me: So they protect you? Manoj: There’s some rules and regulations over there. APMC is charging something about 0.5 – 1% charge.

Me: Is there any way you would like to see it improve? Are there any things that can get better?

Me: For every sale?

Manoj: Things can be better by infrastructure of India. For that is poor and growers are very uneducated here. Growers are very illiterate here. Growers don’t have a proper way of thinking.

Manoj: Yeh.

Me: What about transport?

Me: Mangoes?

Me: And what is the money used for?

Manoj: Transport is good. No problem. No problem.

Manoj: Yeh. The mango season is in March. After that only. We deal in foreign fruits. We deal in pomegranates.

Manoj: It is for maintenance of this market, security for market. Everything for market stuff.

Me: Bringing into the city.

Me: And what about the, have you heard of the APMC?

Me: So, they give you a 99 year lease and then, how do you, you bid for the space?

Me: What do you mean by ‘the growers are not educated’?

Manoj: Yeh. Me: What does that do? Manoj: It’s agriculture product market committee. What is that actually we are a private market over here. But generally, they have APMC markets. They give them shops on lease ?? You can see that Jabalbar Market, it is a vegetable market and Waste Market they all are APMC markets. They give to us on a 99 year lease. Me: For this whole area? Manoj: But this is our private market, this is all private market. Me: So, the market goes everyday? Manoj: Yeh. Me: Everyday. And you collect fresh fruits everyday Manoj: Yeh.

Manoj: Actually, they do auction over here. Me: You auction for the shop? Manoj: Yeh. We went to the markets where the shops are very cheap. But this is our totally private market. There is no APMC over here. Me: So, there’s about 100 stalls here. 135? Manoj: 135 members are there. Me: Members. But the stalls? Manoj: What? Me: The shops? Manoj: Shops. Around about, including small and big, round about 250 shops.

Manoj: Yeh. Manoj: Growers been small, growers are not educated in what they want to do, actually, it’s very much wrong that a quality problem is there. They don’t know proper time of harvesting. They are not educated at all. Me: Infrastructure? Manoj: Infrastructure means that the roads are not better, means that the villages where the farms are there… The internal roads are not better. Me: How long have you worked here for? Manoj: From here? I work for? Me: Yeh. Manoj: I am coming from basically 25 years. Me: Is it a family business?

Manoj: Family business. This ‘H.C.’ is my grandfather’s name. Hundraj Chhangomal. Me: So, you are this one store?

Me: De Rui. Manoj: I’m Manoj.

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TLML SET BLG BDY APPENDIX Manoj, Owner of H.C. Fruits [Interviewee]

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APPENDIX II

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

AGENCY

An Enzymatic Territory or any part of it. AHMEDABAD

The situation for a past, present and possible series in a ground where folk have made and continue to make a multitude of places. C U LT I VAT I N G

Not just an act of preparing a piece of land for crop growth but also involving a level of intervention for overall macro development and improvement. E N Z Y M AT I C T E R R I T O R Y

The fluctuating fecund ground on which folk, ground, sky, buildings and Ganga’s descent continuously work in parasitically productive relations. FA B B A G E N C Y

Specific constituent buildings of enzymatic territories that reciprocally shape and are shaped by the ground and the relations of the ground: Factory Buildings, Amentiy Buildings, Bed buildings and Water Butt buildings. GROUND

That which is both literally and metaphorically the ground upon which architecture is figured out as an apparatus. GARDEN

A piece/area of land where agriculture and flora are grown for the enjoyment of the public but also can be harvested for commerce and trade. GROWING

Relating to the act and period of cultivating and maturity. [ I N-B E T W E E N ]

A place or interface situated somewhere within two extreme conditions or categories.

I N S I D E-O U T

P O M E G R A N AT E [ P U N I C A G R A N AT U M ]

A form of visualisation that reverses the inner and outer plane of place(s) or subject (s), introducing a state of disarray often involving or producing a drastic reorganisation.

A fruit-bearing deciduous shrub in the fmaily Lythraceae. It originates in the region extending from Iran to northern India, and has been cultivated since ancient times throughout the Mediterranean region.

INTERSTITIAL

POMOLOGY

Relating to the space and time between spaces, places and things.

The science that deals with the study of fruits, in particular the science of fruit growing.

SPILLSCAPE

T H E L O V I N G M E T R O P O L I TA N L A N D S C A P E [ T L M L ]

Everything perceived across an area of land, buildings, trees and plants marked or contained within the spilling of the fruit. IMAGINED AND IMAGINABLE

Refers to formulating a mental image of not only a new conceivable condition but also that which is beyond what is possible at the present. N E W V I S U A L I S AT I O N

The act of representing and re-presenting something that is fundamentally different from its previous form through a process of transformation and transposition. PA R A-S I T U AT I O N

An unfamiliar co-existent “other” situation that necessitates a different appreciation of a host situation. PA R A-D I S E

Etymologically, the term ultimately comes from an Iranian word that the Greek modified into paradeisos, meaning enclosed park of pleasure ground”. Theologically, the term “paradise” has also been used in the English language to refer to more earthly states and places of delight

A speculative impulse situating the enzymatic territories in networks across the Metropolitan scale [ U R B A N ] A P PA R AT U S

The disposition of architectural elements in TLML OCEAN OF WETNESS

A (new) visualisation of the ground from the priority of wetness rather than dryness, from the opening provided by an understanding of “Ganga’s descent” as well as a critical review of the priorities focused through “Alexander’s eye.” WA L L

A vertical structure regarded as a barrier/enclosure or divider to an area of land that can perform as both a protective or restrictive barrier. The Ahmedabad Old City Wall is commonly used for defining the inner and outer city. It has since by eroded or demolished in many instances, leading to the metaphorical and literal physical disconnect between the Inside-Out.

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TLML SET BLG BDY APPENDIX Fruit seller outside Naroda Wholesale Fruit Market, Ahmedabad, India.

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PARADISE POMEGRANATES

APPENDIX III

MEASURED INTENSITIES

[Top] 1:500 [Bottom] 1:200 Site of Measured Intensities from Panchkuva to Kalupur Darwaja through Relief Road.. With contributions from Rachel Dunne and Lily Gonlag.

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APPENDIX III

MEASURED INTENSITIES

[Top] 1:500 “Combining the possible” architectural languages along site of Measured Intensities. With contributions from Rachel Dunne and Lily Gonlag. [Bottom from left to right] 1:200 Auction House, Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology and Dwelling for the Fruit Farmer.

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APPENDIX III

MEASURED INTENSITIES

1:50 Naroda Wholesale Market Fruit Seller Elevation [Measured Intensity]

C U R AT I N G T H E E X H I B I T I O N

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APPENDIX IV

Group Banner

Individual Banner

1:10 000 Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology Exploded Axonometric 1:5 000 Measured Intensities elevation Paradise Pomegranates Design Report

1:5 000 Measured Intensities elevation

Environmental Package Folio Package Drawings Folio Installation of Parts Schedule Folio

Imagined and the Imaginable Folio The Empirical Folio

1:1000 “Imagined” exhibition set-up for Paradise Pomegranates on a fruit cart.

A study in Pomegranate Folio Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology Technical Folio

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1:10 000 Measured Intensities building model

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APPENDIX V

B E Y O N D PA R A D I S E P O M E G R A N AT E S

“Prices of produce should not be based on prevailing wholesale price but on the basis of cost of cultivation of that produce. Farmers should be their own price setters rather than price followers. There is also an immediate need to integrate the production, marketing and processing processes of the produce to get maximum benefits from pomegranate cultivation.” Pushpendra Singh, President of (CIPHET) on the Financial Express Online

Paradise Pomegrantes seeks to remove distortions in the existing agriculture supply chain by establishing a tightlyknit integrated fruit cultivation chain. The architecture it proposes mainly operates in 2 conditions [Between the Wall and along the Sabarmati Riverfront]. I believe the overall impact of Paradise Pomegranate will fundamentally be dependent upon 4 key factors

2. S T R E N G H T E N L I N K A G E S B E T W E E N S TA K E H O L D E R S

Existing institutional infrastructural local bodies will require greater cooperation to enhance and further establish strong linkages between all parties. This can drive cost effectiveness throughout the whole economy with the possibility or elimnating avoidable intermediaries. 3. PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Within the industry, the pomegranate sector possesses an immense potential for generating employment. Volumes saved from post-harvest loss naturally leading to surpluses are generated without additional cost. Additional employment could be generated through the development of pomegranate-based agro processing units by farmers organisations run collectively as entrepreneurs.

1. B R O A D E R PA R T I C I PAT I O N I N A G R I C U LT U R E 4. D E E P E R I N S T I T U T I O N A L I N T E R V E N T I O N

Left to market force alone, major beneficiaries of high value agro and processing will largely be reserved to larger commercially driven players. There is a clear need for guiding new high value agriculture towards smaller farms along with less-favoured regions to accommmodate more participants. The essential path towards achieving broader participation will require improving infrastructure and education in many communities within regions. Small firms will be required to get access to technologies and key information that can ultimately link farmers to new market chains.

Currently it is common practice for farmers to procure inputs from the retail market and later sell their produce in the wholesale market, signalling a highly uneconomical way of conducting businesses. The introduction of regulated institutional structures will certainly benefit the coordination of resources and effort. Proper and effective flow of information dirven by institutions towards all parties can reorient the market to be ultimately driven by demand rather than supply.

At a political macro scale, the initial challenge lies in shifting the Indian government’s priorities towards the promotion of agricultural diversification, processing and commercialisation. Additional public investment has to be allocated into infrastructure and technologies for farmers struggling financially with such high cost occuring activities. In an economy with huge surpluses and slowing demand growth, substantial investments in marketing and distribution systems could bring about higher-value and more perishable foods. The proposed Ahmedabad Institute of Pomology seeks to function as the nodal agency, forming just the beginnings of bridging the gap towards greater scale liberalisation across the wider agro-industrial sector.

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TLML SET BLG BDY APPENDIX Moment of paradise between the Wall render.

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1:500 Render re-presentation of the Sabarmati Riverfront Fruit Farmers Marketplace

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APPENDIX VI

BIBLIOGRAPHY

*All drawings and photographs by author unless otherwise stated.

Agricultural Finance Corporation. “2014 Export promotion of pomegranate from India project report.” Accessed on November 15 2020. http://www. apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/trade_promotion/study_report/Studies_ ExportPromotionOfPomegranateFromIndia.pdf Calvino, Italo. Invisible Cities. Italy: Giulio Einaudi, 1972. Daily News and Analysis India. “An Ahmedabad that blends old with new.” Accessed 25 October 2020. https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/reporta-ahmedabad-that-blends-old-with-new-2588535. Dakshin, Chitra. “A glimpse of traditional homes from South India.” Accessed November 15, 2020. http://www.pickpackgo.in/2015/05/dakshinachitraglipmse-of-traditional.html Economic Affairs. “Performance of Pomegranate Export from India.” Accessed on November 3 2020. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314221987_ Performance_of_Pomegranate_Export_from_India Environmental Aspects of Biodiversity. “Growth Dynamics of Major Fruits Crops in Gujarat State.” Accessed July 2020. https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/306323846_Growth_Dynamics_of_Major_Fruit_Crops_in_ Gujarat_State_India. Financial Express, “India wastes up to 16% of its agricultural produce; fruits, vegetables squandered the most.” Accessed October 27, 2020. https://www. financialexpress.com/economy/india-wastes-up-to-16-of-its-agriculturalproduce-fruits-vegetables-squandered-the-most/1661671/ Fruit Net. “Fruit cultivation halves in Ahmedabad.” Accessed July 8, 2020. http:// www.fruitnet.com/asiafruit/article/16773/fruit-cultivation-halves-inahmedabad. India Today. “India grows more food, wastes more, while more go hungry.” Accessed November 27, 2020. https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-growsmore-food-wastes-more-while-more-go-hungry-1752107-2020-12-22 National Research Centre on pomegranate. “Global Scenario of Pomegranate Culture with Special Reference to India.” Accessed on May 8 2020. https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/285844914_Global_scenario_of_ pomegranate_Punica_granatum_L_culture_with_special_reference_to_India National Research Centre On Pomegranate. “Vision 2050.” Accessed September 4 2020. https://nrcpomegranate.icar.gov.in/files/vision2050.pdf New Larousse encyclopedia of Mythology, “Why a pomegranate?”. Accessed March 25, 2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC1118911/. Riyaz, Tayyibji. “AMD Ahmedabad.” Accessed November 15, 2020. https:// issuu.com/altrim2014/docs/amb_issuu. Sharma, Nirupama. “A study of Ahmedabad, its urban core and its urban components.” Accessed November 15, 2020. https://core.ac.uk/download/ pdf/84601047.pdf Shiyani R. L. “Pomegranate from India: Volatile Prices and Anticipating Supply Swings.” Accessed 10 September 2020. https://www.tridge.com/stories/ pomegranate-from-india-volatile-prices-and-anticipating-supply-swings.

The Indian Express. “Issues in Indian Agriculture.” Accessed October 27, 2020. https://indianexpress.com/article/ explained/issues-in-indian-agriculture-7141148/.

Images Page 9 Aerial view of Ahmedabad, India. Architectural Digest. https://media.architecturaldigest.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/ Ahmedabad4.jpg Page 10: Historical map of Ahmedabad Old City, India. Legacy Library. https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/ baedeker_indien_1914/txu-pclmaps-ahmadabad_1914.jpg Page 19 1:1000 000 Satellite image location of Ahmedabad within Gujarat state. Apple Maps. Page 35 1:25 000 Satellite image of Ahmedabad’s Old City within wider landscape context. Apple Maps. Page 38 1:10 000 Satellite image of Ahmedabad’s Old City highlighting the two conditions investigated. Apple Maps. Page 109 Flooding during monsoon season in Ahmedabad. The Independent. https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/thumbnails/ image/2019/08/12/15/india-monsoon-flood-12-08-2019. jpg?width=1200&auto=webp&quality=75 Page 128 1:10 000 Satellite image of Ahmedabad’s Old City highlighting the two conditions investigated. Apple Maps.

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