AP Biology Evolution Exam Mr. Devereaux
Choose the most correct answer to the following questions, and mark them on your answer sheet. 1. Which of the following would best define the term evolution: a. A theory stating that things change over time b. A theory stating that organisms change through descent by genetic inheritance c. A scientific law stating that organisms change through generations d. A theory stating that given long periods of time, organisms become modified e. A theory stating that mutations fuel natural selection 2. A modification that allows a better chance for an organism to survive and reproduce is called a/an: a. Adaptation b. Mutation c. Speciation d. Microevolution e. Polymorphism 3. Natural selection can best be described as: a. Survival of the strongest b. Passing on of adaptations c. Differential in reproductive success d. Evolution e. Speciation 4. Which of the following would not be considered a homologous structure: a. A bats wing b. A butterfly wing c. A birds wing d. A penguins flippers e. A human arm 5. Which of the following is considered a vestigial structure: a. Bats wings b. A whales pelvis c. A butterfly wing d. Archaeopteryx e. The scales of a fish 6. A forest fire wipes out most of a population of spruce trees, and the population is regenerated from those few trees. This would be an example of: a. Co-evolution b. Bottleneck effect c. Gene Flow d. Natural Selection e. Mutation
7. Allele T, for the ability to taste a particular chemical, is dominant over allele t, for the inability to taste it. At Cornell University, out of 400 surveyed students, 64 were found to be non tasters. What is the percentage of heterozygous students? Assume the population is in equilibrium. a. 0.36 b. 0.4 c. 0.6 d. 0.16 e. 0.48 8. In a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of the recessive homozygous genotype of a certain trait is 0.09. What is the percentage of individuals homozygous for the dominant allele? a. 0.42 b. 0.49 c. 0.7 d. 0.3 e. 0.09 9. Which of the following is not one of the conditions needed for a population to be in HardyWeinberg equilibrium? a. No movement into or out of the population b. Non-random mating c. Large population d. No mutations e. No natural selection 10. Sickle Cell Anemia is beneficial when an individual only has one copy of a gene in areas where malaria is present due to its effectiveness in preventing the disease from traveling through the body. Two copies of the sickle cell gene cause death due to poor oxygenation, and two copies of the non-diseased gene leaves an individual susceptible to malaria. This would be an example of: a. Genetic Drift b. Heterozygote Advantage c. Frequency Dependent Selection d. Reduced Hybrid Fertility e. Gametic Isolation 11. A species of squirrels is separated, over thousands of years, by a canyon. Due to slightly different conditions on either side of the canyon a new species arises. This is an example of: a. Gametic Isolation b. Temporal Isolation c. Behavioral Isolation d. Mechanical Isolation e. Allopatric speciation
12. During the industrial revolution in England, a once balanced population of moths ranging in colors from white to black started to shift. The soot produced by the factories caused the trees to become darker. The frequencies of black moths went up, while white moth frequencies went down. This is an example of: a. Diversifying Natural Selection b. Stabilizing Natural Selection c. Directional Natural Selection d. Behavioral Isolation e. Sexual Selection 13. In a small group of people living in a remote area, there is a high incidence of ‘blue skin’, a condition that results from a variation in the structure of hemoglobin. All of the ‘blue skinned’ residents can trace their ancestry to one couple, who were among the original settlers of this region. The unusually high frequency of ‘blue skin’ in the area is an example of, a. Mutation b. Genetic Drift c. Natural Selection d. Sexual Selection e. Heterozygote Advantage 14. Archaeopteryx would be an example of which of the following factors supporting the theory of evolution? a. Embryology b. Comparative DNA c. Biogeography d. Vestigial Structures e. Fossil Record 15. Structures that resemble each other in unrelated species because they perform similar functions is known as: a. Homologous Structures b. Analogous Structures c. Phylogeny d. Taxonomy e. Polymorphism 16. The maintenance of different phenotypes in a population is also known as: a. Balanced Polymorphism b. Geographic Variation c. Diploidy d. Crossing Over e. Outbreeding 17. Which of the following is not a discreet characteristic? a. Height variations in species of flowers b. Red or White petals of a flower c. The presence of spots on a toad d. Hair color in humans e. Wrinkled or smooth pods in pea plants
18. Placental and marsupial mammals have maintained very similar characteristics, despite being separated geographically for millions of years. This would be an example of: a. Divergent Evolution b. Convergent Evolution c. Parallel Evolution d. Directional Natural Selection e. Stabilizing natural selection For numbers 19 to 23, determine whether what type of natural selection is taking place: a. Stabilizing b. Directional c. Diversifying natural selection. 19. There are three distinct populations of snails: white shell, very dark brown shell, and a beige shell. There are equal amounts of each population. A white fungus has overrun the environment. The fungus does not harm the snails at all; it merely alters the environment. Birds are their main predators. 20. LBI’s Beach is home to three distinct populations of crabs living off the shore. There are equal numbers of: black crabs, red crabs, and sandy colored crabs. They are hunted by some sharks, and other fish. 21. A population of beetles range from black, to white, with multiple colors in between. The environment is usually white, but a recent change in the environment has made it black in some spots also. 22.
23.
24. In tropical regions, bats visit flowers to eat nectar. The fur on the bat's face and neck pick up pollen, which the bat transfers to the next flower it visits. Bats that feed on flowers have a slender muzzle and a long tongue with a brushed tip. These adaptations aid the bat in feeding. Flowers that use bats to pollinate are light in color so that bats, which are active at night, can easily locate them. The flowers also have a fruity odor that attracts bats. This is an example of: a. Convergent Evolution b. Divergent Evolution c. Co-Evolution d. Parallel Evolution e. None of the Above 25. A change in allele frequencies due to chance is known as: a. Natural Selection b. Genetic Drift c. Mutations d. Gene Flow e. Sexual Recombination 26. Genetic exchange due to the exchange of fertile individuals or gametes between populations is also known as: a. Natural Selection b. Genetic Drift c. Mutations d. Gene Flow e. Sexual Recombination 27. There is a small beehive in a tree on a tropical island. A hurricane comes, uproots the tree, and the tree is carried by the current to an island 15 miles away where there are no bees. The bees then begin to populate the island. One of the bees that started the population has an extremely rare mutant gene that makes it red rather than yellow, now nearly 20% of the population is expressing this mutant gene. This is an example of : a. Bottleneck Effect b. Founders Effect c. Polymorphism d. Genetic Variations e. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 28. Generation-to-generation changes in a populations allele frequencies is better known as: a. Macroevoltion b. Microevolution c. Natural Selection d. Genetic Drift e. Gene Flow 29. Male deer develop horns to battle one another in competition for females, this is an example of: a. Sexual Selection b. Intersexual Selection c. Intrasexual Selection d. Polymorphism e. Postzygotic factors
30. Male peacocks colorful tails is a result of: a. Sexual Selection b. Intersexual Selection c. Intrasexual Selection d. Polymorphism e. Postzygotic factors 31. Yarrow plants growing to different heights at different elevations is an example of: a. Heterozygote Advantage b. Phototropism c. Diploidy d. Sexual Recombination e. Geographic Variation 32. The formation of a new species from a population due to a geographic barrier is known as: a. Allopatric Speciation b. Sympatric Speciation c. Geographic Speciation d. Polymorphic Speciation e. Temporal Isolation 33. One population of clams tends to release their gametes into the water during full moons, while another population only releases their gametes during new moons. This would be an example of: a. Behavioral Isolation b. Temporal Isolation c. Habitati isolation d. Gametic Isolation e. Mechanical Isolation 34. The inability of the sperm of one species to survive in the reproductive tract of another species would be an example of: a. Behavioral Isolation b. Temporal Isolation c. Habitat isolation d. Gametic Isolation e. Mechanical Isolation 35. After test-cross experiments, it was determined that the frequencies of homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive individuals for a particular trait were 32%, 64%, and 4% respectively. The dominant and recessive allele frequencies: a. Are 0.2 and 0.8 respectively b. Are 0.32 and 0.68 respectively c. Are 0.36 and 0.63 respectively d. Are 0.5 and 0.5 respectively e. Cannot be determined because the population is not in HWE
36. The appearance of a new mutations is : a. A random event b. The result of natural selection c. The result of artificial selection d. The result of sexual reproduction e. Usually a beneficial event 37. Which of the following would be most true: a. Humans evolved from apes b. Humans and apes co-evolved c. Humans and apes share a common ancestor d. Humans and apes are not closely related e. Humans and apes display parallel evolution 38. In order for genetic variation to fuel evolution, the variation must: a. Be quantitative b. Be discreet c. Not be detrimental to the organism d. Must not be due to mutation e. Be heritable 39. Crossing over and Independent assortment are both examples of: a. Diploidy b. Mutations c. Sexual Recombinations d. Natural Selection e. Genetic Drift 40. Sparrows with averaged-sized wings survive severe storms better than those with longer or shorter wings. Which of the following would describe this most accurately: a. The bottleneck effect b. Stabilizing selection c. Frequency dependent selection d. Neutral variation e. Disruptive selection 41. Which of the following factors would not contribute to allopatric speciation? a. A population becomes geographically isolated from the parent population b. The separated population is small, and genetic drift occurs c. The isolated population is exposed to different sective pressures than the ancestral population d. Different mutations begin to distinguish the gene pools of the separated populations e. Gene flow between the two populations is extensive 42. Sometimes hybrid plants give rise to viable, fertile offspring, however when those offspring reproduce, their offspring are sterile. This is an example of: a. Hybrid breakdown b. Reduced hybrid fertility c. Reduced hybrid viability d. Mechanical isolation e. Temporal isolation
43. Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which natural selection is based? a. There is heritable variation among individuals b. Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring c. Species produce more offspring than the environment can handle d. Individuals whose characteristics are best suited to the environment generally leave more offspring than those whose characteristics are less suited e. Only a fraction of the offspring produced by an individual may survive 44. Male and female mallard ducks are significantly different in appearance, this is an example of: a. Directional natural selection b. Stabilizing natural selection c. Disruptive natural selection d. Sexual Dimorphism e. Diploidy 45. Humans have pharyngeal gill slits and a tail at one point in their embryological development. Based on this, we are able to deduce: a. Humans are beginning to develop the ability to breath under water b. Humans have evolved from whales and dolphins c. Fish have evolved from human like species d. Humans have an ancestor that most likely was fully aquatic at some point e. The gills and tail are a result of a silent mutation within humans For numbers 46 through 50, use the information below to find the information requested: A population cats have 396 white bodies and 557 black. Assume that white is totally recessive. Assume the population is in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 46. What is the allele frequency for the white allele? 47. What is the allele frequency for the black allele? 48. What is the number of heterozygous individuals you would expect to see in this population? 49. In the next generation, 1,245 mice are produced. Assuming that all of the Hardy-Weinberg conditions are met, how many of these would you expect to be white? 50. How many of the population from #49 would you expect to be heterozygous? Open Ended Question - Use the space provided on your answer sheet to answer the following question (you may use the back of your answer sheet and/or get lined paper from me to complete). Answer the question in essay form (NOT OUTLINE), using complete sentences. You may use diagrams to supplement your answers, but a diagram alone without appropriate discussion is inadequate. 51. Charles Darwin proposed that evolution by natural selection was the basis for the differences that he saw in similar organisms as he traveled and collected specimens in South America and on the Galapagos Islands. a. Explain the theory of evolution by natural selection b. Each of the following relates to an aspect of evolution by natural selection. Explain two of the following: i. Convergent evolution and the similarities among species in a particular biome (e.g. tundra, rainforest, open ocean. Etc.) ii. Natural selection and the formation of insecticide-resistant insects, or antibiotic resistant bacteria iii. Speciation and Isolation iv. Natural selection and heterozygote advantage