2017 Building Journal by DesignBuildBLUFF

2017 building journal

WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY THE STUDENTS OF DESIGNBUILDBLUFF 2017 Mojdeh Azani Eric Blyth Matthew Cranney Adam DeChant Drew Emeney Diego Garrido Fausto Guerrero Lauren Henrie Jaebeom Hyun Katja Lund Christine McAllister Matt Myers Jason Robb Shane Stephenson Kohei Takegawa Scott Thorne Julia Warner

contents 00 INTRODUCTION 01

GENERAL TOOL LIST

02 SCHEDULE + BUDGET 04 FOUNDATION

07 PLUMBING

WALLS

ROOF

ELECTRICAL

INSULATION

22 EXTERIOR FINISH

25 DOORS + WINDOWS

28 INTERIOR FINISH

BUILT-INS

34 HEATING 37 SHADE STRUCTURE

40 BATHROOM

43 KITCHEN

46 ADOBE FLOOR

introduction The intent of this document is to provide a distilled record of timeline, budget, and process of the 2017 DesignBuildBLUFF project Lone Tree. We hope that this information will provide a source of comparison for future builds - for future DesignBuildBLUFF classes, for future sweat equity programs in the Dennehotso Chapter and beyond, or for anyone interested in building on a similar scale. As with all DBB projects, a lot of thought went into the design-build process, from ideation to construction. With this document, we strive to provide an analytical framework, specifically in regards to the design and implementation of Lone Tree as a prototype for Dennehotso Chapter Sweat Equity. Several considerations factored into our decision making processes, such as accessibility, affordability, and ease of construction. In many ways, Lone Tree was a pilot or a proof of concept for Dennehotso Chapter Sweat Equity, but it is really just a beginning. We hope that our efforts in the Dennehotso Chapter might be a useful starting point for more affordable and alternative housing programs to succeed where they are needed most, and that these programs can pick up where we left off, rather than start fresh once again.

BASIC TOOL LIST GENERATOR AIR COMPRESSOR TABLE SAW MITER SAW CIRCULAR SAW PNEUMATIC HOSES NAIL GUNS (FRAMING AND FINISHING) SCAFFOLDING DRILLS/DRIVERS LADDERS SHOVELS BUCKETS PERSONAL TOOLS [ HAMMER, SCREWDRIVERS, WORK GLOVES, PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT, UTILITY BLADES, PLIERS, MEASURING TAPE, ETC. ]

FOUNDATION FOUNDATION PLUMBING PLUMBING WALLS WALLS ROOF ROOF ELECTRICAL ELECTRICAL INSULATION INSULATION EXTERIOR EXTERIORFINISH FINISH DOORS + WINDOWS DOORS + WINDOWS INTERIOR INTERIORFINISH FINISH BUILT-INS BUILT-INS HEATING HEATING SHADE STRUCTURE SHADE STRUCTURE BATHROOM BATHROOM KITCHEN KITCHEN

NUMBER OF DAYS

SESSION

01 02 03

Number of Days

BUILD SCHEDULE

BUDGET SUMMARY CASH EXPENSE VS. DONATION VALUE TOTAL CASH EXPENSE $25,000 TOTAL IN-KIND DONATION $22,825

48%

52%

TOTAL COMBINED VALUE $47,825

TOTAL EXPENSE (INCLUDING DONATED VALUE) BY PHASE

FOUNDATION $4300

09 $3260

PLUMBING $2142

BUILT-INS $1970

WALLS $3142

HEATING $1133

ROOF $7597

SHADE STRUCTURE $5468

ELECTRICAL $3280

BATHROOM $3054

INSULATION $985

KITCHEN $6350

EXTERIOR FINISH $9610

ADOBE FLOOR $103

DOORS / WINDOWS $2142

12 04 11 10 05

08 07

INTERIOR FINISH

01 FOUNDATION SESSION 01

TIMELINE Layout and Trenches (7 days / 15 people) Formwork and Rebar (6 days / 15 people) Pouring Concrete (3 days / 15 people)

PROCESS NOTES Coordinate with plumbing for drain and inline trenches. Trenches need to be dug simultaneously with foundation formwork trenches. Coordinate J-Bolt Placement with framing layout to ensure no intersections with stud placement. Consider how formwork integrates with pouring process.

SPECIALIZED TOOLS REQUIRED _Layout String Lines _Pick Axe _Rock Bar _Concrete Mixer

BUDGET BREAKDOWN $982 $247 $431 $714 $257 $104 $160 $1405 -------$4300

Portland Cement Sand Gravel Delivery (sand + gravel) Rebar / Hardware Masonry Sealant Renting Grinder 2â&#x20AC;? Foam Insulation Total

ALTERNATIVES Although a full concrete slab would have been more expensive, it does offer more stability for interior partition walls and be a bit more predictable. However, materials for adobe floors are locally abundant, and one could feasibly choose to do a stem wall for the entire perimeter and do a full adobe floor using local materials and far less expense.

02 PLUMBING SESSION 01

SESSION 03

SESSION 04

TIMELINE Drain Pipe Assembly and Placement (3 days / 2 people) Shower and Washer Drain Pours (2 days / 2 people) Interior Plumbing Installation (2 days / 2 people) Final Fixture Installation (3 days / 2 people)

PROCESS NOTES Coordinate with Foundation to get drainage pipes and inline buried before foundation formwork is finalized. Height of slab rebar should be considered for shower/drain pours. Drain pipes should stick out 4â&#x20AC;&#x2122; above finish floor to coordinate with sill plate locations in wet wall. Make sure all electrical wiring is located above plumbing lines in the wall cavity to prevent any potential leaks onto wires. Coordinate plumbing fixture placement with electrical fixture placement. Consider depth of the flange for toilet installation in slab.

SPECIALIZED TOOLS REQUIRED _Hole Saw _Hand Saw _Lamps _Cutting Tools (Copper & Pex) _Crimp Tool _Butane Torch and Lighter _Pliers _Vice grips

BUDGET BREAKDOWN $349 $150 $96 $140 $20 $10 $500 $90 $66 -------$2142

ABS Drains, Connections, and Glue Pex Pipe and Connections Metal fittings and Connections Faucet and Valves Fasteners and Protection Flashing Water Heater Toilet Miscellaneous Total

ALTERNATIVES We located all plumbing in a centralized interior plumbing wet wall. Plumbing could be located on the exterior walls, but the risk of pipes bursting due to freeze/thaw is much greater. Drainage lines could also run through multiple walls, but this demands more complex assemblies and inherently more material cost.

03 WALLS SESSION 02

TIMELINE Cutting Lumber (1 day / 12 people) Exterior Walls (3 days / 14 people) OSB (4 days / 8 people) Installing interior walls (2 days / 6 people) Blocking and Fixtures (2 days / 6 people) Planing (2 days / 2 people)

PROCESS NOTES Coordinate with foundation on J-Bolt placement, ensuring no intersection with studs. Coordinate with roof, leaving top of walls unsheathed until roof framing is complete Coordinate blocking locations for electrical, plumbing, builtins, and interior finishes. Ensure walls are straight and plumb to avoid compounding complications with subsequent phases.

SPECIALIZED TOOLS REQUIRED _Speed squares _Ramset, bullets and nails to secure walls to concrete floor _Framing Squares _Strings and 4’ levels to check that walls are plumb _Wood planer to plane down walls that have studs out of plane with the rest of the wall

BUDGET BREAKDOWN $1370 $320 $291 $180 -------$3142

2x6 Exterior Framing Lumber 2x4 Interior Framing Lumber Framing Nails and Sill Foam OSB Sheathing Total

ALTERNATIVES Although we tried keeping the 2’ o.c. module for studs with the advanced framing method, the actual window sizes we were able to get changed the stud placement slightly so distances between studs varied, which caused inconsistency in being able to use full 8’ sheets of OSB vs. having to cut them down. SIPS panels could be an alternative to the advanced framing efforts, in which all of the walls come pre-manufactured with structural framing, sheathing, and insulation already installed. This could increase efficiency with an educated workforce, but the panels can require more specialized knowledge. Electrical and plumbing can also be challenge with SIPS and one must be sure to coordinate with these phases ahead of time.

04 ROOF SESSION 02

SESSION 03

SESSION 04

TIMELINE Beam Cuts and Placement (1 day / 6 people) Joists and Hangers (3 days / 3 people) Blocking (2 days / 6 people) Sheathing (2 days / 5 people) Penetrations - Vent and Stovepipe (1 day / 3 people) Ice and Water Shield (2 days / 4 people) Battens (2 days / 3 people) Metal Roof, Flashing, Ridge Cap (3 days / 6 people)

PROCESS NOTES The walls must be completely framed in place before placing the beam and joist hangers. Placement of wood burning stove and plumbing vent, etc. must be determined before cutting roof penetrations. Install metal roof immediately after battens to avoid "baking" ice and water shield in the sun.

BUDGET BREAKDOWN $2800 $30 $172 $100 $300 $146 $440 $600 $740 $930 $200 $290 $90 $54 $700 -------$7597

Roof Joists (BCI 6000) 2x6 Bevel Plate 2x12 Blocking Battens Fasteners Hangers Ridge Beam 3/4â&#x20AC;? OSB Sheathing Grace Ice and Water Shield Metal Roofing Panels Polycarbonate Skylight Panels Metal Flashing and Cap Caulk and Construction Adhesive Closure Strips Cedar Rafter Tails Total

ALTERNATIVES By removing the rafter tails and applying the flush eave detail to both sides, costs and time could be reduced significantly from the framing stage to the metal roofing. Instead of a skylight section over the patio, full roof panels could be placed instead of three separate lengths. This would increase the efficiency of panel installation and eliminate the need to keep track of different sizes of panels. Under the patio areas, a roof deck of tongue and groove planks or a weather-resistant plywood would level the roof deck of the patios with that of the main house, eliminating the need to cut and place purlins. The future benefit would be that the patio space could be easily enclosed and insulated because the roof deck would already be in place.

05 Electrical SESSION 02

SESSION 03

SESSION 04

TIMELINE Box Installation (1 day / 2 people) Running Wires (2 days / 4 people) Fixture Installation (2 days / 2 people)

PROCESS NOTES Before the installation of electrical boxes can take place the building must be completely “dried in.” Previous to the running of wires you must first install the electrical boxes / receptacles. The fixture installation phase should be one of the last tasks for the build. All of the interior and exterior finish work should be completed prior to beginning this task.

SPECIALIZED TOOLS REQUIRED _Needle Nose Pliers _Wire Cutters _Wire Strippers

BUDGET BREAKDOWN $1,325 $50 $450 $20 $110 $995 $200 $130 -------$3280

Wiring Wall Receptacles Outlets Switches Faceplates Ceiling Fan Breaker / Meter Box Miscellaneous Total

ALTERNATIVES Running wires was perhaps the most difficult part of the electrical work. In order for things to run more smoothly it could be beneficial to either have bought lots of shorter length wire (added cost) or to cut longer lengths into shorter pieces (need to know exact run length beforehand i.e.: length from service entrance to wall, from wall to ceiling, through ceiling to wall, down wall to receptacle) with added length at each end for peace of mind. This step is to allow you to run multiple wires at the same time. Many fixtures are located in close proximity to each other and thus the wire runs are more or less the same (think outlets, lights, switches and appliance in the kitchen). If you are able to run all of these wires at once you can save a ton of time. Avoid designing 3 or 4 - gang switch boxes in the future. There is simply too much wire in those boxes to manipulate in a clean and timely fashion.

06 INsulation SESSION 03

TIMELINE Installing Plastic Web (1 day / 4 people) Blowing Cellulose Insulation (2 days / 4 people)

PROCESS NOTES All plumbing, electrical wiring must be complete with electrician sign-off before plastic can be installed. Spray foam all visible gaps to the exterior before blowing in insulation. Install plastic web and run blower simultaneously for more efficiency.

SPECIALIZED TOOLS REQUIRED _Pneumatic staple gun _Respirator Mask _Goggles _Cellulose Insulation Hopper (Typically Rented)

BUDGET BREAKDOWN $600 $240 $225 $40 -------$985

Cellulose Insulation Plastic Poly Web / Sheet Material Rental Blower Equipment ($75/day) Pneumatic Staples Total

ALTERNATIVES Fiberglass Batt insulation would likely be less expensive, but it is an inherently more toxic option from an environmental standpoint. Wet spray would be easier to install with less mess, increasing efficiency of the install overall. Though it would be higher performing as well, it does require more specialized equipment for install and is also more toxic. Spray foam insulation would be another high-efficiency alternative, but would also be more expensive.

07 EXTERIOR FINISH SESSION 03

SESSION 04

TIMELINE Flashing (3 days / 2 people) Typar (2 days / 4 people) EZ trim (1 day / 3 people) Coulson Cedar staining (4 days / 4 people) Coulson Cedar Installation (4 days / 4 people) Boral painting and installation (5 days / 4 people)

PROCESS NOTES The house wrap (Typar in this case) must go up before windows and doors can be installed, so it is best to install as soon as sheathing is installed. Coordinate roof flashing detail with cladding finish at roofline.

SPECIALIZED TOOLS REQUIRED _Jigsaw _Chalkline _Staple Gun

BUDGET BREAKDOWN $3300 $4800 $300 $150 $160 $750 $50 $100 -------$9610

Boral Coulson Cedar Typar EZ Trim Metal Flashing Paint and Stain Painting Supplies Fasteners Total

ALTERNATIVES There are a multitude of other finishes that could be used on the exterior that might be more cost efficient, longer lasting, or simpler to install. Required maintenance is a factor that should be considered more heavily in future builds. Sticker price can be alluring, although some finishes (like our Coulson Cedar) will need consistent maintenance and refinishing that may amount to far more cost over the lifespan of the house. When considering the lifespan of exterior cladding, proper protection from sun, rain, and wind should be taken into account. Consider utilizing roof overhangs or other strategies to extend the lifespan of your materials.

08 Doors & Windows SESSION 02

SESSION 03

SESSION 04

TIMELINE Flashing and Preparation (2 days / 3 people) Window and Door Installation (3 days / 3 people)

PROCESS NOTES House wrap must be installed before window installation, and cut where rough opening is. Any excess house wrap must be cut off. Any blocking required should be cut and installed prior to window installation Grace Ice and Water Shield must be applied to window sill before actual window installation

SPECIALIZED TOOLS REQUIRED _Caulk Gun _Level _Shims _Sander

BUDGET BREAKDOWN $147 $973 $335 $65 $11 $22 -------$2142

Interior Doors w/ Jamb Windows Exterior Door Caulk and Glue Shims OSB for Barn Door Total

ALTERNATIVES Casement windows are far more expensive, but are typically more efficiently installed and have a higher performance. We used double pane windows with UV protection, but one could opt for triple pane glass for higher performance at a higher cost. If on a tight budget, the Eastern exterior door could be full panel without any glass to reduce cost significantly.

09 INTERIOR FINISH SESSION 03

SESSION 04

TIMELINE Drywall, Mud, and Tape (6 days / 3 people) Paint (3 people / 3 half days) Wood Trim: Window, Door, Baseboard (5 days / 2 people) Natural Plaster (9 days / 4 people)

PROCESS NOTES The entire interior space was finished with drywall, mud, and tape. The southern half was then sanded and painted, while the northern half was finished with natural plasters.

PLASTER DETAILS Lime Plaster (1/8” coat): 1 part lime / 1 part site sand Clay Plaster (1/4” coat): 1 part clay / 3 parts site sand / half part straw Tadelakt: 1 part lime / 1 part site sand / polished with soap water and stone Glue Water: 1 part concrete glue / 3 parts water We applied an 1/8” scratch coat of joint compound before Clay Plaster. We also applied a coat of Glue Water before all plaster finishes.

SPECIALIZED TOOLS REQUIRED _Mudding trays, hawks, and putty knives _Trowels _Mixing bins, buckets, and resealable containers _Oil rags _Paint rollers and trays _Drywall sanding hand tools and poles _Drywall lift (for ceiling installation)

BUDGET BREAKDOWN $1700 $786 $60 $150 $171 $104 $60 $36 $36 $75 $22 $60 -------$3260

Drywall Cedar trim White primer Finish paint Brushes, drywall tape, screws, metal beads, etc. Joint Compound Clay S-type Lime Finish Nails Linseed / Tung Oil Concrete Glue Caulk, blue tape, etc. Total

ALTERNATIVES Interior finishes are up to the client. Natural plasters are cheaper but much more labor intensive. Paint takes less time, but will cost more and potentially expose the homeowner to VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) which â&#x20AC;&#x153;off-gasâ&#x20AC;? into the indoor air. There are Low VOC paints available on the market, but are much more expensive.

10 BUILT-INS SESSION 03

SESSION 04

TIMELINE Layout and Construction in shop (8 days / 2 people) Sanding and finishing (8 days / 2 people) Installation on site (4 days / 3 people)

PROCESS NOTES Begin Construction while walls are being framed, making sure to coordinate as-built dimensions for final pieces. Installation is best to begin once the interior walls are drywalled and painted or plastered, but before other trimwork.

SPECIALIZED TOOLS REQUIRED _Kreg Jig

BUDGET BREAKDOWN $1500 $10 $20 $250 $140 $100 -------$1970

4’x8’ Baltic Birch Plywood Sheets Sandpaper Fasteners Hardware Polycrylic Finish Miscellaneous Total

ALTERNATIVES Built-ins could be pre-manufactured. This would save almost three weeks of labor time, and may also save on material cost as well depending on alternatives. The units may not be as much of a perfect fit for the space, but often times cabinetry has enough flexibility in its modularity to fit most spaces. If using pre-manufactured units, make sure to coordinate loads such as concrete countertops and sequencing with other finish phases.

11 heating SESSION 03

SESSION 04

TIMELINE Install Support Box and Chimney Connect (1/2 day / 2 people) Install Stove and chimney pipe (1/2 days / 2 people)

PROCESS NOTES Coordinate chimney location with roof joist locations, ensuring they do not intersect. Chimney installed after Grace Ice and Water Shield. Tile installed before final pour of adobe floor. Coordinate final placement and installation of stove before final pour of adobe.

SPECIALIZED TOOLS REQUIRED _Plumb Bob _Caulk Gun

BUDGET BREAKDOWN $649 $379 $16 $5 $63 $21 -------$1133

Wood Stove Chimney Kit Fireproofing Sealant Silicone Self-tapping screws 68” Telescoping Stove Pipe 48” Stove Pipe Total

ALTERNATIVES A wall-mounted mini-split could be used instead of a wood-burning stove, which could in turn also provide airconditioning as well as heating. These units can be pricy, however, and will add to monthly energy bills where wood burning stoves will not. Using the wood burning stove was also an effort to allude to the fire as the center of the household in traditional Navajo dwellings, and this should be considered when looking into alternatives. Forced air is an option, but for homes this small on tight budgets, this option does not seem feasible.

12 SHADE STRUCTURE SESSION 04

TIMELINE Digging and Pouring Concrete Footer (3 days / 3 people) Delivery and Installation (1 days / 5 people)

PROCESS NOTES Coordinate with roofing - metal roof and flashing cannot be completed until steel structure is in place. Ensure blocking is placed where required in exterior wall cavities to support steel beam connections. Coordinate with Exterior Finishes for location of beam-to-wall connection to prevent damage to exterior cladding.

SPECIALIZED TOOLS REQUIRED _Post Level _Pick Axes _Socket Wrench _Ratchet Straps

BUDGET BREAKDOWN $390 $515 $63 $4500 -------$5468

Powder Coating Steel Material Cost Cement and hardware Fabrication Total

ALTERNATIVES Wooden columns and beams could be used in place of steel in tandem with typical Simpspon joist hangers to support the overhand rafters above. Though this would be a significantly less expensive option from a material cost standpoint, the lifespan of the steel construction far outweighs any wood alternative. A concrete footer would still be required to bear the load, with flashing to prevent any moisture damage to the bottom of the column.

13 BATHROOM SESSION 04

TIMELINE Tile Work (3 day / 3 people) 3Form, Faucet and Fixtures (2 days / 3 people) Concrete Vanity Countertop (2 days / 3 people) Shelving(2 day / 3 people)

PROCESS NOTES Be sure to get blocking in the proper locations for tile edge trim, 3-form channel, fixtures and shelves during framing phase before drywall goes up. Install HardieBacker cement board in place of gyp in areas where tile/tadelakt will go. Ensure shower walls are as level as possible to make tile installation easier To install the tile, we first had apply red-guard waterproofing on the cement board, then install the metal edge trim, then mortar over that and install the tile. We had to complete the tile in the shower before the Tadelakt could go above it, so coordination with the interiors group was crucial.

SPECIALIZED TOOLS REQUIRED _Tile Saw _Steel notched trowel _Rubber Grout Float _Levels (2’, 4’) _Small finish nails to keep ⅛” gap _Stud finder _Table saw to cut 3Form Panel and shelving for closet _Caulk guns

BUDGET BREAKDOWN $1200 $1381 $126 $272 $75 -------$3054

Tile, Mortar, Grout Fixtures and Faucets Caulk, Screws, Hardware 3Form Panel and U-Channels Concrete Countertop Total

ALTERNATIVES The entire shower could be tiled, rather than finished with tadelakt, which would save labor time but increase material cost. In our case, the 3Form Panel was a donation, but is also not necessary for the shower space. Any barrier between the shower area and the toilet would have achieved the same effect. Alternatively, the entire bathroom could be considered a wet room, where all surfaces drain to a single drain below the showerhead. This would eliminate the need for the half wall which separates the shower from the rest of the bathroom. We chose to use lime plaster for the main bathroom wall finish, but a durable paint would work well. This would also save on labor time but increase material cost.

14 KITCHEN SESSION 04

TIMELINE Concrete Countertop Formwork and Pour (2.5 day / 6 people) Ideal Curing time for each Countertop (3 days) Countertop Install (1 day / 8+ people) Filling Voids (1 day / 2 people) Sealing and Waxing Countertop (1/2 day / 2 people) Mounting Cabinets (2 days / 3 people)

PROCESS NOTES Cabinetry dictates countertop form work, and must be installed in order to create accurate layouts. The countertop is both space and time intensive, and requires many hands for moving. While the countertop is initially curing, it is delicate and should not be disturbed. This build utilized an undermount sink on top of a plywood platform. This can be installed before the countertop, as long as there is fresh silicone placed around the sink rim before the countertop is installed.

SPECIALIZED TOOLS REQUIRED _Mallets _Concrete vibrator _Hammer drill _Trowels _Angle grinder

BUDGET BREAKDOWN $125 $150 $175 $30 $75 $725 $1500 $600 -------$6350

Steel Concrete Countertop Form work Concrete finishing Cabinet mounting Sink Range Refrigerator Total

ALTERNATIVES Although concrete is a great value as a countertop material, other potentially more cost-efficient options could include a variety particle board laminates. These alternatives would be far less labor intensive. Pre-made cabinetry would likely be a less expensive option on both labor and material costs. However, additional OSB reinforcing would be required for a concrete countertop to help distribute the load.

15 ADOBE FLOOR SESSION 04

TIMELINE Ratio Research and Testing (3 day / 2 people) Base Layer Mix and Installation (2 days / 5 people) Finish Layer Testing (3 days / 1 person) Final Layer Installation (1 day / 5 people)

PROCESS NOTES Significant testing should be done to guarantee adobe mix ratio strength and resiliency to cracking. Test on multiple scales. Make sure to include testing as well as material harvesting/processing/sifting time when estimating schedule. Baseboard trim to be installed before pour. After final layer is poured and oiled, little to no foot traffic is encouraged. Final layer should be poured to allow enough time to dry and cure without any traffic in construction or otherwise. Coordinate timing with Interior finishes and any other relevant PM.

SPECIALIZED TOOLS REQUIRED _1/8â&#x20AC;? Sieve for Sifting Clay and Sand _Metal Tamper _Wood Trowels _Metal Plaster Trowel _Magnesium Trowel _Large metal sheet or comparable to mix adobe on

BUDGET BREAKDOWN $13 $0 $0 $15 $75 -------$103

Bag of Type S Lime Locally Harvested Clay Sand from Site 2 Straw Bales 5 Gallon Linseed Oil Total

ALTERNATIVES As proven by this build, adobe floors can be unpredictable and thus difficult to execute on a strict timeline. By installing the finish layers at the very end, we left almost no flexibility for troubleshooting when problems arose. With all this complication, one may consider some alternative flooring materials. If keeping with a stem wall construction, floor joists could be installed to allow options other than a concrete slab. These include a wide array of laminates, tile, or wood planks that range greatly in price and ease of installation. Tongue & groove hardwood floors provide the warmth aesthetically that you get with the adobe, are relatively easy to install, and depending on product can be durable if well maintained. Doing a full concrete slab is another option, which would add approximately 30% to the cost of the foundation and floor. Concrete is a little more predictable but far less forgiving than adobe, and involves a much larger embodied energy. In more open spaces like the southern living room, area rugs could be used to soften and warm the space and help delineate uses.