PORTFOLIO
ANNAPURNA AKKINENI Road # 2, Banjara Hills Hyderabad 500 034 India +91 95738 84771 anuakkineni@gmail.com
“It’s not where you take things from - it’s where you take them to.”
THE FACADE AS A NATURAL FILTER Hyderabad, India 2011 - 2014
Contemporising wattle and daub for a proposed office building. Comprising of prefabricated stabilized mud panels, bamboo framing and plants, the facade filters natural light and air into the building. It insulates interior spaces from heat, sound, dust and the busy urban intersection, therefore transforming the building into an urban oasis.
Professional Independent work done as architect + proprietor of Positive Space, Hyderabad
1
Wadelias
Allamandas
Horizo
ntal ba m
Syngoniums Plan ters
Coir r ope
boo br acing
Verti ca l
bambo
Bamboo
o braci
ng
balcony Glass facade
Pla
nts
Private balconies facilitate easy maintenance of climbers and glass.
A facade of climbers filters natural light into interior spaces.
A double skin facade with an exterior trellis shading system A conventional glass wall forms the interior layer and a bamboo trellis with vines forms the exterior shading layer.
40mm Ø X 40mm Ø bamboo frame
Natural Precedent for self shading and thermoregulation
The facade cavity is thermally flushed via stack effect
The ribbing in the Saguaro cactus minimizes incident light and its needles disturb air flow over its surface creating an insulating air film.
20mm bamboo 3’ x 9’- 6” 1/2” self-shading 3 dimensional exterior surface 12mm bamboo stave
100mm Ø Bamboo
30mm stabilized earth with chicken mesh reinforcement on both sides
12mm Gypsum board panel
100mm Ø Bamboo support frame 50mm Ø Bamboo Maintenance walkway
weep hole 50mm bamboo maintenance horizontal bamboo support
A
Scale- 1’-0” = 1’-0”
100mm Ø Bamboo horizontal support frame
A cade
Fa West
B
B
Scale-1’-0” = 1’-0”
C
Scale-6’ = 1’-0”
C
Sou
th F aca
de
A self shading wattle and daub curtain wall system for thermoregulation The production of stabilized wattle and daub panels is proposed on site. A three dimensional external surface self shades the panels and reduces thermal gain.
Soil character and suitability study
Experiments of 3D surface texture on earth blocks First, a few simple handtests were performed to determine the soil type and to understand whether clay, sand or other additives were required to make it more suitable for earth construction.
Organic matter (humus) test: Smell humid soil
Texture test: look at and touch the soil.
Compressibility test: add a little water and squeeze.
Conclusions of ‘sensitive analysis’ / field tests Soil type: Gravely sandy soil Composition: Gravel - 30%, Sand - 30%, Silt - 15%, Clay - 25%
Plasticity test 1: add more water to form a plastic ball and pull it.
Plasticity test 2: make a thumb-depression on the plastic ball and fill it with water.
Cohesion test: dissolve the soil into the hand and ‘wash’ it.
Humus / organic matter is absent, therefore the soil is suitable. The presence of coarse particles and granular texture indicate high percentage of gravel in the soil. The compressibility test required nominal strength for soil compression. The plastic ball is slightly difficult to shape but has appropriate cohesion with a lot of water. Water penetrates quickly into the thumb-depression created, therefore indicating the presence of a small amount of clay. The soil sticks to the hand but the soil is easy to wash, therefore it is cohesive.
Experimental setup
Sieving is required to reduce coarseness.
30% sand needs to be added to make the soil suitable for earth blocks.
A plywood base with removable sides.
Titrating the soil mix for each experiment and gently leveling it out.
A CNC fabricated teak wood negative mould is gently hand hammered until the soil has been compressed as much as possible. The ply sides are then removed.
20 lts mud
1
14 lts mud + 6 lts sand (30%)
2
14 lts Mud + 6 lts sand + 470 ml red oxide
3
Unstabilized through densification1
Material Experiment - Day 1
Inert components and different types of soils are added to create a dense medium.
14 lts mud + 6 lts sand + 400 ml lime (2.35%)
4
14 lts mud + 6 lts sand + 1200 ml lime (6%)
5
14 lts Mud + 6 lts sand + 1200 ml lime + 470 ml red oxide
6
Naturally stabilized through linkage1 Lime is added to the solid mix to create stable chemical bonds between the clay and sand through ionic exchange.
14 lts mud + 6 lts sand + 400 ml cement (2.35%)
7
14 lts mud + 6 lts sand + 1200 ml cement (6%)
8
14 lts Mud + 6 lts sand + 1200 ml cement + 470 ml red oxide
9
9 experiments, each with a different composition of aggregates were created to understand the behavior of earth blocks with 3-D surface texture, in response to curing and climatic conditions.
Sources: 1 - Auroville Earth Institute (2010). “Production and Use of Stabilised Earth Blocks”, Pg 31. 2 - Auroville Earth Institute (2010). “Production and Use of Stabilized Earth Blocks”, Pg 35.
Synthetically stabilized through cementation1 Cement is mixed with water to crystallize and create a matrix with grains of sand and gravel.
Soil mix formulae Theoretical weight aggregate2 = Wstabiliser x (100-% stabilizer) % stabilizer Exact % stabilizer2 = weightstabillizer x 100 total weight
20 lts mud
1
14 lts mud (70%) + 6 lts sand (30%)
2
14 lts Mud + 6 lts sand + 470 ml red oxide
3
Unstabilized The unstablized blocks were the most brittle. The surface of the pure mud block crumbled with just a gentle run through of a finger. However, the blocks with sand content were slightly harder. A lot more pressure was required to compress the blocks despite which the 3D surface texture was not as distinct. as experiments 4 - 9. The mud blocks also proved difficult to fabricate and transport. Sectional cracks began to form when the pure mud block was moved and eventually, it split into 3 parts.
14 lts mud + 6 lts sand + 400 ml lime (2.35%)
4
14 lts mud + 6 lts sand + 1200 ml lime (6%)
5
14 lts Mud + 6 lts sand + 1200 ml lime + 470 ml red oxide
6
Naturally stabilized through linkage The lime stabilized experiments were similar in behavior to the cement: • small surface cracks began to form with evaporation, • the finish was sharper in mock-ups with higher % of stabilizer, • surface brittleness is minimal but susceptible to vandalism. The blocks had a whiteness to their appearance due to lime content. In conclusion, lime is just as effective as a stabilizer as cement.
14 lts mud + 6 lts sand + 400 ml cement (2.35%)
7
14 lts mud + 6 lts sand + 1200 ml cement (6%)
8
14 lts Mud + 6 lts sand + 1200 ml cement + 470 ml red oxide
9
Synthetically stabilized through cementation The cement stabilized experiments had the dullest appearance in comparison to the unstabilized and lime stabilized experiments. They had a grey tint.
Material Experiment - Day 7 As the water evaporated the intensity of the colors began to diminish. This was the most apparent observation in all the experiments. Surprisingly, evaporation did not lead to many cracks as expected.
Day 7
Day 7
worst result 20 lts mud
best result 14 lts mud + 6 lts sand + 1200 ml lime (6%)
Day 7
Day 7
gentle run through
cracked while moving
Day 7
Day 7
sharp edges due to 6% lime content
Day 1
Day 7
vibrancy α moisture
whiteness α lime content and redness α red oxide
Conclusions of the first series of experiments
1 5
6 7
Day 7 Day 1
cracks due to coarseness & high moisture content
With the exception of Experiment 1 all other soil mixes yielded similar results: minimal to no cracking, clean edges and easy removal of mould. The block size however is too large for ease of handling and transport. Lime and cement are equally suitable stabilizers and with a finer soil mix higher precision and less cracking can be achieved.
What is finally under construction The client felt the adapted wattle & daub facade was experimental. As per her decision, an exterior shading system was designed for the window-wall areas. It is composed of perforated louvers typically used for garage door shutters.
LIGHTFILTERS Hyderabad, India 2013
An exploration that links contemporary digital design and the traditional handcraft of bamboo weaving. Version 1.0, Light Nest was hand sketched and handmade for a client’s wedding reception. Inspired by the intricate forms and light quality resulting from quick sketches and hand woven bamboo, Version 2.0, Light Canopy is proposed.
Professional Independent work done as architect + proprietor of Positive Space, Hyderabad
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Version 2.0: Light Canopies, a proposal for a hotel lobby Project in progress.
Parametric explorations Grasshopper was used to visualize variations in weave patterns, cone geometries, their interdependencies and implications for light diffusion.
handmade bamboo skeleton of spokes
weaving in the skeletal contours
weaving spokes & contours in the intermediate areas
Radial weave
construction drawings of the skeleton
handmade bamboo skeleton of U-curves
weaving in the skeletal V-curves
weaving U & V-curves in the intermediate areas
Inferences: Weave fabrication process Weave density is the only parameter that effects production time, material quantity, cost and ease of fabrication. The diagrid weave due to its intricacy has two extra steps in the process and therefore requires more resources.
2-way grid weave
weaving in the 1st skeletal diagrid curves
weaving in the 2nd skeletal diagrid curves
weaving the 4-way curves in the intermediate areas
assembling the ďŹ nal piece: ďŹ tting the cones in
4-way grid weave
Components and assembly
Controlled bio-degradability Biocomposite film rolled into cones
Water resistance Low carbon footprint Renewable source Non-flammability UV resistance
Split bamboo framework fabricated by local weavers
Recyclability
Thermoset plant based starch biopolymer + Cellulose based biopolymer
A handmade skeleton of split bamboo woven in various patterns are juxtaposed over one another to form the graph like bases. Bio-composite film rolled into cones are then inserted into the framework to form the Light Filters.
BREATHABLE BUILDINGS Master’s Thesis New York Spring 2010
Lightweight natural dehumidification envelope system for social housing typologies in hot humid climates using agricultural by-products. Rehabilitation schemes inspired by the material and bioclimatic sensibility of slum morphologies
ACADEMIC ARCH 6350 Design Research Studio Instructors: Anna Dyson Jason Vollen Intellectual property of Center for Architecture Science and Ecology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. 13
A taxonomy of Mumbai’s high density housing types illustrating their existing conditions and respective enegry consumption
Population density map showing regions with higher housing need Key
Data source: Shetty, P., Gupte, R., et al (2007).“Housing Typologies in Mumbai”, Collective Research Initiatives Trust, India.
Deployment opportunities POOR
minimal
2011 population
retrofit and new construction
retrofit
2001 population 1991 population
Slums
Public sector employee housing
Slum rehab. due to state infrastructure projects
Wadis - type 2
low
KEY
current energy consumption
Chawls built by private enterprises
Slum rehab. by private developers in exchange for land
N
Suburban apartments for middle income groups
The Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Plan 2005 to 2025 Low income housing
high
Mass housing by the State after independence
Chawls built by the government
Living Conditions
Categorized by building age, development density, maintenance and, provision of natural light, ventilation, electricity, water and other basic infrastructure.
Wadis - type 1
Data source: Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai, (2005). “Mumbai City Development Plan 2005-2025”, Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority, Mumbai.
Dilapidated building redevelopments
800 built 2,300 planned 620 people housed in each slum rehab prototype 15,000 slum rehabilitation buildings - current deficit
Importation of apartment type during British rule
Private apartments of the 70s and 80s
Suburban townships
High income housing 1,146 built GOOD
62 planned
Building age - date of construction 1600
1800
1900
1950
1975
Mumbai: a test bed model for addressing energy demand and the critical housing shortage in populous cities typical of developing countries
2000
253 under construction 320 people housed in each suburban township building
Data source: Emporis Research. “Commercial Real Estate Information and Construction Data”, Internet: www.emporis.com Date accessed, August 16, 2010.
5 of the world’s most populous cities are located in hot humid climates
Top coconut countries,countries, their market and Topproducing coconut producing theiropportunities market opportunities potential and for reducing importswood imports potentialwood for reducing Annual coconut production
Sri Lanka
2.38
54,670 227,471
Thailand
2.26
188,217 215,705
India
14.62
Brazil
4.39
3 million
25.01
22.08
2 million
262,220
Indonesia
Philippines
1 million
500,000
0
25 billion
20 billion
15 billion
Tokyo
Mumbai
10 billion
5 billion 0
Dakha
2,383,026
267,821
2,104,100
Delhi
Key Fully humid
240,149
57,442
1,392,168
418,988
Monsoon
Transforming current consumption culture from through put systems into cyclical material ecologies.
Dry
commodities
Other industrial processing
Annual coconut production
86% annual surplus
imported wood panel products Mexico City estimate of feasible production of coconut high density boards Diagram based on: Based on FAOSTAT Production of Endocarp and Copra 2007) Snijder M.Sc., Keijser M.Sc., et al., “coir based building and packaging materials” Amsterdam, Common Fund for Commodities: 121, 2005.
Annual husk production 4,119,150 tons
Sao Paulo
current coir industry uses 14% of by-product Annual coconut production 11,769,000 tons
Opportunities for the reuse of surplus coconut husk and their implications for material ecologies and carbon footprints.
Panel produced / imported per annum
virgin materials
consumer retail
cyclical material ecology
biodegr adation
As per FAO ‘s statistics, the global copra industry grows over 50 million tons of coconuts annually. This yields 15 to 20 million tons of husk by-product per year. Only 700,000 tons of this husk is used to create commodities. The annual surplus of this otherwise wasted raw material can be diverted from the landfill towards the production of HDF binderless boards to not only create a cyclical material ecology but also support local rural economies, reduce wood product imports and consequently reduce national carbon footprints.
landfill waste
recy c
ling
biological nutrients
recy c
ling
technical nutrients
The components and chemical composition of a coconut coconut
25% water
=
28% copra
+
The chemical composition of the husk changes with the maturity of the nut. The content of lignin, an intrinsic binder, increases with maturity. Therefore, more mature coconuts are better suited for binderless board production.
The structural integrity of coconut husk allows for its use in the production of lightweight thermoset HDF binderless boards.
12% shell
+
44% lignin 22% cellulose 14% hemicellulose 6% uronic acid 14% extractives
35% husk
skin
+
30% fiber
+
70% pith
New construction
- double skin and interior partitions made of HDF coconut boards. The double skin reduces heat gain and the light frame partitions minimize heat retention. - concrete core
Retrofit
existing concrete building with a retrofit lightweight double skin facade made of HDF coconut boards.
Material analysis: the viability of coconut husk based lightweight HDF binderless boards
35% lignin 35% cellulose 18% hemicellulose 7% uronic acid 5% extractives
Diagrams based on Smith (2007). “Breathable Housing: Incorporation of Agricultural ByProducts in Housing Systems for Tropical Climates,” Center for Architecture Science & Ecology.
spongy pith has a low density and therefore high compressibility. coir fiber embedded in the pith tissue acts as reinforcement
This cross section of a coir fiber shows the microfibrils that make the coir more resilient due to their helical structure
Microfibrils SEM micrographs © van Dam Ph.D., J. E. G., M. J. A. van den Oever, et al. (2006). “Process for production of high density / high performance binderless boards from whole coconut husk. Part 2: Coconut husk morphology, composition and properties.” Industrial Crops and Products 24: 96-104.
204 90 33
88 32
76
75
204 90 33
88 32
76
75
Unit with highest requirements
87 32
89 33
The amount of desiccant required per unit is inversely dependent on the desiccant’s density and directly dependent on the daily cooling load. If husk which has an extremely low density of 30.4 lb/ft3 is used, more than twice the weight is required as compared to fiber which has a density of 82.4 lb/ft3. The core units require approximately half the weight surface area of the corner units.
Unit with lowest requirements husk - 87 sqft
74
Desiccant zone area (sft) = 2(desiccant qty x unit area x 12”/ft density x desiccant panel thickness
fiber - 32 sqft
Unit size 360 sqft
thermal comfort zone
0.0 %
Daily average cooling load (kbtu)
Avg Daily F3_U4
Avg Daily F3_U3
Avg Daily F3_U2
Winter solstice
Avg Daily F4_U2
Avg Daily F4_U1
Summer solstice
Spring equinox
Avg Daily F4_U4
Avg Daily F4_U3
Autumn equinox
Thumbprint of daily average cooling load profile of each apartment unit
Avg Daily F3_U1
Avg Daily F2_U4
Avg Daily F2_U3
Avg Daily F2_U2
Avg Daily F2_U1
Mar
Apr
Avg Daily F1_U4
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Avg Daily F1_U3
Avg Daily F1_U2
Avg Daily F1_U1
JAN
Jan
FEB
Feb
MAR
Mar
APR
Apr
MAY
May
JUN
Jun
Thumbprint of Mumbai’s hourly relative humidity and dry bulb temperature
JUL
Jul
AUG
Aug
SEP
Sep
OCT
Oct
NOV
Nov
floor
89
4
49
3
133
50
2
137
100 %
Desiccant quantity (lbs) = 0.021 x daily cooling load
Unit size husk - 242 sqft 360 sqft Fiber - 89 sqft
Climate Analysis: identifying patterns in diurnal climatic swings and cooling load profiles in order to determine desiccant chamber sizing and system cycles.
40 oC
1
88
Dry Bulb
Rel Humid (%)
201
242
-10 oC
Calculations
30
207
Comparitive surface area
25
207
unit 4
20
239
unit 3
15
unit 2
10
unit 1
floor 4
unit 4
floor 3
unit 3
floor 2
unit 2
floor 1
unit 1
Key
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 unit
Desiccant chamber sizing is calcualted for peak humidity using daily av. cooling load profiles of apt. units in each bay
DEC
Dec
diurnal type with peak conditions
0h
12 h
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
24 h
Breathable building strategies for expanding the comfort zone using passive and active ventilation 4 Bay irs
Sta 3 Bay Bay
Double skin desiccant chamber for passive / active assist dehumidification made of coconut husk, a natural desiccant
2
irs
1 ay nt b e m
Sta
art
An adaptation of Norbert Lechner’s 3 tier approach to energy efficient building design.
Self shading flexible envelope for comfort ventilation
Porous single skin for moderating climate in communal stairwells n
h
ut
So
o ati v e El
35
Expanded comport zone (active assist ventilation)
30
Natural ventilation typically applicable to this area is ineffective due to Mumbai’s high urban density
25
Expanded comfort zone (natural ventilation)
15
20
10
Comfort Zone
5
Porous double skin for thermal flushing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Hourly absolute humidity (g moisture /kg dry air)
Ap
0
Hourly dry bulb temperature (⁰C)
Schematic adaptation of mashrabiyas
Dynamic adaptation of fixed mashrabiyas
Building system + product design opportunities
Coconut-based desiccant screens
Doha Office Tower | Jean Nouvel Traditional fixed Mashrabiya Image © Nelson Garrido Image © unknown
The chemical composition and material properties of coconut husk make it an excellent medium for creative explorations. Material experiments with digital fabrication, thermosetting and fluid dynamic tests could inspire adaptations of traditional mashrabiyas. Capitalizing on its compressive strength as a thermoset board and its tensile strength in woven applications, there is a potential for intricate desiccant screens that are not only aesthetic but also multifunctional. Innovative designs could lead to three dimensional surfaces that have optimized geometric patterns for adjustable visual and climatic porosity.
A facade that utilizes the inter scalar breathing mechanisms of coconut husk for temperature, moisture and air control.
Precedent: 3 cycle dehumidification system
Cycle 1: winter and summer passive dehumidification cycles MAXIMUM ADSORPTION CAPACITY
Closed exterior vent isolates the desiccant chamber from outdoor climatic conditions. Open interior vent couples desiccant chamber with the mechanical system
Coir fi
b er
Pi
100 %
th
Fan induced air supply
33%
Cooler chamber temperatures due to nocturnal radiation enhance desorption capacity
8%
Recirculating indoor air is dehumidified by recharged desiccant bed
high density binder-less boards water resistant exterior coating
lo at He
rough noctu ss th
Source: Smith (2007). “Breathable Housing: Incorporation of Agricultural By-Products in Housing Systems for Tropical Climates.” Center for Architecture Science and Ecology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, New York, NY.
n
:0
0
o ati di
20
0 19:0
18:00
00
7:00
17:
12:00
0
13:0
0 :0 16
1
0
:0
21
m
00
Su
11:
rel a
00
0
0
:0
15 0
4: 0
20 :
:0
19:0 0
10
18:00
00
7:00
17:
6:00
16
:0
0
de n hum idificatio
0
:0
15
0
11:
00
12:00
0
13:0
0
1
4: 0
RH
0%
:0
100 %
10
Sections
5:00
e ate ycl f c clim o ith on rati s w du tuate c flu
00
high
00
9:
Temeperature
3:
00
low
umidity and t em
8:
high
0
eh tiv
ure rat
Humidity
8: 0
for typ cl2e3:020 0:00 1:0i0cal diu y c 2: 00 rn a er 22:00 pe
low
n
e yp 00 l t 4:
m
idificatio
9
de hum
:0 0
KEY
Clocks
6:00
cycle ate on of m durati es with cli at fluctu
Vent closed
Mechanical cooling and air flow induction to accomodate high nightime temperatures in summers
00
5:00
Fan induced air flow; only applicable in winters when nightime temperatures are within or close to thermal comfort range
Hermetically sealed interior skin
al
3:
ure rat
Stack effect is enhanced by heat of adsorption
ti
idity and hum tem ve
pe
rel a
:0
0
21
2” desiccant bed
Mechanical Cooling
0
:
22
pe 0 ty 4:0
W int
3 for typical ycle23:00 0:00 1:00 2diurn c :0 - 00
In the Plywood house in Tokyo, the inherent ability of plywood to adsorb and desorb moisture is used to passively dehumidify indoor air. Environmental vapor pressure differentials caused by sol-air temperature, force moisture into or out of the plywood roof substrate. This naturally induced sorption process drives building dehumidification at night and desiccant recharge during the day. As illustrated in the figure, the system operation has three distinct cycles.
Water vapor sorption isotherms showing that coconut based desiccants can have higher adsoprion efficiency than standard commercial desiccants
rna l ra er
Dehumidifcation: precedent and cyclical system design
Cycle 2: Midyear (summer) and yearend (winter) recharge cycles
Cycle 3: Yearend (winter) inactivity period
A closed vent de-couples the desiccant chamber from the mechanical system.
Closed vents isolate the desiccant chamber to prevent unrequired dehumidification
Dehumidifcation: cyclical system design
Stack effect induced by sol-air temperature and a thermal differential between higher and lower panels of the exterior skin Desorption induced by vapor pressure differential between dessicant bed and air stream
Inci
Recharge desiccant bed adsorbs residual water vapor in sealed chamber Noc
tur
na
ad lr
i rad
on iati
ar ol
de nt s
2” desiccant bed
cle cy
2” desiccant bed Humidified air rises reinforcing stack effect , therefore creating negative pressure near intake Vent open: intake of ‘purge’ air stream
21
:0
0
W int 0
rel ati
:0 20 18:00
6:00
cycle ate on of durati s with clim e at fluctu
The onset of outward radiation stabilizes desiccant chamber temperatures
Optimum exterior humidity and temperature conditions enable fan induced comfort ventilation.
5:00
0
0
ure rat
19:0
it y umid and tem
pe
h ve
:0
pe 0 ty 4:0
or typical le 1 f d cy0c0 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:0iurn 0 : al r 2 e 2 3
Dehumidification chamber
process begin s
ation induces rec h arg e
Mechanical Cooling
Vent closed
00 17:
7:00
0
00
12:00
0
13:0
14
:0
0
W int
:0 0
rel a
19:0 0
16
1
21
21
:
11:
0
13:0
Su m
20 :0 0
12:00
:0 0
rel a
00
:0
00
15
20
0
9:
00
9:
15
11:
0
:0
0
4: 0
18:00
18:00 00 17:
: 16
00
inactive 00
0
00 17:
duration of cycle fluctuates with climate
7:00
0
00
tem
0
:0
al
3:
8: 0
16
idity and
6:00
7:00 0
KEY low
Humidity
high
low
Temeperature
high
Sections Clocks
100 % RH
10
:0
0
0
:0
00
15
:
11:
00
12:00
0
13:0
14
Perforated panels for air intake
um eh tiv
5:00
6:00
8: 0
recharge
0
:
22
ure rat
5:00
ure rat
le ate cyc of h clim n o it rati s w du uate t c flu
er
pe 0 ty 4:0
00
:0
:0
na
3:
pe
it y umid and tem eh v ti
10
10
00
:0
22
2 for typical ycle23:00 0:00 1:00 2diurn c :0 - 00
Perforated ‘intake’ panels
for typ cle3:010 0:00 1:0i0cal diu y c 2 - 0 2: r pe
19:0 0
0
:0
0
8: 0
Hermetically sealed interior skin
e yp 00 l t 4:
er
00
m
9:
recharge
0%
Market opportunities per country / region as a factor of residential energy demand, illustrated below in Peta Joules (PJ) Residential energy demand - peta joules (PJ)
Population and per capita energy consumption patterns showing shift towards topical countries
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
Global opportunities for large scale deployment of dehumidification strategies
Pacific OECD
China
Australia
Sou
th A
Mo zam
biq
Ken ya
Sri Lanka
Ira
Sud
n Saud
Myanmar Nepal
Japan
Nig e
en
Philippines Vietnam
Korea
ia
pia Cong Angola o
Yem
Thailand
Bangladesh
Uz
Pakistan
be
iA
rab
ia
an
Eg
ria
Ca
me roo
yp t
Gh
an a Co te d
Tur key
n
Rest of Asia
n
'Ivo
Syria
kis ta
30% reduction in India’s cooling demand through passive dehumidification (applicable to other countries)
India
zan
Eth io
Malaysia
Indonesia
Ta n
frica
ue
Ka za
ire
Africa
Alg e
kh sta n
Uk
ria
rai n
e
Ro m
ania
Po la
nd
Russia
Ge
Ita
ly
Mo
rm Fran any ce N eth
erl an
ds
UK
roc
co
Western Europe
Sp
ain
Russia
Rest of Europe
China
India USA
KEY 2050 2009
2050 2009
2009 2050
growing population in tropical countries
growing population in countries of other climates
2100 Heating energy demand (PJ) Cooling energy demand (PJ)
Data Source: Isaac, M., van Vuuren, D.P. (2008). “Modeling global residential sector energy demand for heating and air conditioning in the context of climate change” Elsevier Ltd.
Rest of Americas
United States Mexico
Venezuela
Colombia
2000
shrinking
per capita energy consumption
2050
Canada
Peru
2010
KEY 2000
Canada
Brazil
Global Demand (PJ)
2050
1,250 PJ
260,000 PJ
15,000 PJ
325,000 PJ
Global cooling energy demand can be reduced by 30% through passive dehumidification
Chile
Argentina
Data Source: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (2009).
500,000 PJ 2100
300,000 PJ
ARTS IN MOTION New York City 2007 State 1st Prize National 1st Prize Emerging Green Builders’ Natural Talent Design Competition
Re-engaging the site through the kinetics of nature. The low organic form of the performing arts center and sweeping green roof blend into the landscape like a chameleon. As such, the highly sensitive wind screen picks up not only the strong but also subtle air flows around it and materializes their movement into the myriad of translucent micro wind turbines suspended on it. Professional COMPETITION All content reworked for portfolio. Role: Sole architect and team lead for competition entry. Team: Emilie Hagen from Atelier 10 + Ryan Biziorek, Denis Blount and Mia Tsiamis from Arup.
22
Site: The New York State Pavilion, “The Tent of Tomorrow”
Largest park in New York Arthur Shea Stadium
Historical, cultural and urban context
Yankees Stadium Arthur Shea Stadium
Built for the 1964 World’s fair by Philip Johnson
Listed in the World monuments Fund as 1 of the 100 most endangered sites
Site surrounded by highways
Site
Flushing Meadows Corona Park 1250 acres
In the spirit of preserving this historic and cultural symbol, the proposed performing arts center sits humbly within the existing structure.
Park ramping up onto the auditorium green roof
Blending into the landscape air intake
sound attenuation berms
Labyrinth outdoor air pretreatment system
Storm water storage and UV filtration tank
CO2 filtration using charcoal and sand
Skate park
Harnessing natural phenomenon to re-engage the site, produce energy and reuse stormwater The dynamic form of the building blends into its immediate landscape by pushing and pulling existing soil into soft ripples that reach out to the rest of the park.
reuse Bioswales for storm water infiltration
Permeable walkways and seating
Micro wind turbine facade made of extruded recycled plastic rotors
Existing structure
Energy generating micro wind facade that also functions as an ambient, kinetic art installation Labyrinth outdoor air pretreatment system: demolition waste is reused as thermal mass
Depth of each exterior shading louvers is directly proportional to the amount of annual solar insolation per linear foot.
Green roof that blends into the surrounding parkscape Labyrinth operation mode: night cooling
Annual solar insolation
Reduction of theater volume and mechanical system loads due to green roof and innovative acoustic strategies. Labyrinth outdoor air pre-treatment system constructed using site demolition waste
Concrete demolition waste from demolition of part of the existing one-storey structure is broken down into rubble.
Rubble is diverted from the landfill and contained in mesh cages made from corrosion resistant metal.
Labyrinth walls constructed in the existing basement from the rubble gabions provide thermal mass for outdoor air pretreatment.
Labyrinth operation mode: hot day morning
Harnessing the wind to energize and condition the space
Pavilion courtyard and outdoor auditorium
COURTYARD POND HOUSE Hyderabad, India 2012 - 2014
A contemporary adaptation of a traditional South Indian courtyard house. The house opens up to a central courtyard pond and the farmscape beyond. Large sliding doors that double as windows offer private views of the courtyard from the surrounding rooms. Sliding mesh doors and the ornate teak and metal screen offer the residents indoorclimate control and privacy.
Professional Independent work done as architect + proprietor of Positive Space, Hyderabad
27
AV Room
Master Bedroom
Courtyard Pond
TV Room
Service
Staff Room
Dining + Kitchen
Living room Lobby
Store
Wet Kitchen
Design logic
N
UV filtration tank for rainwater
Indirect daylighting
Operable windows & mosquito screens
Fan assisted ventilation
The house is introverted towards the central courtyard pond. Expansive interior windows facing the pond provide ample indirect daylight. The house is thermally flushed using fan assisted exterior slit windows that direct a natural draft over the pond and through the house. Roof gutters channel rain water into an overhead tank in the abutting staff quarters.
C 3'-512"
27'-11
1'-312"
"(26 N
B
os Ma
ngalore
Tiles)
8'-1"
2'-0"
7'-8"
6'-0"
10'-6"
1'-0" 2'-1"
A
3'-012"
14'-8"
3' 012"
20'-9" 51'-4" 68'-10"
Materials and technique
Double layered Mangalore roof tiles
Terracotta roofs typical of traditional South Indian houses have been adapted into a double layered system, a technique more commonly used today.
C Insulating air space
3mm M.S. eave board
Ceiling Terracotta Tile M.S purlin (40 mm x 20mm x 2mm M.S. box) fly ash bricks
M.S. Rafter (96mm x 48mm x 3.2mm) fixed to precast R.F.C. beam with 6” x 4” x 6 mm anchor fastener as specified
Reclaimed columns from a traditional Chettinad house
A
Operable window with 3” x 2” teak frame
B
Salvaged pillars from a house in Karaikudi personally selected by the client, are the main feature of the facades. Fly ash bricks and concrete are used for the walls and foundation.
FURNITURE DESIGN Hyderabad, India 2011 - 2012
An assortment of furniture designed for various interior design projects. Front to back: Teak bench for a steam room. Chairs for a patisserie made from salvaged teak and rubbed wood that was reclaimed from shipping crates. Reception desk for a spa. Massage table for a spa.
Professional Independent work done as architect + proprietor of Positive Space, Hyderabad 30
FURNITURE DESIGN Hyderabad, India 2011
The creative reincarnation of infested palm trees into multipurpose wood blocks.
Professional Independent work done as architect + proprietor of Positive Space, Hyderabad 31
AISFM PREVIEW THEATER Hyderabad, India 2011
The renovation of an existing 36 year old preview theater into a auditorium space for the Annapurna International School of Film and Media
Professional Independent work done as architect + proprietor of Positive Space, Hyderabad 32
Academic competition Collaborative
professional Independent
honorable mention professional Independent
professional Independent
on hold professional Independent
built professional Independent
professional Independent
professional Independent
Professional Independent
Professional at Cook Fox Architects
grade A professional Independent
built Academic Independent
built
1st prize
built
in progress
built
unbuilt
built
1st prize Professional Independent
grade A Academic Independent
grade B
best student of the year Professional competition Collaborative
Academic Collaborative
Academic competition Independent
in progress Academic research Master’s thesis
Professional independent at Cook Fox Architects
Professional collaborative Cook Fox Architects
Professional collaborative installation Morphosis Architects
grade A
in progress
built Academic competition Collaborative
built professional Independent
professional Independent
built professional Independent
on hold
on hold
grade A
built professional Independent
professional Independent
professional Independent
professional Independent
in progress
built
built
on hold
professional Independent
professional Independent
professional Independent
Academic independent
Academic Independent
built
on hold
on hold
professional Independent
in progress professional Independent
grade A
built
Thank you
Special thanks to My graduate teachers: Annd Dyson, for being a tremendous inspiration and for her fearless optimism Jason Vollen, for guiding me towards my potential. My undergraduate teachers: Mike Gamble, Ann Gerondalis, Jude LeBlanc and Frances Hsu. There’s were my favorite studios. My parents and grand parents for their tireless support. Friends: Shane Smith, Scott Yoccom, Chris Garvin, Dr. Mitra Puchalapalli and Prathyusha Viddam Consultants: Raj Kumar Chowdary Met, Sohail Satar and Sudhir Reddy Their generous feedback and willingness to experiment on projects has helped push boundaries on projects.