Designing User Interfaces by John Grozik

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*ENIFER 4IDWELL Excerpted from the book, "Designing Interfaces: Patterns for Effective Interaction Design", by Jenifer Tidwell, published by O'Reilly Media Inc. ISBN 0-596-00803-1. Copyright 2005. Used by permission.

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EXAMPLES

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EXAMPLES

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USE WHEN

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HOW

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EXAMPLES

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CLOSABLE PANELS

475C@3 " " 2`SO[eSOdS` ;F

WHAT

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EXAMPLES

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MOVABLE PANELS

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WHAT

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USE WHEN

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WHY

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G]c` caSà [WUVb O^^`SQWObS O Âľ@SdS`b b] 2STOcZb :Og]cbÂś OQbW]\ a][SeVS`S ]\ bVS C7 WT bVSg USb Q][^ZSbSZg bO\UZSR c^ O\R Xcab eO\b b] abO`b ]dS` EVS\ g]c caOPWZWbg bSab ;]dOPZS >O\SZa eObQV Sa ^SQWOZZg T]` OQQWRS\bOZ Ô\SZ []dSaÂÓ caS` eV] c\W\bS\bW]\OZZg RÒUa O Ô\SZ W\b] O\ ]RR ^ZOQS [Og \]b Y\]e W[[SRWObSZg eVOb VS RWR ]` V]e b] c\R] Wb

EXAMPLES

475C@3 " ! 6S`S EW\O[^ Wa RWaOaaS[PZSR O\R `SO``O\USR

475C@3 " ! BVS bV`SS ^WSQSa bVOb [OYS c^ EW\O[^ QO\ PS VWRRS\ aV]e\ `SO`Ò\USR SdS\ aSÔÒbSR Q][^ZSbSZg T`][ SOQV ]bVS` O\R []dSR W\RS^S\RS\bZg BVS caS` QO\ []dS O ^WSQS Pg RÒUUW\U Wba bWbZSPO`) bVOb bWbZSPO` OZa] VOa ;W\W[WhS O\R 6WRS Pcbb]\a G]c QO\ P`W\U POQY VWRRS\ ^WSQSa dWO ^]^ c^ [S\c WbS[a 7\ bVWa aQ`SS\aV]b g]c QO\ aSS EW\O[^Â¸a RSTOcZb Q]\ÂżUcÒbW]\

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RIGHT LEFT ALIGNMENT

475C@3 " ! >O`b ]T O RWOZ]U P]f T`][ ;OQ`][SRWO 1]\b`WPcbS

WHAT

EVS\ RSaWU\W\U O be] Q]Zc[\ T]`[ ]` bOPZS `WUVb OZWU\ bVS ZOPSZa ]\ bVS ZSTb O\R ZSTb OZWU\ bVS WbS[a ]\ bVS `WUVb

USE WHEN

G]c¸`S ZOgW\U ]cb O T]`[ ]` O\g ]bVS` aSb ]T WbS[a bVOb VOdS bSfb ZOPSZa W\ T`]\b ]T bVS[ BVWa OZa] Q]cZR O^^Zg b] bVS W\bS`\OZ ab`cQbc`S ]T bOPZSa ]` O\g ]bVS` be] Q]Zc[\ ab`cQbc`S W\ eVWQV bVS `]ea aV]cZR PS `SOR ZSTb b] `WUVb

eV]ZS bVW\U bOYW\U ORdO\bOUS ]T Q]\bW\cWbg O\ ]bVS` 5SabOZb ^`W\QW^ZS BVWa ^]eS`TcZ SRUS UcWRSa bVS dWSeS`¸a SgSa a[]]bVZg R]e\ bVS ÔUS ac^ ^]`bW\U O U]]R dWacOZ À]e 7\ a][S ZOg]cba `WUVb OZWU\W\U bVS ZOPSZa Xcab R]Sa\¸b Z]]Y U]]R BVS ZOPSZa [WUVb VOdS eWRSZg dO`gW\U eWRbVa O Q]Zc[\ ]T WQ]\a [WUVb abO\R b] bVS ZSTb ]T bVS ZOPSZa ]` ^S`VOâ ZSTb OZWU\SR bWbZSa aSÔÒbS bVS T]`[¸a aSQbW]\aÓZZ ]T bVSaS T]`[Oba QO\ `cW\ O `WUVb ZSTb OZWU\[S\b bV]cUV \]b \SQSaaO`WZg 5] eWbV eVOb e]`Ya

WHY

EVS\ g]c ^cb bSfb `WUVb \Sfb b] bVS bVW\U Wb ZOPSZa g]c T]`[ O ab`]\U ^S`QS^bcOZ U`]c^W\U ]T bVOb ÔW`´[cQV []`S a] bVO\ WT bVSg eS`S aSÔÒbSR Pg O ZOÙS O[]c\b ]T aÔQS 7T g]c OZWU\ dO`WOPZS ZS\UbV ZOPSZa OZ]\U bVSW` ZSTb aWRSa bVS aV]`b ZOPSZa e]\¸b PS QZ]aS S\]cUV b] bVSW` Q]\b`]Za O\R bVS aWRS b] aWRS U`]c^W\U Wa P`]YS\ BVWa Wa bVS 5SabOZb ^`W\QW^ZS ]T ^`]fW[Wbg Ob e]`Y 7\ aV]`b ^S]^ZS []`S SOaWZg Q]\\SQb SOQV ZOPSZ b] Wba Oaa]QWObSR Q]\b`]Z eVS\ bVSg aSS `WUVb ZSTb OZWU\[S\b ;SO\eVWZS g]c aV]cZR OZeOga ZSTb OZWU\ Q]\b`]Za EVS\ Q][PW\SR eWbV bVS `WUVb OZWU\SR ZOPSZa O\R O c\WT]`[ aÔQW\U PSbeSS\ bVS[ bVSg VSZ^ T]`[ O \WQS ab`]\U R]cPZS SRUS R]e\ bVS [WRRZS ]T bVS

HOW

7\abSOR ]T ZSTb OZWU\W\U SOQV bSfb ZOPSZ `WUVb OZWU\ Wb 0`W\U Wb c^ QZ]aS b] Wba Q]\b`]Z aSÔÒbSR Pg ]\Zg O TSe ^WfSZa BVS \Sb STTSQb ^`]POPZg eWZZ PS O ÒUUSR c\OZWU\SR ZSTb SRUS´bVOb¸a cacOZZg =9 7T a][S ZOPSZa O`S b]] Z]\U b] [OYS bVWa e]`Y b`g P`SOYW\U bVS[ W\b] [cZbW^ZS ZW\Sa ]` `Sa]`b b] ^cb bW\U bVS ZOPSZa OP]dS bVS Q]\b`]Z W\ eVWQV QOaS bVWa ÔbbS`\ PSQ][Sa W``SZSdO\b BVS\ ZSTb OZWU\ bVS Q]\b`]Za OUOW\ab O\ W[OUW\O`g ZW\S O TSe ^WfSZa OeOg T`][ bVS `WUVb SRUSa ]T bVS ZOPSZa ;OYS bVS[ ^`SQWaSZg OZWU\SR ^WfSZ ^S`TSQb´WT bVSg¸`S \]b bVS Q]\b`]Za eWZZ Z]]Y [Saag BVS Vc[O\ dWacOZ agabS[ Wa `SOZZg U]]R Ob ^WQYW\U ]cb aZWUVb [WaOZWU\[S\ba

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/UOW\ bVS ]bVS` SRUS ]T bVS Q]\b`]Z Q]Zc[\ [Og PS `OUUSR BVObÂ¸a \]b a] U]]R WT g]cÂ¸`S RSOZW\U eWbV bSfb ÂżSZRa Q][P] P]fSa O\R ]bVS` dWacOZZg ÂľVSOdgÂś ]PXSQba Oa W\ 4WUc`S " ! B`g b] ab`SbQV

bVS[ a] bVSW` `WUVb SRUSa O`S OZWU\SR b]] b] eVOb SdS` SfbS\b g]c QO\ G]c OZa] QO\ b`g b] OZWU\ bVS aV]`b ]\Sa eWbV ]\S O\]bVS` O\R bVS Z]\U ]\Sa eWbV ]\S O\]bVS`

EXAMPLES

475C@3 " !! BVWa ÔbbS`\ OZa] e]`Ya eWbV ZOg]cba bVOb VOdS \] W\^cb Q]\b`]Za Ob OZZ BVWa ;OQ =A F ORR`Saa P]]Y S\b`g VOa dS`g ZWbbZS eVWbSaÔQS PSbeSS\ bVS be] Q]Zc[\a Pcb bVS RWTTS`S\QS W\ Q]Z]` VSZâ b] aSÔÒbS bVS[ dWacOZZg <]bWQS bVOb bVS ZOPSZ ÂľV][S ÔUSÂś Wa [cQV Z]\US` bVO\ bVS ]bVSà) bVWa e]cZR VOdS [ORS O ZSTbVO\R ZOPSZ OZWU\[S\b ZSaa ^ZSOaW\U b] bVS SgS O\R VO`RS` b] `SOR

475C@3 " !" /UOW\ bVS eWRSZg dO`gW\U ZOPSZ ZS\UbVa [SO\ bVOb O ZSTbVO\R ZOPSZ OZWU\[S\b e]cZR ^cb bVS ZOPSZa TO` TO` OeOg T`][ bVSW` `STS`S\ba BVWa Wa SOaWS` b] `SOR

2)'(4 ,%&4 !,)'.-%.4

DIAGONAL BALANCE

475C@3 " !# E]`R¸a 5`O^V =^bW]\a RWOZ]U P]f

WHAT

/`Ò\US ÔUS SZS[S\ba W\ O\ Oag[[Sb`WQ TOaVW]\ Pcb POZO\QS Wb Pg ^cbbW\U dWacOZ eSWUVb W\b] P]bV bVS c^^S` ZSTb O\R Z]eS` `WUVb Q]`\Sà

ac^^]`b bVWa dWacOZ À]e b]] BVS SgS ¿\OZZg Q][Sa b] `Sab ]\ SZS[S\ba `S^`SaS\bW\U eVOb bVS caS` [WUVb R] ZOab ZWYS QZ]aS bVWa C7 ]` U] a][SeVS`S SZaS

USE WHEN

G]c ZOg ]cb O ÔUS ]` RWOZ]U P]f bVOb VOa O bWbZS ]` VSORS` Ob bVS b]^ O\R a][S ZW\Ya ]` OQbW]\ Pcb b]\aácQV Oa =9 O\R 1O\QSZ AcP[Wb ]` 0OQY O\R <SfbÓb bVS P]bb][ BVS ÔUS Wa aV]`b S\]cUV b] ¿b ]\ bVS aQ`SS\ eWbV]cb aQ`]ZZW\U

WHY

DWacOZZg ^`][W\S\b TSObc`Sa acQV Oa bWbZSa bOPa O\R Pcbb]\a aV]cZR Q]\b`WPcbS b] O POZO\QSR Q][ ^]aWbW]\ ]\ bVS aQ`SS\ BVSg¸`S OZ`SORg Ob ]^^]aWbS S\Ra ]T bVS ÔUS) eVS\ g]c ^cb bVS[ ]\ ]^^]aWbS aWRSa b]] bVSg ]TbS\ POZO\QS ]\S O\]bVS` ]cb BVW\Y ]T bVS[ Oa eSWUVba´bVS PWUUS` ]` []`S µQ]\bÒabg¶ bVS TSObc`Sa O`S bVS VSOdWS` bVSg O`S) bVS QZ]aS` b] bVS SRUS bVSg USb bVS []`S g]c \SSR b] ^cb ]\ bVS ]bVS` aWRS b] Q][^S\aObS 0SaWRSa PSW\U \WQS` b] Z]]Y Ob O RWOU]\OZ POZO\QS OZa] aSba c^ bVS ÔUS a] bVOb bVS caS`¸a SgS []dSa SOaWZg T`][ bVS b]^ ZSTb b] bVS P]bb][ `WUVbÓ\ WRSOZ dWacOZ À]e T]` caSà eV] a^SOY ZSTb b] `WUVb ZO\UcOUSa ASS bVS QVO^bS` W\b`]RcQbW]\ T]` O RWa QcaaW]\ ]T dWacOZ À]e BVS `Sab ]T bVS ÔUS aV]cZR

HOW

>ZOQS bVS bWbZS bOPa ]` a][S ]bVS` ab`]\U SZS[S\b Ob bVS c^^S` ZSTb ]T bVS ÔUS) ^ZOQS bVS Pcbb]\ a Ob bVS Z]eS` `WUVb 1]\bS\b ]T O\g eWRbV U]Sa W\ PS beSS\ 7T bVS Q]\bS\b WbaSZT Q]\b`WPcbSa b] bVS POZ O\QS ]T bVS ÔUS a] [cQV bVS PSbbS`´R]\¸b ^cb b]] [cQV eVWbSaÔQS ]\ ]\Zg ]\S aWRS T]` W\abO\QS 1]\aWRS` eVOb bVS Q]Z]` RWOZ]U P]f OP]dS e]cZR Z]]Y ZWYS WT g]c ^caVSR bVS =9 O\R 1O\QSZ Pcbb]\a b] bVS ZSTb SRUS W\abSOR ]T bVS `WUVb SRUS BVS eV]ZS RWOZ]U e]cZR TSSZ ZSTb eSWUVbSR O\R ^`SQO`W]ca 7\ EW\R]ea bVS ^ZOQS[S\b ]T bVS bWbZS W\ bVS c^^S` ZSTb O\R bVS Q]\dS\bW]\OZ ^ZOQS[S\b ]T Pcbb]\a W\ bVS Z]eS` `WUVb R] bVWa T]` g]c Ocb][ObWQOZZg 7\ ;OQ =A F [O\g SZS[S\ba acQV Oa bWbZS POà bOPa O\R OQbW]\ Pcbb]\a O`S QS\bS`SRá] 2WOU]\OZ 0OZ O\QS Wa [cQV ZSaa Q][[]\ bVS`S 9SdW\ ;cZZSb¸a O\R 2O``SZZ AO\]¸a QZOaaWQ ^`S ESP P]]Y 2SaWU\W\U DWacOZ 7\bS`TOQSa Ac\ ;WQ`]aga bS[a RSaQ`WPSa bVS WRSO ]T RWOU]\OZ POZO\QS( µAg[[Sb`WQOZ ZOg]cba ^`]dWRS¬dWacOZ S_cWZWP`Wc[ Ocb][ObWQOZZg /ag[[Sb`WQOZ ZOg]cba QO\ OQVWSdS

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S_cWZWP`Wc[ Oa eSZZ Pcb bVSW` bS\aS` []`S R`O[ObWQ T]`[ ]T POZO\QS RS^S\Ra ]\ QO`STcZ [O\W^cZObW]\ b] Q][^S\aObS dWacOZZg T]` RWTTS`S\QSa W\ bVS aWhS

^]aWbW]\ O\R dOZcS ]T [OX]` SZS[S\ba Âś ASS PSZ]e T]` SfO[^ZSa ]T V]e g]c QO\ OQVWSdS bVWa POZO\QS

EXAMPLES

475C@3 " !$ / RWOU]\OZ POZO\QS QO\ e]`Y eWbV bSfb ]\Zg W\bS`TOQSa b]] 7\ bVWa PZ]U S\b`g bVS SgS U]Sa Âż`ab b] bVS c^^S` ZSTb `SORa bVS Q]\bS\b O\R bVS\ Q][Sa b] `Sab ]\ bVS ZW\Ya Ob bVS P]bb][ `WUVb BVSaS ZW\Ya O`S bVS Âľ\Sfb bVW\UaÂś bVS caS` [WUVb eO\b b] R] eWbV bVWa ^]abW\U BVS PZ]U Wa Ob Vbb^( SZSUO\bVOQY Q][

475C@3 " !% :WYSeWaS eWbV VSOdWZg UÒ^VWQ C7a BVS T]QOZ ^]W\ba W\ bVS aWbS aV]e\ VS`S O`S bVS Z]U] bVS []dW\U QO` bVS Âľ:SbÂ¸a ;]b]`Âś bOU ZW\S O\R bVS RSOZS` Z]QOb]` bSfb ÂżSZR Ob P]bb][ `WUVbÂÓZZ W\ O RWOU]\OZ ZW\S O^^`]fW[ObSZg BVS []bW]\ ]T bVS ^V]b]UÒ^V ^caVSa bVS SgS R]e\ O\R `WUVb SdS\ []`S T]`QSTcZZg bVO\ bVS ]bVS` SfO[^ZSa C\R]cPbSRZg bVS RSaWU\Sà ]T bVS aWbS eO\bSR b] S\Q]cÒUS ^S]^ZS b] caS bVS bSfb ÂżSZR 7T Wb eS`S Ob bVS P]bb][ ZSTb W\abSOR bVS ÔUS e]cZR Z]aS [cQV ]T Wba ^c\QV O\R bVS bSfb ÂżSZR [WUVb USb Z]ab W\ bVS ÔUS ASS Vbb^( [W\WcaO Q][

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PROPERTY SHEET

475C@3 " !& DWacOZ AbcRW] ^`]^S`bg aVSSb

WHAT

CaS O be] Q]Zc[\ ]` T]`[ abgZS ZOg]cb b] aV]e bVS caS` bVOb O\ ]PXSQbÂ¸a ^`]^S`bWSa O`S SRWbSR ]\ bVWa ^OUS

USE WHEN

BVS W\bS`TOQS ^`SaS\ba O\ SRWbOPZS ]PXSQb b] bVS caS`Â´^S`VO^a a][SbVW\U PcWZb W\ O U`O^VWQOZ SRW b]` O RObOPOaS `SQ]`R ]` _cS`g ]` a][S R][OW\ a^SQWÂżQ WbS[ ZWYS O QO` ]` O ab]QY ^c`QVOaS BVS caS` \SSRa b] QVO\US bVS ^`]^S`bWSa ]` Obb`WPcbSa ]T bVS ]PXSQb WHY

;]ab caSà ]T dWacOZ PcWZRSà O`S TO[WZWO` eWbV bVS Q]\QS^b ]T O ^`]^S`bg aVSSbÂÓ ZWab ]T ]PXSQb ^`]^ S`bWSa ]` aSbbW\Ua aSb T]`bV W\ O ^`SaQ`WPSR ]`RS` SRWbOPZS dWO Q]\b`]Za O^^`]^`WObS T]` bVS ^`]^S`bg bg^Sa acQV Oa bSfb ÂżSZRa T]` ab`W\Ua ]` R`]^R]e\a

T]` ]\S ]T [O\g QV]WQSa ESZZ RSaWU\SR ^`]^S`bg aVSSba O`S US\SÒZZg SOag b] caS aW[^Zg PSQOcaS bVSg T]ZZ]e eSZZ c\RSàb]]R Q]\dS\bW]\a >`]^S`bg aVSSba QO\ OZa] VSZ^ bVS caS` PcWZR O Q]` `SQb [S\bOZ []RSZ ]T bVS ]PXSQba W\ bVS C7 / ^`]^ S`bg aVSSb bSZZa bVS caS` eVOb bVS ]PXSQbÂ¸a ^`]^S` bWSa O`S O\R eVOb dOZcSa O`S OdOWZOPZS T]` SOQV ]T bVS[ Sa^SQWOZZg W\ O^^ZWQObW]\a bVOb [Wf EGA7 EG5 SRWbW\U eWbV ^`]UÒ[[W\U acQV Oa 5C7 PcWZRSà eSP ÔUS PcWZRSà O\R bW[S POaSR aQ`W^bW\U O\R O\W[ObW]\ b]]Za >`]^S`bg SRWb]à bVca VSZ^ bVS caS` ZSO`\ V]e b] caS bVS agabS[ /ZbS`\ObWdSa b] ^`]^S`bg aVSSba [WUVb W\QZcRS [S\ca O\R RW`SQb [O\W^cZObW]\ / [S\c QO\ ^`] dWRS OQQSaa b] O a[OZZ VO\RTcZ ]T aW[^ZS P]]ZSO\ ]` ]\S ]T [O\g ^`]^S`bWSa 7T caSà ]\Zg \SSR b] SRWb O TSe ^`]^S`bWSa T]` O\ ]PXSQb bVS\ O ^`]^S`bg aVSSb [Og PS b]] VSOdgeSWUVb O a]ZcbW]\ / caS`

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e]cZR \SSR b] P`W\U Wb c^ Z]]Y Ob Wb T]` O TÒQbW]\ ]T O aSQ]\R ¿Uc`S ]cb eVWQV ^`]^S`bg b] SRWb SRWb Wb O\R [OgPS QZ]aS bVS ^`]^S`bg aVSSb OUOW\ BVOb¸a O Z]b ]T e]`Y Pcb bVS ORdO\bOUS Wa bVOb Wb aQOZSa c^ eSZZ 7T bVS caS` QVO\USa O Z]b ]T ^`]^S` bWSa W\ acQQSaaW]\ bVS\ bVOb ^`]^S`bg aVSSb QO\ abOg c^ O\R OdOWZOPZS BVSg OZa] ^S`[Wb OQQSaa b] dOab \c[PSà ]T ^`]^S`bWSa Ob ]\QS c\ZWYS [S\ca eVWQV ab]^ PSW\U caOPZS eVS\ bVSg USb Z]\US` bVO\ OP]cb SWUVb ^`]^S`bWSa 2W`SQb [O\W^cZObW]\ Wa O RWTTS`S\b O\W[OZ S\bW`SZg 4]` W\abO\QS g]c QO\ RÒU `SaWhS `]bObS ]` ZOgS` UÒ^VWQ ]PXSQba ]\ O QO\dOa eWbV \] VSZ^ T`][ Ocf WZWO`g eW\R]ea Ob OZZ´bVOb Q]dSà O Z]b ]T ^`]^S` bWSa /\gbVW\U bVOb ¿ba W\b] O \WQS dWacOZ [SbO^V]` QO\ SaQO^S bVS \SSR T]` O ^`]^S`bg aVSSb 0cb WT Wb R]Sa\¸b ^`]^S`bg aVSSba PSQ][S \SQSaaO`g BVSg [Og OZa] PS \SQSaaO`g WT a][S caSà eO\b bVS ^`S QWaW]\ ]T bg^SR \c[PSà T]` []dS[S\b `]bObW]\ O\R aW[WZO` ^`]^S`bWSa HOW

BVS ]\Zg Q][[]\OZWbg VS`S Wa bVOb bVS dO`W]ca SRWb Q]\b`]Za O`S ZOPSZSR eWbV bVS \O[Sa ]T bVS ^`]^S` bWSa bVSg SRWb EVS\ bVS caS` ¿\WaVSa ¿ZZW\U W\ dOZ cSa bVS \Se ^`]^S`bg dOZcSa O`S e`WbbS\ ]cb b] bVS ]PXSQb BVSaS WaacSa cacOZZg Q][S c^ eVS\ RSaWU\W\U ^`]^S`bg aVSSba( :Og]cb A][S agabS[a caS O be] Q]Zc[\ bOPZS eWbV Q]\b`]Za bVOb O^^SO` eVS\ bVS caS` QZWQYa bVS dOZcSa aV]e\ W\ bVS `WUVbVO\R Q]Zc[\ DWacOZ 0OaWQ aSS[a b] PS bVS RS TOQb] abO\RO`R T]` bVWa O^^`]OQV =bVSà Z]]Y []`S ZWYS T]`[a ]` RWOZ]U P]fSa bVO\ bOPZSa´bVSg [WUVb VOdS bSfb TWSZRa aWbbW\U \Sfb b] ]bVS` Q]\b`]Za ]` SRW b]à bVOb O`S aSdSÒZ ZW\Sa bOZZ CaS g]c` XcRU [S\b BOPZSa [WUVb PS []`S `SQ]U\WhOPZS Oa ^`]^S`bg aVSSba Pcb T]`[a QO\ PS TO` []`S TZSfWPZS W\ bVSW` ^`SaS\bObW]\ ]T bVS ^`]^S`bg SRWbW\U Q]\b`]ZaáSS bVS 7ZZcabÒb]` SfO[^ZS

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EXAMPLES

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USE WHEN

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HOW

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EXAMPLES

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WHAT

/a bVS caS` `SaWhSa bVS eW\R]e `SaWhS bVS ^OUS Q]\bS\ba OZ]\U eWbV Wb a] bVS ^OUS Wa Q]\abO\bZg µ¿ZZSR ¶ USE WHEN

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WHY

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HOW

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EXAMPLES

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