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About us
ABOUT US
DESS Dental Smart Solutions is a dental brand with the mission to be a world leader in quality and service.
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1988 First purchase of a Japanese numerical control Okuma CNC lathe. 1997 First Japanese Okuma CNC machining center.
DESS products are manufactured by Terrats Medical SL, which is the core of a group of companies specializing in the manufacture of precision components.
1999 First incorporation of DECO lathes specialized in micro precision machining.
Here are some key dates in the history of our company:
2003 100% of production using numerical control CNC machines.
1947 Founded in Barcelona. Manufacture of precision mechanical components.
2004 First production of dental implant components.
1970 70% of production using Swiss-style automatic lathes.
2008 Creation of the sanitary department with its own clean room.
2000 ISO 9001 Certification.
2008 Sanitary certificate ISO 13485 and CE.
2015 Health Canada approval
2008 Creation of the DESS Dental Smart Solutions brand.
2016 full assortment of angulated multiunits is finally offered
2009 SelectGrip® Patent for surface finishes with a proven average increase of 200% in the retention of cemented crown.
2016 a revolutionary intraoral scan abutment, without hole on top, is released to the market.
2011 DESS already has a presence in 16 countries around the world. 2012 Creation of DESS GmbH in Düsseldorf, Germany. 2013 DESS already has a presence in 26 countries around the world. 2014 DESS LAB starts offering one piece custom abutments.
2016 METALIVE® is accepted by the regulatories as the unique surface offering real soft tissue attachments and finally available in Europe. 2016 DESS is present in 34 countries worldwide. 2017 Relocation of manufacturing plant and offices with a total of 6500m2.
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GENERAL INFO
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Quality
The production, design and quality controls of DESS prosthetic components seek three main objectives: in-house production, ease of use and maximum adjustment.
A final visual inspection of 100% of the units is added to this process to eliminate any that show surface finish defects or similar.
In-house production:
DESS has its own clean room for the sanitary processes established for each product type. Thanks to this, the production process is carried out from start to finish on company property, with no quality deviations due to subcontracting and with thorough, permanent product control from start to end. We are therefore able to offer unbeatable quality and prices, which we transfer to our clients.
100% of all products are manufactured in our factories to ensure better quality control throughout the process. All units produced are inspected twice, once during the manufacturing process and once again during the health inspection stage. The most advanced methods are used in both stages, such as the MVC automatic optical inspection machines and the DEA system with Renishaw probes for touch control.
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Ease of use:
There is another way of saving: time. Thanks to the designs adopted by DESS, the time spent on obtaining the prosthesis will be less than with other solutions. Compatibility has also been sought with the maximum number of implants in the market and with the tools available in all prosthetic laboratories or dental clinics. Maximum adjustment
There is a required minimum accuracy of 10 to 20 microns in all of the
manufacturing processes of DESS components, depending on the criticality of the size. This is the standard maximum precision for the most demanding of the implantology brands. The designs and their tolerances guarantee problem-free adjustment among the different solutions of the prosthesis and, in turn, with the implant to which they are to be attached. We guarantee a level of quality in line with the top ISO standards with production efficiency that means it can be offered at an unbeatable price in the high-precision piece market.
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GENERAL INFO
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Materials
The materials used to produce DESS designs are grade 5 titanium, Ceramicor® gold alloy, Cobalt-Chrome (CoCr), and polyoximethylene, considered the best materials for their intended use. All materials are purchased from French, Swiss and German suppliers, with guaranteed traceability and quality.
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CERAMICOR® GOLD ALLOY
GRADE 5 ELI TITANIUM (ALSO CALLED GRADE 23)
POLYOXYMETHYLENE (POM)
Provided by Cendres+Métaux® is known as the best gold alloy for overcasting processes. A non-oxidizing white precious metal alloy, composed of 60% Au (Gold), 20% Pd (Palladium), 19% Pt (Platinum) and 1% Ir (Iridium), with a melting range of 14001490⁰C and a HV5 hardness of over 215.
Grade 5: this is, in fact, one of the many different alloys made with titanium. Its formula is Ti6Al4V and it is ideal for designs requiring high mechanical resistance. This is the case of prosthetic accessories, which are subjected to the intense mechanical stress of the chewing movement that can easily reach 25 or 50kg/cm2 in the case of humans, according to studies. Only the best brands use this titanium alloy instead of other alloys that are easier to machine and cost less. Once again, the guarantee of the best in the market.
Its dimensional stability is valued in prosthetics, as it ensures an excellent level of tolerance consistency with regards to machining processes such as that applied by DESS to produce its castables. In other words, this material ensures the measurements correspond as precisely as possible to the abutment and/or application for which they are intended. Finally, its quality means that the least amount of residue possible is left before the casting process. Thanks to this, cast parts preserve the optimum measurements of the castable used as precisely as possible.
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GENERAL INFO
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Materials
Production
COBALT-CHROME (CoCr)
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Cobalt-Chrome (CoCr) alloys are widely known for their biomedical applications in dental fields and are commonly used for the fabrication of metallic frameworks as for porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations and implant structures.
Owing to the material’s excellent biocompatibility, as well as to the corrosion and tarnish resistance with the high modulus of elasticity, CoCr provides the requisite strength and rigidity without the need for heavy cross-sections.
The strength that DESS transfers to its clients: production.
Cobalt-Chrome alloys are among the best established base metal alloys in dentistry with various and successful clinical applications.
It is the best alternative for both, precious and Nickel-Chrome alloys, since they are free from the risk of Nickel-related allergic responses and Beryllium-related toxic consequences.
At present, the DESS plant only has state-of-the-art, numeric control machinery and the best tools in the market to ensure production with a repetitivity and quality that is in line with ISO 9001 and 13485 and with our internal quality requirements, which are much higher than the market norm.
Only the best Swiss and Japanese machinery in the market is used to produce DESS components.
Beginning of 2017 DESS started its activity in its new facilities, where enough space permits a continous growth and due to the better external environment the production under highest standards is guaranteed.
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LABORATORY PHASE
TOOLS
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IMPRESSION TAKING / CLINIC
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IMPLANTOLOGICAL PHASE
Implant in patient identify it to use the correct abutments
Transfer for open and closed tray ref. 17.xxx
Clinical screw ref. 19.xxx
Analogue for implant and abutment ref 14.xxx
Ti base with castable ref. 15.xxx and 16.xxx
Screwdriver handles and special tools ref. MDTxxx, PHxxx and DTxxx
Healing abutments ref 20.xxx/y
Temporary abutment ref 24.xxx and 25.xxx
Intra-oral scan abutment
Scan abutment
DESS AURUM Base™
ref. 52.xxx
ref. 50.xxx
ref. 36.xxx and 37.xxx
Screwdriver tips for different screw head types ref. DTxxx
Converter, UniAbutment® and Multi-unit® abutment
DESS LOC ref. 88.xxx/y
Straight, angled and custom abutment
CoCr base with castable ref. 30.xxx and 31.xxx
ref. 34.001, 35.001, 40.xxx/y, 41.xxx/y and 43.xxx/y
ref. 13.xxx ref. 22.xxx and 23.xxx ref. 51.xxx
Pre-milled blanks ref. 61.xxx
Gold UCLA with castable ref. 65.xxx and 66.xxx
Castable ref. 28.xxx and 29.xxx 14
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CAD/CAM Libraries The DESS interfaces are already integrated into the official Exocad®, 3Shape® and Dental Wings® libraries, providing 90 different models of titanium bases. With the engaging and non- engaging versions, single and multiple unit restoration jobs can be carried out with any cementable material.
Remember that DESS interfaces are the only ones with the SelectGrip® surface which greatly multiplies the retention power of the crowns and cemented structures. New libraries of 46 DESS AURUM Bases® and 25 pre-milled titanium blanks are available expanding the screw retained restoration possibilities.
Custom Abutments Making a significant leap, DESS users and customers can now take advantage of DESS manufacturing quality for their own abutment designs.
By sending the STL file, DESS can manufacture a 100% milled custom abutment with its recognized precision using the only system in the world that guarantees an excellent finish on the crown and the same reliability for the connection to the implant as any other DESS abutment.
Ti and CoCr are the materials available.
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Scan Abutments for desktop and intra oral scanners The unique design makes it possible to use the scan abutment for both, for intra-oral scanning and traditional scanning on a model. On the new DESS scan abutment is no screw access hole on top which dramatically improves the precision in the z-axis. No screwdriver is needed to attach the DESS intra-oral scan abutment and the reduced size makes it easy to use in the posterior as well as in other hard to reach mouth areas. It is made of antiglare white PEEK and titanium for its internal screw. In response to
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many requests from around the DESS world this true game changer has been developed. The traditional DESS scan abutment design, devised by Exocad® and developed together with DESS, ensures that it is optimized for a wide range of optical scanners. Integrated into the official Exocad®, 3Shape® and Dental Wings® libraries, it allows jobs to be performed on interfaces both in single and multiple unit restorations given that DESS provides both engaging and non-engaging interfaces.
Multi-unit® and UniAbutment® Converters Available in many connections. Compatible with the major brands existing in the market. They allow the height level to be raised and transform the connection to meet the needs of special clinical cases. They are available in straight and angled (17º and 30º) versions, engaging and non-engaging, from 1 to 5mm collar height depending on the implant system. All of
them are made with the Titanium Grade 5 ELI and some come with DLC coated screw.
The DESS free Multi-unit® and UniAbutment® libraries allow the design of multiple screw retained restorations in most of the cad cam systems.
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Pre-milled Titanium Blanks Pre-milled titanium blanks allow the creation of one-piece customized abutments using in-house milling equipment. High quality as well as an accurate connection adjustment is guaranteed, ensuring perfect fit to the dental implant.
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Today’s CAD/CAM technology offers various possibilities to save both, time and costs, optimising the work-flow from the intra-oral scan, to designing and milling the single crown; without the necessity of preparing a working model. The flexibility to choose from different implant connections and platforms is another advantage when preferring to work with DESS pre-milled titanium blanks.
Screws Screws for definitive use. Made from medical grade 5 ELI Titanium Integrity and soundness guaranteed by stress tests of up to 150% of their nominal torques.
Their designs ensure a perfect fit with both the standard accessories as well as with special CAD/CAM systems for structures, bridges and custom abutments.
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GENERAL INFO
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Analogues DLC COATED SCREWS
SPECIAL DESIGNS
Made of Stainless Steel AISI 303.
Some DESS screws are also available in DLC (Diamond Like Carbon) coated version. In this version the screw is coated with a hard carbon layer to provide a low friction surface finish improving the preload of the screw and producing a high clamping force between the abutment and the implant.
To meet our customer special needs DESS has developed many special screw designs. Longer versions, different socket versions, heads with flat contact face to improve the structures passivity and fitting, etc. Please look at the new section inside this catalogue.
Head that reproduces the implant system joint.
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Gentle retaining area to easily position the soft gum in the working model.
Effective circuit and self-locking cross retainers that, inside the plaster, provide extraordinary embedding even in cases of abutment drilling on model. Its discrete size means that analogues can be easily fitted, despite the implants being close together or not parallel.
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GENERAL INFO
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DESS AURUM Base™ Available in both versions, engaging and non-engaging, for single as well as multiple dental restorations, is our answer to the increasing demand of angulated screw channel solutions.
Thanks to the unique shaped profile an angled screw insertion of up to 25º angulation with full torque is permitted. Moreover the unique SelectGrip® treatment is applied, maintaining a reliable and strong retention to the dental crown.
The DESS AURUM base™ is made of titanium grade 5 ELI with a gold-anodized surface finishing, improving the aesthetic appearance of the final dental restoration.
DESS AURUM Base™, together with the Torx®-based screws and screwdrivers, offers a complete solution for prosthesis needing an angulated screw channel due to an unfavourable position of the dental implant. They are also integrated in the official DESS libraries for Exocad®, 3Shape® and Dental Wings®.
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Titanium Abutments The surface is treated with SelectGrip® which ensures an optimum retention capacity.
The angles of 0º, 15° and 25° allow the adaptation of the majority of clinical cases.
The base allows the contouring to fit the prosthetic solution.
Made of titanium grade 5 ELI maximum compatibility and long life is guaranteed.
Temporary Titanium Abutments Made of titanium grade 5 ELI. Their grooves allow for the vertical embedding of any restoration material. It also has the SelectGrip® treated surface to improve its retention capacity.
Models are available for most of the implant connections in diameters NP, RP and WP for both single tooth prosthesis (engaging) and multiple tooth temporary restorations (non-engaging).
The straight base allows the reduction of the profile adapting to every clinical case.
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Titanium Bases (Ti) DESS presents a complete line of Ti bases designed to provide security and adjustment, without increasing the cost of the prosthesis. Furthermore, the saving is also shown in the less time needed when working on the most sensitive part of the prosthesis, the adjustment with the implant.
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Specific design ensures a stable union, reinforcing the structure of zirconium in the areas of greatest stress, softening edges and ensuring the service life of the prosthesis.
Ti Bases In the case of a single prosthesis, a customised zirconia “top” part of the abutment can be designed and produced for cementation to the Ti bases to provide a cost effective, semi-customised abutment. The semi-customised abutment can then be restored accordingly. This can either be as a cement-retained solution, or, if the customised zirconia “top” part of the abutment is appropriately sized, direct firing to the zirconia can be carried out
(prior to cementation to the Ti bases) to achieve a screw-retained solution. The SelectGrip® surface provides greater adhesion of the structure with the cement. Models are available for most of the implant connections in diameters NP, RP and WP for both, single tooth prosthesis (engaging) and multiple teeth prosthesis, dental bridges and hybrids (non-engaging).
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Plastic sleeve for Ti bases
The plastic sleeve for Ti bases is made of POM and covers the top of the Ti base by copying exactly their diameters as well as the engaging milled area, including the screw hole. Suitable for the production of the wax model of the metal cast structures which are afterwards cemented or to the Ti bases.
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The inside of the castable reproduces the rings of the abutment and the lock-in drilled area for cementing.
The flat external part allow for vertical embedding in wax and plastic materials. It is possible to use it as an abutment pickup positioned in the in-mouth position test.
Made of sanitary polyoxymethylene, the same material used to make some permanent clinical components, it is totally castable and allows for high-quality machining to ensure suitable shapes and sizes.
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GENERAL INFO
Select Grip test*
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Average pressure in Kg
150 113 75 NO SELECT GRIP
38 0 Interfaces (Ti bases)
Straight Abutments
Improve the strength of your cemented crowns up to 5 times SELECT GRIP速 is a special sandblasted surface treatment for elements made of titanium and cobalt-chrome which provides a significant improvement in retention levels of cemented prosthesis. Due to the increase of the control stamp the laser marks are also more distinguishable.
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Applied for both straight and angled titanium abutments the adhesion to the final cemented prosthesis improves significantly. In the case of interfaces in combination with the castable sleeve, a qualitative leap in the retention of the crown is ensured.
This graph shows the average pressure in kilograms before the joint between the titanium sleeve and titanium abutment/ titanium base breaks. *Comparison between two different sets of titanium abutments and titanium bases cemented to a standard titanium sleeve. The cement used for the test is Relyx Unicem from 3M速.
Conclusions: a) Titanium bases with SelectGrip速 provide a 5 times greater adhesion between the abutment and the crown. b) Straight titanium abutments with SelectGrip速 provide a 2.5 times greater adhesion between the abutment and the crown.
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GENERAL INFO
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Cobalt-Chrome Bases (CoCr) CoCr (Cobalt-Chrome) base combined with a castable-sleeve opens up further restorative options for DESS product users. Thanks to the included burnout, the work can be performed directly on CoCr, casting on a small scale to produce crowns ready to fire porcelain on while retaining the DESS quality of the implant connection. By having engaging and non-engaging
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versions, both single and multiple unit structures can be made. All can be welded to the CoCr base if they are also made of the same material. CoCr bases have shown a very valid economic alternative to the more expensive precious metal alloys.
Gold CERAMICOR® UCLAs Our Gold UCLA’s are manufactured to the highest standards available in the dental industry today. They are manufactured utilizing the Ceramicor® material that is regarded as one of the best in the industry. Note: Ceramicor® from Cendres+Métaux® is made of Gold (60%), Palladium (20%), Platinum (19%) and Iridium (1%)
The fit and finish of the product is extremely accurate and will rival any product in the dental market. DESS takes a great pride in the highest quality of products through our extensive line of abutments and implant parts for many types of connections available to our customers.
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Castables Made of a totally castable material for the stable retention of modelling materials, resins or waxes by means of two flat surfaces that stabilize the lightening and loosening movements during production of the structure or during clinical use.
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The millimetre grooves allow for the vertical embedding of wax or plastic material, withstanding compression and traction stress during the production or during clinical use. The footing area precisely delimits structure preparation. A perfect joint with normal plastic materials.
Made of sanitary polyoxymethylene, the same material used to make permanent clinical components, it is totally castable and allows for high-quality machining to ensure suitable shapes and sizes. Designed in diverse diameters, for different implant connections, internal or external and also over abutments (on multi-unit). Available for single tooth prosthesis (engaging connection) and for multiple teeth prosthesis and dental bridges (non-engaging connections).
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Transfers Subtle forms allow use for both open and closed tray impressions. Area of large dimensions to facilitate an easy and safe repositioning for the closed tray impression. Positioning marks separated by 1mm allow the location of the implant head. Body made of surgical stainless steel AISI303 and screw of titanium for a better preservation of the implant characteristics.
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The screw for use with closed tray has a minimum external height in order to be used in small mouth openings. The screw head for use with open tray has three tightening systems: stretch marks which allow a direct manual tightening, the hexagon, torx or UG (UniGrip) for the tightening with a screwdriver and groove for the use with a clinical spatula for extreme locations.
Healing Abutments All healing abutments are marked in order to identify the sizes as well as the implant platform. The healing cap socket is equal to the corresponding clinical screw.
Available in different heights. Consult your provider to find the most suitable height for your case.
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Handles/ Screwdriver tips/ Clinical keys
LASER-marked identification of the measurement. Manual sockets of different diameters for greater or less stress before torque control.
Tools The tools in implantology are critical. The use of tools which are not appropriate or manipulated can be responsible for a failure in the treatment. DESS provides a great range of screwdrivers, compatible with most of the implant systems and made with the best materials available for this purpose.
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A very specific stainless steel, heat treated to ensure the best results when it comes to tightening torque, and shows exceptional wear resistance.
Made of stainless steel and heat treated to guarantee maximum torque values with durability and resistance to wear. The screwdriver tip is released putting pressure at the access hole with a spatula or the next tip which is used.
Models for clinical or laboratory work, with a short or long handle and with a head to fit most types of existing screws, available for most of the common screw heads.
New models of clinical keys with 4 x 4 mm connection adapted to majority of torque wrenches. These keys are specific for octagonal non-engaging converters and for transepithelial abutments – Multiunit® and UniAbutment®. The appropriate torque is applied avoiding abutment loosening or implant failure.
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an indicator of inflammation
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The graph shows aMMP-8 values retrieved from the peri-implant sulcus fluid of both, titanium abutments (Ti) and zirconium-nitride coated abutments (ZrN) at different time points after the prosthetic restoration. An explicit proof that the inflammation with ZrN-coated abutments is much lower than with Ti abutments.
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aMMP-8 (ng/mL)
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MMP8 values
20 15 10 5 0
Vickers strength values
Ti (6 wk)
ZrN Ti (6 wk) (6 mo)
ZrN Ti ZrN (6 mo) (12 mo) (12 mo)
3000
DESS LOC
Vickers hardness level
2800 2400 2000
1000
1.100
Anodized
Titanium Nitride
Zirconium Nitride
DESS LOCÂŽ
The DESS LOC external design assures full compatibility with the abutments traditionally used for such solutions. This means DESS LOC abutments can be used in old restorations without any problems. In addition to the already known advantages of the traditional components, DESS has added some improvements that makes DESS LOC the better solution for such restorations. These improvements come mainly from the exclusive coating of Zirconia Nitride (ZrN*), a fully biocompatible material which increases
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the hardness of the abutment surface. Additionally it decreases the coefficient of friction in comparison to the traditionally used titanium nitride and vastly outperforms some of the low-quality alternatives which have no coating or are simply anodized. *Thanks to the ZrN surface treatment a reduction of inflammation as well as a decrease in plaque formation is observed. This is a very valuable added feature to a well known solution for removal prosthetics that no one else except DESS LOC is bringing.
Due to these increased performances the DESS LOC abutment has an improved functional life in comparison to other solutions. Furthermore, the colour of the coating increases the aesthetic quality of the prosthetic restorations.
With regards to the usability of the DESS LOC solution, there is also a manual plastic transporter included with each abutment at no additional cost. This is of a great help for the first stage of manual placement, especially on posteriors where space can be minimal and access difficult. The DESS LOC system also features a new insertion key with anti-dropping feature for torque wrenches as well as a unique "DESS LOC Removal & Insertion Tool" for placing and removing the male retention parts. All in all a wonderful answer for removable full prosthetic restorations! 43
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Clinical Claims 1 – Soft Tissue Adhesion 2 – Less Bone Resorption 3 – Better Healing Documentation available upon request
MetAlive® Bioadhesion MetAlive® surface is a revolutionary development of the dental implant treatment. For the first time we can offer a surface technology that produces soft tissue adhesion to materials like titanium and zirconia. Since the discovery of osseointegration and its positive consequences for dental implantology, adhesion of the gingiva has been desired but never achieved. The MetAlive® technology developed in Finland by ID creations OY together with DESS, enables adhesion of both connective tissue and epithelium to the abutment surface.
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The gingival adhesion improves the healing process and blocks out bacteria from migrating into the gingival pocket and will thereby limit the possible consequences of peri-implant infections. MetAlive® bioadhesion surface is achieved due to a special surface treatment where nanoparticles (nanoporous titanium oxides – TiO2) are firmly applied on the abutment surface and as a consequence a unique bioactive protein-mediated adhesion is formed to connective tissue, which resembles a biological adhesion. This bonding is durable, persistent and, in connection with human tissue, chemically stable.
These claims are supported by extensive studies and approved by the medical authorities. The attachment of cells to both, gingival epithelium and connective tissue, brings advantages to all phases of the healing.
The MetAlive® bioadhesion surface achieves a fast and immediate attachment of cells to the abutment surface which results in a faster proliferation of cells and a faster healing of the tissues. The direct adhesion between gingival cells and titanium prevents epithelial down-growth, closes the infection gate and a reduction of inflammatory cells also leads to less resorption of the marginal bone.
Nano Tio2 surface
NANOTECHNOLOGY FROM FINLAND
REAL GINGIVA ADHESION TO THE ABUTMENT
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GENERAL INFO
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DESS Abutments with MetAlive® The MetAlive® bioadhesion surface is available on both, DESS LAB custom abutments and a selection of DESS standard abutments for certain implant connections. The quality of the DESS products remains untouched with the MetAlive® feature, additionally improving the healing process and improving the healing process and health of gingival tissues.
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The MetAlive® bioadhesion surface is also available on DESS healing abutments, which are offered in different heights and are marked accordingly for easier identification.
Furthermore, straight as well as angled (17º & 30º) Multi-unit® abutments, in engaging and non-engaging versions and with different collar heights, are provided with MetAlive® surface treatment.
DESS Ti bases are available with MetAlive® technology for a selection of implant connections in both versions, engaging as well as non-engaging. Moreover they are delivered with the wellknown SelectGrip® surface improving the retention of the dental crown to the cement.
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MetAlive® treated healing abutment (in gold color) and ordinary healing abutment for purpose of comparison (control abutment). Both abutments are designed and produced by DESS.
MetAlive® Bioadhesion Clinical Case Studies
-coated Multi-unit® abutment (follow-up examination: 9 months after surgery; implant location: 21).
After removal of healing abutments a bleeding on the MetAlive® abutment side (right) is clearly seen. Almost no bleeding on the control side (left).
MetAlive®-coated Multi-unit® abutment analysed with SEM (scanning electron microscope) for tissue remnants. Almost a total coverage of tissue on gingival contact area is observed; evidence of gingival attachment.
The bleeding proves that a soft tissue attachment exists.
Even at a histological level, the difference between the MetAlive® abutment and an ordinary abutment is visible. The contact between a normal abutment surface and the gingival tissue is lost and a clear gap occurs. In real life the gingival tissue is likely to have good contact with the abutment, but the strength of the interface is very low, so the smallest mechanical
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Clinical Case study with MetAlive®
trauma can detach the gingiva, thus opening the infection gate. On a MetAlive® abutment the gingival tissue is in perfect contact to the interface and retains its normal structure despite the treatment. Another argument strengthening the perception of significant clinical value Metalive® bioadhesion surface offers.
This is an example of a very successful real case. Other outcomes, with less soft tissue adhesion, are possible, depending on many factors, also taking the patient's conditions in consideration.
MetAlive®-coated Multi-unit® abutment after taking out the immediate provisional removable prosthesis.
X-ray of implant with MetAlive®-coated Multi-unit® abutment.
Upon removal of MetAlive®coated Multi-unit® abutment. Slight bleeding is shown; proof of existing gingival attachment.
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