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More than Cricket
More than Cricket, Curry and the Commonwealth: Forging a stronger Australia – India relationship
Whilst there have been false starts to the Australia – India relationship in the past, could the convergent COVID-19 pandemic and North Asian geopolitics tensions be the trigger for accelerating ties between our two countries towards a strategic partnership?
by Jai Patel
With a surge in COVID-19 cases in recent weeks, all eyes are on India’s response to the immediate health crisis and eventual return to economic activity and growth. Australia is well placed to assist India having (so far) managed successfully the twin health and economic crises. This will no doubt be a central theme at the bilateral virtual summit planned between Prime Ministers Morrison and Modi on 4 June. It is in Australia’s interests to not only share our recent experiences but to proactively work with India in strategic ways to partner across scientific & medical research, technology and innovation in the health sector.’
India has its work cut out to manage the health crisis and reinstate economic growth which in a pre COVID-19 world, was forecast to be at least 5-6 percent in FY20, but is now slashed by the Reserve Bank of India into negative territory for FY21. An economic recovery in the second half of the current fiscal year is
critical not only to India’s economy, but also Australia’s as we seek to urgently diversify our trade and investment relationships. T
he present geopolitical context provides Australia and India the opportunity to enshrine the economic relationship in fundamental shared values and strategic interests – moving away from the clichéd 3Cs of Cricket, Curry and the Commonwealth and an otherwise transactional attitude to business. A bilateral economic relationship built on these pillars will enable incremental and sustained growth into the longer term.
In a post COVID-19 world – an era of rising geopolitical tensions, changing business models and shifts and realignments in global supply chains for greater business resilience and stability – Australia and India have the opportunity to refine and redirect focus on those areas and sectors where there are immediate and obvious demand and supply side requirements.
Australia has much to gain from India’s recovery and continued growth trajectory over the next decade and beyond. This is the very crux of, An India Economic Strategy to 2035, (IES) commissioned by the Australian Govern
ment and authored by Peter Varghese AO. The IES sets out in great detail an economic plan for Australian companies to study with an ambition for Australia to bring India into its top 3 export and investment markets. Mr Varghese asserts, “There is no market over the next 20 years which offers more growth opportunities for Australian business than India”.
In a post COVID-19 world, all of the 10 sectors highlighted in the IES will continue to be of relevance for Australian organisations with defence and security being an increasingly prominent feature and matter of strategic importance in the bilateral relationship.
For Australian businesses and tertiary institutions, there are 5 key areas of opportunity now and into the medium term.
The first is education. Australian universities should reimagine more sustainable business models, leveraging online delivery to reach a larger international target market and help India achieve its massive education requirements. The IES contemplates a consortium of Australian universities setting up in India, the same India’s elite educational institutions (IIMs/IITs) should be encouraged to establish a presence in Australia to maximise the impact of two way skills and capability development for even greater collaboration in areas of R&D and industry commercialisation.
The second priority sector is agribusiness. The opportunities for Australian agricultural and premium produce exports to India are opening up with barley and a variety of fruits the latest developments. India is a massive market of young, health conscious, vegetarian consumers seeking high quality fresh and safe fruit and vegetables. Indian beer makers may well welcome the opportunity to buy barley from Australia in a time where high tariffs in China are making exports less attractive. The current massive locust attack in India also highlights opportunities for Australia to help with crop protection solutions, and more broadly, methods for boosting crop productivity and yields.
The third sector is resources and mining equipment, technology and services (METS). India’s recent announcement to open up the mining sector for private participation will see the acceleration of new mining projects and Australian METS providers are extremely well placed to participate.
The fourth sector is health. Australia and India share competitive advantages in the areas of medical research and biotech which in the immediate term, could be focused on joint initiatives addressing the COVID-19 pandemic. The continuity and extension of the Australia India Strategic Research Fund will be critical for this purpose. Australian organisations have opportunities to help India build up its healthcare system and implement new and innovative service and delivery models such as tele-health. Australian life sciences companies are also encouraged to explore how they might participate in the expansion of the Indian pharmaceuticals industry in a post COVID-19 world.
The fifth sector is infrastructure. India has announced the further opening up of sectors such as aviation and power distribution utilities for private investment participation over and above roads and highways, ports and railways infrastructure. Australian superannuation funds should continue their exploration of alternative large scale and higher yielding infrastructure investments outside of traditionally favoured western markets.
Without adding a sixth sector, it goes without saying that as and when international travel resumes, there will be great demand and hence business opportunities in the tourism and ancillary services sectors. It’s probably also about time Australia rolls out the red carpet for another Bollywood blockbuster to be shot on our beautiful shores!
India’s reciprocal Australia Economic Strategy (AES), which is expected to be launched imminently will complement the IES highlighting business opportunities for Indian companies through trade and investment with Australia. It will be the first of its kind for India with any nation.
Through these complimentary and comprehensive bilateral reports, governments on both sides have set the strategic intent and aspiration for growing the bilateral economic relationship and this will no doubt be reinforced during the upcoming virtual summit which we expect to also cover broader cooperation in areas of defence and security, including conclusion of the much-awaited Mutual Logistics Sharing Pact.
Businesses must now leverage these comprehensive blueprints and formulate their own specific plans to take tangible steps towards realising trade, investment and other collaboration opportunities. Critical to this is raising IndiaAustralia organisational literacy and awareness through to the board level. The 700,000+ strong Indian diaspora in Australia comprising both Australians of Indian origin and Indians resident in Australia should play an important role in this exciting future.
About the author-Jai Patel is the Head of India Business Practice Asia and International Markets at KPMG, Sydney. Inputs have been take from Doug Ferguson in the writing of this article.
Major General Premangsu Chowdry, Param Vishisht Seva Medal (PVSM), Fellow of the Royal Geographic Society (FRGS), Mention-in-Dispatches (MiD)**, (Veteran): 3rd Battalion GARHWAL RIFLES; 3rd and 2nd Battalions 5th GORKHA RIFLES (FRONTIER FORCE) A Military and Corporate Career par Excellence: {By Colonel Joseph Matthews (Veteran), Indian Army}
By: Joe Mathews
Author’s Note: The below write-up is to document the extraordinary career of Major General Premangsu Chowdry, PVSM, FRGS, MiD** in the Indian Army and in the corporate sector after retirement from the Indian Army. It is rare in the current times to get first-hand account of an Indian Army veteran who took active part in the 2nd World War operations in North Africa, Middle East and Italy; did post-war General Staff assignments in Japan with the British Commonwealth Occupational Forces (BCOF) and in the Headquarter
of Supreme Commander Allied Forces (SCAP) commanded by General Douglas McArthur; with the British Commonwealth Division during the Korean War 1950-53; and fought in all the three India-Pakistan wars of 1948, 1965, 1971.
The write-up on the General is from face-to-face interviews with the General in Sydney, Australia in 2019. I am fortunate, privileged and honoured to have had the opportunity to spend quality time with the 99 years young ‘fighting fit / fit to fight’ General and relate to his extensive 2nd World War operational experience and who with his contemporaries shaped the Indian Army since Indian Independence in 1947, notably, General (later Field Marshal) KM Cariappa, OBE, the first Commander-in Chief of Independent India; General KS Thimayya, DSO, Chief of Army Staff (1957-1961); General (later Field Marshal) Sam Bahadur Manekshaw, MC, Chief of Army Staff (1969-1973), legend of the India-Pakistan war in 1971; Lieutenant General Srinivas Sinha, PVSM, ADC, 5th GORKHA RIFLES (FRONTIER FORCE), Vice Chief of Army Staff, later Governor of Jammu & Kashmir and Assam states; and the legendary Major General Ian Cardozo, AVSM, SM also from the 5th GORKHA RIFLES (FRONTIER FORCE).
The General is to be applauded for his amazing and sharp memory to recall dates/ years, names and places from his military career since 1941, particularly from his 2nd World War deployments.
The General celebrated being 100 years young on 01 May 2020.
Early Life: 1920-1941:
The General (Prem) was born on 01 May 1920 and hailed from Barisal town on the banks of Kirtan Kola river, then in East Bengal, now in Bangladesh. The family were well known as the ‘Chowdrys from Loha Ghar’ in Comilla District having zamindar credentials in that era. The General’s grandfather was the Superintendent of Prisons in Dacca, Bengal, the first Indian to have held that post in the 19th century. His father was the Treasurer to the District Commissioner of Barisal in the early 1900s.
After completing schooling at Barisal,
where he received best student award and the Gold Medal for standing first in his matriculation exam, young Prem did his Bachelors and Masters at St Xaviers College, Calcutta University. Prem studied Arts with English Honours and was placed in the order of merit in the Bachelors programme.
The intention after graduation was to join the Indian Civil Services (ICS), however recruitment to the ICS had ceased due to the emerging World War in 1939. Prem instead opted for and joined the 1st batch of the Bangalore Cadet College, structured as a British Public School and which became the Officer Training Academy (OTA) for commissioning into the British Indian Army.
Army Career: 1941-1974:
On 21 December 1941, Prem was commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant into the ‘Royal GARHWAL RIFLES’ and joined at the Garhwal Regimental Centre at Lansdowne, in current Uttarakhand State. Prem was one of the the first commissioned Indian officer into the ‘Royal’ Regiment.
2nd World War Deployments: 1942-1945: North Africa, Middle East, Italy:
After the initial training at the Regimental Centre, in 1942 Prem was posted to the 3rd Battalion GARHWAL RIFLES. Prem served with the Battalion in the Western Sahara desert, Egypt, Cyprus, Iraq, Syria, Palestine and finally in the Italian Campaign. In North Africa the Battalion was part of the 5th Indian Division and took part in the ‘Battle of Tobruk’. The fierce battle cost the Battalion dearly, having lost 12 officers and over 500 soldiers. The Battalion thereafter was withdrawn and moved to Cyprus to rest, recuperate and await reinforcements from the Garhwal Regimental Centre.
Prem was sent for a Weapons Course at the Military School at the Allies military base in Gaza, where he excelled and earned the first position in merit. After the course Prem was ordered to transfer to the Gaza Military School as an Instructor, a rare accomplishment because he was one of the first officers of Indian origin to be posted as an Instructor to the School. However the posting order was withdrawn at Prem’s request since he wished to remain with his troops involved in operations.
After six months ‘Rest, Relief and Reinforcement’ in Cyprus, which included ‘Raid Operations’ in the Greek Islands, Prem, with his battalion 3 GARHWAL RIFLES was deployed for training under the 9th British Army in the Middle East. From 1943 the Battalion, as part of the 10th Indian Division was actively involved in the ‘Italian Campaign’, where the Division was part of the 8th British Army (commanded by General Bernard Montgomery, later Field Marshal, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, KG, GCB, DSO, PC, DL).
Italian Campaign: 1943-1945:
Prem and the Battalion were actively involved in the Italian Campaign for almost two years until May 1945. The Battalion was deployed
for operations in the Taranto Sector and in the Eastern and Central Sectors along the Apennine Mountains; they fought battles in ‘River Crossing’ operations at Sangro, Garigliano and Senio. Prem and the Battalion also took part in the battles of Monte Grande and Cassino. Prem’s outstanding operational performance in the Italian Campaign earned him a recommendation for the ‘Military Cross’ - but the vagaries in the fog of war instead earned him the gallantry award ‘Mention-in-Dispatches’ (MiD) - his first of the three, two of which follow in the 1948 and the 1965 India-Pakistan wars. Thereafter in 1944 Prem was promoted out of turn to the rank of a Major when he was just 24 years of age, the youngest officer to achieve the rank at that age.
Prem was the first Indian origin Major in the ‘Royal Battalion’, superseding fellow British Officers in the Battalion, thereby exemplifying his high officer leadership quotient.
Yugoslavia Assignment: 1945:
In mid-1945, along with his Battalion Prem was sent to the Italian border on a three months assignment on behalf of the Allies to assist in preventing Yugoslavian partisans under Marshal Josef Tito entering the Italian-speaking province of Istria, currently in Croatia. Yugoslavia had laid claim to the Istria province at the end of World War I. Being a politically sensitive assignment, Prem was able to justly accomplish the task without any political undertones or unfavourable outcomes to the agenda of the Allied powers. Later, in October 1966, when President Josef Tito of Yugoslavia visited India as part of the Tripartite meeting with President Abdul Nasser of Egypt and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, the Prime Minister personally designated Brigadier Premangsu Chowdry to receive and be the Liaison Officer to President Tito on behalf of the Government of India.
At the end of World War II, Prem was selected as one of the three officers, with 10 Battalion Commissioned Officers (BCO) and 25 Other Ranks to represent and lead the 10 Indian Division in the Allies Victory March in London in 1945.
Return to India: 1945-1950: India-Pakistan War 1948: Transfer to 3rd Battalion 5th GORKHA RIFLES and Command of Infantry Battalion:
In October 1945 Prem and his Battalion 3 GARHWAL RIFLES returned to Lansdowne. The Battalion was thereafter deployed in the North West Frontier Province (NWFP - currently in Pakistan) at Campbellpore forming part of an experimental Infantry Brigade responsible for testing new weapons and tactics in Waziristan and the Swat Valley. The core task of the Battalion and the Brigade was to suppress the Hazara tribal uprising in NWFP region. At the end of the tenure, Prem was posted as the Training Commander at the Garhwal Regimental Centre at Lansdowne.
After the India-Pakistan partition, in 1948, Prem was posted back to his battalion 3 GARHWAL RIFLES deployed in the Kashmir region for the 1948 India-Pakistan war. The Battalion as part of the 160 Infantry Brigade was responsible to clear the Baramullah-Uri axis which they accomplished under heavy odds. Prem earned his second gallantry award ‘Mention-in-Dispatches’ in the Kashmir operations.
Soon after the 1948 operations, Prem as a 28 years old Lieutenant Colonel was given the prestigious offer to command the 3rd Battalion the 5th GORKHA RIFLES (FRONTIER FORCE). Prem’s parent regiment Royal GARHWAL RIFLES did not have vacancy for command of any of the battalions, which compelled Prem to accept transfer to the 5th GORKHA RIFLES Regiment for command.
In September 1948, Prem joined his new battalion in Hyderabad at the tail-end of Operation POLO. The Battalion provided support to the Hyderabad State police in their action against the Nizam-ruled princely Hyderabad State to ensure that the State remained in the Indian Union. Prem’s battalion thereafter provided administrative support to the Civil Administration.
Prem thereafter undertook the entrance exam for admission into the prestigious Defence Services Staff College (DSSC) at Wellington, Tamil Nadu. In 1949-50 Prem underwent the 3rd DSSC Course where he attained the second position in merit. Prem thereafter was posted as the General Staff Officer Grade 1 (GSO 1) to Headquarter East Punjab Area in Jullundur commanded then by Major General SPP Thorat (later Lieutenant General, KC, DSO).
Japan and Korea Deployments: 1950- 1952: In Headquarter of General Douglas McArthur, Supreme Commander Allied Forces (SCAP) in Japan: Korean Campaign:
In December 1950, Prem was chosen by the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army, General KM Cariappa (later Field Marshal, OBE) to take up the post of General Staff Officer Grade 1 (GSO 1) at the Headquarter British Commonwealth Occupation Forces (BCOF) in Japan. The appointment was another feather in the cap for Prem and his military career, and he was the first and only Indian origin officer to have been part of the BCOF. Prem’s exceptional work ethic and professional competence appointed him also as the Liaison Officer from the BCOF with the Headquarter UN forces in Japan under the command of General Douglas McArthur who was the Supreme Commander Allied Powers (SCAP). Prem’s position as the Liaison Officer at the Headquarter UN Forces enabled him regular professional interaction with General Douglas McArthur, an honour and privilege which Prem recalls with clarity and great pride. In 1951 Prem was posted as GSO 1 to the 1st British Commonwealth Division in Korea. The Division was actively engaged in the ‘Korean War’ in the peninsula. Prem spent a year in the Division and excelled professionally.
Return to India: 1952-1954: Second Command of Infantry Battalion:
In October 1952 Prem returned to India and was given his second command of an Infantry Battalion, the 2nd Battalion the 5th GORKHA RIFLES (FRONTIER FORCE) at Ferozepur as part of the 43 Infantry Brigade (Lorried).
In 1953 Prem got married to Sheila Devichand in New Delhi. The General won the heart and mind of Sheila, in fact he was a dashing and suave gentleman able to leave a lasting impression on anyone who met with him. At 100 years Prem still carries that aura and gentry to win over people. The love of his life for 57 years, Sheila passed away to her heavenly abode in 2013.
Joint Services Staff College Course, United Kingdom: 1954:
In recognition of Prem’s ability and potential for high-level command, Prem was selected to attend a 12 months course at the Joint Services Staff College (equivalent to the National Defence College) at Latimer in England. After this tenure Prem was attached with the British Army deployed in the Rhine in Germany and later with the Royal Airforce and the Royal Navy in the United Kingdom.
Instructor Defence Services Staff College (DSSC), Wellington, India: 1955-1958:
On return to India in 1955, Prem briefly resumed command of the same battalion, the 2nd Battalion the 5th GORKHA RIFLES (FRONTIER FORCE) at Mathura. Shortly afterwards Prem was posted as an Instructor to the Defence Services Staff College in Wellington, Tamil Nadu. It was a honeymoon posting for Prem and Sheila. The salubrious climate and the heavenly environment of Coonoor, Wellington and Ooty were and still are appealing especially to any couple seeking romance.
Promotion to Colonel and Brigadier and Command of Infantry Brigade: 1958-1960:
After DSSC, in 1958 Prem was posted to General Staff at Headquarter 4 Infantry Division at Ambala, commanded by Major General BM Kaul. In 1960 Prem was posted as Director Military Training at the Army Headquarter New Delhi. Within a few months at the age of 40 Prem was promoted as a Brigadier and was posted to command 114 Infantry Brigade in Ladakh. The Brigade was newly raised and was airlifted to Ladakah. The area of responsibility of the Brigade then included the whole of Ladakh, Leh and Chishul regions.
Ethiopia Assignment: 1960-1963:
At the end 1960, after successful command of the newly formed Brigade, Prem was appointed by General KS Thimayya, DSO, the Chief of Army Staff to be Commandant of the Ethiopian Military Academy in Harar, reporting directly to Emperor Haille Selassie of Ethiopia. Prem was also an unofficial Military Advisor to the Emperor. This tenure over the next three years built a lasting and bonding association between the Emperor and Prem.
After the Ethiopian tenure Prem was posted for the second time to command a brigade, the 120 Infantry Brigade at Gaulti, Rajouri, as part of 25 Infantry Division. Thereafter in 1965 Prem was posted as Brigadier General Staff (BGS) and acting Chief of Staff of 1 Corps at Mathura which took part in the second India-Pakistan war in the same year. Prem earned his third gallantry award ‘Mention-in-Dispatches’ in this war for his exemplary contribution to the war effort.
In 1967, at the age of 47, Prem was posted as the General Officer Commanding (GOC) Madhya Pradesh Area. The following year Prem took command of the 3 Infantry Division at Leh which he commanded until 1970. Prem earned his Param Vishisht Seva Medal (PVSM; photo below - receiving the award from Shri VV Giri, The President of India) during this command in relation to his overall meritorious service and the specific job of organising and personally directing the large earthquake relief programme for the local civilian population following a very large earthquake which claimed several lives and caused extensive property damage in the Ladakh region. Prem’s efforts saved many lives.
In December 1970, Prem took over as the General Officer Commanding (GOC) Bengal Area. This was a vital responsibility since the Area was required to deal with the violent Naxalite problem in Bengal State. In order to do so, Prem was given significant responsibility and authority, and had under direct and indirect command, the three Army divisions then based in Bengal, the entire Railway, State Police, CRPF, BSF and the Home Guards. During the 1971 India-Pakistan war which led to the creation of Bangladesh, Bengal Area under Prem’s leadership provided vital
Return to India: 1963-1974: India_Pakistan War 1971: Promotion to Major General:
support to Eastern Command. Leading into the war, the Bengal Area had the crucial responsibility of managing and attending to thousands of refugees pouring into India from East Pakistan. The Headquarter Bengal Area had to coordinate the entire logistics and movement of people and goods by rail and road in the region as part of the
Command of Infantry Division and Area Headquarters:
war effort.
Retirement from Army - Transition to Corporate and Public Sector: 1974-1983:
On 30 April 1974, after 33 years of meritorious service, Prem retired from the Army and pursued a successful career in the corporate world.
In civil life, initially in Calcutta, Prem held senior executive positions in the corporate and public sector including, Director of Shaw Wallace; Managing Director of Durgapore project, a public sector undertaking to which he was appointed by the then Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi and the Chief Minister of West Bengal Siddhartha Shankar Ray; Managing Director of Sankey Wheels; and Chairman Consortium Industries. Prem’s contribution to the undertakings enabled them to turn around their losses and be profitable enterprises thereafter.
Of significance, in 1979 Prime Minister Indira Gandhi directly appointed Prem as the Chairman and Managing Director of Incheck Tyres & National Rubber. The position held equivalence to a Minister of Industries and was part of the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet at the federal level.
Final Retirement in Dubai and Sydney:
In 1983 at 63 years Prem took permanent retirement. The General and Mrs Sheila Chowdry thereafter spent time with their three sons Rahoul, Drone and Kunal settled in Sydney and Dubai. The General currently resides in Sydney with his eldest son Rahoul. An avid golfer into his mid-80s, Prem never missed a chance to swing his golf clubs at the Delhi Golf Club and the Manly Golf Club in Sydney. The Manly Club honoured the General over an evening sit-down dinner with all the members in 2010.
Prem is associated with many charitable organisations and is a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society United Kingdom. The General was also an active member of the Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies in Sydney.
“Travel will gain strength gradually…”
Manpreet Walia celebrating 15 Years in Industry shares
How has COVID 19 affected Travel Industry ?
Daljeet Bakshi Discussing Travel and COVID 19
Your Background
Its evident that TRAVEL is worst HIT by COVID19 and the impacts are significant. It is the time for survival of fittest not only in this industry overall. We have seen travel differently where the tickets were written manually to the times when in 2008 E Tickets were initially launched and world of OTA’s had begun soon after in INDIA. There had been many ups and downs but none like this for sure which we would have heard where billions of dollar worth is at stake every day. The industry will bounce back and we are hopeful and committed. The following two years will see industry evolving in so many different ways. Airlines are following major health & security check in place as per rules from WHO as well as regulated by Government. We can hope and perform our best intention to prosper once again and count next 15 years.(amused)
I belong to the City Beautiful - Chandigarh, INDIA. I am born ,brought up, studied , worked, got married & had kids in Chandigarh(Laugh). I Graduated from MCM DAV College. I started working at the age of 19 Years straight after my college. My father offered me freedom to experience life on my own and he had supported me fully and that’s the way to be.
How did you join Airlines Industry ?
I think it was meant to be, I joined a RESERVATION COURSE at a cost of INR 5000 for 30 days in 2005 with AIRPAK INTERNATIONAL and in just 20 days I was asked to join them instead. Little did I know that my destiny was calling me for another change in less than 2 months and I got appointed by BAJAJ TRAVELS LTD., Chandigarh one of the sought after agencies back then. My Journey began under my then manager Mr. Harminder Singh who is my MENTOR my GURU and with support from Mr. Bajaj himself and all team. I worked for 2.5 years with them and moved onto work with EKIDO HOLIDAYS PVT. LTD. and then finally PAUL MERCHANTS LTD., an organization that shaped my career. I worked for nearly 7 Years with them with five major promotions of which I shall always be indebted to Mr. Bansal (our Paul Sir) CMD of PAUL MERCHANTS LTD. I am incredibly thankful to my colleagues, seniors & juniors who have helped me to become what I am today.
Moving to AUSTRALIA
I moved to Australia in 2014 Under TRAVEL AGENCY MANAGER and as it may seem like a movie scene we moved to Australia in less than one year. I have had an enormous support from my husband, my partner & my friend GURVINDER S WALIA(Inder). I only had qualifications and Experience whereas he did all the hard work to prepare for Migration while I was nursing my 2 months old and we landed in Australia and I believe that it was the best decision he made for us.
Work in Travel in AUSTRALIA
Inder has also been working in Travel business since 2009 in INDIA under JOURNEY HUB TRAVEL and we have 25 years of combined experience in business, so travel was an obvious choice. However like many others we also did odd jobs initially & later JOURNEY HUB TRAVEL moved to AUSTRALIA.
Life in AUSTRALIA
I count my blessings of having a wonderful family info@journeyhubtravel.com & friends whom I love. I cherish the time spent with my daughters (Zeenat11yrs & Sara 6yrs) & of course Inder. I am thankful for everyone in my life for shaping it with love and Unforgettable experiences & pray for happiness for all. “GRATITUDE IS KEY TO HAPPINESS” & “INNOCENCE IS A BLISS”
Tarot / Angle Card Reading Learn Reiki
By Sanjivani Kalsi
