Transformative Essence, ARC 242 - Curate an Exhibition by Donovan Hernandez

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Essence.

ARC 242 EXHIBITING THEORY: CURATING AN IDEA

“ ARCHITECTURAL EXHIBITIONS ARE ALWAYS ACCOMPANIED BY A BODY OF LITERATURE, ESPECIALLY PROVOCATIVE CATALOGS THAT HAVE BEEN VEHICLES FOR SIGNIFICANT THEORETICAL STATEMENTS: JOHNSON AND HITCHCOCK’S MODERN ARCHITECTURE, THE WERKBUND DEBATES, RUDOFSKY’S ARCHITECTURE WITHOUT ARCHITECTS, MAX BILL’S GOOD FORM, AND SO FORTH. RECENT SHOWS DEMONSTRATE EXPLICIT RELATIONSHIPS TO THEORY: GREG LYNN’S INTRICACY SHOW DREW ON COMPUTATIONAL THEORY AND COMPLEXITY THEORY, ARCHITECTURES NONSTANDARD SOLICITED THE HISTORY OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS AND COMPLEX GEOMETRY, MOOD RIVER CHARTED A RETURN TO EMPATHY AND THE “AFFECTIVE TURN” IN DESIGN AND DESIGN THEORY, AND KOOLHAAS’S CHRONOCHAOS ASSAILED OVERLOOKED EFFECTS OF GLOBAL PRESERVATION. PHILOSOPHERS AND INTELLECTUALS MIRROR THIS TREND BY TRYING TO VISUALIZE CONCEPTS AND THEORIES, FROM LYOTARD’S EPIC LES IMMATERIAUX SHOW EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMMUNICATIONS, ELECTRONIC CULTURE AND LANGUAGE, TO BRUNO LATOUR’S MAKING THINGS PUBLIC, CHARTING THE FRAGMENTING OF ATTITUDES TOWARD THE “ATMOSPHERES OF DEMOCRACY” THAT POPULATE THE PUBLIC REALM. “

donovan hernandez

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TRANSFORMATIVE ESSENCE: Essence.

HACKING ARCHITECTURE

ARC 242 EXHIBITING THEORY: CURATING AN IDEA

donovan hernandez

When we hear the word reuse, we likely place it into the same category of recycling or another well-intentioned practice that seems to have become no more than a cliche in our contemporary condition. But reuse is much more multifaceted and complex than any definition will do it justice, especially when considering its applications in architecture. This is not to discount that the typology of “adaptive reuse” projects has become unbelievably oversaturated, just in the way that sustainable and “green” projects have created the term greenwashing. But at its core, the fundamental concept of reusing (or repurposing or salvaging or reclaiming… the list could go on forever) will become one of the most important notions for humans to understand not just in architecture but in anything regarding our future. This itself could be its own project but for the purposes of this exhibition, we will focus on more immediate implications of such reuse and the theoretical implications. Contrary to popular belief, architectural reuse is not new nor a fad, it has existed for as long as architecture itself has. But not all reuse is created equal, some of the best reuse projects are not one that just creatively used a space, they are the ones that manage to synthesize dissimilar concepts/objects/architecture etc.

1. Francis Dzikowski, USB

Unfortunately as previously mentioned, adaptive reuse has become akin to greenwashing in the ways that society uses, perceives, and promotes it. While 1. Dzikowski, Francis. Union Square Building. Metropolismag.com. OTTO, 2020.

the intentions of both are laudable and have potential to create good, the perceptions of these in projects have become more of an eye roll and cliche rather than unique or impressive. Yet we need to be aware and address these negative perceptions because reuse and sustainability are two of the most important concerns in our world. The idea that a function of a space is almost always survived by its structure is exactly the reason why repurposing and reuse is necessary. “Hacking” is another term used to describe particular methods of reuse and is still relatively new in regards to the popularity of the term.There is something absolutely fantastic about the idea of hacking an architecture in such a way that has a new use and purpose while somehow still utilizing the architecture of the previous program. not just memorializing the past, and making culturally relevant and kairotic designs. The intentional fusion of old and new in between is what makes such provocative and transformative design, While design has very concrete or specific uses typically, there is always room in a space or architecture for an alternate reading, a hack, a redefining or redesigning, a remapping or reimagination. This gap is where the architecture of the future lies, when we can no longer afford to just tear down and rebuild and waste more time, money and resources when there are already in front of us. The question beckons, do we design with the intention of ability for reuse or is it better to allow the natural use to take over the space? This evolves into a potential for the future of our world soon where we will need to focus more on reuse than new construction. The world is constantly changing, whether it’s relating to the pandemic, natural disasters, war, or anything else; adaptation and evolution are essential in contemporary society. Like buying a piece of new technology or a new car, the second anything is created it is already closer to becoming a relic of the past than being cutting edge. The increased globalization of our world and the move from physical to digital, among other reasons, has left a lot of architecture abandoned or unable to be used. From housing to plants to commercial offices,

there are millions of vacant structures and sites with uncharted potential. The amount of material, land, and opportunity completely ignored by the majority is the difference between a stagnant and predictable path in terms of design in the world, versus total reinvention and a revelation of what architecture is as we know it. As architecture students, it is our job to investigate these new worldly conditions and learn about what role the discipline can play in potentially addressing them. The current generation in school will be at the forefront of this revolution where we must make the decision to move from top-down design to beneficial, grass roots, sustainable, and responsive work. We must get creative in order to propel structures into the future and avoid the impending obsolescence that threatens as soon as the world changes, which is every day. After all, we already have so much that exists in the built environment not being used, what is the benefit of building more? The power of an architecture built topdown versus a wildly successful hack of existing space is not even comparable in terms of the complexity, layering, and depth that it brings to the conversation.

2. Unknown, USB

History plays a particular role in the fastidious aspects of repurposing space. Not only does a space have a past, but it exists in the present, while also having significance for the future, all of which fall under the responsibility and 2. Jazzland/Six Flags New Orleans Amusement Park. 2017. Strange Abandoned Places.

consideration of architecture. The historical connotations of distinctly charged buildings are such that regardless of how pervasive the reuse, they will never be able to escape the shadow of their past. How do you address this? This question is one of the most disputed in the discourse and it comes back to the idea that the solution is likely a cultural one rather than something addressable by built form. The considerations are multiplex and often relative, what does it mean for something to be changed, especially if something is in the same place or even remotely formally similar to its predecessor (whether as new construction or a reuse project)? When adapting a space, history becomes one of, if not the most, important contextual considerations. The most effective reuse of a space recognizes its qualities, traditions, and unique typologies in order to best apply. By utilizing the unique aspects of a structure, the existing can be utilized to its full potential while still respectfully acknowledging its past. This creates a multifaceted architecture that engages with its context, adapts to an already existing edifice, all while still simultaneously delivering its own unique pragmatic and programmatic needs. Certain adaptive reuse projects become better characterized as a “hack” because they exploit the best aspects of an already established framework in order to benefit its own needs in a way that simply renovating an interior doesn’t, not dissimilar from a parasite or hacker in the digital space, turning the existing system around and getting it to benefit and work for them. The power of a hack can revitalize an abandoned building from a once forgotten space into one of importance and great value but also vice versa depending on the intention. The power of reuse and adaptation can also be used to more properly situate architecture into a setting by incorporating new programs into existing vernacular structures where previously it would have been unachievable.. A building is a documentation of what was important in terms of space at that moment in time and how that manifested itself. Sally Stone in her book Undoing Buildings examines the dialectic between the old and new in reuse, as well as the physical implications of a reuse or renovation.

The biggest challenge of a project is artfully constructing the conversation between the existing and the addition by remembering that every single action has significance, much more so than in new construction because of the destruction involved rather than solely creation. The history of balancing these components is divided on what the best way to approach or address is but all agree that it is of utmost importance and consequence. Stone quotes Gordon Cullen in her book describing,“There is an art of relationship just as there is an art of architecture. Its purpose is to take all the elements that go to create the environment: buildings, trees, nature, water, traffic, advertisements … and weave them together in such a way that drama is released.” 2 This consideration of context is already enmeshed in the discipline of architecture but still has yet to position itself the same way in relation to reuse. Arguably, it becomes even more significant in these cases because the existing architecture becomes as contextual as the surrounding natural and socioeconomic considerations.

3. Baan, Iwan. EH The ability to synthesize these two arts, of relationships and architecture, are what separate these projects from others. The niche of this exhibition is one where these two craft realize a coherent spectacle, rather than two distinct acts adjacent to each other. The idea of undoing that Stone investigates 2. Stone, Sally. UnDoing Buildings: Adaptive Reuse and Cultural Memory. New York: Routledge, 2019. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/ mono/10.4324/9781315397221/undoing-buildings-sally-stone 3. Baan, Iwan. Elbphilharmonie in Hamburg. 2016. ArchDaily.

obviously ties into this intellection at its core, if you remove too much then you won’t be able to engage in a dialogue between the new and the old but if you don’t remove enough then you will simply have a crumbling project with some foreign alien strangely juxtaposed. Stone proposes that a starting point for the solution to this paradox is to consider what she calls are the absolute physical properties of a space and their impact on reuse. She defines these properties as, “Factors such as the scale and the dimensions, the proportions, the rhythm and the structural composition of the existing building influence the design of any new additions.” Scale especially has significance when it comes to the potential of an architecture because it is one of the most integral especially when considering the history of our human scale in the discipline. Architecture is inherently indebted to scale because it is design for humans to use and live in, hence the same understanding must be applied to reuse. Scale also has ramifications when it comes to undoing an architecture because of the size of moves as well as the energy needed in order to execute them. Rhythm and structural composition are special because they also exist as the most basic form literally as the bones of a project yet still allow for the decision of how much importance is placed on it. One could make the argument that structure can be an essence of the project in one setting but then with some minor additions the focus and meaning can instantly change. 4 Some projects once with significant purpose have fallen from grace in terms of their use, airports specifically being one typology of focus. In her article Renewed Landscapes, Sara Favargiotti explains, that it is not because air travel itself has become less popular, it’s actually exactly the opposite, but because of scale there are tens of thousands of insufficient projects, just in the United States alone, in comparison to the superstructures needed. Airports present an especially unique architecture at their scale unlike most because they exist in their own periphery yet simultaneously still within public view, hidden in plain sight. “They have had significant effects on the transformation of urban and natural landscapes, generally considered hubs, gateways, frontiers, squares, infrastructure, and social and cultural places.” 5 4. Stone, Sally. UnDoing Buildings: Adaptive Reuse and Cultural Memory. New York: Routledge, 2019. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/ mono/10.4324/9781315397221/undoing-buildings-sally-stone 5. Favargiotti, Sara. “Renewed landscapes: Obsolete airfields as landscape reserves for adaptive reuse” Journal of Landscape Architecture 13:3, (2018): 90-100. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/18626033.2018.1589147 06

There isn’t much that encompasses more aspects of the societal fabric than airports which are such a significant symbol of our current society. Because of how complex and faceted they are, airports and their sites pose some of the best opportunities for adaptation and improvement. In a similar way, all of the descriptors Favargiotti lists previously are still up for grabs but through an alternate program which is the beauty of reuse at its heart, the ability to do so.

6. Unknown, GRMA The considerations are still constrained at scale by the absolute physical properties as Stone posits but they have pre existed which provides a precedent in one way for how to achieve them. Favargiotti describes the potential transformations of airports from “places to live instead of places to leave,” 7 proposing to use the same architecture for exactly the opposite purpose in a way that shouldn’t make sense but does perfectly. This exhibition will not just focus on imaginative ways in which space is adapted but rather highlight the moments of projects where two seemingly unconnected things fuse seamlessly. This seamlessness, consciously perceived or not, will make it unclear which program was foremost and simultaneously inspire alternative conceptions of more than the project itself. The goal is to spark conversations about how we perceive the singularity of architecture and change the conception of the inadequacy to change in our world. This among the other techniques used to successfully hack and 6. Gila River Memorial Airport. 2015. Places That Were. 7. Favargiotti, Sara. “Renewed landscapes: Obsolete airfields as landscape reserves for adaptive reuse” Journal of Landscape Architecture 13:3, (2018): 90-100. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/18626033.2018.1589147

synthesize an architecture could be applied into aspects of design and greater scales in architecture. What are the limiting factors in reusing structures and can these be addressed in any way on the other side of architecture, before anything is even built? Is the future of architecture not in creating new but rather new from the old? Like many things, sustainability will be preached but not teached until eternity it seems, when will we finally have no choice but to realize that we have everything we already need in front of us? 8

“Every intervention results in some destruction. Destroy then at least with understanding.” 9

8. Leach, Neil. Rethinking Architecture : A Reader in Cultural Theory. New York: Routledge, 1997. 9. Stone, Sally. UnDoing Buildings: Adaptive Reuse and Cultural Memory. New York: Routledge, 2019. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/ mono/10.4324/9781315397221/undoing-buildings-sally-stone

Central Park Denver, CO USA.

When hearing the name “Central Park” the image of the 800 acre public park in Manhattan, NYC immediately pops into your mind. Central Park, a residential community in Denver, Colorado is anything but that, a redevelopment of almost 8 square miles of the preexisting Stapleton Airport, the previous occupant of the space. The town utilizes airport infrastructure including the main building, and specifically the runways which became the streets of the now 12 popular neighborhoods. Integration and synthesis were two of the primary concerns for this project that wanted to continue the suburban language of Denver into this empty space, from the situation of parks, front porches, diversity of architectural styles, tree and nature filled communities, even more parks among others. This large scale project became one of the more successful planned communities in the country for various reasons not limited to the use of “water-wise” landscaping and various energy-efficient building methods and regulations on all construction in the area. The airfields and airport infrastructure is now home to everything from homes to commercial and municipal spaces. This reuse project is an ideal example of how productive one can be, a once airport now small town with bike races, a multitude of farmers markets and concerts that residents and business owners alike have gravitated towards and now care for as their own. 1

1. “The Story of Denver 80238.” Central Park Denver (formerly Stapleton), January 31, 2022. https://www.denver80238.com/community/our-story/.

2. Scott, Kathryn. Stapleton Redevelopment. 2015.

Atlanta Beltline Atlanta, GA USA.

The Atlanta BeltLine project is a reuse project not terribly dissimilar from NYC’s Highline but still with a twist because it is still intended as a connector and not purely a renovated relaxing area. The BeltLine was born from a Georgia Tech Masters Thesis created by student Ryan Gravel, as a reimagining of the Atlanta transportation system at the time in 1999 and is now nearly halfway finished completing the project’s initial goals set forth at the turn of the century. Gravel also founded the non-profit Friends of the Belt Line that got the project off the ground and worked for Perkins and Will for a period of time. The BeltLime is just over 20 miles long, intended for biking, walking, and also the process of integrating a much lower impact light rail transit system. As previously stated the main goal of the BeltLine is twofold, it serves as a reconstructed park on an old railway corridor and facilitates connections between transportation disadvantaged areas through both the paths and the light rail. While still not fully realized the project is well on its way to become an extremely accessible and useful neighborhood resource. This project required a lot more active additions rather than renovations but it is an extremely successful example of expanding upon the existing essence of the infrastructure in an unconventional way that makes perfect sense in retrospect. 3

3. “Project Goals.” Atlanta Beltline. Accessed May 11, 2022. https://beltline.org/ the-project/project-goals/.

4. Atlanta BeltLine Eastside Trail. AtlantaTrails.com. Atlanta Trails, 2022.

Manchester Climbing Wall Richmond, VA USA.

This project positions a few stone support columns of an old train bridge as a premier rock climbing destination in Richmond, VA. These train trestles are remnants of a previous configuration of the Manchester Bridge, a 100foot wide highway and pedestrian bridge connecting the Virginia cities of Richmond and Manchester. The site is situated within James River Park System, a publicly operated park in Richmond containing various activities including hiking, walking, biking, boating, and fishing. The Climbing Wall specifically serves as an extremely functional outdoor training spot unmatched within the local area and for no cost at all. Because of its size and shape, it supports climbers of all skills, ages, and interests to learn the concepts of leading, sport, rappelling, and self rescue. This project required no additional construction at all apart from steel reinforcement but functions perfectly for the new program that it has acquired. This is an example of a very practical and useful reuse project that benefits all parties involved and makes perfect sense in hindsight but was not even a consideration in the original construction of the bridge. 5

5. “Manchester Climbing Wall.” Friends of the James River Park, October 19, 2021. https://jamesriverpark.org/project/manchester-climbing-wall/.

6. Manchester Climbing Wall. JamesRiverPark.org. James River Park System, 2022.

Eisbachwelle Munich, Germany

Like many artifacts in this exhibition at first glance this appears to be an interesting but not necessarily unique street surfing spot in a river. You would correct except there was significant human intervention involved in the creation of this spot that is just below the surface (pun intended). The Eisbachwelle Wave in Munich, Germany is an artificial surfing wave in a man-made river. Averaging about half a meter in height, the project is actually one that is not for the faint of heart because it has been engirneed to serve the surfing purposes very intentionally. In the early 70’s it became a great spot for urban surfing that was inaccessible anywhere else and required very little effort other than having equipment. It quickly grew in popularity, even began to host a yearly competition and the surfers worked together with the help of a few engineers to create a complex system of underwater ropes and planks that funnel the water in the most ideal way for surfing. A sort of homemade version of an infinity wave at a waterpark, Eisbachwelle works surprisingly well, regularly maintained and with two perfectly shaped “U” shaped waves. A seemingly insignificant project, this hacking of a local river has provided countless enjoyment to the residents of the areas who would not be able to do this very easily being so far from any ocean. While this program was very much not intended by the original designers of the river, the very straightforward structure allowed for this to happen. 7 7. Ugc. “Eisbachwelle.” Atlas Obscura. Atlas Obscura, July 9, 2013. https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/eisbachwelle.

8. Morgan, Lee. Eisbach Wave. 2011. Afar.com.

Open Air

LA County, CA USA.

While not intentionally occupiable space, this artifact hacks billboards to display nature that simultaneously benefits the nature. Urban Air, a project by artist Stephen Glassman, has been installed in numerous areas along the Los Angeles freeway in 2012. Turning a capitalistic symbol on its head as opposed to the typical ad that we see on the side of a road, the greenery provides necessary oxygen near a highway that produces plentiful pollution. It still obviously serves as a billboard but a much different one because it is still displaying and getting looked at, just not serving the capitalist society in the way that the previous occupant of the billboard would have. The project originated as an art exploration in Glassman’s LA studio and went on to win numerous awards before being installed across the city after Summit Media offered their resources and donated large and prominent billboards throughout LA. This reuse project raised over $100,000 on kickstarter and aimed to create the first real “green billboard” intentionally engineered and monitored through technology. This hack not only repurposed but recreated an iconic symbol of our economy to something like that of a hanging planter while simultaneously providing ecological benefit. 9 9. Holmes, Damian. “Urban Air: Stephen Glassman.” World Landscape Architecture, November 15, 2012. https://worldlandscapearchitect.com/urban-air-stephen-glassman/#.YnxiY-jMKF5.

10. Holmes, Damian. Urban Air. 2012. World Landscape Architect.

Satsop Business Park Seattle, WA USA.

The Satsop Business Park is a more typical example of an adaptive reuse project that became extremely successful but, not because of a building that went out of use, rather one that never made it that far. “Satsop” was aimed to be one of if not the most ambitious and successful nuclear power plants in the United States in the 1970s. It was well on its way and then the Washington Public Power Supply System, in charge of its creation, defaulted on over 2 billion dollars in bonds used to fund the project. This obviously halted the project in its tracks and by 1982 turned what had once been an immensely construction site into nothing more than a partially completed wasteland with huge cooling towers, reactor containment domes, and facilities, After sitting idle for more than 30 years, in 2013 Grays Harbor Public Development Authority began their plan to convert the abandoned plant into a community-owned business park. This park now is now home to everything from a tunnel training site used by the Seattle Fire Department to impressive videography sets to a world-class acoustical lab used by many. 11

11. Ugc. “The Ultimate Reuse Story: Satsop Nuclear Power Plant.” Atlas Obscura. Atlas Obscura, September 16, 2015. https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/satsop-nuclear-power-plant.

12. Satsop Nuclear Power Plant. The Spokesman-Review. Associated Press, 2010.

House of Air San Francisco, CA USA.

This artifact is exactly what it looks like, a monstrous tramplolen park inside of an old airplane hanger. Located in San Francisco it is extremely close to many local users, and hosts evrythign from jumping to dodgeball to even fitness classes. The extremely large site has also been repurposed to serve as host for large office events, birthdays, and other big gatherings. Dave Schaeffer and Paul McGeehan were the genius’s behind the idea, who developed it on the way back from Lake Tahoe where they had been snowboarding. The hanger that has been repurposed was originally property of the United States Army 91st Observation Squadron. To say the least, a trampoline park was not what they envisioned this project for in the 1920s when it was constructed but the large ceiling and spacious rooms served as the perfect blank canvas for the trampoline park. 13

13. Ugc. “House of Air.” Atlas Obscura. Atlas Obscura, December 16, 2010. https:// www.atlasobscura.com/places/house-of-air.

14. House of Air. Timeout.com. House of Air, 2018.

Carpio Sanguinette Park. Denver, CO USA.

The artifact is situated along the South Platte River in Denver Colorado. Now a popular and peaceful local park, it was once an extremely large sewage plant built in the 1930s and was in service for around 40 years. At that time it became abandoned and remained desolate until the early 2000s when the City of Denver hosted a competition for local architecture firms to transform the plant into an enormous and attractive 13-acre public park. Rather than just covering over the existing, the winning design made sure to seamlessly blend the design into the existing infrastructure and reorient the program to serve its new purpose including open fields, sports areas, tree groves, benches, and even partitions between various areas. 15

15.Ugc. “Carpio Sanguinette Park.” Atlas Obscura. Atlas Obscura, June 14, 2019. https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/carpio-sanguinette-park.

16. Bankhead, Beth. Carpio Sanguinette Park. 2022. ETB Travel Photography.

Earl of Sandwich Boston, MA USA.

This artifact is a relatively unassuming sandwich shop in Boston, Massachusetts. With a little historical knowledge however, one might recognize that the structure this shop is in is actually an old male public restroom. Built in the early 1910s it served as one of the first “comfort stations” in Boston utilized by many. This use continued until 1970 when it became a decrepit site which would not do as it was to become a recognized historic structure on the Boston Common. Although a significant amount of work was needed to restructure and secure the space, it serves great for its purpose now. 17

17. Ugc. “The Earl of Sandwich.” Atlas Obscura. Atlas Obscura, November 8, 2016. https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-earl-of-sandwich-boston-massachusetts.

18. The Earl of Sandwich. 2016. Atlas Obscura.

HSC Race Control Tower West Yorkshire, England

At first glance, this image may not look out of the ordinary at all, in fact it actually looks quite normal. This is the Huddersfield Sailing Club in West Yorkshire, England and in the center of the image there appears to be a small lighthouse connected to the Club’s clubhouse. This control tower, utilized for sailing races at the club, is actually made from a part of an old television mast that used to stand almost 400-meters tall. The Emley Moor TV Broadcasting Tower at the time it was built in 1964, was actually the second tallest standalone structure in all of Europe. It was short-lived however as it collapsed in 1969 as a result of an extremely intense ice storm that broke it in several places. While the tower was no longer broadcasting, the lower 40 feet and foundation remained structurally stable planted in the ground. It was repurposed for the uses of the club and now is a main feature of the area, with the original broadcasting tower door still intact as the entrance control tower. This reuse project was not a large undertaking and became immensely practical for the area. If not for the club member who suggested the idea, the rest of the tower would have clearly been demolished as well with no other purpose left to serve. 19

19. Ugc. “Huddersfield Sailing Club Race Control Tower.” Atlas Obscura. Atlas Obscura, December 10, 2010. https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/huddersfield-sailing-club-race-control-tower.

20. Tatlow, Andrew. Huddersfield Sailing Club Clubhouse. 2015. Geograph.

M R O F

TRANS BIBLIOGRAPHY

Holmes, Damian. Urban Air. 2012. World Landscape Architect.

Atlanta BeltLine Eastside Trail. AtlantaTrails.com. Atlanta Trails, 2022. Baan, Iwan. Elbphilharmonie in Hamburg. 2016. ArchDaily.

Bankhead, Beth. Carpio Sanguinette Park. 2022. ETB Travel Photography.

Dzikowski, Francis. Union Square Building. Metropolismag.com. OTTO, 2020. The Earl of Sandwich. 2016. Atlas Obscura.

Gila River Memorial Airport. 2015. Places That Were.

Holmes, Damian. “Urban Air: Stephen Glassman.” World Landscape Architecture, November 15, 2012. https://worldlandscapearchitect.com/urban-air-stephen-glassman/#.YnxiY-jMKF5. House of Air. Timeout.com. House of Air, 2018.

Jazzland/Six Flags New Orleans Amusement Park. 2017. Strange Abandoned Places.

Favargiotti, Sara. “Renewed landscapes: Obsolete airfields as landscape reserves for adaptive reuse” Journal of Landscape Architecture 13:3, (2018): 90-100. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/18626033.2018.1589147 Leach, Neil. Rethinking Architecture : A Reader in Cultural Theory. New York: Routledge, 1997. Manchester Climbing Wall. JamesRiverPark.org. James River Park System, 2022.

“Manchester Climbing Wall.” Friends of the James River Park, October 19, 2021. https://jamesriverpark.org/project/manchester-climbing-wall/. Morgan, Lee. Eisbach Wave. 2011. Afar.com.

“Project Goals.” Atlanta Beltline. Accessed May 11, 2022. https://beltline.org/the-project/project-goals/. Satsop Nuclear Power Plant. The Spokesman-Review. Associated Press, 2010.

Stone, Sally. UnDoing Buildings: Adaptive Reuse and Cultural Memory. New York: Routledge, 2019. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315397221/undoing-buildings-sally-stone

AT I V E

Leach, Neil. Rethinking Architecture : A Reader in Cultural Theory. New York: Routledge, 1997. “The Story of Denver 80238.” Central Park Denver (formerly Stapleton), January 31, 2022. https://www.denver80238.com/community/our-story/. Tatlow, Andrew. Huddersfield Sailing Club Clubhouse. 2015. Geograph. Ugc. “Carpio Sanguinette Park.” Atlas Obscura. Atlas Obscura, June 14, 2019. https://www. atlasobscura.com/places/carpio-sanguinette-park. Ugc. “Eisbachwelle.” Atlas Obscura. Atlas Obscura, July 9, 2013. https://www.atlasobscura. com/places/eisbachwelle. Ugc. “House of Air.” Atlas Obscura. Atlas Obscura, December 16, 2010. https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/house-of-air. Ugc. “Huddersfield Sailing Club Race Control Tower.” Atlas Obscura. Atlas Obscura, December 10, 2010. https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/huddersfield-sailing-club-race-control-tower. Ugc. “The Earl of Sandwich.” Atlas Obscura. Atlas Obscura, Essence. November 8, 2016. https://www. atlasobscura.com/places/the-earl-of-sandwich-boston-massachusetts. Ugc. “The Ultimate Reuse Story: Satsop Nuclear Power Plant.” Atlas Obscura. Atlas Obscura, September 16, 2015. https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/satsop-nuclear-power-plant.

ARC 242 EXHIBITING THEORY: CURATING AN IDEA

donovan hernandez

TRANS

M R O F