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Pop Up Bazaar An Urban Kaleidoscope Dhannya E Jacob
MA_ARCH STUDIO - ON THE MOVE
Supervisors Prof. Peter Ruge Prof. Ivan Kucina
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contents Chapter 01
Society On the Move
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Chapter 02
Need for Adaptability
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Chapter 03
Rapid Urbanization
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Chapter 04
Genesis of Informal Sector
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Chapter 05
Street Vendors
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Chapter 06
Case of Bangalore
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Chapter 07
Case study
Chapter 08
I Sheikh Memon Street, Mumbai
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II Night Market at Lorang TAR, Malaysia
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Pop Up Bazaar An urban kaleidoscope
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“You cannot step into the same river twice.� Heraclitus
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Abstract
It is a fact that we live in a world that is in constant flux and that mankind has always been transient in nature in varying degrees throughout the history. The only difference that we can witness today is the speed at which the increasing restlessness occurs. I believe for architecture to be in par with our ever changing society, it must too embrace and respond to the state of constant transfer, exchange, relocation and adaptation. Bangalore in India being one of the most fastest growing cities in India as well as in the world, has created an intense pressure on its infrastructure and resources. The rising demand for land for development and the increasing traffic congestions have been addressed drastically by shrinking the city’s public gardens, open spaces and widening the roads by cutting through the pedestrian paths. On the process, evicting thousands of street vendors who are an integral part of the country’s economy and culture. These issues along with the growing trend of disposing old markets to give way for air-conditioned
impersonal shopping environments in the form of malls, calls for an architectural intervention. An intervention that rehabilitates the evicted street vendors , simultaneously creates a hybrid space that strengthens the social integrations, cultural values and economic aspects. A kaleidoscope of senses and activities that genuinely expresses itself between the assertion of the old, reliable values and the exploration of the new in spirit of time. A pop up bazaar and a mosaic of crowd attracting public spaces as a solution to the challenge of being in sync with a society that is in constant flux and make up for the shrinking urban spaces. Like the fragments in a kaleidoscope that are reflected back and forth to create one beautiful dynamic picture, I intent to bring the different elements of the city together and form this kaleidoscope of senses, activities and people.
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01
Society on the Move
Apart from technology in its various forms, easy and quick accessibility to almost anything anywhere and exposure to new practices together are the driving forces behind globalization. The process of globalization has opened up world trade, internationalized financial markets, facilitated population migrations and generally increased mobility of people, capital, data and ideas.
Our society is constantly changing. With the development of technology acting as a catalyst, life moves at a rapid pace and continues to change tremendously before we even realize it. People used to take months, sometimes even years to travel from one point of the earth to another. Today you can fly around the world in less than two days and you can communicate with anyone in the span of a second. All this would have been unthinkable a century ago. Change is constant and it constantly affects the pace of life.
Many of us are rarely in one place for very long these days, much less in place at all. We are able to move great distances in very short time over actual land and through virtual space. These constant changes and the shockingly less time required to move larger distances is slowly making humans acquainted with the temporary nature of life. Permanence is slowly losing its priority.
Technology has transformed the world into a global phenomenon. It has had a deep and profound effect on the way we live and our interactions with the environment around us. It has impacted the way we perceive the world around us and provided us with the power to influence our environment.
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Evolution of means of Transport 10
Evolution of Technologyp 11
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Need for Adaptability
It is a fact that we live in a world that is in constant flux and that mankind has always been transient in nature in varying degrees throughout the history. The only difference that we can witness today is the speed at which the increasing restlessness occurs. I believe for architecture to be in par with our ever changing society, it too must embrace and respond to the state of constant transfer, exchange, relocation and adaptation.
which contending forces are reconciled. The traditional role of architecture has been one of reassuring us that things are under control, that is, stable and static.� Timeless monuments of the past era stand testimony to this particular characteristic of architecture. But over time this permanence gives way to the conception of architecture that is flexible enough to create a background fit to absorb the dynamic features of our modern life.
In his The storm and the Fall Lebbeus Woods, an American architect and one of the most exciting and original architecture visionaries today, describes how architecture traditionally has had a reassuring role. “The unity and symmetry of monumental architecture refers symbolically to a harmonious and balanced universe in
Dynamic societies of today have made way for a different kind of architecture-one that is in opposition to stagnancy, and carries characteristics of flexibility. Woods underlines that this Flexible Architecture is a concept within a field of many theories-theories that frame borders for mobility.
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“architects have to conceive building not as a monument, but as a receptacles for the flow of the life which they are to serve.� Walter Gropius
World Air route map 13
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“The impact of accelerating change on the physical form of the city is radical. Institutions have shorter and shorter livesrailway stations are converted into museums, power plants into art galleries, churches into night clubs, warehouses in homes- and it is now common place e to anticipate that a building will outlive the purpose for which it is built in a matter of few years. Modern life can no longer be defined in the long term and consequently cannot be contained within a static order of symbolic buildings and spaces.... Buildings no longer symbolise a static hierarchical order, instead, they have become flexible containers for use by a dynamic society. However, it is the arrangement of buildings in space – the network of the city as a whole – that has come to be the dominant reflection of modern urban society.” Richard Rogers, Cities for a Small Planet
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Rapid Urbanization
segment of people who migrate from rural areas or the segment of people who find it hard to cope with the rapid progress. To survive, they must create jobs for themselves, mostly with little resources and primarily catering to the demands and needs of the urban population. This segment of people gives rise to a totally new sector in the society called informal sector. The informal sector arises out of need; hence it fills spontaneously the gaps left by the rapidly progressing societies and its elements that lag behind. It shapes the urban landscape for these cities.
Changes in societies are first experienced in cities, The quick dynamics in the cities, especially in developing countries is not always easy to cope with for societies which find it hard to keep up with development that happens at lightning pace. This rat race acts as the harbinger for the divide in every society between the rich and the poor and thereafter gives rise to inequality. The rapid growth in cities stems from the creation of various high tech and skilled jobs that in turn attract surplus labour displaced from the rural agricultural sector. However, the skills demanded by modern occupation are such that, they simply cannot accommodate the large
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Source: www.picassomio.com/graham-holland/18841.html
Source: www.indiaonrent.com
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Effects on Society
the “gap”today “the rich”
s
“the poor” gap”
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
Widening gap between rich and poor 18
Rich
RAPID URBANISATION
Poor Inequality
Imbalance
Society
Rapid urbanisation Effect of Rapid Urbanisation
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Informal Sector
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Genesis of Informal Sector
Informal sector is the part of an economy that is neither taxed, nor monitored by any form of government. Unlike the formal economy, activities that are engaged in the informal economy are not included in the gross national product (GNP) and gross domestic product (GDP) of a country. The informal sector arises out of need, hence it fills spontaneously the gaps left by the rapidly progressing societies and its elements that lag behind.
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f Sub-Saharan Africa North Africa Asia Formal 40% Informal 60%
Latin America Carribean Transition economies India 0%
Source:
World wide informal employment
10%
20%
30%
40%
informal f l ((exc.agri.)) as % of of non agri. GDP
50%
60%
I f Informal l as % off GDP
Contribution of Informal economy to GDP
India Bolivia Vietnam Sri Lanka Colombia Mexico Egypt Argentina Brazil Thailand South Africa Turkey 0%
10%
20%
30%
% Informal employment in non farming sector.
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40 0%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Causes
Rural Migration
Another major cause for rural migration is the availability of surplus labor in the rural agriculture sector. The land does not expand and the ever growing population find it difficult to find jobs.
As the cities continue to grow rapidly, so does high tech and skilled jobs.This attracts the rural population to the cities. However their lack of skills demanded by modern occupation fails to help them be employed in the formal sector.Hence for survival, they create jobs themselves by catering to the demands and needs of the urban population.
Rural population
Urban population
Informal Sector
formation of informal sector through rural migration
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Global Demands Globalization has had its impact on informal sector like any other sector in the society. Staying ahead of the competition in the field and financial cut backs drive global enterprises to outsourcing a large part of their work to the informal sectors.This is due to the fact that
51.1 % US & Canada
informal sector operates with cheaper labor and in the absence of labour protection laws. This situation creates increasing opportunities in the informal sector and as a consequence formal sector workers who were responsible for this work earlier are displaced and have no choice but join the informal sector.
30.6 % Europe
16.2 % Asia Pacific
Global outsourcers
2.1 % Rest of the World
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Informal Em mployment
Employer Owner of informal enterprises.
Self emplo oyed Heads of family f businessses. Unpaid familyy workers. Own-account workers.
Wage workers Employees of informal enterprises. Casual workers without a fixed employer. Domestic workers workers. Temporary and part time workers. Unregistered workers.
Basic informal employment categories 24
Informal secto or
Home based workers.
Street vendors
Types of employment 25
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Street Vendors
Street vendors can be considered as one category of the informal sector that are socially, culturally and economically an integral component of many cities. Street vendors provide affordable goods and services to consumers at convenient and accessible locations in the city and plays a vital role in shaping the life of a city. They may sell their products on fixed stalls such as kiosks, semi-fixed stalls like folding tables; they may operate from crates, collapsible stands, or wheeled pushcarts that are moved and stored overnight. Some vendors may also sell from fixed locations without a stall structure, displaying thier merchandise on cloth/ plastic sheets.
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Street vending is hardly a modern concept. In all civilisations, ancient and medieval, one reads accounts of travelling merchants who not only sold their wares in the town by going from house to house but also traded in neighbouring countries. The entrepreneurship that ideated street vending may be older than you think, be it vendors profiting from crowds milling around in the public markets purchasing other things or food stalls taking advantage of large gatherings of hungry people. What better example than Ancient Rome which proved to be one of the most influential times of history on the street vending business. The Roman Coliseum was probably the first site for food concessions, where food and refreshment stalls were set up offering breads and wines to spectators enjoying competitions such as chariot races, sports, and circuses.
Source :Antiquaprintgallery.com
History of Street Vending 27
Classification
Static Vendors
Mobile Vendors
those that stay-on-site, having a regular/ home base.Some times they have a plastic mat thrown on the ground to display their wares, but usually they grow in to some semi-permanent structure to accommodate their business. Women prefer to be fully dynamic, to avoid thugs or harassments.
those who visit different streets/places during their working hours. •Fully mobile- the ones that keep on moving •Partially mobile- the ones that have several rest or stop locations. Eg. sellers who sell in front of schools early in the morning and return there twice later in the afternoon. Between these, in other locations such as markets, residential areas,office complex etc.
Street vendors
Static
Mobile
Fully mobile
Partially mobile
Classification of Street Vendors 28
Mobile Vs Static street vendors 29
Adaptability
Due to the small size and low complexity of their enterprises the informal sector seamlessly adapt their ways to the conditions imposed by the environment, adapting to new trends of products, changes in the life style and changes in the law, in a continuous effort to search for new customers.
locations according to changing situations.
Demands/Trends They can quickly change the products or nature of their services according to the changing trends and demands. Resources/Labours A large capital or initial investment and a large number of workers are not required to set up an enterprise. It can be expanded or improved gradually according to the available resources.
Location
The street vendors always chose locations where they can find maximum customers. For eg ; busy streets, festival grounds, public parks, beaches etc. Due to the flexible nature of their enterprises, they can conveniently change their
Adaptability
Resources
Location
Demands/ Trends
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MaeKlong Railway market, Bangkok 31
Problems caused by street Vendors
congestions and chaos in most cities. Sometimes they locate themselves in front of regular shops and markets. I as a direct competition. The street vendors with their unique marketing skills, low prices , easy accessibility and first hand contact with the customers tend to attract more customers , thereby affecting the businesses of the shops. Due to the problems caused by them , many consider the street vendors as chaotic and uncontrolla-
1. Spill-over of business into roadways causing traffic congestion 2. Unsightly urban vistas due to informal setting and urban refuse. 3. .Encroachment of sidewalks Their businesses spill over in to the pedestrian paths and sometimes even the main roads causing immense inconvenience for the pedestrians and drivers, hence it disturbs the flow of pedestrian and vehicular traffic and causes
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Problems faced by street Vendors
sions for trading and commercial activities exclusively for the rich traders and big businesses, leaving the vendors to deal with multiple authorities - the municipal corporation, police (thane as well as traffic), regional development authorities, district administration, local panchayats and so on. Such archaic Municipal Corporation Laws based as they are on 19th century British practice, are detrimental to the peaceful conduct of business by vendors and often leads to harassment and exploitation sometimes even leading to riotous situations.
In modern times with growing cities, increasing urban populations and diminishing job opportunities, more and more people are taking to street vending. Many of them are migrants from rural communities often forced to live under meagre conditions in the city, failing to make both ends meet. To add to poor living conditions, poor health, increased expenses on health care and massive debts, street vendors are often put under mental and physical stress by various elements in the society as they are considered as unlawful entities and are subjected to continuous harassment by Police and civic authorities.
It is high time that Municipal Corporations instead of treating vendors as a nuisance, strive to facilitate provisions and space for such an animated phenomenon as street vending and give it it’s right place in urban life.
There are many factors that need to be examined to truly understand this problem. In Indian cities for example, urban planning does not allocate space to vendors/hawkers, as planners blindly imitate the western concept of marketing, ignoring Indian traditions. The regional development authorities make provi-
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Case of Bangalore
India
Karnataka
Bangalore
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In recent times, with the increase in economy perhaps the most enormous changes have been witnessed in the city of Bengaluru, which has brought over a huge spatial change that reflects on the local culture and society. From an old tree lined city it has transformed into a concrete high sky lined city dressed in glass and granite. Streets are being widened at the cost of lives and livelihoods, new roads, expressways, signal free roads, flyovers, underpasses, grade separators and the metro rail are the new feathers in Bangalore’s cap! The city is growing beyond it’s boundaries but without a comprehensive planning in place. Sanitizing their roads to suit the western understanding of a city continuously alters the space occupied by the street
vendors. Investments on public infrastructure is changing the face of the city, but sadly very little attention is being paid to the necessary breathing spaces that a city requires. This is in the form of public spaces and pedestrianized walkways and plazas that facilitate activities and events of which vendors and hawkers are a crucial part. It is imperative to bring about a new era of planning where spacial parameters in cities are set not just by maximum utilisation and construction but also by allowing a kaleidoscope of activities, textures and interactions that blend to give us a mosaic of the contemporary culture of the city.
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Population
10.1 million
741 sq.km 10.1 million 8.4 million
5.7 million 4.1 million
1991
2001
2011
Population Growth
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2014
Built up
Built up vs Open spaces 2005-2006
Built up vs Open spaces 2011-2012
Shrinking Opens spaces 39
Lack of public spaces Urbanisation Eviction of street vendors
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Street vendor
+
Public space
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=
Pop up Bazaar
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Case Study I Sheikh Memon Street , Mumbai,
India
Maharashtra
Mumbai
Location 42
Monday-Saturday
Market timing
Location
Stations and Bus stops
Public toilets
Mosques
Attractions and shopping areas
Surrounding Context
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Civic amenities
Public amenities Residential Commercial Mixed Use
Land Use
G G+2 G+3 G+5
Building Heights
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Vendor Location
Street vendors
Vendor Vend dor C Classification lassifififiicca la attiio on
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Cloth stalls
Miscellaneous
Food stalls
9:30
13:30
Vehicles
Pedestrian
Hawkers
16:30
Activity Mapping 46
Diversity
Location
Dynamism
Infrastructure
Diversity
Positive factors
Lack of storage
Congestion
Lack of assigned space
Negative factors
Analysis of Positive and Negative factors 47
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II Night Market at Lorang TAR, Malaysia
Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur
Lorang TAR
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10 AM
10 PM
Saturday
Market timing
Location
Stations and Bus stops
Public toilets
Mosques
Attractions and shopping areas
Surrounding Context
51
Civic amenities
General Zoning 52
14:00
19:00 Vehicles
Pedestrian
Hawkers
21:00
Activity Mapping 53
Dynamism
saturday
sunday
tuesday
wednesday
monday
thursday
friday
City Locations
Vendor 1
Vendor 2
Vendor 3
Vendor 4
Vendor 1 movement pattern
Conceptual diagram showing the weekly dynamism of vendors in city 54
Adaptation
Spatial adaptation
Adaptation to existing street infrastructure
Adaptation of products according to demands and trends.
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2.2m
2.2m Main cart
Approximate space allocation for vendors
vendor
customer
Lamp post
Display tables
Vendor territorialization
Vendor Stalls
customers
Spatial Unevenness
Crowd pattern
Spatial Analysis 56
Location
Positive Factors
Dynamism
Diversity
Lack of storage
Infrastructure
Culture
Ambience
Social interaction
Lack of space
Lack of shelter for visitors
Negative Factors
Analysis of Positive and Negative factors 57
GREEK AGORA 900 BC
EASTERN BAZAARS 400 BC
TRAJAN FORUM
112 AD
MARKET HALLS
1300A
NOW
Evolution of markets 58
market square
Standard layout of European markets
mosque
palace l precincts
bazaar formation
important political, cultural & social stuctures
city gates
city extents
Standard layout of Eastern bazaars
Comparison of Eastern bazaars and Western markets 59
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POP UP BAZAAR
an urban kaleidoscope
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Pop Up Bazaar An Urban Kaleidoscope
Fragmentaion to Integration
Concept 62
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Program
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65
naturally lit
dynamic paths randomly sheltered
surprise element
open stalls
interacting
easy accesibility walking
cleaning
access to waste disposal access to toilets
access to green space
quieter surrounding
flexible
Household acc.
place to watch
Fresh food
watching movie
skate boarding
playing
varying ambience
Experiencing SHOPPING
exhibiting
hanging out EATING
ENTERTAINMENT
cooking clothes/ Acc.
sense of orientation
Books/Art
reading
storing
open kitchen
transporting
public meeting performing
large open space easy accessibility
comfortable seating
Programmatic Diagram 66
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interaction
colours
randomness
sounds
fragmented view
Immaterial Stimuli 68
openness
human scale
intermediate junctions
natural light
Material Stimuli 69
Site
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H
Chinnaswamy cricket stadium
DSC BRV buildingMilitary canteen
St. Andrew’s church
M.G. Road
site
Cubbon Park
St.Mark’s Cathedral
Brigade Road
Site Context 71
Existing Park
Existing Park
Metro station
Metro station
pedestrian nodes
traffic
Existing Park
Existing Park
Metro station
Metro station
noise
quiet
wind
loud
Site Analysis 72
Kamraj Road
Main Guard Road
Street Central
Cubbon Road
Chinnaswamy Cricket Stadium
Police parade ground Cariappa Park
Site
Ka stu rb a
Brigade Road
r Bal
St. Mark’s Road
Ro ad
Mahatma Gandhi Road
Commercial Military Public Parks
0 10
50
Land Use 73
existing park
Built vs Open
Existing park
Bazaar
N
Plaza PPla Pl Plaz laza la azza aza a
Axis and Grid consideration
Project Development 74
ng park
extension of landscape
extension of landscape
merging edges
merging edges
Edge treatment
75
1 2
Market
3
Viewing point/ Seating area
4 5
Open air movie/ performance area
6
Seating area
7
Seating area facing the plaza and the fountain
8
Viewing and seating area to watch skaters
9
Skateboarding area
Dry fountain feature
Children’s play area
10
Metro Station
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Metro Station
12
Performance/seating area
13
Exhibition/seating area
14
Service entry
15
Parking
Master Plan 76
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Bazaar Module
Option C
Option A
Option B
Module 1 78
Module 2 79
3
1
1
4 2
1
1
Module 1- option A
2
Module 1- option C
3
Module 1- option B
4
Module 2
Cluster Development 80
9 9
4
5 8
8 3
5 3
4
2 1 6
7 6
1
7
2
Assembly Diagram 81
1 2
street ambience
3
courtyard seating 2
4 5
seating with view of performance area
6
performance/ seating area
courtyard seating 1
seating with view of plaza
Bazaar-Detailed plan @ A 82
A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Storage
8 9
Interior entry/exit points
water tank storage garbage collection toilet-ladies toilet- gents performance/ seating area Exterior entry/exit points
Intermediate junctions
food Books/Art Clothes Household accessories/Dry goods Vegetable/fruits
Bazaar plan 83
Amphitheatre 84
Market View 85
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Market-night vew 87
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I Dessau International Architecture School Anhalt University Department 3 Š 2015