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Aromatic Plants and herbs
Aromatic plants and Herbs
By: 3rd Gymnasium Ierapetras ICS di Varazze-Celle
2015-2016
e-Twinning
Aromatic Plants and herbs
Aromatic plants and herbs is an eTwinning project. Pupils from 3rd Gymnasium Ierapetras, Ierapetra Greece, and pupils from ICS di Varazze Celle, Varazze Italy, have collaborated and created a presentation of the common species of aromatic plants and herbs from their region,
exchang-
ing knowledge about different uses in cooking, medicine or cosmetic in each country.
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Aromatic Plants and herbs
CONTENTS MINT-ΜΕΝΤΑ- MENTA CHAMOMILE- ΧΑΜΟΜΗΛΙ- CAMOMILLA MARJORAM- ΜΑΝΤΖΟΥΡΑΝΑ- MAGGIORANA OREGANO- ΡΙΓΑΝΗ- ORIGANO SAVORY- ΘΡΟΥΜΠΙ-SANTOREGGIA MALOTIRA - ΜΑΛΟΤΗΡΑ DITTANY- ΔΙΚΤΑΜΟ- DITTAMO BASIL- ΒΑΣΙΛΙΚΟΣ- BASILICO LAVENDER- ΛΕΒΑΝΤΑ- LAVANDA ROSEMARY- ΔΕΝΔΡΟΛΙΒΑΝΟ- ROSMARINO THYME- ΘΥΜΑΡΙ- TIMO CORIANDER - ΚΟΛΙΑΝΔΡΟΣ- CORIANDOLO SAGE- ΦΑΣΚΟΜΗΛΟ- SALVIA
Aromatic Plants and herbs
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MINT-ΜΕΝΤΑ- MENTA Mentha (also known as mint ) is a genus of plants in the family Lamiaceae. The species are not clearly distinct, and estimates of their number vary from 13 to 18. Hybridization between some of the species occurs naturally. Many other hybrids, as well as numerous cultivars, are known. The genus has a subcosmopolitan distribution across Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and North America. Mints are aromatic, almost exclusively perennial, rarely annual, herbs. They have wide-spreading underground and overground stolons and erect, square, branched stems. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, from oblong to lanceolate, often downy, and with a serrated margin. Leaf colors range from dark green and gray-green to purple, blue, and sometimes pale yellow. The flowers are white to purple and produced in false whorls called verticillasters. The corolla is two-lipped with four subequal lobes, the upper lobe usually the largest The fruit is a nutlet, containing one to four seeds . While the species that make up the Mentha genus are widely distributed and can be found in any environments, most grow best in wet environments and moist soils. Mints will grow 10–120 cm tall and can spread over an indeterminate area. Due to their tendency to spread unchecked, some mints are considered invasive.
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The Greek flora includes various kinds of mint, such as Mentha pubescens, Mentha longifolia , Mentha rotundifolia, Mentha spicata , Mentha aquatica, Mentha piperita and Mentha pulegium. In Crete the most common species of the genus Mentha are: Mentha aquatica, the agrioavarsamos (Mentha longifolia subsp. Thyphoides), fliskouni (Mentha pulegium), spearmint or avarsamos (Mentha spicata syn. Mentha viridis), and the most common type is peppermint (Mentha piperita) which is a hybrid of Mentha aquatica and Mentha spicata. Among all these plants more interesting is peppermint and spearmint (dyosmos). Spearmint is mainly indicated for dishes while the peppermint is mostly used in sweets, syrups, chocolate, candies etc. Medical- Pharmaceutical Uses Peppermint used as an infusion – we are using the flower heads and the fresh leaves – is beneficial on stomach ailments, while helping liver and gallbladder function. It acts as a relaxant and diuretic, helping people with kidney problems, gallstones and liver issues. Leaves prepared in the form of poultice, take away the heat from skin burns, aiming healing. Putting peppermint leaves over the temples, helps with colds and headaches. According to research, in quantities used as from old healers, peppermint can be as effective as aspirin in pain relief. It is used extensively in pharmaceuticals and perfumery. Spearmint has many beneficial and therapeutic properties. Used primarily as a decoction and do much good in
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gallstone, is antispasmodic, sedative and digestive. It also acts against insomnia and hiccups. As a poultice, made good on some skin and relieves pain of rheumatism. In the pharmaceutical industry manufactured various products to improve taste and odor. Used in flavoring industry for the manufacture of perfumes and soaps. With a handful of mint leaves in a quart of boiling water it prepares a foot bath that has the power to dispel fatigue. The infusion serves as an astringent lotion for the pores of the skin The decoction benefits the cracked skin of hands . The essential oil is obtained from the flowering aerial parts of fresh peppermint plant using current distillation steam and has many properties : it is anti-stress , promotes digestion is a powerful antibacterial and anti-vomiting ( effective against motion sickness / air sickness / ill Sea) and great for skin care. The essential oil of peppermint has important cosmetic properties. It can be used as :purifying mask for oily skin invigorating bath and anti-fatigue massage oil . Against swollen legs post depilation.
Uses in cooking Peppermint is used mainly in confectionaries, and spirit production, but also in pies, pasta, sauces, soups, salads, and to flavor tea. It is one of the main ingredients of Mojito cocktail, although in some cases people use spearmint (because is easier to find it). Add the leaves (the stems are not used that much) during the last stages of food preparation, since prolonged cooking can destroy its flavor.
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Stuffed Tomatoes and Peppers - Gemista (Greek recipe) Stuffed tomatoes and peppers, are healthy, can be eaten hot or cold, and can be accompanied with a dollop of greek yogurt.
Ingredients: 6 large bell peppers, 6 large tomatoes, 2 large red onions, 2 large garlic cloves, 1/3 cup greek olive oil, ½ cup pine nuts, 2/3 cup golden raisins, 1/2 cup fresh mint leaves, 1/2 cup fresh parsley, 1/3 cup fresh dill, salt and freshly ground black pepper to taste, 1 cup long grain rice, such as basmati, 1 ½ cups plain breadcrumbs, 1 cup crumbled greek feta
Procedure: Cut off the tops of the peppers and scoop out and discard the seeds. Reserve the tops. Cut off the caps of the tomatoes and reserve. Using a teaspoon, scoop out the pulp. Chop and reserve the pulp and juices. Finely chop the onions. Peel and chop the garlic (or use a garlic press). Lightly toast the pine nuts. Finely chop the herbs Preheat oven to 220o C 1. Heat 3 tablespoons olive oil in a large skillet and cook the onions over low-medium heat until wilted, for about 7 minutes. Add the garlic and stir for a minute. 2. Add the rice and toss to combine in the skillet. Pour in ½ cup of water, lower the temperature, and cook the rice covered, until the liquid is absorbed. 3. Remove from heat. Mix in the tomato pulp and juices, the herbs, raisins and nuts, and adjust seasoning to taste with salt and pepper.
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4. Lightly oil an ovenproof glass-baking dish. Fill each pepper and tomato loosely with the rice filling. Place upright snugly in the baking dish. Pour 1 ½ cups of water over them. 5. Combine the breadcrumbs and feta and spoon a little of this mixture over each of the vegetables. Cover each with its cap. 6. Cover the dish loosely with aluminum foil and bake for about 1 hour, or until the rice is tender. *Check occasionally and add more water if necessary to keep the filling moist. 7. Remove, cool slightly, and serve either warm or at room temperature.
Italian recipe Ingredients sheep's milk cheese 75 g extra virgin olive oil 70 ml garlic 1 slice fresh mint 3-4 leaves brood beans fave 150 g
Procedure Started to shell the beans that need to be fresh , Privatel the tougher outer skin ; Take care to also remove the cuticle that covers them . Pour the beans in a food processor and add the clove of garlic whole peeled , grated cheese , mint leaves and oil to filo . Azionate the mixer and blend it all to intermittently interrupting you at regular intervals after a few seconds (so by not excessively heating the blades), to obtain a compound creamy and smooth ;transferred into a small bowl pesto bean obtained and if do not use it right away ,you can cover it with plastic wrap or with extra virgin olive oil.
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CHAMOMILE- ΧΑΜΟΜΗΛΙ- CAMOMILLA Chamomile is an annual herbaceous plant with tall up to 50 cm in wild plants and up to 80 cm in those cultivated, has taproots, the flowers are grouped in heads, the pollination is entomophilous. The species is widespread in Europe and Asia. It blooms from the month of May and the seeds ripen from August to September. Chamomile flowers are collected when they are fully open, in the late summer, so that is facilitated drying. The leaves can be picked at any time of year. Usually the dried flower heads are preserved. Since these flowers are produced infusions are used which are known for their mild sedative effects. In addition to oral administration, it is possible to resort to the use of chamomile prepared also for nebulisation, liniments anti-stress, poultices, eye drops and mouthwashes, and is endowed with good antiinflammatory properties. Chamomile grows from the sea up to the sub-mountain region, it is common in meadows, cultivated fields, along roads and near homes. The name derives from the greek χαμαίμηλον (chamá imēlon), "apple" for the smell. The flower heads are cut at the beginning of flowering in May-June, they are preserved i n g l a s s c o n t a i n e r s p r o t e c t e d f r o m l i g ht . In the past the dried flowers were used as pipe tobacco. Chamomile has anti-inflammatory function and calming; the plant also contains flavonoids and coumarins, in addition to an active substance bitter-toning.
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Medical- Pharmaceutical Uses Chamomile is known for its soothing effect on irritated skin or in areas with eczema and for the relief provided when used as a compress. In the bathroom put 300 g. chamomile in a pot with hot water and leave for 15 minutes. Strain and pour the infusion into the bath water. Relaxes and soothes the stress. For eye inflammation wet cotton in warm chamomile tea and place for some time on them. In the skin is used to treat infections and for the care of ulcers. It also helps in the treatment of mastitis. Also thanks to the soothing and bactericidal properties relieves the ugly "orzo" after consecutive washes with chamomile decoction. When the mix with olive oil and oregano, and warm up the fireplace, making rubs and relieves pain. Chamomile has significant positive effects on organisms and helps against various ailments. The healing properties have been known since antiquity and certainly Hippocrates the father of medicine considered it as the most miraculous herb for many cases. Although widely used, research scientists shall continue to constantly discover new information on the active substances and properties containing, for help preparing various pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations use.
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Uses in cooking Chamomile Tea Ingredients 2-3 teaspoons dried chamomile flowers per cup Hot water Procedure Put the dried chamomile flowers into a cup. Pour in hot water. Allow to infuse for 3 minutes. Strain into another cup. Use a tea strainer to catch the chamomile flowers Drink it. You can add honey or sugar if you like.
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MARJORAM- ΜΑΝΤΖΟΥΡΑΝΑ- MAGGIORANA Marjoram is an aromatic herb in the mint family which originated in Egypt and Arabia. It is also widely referred to as Oregano. Today, it is commonly found in the Mediterranean region or grown in gardens around the world. In its varied forms of: Marjoram essential oil, fresh or dried Marjoram leaves, or Marjoram powder (ground up Marjoram), it has many uses. Native to Mediterranean countries with 6 species of herbaceous plants. The most important species is the marjoram origan or joint, the height reaches 60 cm, the stem is square, spriggy. The leaves are small, unlike, plush, oval and have a distinctively beautiful lavender odor. The flowers are small white. The leaves are used as a spice, usually meat and fish, but also as a decoction. From the leaves of the plant essential oil is obtained which is used as an antiseptic and anti-convulsant and has uses in perfumery. In Greece, marjoram exists as native plant, but it is known from ancient times which used it as a medicine against stomach and intestinal complaints. Galen urges use as a digestive. Hippocrates used it as an antiseptic. In Crete common spiecies of marjoram is Origanum majorana and Origanum microphyllum.
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Medical- Pharmaceutical Uses Digestive Benefits To enhance the digestive system's performance, 2-4 cups of Marjoram tea may be ingested in 2 hours. Drinking the tea will help digestion in a variety of ways: Increasing the efficiency of digestion by increasing digestive enzymes and saliva Calming the stomach and digestive system. Improving appetite Relieving nausea Eliminating flatulence Curing or preventing basic intestinal infections Soothing painful stomach cramps or spasms Relieving diarrhea Protection Against Common Illnesses Marjoram is a great antiseptic, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral agent. As a result, it fights against a variety of common illnesses: Food poisoning Staph infection Tetanous infection in wounds Typhoid Malaria Influenza Common cold Mumps
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Improved Cardiovascular Health Another benefit of Marjoram is the enhancement of the cardiovascular and circulatory system. It helps by eliminating common risks associated with cardiovascular disease. Some ways it helps include: Lowering the blood pressure, greatly reducing the risk of hypertension and resultant heart problems. Greatly preventing the buildup of cholesterol, reducing risk of hardened arteries Aiding in improved blood circulation by dilating the arteries as necessary. Studies show that lower cholesterol and blood pressure levels are linked to a reduced rate of heart disease and heart attack. Anti-inflammatory Effects Marjoram is also an anti-inflammatory herb. Taken internally, it is great at relieving a variety of problems caused by inflammation, including: Asthma Muscle spasms Sinus headaches Migraines Fever Topical Application Applied topically, it also has been known to relieve: Painful joints Sore muscles Sprains Back ache Toothaches.
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Emotional and Neurological Benefits With sedative and antidepressant qualities Marjoram has a variety of psychological and neurological benefits. It aids in: Relieving insomnia Reducing stress Calming anxiety Minimizing emotional reactions Increasing control of sexual desire When taken in larger doses, it even exhibits mild antidepressant qualities. Other Health Benefits There are a variety of other health benefits as well, such as: Reduction of phlegm Warding off fungal infections Regulating the menstrual cycle in women Relieving premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Lessening bruising.
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Uses in cooking Marjoram as a culinary additive, it is commonly used to flavor soups, sauces, salads, and meat dishes. Marjoram Tea Grind marjoram leaves into a paste and add hot water or tea. Use one teaspoon of ground Marjoram per 7 ounces of water. Boil the mixture for 15 minutes. Drink two to four cups of this tea over the span of two hours for digestive benefits. Stronger Marjoram Tea Add two teaspoons of Marjoram to a cup of 7 ounces of cold water. Let it soak for 24 hours and add honey to it. An even stronger tea may be made by adding 6 teaspoons Marjoram to 7 ounces of water. It has a calming, ant depressive effect.
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OREGANO- ΡΙΓΑΝΗ- ORIGANO Oregano ( Origanum,) is a genus of aromatic plants herbaceous or sub - shrubs belonging to the family of Lamiaceae and comprising about 45-50 species originating mainly in the Mediterranean basin. Oregano is a perennial herb, growing from 20–80cm (7.9–31.5in) tall, with opposite leaves 1–4cm (0.39–1.57in) long. The flowers are purple, 3–4mm (0.12–0.16in) long, produced in erect spikes. It is sometimes called wild marjoram, and its close relative O.Majorana is known as sweet marjoram. Its name derives from the greek oros ( mountain) and ganaos ( I like) , because it grows well in the mountains or in the high floors of the sunny areas . Oregano is also a good repellent for ants : just sprinkle in places frequented and remember to replace it often to keep them away . In the language of flowers has always been considered Oregano is a plant that gives relief, comfort and health. In Italy there are 4 species of oregano: 1) common Oregano (Origanum vulgare) 2) South Oregano (Origanum heracleoticum) 3) Oregano marjoram (Origanum majorana) 4) Sicilian oregano (Origanum onites)
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The Ligurian cornabuggia has a totally different fragrance from every other oregano ; a dry fragrance, penetrating, extremely aromatic and persistent for years . It grows wild in the mountains , and that collected on Mount Portofino has a unique scent . It should be collected at the time of flowering, in dry weather and after the dawn dew. Large decks left to dry hanging upside down in the shade (never in the sun ) in ventilated environments and then passed between your hands to remove the odorous petalini . And ' essential in Ligurian dishes : impossible to think of a tomato salad or a fish without oregano . In Creta we can find at least four diferent spiecies: Origanum onites, Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum, Origanum heracleoticum and Origanum calcaratum. Origanum onites, the Cretan oregano, Turkish oregano, pot marjoram or rigani in Greek, is a plant species in the genus Origanum found in Sicily, Greece and Turkey. It has similar flavors as oregano. Its essential oil can be distinguished from other species such as Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum). It has antimicrobial activities.
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Medical- Pharmaceutical Uses Oregano (Origanum vulgare) is a real natural medicine that it is used to maintain long health and disease prevention. Oregano is known for its many therapeutic properties . Its therapeutic properties are: analgesic , antiseptic, antispasmodic, expectorant, stomachic and tonic. Its essential oil is used in aromatherapy . Its teas are recommended for coughs , headaches, digestive disorders , and the rheumatic pains conducting an anti-inflammatory function. Oregano contains phenols, vitamins and minerals, among which we find iron, potassium, calcium and manganese, making it a remedy and an effective natural supplement. It is antiseptic and antispasmodic. The essential oil is the most powerful natural antiseptic until now known, at least as regards the essences extracted from plants. Oregano is also used for the following illnesses and conditions: Cold Muscle pain Acne Bronchitis Toothache Allergies Intestinal parasites Earache
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Uses in cooking Oregano is an herb commonly used in Mediterranean cuisine because of its intense and stimulating scent. It is used in many preparations of meat and fish, salads and pizza. The kitchens of Southern Italy and Sicily make great use . Oregano is associated with Mediterranean cuisine , but also widely used in Mexican cuisine and Arabic , in India and the Philippines . It has a sweet and spicy aroma , which becomes more intense when dry . Oregano was well known to the Greeks, whose traditions had been created by Aphrodite to make better the lives of human beings . RABBIT COOKED IN LEMON JUICE WITH THYME OR OREGANO INGREDIENTS 1 rabbit, about 1.200 gr. 1 water glass oil 1 big onion, finely chopped 1 glass of white wine the juice of three medium-sized lemons 1 tbsp. thyme or 1 tsp. oregano Salt, pepper PREPARATION Wash the rabbit well and cut it into portions. Put the oil in a saucepan and when it starts to sizzle add the rabbit and slightly brown it on both sides. Add a glass of white wine and cook until it browns properly. Then add the finely chopped onion, salt, pepper, thyme or oregano, the lemon juice and a glass of water and simmer for 40 minutes at normal heat. If the food’s water has evaporated during cooking, you can add some more.
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GIANT BEANS (GIGANTES) INGREDIENTS 1 cup extra virgin olive oil. 2 onions 2 cloves of garlic 1 ripe, large tomato 1 teaspoon oregano 3-4 drops lemon juice 500gr giant beans (gĂŹ gantes) 1 bunch parsley 1 teaspoon tomato paste 1 medium size tomato 1/2 teaspoon cumin 1 teaspoon sugar Salt and pepper PREPARATION Let the beans soak in water for 8 hours. Boil them in a pot for 25 minutes; strain and rinse them under tap water. Finely chop the onion, garlic and saute them in olive oil. Add the finely chopped celery, tomato paste (dissolved in water), spices, sugar and lemon juice. Stir and add 1 cup of water. Boil the sauce for 20 minutes approximately. Place the giant beans in a baking pan and pour the sauce over them. Garnish the beans with the tomato slices; season with a little salt and pepper and bake for 30-40 minutes at 180oC. Serve warm or at room temperature.
Aromatic Plants and herbs
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SAVORY- ΘΡΟΥΜΠΙ-SANTOREGGIA Satureja is a genus of aromatic plants of the family Lamiaceae, related to rosemary and thyme. It is native to North Africa, southern and southeastern Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia. A few New World species were formerly included in Satureja, but they have all been moved to other genera. Several species are cultivated as culinary herbs and they have become established in the wild in a few places. Satureja thymbra, winter savory of the Labiatae family is a wild species growing in tuffs or heads as many other Labiatae. It attains a height of 30-40 cm and grows spontaneously around the Mediterranean basin. In Crete it is widespread and a common plant in the typical marquis. The plants growing at low altitudes are softer both in appearance and in aroma than the plants growing at higher altitudes. The leaves and flowers of Satureja have been used since antiquity to combat infections and to preserve foods due to their anti bacterial activity.
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Medical- Pharmaceutical Uses Savory herb contains many important essential oils, which are found to have anti-bacterial, and anti-fungal applications. As in thyme, distilled tepid savory water is used for throat gargling to help relieve sore throat and bronchitis symptoms. The constituents in this herb part, especially the flowering shoots, has been anti-septic, carminative (anti-flatulence), digestive (helps digestion), expectorant (help clear throat), stomachic and anti-rheumatic (relieves joint pain) functions. The leaves are antibacterial, aromatic, digestive, expectorant and tonic. They are used internally to treat minor digestive discomfort and bronchial congestion. The leaves are harvested during the growing season and can be used fresh or dried. Savory leaves and tender shoots carry incredibly high-quality chemical compounds that are known to have been anti-oxidant, disease preventing and health promoting properties. In addition, dietary fiber in this herb helps reduce LDL or bad cholesterol while increasing HDL or good cholesterol levels. Savory leaves contain many essential volatile-oil phenols such as thymol and carvacrol. Savory herb is an excellent source of minerals and vitamins . Its leaves and shoots are one of the richest sources of potassium, iron, calcium, magnesium, manganese, zinc, and selenium.
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Uses in cooking Savory leaves, fresh or dry, can be employed in cooking. Its parts have a slight peppery and tangy taste with marjoram like flavor. This herb has very good blending qualities wih fellow herbs. In order to keep the fragrance and flavor intact, savory herb is generally added at the final moments in cooking. This is because, prolonged cooking might results in the evaporation of its essential oils. Fresh summer savory leaves are being used as a garnish in salads. Savory herbal tea is a popular health drink. The herb has also been used in the preparation of season soups, and sauces. In addition, along with other spicy items, the herb is used to marinate chicken, fish and meat recipes.
PORK WITH ORANGE AND SAVORY Ingredients (2 servings): 500 gr. pork shoulder 1 carrot in slices 2 onions into cloves 4 chopped garlic 150 ml. beer Juice of 3 oranges Zest of 1 orange 2 tablespoons savory 1 tbsp paprika Salt Put all ingredients in a pot and cook for 1 hour approximately
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MALOTIRA - ΜΑΛΟΤΗΡΑ The Greek mountain tea is a perennial plant belonging to the family Labiatae (Lamiaceae) and the genus Sideritis. Self-sows almost exclusively in the mountainous regions of Greece and includes the types: Sideritis athoa Pap., Sideritis clandestina ., Sideritis scardica, Sideritis raeseri., Sideritis syriaca L. and Sideritis euboea Heldr. In Greece it is known from ancient times and is mentioned by Theophrastus (372-287 BC) and Dioscorides (10 century). Sideritis The scientific name comes from the word iron and a version was given to the plant because of its ability to heal the wounds caused by iron objects. According to another because it is a natural source of iron, as in drinks prepared therefrom contained enough iron. A third view holds that the name is due to the shape of the calyx teeth, resembling spearhead. Tea Crete (Sideritis syriaca L. ) known as Malotira or Kalokoimithia. It is perennial herb up to 50 cm. Its stem is strong, square, standing, plain, which is covered with dense white cloth. The leaves have a greenish color, covered with dense bristles, are oblong - lanceolate, intact or serrated lower with stem and upper sessile. The calyx is tubular ending in teeth and covered with long and thick fur. The flower petals are yellow. Selfsows in the high mountains of Crete and mainly of mountain Psiloritis at a height of 1300-2000 meters.
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Medical- Pharmaceutical Uses Greek tea is said to aid many ailments and bodily functions, some claims supported by Greeks since ancient times and others by modern day science studies. Greek Mountain Tea is said to help the following: aid digestion, fight common flu and colds by strengthening the immune system, help with allergies, act as an antiinflammatory or body aches and pains, and help with anxiety. Modern day science testing has supported that the oils found in the ironwort (Greek Tea) prevent osteoporosis, digestion, and its anti-oxidant properties may aid in the prevention of cancer. Recently, studies have shown that mountain tea helps fight Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore it does not irritate the nervous system and therefore advantageous public tea (Ceylon, etc.), because it does not cause insomnia.
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Uses in cooking The dried flowering stems are used for the manufacture of beverages (teas), made by adding a small amount of drug in boiling water. Allow a few minutes and then strain it. The drink, is rich in iron and it is aromatic and slightly bitter. Let's Make Tea 1/2 ounce of the dried leaves and flowers 1 quart of boiling water Pour boiling water over the tea and let steep for no longer than 10 minutes. Strain and drink (with honey, sugar, or plain). Serving suggestions: Serve Mountain Tea at breakfast or before retiring at night. At least one cup a day!
Here's to your health!
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DITTANY- ΔΙΚΤΑΜΟ- DITTAMO Dictamnus (the erontas) (scientific name: Origanum dictamnus) is an endemic plant found in Crete and used as a beverage. The name comes from Mount Dikti (Lassithi) where formerly abounded. Its leaves are plush and have gray-green color. The burning bush called diktamno. In Minoan Crete and Ancient Greece was one of the most important medicinal plants. Hippocrates used against stomach ailments and digestive system, rheumatism, arthritis, as healing, emmenagogue, stimulant and antispasmodic.
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Medical- Pharmaceutical Uses Dictamnus is used for: tonic decoction, soothe headaches, neuralgia , the stomach upset , diseases of the liver and as an emmenagogue. The infusion of the whole plant is used to combat the sluggishness, for revitalization, as an aphrodisiac , for colds , cough, it is strong antioxidant, tonic, antiseptic , antispasmodic, soothing the digestive system, spasmolytic and strong aphrodisiac. The essential oil relieves muscle rheumatic pain and skin diseases. Hippocrates used against stomach ailments and digestive system, rheumatism, arthritis, as healing, stimulant and antispasmodic. Generally Dittany in Greece has been used as a traditional treatment without problems for too many years.
Uses in cooking Dictamnus tea: Put 1 gr. dictamnus in 100 gr. boiling water. After 2-3 minutes strain it and you can enjoy it plain or add some sugar or honey!
Dictamnus in olive oil: In a glass jar pour a cup of olive oil and add three to four sprigs fresh or dry Dictamnus. We keep in a cool, dark place for about three weeks so and the strain we can use in foods , in salads and sauces or to make spreads points of our skin that have problem .
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BASIL- ΒΑΣΙΛΙΚΟΣ- BASILICO Basil is an annual herbaceous plant. Today its many varieties are cultivated almost universally, each with its own characteristics and uses. The name basil (from the Greek «βασιλεύς», the word for “king”), according to the myth, was given to it because it sprouted on the spot where Constantine I (emperor of the Byzantine Empire) and his mother, Saint Helena, discovered the True Cross. Even today, it is still used during the ceremony for the Feast of the Holy Cross. Another version about the derivation of the name, states that it was given when Alexander the Great came back from his military campaign in India, bringing basil with him - that was the plant of the king. Greeks use basil in abundance in salads, seafood, meat, and soups. But it was not always like that. Although known in Greece from the ancient times, basil was mostly used for medical and religious purposes. Hippocrates used to prescribe basil as a treatment for heart, nausea and constipation. Ancient Greeks believed that putting a spring of basil in the hands of the dead would open heaven’s gates.
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Basil is used also in the Orthodox Church for the preparation of the holy water. Even today, many Greeks bring their basil plants for a church blessing or give them as a gift. Greek name for basil is “Vassilikos” which means “royal”, and it has always represented health and prosperity for Greeks. There is also the superstition, still palpable among Greeks, that if you keep a pot with basil at the entrance door of your house you will have lots of luck and money. In Italy, Liguria the native species is mainly cultivated in Genoa Pra. Its original Latin name is Ocimum Basilicum. It is distinguished from the normal basil because it has smaller leaves, oval and concave and the color is green. The scent is delicate and it is growing bush. Seeding is concentrated in the spring. It is sown about half a cm below the soil. The best water is rainwater. Almost all of basil products adhere to a project safeguarding the consortium of protection Basilico Genovese D.O.P. In 2006 it was inaugurated the Pra Park.
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Medical- Pharmaceutical Uses Basil acts as an antiseptic and anticongestant and increases perspiration. Its therapeutic properties are especially pronounced in its essential oil, which is a great anticonvulsant. Basil infusion enhances digestion and has diuretic properties, acts as a stimulant, has a positive effect on intestinal problems and migraines. Powdered (and taken nasally), basil is effective against common colds and headaches. Mixed with some wine, it acts like a stimulant and enhances digestion. It also aims the production of milk on lactating women. Basil extract is used for the treatment of stomatitis, cold sores, a n d na use a ( in clu di ng p re gn an cy n au se a) . Consumption of basil leaves with some oil as a salad is a wellknown remedy against constipation. Basil is used extensively for drug and fragrance production. It contains anti-infiammatory properties, which can be used on joints and rheumatism. Its leaves are rich in a substance called eugenol, which gives it its characteristic scent, but also helps to decrease to eliminate the pain. It prevents colds and diseases of the skin thanks to glycerol. It has beneficial effects on the digestive system and stimulates the appetite. It has a relaxing effect on the nervous system and is useful for those suffering from insomnia and migraine.
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Uses in cooking Basil is considered the royalty of all aromatic herbs, since it is widely used and easily combined with a wide range of materials. There are many varieties of basil, but the one most widely used for culinary purposes is the broad leaved basil (known as sweet basil). Its taste and fragrance are quite refined when compared to other varieties – which are used more for decorative purposes. When cooking, the leaves should be added during the last stages of food preparation, since prolonged heat destroys the basil’s volatile compounds and results in loss of flavor. Basil is great on combination with fresh tomatoes and soft cheeses. It is great with salads, soups, risottos, eggs, sea food, both white and red meats, meatballs, fruit, bread, almost every kind of pasta sauce, as well as with staffed tomatoes.
Lemon Basil Shrimp and Pasta Ingredients 3 quarts water 1 package (500 g) uncooked spaghetti 1 kilo peeled and deveined large shrimp 1/4 cup chopped fresh basil 3 tablespoons drained capers , 2 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil 2 tablespoons fresh lemon juice , 1/2 teaspoon salt 2 cups baby spinach
Preparation Bring water to a boil . Add pasta; cook 8 minutes. Add shrimp to pan; cook 3 minutes or until shrimp are done and pasta is al dente. Drain. Place pasta mixture in a large bowl. Stir in basil and next 4 ingredients (through salt). Place 1/2 cup spinach on each of 4 plates; top each serving with 1 1/2 cups pasta mixture.
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LAVENDER- ΛΕΒΑΝΤΑ- LAVANDA Lavender is a genus of plants belonging to the Labiatae family .The best known genus is lavantoula, which includes about 25 species. This bushy plant has upright stems that grow from the base. It is, therefore, a shrub with a height of 30 to 80 cm. It has gray-green leaves, narrow as a bayonet. The flowering stems ending in inflorescence type stacheos. Lavender grows on soils rich in calcium. The culture soil should be light and gritty, so the plant is suitable for cultivation in areas unsuitable for other types of crops. There also loves, especially moisture, nor the full drought. In Greece, Lavender is mostly cultivated. It is propagated by seeds, cuttings and offshoots. The collection (harvest) is at the stage of full flowering, when it can obtain the maximum amount (and quality) of essential oil. Lavender is used by Mediterranean peoples for more than 2500 years. The healing properties rank among the 20 most important herbs and just gave the title "Blue Gold". The ancient Greeks called the lavender nard, from the city Nard of Syria and used it to flavor their baths and for skin beautification. The Greeks discovered early that, if the flowers of lavender crushed and burned, then the smoke that is released is very relaxing. According to reports, lavender seems to spread across Europe via Greece around 600p.ch.
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Medical- Pharmaceutical Uses The healing properties of wild lavender are innumerable. This is due in part to the highly complex chemical composition of the essential oil. Lavender is a balancing plant. It helps the person to find the middle way, and thus, is suitable for combating anxiety and debility, depression and hyperstimulation. Fights anxiety and melancholy, tones and helps to relaxation. A warm bath with a little lavender oil promises evening a deep and restful sleep. A little lavender essential oil massage relaxes the muscles and cleans the head of the cares. A few drops on aloe oil creates a mixture that relieves and refreshes the skin after sunbathing. Essential lavender oil is excellent for wasp or bee stings. The essential oil has antiseptic and healing properties. Try it insoluble wounds, cuts in bites, dermatitis and any inflammation of the skin! Is the minimum essential oils that can be used safely to the skin. Flowers of wild lavender as a decoction is suitable for colds, coughs, aches, stomach, cystitis. In home use a couple of drops of essential oil to the final rinse of the laundry or in the mop water leaves a fresh scent much more pleasant than any chemical. 'Everyone likes a little scent of lavender on clothes, wardrobes and drawers besides ... moth.
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ROSEMARY- ΔΕΝΔΡΟΛΙΒΑΝΟ- ROSMARINO Rosemary, known also as arismari in Crete, is an aromatic, evergreen shrub belonging to genus Rosmarinus in the Labiatae family. The genus Rosmarinus includes, in addition to the known (R. officinalis) referred to as livanotis (Diosk.) and Rosemary the pharmaceutical, and a few other species. The Latin name of the plant Rosmarinus means dew of the sea and complex from the words ros (dew) and marinus (Marine), because it was believed that the plant can grow without watering; it simply just moisture that comes from the sea. Known plant in ancient times when the ancient Greeks used it in various religious ceremonies and celebrations, decorations on buildings, temples and as fuel for incense. The origin is from the Mediterranean but now outside of these areas are cultivated as an ornamental for its beautiful blue flowers throughout most of Europe and the temperate regions of America. It contains tannin and essential oil, which is extracted by distillation primarily the peaks of the flower stems. The flowers are preferred by bees and become a source for the production of honey.
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Medical- Pharmaceutical Uses Properties: Digestive, antidiabetic, antispasmodic, emmenagogue, sedative, bile, antidepressant, astringent. Rosemary because of bitter substances containing a strong digestive tonic and stimulates digestion possible operation and the possible operation of the liver. Mobilizes the gastric acid secretion and are thus useful in cases of hepatitis, cholecystitis, gallstones, jaundice etc. It can also help in cases of indigestion, flatulence, colic, diarrhea and various digestive problems. Tannins contained give astringent properties and is suitable for utility smooth menstruation. Regulates excessive uterine bleeding, and normalizes irregular cycle in adolescent and menopausal women. It is a stimulant of blood circulation and is indicated in cases of debility, fatigue, exhaustion etc. Considered an antioxidant for the body, protects and strengthens the immune system, helps in cases of arteriosclerosis and is cordial. Reported also toning properties of the nervous system in cases of headaches and nervous disorders. Used to stimulate Service of the brain, for depression, insomnia, tension, stress.
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Massage with essential oil drops rosemary temples soothes headache. A few drops of essential oil to bath water, relax and relieve pain in bones and muscles. For external use essential oil is used in cases of rheumatic and arthritic pains and neuralgia of any nature for gentle massage points suffer. It tones the skin, soothes the tired eyelids and relieves wounds, cuts and skin irritations. Rosemary also has antiseptic, antibacterial and expectorant properties and it is antispasmodic and is therefore used in cases of colds, coughs, bronchitis, asthma, etc. Active ingredients: Essential oil in bulk, tannin, bitter substance, borneol, sineol, camphor The brew needs for gargling . Pharmacologically can make an essence for ointments against eczema . The oil is used as a stimulator, antiseptic sedative, and decrease he depression. Is unrecomanded to people suffer of epileptic crisis.
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Uses in cooking Hohli mpoumpouristi (Fried Snails from Crete) Ingredients 50 snails 1/2 cup olive oil 1/2 cup vinegar 2 sprigs rosemary
Procedure Put the snails in a bowl with plenty of cold water. Cover the bowl and let them overnight. One by one they start to come out of their shell and we can distinguish the living from the dead , if any. Boil the snails in water with a little salt until they begin to foam. Remove froth, rinse them with plenty of cold water and clean them carefully with a knife removing all residues present in the shell. Drain them. Spread some salt in a wide frying pan, heat the pan and place the snails with face down (abouboura as they say in Crete). When the snails stop moving pour the oil and let them fry for 5 minutes over medium heat. Then add the vinegar and rosemary, increase heat, cover the pan and boil for another 5 minutes. The snails are ready. Serve in a deep platter with all the sauce that remained in the frying pan.
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THYME- ΘΥΜΑΡΙ- TIMO Its scientific name derives from the Greek strength, courage, quality that would wake in those who smell the flavor, of its balsamic fragrance. The category Thymus, belongs to the family of Labiateae, as well as the common thyme (Thymus vulgaris), hailing from the Western Mediterranean. The Thymus vulgaris, is widespread in the Italian territory, present spontaneous or cultivated, together with Thymus serpillum (known as wild thymus or citron thymus), is the most used for its therapeutic property. Other type of thyme plants, are the Thymus Herba Barona (remember the cumin taste) and Thymus citriodorus, with the typical smell of lemon. It s a shrub-like plant, everlasting , up to 40-50 cm high, with a woody trunk in the lower part and many pronged, developing very compact shrubs. The leaves are small and elongated with a variable coloring, showing more or less intense green, a bit of gray, silver and covered with thick hair in almost all species. The flowers are pinkish-white colored, grow near the leaf axils and are entomophilous pollinated (by insects), especially bees. The plant is considered to belong to the "aromatic group". In fact all over, but especially in the leaves and flowers, has an agreeable and aromatic smell.
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Thyme is a small bush, which can live for years. It has a really strong and pleasant smell. It thrives on summer and sprouts small purple flowers at the top of it’s branches. It thrives in deserted areas in whole Greece, but lately we can see some of it in gardens as a decorative plant. Used since the age of ancient Egyptians for embalming, the thymus was much appreciated in Greece, where the thyme honey was considered a delicacy, and in the Roman Empire, where soldiers sprinkled water and thyme, convinced that this plant gave courage and force (thyme name comes from Greek and means "courage"). In the Middle Ages, it was placed under the pillow a sprig of thyme to ward off nightmares and ladies were used to embroider thyme plants on Knights insignia, as a sign of good omen.
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Medical- Pharmaceutical Uses Thyme, it s a powerful antiseptic. Its antiseptic properties, have been known even in ancient times and in '' Herbario novo ", a Renaissance treatise on medicinal plants, thyme was recommended, cooked with wine, to fight asthma and bladder infections. Then, up to the first post-war, the majority of the most widely used disinfectants, was based thyme. Strong digestive and carminative, it s very effective against urinary tract and respiratory infections and it s an excellent remedy for coughs, asthma, bronchitis and colds for its balsamic and thinners properties. Its aroma, would seem useful to combat headaches. Topically is a good skin disinfectant and stimulates blood circulation playing an energetic anti-fatigue action on face. Thyme is also very effective in treatment of very oily hair: adding a few drops of essential oil of thyme to a neutral shampoo, can restore the sebum normal level on skin. We put three spoonfuls of extract in a liter of hot water and leave it be for 15-20 minutes. Then, we take it and strain it. After that, we can drink three cups each day after a meal, or in stomach disorder, at flu or for our stimulation and depression reduse. Its constant use isn’t recommended. With thyme oil we can tend and clean the wounds. Thyme oil is made by putting small branches of it in bottles with oil for fifteen days. A bath with water containing thyme extract offers well-being, relaxation and relieves from rheumatic diseases Finally, we must say that high quality thyme honey is really famous for its aroma and taste as well for its healing skills.
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Uses in cooking Thyme is indicated with many foods, such as roast meat, fish, vegetables, mushrooms, aromatic oils and vinegars. It s also used to flavor wines and preparing liquor. its infusion is a good substitute for tea or cafe. Unlike what happens with other spices, thyme does not lose its flavor when dried and on the contrary, its fragrance is more intense, as it is for the oregano and rosemary.
Greek lamb with lemon and thyme Ingredients 12 lamb chops juice of 2 lemons few sprigs thyme, leaves stripped, plus extra to serve if you like 2 garlic clove, crushed 200ml Greek yogurt pita bread and a bag of salad leaves, to serve
Procedure 1. Put lamb in a large shallow dish, then mix the lemon juice, thyme leaves and garlic together. Pour over, turn to coat, and marinate at room temp for 15 minutes. 2. Mix the yogurt with some seasoning, lift the lamb out of the marinade and rub with the yogurt. Barbecue or grill for 5-15 minutes, turning once, until the lamb is cooked to your liking. Scatter with a little more thyme, if you like, and serve with some pita bread and salad leaves.
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CORIANDER - CORIANDOLO The coriander, coriandrum savitum in Latin, but also known as Chinese parsley or cilantro (Spanish name of coriander), is an annual herbaceous plant in the family apiaceae. The name coriandum derives from korios (Bedbug) followed by the suffix -under (like). Its flowers are White umbrella in inflorescences. The fruits are the spicy diacheni. In the Mediterranean civilizations found employment since antiquity as a medicinal and aromatic plant, in some Egyptian tombs is depicted as an offering ritual; was found a script of the Mycenaens in tablets where appears defined as ko-re-ando-no. According to the Romans could get rid of headache and fever. From seeds to glucose are named after Carnival confetti coated.
Medical- Pharmaceutical Uses Coriander can be used in infusion against stomach pains and helps digestion. Tamil populations in Sri Lanka use coriander fruits to prepare a decoction to relieve the cough.
Uses in cooking Despite is native to Mediterranean countries, the fresh leaves and seeds esiccati are manly used in Indian cuisine. There are many culinary uses of coriander. Enters the preparation of sausages, meat, fish, vegetables and smells like beer, biscuits and sweets while the seeds are used as a spice. In the Southern Africa, are placed in a kind of sausage. The roots are used in Thai to prepare a dressing made of garlic and fish.
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SAGE- ΦΑΣΚΟΜΗΛΟ- SALVIA Salvia is a perennial, evergreen sub shrub, with woody stems, grayish leaves, and blue to purplish flowers. It is a member of the family Lamiaceae and is native to the Mediterranean region. It has a long history of medicinal and culinary use, and in modern times as an ornamental garden plant. The common name "sage" is also used for a number of related and unrelated species. In Crete common species is Salvia fruticosa and Salvia pomifera Its leaves are long and thick, greenish colour. The flowers grow in the vertebrae, they are coloured purple and bloom from May to June. The plant has a strong aromatic odor and is cultivated for its medicinal properties, as beverage and seasoning. The cards are the most commonly used part of the plant are harvested just before or at the beginning of flowering in dry and sunny weather in May or June and dried in the shade. Containing as essential ingredient essential oil, sage oil, colorless or beige. In the Mediterranean is dried and drunk as a beverage, the famous sage. The decoction is taken and served immediately after cooking. If you stay long enough with the leaves boiled, the bitter substances in decoction rise and the flavor becomes unpleasant.
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Medical- Pharmaceutical Uses Sage contains essential oil, canphor, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid,caffeic acid, rosmarinic, glycerine, salvina, enzymes, vitamin B and C and reisine. Sage are particularly knows for its anti-inflammatory, balsamic, digestive and expectorant property. It also able to treat menstrual syndrome painful and menopause symptoms. It offers a good response against water retention, edema, rheumatism and headache migraine and is also indicated in gingivitis and abscesses .It is a deterrent diabetes and accelerate the healing process after injury. It is a very beneficial for the brain and helps memory. Some ancient Chinese doctors used it to treat insomnia and is useful in diabetes because it lowers blood sugar. Often it is also used as a remedy to digest. Many sage toothpastes cosmesis are based on sage; in the absence of the product can be prepared simply rub the teeth with fresh leaf to obtain a whitening effect. An infusion of sage allows you to return to your hair dark color and lotions made with sage cleanse the skin. According to recent research, the use of a positive effect in treating Alzheimer's and yperlipidaimia. But its use should be used with caution because there are cases of poisoning by excessive use mainly due to thougioni substance present in the plant.
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Uses in cooking Used in cooking to flavor various broths, food and vinegar while considered beekeepers plant providing fine honey The taste is quite spicy and fits very fatty meats and cheeses. It also fits with fish and seafood. Sage is very popular within Greek as well as Italian cuisine. It offers a slightly bitter and pungent taste and goes well with pork, duck, sausage and bacon. Its effect is simply that it reduces the taste of fat. It also compliments dishes like fried rabbit, shrimp, and eel, along with other fish rich in fat. It also perfect added to a simple spaghettata. Cretan cuisine employs sage in the process of smoking sausages, as the herb’s aroma enhances that of the meat. Furthermore, the traditional hard bread of Crete is thought to taste better when baked with twigs of sage in the wood-fired oven. Moreover, there is a delicious Cretan recipe for fried pork liver that makes use of sage. In certain regions of Greece, villagers fry sage leaves until they become crispy and then dip them in porridge. The taste is truly excellent.
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Credits 3rd Gymnasium of Ierapetra
ICS di Varazze Celle
Teacher: Despoina Valachi
Teacher: Frederica Biglino
Teachers Members: Chara Flouraki Evaggelia Tsamandoura Michalis Blazadonakis
Students
Students
Aris Paysanidis
Carlotta Guastavino
Christos Perakis Dimitra Bilanaki
Chiara Casali Cristiano Giusto
Elpida Petasi
Daniele Ravera
Eva Tsikaloudaki
Elisa Levratto
Giannis Kanavakis
Elisa Molinari
Giorgos Papadakis
Filippo Torino
Ioanna Voria
Filippo Turone
Irene Papadaki
Gabriele Giusto
Katerina Korniotaki Konstandina Papadopetraki
Gaia Isaj Gaia Poggi
Kristallia Kartsaki
Giacomo Murgia
Lia Galetaki
Giulia Bellotti
Manos Aggelakis
Martina Bolla
Michaela Asprokoutelaki
Matteo Calchi
Nikoleta Avronidaki
Matteo Crocco
Nikoleta Istrati Paraskevi Fanouraki
Michael Bragato Nicholas Puppo
Stella Petasi
Nicole Fazio
Vaso Vidali
Pietro Bruzzone Pietro Poggi Sara Scippe Silvia Perata
Aromatic Plants and herbs
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2015-2016