TEST BANK for Society: The Basics, 15th edition by Macionis John. ISBN 9780134733401, ISBN-13 978-01 by digitaldownload87

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Chapter 1: Sociology: Perspective, Theory, and Method In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Society: The Basics, 15th edition. The questions are tagged according to four levels of learning that move from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The four levels are: Remember the Facts: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material Understand the Concepts: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas Apply What You Know: a question applying sociological knowledge to some new situation Analyze It: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship The 182 questions in this chapter’s test bank are divided into four types. True/False questions are the least demanding. As the table below shows, two-thirds of these are “Remember the Facts” questions, and all of them fall within the lowest three levels of cognitive reasoning (“Remember the Facts,” “Understand the Concepts,” and “Apply What You Know”). Multiple-choice questions span a broader range of skills (almost half are “Remember the Facts” questions and the remainder are divided among the three higher levels). Short answer questions also span a broad range of skills (from “Understand the Concepts” to “Analyze It”). Finally, essay questions are the most demanding because they include the highest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Apply What You Know” and “Analyze It”). Types of Questions

Remember the Facts Understand the Concepts Apply What You Know Analyze It

True/False

Mult Choice

Essay

Total Qs

43 (43%)

Short Answer 0

35 (64%)

14 (25%)

22 (22%)

7 (41%)

6 (11%)

14 (14%)

2 (12%)

2 (20%)

0 55

21 (21%) 100

8 (47%) 17

8 (80%) 10

37 182

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Chapter 1: Sociology: Perspective, Theory, and Method TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. Most people in the United States marry partners who differ from themselves in terms of race and ethnicity. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2. According to sociologists, human behavior reflects our personal “free will.” Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 3. Sociology is defined as the systematic study of human society. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4. Sociologists focus only on unusual patterns of behavior. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. Using the sociological perspective, we would conclude that people’s lives are mostly a result of what they decide to do. Answer: False

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 6. College students in the U.S. tend to come from families with above-average incomes. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 7. Durkheim documented that categories of people with weaker social ties have lower suicide rates. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8. In the United States, African Americans have a higher suicide rate than whites. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9. In the United States, men have a higher suicide rate than women. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10. In the United States, white people have a lower suicide rate than Hispanics. Answer: False

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 11. People with lower social standing are usually more likely to see the world from a sociological perspective than people who are well off. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 12. U.S. sociologist C. Wright Mills argued that times of social crisis foster widespread sociological thinking. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 13. C. Wright Mills claimed that, most of the time, people must learn to take responsibility for their own problems. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 14. A global perspective has little in common with a sociological perspective. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15. Societies around the world are more interconnected than ever before.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 16. Studying other societies is a good way to learn about our own way of life. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 17. In the nineteenth century, revolutionary changes in European societies sparked the development of sociology. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 18. As a discipline, sociology first took root in France, Germany, and England. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 19. Among all academic disciplines, sociology is one of the youngest. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 20. The term “sociology” was coined by Emile Durkheim in 1898.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 21. Ancient philosophers, including Plato, were primarily interested in imagining the “ideal” society rather than studying society as it really is. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 22. The last of Comte’s three stages is the metaphysical stage, in which people know the world in terms of God’s will. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 23. The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes believed that society reflected the basic goodness of human nature. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 24. Auguste Comte was a positivist who believed that there were laws of society in the same way that there are laws of physics that describe the operation of the natural world. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25. Based on the research by Barbara Ehrenreich, who tried to live by working at lowwage jobs, we would expect most people in such jobs to be able to move ahead to better paying work. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for developing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career. Topic: Applying the Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 26. Sociological research may be interesting, but it is of little use in shaping public policy, including legislation. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for developing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career. Topic: Applying the Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 27. The sociological perspective helps us to assess the truth of the “common sense” beliefs most people tend to take for granted. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for developing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career. Topic: Applying the Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 28. The sociological perspective highlights how society affects only the least privileged people. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for developing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career. Topic: Applying the Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 29. Sociology is useful training for any job that involves working with people. Answer: True

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for developing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career. Topic: Applying the Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 30. Sociologists test their theories by gathering facts in order to confirm, reject, or modify them. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 31. The chapter explains that, in general, areas of the country with high population density have high rates of suicide. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 32. The structural-functional, social-conflict, and symbolic-interaction approaches are three basic theoretical approaches in sociology. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 33. According to Robert K. Merton, all social patterns are good and have the same beneficial effect on all members of a society. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 34. Rarely are people aware of all the functions of any social structure. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 35. Keeping young people out of a tight labor market is one latent function of higher education. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 36. The manifest functions of our society’s reliance on personal automobiles include tens of thousands of deaths each year in traffic accidents. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 37. To say that a social pattern is “dysfunctional” means that it has more than one function for the operation of society. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 38. The goal of the structural-functional approach is not simply to understand how society operates, but to reduce social inequality. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 39. In the United States, secondary schools place students in college preparatory or vocational “tracks” that partially reflect the social background of their families. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 40. Both feminism and the gender-conflict approach highlight ways in which women are unequal to men. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 41. W. E. B. Du Bois translated the writings of Auguste Comte from French into English. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 42. Harriet Martineau, who wrote about the evils of slavery and the need to improve the lives of factory workers, is regarded as the first woman sociologist. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 43. Both Jane Addams and Harriet Martineau are remembered today because they were married to important sociologists. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 44. Like the gender-conflict approach, the race-conflict approach is concerned with social inequality. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

45. W. E. B. Du Bois wrote a classic study of the African American community in Philadelphia. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 46. William Edward Burghardt Du Bois encouraged sociologists to avoid studying controversial topics such as racial inequality. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 47. Both Karl Marx and W. E. B. Du Bois carried out their work guided by the structuralfunctional approach. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 48. The symbolic-interaction approach is a micro-level orientation. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 49. The focus of the symbolic-interaction approach is how society is divided by class, race, and gender. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

50. Social-exchange analysis is one micro-level approach to understanding social interaction. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 51. Sociological research shows that all categories of people in the United States have had the same opportunities to participate in sports. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.6: Explain why a researcher might choose each of sociology’s research methods. Topic: Research Methods Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 52. “Stacking” in sports is the pattern by which people of one racial category disproportionately play in specific positions. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.6: Explain why a researcher might choose each of sociology’s research methods. Topic: Research Methods Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 53. The meaning people find in competitive sports would be one focus of a symbolicinteraction approach. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.6: Explain why a researcher might choose each of sociology’s research methods. Topic: Research Methods Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 54. A symbolic-interaction analysis focuses on how social interaction in everyday settings involves social inequality. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.6: Explain why a researcher might choose each of sociology’s research methods. Topic: Research Methods

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 55. Sociological generalizations are the same as simple stereotypes. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.6: Explain why a researcher might choose each of sociology’s research methods. Topic: Research Methods Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 56. What might a sociologist say about people’s selection of marriage partners? a. People marry because they fall in love. b. When it comes to romance, it is all a matter of personal taste. c. Typically, a person marries someone of similar social position. d. When it comes to love, opposites attract. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 57. What does the idea that the social world guides our actions and life choices just as the seasons influence activities and choice of clothing describe? a. The basis of what philosophy calls “free will” b. The essential wisdom of the discipline of sociology c. The fact that people everywhere have “common sense” d. The fact that people from countries all around the world make mostly identical choices about how to live Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 58. Which discipline defines itself as “the systematic study of human society”? a. Sociology b. Psychology

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

c. d.

Economics History

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 59. Peter Berger describes using the sociological perspective as seeing the ________ in the ________. a. good; worst tragedies b. new; old c. specific; general d. general; particular Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 60. By stating that the sociological perspective shows us “the strange in the familiar,” the text argues that sociologists ________ a. focus on the bizarre elements of society. b. reject the familiar idea that people simply decide how to act in favor of the initially strange idea that society shapes our lives. c. believe that people often behave in strange ways. d. believe that even people who are most familiar to us have some very strange habits. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 61. Three campus roommates are talking about why they are in college. A sociological view of going to college highlights the effect of ________ a. only age, because college students tend to be young. b. only class, because college students tend to come from families with aboveaverage incomes.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

c. d.

only our place in history, because a century ago going to college was not an option for most people. age, class, and our place in history, because of these are all ways in which society guides college attendance.

Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 62. The chapter’s sociological analysis of childbearing around the world suggests that the number of children born to a woman reflects ________ a. only her preference for family size. b. how many children she can afford. c. whether she lives in a poor or a rich society. d. simply the desires of her husband. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 63. According to Emile Durkheim, categories of people with a higher suicide rate typically have ________ a. more clinical depression. b. less money, power, and other resources. c. lower levels of social integration. d. higher self-esteem. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 64. The pioneering sociologist who studied patterns of suicide in Europe was ________ a. Robert K. Merton. b. Auguste Comte. c. Emile Durkheim. d. Karl Marx.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 65. In the United States today, the suicide rate is highest for which of the following categories of people? a. White males b. African American males c. White females d. African American females Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 66. Because there is more social isolation in rural areas of the United States than in urban areas, we would expect suicide rates to be ________ a. higher in urban areas. b. higher in rural areas. c. high in both urban and rural areas. d. low in both urban and rural areas. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 67. Sociologists use the term “social marginality” to refer to ________ a. people who have little understanding of sociology. b. people who have special social skills. c. people who are defined by others as an “outsider.” d. people who are especially sensitive about their family background. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 68. If social marginality encourages sociological thinking, we would expect people in which category listed below to make the most use of the sociological perspective? a. The wealthy b. Disabled persons or people who are a racial minority c. Politicians d. The middle class Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 69. Following the thinking of C. Wright Mills, we would expect the sociological imagination to be more widespread in a population ________ a. during times of peace and prosperity. b. among the very rich. c. among very religious people. d. during times of social crisis. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 70. C. Wright Mills claimed that the “sociological imagination” transformed ________ a. common sense into laws of society. b. people into supporters of the status quo. c. personal problems into public issues. d. scientific research into common sense. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 71. The United States falls within which category of the world’s nations? a. Low-income nations b. Middle-income nations

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

c. d.

High-income nations Socially marginalized nations

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 72. Countries in which average people’s income is typical for the world as a whole and in which people are as likely to live in a rural area as in an urban area are categorized as ________ a. low-income nations. b. middle-income nations. c. high-income nations. d. socially marginalized nations. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 73. The nations of Western Europe, Israel, Japan, and Australia fall into which category of countries? a. Low-income nations b. Middle-income nations c. High-income nations d. Socially marginalized nations Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 74. Almost all of Latin America (excluding Mexico) and almost all of Asia falls in the category of ________ a. low-income nations. b. middle-income nations. c. high-income nations. d. socially marginalized nations. Answer: b Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 75. Understanding the differences between countries encourages ________ a. an increase in global poverty. b. increasing gender inequality. c. increasing our understanding of both of our own lives and the lives of others. d. increasing global wealth. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 76. About 1 million immigrants enter the United States each year and many (including Arnold Schwarzenegger and Gloria Estefan) have become well known. These facts support the conclusion that ________ a. the world’s nations are increasingly interconnected. b. other nations have little effects on life in rich countries such as the United States. c. people around the world share little in terms of their ways of life. d. sociology does not have to pay attention to nations other than the United States. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 77. Gaining a global understanding is ________ a. unimportant because the United States is so rich and there is little reason for us to learn about other nations. b. important for college students because most new U.S. jobs involve international trade. c. unimportant since there is no longer very much poverty in the world. d. important although people the world over have ways of life that are mostly the same. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 78. Social problems in the United States, such as poverty and gender inequality, are ________ a. less serious in poorer countries. b. more serious in poorer countries. c. equally serious in poorer countries. d. unheard of in poorer countries. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 79. Sarah is spending a summer living in another country where people have a way of life that differs from her own. A sociologist might expect that this experience would lead her to ________ a. end up with a greater understanding of both a new way of life and her own way of life. b. accept what people in the United States call “common sense.” c. assume that people’s lives simply reflect the choices they make. d. gradually understand less and less about her own way of life. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 80. Among the historical changes that stimulated the development of sociology as a discipline was ________ a. the founding of the Roman Catholic church. b. the rise of the industrial economy and growth of cities. c. the power of tradition. d. a belief that our futures are defined by “fate.” Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

81. We would expect the sociological perspective to be most likely to develop in a place that was ________ a. very traditional. b. experiencing many social changes. c. very poor. d. small and socially isolated. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 82. Sociology first appeared as a formal discipline in ________ a. the United States. b. Japan. c. France. d. China. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 83. The term “sociology” was coined in 1838 by ________ a. Karl Marx. b. Herbert Spencer. c. Adam Smith. d. Auguste Comte. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 84. Sociology differs from the older discipline of philosophy by focusing on ________ a. what the ideal society should be. b. human nature. c. the place of God in shaping human events. d. how society actually operates.

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Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 85. The major goal of sociology’s pioneers, including Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim, was ________ a. to serve the powerful. b. to help build an “ideal society.” c. to discover how society actually operates. d. to prevent disruptive social change. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 86. Comte described the earliest human societies as being at which stage of historical development? a. Theological stage b. Metaphysical stage c. Scientific stage d. Post-scientific stage Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 87. According to Auguste Comte, people living in Europe during the Middle Ages thought of society as ________ a. a system operating according to its own laws. b. chaotic and having little order or form. c. an expression of God’s will. d. a system of behavior according to natural laws. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives.

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Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 88. The ancient Romans saw the stars as being gods. Auguste Comte would classify Roman society as being in which of the following stages of history? a. Scientific stage b. Metaphysical stage c. Theological stage d. Post-scientific stage Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 89. According to Auguste Comte, people begin to try to understand how social life operates as their society enters which stage of development? a. Theological stage b. Metaphysical stage c. Scientific stage d. Post-scientific stage Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 90. Thomas Hobbes’s idea that society reflects a selfish human nature illustrates the thinking common at which of Comte’s historical stages? a. Theological stage b. Metaphysical stage c. Scientific stage d. Post-scientific stage Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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91. According to Auguste Comte, the type of thinking favored by people such as Thomas Edison, the inventor of the light bulb, becomes common in a society at which stage of societal development? a. Theological stage b. Metaphysical stage c. Scientific stage d. Post-scientific stage Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 92. When did sociology become established as an academic discipline in the United States? a. During the Middle Ages b. About 1800 c. About 1900 d. About 2000 Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 93. Most of today’s sociologists agree with Auguste Comte’s claim that ________ a. no society has reached the scientific stage of history. b. human behavior is not patterned and orderly. c. sociology should be based on religion. d. science has an important place in sociology. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 94. Sociologists cannot identify “laws of society” that allow us to precisely predict the behavior of an individual because ________ a. human behavior may be patterned, but it is also spontaneous. b. sociology is still very young.

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c. d.

no sociologist ever tried to discover such laws. no sociologist would wish to predict human behavior.

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 95. Making use of the sociological perspective encourages ________ a. challenging many commonly-held beliefs. b. accepting all commonly-held wisdom. c. the belief that society is mysterious. d. people to be happy with their lives as they are. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for developing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career. Topic: Applying the Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 96. Sociologist Lenore Weitzman carried out research showing that women who divorce ________ a. typically remarry within one year. b. claim they are happier than before. c. suffer a significant loss of income. d. have a happier sex life. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for developing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career. Topic: Applying the Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 97. Learning more sociology can help you ________ a. understand how people have little control over their lives. b. assess the opportunities and constraints in our lives. c. understand that people should just be happy with their lives. d. see how individuals guide their own lives through “free will.” Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for developing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career.

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Topic: Applying the Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 98. In the feature about Barbara Ehrenreich working at low-wage jobs, we learned that she ________ a. was able to make a good living right from the start. b. worked very hard, but barely made enough money to pay for her basic needs. c. found most of her coworkers to be dull and lazy. d. was eventually convinced that personal ability is everything. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for developing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career. Topic: Applying the Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 99. Which of the following statements best illustrates the career advantage a person gains by studying sociology? a. A researcher discovers a new and effective vaccine. b. A person in retail sales knows how to exceed the monthly sales target. c. A police officer understands which categories of people are at high risk of becoming victims of crime. d. A financial services worker devises a new type of hedge fund. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for developing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career. Topic: Applying the Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 100. Sociology provides an advantage to students preparing for later careers by preparing them for work ________ a. only as teachers of sociology. b. only in criminal justice or social work. c. only as clinical sociologists. d. in teaching, criminal justice, business, and many other careers. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for developing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career. Topic: Applying the Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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101. Examples of people applying their knowledge of sociology at work include people in medicine ________ a. declining to treat certain categories of people. b. understanding patterns of health in a community. c. working as clinical sociologists. d. understanding that factors like race, class and gender have no effect on wellbeing. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for developing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career. Topic: Applying the Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 102. A statement that explains how and why specific facts are related is called a(n) ________ a. approach. b. precept. c. concept. d. theory. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 103. To evaluate a theory using evidence, sociologists ________ a. gather data or facts. b. accept the conventional wisdom of their society. c. are guided by their personal feelings about the issue. d. look to the past for guidance. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 104. If we state that children raised in single-parent families are at high risk of being single parents themselves, we have constructed a ________ of family life. a. paradigm b. precept c. concept

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theory

Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 105. In deciding what kinds of questions to ask in their research, sociologists are guided by ________ a. one or more theoretical approaches. b. their own common sense. c. our society's traditional wisdom. d. sheer chance. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 106. Looking at the United States, high suicide rates are typical of areas in which people ________ a. live densely packed in cities. b. live spread apart in rural areas. c. have higher incomes. d. live in a warmer climate. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 107. The early sociologists Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim used the ________ a. the structural-functional approach. b. the social-conflict approach. c. the symbolic-interaction approach. d. theological approach. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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108. The theoretical approach in sociology that assumes society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the ________ a. structural-functional approach. b. social-conflict approach. c. symbolic-interaction approach. d. tradition-based approach. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 109. Which concept is used to describe relatively stable patterns of social behavior? a. Social structure b. Manifest functions c. Social functions d. Social dysfunctions Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 110. The structural-functional approach is concerned with ________ a. the meaning people attach to their behavior. b. patterns of social inequality. c. the consequences of social patterns for the operation of society. d. ways in which each person differs from all others. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 111. Identify the three sociologists who played a part in the development of sociology’s structural-functional approach. a. Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, W. E. B. Du Bois b. Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim c. Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Auguste Comte d. Harriet Martineau, Robert Merton, W. E. B. Du Bois Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches.

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Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 112. Herbert Spencer described human society as a complex system having much in common with ________ a. animal societies. b. planets and stars. c. the human brain. d. the human body. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 113. Who was the U.S. sociologist who distinguished between the manifest functions and the latent functions of social patterns? a. Robert K. Merton b. William Graham Sumner c. Talcott Parsons d. C. Wright Mills Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 114. The recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern are referred to as ________ a. latent functions. b. manifest functions. c. eufunctions. d. dysfunctions. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 115. Unrecognized and unintended consequences of a social pattern are called ________ a. latent functions. b. manifest functions.

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c. d.

operational functions. dysfunctions.

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 116. An example of a latent function of college is ________ a. providing skills needed for later jobs. b. keeping young people out of a tight labor force, which may not have jobs for them. c. gaining the knowledge required to be an active and thoughtful citizen. d. giving young people experience living on their own. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 117. Social structures sometimes have negative consequences for the operation of society as a whole. Which of the following concepts refers to these negative consequences? a. Social structure b. Manifest functions c. Social functions d. Social dysfunctions Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 118. Robert Merton explained that what is functional for people in one category of a society’s population ________ a. is always functional for everyone. b. may not be functional for people in another category. c. is unlikely to change over time. d. can never be functional in the future. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate

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Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 119. Understanding marriage using the structural-functional approach might prompt you to consider ________ a. what people think marriage means. b. how marriage benefits women and men unequally. c. the consequences of marriage for the operation of society. d. how can we help people find more pleasure in their marriages. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 120. The main characteristic of the ________ approach is its view of society as being orderly and stable. a. structural-functional b. social-conflict c. social-interaction d. tradition-based Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 121. An accurate criticism of the structural-functional approach is that it ________ a. ignores inequality that can generate tension and conflict. b. focuses too much on social dysfunction. c. focuses too much on power divisions in society. d. is a politically liberal view of society. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 122. A limitation of the structural-functional approach is that it ________ a. is not concerned with the consequences of patterns of social behavior. b. is not focused on macro-level social structures. c. does not use the sociological perspective. d. focuses on stability at the expense of conflict.

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Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 123. The “framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change” is the ________ a. structural-functional approach. b. social-conflict approach. c. symbolic-interaction approach. d. tradition-based approach. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 124. The social-conflict approach draws attention to ________ a. how elements contribute to the overall operation of society. b. how people construct meaning in their interaction. c. patterns of social inequality. d. the stable aspects of society. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 125. Looking at the operation of U.S. schools guided by the social-conflict approach might lead a sociologist to conclude that ________ a. the function of schools is to teach needed skills. b. the meaning of schooling varies from child to child. c. schools have been a major path to social advancement. d. our society provides some students with far better schooling than others. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 126. Using the social-conflict approach, a sociologist might highlight ________ a. income differences among young people in high school.

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b. c. d.

gender inequality in college sports. racial inequality in a company’s hiring and promotion practices. the functions of a social institution such as the family.

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 127. Karl Marx, speaking for the social-conflict approach, argued that the point of studying society was ________ a. to understand how society really operates. b. to compare U.S. society to others. c. to foster support for a nation’s government. d. to bring about greater social equality. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 128. ________ had an important influence on the development of the social-conflict approach. a. Karl Marx b. Talcott Parsons c. Emile Durkheim d. Herbert Spencer Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 129. The social-conflict approach sometimes receives criticism for ________ a. focusing on values that everyone shares. b. being openly political. c. promoting the status quo. d. ignoring factors like class. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult

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Skill Level: Analyze It 130. A sociologist using the gender-conflict approach might state that ________ a. men and women share in the joys of family life. b. in many ways, men are in positions of power over women. c. gender functions in an important way to keep society operating. d. men and women enjoy equal rights and privileges in our society. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 131. Who helped launch the discipline of sociology by studying the evils of slavery and also by translating the writings of Auguste Comte? a. Harriet Martineau b. Jane Addams c. Elizabeth Cady Stanton d. Dorothea Dix Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 132. Which pioneering sociologist founded Chicago’s Hull House to assist immigrants and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize? a. Jane Addams b. Harriet Martineau c. W. E. B. Du Bois d. Herbert Spencer Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 133. Which early sociologist received the first doctorate ever awarded by Harvard University to a person of color? a. Jane Addams b. Harriet Martineau c. W. E. B. Du Bois d. Herbert Spencer

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Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 134. Which early U.S. sociologist studied the African American community and served as a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)? a. Jane Addams b. Harriet Martineau c. W. E. B. Du Bois d. Herbert Spencer Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 135. Which theoretical approach would highlight the fact that, on average, African American families have less income than white families? a. The race-conflict approach b. The gender-conflict approach c. The structural-functional approach d. The symbolic-interaction approach Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 136. W. E. B. Du Bois claimed that ________ was the major problem facing the United States during the twentieth century. a. class b. race c. gender d. ethnicity Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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137. W. E. B. Du Bois described African Americans as having a “double consciousness” because ________ a. most African Americans felt that, compared to white people, they had to be twice as careful in how they acted. b. there is a double disadvantage in being both poor and black. c. African Americans have to work twice as hard as whites to get the same reward. d. African Americans are American citizens who have a second identity based on skin color. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 138. The ________ approaches are macro-level, describing societies in broad, structural terms. a. structural-functional and social-conflict b. structural-functional and symbolic-interaction c. social-conflict and symbolic-interaction d. gender-conflict and symbolic-interaction Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 139. Which of the following examples illustrates a micro-level focus? a. The operation of the U.S. economy b. Patterns of global terrorism c. Two people traveling on an airplane getting to know one another d. Class inequality in the armed forces Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 140. The basic idea of the symbolic-interaction approach is that society is ________ a. an arena of conflict between categories of people. b. the product of people interacting in countless everyday situations. c. a system that operates to benefit people. d. a system that generates social inequality.

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Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 141. Which theoretical approach claims that it is not so much what people do that matters as much as what meaning they attach to their behavior? a. Structural-functional approach b. Social-conflict approach c. Symbolic-interaction approach d. Social-exchange approach Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 142. _________, one of the founding sociologists, urged sociologists to understand a social setting from the point of view of the people in it. a. Karl Marx b. Emile Durkheim c. Auguste Comte d. Max Weber Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 143. A social-exchange analysis states that ________ a. people typically seek mates who offer as much as they do. b. class differences are reflected in favored sports. c. people build reality as they introduce themselves. d. people who do more important work usually earn more pay. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 144. A criticism of the symbolic-interaction approach is that it ________

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a. b. c. d.

calls attention to major social institutions. says little about the influence of structural factors such as culture, class, gender, and race. paints a very positive picture of society. says little about how individuals actually experience society.

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 145. A limitation of the symbolic-interaction approach is that it ________ a. is not concerned with the meaning people attach to behavior. b. is not focused on macro-level social structures. c. does not use the sociological perspective. d. does not focus on the widespread influence of class or culture. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 146. The symbolic-interaction approach focuses on how ________ a. society is held together. b. society is divided. c. people experience society. d. some people protect their privileges. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 147. ________ is a way of understanding the world based on science. a. Tradition b. Positivism c. Metaphysics d. Free will Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Describe sociology’s three research orientations. Topic: Three Ways to Do Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy

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Skill Level: Remember the Facts 148. A manifest function of sports is ________ a. providing recreation and physical conditioning. b. fostering social relationships. c. generating jobs. d. teaching a society’s way of life. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.6: Explain why a researcher might choose each of sociology’s research methods. Topic: Research Methods Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 149. Building social relationships and creating tens of thousands of jobs are two of the _________ of sports. a. manifest functions b. latent functions c. dysfunctions d. non-functions Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.6: Explain why a researcher might choose each of sociology’s research methods. Topic: Research Methods Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 150. A social-conflict approach to sports would be an analysis of ________ a. the way in which sports help encourage competition. b. the importance of physical ability in success. c. how sports reflect social inequality. d. the different meanings people attach to games. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.6: Explain why a researcher might choose each of sociology’s research methods. Topic: Research Methods Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 151. Racial discrimination in professional sports is evident today in ________ a. the positions typically played by white and black players. b. the exclusion of African American players from professional sports. c. the fact that most managers and team owners are African American.

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the fact that women’s sports attract less attention than men’s sports.

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.6: Explain why a researcher might choose each of sociology’s research methods. Topic: Research Methods Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 152. A symbolic-interaction analysis of sports would conclude that ________ a. winning at sports means different things to different people. b. some categories of people benefit more than others from sports. c. sports help develop important cultural values. d. “stacking” is a type of racial inequality in sports. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.6: Explain why a researcher might choose each of sociology’s research methods. Topic: Research Methods Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 153. Using the symbolic-interaction approach, sports becomes ________ a. a structure that contributes to the functioning of society. b. a matter of social inequality. c. less a system than an ongoing process of interaction. d. just a game without any meaning. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.6: Explain why a researcher might choose each of sociology’s research methods. Topic: Research Methods Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 154. A simplified description unfairly applied to every person in the same category is called ________ a. a sociological insight. b. a sociological generalization. c. a stereotype. d. an act of discrimination. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.6: Explain why a researcher might choose each of sociology’s research methods. Topic: Research Methods

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Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 155. Unlike simple stereotypes, sociological generalizations ________ a. apply to all individuals in some category. b. are based on all available facts. c. are motivated by bias. d. ignore facts. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.6: Explain why a researcher might choose each of sociology’s research methods. Topic: Research Methods Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 156. In several sentences, explain the essential wisdom of sociology. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 157. What did Peter Berger mean when he said the sociological perspective is “seeing the general in the particular”? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 158. Why, in individualistic North America, can the sociological perspective be described as “seeing the strange in the familiar”? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult

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Skill Level: Analyze It 159. Explain why the power of society is evident in the decision to bear a child or even in the very personal decision to commit suicide. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 160. What did C. Wright Mills mean by “the sociological imagination”? How does this point of view reveal a limitation of what members of our society call “common sense”? How does it change the way we see personal problems? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 161. Why is a global approach a logical extension of the sociological perspective? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 162. Name the three social changes in European history that were especially important to the development of sociology. Why did change spark the development of sociology? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 163. What can you say sociologically about when and where the discipline arose? Answer:

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 164. Explain some of the personal benefits of learning to use the sociological perspective, including career advantages. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for developing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career. Topic: Applying the Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 165. In several sentences, explain the focus of the structural-functional approach. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 166. Distinguish between the manifest and latent functions of any specific social pattern. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 167. What is social structure? How do the structural-functional and social-conflict approaches understand social structure differently? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 168. In several sentences, explain the focus of the social-conflict approach. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 169. Explain the focus of the gender-conflict or feminist approach. Compare and contrast this approach to the race-conflict approach. Using each of these approaches, provide several sentences that offer a critical analysis of our society. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 170. Briefly describe the contributions of W. E. B. Du Bois to sociology. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 171. Briefly explain the difference between a macro-level and micro-level theoretical orientation. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 172. In several sentences, explain the focus of the symbolic-interaction approach. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts ESSAY QUESTIONS/TOPICS FOR SHORT PAPERS 173. The sociological perspective helps us recognize that the lives of individuals are shaped by the forces of society. Explain, in a short essay, how the sociological perspective reveals “the general in the particular.” To illustrate, explain how society plays a part in your own decision to attend college.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 174. Since beginning this course in sociology, how has your view of the world changed? Provide one specific example of something in your life that you see differently now compared to before you started this course. Is this change a good thing? Explain. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 175. Sociologists increasingly focus on not just U.S. society, but the world as a whole. Provide several reasons for this global focus. How is an awareness of global patterns, such as immigration or social inequality, very much a part of the sociological perspective? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 176. Do you see any dangers in adopting the sociological perspective too intensely? For example, if we say that society is at work in all of our choices about how to live, do we lose any sense of personal responsibility for our actions? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for developing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career. Topic: Applying the Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 177. Imagine that you were asked by another student, “What would be the benefits of taking a course in sociology?” Explain how and why sociology can transform the way someone sees the world. Answer:

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for developing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career. Topic: Applying the Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 178. Explain how the structural-functional approach is more focused on understanding society as it is and how the social-conflict approach (consider the gender-conflict or raceconflict approaches) is more focused on social change. Do you prefer one approach to the other? Explain. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 179. Point out what the viewpoint of a sociologist who is influenced by the structuralfunctional approach (say, Emile Durkheim) has in common with that of a sociologist influenced by the social-conflict approach (say, Karl Marx). That is, how are they both sociological? At the same time, how does each represent a different assumption about the nature of the society? How is the purpose of sociological study different? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 180. Develop the differences among the three theoretical approaches by applying each to the family. In each case, how do we understand a family and its operation? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 181. Can you identify some social pattern that people in our society tend to see as an expression of personal ability or personal choice? Describe the pattern and then explain how society is at work in the pattern you have identified. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 1.6: Explain why a researcher might choose each of sociology’s research methods. Topic: Research Methods

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 182. Explain the difference between sociological generalizations about categories of people and the simple stereotypes we hear in everyday life. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 1.6: Explain why a researcher might choose each of sociology’s research methods. Topic: Research Methods Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Chapter 2: Culture In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Society: The Basics, 15th edition. The questions are tagged according to four levels of learning that move from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The four levels are: Remember the Facts: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material Understand the Concepts: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas Apply What You Know: a question applying sociological knowledge to some new situation Analyze It: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship The 168 questions in this chapter’s test bank are divided into four types. True/False questions are the least demanding. As the table below shows, almost all of these fall within the two lowest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Remember the Facts” and “Understand the Concepts”). Multiple-choice questions, which also involve the lowest three levels, are relatively less demanding as well. Short answer questions span a broad range of skills (from “Understand the Concepts” to “Analyze It”). Finally, essay questions are the most demanding because they represent the highest levels of cognitive reasoning. Types of Questions

Remember the Facts Understand the Concepts Apply What You Know Analyze It

True/False

Mult Choice

Essay

Total Qs

41 (50%)

Short Answer 0

43 (73%)

14 (24%)

29 (35%)

8 (50%)

2 (3%)

12 (15%)

2 (12%)

1 (9%)

0 59

0 82

6 (37%) 16

10 (91%) 11

16 168

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Chapter 2: Culture TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. Businesses in this country can profit from recognizing the cultural diversity of the U.S. population. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2. People around the world have much the same outward appearance and wear the same clothing and bodily decoration. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 3. Culture refers to the values, beliefs, behavior, and material things that form a way of life. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 4. One example of nonmaterial culture is the types of vehicles people use to get around in their daily lives. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5. Experiencing an unfamiliar culture can generate culture shock.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6. There is a single way of life that is biologically “natural” to humans everywhere. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 7. For at least 12,000 years, humans have used culture as a strategy for survival. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8. The Census Bureau reports that only ten different languages are spoken in the United States. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9. Symbols refer to anything that carries meaning that is recognized by people who share a culture. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10. The emergence of computer-based instant messaging shows us that new symbols are being created all the time.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 11. The story of Helen Keller, who became blind and deaf, shows how the development of our humanity depends on the ability to understand and use symbols. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 12. Through the use of symbols, people make sense of their surroundings. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13. The gesture we commonly call “thumbs up” is used in all of the world’s societies to signify that something is very good. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 14. The process of cultural transmission cannot take place unless members of a society have a written language. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15. In high-income countries such as the United States, everyone has the ability to read and write. Answer: False

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 16. English is not the most widely spoken first language in the world, but it has become the preferred second language throughout most of the world. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 17. The Sapir-Whorf thesis states that the language we use shapes the reality we perceive. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 18. Values are standards that serve as broad guidelines for living. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 19. Most people in the United States share the value that everyone should not only have equality of opportunity, but also equality in all aspects of social standing. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20. Compared with cultures around the world, the way of life in the United States has a relatively high emphasis on individualism. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 21. People in the United States tend to view the past as being better than the present. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 22. Cultural values in the United States always go together—they are all consistent with one another. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23. One emerging value in the United States is the importance of personal growth, including spiritual activity. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 24. Cultural values in high-income nations tend to be secular-rational, giving greater importance to personal self-expression. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25. In general, low-income nations have cultures that value individualism and personal self-expression. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

26. Mores are norms that have great moral significance. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 27. Across the United States, mores vary more than folkways. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 28. Values and norms help to define a society’s “ideal culture.” Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 29. Technology refers to knowledge people use to make a way of life in their surroundings. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 30. Gerhard Lenski used the concept “sociocultural evolution” to refer to the process by which technological innovation changes the character of societies. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 31. Hunting-and-gathering societies generate a material surplus. Answer: False

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 32. Hunting-and-gathering societies are nomadic. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 33. Forces of nature have the greatest effect on societies with the simplest technology. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 34. The subordination of women by men is clearly evident and extreme in hunting-andgathering societies. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 35. Horticultural societies typically form permanent settlements. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 36. Pastoral and horticultural societies are not capable of producing a material surplus. Answer: False

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 37. Agrarian societies typically have dramatic social inequality. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 38. Agriculture differs from horticulture because it makes use of animal-drawn plows that can cultivate much more land. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 39. Industrial societies use powerful sources of energy to drive large machinery. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 40. The industrial era was underway in parts of Europe by the time the explorer Christopher Columbus reached the Americas in 1492. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 41. The use of industrial technology typically raises economic living standards.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 42. In general, industrialization results in more schooling and a sharp increase in the share of the population that is illiterate. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 43. In a postindustrial society, computers, social media, and other information technology play a major part in the operation of the economy. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 44. Japan is a more multicultural society than the United States. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 45. The United States has a popular culture, but not a high culture. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

46. Most people participate in numerous subcultures without necessarily becoming very committed to any of them. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 47. The fact that hip-hop music and the DJ scene were invented in the low-income, African American neighborhoods of New York show that people of all social positions help create U.S. cultural patterns. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 48. Multiculturalists claim that, over the course of U.S. history, most non-English immigrants were advised to adopt the cultural patterns of the English—their “betters”— rather than “melt in.” Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 49. Afrocentrism refers to the dominance of European cultural patterns. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 50. Subculture is more at odds with dominant culture than counterculture. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 51. Cultural lag refers to the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 52. Cultural change results from invention, discovery, and diffusion. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 53. Cultural relativism means using your own cultural standards to evaluate another culture. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 54. Rock-and-roll music in the United States is one cultural trait that has nothing in common with music that was popular a short time before it emerged. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 55. The structural-functional approach sees culture as a relatively stable system of integrated patterns people use to meet their needs.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 56. Cultural universals refer to patterns that are held by everyone in a society. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 57. Karl Marx argued that a society’s economic system was shaped by its value system. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 58. Sociobiology explores how human biology has shaped today’s culture. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 59. It is fair to say that humans always remain prisoners of their existing culture. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

60. The chapter-opening story of the diversity initiative at Charles Schwab & Co. shows us that ________ a. various minorities respond to the same advertising in exactly the same way. b. Asian American immigrants prefer English to their native language when they are doing business. c. learning more about cultural diversity can help a company boost sales. d. All of these are correct. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 61. The United States is the most ________ of all countries. a. multicultural b. culturally uniform c. slowly changing d. traditional Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 62. What is the term for the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that together make up the way of life for a group of people? a. Social structure b. Social system c. Culture d. Society Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 63. As a part of human culture, religion is an example of ________ a. material culture. b. nonmaterial culture. c. culture shock.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

human nature.

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 64. The intangible world of ideas created by members of a society is referred to as ________ a. high culture. b. material culture. c. norms. d. nonmaterial culture. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 65. Cars, computers, and iPhones are all examples of which of the following? a. High culture b. Material culture c. Norms d. Nonmaterial culture Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 66. Looking all around the world, what we find everywhere is ________ a. the same ideas about what is right. b. people enjoying the same sports. c. people creating diverse cultural systems. d. the same standards that define what is beautiful and ugly. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture?

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 67. Among all forms of life, humans stand out as the only species that________ a. relies on culture to ensure survival. b. has patterned ways of living. c. has biological instincts. d. makes use of tools. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 68. The term Homo sapiens, the name of our species, comes from Latin meaning ________ a. “person of culture.” b. “intelligent person.” c. “one who walks upright.” d. “person who evolves.” Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 69. According to scientists, Homo sapiens first appeared on Earth about how long ago? a. 2,500 years b. 25,000 years c. 250,000 years d. 250 million years Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 70. The concept of ________ refers to a shared way of life, and the term ________ refers to a political entity. a. culture; society

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

b. c. d.

country; nation nation; culture culture; nation

Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 71. The United States is multicultural because ________ a. everyone holds the same values and beliefs. b. each individual holds many different and conflicting values and beliefs. c. there are many widely shared values and beliefs. d. in this country we find many different languages and ways of life. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 72. Sociologists define a symbol as ________ a. anything that carries meaning to people who share a culture. b. any material cultural trait. c. any gesture that conveys insult to others. d. social patterns that cause culture shock. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 73. The fact that texting is based on a new and evolving set of symbols shows us that ________ a. today’s young people are smarter than their parents. b. symbols are static elements. c. culture changes over time. d. we are not dependent on our culture’s symbols. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture

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Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 74. The language widely spoken by people in more nations of the world than any other is ________ a. Spanish. b. Chinese. c. English. d. Hindi. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 75. Cultural transmission refers to the process of ________ a. cultural patterns moving from one society to another. b. using the oral tradition. c. passing cultural patterns from one generation to another. d. using writing to enshrine cultural patterns. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 76. The Sapir-Whorf thesis states that ________ a. language involves attaching labels to the real world. b. people see the world through the cultural lens of their language. c. most words have the same meaning if spoken in different languages. d. every word exists in all known languages. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 77. Standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good, and beautiful are called ________ a. folkways. b. norms. c. mores. d. values.

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Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 78. The dominant values of U.S. culture include ________ a. a deep respect for the traditions of the past. b. a belief in equality of condition for all. c. a belief in individuality. d. a belief in personal intuition over science. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 79. While one dominant value of U.S. culture is the right to equal opportunity and freedom, another is ________ a. equality of condition. b. “being” rather than “doing.” c. racism and group superiority. d. belief in tradition. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 80. Key values of U.S. culture ________ a. always fit together easily. b. change quickly, even from year to year. c. are shared by absolutely everyone in a society. d. are sometimes in conflict with one another. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 81. An emerging value in our society is found in which of the following expressions? a. “What was good enough for my parents is good enough for me.”

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b. c. d.

“The present is better than the past.” “Work is important, but I want more time for leisure and personal growth.” “It’s good to be free.”

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 82. Low-income countries have cultures that value ________ a. economic survival. b. equal standing for women and men. c. self-expression. d. individualism. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 83. ________ are rules about everyday, casual living; ________ are rules with great moral significance. a. Mores; folkways b. Folkways; mores c. Proscriptive norms; prescriptive norms d. Prescriptive norms; proscriptive norms Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 84. Wrong-doing, such as an adult forcing a child to engage in sexual activity, is an example of violating cultural ________ a. mores. b. symbols. c. folkways. d. control. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Difficult

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Skill Level: Apply What You Know 85. The early U.S. sociologist who described the difference between folkways and mores was ________ a. Emile Durkheim. b. William Graham Sumner. c. Harriett Martineau. d. George Herbert Mead. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 86. ________ distinguish between right and wrong; ________ distinguish between right and rude. a. Mores; folkways b. Taboos; mores c. Folkways; mores d. Prescriptive norms; proscriptive norms Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 87. An act of kindness, such as opening the door for an elderly man, illustrates conforming to ________ a. mores. b. taboos. c. folkways. d. proscriptive norms. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 88. Elements of social control in everyday life include shame, guilt, and ________ a. ideal culture. b. real culture. c. sanctions. d. material culture.

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Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 89. The fact that some married men and married women are sexually unfaithful to their spouses is an example of ________ culture, while the fact that most adults say they support the idea of sexual fidelity is an example of ________ culture. a. high; low b. low; high c. ideal; real d. real; ideal Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 90. Sociologists refer to tangible or physical human creations as ________ a. nonmaterial culture. b. artifacts. c. technology. d. values. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 91. What is the term for the application of cultural knowledge to the task of living in an environment? a. Real culture b. Ideal culture c. Cultural transmission d. Technology Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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92. According to Gerhard Lenski, which of the following has the greatest power to shape a society? a. Technology b. Social conflict c. Human ideas d. Human desire for change Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 93. According to Lenski, the term “sociocultural evolution” refers to ________ a. changes brought about by new ways of thinking. b. changes created by ideas coming from other societies. c. change that results from social conflict. d. changes that occur as a society acquires new technology. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 94. Today, hunting-and-gathering societies ________ a. are quickly spreading around the world. b. represent about half the world’s population. c. are few in number, but are found on every continent. d. are close to disappearing from the world. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 95. In hunting-and-gathering societies the ________ a. population is small and nomadic. b. population is large and live in villages. c. population is small and they raise crops and animals. d. population is large and most people are farmers.

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Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 96. In hunting-and-gathering societies ________ a. men and women do almost entirely the same tasks. b. men hunt animals while women gather vegetation. c. women hunt animals while men gather vegetation. d. men and women work together as hunters. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 97. The social standing of women and men in hunting-and-gathering societies is ________ a. unequal, with men controlling farming. b. fairly equal, with men and women each making a vital contribution to survival. c. unequal, with women raising the young while men secure food. d. equal, because both men and women perform the same tasks. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 98. A constant danger to people living in hunting-and-gathering societies is ________ a. loss of tradition. b. growing more food than people can carry. c. the forces of nature, including storms and droughts. d. the forces of social inequality. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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99. By definition, horticultural societies are those in which people ________ a. are nomadic. b. hunt animals and gather vegetation. c. have learned to raise animals. d. use simple hand tools to raise crops. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 100. The first type of society to generate a material surplus was ________ a. hunting and gathering. b. horticultural and pastoral. c. agrarian. d. industrial. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 101. What type of society engages in large-scale farming based on the use of plows drawn by animals or more powerful energy sources? a. Hunting and gathering b. Horticultural c. Pastoral d. Agrarian Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 102. Agrarian technology developed based on the use of ________ a. the plow, animal power, and the development of metals. b. the ability to travel, the rise of industry, and elevated living standards. c. cultural diffusion, the use of hand tools to grow crops, and social diversity. d. computers, the Information Revolution, and a global culture.

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Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 103. In terms of social inequality, agrarian societies generally ________ a. have much more inequality than less productive societal types. b. have about the same amount of social inequality as less productive societal types. c. have less social inequality than less productive societal types. d. come very close to being egalitarian societies. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 104. Which of the following types of society has the most productive specialization? a. Hunting and gathering b. Horticultural and pastoral c. Agrarian d. Industrial Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 105. Which type of human society has existed only since about the year 1750? a. Industrial societies b. Agrarian societies c. Horticultural and pastoral societies d. Hunting-and-gathering societies Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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106. More than ________ people immigrated to the U.S. between the years 1820 and 2017. a. 4 million b. 14 million c. 40 million d. 84 million Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 107. The distinction between high culture and popular culture is based mostly on ________ a. how advanced the cultural pattern is. b. how long the cultural pattern has existed. c. the social standing of the people who display the cultural pattern. d. how interesting the cultural pattern is. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 108. Sometimes the distinction between high culture and popular culture is not so clear, as shown by the television show Pawn Stars, because ________ a. the family in this show was always very rich. b. reality shows have made families that were low-income nationally-known media stars who are now earning a lot more money. c. Rick Harrison’s mother is a previous Miss America pageant winner. d. reality television never shows “ordinary,” working people. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 109. Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population are referred to as ________

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a. b. c. d.

high culture. popular culture. elite culture. established culture.

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 110. If you were to attend a New York Ballet performance, you would be experiencing ________ a. high culture. b. popular culture. c. cultural transmission. d. virtual culture. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 111. Hip-hop music and the DJ scene first emerged ________ a. on college campuses in the 1980s. b. in the South Bronx during the 1970s. c. among rich people in the 1990s as part of elite culture. d. in the South as part of that region’s tradition culture. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 112. Subculture refers to ________ a. a part of the population lacking culture. b. people who embrace popular culture. c. cultural patterns that set off a part of a society’s population. d. people who embrace high culture. Answer: c

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Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 113. Harley Davidson motorcycle riders, computer programmers, and jazz musicians all display ________ patterns. a. high cultural b. popular cultural c. virtual cultural d. subcultural Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 114. Multiculturalism is defined as ________ a. efforts to encourage immigration to the United States. b. efforts to establish English as the official language of the United States. c. a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equality of all cultural traditions. d. the idea that the United States should have a single, dominant culture. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 115. About how many adults in the United States speak a language other than English at home? a. 5 million b. 15 million c. 25 million d. 65 million Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy

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Skill Level: Remember the Facts 116. Other than English, which is the most widely-spoken language in the United States? a. French b. Spanish c. German d. Chinese Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 117. The claim that U.S. culture is wrongly dominated by a European, and especially English, way of life characterizes our culture as ________ a. ethnocentric. b. Afrocentric. c. Eurocentric. d. culturally relative. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 118. Counterculture refers to ________ a. people who differ in some small way. b. popular culture. c. high culture. d. cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 119. The region of the United States where the largest percentage of people speak a language other than English at home is the ________ a. Southwest. b. South.

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c. d.

Northeast. Northwest.

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 120. Cultural integration refers to the fact that ________ a. U.S. society contains many cultural patterns. b. European cultural patterns dominate U.S. society. c. change in one cultural pattern is usually linked to changes in others. d. everyone in the United States shares most cultural values. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 121. Compared to college students of the late 1960s, more of today’s college students are concerned with ________ a. developing a philosophy of life. b. making money. c. seeking justice in the world. d. being involved in political affairs. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 122. The concept “cultural lag” refers to the fact that ________ a. the rate of cultural change has been slowing. b. some societies advance faster than others do. c. some people are more cultured than others. d. some cultural elements change more quickly than others. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change.

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Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 123. A good example of cultural lag is ________ a. gaining the ability to modify genetic patterns in humans before understanding the possible social consequences of doing so. b. a slowing in the rate of invention in the computer industry. c. older people trying to make younger people respect tradition. d. virtual culture replacing traditional culture. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 124. Cultural change is set in motion in three general ways. What are they? a. Invention, discovery, and diffusion b. Invasion, invention, and experiment c. Immigration, imagination, and innovation d. Adaptation, integration, and immigration Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 125. The spread of cultural traits from one society to another is called ________ a. immigration. b. cultural transmission. c. popular culture. d. diffusion. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 126. Ethnocentrism refers to ________ a. people taking pride in their ethnicity.

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b. c. d.

claiming that another culture is better than your own. judging another culture using the standards of your own culture. understanding another culture using its own standards and values.

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 127. A person who criticizes the Amish farmer as being “backward” for tilling his fields with horses and a plow instead of using a tractor is displaying ________ a. ethnocentrism. b. cultural relativism. c. cultural diffusion. d. cultural integration. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 128. The practice of understanding another culture on its own terms and using its own standards is called ________ a. ethnocentrism. b. cultural relativism. c. cultural diffusion. d. cultural integration. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 129. The emergence of rock-and-roll in the United States demonstrates ________ a. the lack of a youth culture. b. that musical tastes are not linked to people’s social standing. c. that cultural patterns change over time. d. that cultural patterns rarely change. Answer: c

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Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 130. The flow of _______ from country to country adds to the creation of a global culture. a. goods b. animals c. violent acts d. humanitarian acts Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 131. Which theoretical approach states that the stability of U.S. society rests on core values shared by most people? a. The structural-functional approach b. The social-conflict approach c. The symbolic-interaction approach d. The sociobiology approach Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 132. Cultural universals are elements of culture that ________ a. have always been part of U.S. culture. b. have diffused from the United States to other countries. c. have come to the United States from elsewhere. d. are part of every known culture. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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133. Telling jokes is an example of ________ a. a cultural universal. b. material culture. c. cultural relativism. d. cultural lag. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 134. Which theoretical approach is linked to the philosophical doctrine of materialism? a. The structural-functional approach b. The social-conflict approach c. The symbolic-interaction approach d. The sociobiology approach Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 135. A theory that explains how schooling helps prepare young people for the work they will do as adults represents the ________ a. structural-functional approach. b. social-conflict approach. c. symbolic-interaction approach. d. sociobiology approach. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 136. A Marxist analysis of U.S. culture suggests that our competitive and individualistic values reflect ________ a. the values of the “founding fathers.” b. trends in Western European history. c. this nation’s capitalist economy.

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this nation’s family system.

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 137. The theoretical approach that highlights the link between culture and social inequality is the ________ a. structural-functional approach. b. social-conflict approach. c. symbolic-interaction approach. d. sociobiology approach. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 138. A feminist theoretical analysis of language in the U.S. suggests that cultural patterns support ________ a. gender inequality. b. gender equality. c. a capitalist economy. d. the family system. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 139. Which theoretical approach gives an evolutionary explanation of why the sexual “double standard” is found around the world? a. The structural-functional approach b. The social-conflict approach c. The symbolic-interaction approach d. The sociobiology approach Answer: d

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Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 140. Culture acts as a constraint, limiting human freedom because ________ a. much culture is habit, which members of a society repeat again and again. b. humans cannot create new culture for themselves. c. culture always discourages change. d. culture forces us to make choices. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.6: Critique culture as limiting or expanding human freedom. Topic: Culture and Human Freedom Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 141. Culture is a source of human freedom because ________ a. culture does not guide behavior. b. all culture changes very quickly. c. as cultural creatures, humans make and remake the world for themselves. d. culture is habitual. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.6: Critique culture as limiting or expanding human freedom. Topic: Culture and Human Freedom Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 142. What is the difference between material and nonmaterial culture? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 143. What causes culture shock? Provide an example of culture shock in everyday life. Answer:

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Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 144. Define and explain the importance of each of the five common components of all human culture: symbols, language, values, beliefs, and norms. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 145. What are five of the key values in U.S. culture? What quality do these values seem to have in common? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 146. What difference is found in cultural values when comparing low-income nations and high-income nations? Explain this pattern. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 147. Give an example of each of the following: (a) folkways, (b) mores, (c) a prescriptive norm, and (d) a proscriptive norm. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 148. What is the difference between “ideal” and “real” culture? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture.

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Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 149. What does Gerhard Lenski mean by “sociocultural evolution”? Why does he argue that technology shapes every aspect of society? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 150. Briefly describe societies based on hunting and gathering, pastoralism, horticulture, agriculture, and industry. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 151. What is the difference between high culture and popular culture? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 152. Explain how the development of hip-hop music demonstrates the fact that even people of low social position play a part in creating culture. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 153. What is the difference between subculture and counterculture? Define your terms carefully.

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Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 154. What is ethnocentrism? What is cultural relativism? Identify a problem with each. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 155. What basic view of culture underlies the structural-functional approach? What is one weakness or limitation of this approach? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 156. What basic view of culture underlies the social-conflict approach? What is one weakness or limitation of this approach? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 157. What does the sociobiology approach tell us about human culture? What is one weakness or limitation of this approach? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

ESSAY QUESTIONS/TOPICS FOR SHORT PAPERS 158. Write a short essay in which you assess the idea that there is no single way of life that is “natural” for humanity. What comes naturally to our species is the creation of diverse patterns of human culture. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 159. “Human nature is the development of culture.” Explain how human beings came to be the only creatures to make use of culture as a strategy for survival. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 160. How does ideal culture differ from real culture? Illustrate your essay using three examples of how ideal and real culture differ in U.S. society. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 161. How do cultural values differ in low-income nations and in high-income nations? What reasons can you provide for this difference? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 162. Describe Gerhard Lenski’s model of sociocultural evolution, summarizing several key traits of each stage. What major technological revolutions have reshaped human societies in the past?

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Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 163. Use the emergence of rock and roll music in the 1950s to illustrate how this musical form was built from music that came before it, but also explain how it was different. How does the story of rock and roll show the link between culture and social class? What about race? What about age? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 164. Identify at least one positive and one negative consequence of declaring English as the “official” language of the United States. Why do some people strongly support this goal? Why do others strongly oppose it? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 165. How does the history of rock-and-roll music illustrate the changing and socially diverse character of our nation’s way of life? Consider race, class, gender, and age in your essay. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 166. After carefully examining National Map 2-1 (showing the share of people who speak a language other than English at home), write an essay that explains how and why the experience of cultural diversity is different for people living in different regions of the United States.

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Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 167. Write an essay that highlights the different insights about culture that come from the structural-functional approach, the social-conflict approach, and the sociobiology approach. Is one theoretical approach more appropriate than another? Or does each approach offer insights that are complementary? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 168. Write a short essay in which you explain the degree to which humans living within a world of culture are free. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.6: Critique culture as limiting or expanding human freedom. Topic: Culture and Human Freedom Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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Chapter 3: Socialization: From Infancy to Old Age In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Society: The Basics, 15th edition. The questions are tagged according to four levels of learning that move from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The four levels are: Remember the Facts: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material Understand the Concepts: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas Apply What You Know: a question applying sociological knowledge to some new situation Analyze It: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship The 117 questions in this chapter’s test bank are divided into four types. True/False questions are the least demanding. As the table below shows, all of these fall within the two lowest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Remember the Facts” and “Understand the Concepts”). Multiple-choice questions also fall primarily within the lowest levels of cognitive reasoning, although these questions span a broader range of skills and are somewhat more demanding. Short answer questions span a broad range of skills as well (from “Understand the Concepts” to “Analyze It”). Finally, essay questions are the most demanding, with most questions at the highest level of cognitive reasoning. Types of Questions

Remember the Facts Understand the Concepts Apply What You Know Analyze It

True/False

Mult Choice

Essay

Total Qs

32 (56%)

Short Answer 0

32 (86%)

5 (14%)

21 (37%)

8 (57%)

3 (5%)

1 (7%)

1 (11%)

0 37

1 (2%) 57

5 (36%) 14

8 (89%) 9

14 117

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Chapter 3: Socialization: From Infancy to Old Age TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. Psychologist John B. Watson claimed that specific patterns of human behavior are not instinctive, but learned. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 3.1: Describe how social interaction is the foundation of personality. Topic: Social Experience: The Key to Our Humanity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2. The Harlow studies found that six months of social isolation was sufficient to permanently damage infant rhesus monkeys. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 3.1: Describe how social interaction is the foundation of personality. Topic: Social Experience: The Key to Our Humanity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 3. The tragic case of Anna shows that without healthful nutrition a human being cannot develop a personality or self. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 3.1: Describe how social interaction is the foundation of personality. Topic: Social Experience: The Key to Our Humanity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 4. What we know about the later lives of socially isolated children such as Isabell and Genie supports the findings of the Harlow’s research. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 3.1: Describe how social interaction is the foundation of personality. Topic: Social Experience: The Key to Our Humanity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5. Even years of social isolation during infancy in humans does not cause permanent and irreversible developmental damage.

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Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 3.1: Describe how social interaction is the foundation of personality. Topic: Social Experience: The Key to Our Humanity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 6. The “id” in Freud’s work represents the human being’s basic drives, which are unconscious and demand immediate satisfaction. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 7. The “ego” in Freud’s model of personality is the same as “conscience.” Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8. In Freud’s model of personality, the superego manages the opposing forces of the id and the ego. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9. According to Jean Piaget, language and other symbols were first used in the preoperational stage. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10. Lawrence Kohlberg claims that individuals develop the capacity for moral reasoning in stages as they grow older.

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Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 11. According to Carol Gilligan, the self-esteem of girls increases steadily through the teenage years. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 12. While many researchers have studied outward behavior, George Herbert Mead focused on symbolic meaning—specifically the meaning people attach to behavior. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 13. George Herbert Mead used the concept “the looking-glass self” to refer to significant people in our lives. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 14. Mead’s theory of the self is completely social; he did not recognize a role for biology in personality development. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15. Mead’s concepts of the “I” and the “me” are close parallels of Freud’s concepts of the id and the superego. Answer: False

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Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16. Erik H. Erikson emphasized that almost all important socialization takes place during childhood. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 17. Of all social institutions, the family has the greatest impact on socialization. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 3.3: Analyze how the family, school, peer groups, and the mass media guide the socialization process. Topic: Agents of Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 18. Melvin Kohn demonstrated that parents of all social classes have the same expectations of their children. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 3.3: Analyze how the family, school, peer groups, and the mass media guide the socialization process. Topic: Agents of Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 19. Schools provide children with early experience of bureaucracy. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 3.3: Analyze how the family, school, peer groups, and the mass media guide the socialization process. Topic: Agents of Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 20. The onset of adolescence brings to an end the family’s influence on children. Answer: False

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Learning Objective: LO 3.3: Analyze how the family, school, peer groups, and the mass media guide the socialization process. Topic: Agents of Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 21. Members of a peer group share common interests, social position, and a similar age. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 3.3: Analyze how the family, school, peer groups, and the mass media guide the socialization process. Topic: Agents of Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 22. Anticipatory socialization refers to efforts to avoid unpleasant social experiences. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 3.3: Analyze how the family, school, peer groups, and the mass media guide the socialization process. Topic: Agents of Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 23. During the last century, the mass media have had a declining influence on people in the United States. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 3.3: Analyze how the family, school, peer groups, and the mass media guide the socialization process. Topic: Agents of Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 24. U.S. school children spend about as much time in front of a television as they do at school or interacting with their parents. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 3.3: Analyze how the family, school, peer groups, and the mass media guide the socialization process. Topic: Agents of Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 25. Childhood and other stages of the life course are defined in the same way in all known societies.

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Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 3.4: Discuss how our society organizes human experience into distinctive stages of life. Topic: Socialization and the Life Course Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 26. In the United States, old age is generally thought to begin at or soon after the age of sixty-five. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 3.4: Discuss how our society organizes human experience into distinctive stages of life. Topic: Socialization and the Life Course Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 27. Industrialization brings with it a rise in the social standing of older people. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 3.4: Discuss how our society organizes human experience into distinctive stages of life. Topic: Socialization and the Life Course Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 28. The elderly population in nearly all high-income nations has been increasing rapidly. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 3.4: Discuss how our society organizes human experience into distinctive stages of life. Topic: Socialization and the Life Course Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 29. Increasing longevity is a major factor driving up the share of the U.S. population that is elderly. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 3.4: Discuss how our society organizes human experience into distinctive stages of life. Topic: Socialization and the Life Course Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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30. Gerontology is the study of aging and the elderly. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 3.4: Discuss how our society organizes human experience into distinctive stages of life. Topic: Socialization and the Life Course Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 31. Gerontocracy is a form of social organization in which the oldest members of a society have the greatest wealth and power. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 3.4: Discuss how our society organizes human experience into distinctive stages of life. Topic: Socialization and the Life Course Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 32. Industrialization brings with it a rise in the social standing of older people. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 3.4: Discuss how our society organizes human experience into distinctive stages of life. Topic: Socialization and the Life Course Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 33. Poverty rates among the U.S. elderly have increased in recent decades. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 3.4: Discuss how our society organizes human experience into distinctive stages of life. Topic: Socialization and the Life Course Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 34. As the proportion of women and men in old age increases, we can expect U.S. culture to become more comfortable with the reality of death. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 3.4: Discuss how our society organizes human experience into distinctive stages of life. Topic: Socialization and the Life Course Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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35. A cohort is a category of people who have something important in common, usually their age. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 3.4: Discuss how our society organizes human experience into distinctive stages of life. Topic: Socialization and the Life Course Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 36. A community college is correctly considered to be a good example of a total institution. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 3.5: Characterize the operation of total institutions. Topic: Resocialization: Total Institutions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 37. Total institutions operate with the goal of resocializing inmates. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 3.5: Characterize the operation of total institutions. Topic: Resocialization: Total Institutions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 38. The tragic case of Anna, the isolated girl who was studied by Kingsley Davis, shows that ________ a. humans have most of the same instincts found in other animal species. b. without social experience, a child is incapable of thought or meaningful action. c. personality is present in humans at birth. d. many human instincts disappear after the first few years of life. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 3.1: Describe how social interaction is the foundation of personality. Topic: Social Experience: The Key to Our Humanity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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39. Which of the following concepts refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture? a. Socialization b. Personality c. Human nature d. Behaviorism Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 3.1: Describe how social interaction is the foundation of personality. Topic: Social Experience: The Key to Our Humanity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 40. Which of the following concepts refers to a person’s fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling? a. Socialization b. Behavior c. Human nature d. Personality Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 3.1: Describe how social interaction is the foundation of personality. Topic: Social Experience: The Key to Our Humanity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 41. Which theory, developed by the psychologist John B. Watson, claims that human behavior is not instinctive but learned within a social environment? a. Behaviorism b. Biological psychology c. Evolutionary psychology d. Naturalism Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 3.1: Describe how social interaction is the foundation of personality. Topic: Social Experience: The Key to Our Humanity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 42. In the nature versus nurture debate, sociologists claim that ________ a. nature is far more important than nurture. b. nurture is far more important than nature. c. nature and nurture have equal importance.

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neither nature nor nurture creates the essence of our humanity.

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 3.1: Describe how social interaction is the foundation of personality. Topic: Social Experience: The Key to Our Humanity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 43. The social sciences, including sociology, make the claim that ________ a. humans have instincts that guide our lives. b. biological forces underlie human culture. c. as humans, to nurture is our nature. d. Darwin’s model of biological evolution explains the patterns of human culture. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 3.1: Describe how social interaction is the foundation of personality. Topic: Social Experience: The Key to Our Humanity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 44. The Harlow experiments to discover the effects of social isolation on rhesus monkeys showed that ________ a. monkeys isolated for six months were highly fearful when they were returned to others of their kind. b. isolated monkeys able to cuddle artificial mothers developed normally. c. even several days of social isolation permanently damaged infant monkeys. d. prolonged isolation had little effect on infant monkeys. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 3.1: Describe how social interaction is the foundation of personality. Topic: Social Experience: The Key to Our Humanity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 45. Based on the Harlows’ research with rhesus monkeys and the case of Anna, the isolated child, one might reasonably conclude that ________ a. the two species react differently to social isolation. b. both monkeys and humans “bounce back” from long-term isolation. c. even a few days of social isolation permanently damages both monkeys and humans. d. long-term social isolation leads to permanent developmental damage in both monkeys and humans.

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Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 3.1: Describe how social interaction is the foundation of personality. Topic: Social Experience: The Key to Our Humanity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 46. If you were to put together the lesson learned from the cases of Anna, Isabelle, and Genie, you would correctly conclude that ________ a. social experience plays a crucial part in forming human personality. b. both social experience and the presence of the birth mother are crucial to early development. c. the effect of long-term social isolation can be overcome in a relatively short time. d. the effect of long-term social isolation can never be overcome in any situation. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 3.1: Describe how social interaction is the foundation of personality. Topic: Social Experience: The Key to Our Humanity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 47. Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud’s concept of the ________ a. superego. b. ego. c. id. d. generalized other. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 48. In Freud’s model of personality, which element of the personality represents a person’s efforts to balance the demands of society and innate pleasure-seeking drives? a. Id b. Ego c. Superego d. Generalized other Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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49. In Freud’s model of personality, what represents the presence of culture within the individual? a. Id b. Ego c. Superego d. Thanatos Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 50. Applying Freud’s thinking to a sociological analysis of personality development, you would conclude that ________ a. human behavior is basically random. b. humans have basic, self-centered drives that must be controlled by learning the ways of society. c. societies encourage people to become self-centered. d. humans can never become cultural creatures. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 51. Jean Piaget’s focus was on ________ a. how children develop their motor skills. b. how children are stimulated by their environment. c. the role of heredity in shaping human behavior. d. cognition, or how people think and understand. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 52. According to Piaget, in which stage of human development do individuals experience the world only through sensory contact? a. Sensorimotor stage b. Preoperational stage c. Concrete operational stage d. Formal operational stage

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 53. For Jean Piaget, at which stage of development do individuals first use language and other cultural symbols? a. Sensorimotor stage b. Preoperational stage c. Concrete operational stage d. Formal operational stage Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 54. The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg’s research was ________ a. cognition. b. the importance of gender in socialization. c. moral reasoning. d. psychoanalysis. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 55. Carol Gilligan extended Kohlberg’s research, showing that ________ a. girls and boys typically assess situations as right and wrong using different standards. b. girls are more interested in right and wrong than boys are. c. boys are more interested in right and wrong than girls are. d. the ability to assess situations as right and wrong typically develops only as young people enter the teenage years. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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56. Carol Gilligan’s work on the issue of self-esteem in girls showed that ________ a. girls begin with low self-esteem, but it gradually increases as they progress through adolescence. b. at all ages, girls have higher self-esteem than boys. c. at all ages, boys have higher self-esteem than girls. d. girls begin with high levels of self-esteem, which gradually decrease as they go through adolescence. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 57. George Herbert Mead considered the self to be ________ a. the part of an individual’s personality that is composed of self-awareness and selfimage. b. the presence of culture within the individual. c. basic drives that are self-centered. d. present in infants at the time of their birth. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 58. Mead claimed that the origin of the self is found in ________ a. biological drives. b. genetics. c. social experience. d. the functioning of the brain. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 59. According to Mead, social experience involves ________ a. understanding the world in terms of our senses. b. the exchange of symbols. c. a mix of biological instinct and learning. d. acting but not thinking. Answer: b

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Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 60. By “taking the role of the other,” Mead had in mind ________ a. imagining a situation in terms of past experience. b. recognizing that people have different views of most situations. c. imagining a situation from another person’s point of view. d. trading self-centeredness for a focus on helping other people. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 61. When Cooley used the concept of the “looking-glass self,” he claimed that ________ a. people are self-centered. b. people see themselves as they think others see them. c. people see things only from their own point of view. d. our actions are a reflection of our values. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 62. According to Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such as parents. Mead referred to these people as ________ a. role models. b. looking-glass models. c. significant others. d. the generalized other. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 63. In Mead’s model, which sequence correctly orders stages of the developing self? a. Imitation, play, game, generalized other b. Imitation, generalized other, play, game

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c. d.

Imitation, game, play, generalized other Imitation, generalized other, game, play

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 64. Mead used the concept “generalized other” to refer to ________ a. important individuals in the child’s life. b. a person who provides complete care for a child. c. any “significant other.” d. widespread cultural norms and values people take as their own. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 65. Mead would agree that ________ a. socialization ends with the development of self in childhood. b. if you won $700 million in a lottery, your “self” might change. c. people are puppets with little control over their lives. d. human behavior reflects both nature and nurture. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 66. Erik H. Erikson’s view of socialization states that ________ a. personality develops over the entire life course in patterned stages. b. personality involves tensions between the forces of biology and forces of culture. c. we come to see ourselves as we think others see us. d. most of our personality development takes place in childhood. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 67. Critics of Erikson’s theory of personality development point out that ________

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a. b. c. d.

not everyone confronts the stages in the exact order given by Erikson. his theories are difficult to test scientifically. a large percentage of people never reach the last stage of development. his research suffers from a gender bias.

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 68. Family is important to the socialization process because ________ a. family members are often what Mead called “generalized others.” b. families pass along social identity to children in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion. c. families begin the process of anticipatory socialization. d. families set the stage for resocialization. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 69. Thinking about how patterns of child-rearing vary by class, lower-class parents generally stress ________, while well-to-do parents typically stress ________. a. independence; protecting children b. independence; dependence c. obedience; creativity d. creativity; obedience Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 3.3: Analyze how the family, school, peer groups, and the mass media guide the socialization process. Topic: Agents of Socialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 70. Communities differ in terms of the racial composition of the population. In which of the following regions of the United States is there a relatively high number of people who claim to be multiracial? a. The Southwest, including Arizona and southern California b. The Plains States, including North Dakota and South Dakota c. The New England states of Maine and New Hampshire d. The Rocky Mountain states of Montana and Wyoming

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 3.3: Analyze how the family, school, peer groups, and the mass media guide the socialization process. Topic: Agents of Socialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 71. Osagie Obasogie did research with people who have been blind since birth and discovered that, with regard to race, these people ________ a. were more racially prejudiced than sighted people. b. held much the same ideas about race as sighted people. c. could not imagine what “race” meant. d. strongly believed that race did not matter at all. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 3.3: Analyze how the family, school, peer groups, and the mass media guide the socialization process. Topic: Agents of Socialization Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 72. A distinctive contribution of schooling to the process of socialization is ________ a. exposing the child to an impersonal, bureaucratic setting. b. exposing the child to people of similar social backgrounds. c. teaching children to be highly flexible and to express their individuality. d. helping children break free of gender roles. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 3.3: Analyze how the family, school, peer groups, and the mass media guide the socialization process. Topic: Agents of Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 73. Today, the factor people most commonly use in considering a young woman or young man to have reached adulthood is whether or not the person ________ a. has completed all schooling. b. has a full-time job. c. is married. d. is married and has children. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 3.3: Analyze how the family, school, peer groups, and the mass media guide the socialization process. Topic: Agents of Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Skill Level: Remember the Facts 74. The special importance of the peer group is the fact that it ________ a. has a greater effect than parents on children’s long-term goals. b. lets children escape the direct supervision of parents. c. gives children experience in an impersonal setting. d. halts the socialization process for a brief period. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 3.3: Analyze how the family, school, peer groups, and the mass media guide the socialization process. Topic: Agents of Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 75. When people model themselves after the members of peer groups they would like to join, they are engaging in a process that sociologists call ________ a. group conformity. b. future directedness. c. anticipatory socialization. d. group rejection. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 3.3: Analyze how the family, school, peer groups, and the mass media guide the socialization process. Topic: Agents of Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 76. In the historical perspective, the importance of the mass media to the socialization process has ________ a. increased over time. b. been about the same over the last century. c. decreased over time. d. never been very important. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 3.3: Analyze how the family, school, peer groups, and the mass media guide the socialization process. Topic: Agents of Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 77. On average, an adult in the United States watches television for about how many hours a day? a. One

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

b. c. d.

Two Four Fifteen

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 3.3: Analyze how the family, school, peer groups, and the mass media guide the socialization process. Topic: Agents of Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 78. Looking at childhood in global perspective, we find that ________ a. childhood is a time of play and learning everywhere. b. rich societies extend childhood much longer than do poor societies. c. poor societies extend childhood much longer than do rich societies. d. biological immaturity is the main factor that defines childhood. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 3.4: Discuss how our society organizes human experience into distinctive stages of life. Topic: Socialization and the Life Course Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 79. Based on what you have read in this chapter, how would sociologists explain the fact that many young people in the United States experience adolescence as a time of confusion? a. There are cultural inconsistencies in the definition of this stage of life as partly childlike and partly adultlike. b. Hormones greatly affect young people as they mature. c. Growth always involves change and change is confusing. d. Parents are no longer providing proper guidance to young people. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 3.4: Discuss how our society organizes human experience into distinctive stages of life. Topic: Socialization and the Life Course Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 80. In the period of life called “middle adulthood,” people typically experience ________ a. life circumstances becoming more or less set. b. a lack of awareness of health issues. c. the birth of their children d. juggling conflicting priorities.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 3.4: Discuss how our society organizes human experience into distinctive stages of life. Topic: Socialization and the Life Course Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 81. Assume you have a business that provides products to older people. Looking ahead, you have reason to expect ________ a. increasing sales, because your target population is increasing in size. b. decreasing sales, because your target population is getting smaller. c. little change in sales, because your target population will remain stable. d. that your target population will increasingly be men. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 3.4: Discuss how our society organizes human experience into distinctive stages of life. Topic: Socialization and the Life Course Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 82. Biological changes that accompany growing old include ________ a. less keen senses. b. loss of height and weight. c. wrinkles in the skin and graying of the hair. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 3.4: Discuss how our society organizes human experience into distinctive stages of life. Topic: Socialization and the Life Course Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 83. A majority of people over the age of sixty-five in the United States ________ a. consider their health “good” or “excellent.” b. report having trouble walking. c. are bedridden. d. are receiving intensive care in a hospital or nursing home. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 3.4: Discuss how our society organizes human experience into distinctive stages of life. Topic: Socialization and the Life Course Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

84. What effect did industrialization have on life expectancy in the United States and Western Europe? a. Life expectancy went up. b. There was little effect on life expectancy. c. Life expectancy went down. d. Life expectancy rose for women but fell for men. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 3.4: Discuss how our society organizes human experience into distinctive stages of life. Topic: Socialization and the Life Course Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 85. The concept of “gerontocracy” refers to a society in which ________ a. there is a pronounced “youth culture.” b. the richest people have most of the power and prestige. c. religious leaders have the most power. d. the oldest people have the most wealth, power, and prestige. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 3.4: Discuss how our society organizes human experience into distinctive stages of life. Topic: Socialization and the Life Course Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 86. In her research, Elisabeth Kübler-Ross found that death ________ a. is defined similarly in every society. b. is an orderly transition involving specific stages. c. is a topic that people in the United States have always been comfortable discussing. d. is a chaotic transition for most people. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 3.4: Discuss how our society organizes human experience into distinctive stages of life. Topic: Socialization and the Life Course Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 87. Based on the text’s survey of the life course, you might conclude that ________ a. life-course stages are shaped by society and have nothing to do with biology. b. life-course stages are similar throughout the world. c. while we link life-course stages to biology, they are largely a social construction.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

life-course stages have changed little over recent centuries.

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 3.4: Discuss how our society organizes human experience into distinctive stages of life. Topic: Socialization and the Life Course Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 88. What is the term sociologists give to a category of people with a common characteristic, usually their age? a. Age subculture b. Generation c. Age group d. Cohort Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 3.4: Discuss how our society organizes human experience into distinctive stages of life. Topic: Socialization and the Life Course Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 89. A setting where a staff tries to radically change someone’s personality through carefully controlling the environment is called a(n) ________ a. anticipatory social center. b. cohort community. c. total institution. d. degradation ceremony. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 3.5: Characterize the operation of total institutions. Topic: Resocialization: Total Institutions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 90. According to Erving Goffman, the goal of a total institution is to ________ a. help integrate a troubled patient into the outside world. b. give a person greater choices about how to live. c. radically alter a person’s personality or behavior. d. encourage lifelong learning in a supervised context. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 3.5: Characterize the operation of total institutions. Topic: Resocialization: Total Institutions Difficulty Level: Moderate

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 91. In a total institution, staff members ________ a. closely supervise all the daily life of inmates. b. encourage the individual growth and creativity of inmates. c. allow inmates to choose their own food, clothing, and activities. d. institute informal rules to direct people’s daily routines. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 3.5: Characterize the operation of total institutions. Topic: Resocialization: Total Institutions Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 92. Goffman’s idea of the resocialization process includes ________ a. breaking down an old identity, then building up a new identity. b. rewarding inmates for being creative. c. helping integrate inmates into the larger society. d. finding ways to make inmates contribute to the larger society. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 3.5: Characterize the operation of total institutions. Topic: Resocialization: Total Institutions Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 93. An inmate who loses the capacity for independent living is described as ________ a. unsocialized. b. integrated. c. institutionalized. d. dissociated. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 3.5: Characterize the operation of total institutions. Topic: Resocialization: Total Institutions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 94. Based on what you have read in this chapter, you would correctly conclude that ________ a. society shapes how we think, feel, and act. b. human beings lack spontaneity and creativity. c. human beings are locked in the prison of society. d. human beings are unwilling to change society. Answer: a

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 3.5: Characterize the operation of total institutions. Topic: Resocialization: Total Institutions Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 95. Why are the cases of Anna, Isabelle, and Genie important to social scientists? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 3.1: Describe how social interaction is the foundation of personality. Topic: Social Experience: The Key to Our Humanity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 96. Why did Sigmund Freud see human culture (superego) as a necessary source of repression? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 97. Summarize Jean Piaget’s contribution to our understanding of socialization. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 98. What differences did Carol Gilligan find in how males and females make moral judgments? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 99. What did George Herbert Mead mean by “self”? What are the steps in the development of the self?

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 100. Explain Erik Erikson’s theory of socialization as a lifelong process. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 101. Explain why George Herbert Mead’s theory of self can be described as completely social. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 102. Note one criticism often made of Erik Erikson’s “Stages of Development” theory. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 103. Cite several ways in which the family is central to the process of socialization. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 3.3: Analyze how the family, school, peer groups, and the mass media guide the socialization process. Topic: Agents of Socialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 104. Explain how a family’s social class position shapes the process of socialization. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 3.3: Analyze how the family, school, peer groups, and the mass media guide the socialization process. Topic: Agents of Socialization

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 105. Provide evidence in support of the position that stages of the life course are socially constructed. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 3.4: Discuss how our society organizes human experience into distinctive stages of life. Topic: Socialization and the Life Course Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 106. Why is defining adulthood difficult for people living in the United States? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 3.4: Discuss how our society organizes human experience into distinctive stages of life. Topic: Socialization and the Life Course Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 107. What does industrialization do for life expectancy? What does it do to the relative social standing of the oldest people in a society? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 3.4: Discuss how our society organizes human experience into distinctive stages of life. Topic: Socialization and the Life Course Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 108. According to Erving Goffman, what key traits define a total institution? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 3.5: Characterize the operation of total institutions. Topic: Resocialization: Total Institutions Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts ESSAY QUESTIONS/TOPICS FOR SHORT PAPERS 109. Explain the nature-nurture debate. How did Sigmund Freud and George Herbert Mead take different positions in this debate?

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 110. Summarize Freud’s theory of human personality, Piaget’s approach to human development, and Mead’s view of the development of the self. What do all the theories have in common? What are the main differences among them? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 111. Based on everything you have read in this chapter, what are some of the ways in which girls and boys differ in their socialization experience? Provide specific examples in your response. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 3.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 112. What specific contributions to human development are made by family, school, peer group, and mass media? Do these agents of socialization always convey the same lessons to people? In your response, provide several specific examples. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 3.3: Analyze how the family, school, peer groups, and the mass media guide the socialization process. Topic: Agents of Socialization Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 113. Why is the definition of “growing up” more difficult than it used to be? What are the achievements that lead people to say that someone has become an adult? Why is adolescence longer than it was several generations ago? What difference does social class position make in the time frame for “growing up”? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 3.3: Analyze how the family, school, peer groups, and the mass media guide the socialization process. Topic: Agents of Socialization

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 114. Describe the various stages of the human life course: childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age. What characteristics do most people in the United States associate with each? How do we know that these stages, although linked to biological changes, are mostly a social construction? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 3.4: Discuss how our society organizes human experience into distinctive stages of life. Topic: Socialization and the Life Course Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 115. What are the biological changes associated with growing old? In light of these changes, why do sociologists claim that aging is just as much a cultural issue as a biological issue? In applying the sociological perspective to the cultural dimensions of the aging process, consider the effects of industrialization on the social standing of the elderly. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 3.5: Characterize the operation of total institutions. Topic: Resocialization: Total Institutions Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 116. Based on the material in this chapter of the text, address the issue of human freedom in a socially structured world. That is, to what extent do you think people are free to think and act as they wish? In answering this question, consider the theories presented in the chapter—for example, why does Mead’s theory point to greater human freedom than Freud’s theory? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 3.5: Characterize the operation of total institutions. Topic: Resocialization: Total Institutions Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 117. Based on everything you have read in this chapter, write an essay in which you state your own position on the degree to which human beings can claim to have freedom. Provide specific references to chapter material in your essay. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 3.5: Characterize the operation of total institutions. Topic: Resocialization: Total Institutions Difficulty Level: Difficult Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Skill Level: Analyze It

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Chapter 4: Social Interaction in Everyday Life In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Society: The Basics, 15th edition. The questions are tagged according to four levels of learning that move from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The four levels are: Remember the Facts: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material Understand the Concepts: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas Apply What You Know: a question applying sociological knowledge to some new situation Analyze It: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship The 119 questions in this chapter’s test bank are divided into four types. True/False questions are the least demanding. As the table below shows, almost all of these fall within the two lowest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Remember the Facts” and “Understand the Concepts”). Multiple-choice questions also fall primarily within the lower levels of cognitive reasoning, although more of these are somewhat demanding. Short answer questions span a broad range of skills (from “Understand the Concepts” to “Analyze It”). Finally, essay questions are the most demanding, falling within the two highest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Apply What You Know” and “Analyze It”). Types of Questions

Remember the Facts Understand the Concepts Apply What You Know Analyze It

True/False

Mult Choice

Essay

Total Qs

28 (50%)

Short Answer 0

31 (69%)

9 (20%)

15 (27%)

3 (27%)

5 (11%)

13 (23%)

4 (36%)

2 (29%)

0 45

0 56

4 (36%) 11

5 (71%) 7

9 119

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Chapter 4: Social Interaction in Everyday Life TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. Through their social interaction, people create the reality they experience. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 4.1: Explain how social structure helps us to make sense of everyday situations. Topic: Social Structure: A Guide to Everyday Living Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2. Social structure, including status and role, provides a guide for everyday living. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 4.1: Explain how social structure helps us to make sense of everyday situations. Topic: Social Structure: A Guide to Everyday Living Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 3. Sociologists use the concept “status” to refer to someone’s importance. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 4.2: State the importance of status to social organization. Topic: Status Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 4. Only a few statuses that we hold figure into our social identity. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 4.2: State the importance of status to social organization. Topic: Status Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5. A status set refers to the roles people have over the course of their lifetimes. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 4.2: State the importance of status to social organization. Topic: Status Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

6. Being a professional baseball player is mostly an achieved status. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 4.2: State the importance of status to social organization. Topic: Status Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 7. A person’s racial or ethnic identity is largely an ascribed status. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 4.2: State the importance of status to social organization. Topic: Status Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 8. The term “master status” refers to being the best in one’s occupational field. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 4.2: State the importance of status to social organization. Topic: Status Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9. Having a terminal illness may operate as a master status because people can react to the disease as much as they do to the person. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 4.2: State the importance of status to social organization. Topic: Status Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 10. A “role set” refers to all the roles a person has over the course of a lifetime. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 4.3: State the importance of role to social organization. Topic: Role Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11. Typically, each status is linked to several roles. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 4.3: State the importance of role to social organization. Topic: Role

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 12. “Role conflict” refers to the conflict or incompatibility among the roles linked to two or more statuses. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 4.3: State the importance of role to social organization. Topic: Role Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13. “Role strain” refers to differences between the same roles when performed by two different people. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 4.3: State the importance of role to social organization. Topic: Role Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 14. A father who wants to be both a friend and a role model to his son might experience role strain. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 4.3: State the importance of role to social organization. Topic: Role Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 15. The process by which people disengage from important social roles is termed “role exit.” Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 4.3: State the importance of role to social organization. Topic: Role Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 16. The global map in this chapter of the text shows that, in general, among nations in which average income level is low, the share of housework performed by for women is high. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 4.3: State the importance of role to social organization. Topic: Role

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 17. People usually have more statuses than roles. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 4.3: State the importance of role to social organization. Topic: Role Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 18. The idea that reality is socially constructed means that, to most people, nothing seems real at all. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 4.4: Describe how we socially construct reality. Topic: The Social Construction of Reality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 19. Having “street smarts” amounts to the ability to make daily events unfold in the way that you want them to. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 4.4: Describe how we socially construct reality. Topic: The Social Construction of Reality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20. The Thomas theorem states that situations that are defined as real become real in their consequences. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 4.4: Describe how we socially construct reality. Topic: The Social Construction of Reality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 21. Ethnomethodology is the study of how people present themselves to others. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 4.4: Describe how we socially construct reality. Topic: The Social Construction of Reality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

22. People around the world construct the same realities in their everyday interactions. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 4.4: Describe how we socially construct reality. Topic: The Social Construction of Reality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 23. The reality people build in their interaction depends only on the actors themselves, not on the larger culture in which they live. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 4.4: Describe how we socially construct reality. Topic: The Social Construction of Reality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 24. The concept social media refers to technology that links people in social activity. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 4.4: Describe how we socially construct reality. Topic: The Social Construction of Reality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25. Social media, based on computer technology, easily link large numbers of people who may not be in the same physical space. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 4.4: Describe how we socially construct reality. Topic: The Social Construction of Reality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 26. Erving Goffman is the sociologist who developed the approach known as dramaturgical analysis. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 27. A person’s effort to foster certain impressions in the minds of others is called the “presentation of self.”

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 28. According to dramaturgical analysis, a role operates like a part in a play and a status serves as a script. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 29. In dramaturgical analysis, an examination room in a doctor’s office is one good example of what Erving Goffman calls a “back region.” Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 30. Nonverbal communication is communication using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions instead of speech. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 31. There are specific gestures that indicate when a person is lying or otherwise engaging in deception. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 32. People with less power typically have greater choice and flexibility in how they act in the presence of others. Answer: False

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 33. In general, how much power people possess has nothing to do with how much personal space they allow one another. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 34. Because men typically have more power in daily interactions than women, they are more likely to intrude on the personal space of women. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 35. In everyday conversation, men tend to maintain more eye contact than women. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 36. Dramaturgical analysis treats embarrassment as “losing face.” Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 37. Tact is common because embarrassment causes discomfort for both the presenter and members of the audience. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Easy

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Skill Level: Remember the Facts 38. Emotions have both a biological and cultural foundation. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 4.6: Construct a sociological analysis of three aspects of everyday life: emotions, language, and humor. Topic: Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 39. Employers rarely concern themselves with the emotions of employees. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 4.6: Construct a sociological analysis of three aspects of everyday life: emotions, language, and humor. Topic: Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 40. Because emotions have some basis in biology, one would be completely wrong to say that emotions are “socially constructed.” Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 4.6: Construct a sociological analysis of three aspects of everyday life: emotions, language, and humor. Topic: Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 41. Ending words with “ette” and “ess” denotes femininity, which generally reduces the value of something. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 4.6: Construct a sociological analysis of three aspects of everyday life: emotions, language, and humor. Topic: Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 42. The less incongruity or difference that people perceive between conventional and unconventional social definitions of reality, the greater the potential for humor. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 4.6: Construct a sociological analysis of three aspects of everyday life: emotions, language, and humor.

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Topic: Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 43. Despite the fact that the world’s people live in different cultures, humor “travels well” because it is a universal element of human culture. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 4.6: Construct a sociological analysis of three aspects of everyday life: emotions, language, and humor. Topic: Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 44. Racial and ethnic conflict is an important source of humor around the world. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 4.6: Construct a sociological analysis of three aspects of everyday life: emotions, language, and humor. Topic: Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 45. People sometimes use jokes to “put down” others, which is a basic form of social conflict. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 4.6: Construct a sociological analysis of three aspects of everyday life: emotions, language, and humor. Topic: Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 46. Harold and Sybil are lost while driving to some friends’ house. Harold will not stop to ask for directions as Sybil wants him to. This story illustrates the pattern that ________ a. social interaction is actually mostly random. b. men and women may have disagreements about who should drive. c. men avoid asking for directions because they want to keep a sense of control. d. men are more interested in connectedness than women are. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 4.1: Explain how social structure helps us to make sense of everyday situations.

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Topic: Social Structure: A Guide to Everyday Living Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 47. The process by which people act and react in relation to others is called ________ a. social connectedness. b. social construction. c. social dynamics. d. social interaction. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 4.1: Explain how social structure helps us to make sense of everyday situations. Topic: Social Structure: A Guide to Everyday Living Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 48. Which of the following concepts defines a social position that a person holds? a. Role b. Status c. Role set d. Presentation of self Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 4.2: State the importance of status to social organization. Topic: Status Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 49. At any given time you occupy a number of statuses. These statuses make up your ________ a. master status. b. role set. c. achieved statuses. d. status set. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 4.2: State the importance of status to social organization. Topic: Status Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 50. Which of the following concepts refers to a social position that is received at birth or involuntarily assumed later in life? a. Passive role b. Master status

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c. d.

Ascribed status Achieved status

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 4.2: State the importance of status to social organization. Topic: Status Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 51. Which concept refers to a social position that is assumed voluntarily and that reflects a significant measure of personal ability and effort? a. Active role b. Master status c. Ascribed status d. Achieved status Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 4.2: State the importance of status to social organization. Topic: Status Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 52. Which concept refers to a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person’s entire life? a. Social status b. Master status c. Ascribed status d. Achieved status Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 4.2: State the importance of status to social organization. Topic: Status Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 53. Julie is a police officer who finds that wherever she goes in her small town, people seem to think of her as a “cop.” Julie is experiencing the effects of ________ a. role exit. b. master status. c. ascribed status. d. status conflict. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 4.2: State the importance of status to social organization. Topic: Status Difficulty Level: Moderate

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Skill Level: Apply What You Know 54. Akbar is an honors student. In sociological terms, being an honors student is an example of ________ a. role conflict. b. master status. c. ascribed status. d. achieved status. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 4.2: State the importance of status to social organization. Topic: Status Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 55. Which item in the following list is best thought of as an achieved status? a. Occupation b. Physical or mental disability c. Gender d. Race Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 4.2: State the importance of status to social organization. Topic: Status Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 56. Sociologists use which concept to refer to behavior that people expect from someone who holds a particular status? a. Role b. Master status c. Status set d. Role set Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 4.3: State the importance of role to social organization. Topic: Role Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 57. A role set refers to ________ a. all the roles found in a society. b. a number of roles attached to a single status. c. all the roles that are similar in function. d. a number of roles within any particular organization.

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Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 4.3: State the importance of role to social organization. Topic: Role Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 58. What is the concept that refers to the conflict among roles corresponding to two or more statuses? a. Role conflict b. Role strain c. Role set d. Role exit Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 4.3: State the importance of role to social organization. Topic: Role Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 59. Shawna is an excellent artist, but as a mother, she feels that she cannot work and devote enough time to her family. She is experiencing ________ a. role conflict. b. role strain. c. role ambiguity. d. role exit. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 4.3: State the importance of role to social organization. Topic: Role Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 60. Which concept refers to the tension among roles connected to a single status? a. Role conflict b. Role strain c. Role ambiguity d. Role exit Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 4.3: State the importance of role to social organization. Topic: Role Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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61. Which concept is involved when a surgeon chooses not to operate on her own son because the personal involvement of motherhood could impair her professional objectivity as a physician? a. Role conflict b. Role strain c. Role ambiguity d. Role exit Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 4.3: State the importance of role to social organization. Topic: Role Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 62. Which concept is involved when a plant supervisor wants to be a good friend and confidant to the workers, but must remain distant in order to rate the workers’ performances? a. Role conflict b. Role strain c. Role ambiguity d. Role exit Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 4.3: State the importance of role to social organization. Topic: Role Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 63. What is the term for the process by which people disengage from important social roles? a. Role rejection b. Role reversal c. Role loss d. Role exit Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 4.3: State the importance of role to social organization. Topic: Role Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 64. Rebuilding relationships with people who knew you in an earlier period of life is a common experience for those who are undergoing ________ a. role conflict. b. role strain. c. role ambiguity.

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role exit.

Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 4.3: State the importance of role to social organization. Topic: Role Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 65. Which concept is used to designate the process by which people creatively shape reality as they interact? a. Status interaction b. Social construction of reality c. Interactive reality d. Role reality Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 4.4: Describe how we socially construct reality. Topic: The Social Construction of Reality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 66. Flirting is a playful way of seeing if someone is interested in you without risking outright rejection. Therefore, flirting provides a good illustration of ________ a. the Thomas theorem. b. the process of role exit. c. the social construction of reality. d. street smarts. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 4.4: Describe how we socially construct reality. Topic: The Social Construction of Reality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 67. The Thomas theorem states that ________ a. a role is as a role does. b. people rise to their level of incompetence. c. situations defined as real are real in their consequences. d. people know the world only through their language. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 4.4: Describe how we socially construct reality. Topic: The Social Construction of Reality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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68. Garfinkel’s research, an approach called ethnomethodology, involves ________ a. studying the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings. b. tracking people’s roles over the life course. c. the study of interaction in terms of theatrical performance. d. studying unfamiliar cultural systems. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 4.4: Describe how we socially construct reality. Topic: The Social Construction of Reality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 69. The reality we construct through social interaction is likely influenced by our ________ a. social class background. b. soft reality. c. hard reality. d. spirituality. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 4.4: Describe how we socially construct reality. Topic: The Social Construction of Reality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 70. Twitter and Facebook are examples of ________ a. social media. b. dramaturgical analysis. c. the Thomas theorem. d. face-to-face social interaction. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 4.4: Describe how we socially construct reality. Topic: The Social Construction of Reality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 71. The study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance is referred to as ________ a. ethnomethodology. b. dramaturgical analysis. c. the Thomas theorem. d. the social construction of reality. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations.

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Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 72. Which sociologist developed the approach called dramaturgical analysis? a. George Herbert Mead b. Harold Garfinkel c. Erving Goffman d. W. I. Thomas Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 73. What does the concept “presentation of self” mean? a. Efforts to create impressions in the minds of others b. Being very self-conscious c. Interaction that is highly formal d. Trying to take attention away from others Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 74. According to Erving Goffman, we engage in a _____ when we use costumes, props, tone of voice, and gestures to convey information to others. a. role b. performance c. status d. self Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 75. A ______ can be considered a prop in the classroom performance of a professor. a. backpack b. lectern or podium c. cell phone d. confident tone of voice

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Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 76. The power relationship between physicians and patients is immediately evident when the patient enters the doctor’s office because ________ a. it is up to patients to decide when they will see the doctor. b. the physician is already there to greet the patient. c. patients must wait until a “gatekeeper” admits them to see the doctor in the office’s “back region.” d. patients generally address physicians by their first names. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 77. Research on gender and personal performances suggests that ________ a. men “read” women better than women “read” men. b. women “read” men better than men “read” women. c. neither sex is any better at “reading” the other. d. both sexes can “read” behavior of own sex better than the other sex. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 78. Nonverbal communication refers to ________ a. body movements, gestures, and facial expressions. b. instant messaging and other e-communication. c. written language. d. beliefs assumed to be true by everyone. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 79. An important element of nonverbal communication is ________

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a. b. c. d.

tone of voice. the back region. body language. idealization.

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 80. The careful observer can notice clues indicating that someone is telling a lie. People give off these clues because ________ a. our culture defines specific gestures to convey dishonesty. b. nonverbal communication is hard for most people to control. c. few people ever intend to lie. d. research shows that most criminals really want to be caught. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 81. “Personal space” is a concept that refers to ________ a. owned property, such as a house or land. b. unowned space in a public place. c. the surrounding area over which an individual makes some claim to privacy. d. a feeling of needing isolation from others. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 82. In the United States, people stand farther away from one another when they are talking than two people would in a Middle Eastern nation. This pattern reveals differences in meaning attached to ________ a. personal hygiene. b. personal space. c. facial gestures. d. the rights of women compared to men. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations.

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Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 83. According to Erving Goffman, people usually make efforts to _____ their intentions. a. idealize b. reveal c. hide d. contradict Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 84. Smiling and making polite remarks to people we do not like is an example of ________ a. making another feel embarrassment. b. exercising power over another. c. idealizing a personal performance. d. losing face. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 85. Which phrase was used by Erving Goffman to refer to being embarrassed in a social situation? a. “Breaking” a role b. “Idealizing” a performance c. “Exiting” a role d. “Losing face” Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 86. In terms of dramaturgical analysis, another term for helping a person to “save face,” or avoid embarrassment, is ________ a. role exit. b. tact.

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c. d.

idealization. creating personal space.

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 87. Tact is a common response in potentially embarrassing situations because ________ a. we like most people with whom we interact. b. our cultural norms demand looking out for others. c. everyone feels discomfort when a constructed reality breaks down. d. most people are unsure how to act in most situations. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 88. Based on research around the world, Paul Ekman concludes that people everywhere express how many basic emotions? a. One b. Three c. Six d. Over twenty-five Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 4.6: Construct a sociological analysis of three aspects of everyday life: emotions, language, and humor. Topic: Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 89. Ekman claims that a major function of emotions is to ________ a. let us be “ourselves.” b. support group life by forging connections with others. c. limit the power of society over us. d. give people a feeling of independence from others. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 4.6: Construct a sociological analysis of three aspects of everyday life: emotions, language, and humor. Topic: Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications Difficulty Level: Easy

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Skill Level: Remember the Facts 90. When it comes to what triggers emotions in people and how those emotions are displayed, culture ________ a. plays a minor role. b. plays an important role. c. has no effect. d. only has an effect when individuals are socially marginalized. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 4.6: Construct a sociological analysis of three aspects of everyday life: emotions, language, and humor. Topic: Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 91. Arlie Hochschild explains that companies typically ________ a. try to regulate the emotions of workers. b. focus on behavior rather than emotions. c. encourage the free expression of emotions. d. ignore the emotions of workers. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 4.6: Construct a sociological analysis of three aspects of everyday life: emotions, language, and humor. Topic: Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 92. In her study of women’s abortions experiences, Jennifer Keys discovered that feelings are guided by ________ a. biological processes over which people have no control. b. our inner selves. c. “emotional scripts.” d. cultural biases. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 4.6: Construct a sociological analysis of three aspects of everyday life: emotions, language, and humor. Topic: Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 93. Most women take the family name of a man they marry. In sociological terms, this is an example of how language can be used to convey ________ a. power over others.

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b. c. d.

personal knowledge of others. the importance of others. the importance of the marital bond.

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 4.6: Construct a sociological analysis of three aspects of everyday life: emotions, language, and humor. Topic: Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 94. The English language often treats whatever has greater value, power, or importance as ________ a. gender-free. b. feminine. c. masculine. d. humorous. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 4.6: Construct a sociological analysis of three aspects of everyday life: emotions, language, and humor. Topic: Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 95. Humor is created when people ________ a. create and contrast two different realities. b. say things that have no meaning at all. c. speak with great clarity. d. say things that offend others. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 4.6: Construct a sociological analysis of three aspects of everyday life: emotions, language, and humor. Topic: Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 96. In a “well-told” joke, ________ a. the unconventional and conventional definitions of reality are given so quickly that people will not understand the difference. b. there is a very sharp contrast between the conventional and unconventional definitions of reality. c. the conventional and unconventional definitions of reality are virtually the same. d. the conventional and unconventional definitions of reality are confused.

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Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 4.6: Construct a sociological analysis of three aspects of everyday life: emotions, language, and humor. Topic: Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 97. The idea of “getting” a joke, according to the text, depends on ________ a. knowing the joke teller well. b. having a different social background than the joke teller. c. understanding the two realities involved and appreciating their difference. d. understanding exactly why someone is telling a joke. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 4.6: Construct a sociological analysis of three aspects of everyday life: emotions, language, and humor. Topic: Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 98. In general, an important foundation of humor is ________ a. incongruity—differences in meaning. b. differences in social standing. c. gender differences. d. differences in culture. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 4.6: Construct a sociological analysis of three aspects of everyday life: emotions, language, and humor. Topic: Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 99. When interacting with people of an unfamiliar cultural background, ________ a. telling jokes is a good way to “break the ice.” b. we find people everywhere enjoy many of the same jokes. c. we find that some cultures do not have humor. d. what is funny to people in one society may not be funny to those from another society. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 4.6: Construct a sociological analysis of three aspects of everyday life: emotions, language, and humor. Topic: Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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100. Looking at humor from a structural-functional viewpoint, jokes ________ a. tend to bring people together. b. can be a way of making one category of people feel good at the expense of another. c. are a good way of reducing conflict in society. d. are often used to relieve tension—“lightening” a situation. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 4.6: Construct a sociological analysis of three aspects of everyday life: emotions, language, and humor. Topic: Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 101. From a social-conflict point of view, jokes ________ a. tend to bring people together. b. can be a way of making one category of people feel good at the expense of another. c. are a good way of reducing conflict in society. d. are often used to relieve tension —“lightening” a situation. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 4.6: Construct a sociological analysis of three aspects of everyday life: emotions, language, and humor. Topic: Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 102. Describe how status and role operate as two building blocks of daily social interaction. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 4.2: State the importance of status to social organization. Topic: Status Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 103. Explain the difference between an ascribed status and an achieved status. Give examples of statuses that are mostly ascribed and those that are mostly achieved. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 4.2: State the importance of status to social organization.

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Topic: Status Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 104. Explain the concepts of status set and role set. Provide examples of each concept. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 4.2: State the importance of status to social organization. Topic: Status Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 105. Explain the idea of socially constructing reality by using examples from everyday life. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 4.4: Describe how we socially construct reality. Topic: The Social Construction of Reality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 106. What is the Thomas theorem? Provide an example of how it works. How is this theorem an example of the process we call the “social construction of reality”? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 4.4: Describe how we socially construct reality. Topic: The Social Construction of Reality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 107. What are “social media”? Provide examples of social media and explain their importance to everyday life. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 4.4: Describe how we socially construct reality. Topic: The Social Construction of Reality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 108. Explain the basic approach called dramaturgical analysis. From this point of view, explain how we engage in the “presentation of self.” Answer: Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Moderate

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Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 109. What is nonverbal communication? How do people use it in everyday life? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 110. Identify several ways gender affects personal performances. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 111. Stan claims that gender has nothing to do with patterns of social interaction. To him, men and women in the same settings behave in the same ways. Use material from this chapter to evaluate this assertion. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 112. Explain how emotions are guided by both biology and culture. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 4.6: Construct a sociological analysis of three aspects of everyday life: emotions, language, and humor. Topic: Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It ESSAY QUESTIONS/TOPICS FOR SHORT PAPERS 113. In a short essay, identify a number of your own statuses. What roles correspond to each? Do any operate as master statuses? How? Identify which statuses are mostly ascribed and which are mostly achieved. Use one or more examples to explain why many statuses are both ascribed and achieved. Answer:

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Learning Objective: LO 4.2: State the importance of status to social organization. Topic: Status Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 114. Recall your own experience with a college or job interview. Now imagine that someone new to that situation asks you for advice about how to dress, speak, and act. Write an essay in which you explain how to influence other people in a positive way. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 115. Language helps create social reality, beginning with the division of people into worlds of “maleness” and “femaleness.” Write an essay in which you explain how language involving gender creates different worlds for women and men. Think of specific ways in which everyday language places the two sexes in different and unequal social positions. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 116. Explain Erving Goffman’s ideas on the presentation of self. What are the elements of “presentations”? For example, how does a college professor engage in a scripted presentation of self to a class? What about a professor’s office? What features of the office are used to convey information to an observer? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 4.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. Topic: Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 117. Explain ways in which human emotions are the same everywhere and ways in which they are different. In your essay, assess the importance of both the biological and the cultural foundations of human emotions. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 4.6: Construct a sociological analysis of three aspects of everyday life: emotions, language, and humor. Topic: Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications

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Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 118. Read through the box titled “Managing Feelings: Women’s Abortion Experiences.” In what ways do “feeling scripts” guide women’s experiences with abortion? Identify some other social situation in which you have been guided by “feeling scripts.” Explain what factors guide the way reality is constructed. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 4.6: Construct a sociological analysis of three aspects of everyday life: emotions, language, and humor. Topic: Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 119. What makes something funny? Explain the foundation of humor and what is involved in “getting” a joke. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 4.6: Construct a sociological analysis of three aspects of everyday life: emotions, language, and humor. Topic: Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Chapter 5: Mass Media and Social Media In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Society: The Basics, 15th edition. The questions are tagged according to four levels of learning that move from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The four levels are: Remember the Facts: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material Understand the Concepts: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas Apply What You Know: a question applying sociological knowledge to some new situation Analyze It: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship The 104 questions in this chapter’s test bank are divided into four types. True/False questions are the least demanding. As the table below shows, all of these fall within the two lowest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Remember the Facts” and “Understand the Concepts”). Multiple-choice questions also fall primarily within the lower levels of cognitive reasoning, although more of these are somewhat demanding. Short answer questions span a broad range of skills (from “Remember the Facts” to “Analyze It”). Finally, essay questions are the most demanding, falling primarily within the two highest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Apply What You Know” and “Analyze It”). Types of Questions

Remember the Facts Understand the Concepts Apply What You Know Analyze It

True/False

Mult Choice

Essay

Total Qs

14 (34%)

Short Answer 2 (12%)

23 (64%)

13 (36%)

17 (42%)

7 (41%)

2 (20%)

9 (22%)

6 (35%)

2 (20%)

0 36

1 (2%) 41

2 (12%) 17

6 (60%) 10

9 104

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Chapter 5: Mass Media and Social Media TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. In the United States, women are somewhat more likely than men to use socialnetworking sites. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 5.1: Explain the meanings of three key concepts: media, mass media, and social media. Topic: What Is the Media? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2. The concept “media” refers to any type of face-to-face interaction. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 5.1: Explain the meanings of three key concepts: media, mass media, and social media. Topic: What Is the Media? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3. Various “mass media” transmit information from a single source to a vast number of people. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 5.1: Explain the meanings of three key concepts: media, mass media, and social media. Topic: What Is the Media? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4. The first computers, built back in the 1960s, were far smaller than the personal computers we use today. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 5.1: Explain the meanings of three key concepts: media, mass media, and social media. Topic: What Is the Media? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. Today, about 4 billion of the world’s people (roughly half) are linked by the internet.

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Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 5.1: Explain the meanings of three key concepts: media, mass media, and social media. Topic: What Is the Media? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 6. Social media differ from mass media in that they are based on computer technology. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 5.1: Explain the meanings of three key concepts: media, mass media, and social media. Topic: What Is the Media? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7. Marshall McLuhan claimed that media technology is so valuable because it allows us to transmit information without changing it in any way. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 5.2: Investigate the issue of media bias and the need for media literacy. Topic: Media and the Message: Media Bias and Media Literacy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8. Many people consider CNN and MSNBC to have a liberal political bias and Fox News to have a conservative political bias. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 5.2: Investigate the issue of media bias and the need for media literacy. Topic: Media and the Message: Media Bias and Media Literacy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9. Because there are so many media sources today, most people in the United States make use of many different sources, representing various sides of any political issue. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 5.2: Investigate the issue of media bias and the need for media literacy. Topic: Media and the Message: Media Bias and Media Literacy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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10. The concept “media literacy” refers to the fact that the media helps to educate people. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 5.2: Investigate the issue of media bias and the need for media literacy. Topic: Media and the Message: Media Bias and Media Literacy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11. The concept “fake news” took on considerable importance during the 2016 presidential election. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 5.2: Investigate the issue of media bias and the need for media literacy. Topic: Media and the Message: Media Bias and Media Literacy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12. The first of the mass media was radio. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 13. The history of radio shows that AM stations predominantly transmit “talk” and that FM stations provide high-quality music. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 14. Television was invented in the 1970s. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

15. The power of television to shape the nation’s political attitudes can be seen in how TV coverage of the Vietnam War turned the public against that military campaign. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 16. Research tells us that the average adult in the United States does not watch television at all on most days. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 17. Computer-based media outlets such as Netflix, Amazon Prime, and Hulu Plus are more popular with older people than younger people. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 18. The creation of the internet had considerable support from the U.S. military. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 19. The popularity of social media is relatively greater among younger people than among older people. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media.

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Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 20. The concept “digital divide” refers to the fact that half of the world’s people use handheld computer devices and half of the world’s people use larger, personal computers. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 21. Among young people in the United States, individuals in various racial and ethnic categories of the population are about equally likely to have access to the internet. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 22. About half of young adults in the United States make use of the internet. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 23. Marshall McLuhan is the sociologist who studied how people present themselves to others, a process he called the “presentation of self.” Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 5.4: Explore how the use of social media affects individuals. Topic: The Effects of Social Media on the Individual Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24. In the world of social media, people tend to present idealized images of themselves. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 5.4: Explore how the use of social media affects individuals.

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Topic: The Effects of Social Media on the Individual Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 25. Sherry Turkle claims that young people who use social media may lose some of their capacity for empathy. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 5.4: Explore how the use of social media affects individuals. Topic: The Effects of Social Media on the Individual Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 26. The concept “cyber-bullying” refers to committing any crime through the use of social media. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 5.4: Explore how the use of social media affects individuals. Topic: The Effects of Social Media on the Individual Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 27. To date, researchers have found no evidence that people may become addicted to the use of social media. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 5.4: Explore how the use of social media affects individuals. Topic: The Effects of Social Media on the Individual Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 28. Most teens claim that the use of social media makes them feel more connected to their friends. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 5.5: Assess how the use of social media may affect social relationships. Topic: The Effect of Social Media on Relationships Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 29. Most internet predators who engage with children are men who are interested in sex. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 5.5: Assess how the use of social media may affect social relationships.

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Topic: The Effect of Social Media on Relationships Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 30. Couples who spend the most time using social-networking sites are also those who report the greatest amount of conflict in their relationships. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 5.5: Assess how the use of social media may affect social relationships. Topic: The Effect of Social Media on Relationships Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 31. Evidence suggests that social-media technology encourages a deeper and more meaningful way of life. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 5.6: Identify several effects of social media on society. Topic: The Effect of Social Media on Society Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 32. An early example of using mass media to accomplish political objectives are President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s “fireside chat” broadcasts on radio. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 5.6: Identify several effects of social media on society. Topic: The Effect of Social Media on Society Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 33. Structural-functional theory suggests that mass media and social media help generate a more integrated society based on common culture. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 5.7: Apply sociology’s major theories to social media. Topic: Theories of Social Media Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 34. Symbolic-interaction analysis shows us that various media simply pass along information and do not shape reality. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 5.7: Apply sociology’s major theories to social media.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Topic: Theories of Social Media Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 35. The fact that ownership of major media outlets is in the hands of a small number of people and organizations is described as “media consolidation.” Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 5.7: Apply sociology’s major theories to social media. Topic: Theories of Social Media Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 36. The main claim made by feminist theory is that the mass media are now dominated by women rather than men. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 5.7: Apply sociology’s major theories to social media. Topic: Theories of Social Media Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 37. The social movement #BlackLivesMatter emerged after the shooting death of ________

a. b. c. d.

Martin Luther King, Jr. Trayvon Martin. George Zimmerman. Stokely Carmichael.

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 5.1: Explain the meanings of three key concepts: media, mass media, and social media. Topic: What Is the Media? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 38. The concept “media” refers to ________ a. computer-based technology. b. the newspaper business. c. channels of communication. d. rules of interaction. Answer: c

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 5.1: Explain the meanings of three key concepts: media, mass media, and social media. Topic: What Is the Media? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 39. Which of the following concepts refers to interactive media that allows people to communicate with one another and to form communities based on interests and goals? a. Media b. Mass media c. Fake media d. Social media Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 5.1: Explain the meanings of three key concepts: media, mass media, and social media. Topic: What Is the Media? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 40. The insight of Marshall McLuhan can be summed up with which of the following statements? a. “The medium is the message.” b. “The truth depends on your point of view.” c. “The truth will set you free.” d. “What is ‘medium’ is rarely ‘well done.’” Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 5.2: Investigate the issue of media bias and the need for media literacy. Topic: Media and the Message: Media Bias and Media Literacy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 41. One effective strategy to advance our capacity for media literacy is to ________ a. make use of multiple sources of information. b. assume that there is no “truth” at all. c. believe everything you read. d. assume that you know more than others do. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 5.2: Investigate the issue of media bias and the need for media literacy. Topic: Media and the Message: Media Bias and Media Literacy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

42. The first medium of mass communication was the ________ a. radio. b. television. c. internet. d. newspaper. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 43. About what year in human history did mass communication first exist? a. 1600 b. 1800 c. 1900 d. 2000 Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 44. By 1955, half of all U.S. households ________ a. had access to the internet. b. had satellite radio in at least one car. c. owned at least one television. d. had a cable-television subscription. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 45. Research indicates that the average U.S. adult typically watches ________ hours of television each day. a. One b. Three c. Five d. Fifteen

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 46. If you were marketing products effectively by using sociological data, you would ________

a. b. c. d.

use older technology such as cable and satellite technology to sell to older people and newer, internet-based media to sell to younger people. use older technology such as cable and satellite technology to sell to younger people and newer, internet-based media to sell to older people. assume that both younger and older people make equal use of all mass and social media. assume that both women and men make equal use of all mass and social media.

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 47. The fundamental difference between older mass media and newer social media is that social media ________ a. involves a vast number of people. b. is interactive. c. involves both words and images. d. can transmit information over many miles. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 48. The U.S. military supported the development of the internet because ________ a. there was a lot of money to be made from the internet. b. other countries already had the internet. c. the military feared that war would destroy city-based mass media. d. commanders needed a way to directly contact soldiers under their control. Answer: c

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 49. The first use of the term “World Wide Web” and the creation of the first socialnetworking site both took place during the ________ a. 1930s. b. 1950s. c. 1970s. d. 1990s. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 50. Worldwide, the share of people who access the internet ________ a. is the same in every region of the world. b. is higher in regions of the world with lower average incomes. c. is lower in regions of the world with lower average incomes. d. is, on average, larger than the share of people in the United States who use the internet. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 51. For the world as a whole, about what share of men and women use the internet? a. 51 percent of men and 45 percent of women b. 45 percent of men and 51 percent of women c. 71 percent of men and 73 percent of women d. 21 percent of men and 27 percent of women Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

52. The concept “digital divide” refers to the fact that ________ a. most people spend about half their time online. b. a far larger share of women than men use the internet. c. there are large differences in internet use among various categories of people within a country or for the world as a whole. d. only half of the world’s populated areas have internet access. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 53. Which of the following statements about race and internet use in the United States is correct? a. Twice the share of white people compared to black people use the internet. b. Among affluent, college-educated people, the share of black people and white people using the internet is the same. c. Among people without a high-school diploma, the share of black people and white people using the internet is the same. d. Twice the share of black people compared to white people use the internet. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 54. Which of the following statements about age and internet use in the United States is correct? a. About 99 percent of adults, regardless of age, use the internet. b. About 50 percent of adults, regardless of age, use the internet. c. About 99 percent of adults who have reached the age of sixty-five use the internet, as do about 60 percent of young adults. d. About 99 percent of young adults use the internet, as do about 60 percent of adults who have reached the age of sixty-five. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

55. The sociologist who explored the “presentation of self” was ________ a. Marshall McLuhan. b. Emile Durkheim. c. Karl Marx. d. Erving Goffman. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 5.4: Explore how the use of social media affects individuals. Topic: The Effects of Social Media on the Individual Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 56. In general, people using social media present ________ images of themselves. a. idealized b. incorrect c. entirely truthful d. highly critical Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 5.4: Explore how the use of social media affects individuals. Topic: The Effects of Social Media on the Individual Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 57. Research by Sherry Turkle concluded that the use of social media tends to make young people ________ a. more sensitive to other people’s feelings. b. more aggressive toward other people. c. experience less empathy toward others. d. have deeper emotional feelings. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 5.4: Explore how the use of social media affects individuals. Topic: The Effects of Social Media on the Individual Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 58. Which of the following situations is consistent with Sherry Turkle’s research involving college students? a. People always pay close attention to those sitting with them. b. Norms have emerged making it okay to use smartphones in class. c. The best students are those who spend the most time online. d. Norms have emerged making it okay to “tune out” of face-to-face conversations to check for online information.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 5.4: Explore how the use of social media affects individuals. Topic: The Effects of Social Media on the Individual Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 59. Which of the following statements is supported by research conducted at UCLA? a. Students are likely to feel positively about online photos that they see have lots of “likes.” b. Students tend to dismiss images that many other people have “liked.” c. Students do not seem to care what other students think about the world. d. There is little evidence that students conform to the attitudes of others in the world of social media. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 5.4: Explore how the use of social media affects individuals. Topic: The Effects of Social Media on the Individual Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 60. Research at Microsoft Corporation concluded that the use of social media increases ________

a. b. c. d.

people’s intelligence. capacity to multitask. attention span. capacity for empathy.

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 5.4: Explore how the use of social media affects individuals. Topic: The Effects of Social Media on the Individual Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 61. Which of the following people is at the highest risk to experience cyber-bullying? a. A man at the age of sixty-five b. A woman at the age of sixty-five c. A young boy d. A young girl Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 5.4: Explore how the use of social media affects individuals. Topic: The Effects of Social Media on the Individual Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

62. Research shows that about what share of U.S. teens claim that using social media makes them feel better connected to their friends? a. 20 percent b. 40 percent c. 60 percent d. 80 percent Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 5.5: Assess how the use of social media may affect social relationships. Topic: The Effect of Social Media on Relationships Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 63. In 2015, about ________ of U.S. adults reported that they had used an online dating site. a. 15 percent b. 35 percent c. 55 percent d. 85 percent Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 5.5: Assess how the use of social media may affect social relationships. Topic: The Effect of Social Media on Relationships Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 64. Read the statements below. Which of these statements is NOT correct? a. Couples who meet online marry sooner than couples who meet in more conventional ways. b. Couples who meet online have a higher chance of divorce than couples who meet in more conventional ways. c. Couples who meet online are typically older than couples who meet in more conventional ways. d. Couples who meet online are less likely to share existing friends than couples who meet in more conventional ways. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 5.5: Assess how the use of social media may affect social relationships. Topic: The Effect of Social Media on Relationships Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

65. Survey research suggests that couples who make the greatest use of social media are ________

a. b. c. d.

likely to have the highest levels of relational conflict. likely to be older. typically in minority categories of the population. typically people with low levels of education.

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 5.5: Assess how the use of social media may affect social relationships. Topic: The Effect of Social Media on Relationships Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 66. Research indicates that social media contains a considerable amount of content that ________

a. b. c. d.

makes people more opposed to any form of violence. makes people turn away from any type of risk. glorifies various types of risk-taking. encourages a deeply moral way of life.

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 5.6: Identify several effects of social media on society. Topic: The Effect of Social Media on Society Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 67. Research by Nancy Jo Sales involving more than 200 young women found that the use of social media encouraged these women to place greater value on their ________ a. intellect. b. physical appearance and sex appeal. c. education. d. family ties. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 5.6: Identify several effects of social media on society. Topic: The Effect of Social Media on Society Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 68. The most “followed” people on Twitter are ________ a. religious leaders. b. members of Congress. c. leaders of various social movements. d. entertainers.

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Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 5.6: Identify several effects of social media on society. Topic: The Effect of Social Media on Society Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 69. An increasing share of U.S. employers ________ a. consider social media to be an employee’s personal and private concern. b. pay little attention to all social media. c. monitor the social media posted by their employees. d. do not allow employees to apply for a job online. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 5.6: Identify several effects of social media on society. Topic: The Effect of Social Media on Society Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 70. President Franklin D. Roosevelt gained public support with his “fireside chats,” which made use of the ________ a. radio. b. television. c. newspaper. d. internet. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 5.6: Identify several effects of social media on society. Topic: The Effect of Social Media on Society Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 71. Social media and mass media have a number of functions for society as a whole. Which of the following is NOT included in the chapter as one of these functions? a. An agent of socialization b. Advancing a uniform culture c. An agent of social control d. Increasing the degree of political democracy Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 5.6: Identify several effects of social media on society. Topic: The Effect of Social Media on Society Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 72. Symbolic-interaction theory explains how the mass media and social media ________ a. serve to help society as a whole to operate.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

b. c. d.

shape the reality we experience. establish and perpetuate social inequality. distribute social resources to various categories of people.

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 5.7: Apply sociology’s major theories to social media. Topic: Theories of Social Media Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 73. The theoretical approach closely linked to the ideas of Karl Marx is ________ a. the structural-functional approach. b. the symbolic-interaction approach. c. the social-conflict approach. d. the feminist approach. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 5.7: Apply sociology’s major theories to social media. Topic: Theories of Social Media Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 74. Which of the following statements illustrates the concept “media consolidation”? a. Social media have become more interactive. b. More and more people make use of social media. c. The “reach” of social media is not worldwide. d. A larger share of media outlets is owned by a small number of people. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 5.7: Apply sociology’s major theories to social media. Topic: Theories of Social Media Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 75. Feminist theory makes the claim that ________ a. an increasing share of media outlets is controlled by a small number of people. b. mass media and social media support the domination of males over females. c. mass media and social media have important functions for society. d. media are owned and operated mostly by women. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 5.7: Apply sociology’s major theories to social media. Topic: Theories of Social Media Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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76. The Bechdel Test asks whether or not a film ________ a. presents women and their lives in a significant way. b. deals with race. c. portrays people from various class positions. d. has very much global content. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 5.7: Apply sociology’s major theories to social media. Topic: Theories of Social Media Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 77. Perhaps the most important consequence of the development of mass media and social media has been ________ a. ending inequality based on gender. b. increasing the degree of democracy. c. expanding people’s access to information. d. helping people to connect with others in their physical presence. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 5.7: Apply sociology’s major theories to social media. Topic: Theories of Social Media Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 78. What are the definitions of the concepts “media,” “mass media,” and “social media”? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 5.1: Explain the meanings of three key concepts: media, mass media, and social media. Topic: What Is the Media? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 79. What is “media bias”? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 5.2: Investigate the issue of media bias and the need for media literacy. Topic: Media and the Message: Media Bias and Media Literacy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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80. What is the main insight about the media offered by Marshall McLuhan? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 5.2: Investigate the issue of media bias and the need for media literacy. Topic: Media and the Message: Media Bias and Media Literacy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 81. When and where did newspapers first appear? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 82. What is the meaning and importance of “sensationalism” in the history of newspapers? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 83. How did mass media, including radio and television, advance a national culture in the United States? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 84. When was television invented? When did a majority of U.S. households have at least one television set? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Moderate

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Skill Level: Remember the Facts 85. What did research into the 1960 Kennedy-Nixon debate teach us about the power of the mass media to shape public perception of events? How did radio and television audiences differ in their perceptions of the debate? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 86. What is the meaning of the concept “digital divide”? Apply this concept to the United States as well as the entire world. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 87. How did the emergence of computer technology and the internet support the development of not just mass media but also social media? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 88. What does research tell us about the link between use of social media and our capacity for empathy? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 5.4: Explore how the use of social media affects individuals. Topic: The Effects of Social Media on the Individual Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 89. How are the relationships of couples who meet online likely to differ from those of couples who meet in more conventional ways? Answer:

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Learning Objective: LO 5.5: Assess how the use of social media may affect social relationships. Topic: The Effect of Social Media on Relationships Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 90. What is the “shallow culture” hypothesis? In your opinion, is this a valid hypothesis? Why or why not? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 5.6: Identify several effects of social media on society. Topic: The Effect of Social Media on Society Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 91. Explain ways in which the use of social media is changing the U.S. workplace. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 5.6: Identify several effects of social media on society. Topic: The Effect of Social Media on Society Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 92. List several functions of mass media and social media for society as a whole. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 5.7: Apply sociology’s major theories to social media. Topic: Theories of Social Media Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 93. What is the Bechdel Test? What does applying this test tell us about gender and film? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 5.7: Apply sociology’s major theories to social media. Topic: Theories of Social Media Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 94. What is “media consolidation”? Provide data in support of the assertion that media consolidation has taken place in the United States. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 5.7: Apply sociology’s major theories to social media. Topic: Theories of Social Media Difficulty Level: Moderate

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Skill Level: Apply What You Know ESSAY QUESTIONS/TOPICS FOR SHORT PAPERS 95. Explain how social media differs from mass media. How do these differences change society? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 5.1: Explain the meanings of three key concepts: media, mass media, and social media. Topic: What Is the Media? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 96. What is “media literacy”? In what ways can gaining media literacy help people assess media bias? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 5.2: Investigate the issue of media bias and the need for media literacy. Topic: Media and the Message: Media Bias and Media Literacy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 97. Explain the phrase “the medium is the message.” Illustrate this idea using television news. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 5.2: Investigate the issue of media bias and the need for media literacy. Topic: Media and the Message: Media Bias and Media Literacy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 98. Trace the historical development of newspapers, radio, television, and the internet. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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99. Explain the link between age and use of social media. How is race related to the use of social media? What about gender? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media. Topic: The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 100. Explain how people use social media in the “presentation of self.” How does the use of social media shape people’s self-image? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 5.4: Explore how the use of social media affects individuals. Topic: The Effects of Social Media on the Individual Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 101. Identify ways in which mass media and social media help stabilize society. In what ways do various types of media encourage social change? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 5.7: Apply sociology’s major theories to social media. Topic: Theories of Social Media Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 102. Analyze the connections between mass media and social media and social inequality. On balance, do you think various types of media are a force to advance or reduce equality? Why? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 5.7: Apply sociology’s major theories to social media. Topic: Theories of Social Media Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 103. Overall, in what ways do you think the development of social media has improved social life in the United States? In what ways has it made life more challenging? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 5.7: Apply sociology’s major theories to social media. Topic: Theories of Social Media Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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104. Looking ahead twenty-five years, how do you imagine new computer technology will change our everyday lives? Be as specific as you can. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 5.7: Apply sociology’s major theories to social media. Topic: Theories of Social Media Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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Chapter 6: Groups and Organizations In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Society: The Basics, 15th edition. The questions are tagged according to four levels of learning that move from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The four levels are: Remember the Facts: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material Understand the Concepts: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas Apply What You Know: a question applying sociological knowledge to some new situation Analyze It: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship The 118 questions in this chapter’s test bank are divided into four types. True/False questions are the least demanding. As the table below shows, almost all of these fall within the two lowest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Remember the Facts” and “Understand the Concepts”). Multiple-choice questions also fall primarily within the lower levels of cognitive reasoning, although more of these are somewhat demanding. Short answer questions span a broad range of skills (from “Understand the Concepts” to “Analyze It”). Finally, essay questions are the most demanding, falling within the two highest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Apply What You Know” and “Analyze It”). Types of Questions

Remember the Facts Understand the Concepts Apply What You Know Analyze It

True/False

Mult Choice

Essay

Total Qs

42 (65%)

Short Answer 0

28 (74%)

8 (21%)

10 (15%)

3 (43%)

2 (5%)

13 (20%)

1 (14%)

1 (12%)

0 38

0 65

3 (43%) 7

7 (87%) 8

10 118

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Chapter 6: Groups and Organizations TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. People riding together on a subway are correctly called a social group. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 2. In addition to keeping their individuality, members of a social group also think of themselves as a special “we.” Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 3. The sociologist who explored the primary group was Charles Horton Cooley. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 4. The boundary that distinguishes members from nonmembers is clearer in secondary groups than in primary groups. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5. Generally, people in secondary relationships think of others as being a means to some end. Answer: True

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Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 6. In general, people in secondary groups are more likely than people in primary groups to “keep score” in terms of who owes what to whom. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 7. Expressive leaders are more likely than instrumental leaders to enjoy more personal affection from group members. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8. Expressive leadership emphasizes the completion of tasks. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9. The leadership style that allows group members the most autonomy is “laissez-faire.” Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10. Asch’s experiment in group conformity showed that most people would not compromise their personal judgment in order to avoid being seen as different.

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Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 11. Milgram’s experiment showed that people are easily influenced by both “ordinary people” and legitimate authority figures. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 12. Irving Janis demonstrated how discussion always improves decision making in a social group. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 13. “Groupthink” is a form of social conformity among members of groups. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14. Reference groups can be primary groups, but they can never be secondary groups. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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15. In the process of anticipatory socialization, people use social groups they wish to join as reference groups. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 16. One person’s in-group can be another person’s out-group. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17. As the number of members in a group goes up, the number of possible relationships that connect these members goes up much more quickly. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 18. The number of people in a group has no effect on how the members interact with one another. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 19. Georg Simmel referred to a group of three as a dyad. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy

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Skill Level: Remember the Facts 20. As groups grow larger, they become less stable. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 21. As groups increase in size, interaction between members becomes more intense and personal. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 22. A social network is really a web of weak social ties. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 23. Typically, the people with the largest social networks are young, well educated, and live in big cities. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 24. Social media, including apps such as Facebook and Instagram, help people create large social networks. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life.

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Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 25. The development of social media has resulted in social networks becoming smaller. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 26. Formal organizations are designed to meet the personal needs of the participants. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 6.2: Describe the operation of large, formal organizations. Topic: Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 27. A psychiatric hospital can be a coercive organization for a patient, a utilitarian organization for a psychiatrist, and a normative organization for a part-time volunteer. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 6.2: Describe the operation of large, formal organizations. Topic: Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 28. Bureaucracy places more importance on personal ties than on technical competence. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 6.2: Describe the operation of large, formal organizations. Topic: Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 29. Max Weber believed the spread of bureaucracy would greatly improve the quality of life for modern people. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 6.2: Describe the operation of large, formal organizations. Topic: Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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30. Oligarchy refers to the rule of the many by the few. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 6.2: Describe the operation of large, formal organizations. Topic: Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 31. Scientific management was an effort to give workers more power over production. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 6.3: Summarize the changes to formal organizations over the course of the last century. Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 32. Rosabeth Moss Kanter’s research shows that making promotion and financial advancement widely available actually discourages people from working harder. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 6.3: Summarize the changes to formal organizations over the course of the last century. Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 33. Compared to U.S. organizations, many formal organizations in Japan have had more of the qualities that define primary groups. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 6.3: Summarize the changes to formal organizations over the course of the last century. Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 34. Today’s business organizations make greater use of competitive work teams. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 6.3: Summarize the changes to formal organizations over the course of the last century. Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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35. In today’s information age, more and more competitive organizations have a very hierarchical, pyramid shape. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 6.3: Summarize the changes to formal organizations over the course of the last century. Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 36. Frederick Taylor, the creator of “scientific management,” argued in favor of a flatter organizational shape with more organizational flexibility. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 6.3: Summarize the changes to formal organizations over the course of the last century. Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 37. The “McDonaldization” of society thesis echoes Weber’s belief that rational systems are efficient, but also dehumanizing. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 6.3: Summarize the changes to formal organizations over the course of the last century. Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 38. As large organizations have expanded in the United States, privacy has increased. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 6.3: Summarize the changes to formal organizations over the course of the last century. Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 39. The success story of the McDonald’s organization explains ________ a. that “fast food” is really not served very efficiently. b. that the McDonald’s idea never caught on abroad.

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c. d.

why so many small businesses do not succeed. that the organizational principles of McDonald’s have come to dominate our social life.

Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 40. What do sociologists call two or more people who identify and interact with one another? a. A dyad b. A social group c. A network d. A crowd Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 41. Which of the following sociological concepts refers to all people with a common status, such as “college student”? a. A crowd b. A group c. A category d. A network Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 42. A temporary, loosely formed collection of people who may or may not interact is a ________ a. crowd. b. group. c. category. d. population.

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Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 43. Imagine you are watching several dozen passengers sitting in an airport gate area waiting to board a plane. These people are an example of a ________ a. crowd. b. group. c. category. d. network. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 44. Charles Cooley referred to a small social group whose members share personal and enduring relationships as ________ a. an instrumental group. b. an expressive group. c. a primary group. d. a secondary group. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 45. Why did Cooley refer to certain groups as “primary groups”? a. They are among the first groups we experience in life. b. They include more members than secondary groups. c. They sometimes only exist for a short period of time. d. Their members often consider group membership as a means to a goal. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy

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Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 46. Which of the following is every society’s most important primary group? a. The peer group b. The work group c. The family d. The play group Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 47. Assume you are one of many people assembled at a university graduation ceremony. The concept that best describes this gathering is a ________ a. peer group. b. category. c. primary group. d. secondary group. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 48. A secondary group is a social group that ________ a. we experience late in life. b. is impersonal and engages in some specific activity. c. engages in many very important activities. d. is generally much smaller than a primary group. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 49. One characteristic of secondary groups is ________ a. their small size. b. weak emotional ties between members. c. strong emotional ties between members.

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their long-term duration.

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 50. An example of a primary group is ________ a. a family that has gathered to celebrate a religious holiday. b. carpenters gathering at a work site. c. a student government meeting. d. a reunion of the graduating class of 1977. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 51. An example of a secondary group is ________ a. a fraternity chapter meeting on campus. b. a Microsoft Corporation awards banquet. c. parents meeting with their daughter and her coach. d. girl scouts at a cookout. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 52. In general, we see a(n) ________ as a means to an end; we see a(n) ________ as an end in itself. a. expressive group; instrumental group b. crowd; category c. secondary group; primary group d. primary group; secondary group Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups

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Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 53. What is the term for group leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks? a. Democratic leadership b. Authoritarian leadership c. Expressive leadership d. Instrumental leadership Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 54. ________ refers to group leadership that emphasizes collective well-being. a. Democratic leadership b. Authoritarian leadership c. Expressive leadership d. Instrumental leadership Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 55. You are part of a task force with a group leader who has a distant relationship with the group members and who is concerned with getting the job done. Which type of leader does your task force have? a. A laissez-fair group leader b. A democratic leader c. An expressive leader d. An instrumental leader Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 56. In your group, the leader is skilled at using humor to reduce tension and lighten serious moments. Which type of leader does your group have?

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a. b. c. d.

A democratic leader A laissez-faire leader An expressive leader An instrumental leader

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 57. Which type of leadership style takes charge of making decisions and makes sure people do what they are told? a. Authoritarian leadership b. Democratic leadership c. Laissez-faire leadership d. Expressive leadership Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 58. Which type of leader encourages everyone in a group to have a say in what happens? a. Authoritarian leader b. Democratic leader c. Laissez-faire leader d. Expressive leader Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 59. Which type of leaders downplay their own power, letting group members function more or less on their own? a. Authoritarian leaders b. Democratic leaders c. Laissez-faire leaders d. Instrumental leaders

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 60. Solomon Asch’s research, in which subjects were asked to match lines, showed that ________ a. people seek out friends with whom they tend to agree. b. people defined as “leaders” have great power over their subjects. c. people tend to see most things differently. d. group membership has the power to generate conformity. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 61. According to the findings of Solomon Asch, ________ a. many people are willing to compromise their own judgment to avoid being seen as different by others. b. many people have weak self-images and seek social approval. c. ordinary people are often not truthful to people who are in power. d. many people are unwilling to compromise their own judgment to please authority figures. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 62. Stanley Milgram’s research, in which subjects used a “shock generator,” showed ________ a. people become angry when others disagree with them. b. the ability to withstand pain varies with cultural background. c. people are surprisingly likely to follow the orders of not only real authority figures but also groups of ordinary individuals. d. that ordinary people are surprisingly independent in their judgments. Answer: c

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 63. The process called “groupthink” refers to ________ a. a group that shares information widely and makes an effective policy decision. b. a group leader who makes a decision without consulting anyone and the decision turns out to be a bad one. c. group members who seek consensus, discourage people from speaking freely, and end up making a decision based on limited information. d. a group that gets different ideas from everyone and is unable to come up with any decision at all. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 64. What is the sociological concept coined by Irving Janis for a limited understanding of some issue resulting from group conformity? a. Reference group consciousness b. Groupthink c. In-group d. Tunnel vision Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 65. During the process of groupthink ________ a. group members quickly settle on a position and then they treat other possibilities as oppositional. b. group members encourage each other to see the issue from multiple points of view. c. group members treat reaching consensus as less important than encouraging everyone to speak up openly. d. The group seeks diverse members and ends up being unable to reach a consensus. Answer: a

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 66. A social group that people use as a point of reference in making evaluations or decisions is called a ________ a. peer group. b. reference group. c. out-group. d. dyad. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 67. Samuel Stouffer’s study of soldier morale during World War II led to what conclusion? a. The greater the chances of getting ahead, the happier people are. b. Happiness is a matter of personal values and standards. c. Whatever their situation in absolute terms, people evaluate themselves and make comparisons to others in specific reference groups. d. The less chance for promotion, the higher soldiers’ morale. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 68. Which type of social group commands a member’s esteem and loyalty? a. An in-group b. An out-group c. A reference group d. A social network Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Skill Level: Remember the Facts 69. A social group toward which a person feels competition or opposition is ________ a. an in-group. b. an out-group. c. a reference group. d. a social network. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 70. A social group with only two members is called a ________ a. secondary group. b. dyad. c. triad. d. bond. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 71. Simmel described the dyad as ________ a. less stable than groups with many members. b. involving less intense interaction. c. less meaningful than the triad. d. more stable than groups with many members. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 72. A “triad” is ________ a. any pyramid-shaped organization. b. a trial marriage. c. a social group with three members. d. a temporary social group.

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Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 73. If you want your social group to be open to any and all people as new members, you would encourage a ________ a. socially diverse membership. b. large group size. c. group that is physically segregated. d. small group size. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 74. Which sociological concept refers to a number of weak social ties among people who have little common identity and little interaction? a. Primary group b. Triad c. Network d. Dyad Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 75. Social networks are typically ________ a. built on primary relationships. b. “fuzzy” groups made up of people we “know of” rather than those we know well. c. characterized by a strong sense of membership. d. characterized by boundaries defining membership. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 76. The concept “social media” refers to ________ a. technology based on industrial production. b. any technology that discourages social interaction. c. material about social behavior. d. technology that links people in social activity. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 77. The development of social media means that ________ a. fewer people in the United States participate in social networks. b. it is no longer important for people in our society to be “well connected.” c. in the computer age, typical social networks now link far more people. d. our population is increasingly isolated socially with smaller social networks. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 78. Formal organizations are ________ a. small groups with elected leaders. b. large secondary groups with a goal orientation. c. networks that have many members. d. only agencies that are part of the government. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 6.2: Describe the operation of large, formal organizations. Topic: Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 79. Which type of formal organization is sometimes called a “voluntary association”? a. Normative organizations b. Coercive organizations c. Utilitarian organizations d. Passive organizations

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 6.2: Describe the operation of large, formal organizations. Topic: Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 80. A prisoner would consider a maximum-security prison ________ a. a normative organization. b. a coercive organization. c. a utilitarian organization. d. a voluntary organization. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 6.2: Describe the operation of large, formal organizations. Topic: Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 81. Which type of formal organization do people join in order to obtain money and other material benefits? a. Normative organization b. Coercive organization c. Utilitarian organization d. Voluntary organization Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 6.2: Describe the operation of large, formal organizations. Topic: Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 82. Assume you are a parent of a child in school. From your point of view, what type of organization is a school’s parent-teacher association (PTA)? a. A normative organization b. A coercive organization c. A utilitarian organization d. A traditional organization Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 6.2: Describe the operation of large, formal organizations. Topic: Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

83. From the point of view of anyone considered to be an “inmate,” what type of formal organization is the person in? a. A normative organization b. A coercive organization c. A utilitarian organization d. A voluntary organization Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 6.2: Describe the operation of large, formal organizations. Topic: Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 84. The concept “bureaucracy” refers to ________ a. a large, normative organization. b. any source of inefficiency in organizational operation. c. an organizational model that operates informally. d. an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 6.2: Describe the operation of large, formal organizations. Topic: Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 85. One of the traits Max Weber noted about bureaucracy was that it ________ a. favors family members over strangers. b. arranges workers in a flat organizational hierarchy. c. emphasizes cultural traditions. d. provides workers with highly specialized jobs. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 6.2: Describe the operation of large, formal organizations. Topic: Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 86. In principle, bureaucratic organizations pay little attention to ________ a. formal policies. b. completing tasks efficiently. c. tradition. d. the technical competence of members. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 6.2: Describe the operation of large, formal organizations. Topic: Formal Organizations

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 87. Which concept refers to all factors outside an organization that affect the organization’s operation? a. Oligarchy b. Organizational environment c. Secondary environment d. Competition Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 6.2: Describe the operation of large, formal organizations. Topic: Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 88. Max Weber argued that formal organizations were efficient, but he cautioned that they can have harmful effects on people. As he saw it, what is the danger? a. Organizations create social inequality. b. Organizations create conflict among workers. c. Organizations create alienation. d. Organizations create conformity. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 6.2: Describe the operation of large, formal organizations. Topic: Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 89. What is Robert Merton’s term for a preoccupation with rules and regulations to the point of keeping an organization from accomplishing its goals? a. Bureaucratic ritualism b. Bureaucratic alienation c. Bureaucratic innovation d. Bureaucratic inertia Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 6.2: Describe the operation of large, formal organizations. Topic: Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 90. The emergency room clerk who keeps a bleeding patient waiting while filling out lots of paperwork is a classic example of bureaucratic ________ a. ritualism. b. alienation.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

c. d.

innovation. inertia.

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 6.2: Describe the operation of large, formal organizations. Topic: Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 91. The tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves in order to keep going is called bureaucratic ________ a. retreatism. b. ritualism. c. innovation. d. inertia. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 6.2: Describe the operation of large, formal organizations. Topic: Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 92. Robert Michels referred to the rule of the many by the few as ________ a. a bureaucracy. b. a formal organization. c. an oligarchy. d. an authoritarian leadership. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 6.2: Describe the operation of large, formal organizations. Topic: Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 93. In the “iron law of oligarchy,” Robert Michels stated that bureaucracy always means ________ a. inefficiency. b. the few rule the many. c. formal rules and regulations. d. alienation. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 6.2: Describe the operation of large, formal organizations. Topic: Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

94. The basic idea behind scientific management is that ________ a. both science and formal organizations are rational. b. organizations benefit from employees with scientific knowledge. c. applying scientific principles can make a business more efficient. d. formal organizations can benefit from more hierarchy and rigidity. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 6.3: Summarize the changes to formal organizations over the course of the last century. Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 95. The scientific management approach was developed by ________ a. Frederick Taylor. b. Robert Merton. c. Robert Michels. d. Rosabeth Moss Kanter. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 6.3: Summarize the changes to formal organizations over the course of the last century. Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 96. In brief, what does Rosabeth Moss Kanter’s research show? a. Organizations must “open up” their structure in order to bring out the best in their employees. b. Employees who hustle are the ones who get ahead. c. Organizational structure has little to do with employee performance. d. Formal organizations typically become oligarchies. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 6.3: Summarize the changes to formal organizations over the course of the last century. Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 97. According to Deborah Tannen, what traits make up a “female advantage”? a. There are more women than men graduating from college. b. Women place greater emphasis on communication. c. Women are stricter managers. d. White women are overrepresented in senior management positions.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 6.3: Summarize the changes to formal organizations over the course of the last century. Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 98. During the last fifty years, Japanese formal organizations have differed from those in the United States by being ________ a. less efficient. b. less profitable. c. more collective in their orientation. d. more hierarchical. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 6.3: Summarize the changes to formal organizations over the course of the last century. Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 99. U.S. business organizations differ from those a century ago because ________ a. today’s organizations grant less creative autonomy. b. today’s organizations use more competitive work teams. c. today’s organizations have a steeper pyramid shape. d. today’s organizations have less flexibility. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 6.3: Summarize the changes to formal organizations over the course of the last century. Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 100. One of the traits linked to the process of McDonaldization is ________ a. efficiency. b. creativity. c. cultural awareness. d. privacy. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 6.3: Summarize the changes to formal organizations over the course of the last century. Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Skill Level: Remember the Facts 101. The concept “McDonaldization” of society refers to ________ a. McDonald’s organizational principles moving to dominate all of society. b. the spread of McDonald’s restaurants around the world. c. society becoming more filled with red tape and inefficiency. d. the less and less predictable nature of today’s society. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 6.3: Summarize the changes to formal organizations over the course of the last century. Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 102. Evidence of the process called the “McDonaldization” of society includes ________ a. bank tellers being replaced with automatic teller machines (ATMs). b. the fact that jobs now provide workers with greater autonomy and independence. c. the increased flexibility of the modern workplace. d. the fact that many new jobs demand creativity and imagination. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 6.3: Summarize the changes to formal organizations over the course of the last century. Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 103. The text speaks of “opposing trends” in today’s world of formal organizations because ________ a. some organizations are getting bigger, but most are getting smaller. b. men dominate formal organizations, but women are gaining quickly. c. some organizations have evolved toward flatter, more flexible forms, but others remain rigid organizations patterned by McDonald’s. d. almost all people are better off than ever, but they are sacrificing privacy. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 6.3: Summarize the changes to formal organizations over the course of the last century. Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

104. What are the differences between categories and social groups? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 105. What are several important differences between primary and secondary groups? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 106. What does the research by Solomon Asch and Stanley Milgram show us about the ability of social groups to affect the opinions and behavior of group members? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 107. What is the meaning of “in-group” and “out-group”? How do they both affect the opinions and behavior of individuals? Give an example of each operating as a reference group. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 108. List the traits that Max Weber used to describe bureaucratic social organizations. How do these traits promote organizational efficiency? What do these traits have in common? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 6.2: Describe the operation of large, formal organizations. Topic: Formal Organizations

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 109. What is the “McDonaldization” of society? List the four principles that define this organizational pattern. In what ways is this pattern good for society? In what ways does it threaten us? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 6.3: Summarize the changes to formal organizations over the course of the last century. Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 110. What does it mean to say that rationality may be irrational? How might Weber respond to this question? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 6.3: Summarize the changes to formal organizations over the course of the last century. Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It ESSAY QUESTIONS/TOPICS FOR SHORT PAPERS 111. Based on your understanding of this chapter, discuss (1) how group size affects the behavior of group members, and (2) how diversity in group membership affects the behavior of group members. Illustrate your responses with examples from everyday life. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 112. Explain the effect of social media such as Facebook on the size and character of social networks. How do social media bring more and more people together? In what ways can social media discourage social interaction? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 6.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. Topic: Social Groups

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Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 113. In this essay, list the key characteristics of bureaucracy. What was it about bureaucracy that Max Weber saw as being positive? What did he see as being negative? To what extent to you agree with Weber’s assessment? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 6.2: Describe the operation of large, formal organizations. Topic: Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 114. How have formal organizations changed over the course of the 20th century? Describe the ideal formal organization in the eyes of scientific management analyst Frederick Taylor, who wrote his business principle a century ago. How and why do today’s more flexible organizations strive to be different from those described by Taylor? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 6.3: Summarize the changes to formal organizations over the course of the last century. Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 115. Discuss the “McDonaldization” of society thesis. What, exactly, does this phrase mean? How might this thesis, assuming it is correct, affect your own life in college and after? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 6.3: Summarize the changes to formal organizations over the course of the last century. Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 116. Why do many analysts claim that the spread of formal organizations threatens personal privacy? What do you think can be done about the erosion of personal privacy? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 6.3: Summarize the changes to formal organizations over the course of the last century. Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

117. Explain the “opposing trends” that are shaping the future of organizations in the United States. Why are workers in some large organizations rewarded for developing their creativity and imagination, whereas those in other organizations are prevented from doing anything other than what they are told? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 6.3: Summarize the changes to formal organizations over the course of the last century. Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 118. What are the dangers that are posed to us by the process called the “McDonaldization” of society? Develop some strategies, policies, or personal choices that might help discourage the spread of this process. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 6.3: Summarize the changes to formal organizations over the course of the last century. Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Chapter 7: Sexuality and Society In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Society: The Basics, 15th edition. The questions are tagged according to four levels of learning that move from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The four levels are: Remember the Facts: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material Understand the Concepts: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas Apply What You Know: a question applying sociological knowledge to some new situation Analyze It: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship The 107 questions in this chapter’s test bank are divided into four types. True/False questions are the least demanding. As the table below shows, all of these fall within the two lowest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Remember the Facts” and “Understand the Concepts”). Multiple-choice questions also fall primarily within the lower levels of cognitive reasoning, although more of these are somewhat demanding. Short answer questions span a broad range of skills (from “Understand the Concepts” to “Analyze It”). Finally, essay questions are the most demanding, falling within the two highest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Apply What You Know” and “Analyze It”). Types of Questions

Remember the Facts Understand the Concepts Apply What You Know Analyze It

True/False

Mult Choice

Essay

Total Qs

28 (60%)

Short Answer 0

31 (78%)

9 (22%)

12 (25%)

4 (40%)

7 (15%)

2 (20%)

0 40

0 47

4 (40%) 10

8 (80%) 10

12 107

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Chapter 7: Sexuality and Society TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. There are few areas of life in which sexuality does not play some part. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 7.1: Describe how sexuality is both a biological and a cultural issue. Topic: Understanding Sexuality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2. Historically, U.S. culture discouraged open discussion of sexuality, so researchers did not begin to study sexuality until the middle of the twentieth century. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 7.1: Describe how sexuality is both a biological and a cultural issue. Topic: Understanding Sexuality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 3. Standards of human beauty are exactly the same for people everywhere in the world. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 7.1: Describe how sexuality is both a biological and a cultural issue. Topic: Understanding Sexuality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 4. Sociobiologists point out that, in every society throughout the world, people are attracted to youthfulness. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 7.1: Describe how sexuality is both a biological and a cultural issue. Topic: Understanding Sexuality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. Sociologists point out that human sexual attitudes and behavior are very similar across all cultures. Answer: False

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 7.1: Describe how sexuality is both a biological and a cultural issue. Topic: Understanding Sexuality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6. Primary sex characteristics refer to reproductive organs. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 7.1: Describe how sexuality is both a biological and a cultural issue. Topic: Understanding Sexuality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 7. People in all cultures respond to intersexual people with confusion or even disgust. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 7.1: Describe how sexuality is both a biological and a cultural issue. Topic: Understanding Sexuality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8. Although there is a human “sex drive,” our biology does not dictate any specific ways of being sexual. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 7.1: Describe how sexuality is both a biological and a cultural issue. Topic: Understanding Sexuality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9. Every state in the United States permits lawful marriage between a woman and a man who are first cousins. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 7.1: Describe how sexuality is both a biological and a cultural issue. Topic: Understanding Sexuality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10. No sexual practice—not even the incest taboo—is found everywhere in the world.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 7.1: Describe how sexuality is both a biological and a cultural issue. Topic: Understanding Sexuality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 11. Historically, public attitudes towards sexuality in the United States have been an inconsistent mix of cultural repression and support for individual choice. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 7.2: Explain changes in sexual attitudes in the United States. Topic: Sexual Attitudes in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 12. During the last century, U.S. society experienced profound changes in sexual attitudes and practices. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 7.2: Explain changes in sexual attitudes in the United States. Topic: Sexual Attitudes in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13. The publication of Alfred Kinsey’s first book in 1948 received considerable attention because scientists were actually studying sex. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 7.2: Explain changes in sexual attitudes in the United States. Topic: Sexual Attitudes in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 14. The baby boom generation—people born between 1946 and 1964—became the first cohort in U.S. history to grow up with the idea that sex is part of everyone’s life, whether they are married or not. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 7.2: Explain changes in sexual attitudes in the United States. Topic: Sexual Attitudes in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 15. While the sexual revolution increased sexual activity overall, it changed behavior among men more than among women.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 7.2: Explain changes in sexual attitudes in the United States. Topic: Sexual Attitudes in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 16. The sexual counterrevolution did little to change the fact that most sexually-active people in the United States had a high number of sexual partners. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 7.2: Explain changes in sexual attitudes in the United States. Topic: Sexual Attitudes in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 17. The region of the world where the smallest share of women use birth control is North America. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 7.2: Explain changes in sexual attitudes in the United States. Topic: Sexual Attitudes in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 18. Survey research shows that, even though the public remains divided on the issue, U.S. society is more accepting of premarital sex today than it was a generation ago. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 7.2: Explain changes in sexual attitudes in the United States. Topic: Sexual Attitudes in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 19. Despite the widespread image of “swinging singles,” married people have sex with a partner more often than singles do. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 7.2: Explain changes in sexual attitudes in the United States. Topic: Sexual Attitudes in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 20. Research shows that most married adults in the United States are sexually unfaithful to their spouses at some point in their marriages.

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Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 7.2: Explain changes in sexual attitudes in the United States. Topic: Sexual Attitudes in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 21. The fact that many people are bisexual demonstrates that sexual orientation is not clear-cut. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 7.3: Analyze factors that shape sexual orientation. Topic: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 22. Homosexuality and heterosexuality are mutually exclusive, meaning that all people fall into one category or the other. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 7.3: Analyze factors that shape sexual orientation. Topic: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23. A majority of adults in the United States report engaging in homosexual activity at some point in their lives. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 7.3: Analyze factors that shape sexual orientation. Topic: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 24. Transgender is a concept that refers to appearance or behavior that challenges conventional gender norms. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 7.3: Analyze factors that shape sexual orientation. Topic: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25. The existence of a category of people in Mexico called Muxes shows us that there can be more than two gender categories. Answer: True

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Learning Objective: LO 7.3: Analyze factors that shape sexual orientation. Topic: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 26. Homophobia refers to a fear of sexuality. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 7.3: Analyze factors that shape sexual orientation. Topic: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 27. Transgender is a simple matter of sexual orientation. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 7.3: Analyze factors that shape sexual orientation. Topic: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 28. Teenage pregnancy raises the risk of girls not finishing school and becoming poor. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 7.4: Discuss several current controversies involving sexuality. Topic: Sexual Issues and Controversies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 29. The U.S. rate of teenage pregnancy was actually higher in the 1950s than it is today. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 7.4: Discuss several current controversies involving sexuality. Topic: Sexual Issues and Controversies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 30. The sexual revolution raised the level of teenage pregnancy in the United States. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 7.4: Discuss several current controversies involving sexuality. Topic: Sexual Issues and Controversies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 31. Pornography is a moral issue for some people and a power issue for others.

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Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 7.4: Discuss several current controversies involving sexuality. Topic: Sexual Issues and Controversies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 32. Prostitution is most widespread in poor nations, where women have fewer economic opportunities. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 7.4: Discuss several current controversies involving sexuality. Topic: Sexual Issues and Controversies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 33. Although some people think rape simply reflects a desire for sex, it is an expression of power. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 7.4: Discuss several current controversies involving sexuality. Topic: Sexual Issues and Controversies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 34. On U.S. campuses, researchers have found, the majority of women express dissatisfaction with the culture of “hooking up.” Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 7.4: Discuss several current controversies involving sexuality. Topic: Sexual Issues and Controversies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 35. The structural-functional approach highlights patterns of inequality that are linked to sexuality. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 7.5: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of sexuality. Topic: Theories of Sexuality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 36. The symbolic-interaction approach highlights the various meanings people attach to sexuality.

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Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 7.5: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of sexuality. Topic: Theories of Sexuality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 37. The social-conflict approach highlights the ways sexual attitudes and practices are a benefit to some people and a disadvantage to others. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 7.5: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of sexuality. Topic: Theories of Sexuality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 38. Feminist theory considers sex and sexuality to be an important dimension of social inequality. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 7.5: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of sexuality. Topic: Theories of Sexuality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 39. Heterosexism refers to rejecting or stigmatizing anyone who is not heterosexual. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 7.5: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of sexuality. Topic: Theories of Sexuality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 40. The abortion debate is about nothing more than the question of when life begins. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 7.5: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of sexuality. Topic: Theories of Sexuality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 41. A reason to study sexuality using the sociological perspective is ________ a. sexuality is both an important and controversial element of social life. b. most people understand sexuality very well.

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c. d.

sexuality plays a minor part in many areas of social life. sexuality has already been thoroughly studied.

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 7.1: Describe how sexuality is both a biological and a cultural issue. Topic: Understanding Sexuality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 42. Which of the following concepts refers to the biological distinction between males and females? a. Sex b. Primary sex characteristics c. Gender d. Gender roles Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 7.1: Describe how sexuality is both a biological and a cultural issue. Topic: Understanding Sexuality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 43. The development of breasts in females and deeper voices in males are examples of ________ a. gender norms. b. primary sex characteristics. c. secondary sex characteristics. d. cultural variation. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 7.1: Describe how sexuality is both a biological and a cultural issue. Topic: Understanding Sexuality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 44. Which of the following concepts refers to genitals that distinguish females and males? a. Gender b. Primary sex characteristics c. Secondary sex characteristics d. Sexual chromosomes Answer: b

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Learning Objective: LO 7.1: Describe how sexuality is both a biological and a cultural issue. Topic: Understanding Sexuality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 45. Which concept refers to humans who have some combination of female and male sexual characteristics? a. Multi-sexed b. Bisexual c. Transsexual d. Intersexual Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 7.1: Describe how sexuality is both a biological and a cultural issue. Topic: Understanding Sexuality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 46. If you often have the feeling of being “trapped in the wrong body,” you might be ________ a. a hermaphrodite. b. a homosexual. c. a transsexual. d. a bisexual. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 7.1: Describe how sexuality is both a biological and a cultural issue. Topic: Understanding Sexuality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 47. Comparative research indicates that ________ a. although sex has a biological foundation, sexual practices vary from place to place as an element of the culture. b. people throughout the world engage in the same sexual practices. c. sex is not permitted in some societies, but it is encouraged in others. d. sexuality is defined entirely by a biological “sex drive.” Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 7.1: Describe how sexuality is both a biological and a cultural issue. Topic: Understanding Sexuality Difficulty Level: Easy

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Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 48. One norm found everywhere is the incest taboo, which refers to norms forbidding ________ a. young children from engaging in sex. b. sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives. c. women from becoming sexually active before marriage. d. sex except for the purpose of having children. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 7.1: Describe how sexuality is both a biological and a cultural issue. Topic: Understanding Sexuality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 49. The incest taboo ________ a. limits sexual competition within families. b. confuses people’s rights and obligations towards each other. c. breaks down the kinship system. d. discourages contact of family members with the larger society. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 7.1: Describe how sexuality is both a biological and a cultural issue. Topic: Understanding Sexuality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 50. About what share of the states in this country have laws that permit marriage between first cousins? a. None of the states b. Five of the states c. Half of the states d. All of the states Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 7.1: Describe how sexuality is both a biological and a cultural issue. Topic: Understanding Sexuality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 51. When did the sexual revolution truly come of age? a. It began during the colonial era. b. It began during the Great Depression of the 1930s.

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c. d.

It began in the 1940s and then grew quickly in the late 1960s. It began about 1980.

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 7.2: Explain changes in sexual attitudes in the United States. Topic: Sexual Attitudes in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 52. The importance of Alfred Kinsey’s research on sexuality in the United States was ________ a. making sexuality a focus of scientific study. b. showing that people were more conventional than most of society thought. c. encouraging less openness towards sexuality. d. that it signaled the end of the sexual revolution. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 7.2: Explain changes in sexual attitudes in the United States. Topic: Sexual Attitudes in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 53. The sexual counterrevolution had begun in the United States by ________ a. 1920. b. 1960. c. 1980. d. 1995. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 7.2: Explain changes in sexual attitudes in the United States. Topic: Sexual Attitudes in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 54. The effect of the sexual counterrevolution was ________ a. to keep sex only within marriage. b. to encourage people to limit their number of sexual partners or, in some cases, to abstain from sex entirely. c. to finally close the historical “double standard.” d. to discourage the use of birth control technology. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 7.2: Explain changes in sexual attitudes in the United States. Topic: Sexual Attitudes in the United States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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55. Survey research on attitudes towards premarital sex tells us that ________ a. the public is more accepting of premarital sex than it was a generation ago. b. there has been little or no change in public attitudes towards premarital sex in recent decades. c. the public is less accepting of premarital sex than it was a generation ago. d. almost no one today claims that premarital sex is wrong. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 7.2: Explain changes in sexual attitudes in the United States. Topic: Sexual Attitudes in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 56. According to the Laumann study of sexual patterns among U.S. adults, ________ a. almost everyone has about the same amount of sexual experience. b. single people have more sex than married people. c. there are striking differences in sexual experience within the U.S. population. d. in the age of AIDS, almost all sex is limited to married partners. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 7.2: Explain changes in sexual attitudes in the United States. Topic: Sexual Attitudes in the United States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 57. Research on extramarital sex shows that about ________ of married men and about ________ of married women remain faithful to their spouse throughout their married lives. a. 18 percent; 22 percent b. 25 percent; 75 percent c. 50 percent; 50 percent d. 79 percent; 88 percent Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 7.2: Explain changes in sexual attitudes in the United States. Topic: Sexual Attitudes in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 58. Which of the following concepts refers to a person’s romantic and emotional attraction to another person? a. Sex role b. Sexual orientation c. Sexual experience d. Personal transsexuality

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Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 7.3: Analyze factors that shape sexual orientation. Topic: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 59. Sexual attraction to someone of the same sex is called ________ a. heterosexuality. b. bisexuality. c. homosexuality. d. asexuality. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 7.3: Analyze factors that shape sexual orientation. Topic: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 60. Sexual attraction to people of both sexes is called ________ a. heterosexuality. b. bisexuality. c. homosexuality. d. asexuality. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 7.3: Analyze factors that shape sexual orientation. Topic: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 61. Sarah feels little or no sexual attraction to people of either sex. Her sexual orientation is called ________ a. heterosexuality. b. bisexuality. c. homosexuality. d. asexuality. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 7.3: Analyze factors that shape sexual orientation. Topic: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 62. The majority of evidence indicates that sexual orientation is rooted in ________ a. human biology, although social experience plays some role.

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b. c. d.

how societies construct sexuality. individual choice. the way young children are raised.

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 7.3: Analyze factors that shape sexual orientation. Topic: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 63. In 2014, what percentage of U.S. adults claimed homosexuality was “always wrong” or “almost always wrong”? a. Only 5 percent b. About 30 percent c. About 46 percent d. Almost 100 percent Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 7.3: Analyze factors that shape sexual orientation. Topic: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 64. About ________ of men and ________ of women in the United States claim to have a homosexual identity. a. 1.9 percent; 1.3 percent b. 10 percent; 6 percent c. 28 percent; 14 percent d. 30 percent; 30 percent Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 7.3: Analyze factors that shape sexual orientation. Topic: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 65. The concept of “homophobia” refers to ________ a. fear of pregnancy. b. fear of one’s own sexuality. c. fear of close personal interaction with people thought to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual. d. fear of attracting sexual interest from another person. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 7.3: Analyze factors that shape sexual orientation. Topic: Sexual Orientation

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Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 66. The category of teenagers with the highest probability of pregnancy is ________ a. teenage women with low incomes and weak families. b. teenage women with high incomes. c. teenage women with little sexual experience. d. teenage women with high levels of education. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 7.4: Discuss several current controversies involving sexuality. Topic: Sexual Issues and Controversies Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 67. Pornography is ________ a. a proven scientific cause of violence against women. b. condemned by almost all conservatives but defended by almost all liberals. c. rare in the United States. d. very popular in the United States. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 7.4: Discuss several current controversies involving sexuality. Topic: Sexual Issues and Controversies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 68. From a global perspective, prostitution is most common in ________ a. high-income nations, where women are free to choose their profession. b. poor nations, where women have fewer economic opportunities. c. all nations, because prostitution is found in every country to about the same extent. d. Middle Eastern countries such as Saudi Arabia and Iran, where women have fewer choices about their lives. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 7.4: Discuss several current controversies involving sexuality. Topic: Sexual Issues and Controversies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 69. Elite prostitutes—young, attractive, and well-educated women—are widely referred to as ________ a. streetwalkers. b. brothel workers. c. call girls or escorts.

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sex criminals.

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 7.4: Discuss several current controversies involving sexuality. Topic: Sexual Issues and Controversies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 70. Prostitution is regarded by many people in the United States as a ________ a. victimless crime. b. corporate crime. c. crime against the person. d. white-collar crime. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 7.4: Discuss several current controversies involving sexuality. Topic: Sexual Issues and Controversies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 71. Many people call prostitution a victimless crime because ________ a. they believe that prostitution subjects women to outright violence. b. they believe that prostitution plays a part in spreading sexually transmitted diseases, including AIDS. c. they believe that many poor women become trapped in a life of selling sex. d. they believe that adults should be able to do as they please as long as no one is harmed. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 7.4: Discuss several current controversies involving sexuality. Topic: Sexual Issues and Controversies Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 72. A common myth is that ________ a. many rapes are not reported to the police. b. official rape statistics include only victims who are women. c. in most cases of rape, the victim does not know the attacker. d. most men who rape men are not homosexual. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 7.4: Discuss several current controversies involving sexuality. Topic: Sexual Issues and Controversies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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73. A widespread—but false—idea about rape is that ________ a. many rapes take place in the home. b. women who are raped must have encouraged their attackers. c. men who rape are interested in power rather than sex. d. “date rape” is a common problem on college campuses. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 7.4: Discuss several current controversies involving sexuality. Topic: Sexual Issues and Controversies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 74. The campus culture of “hooking up” involves sexual relationships between partners who ________ a. know little about each other. b. are dating. c. desire long-term relationships with each other. d. are both content with these encounters. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 7.4: Discuss several current controversies involving sexuality. Topic: Sexual Issues and Controversies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 75. The idea that society needs to regulate human sexuality is highlighted by ________ a. the structural-functional approach. b. the symbolic-interaction approach. c. the social-conflict approach. d. queer theory. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 7.5: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of sexuality. Topic: Theories of Sexuality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 76. Based on what you know about the history of human sexuality, once a society gains birth-control technology ________ a. social control of sexuality becomes more strict. b. families, rather than individuals, make choices about sexual partners. c. social norms regarding sexuality become more permissive. d. the incest taboo no longer is observed. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 7.5: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of sexuality.

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Topic: Theories of Sexuality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 77. Assume that you are investigating the consequences of the incest taboo for kinship organization in a number of societies. You are using ________ a. the structural-functional approach. b. the symbolic-interaction approach. c. the social-conflict approach. d. queer theory. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 7.5: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of sexuality. Topic: Theories of Sexuality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 78. The more global our view of sexuality ________ a. the more variety we see in the meanings people attach to sexuality. b. the greater the evidence that biology defines sexuality. c. the clearer we see that sexual practices are mostly the same all around the world. d. the easier it is to understand the latent functions of sexuality. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 7.5: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of sexuality. Topic: Theories of Sexuality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 79. If you were to study the changing meaning of virginity over the last century in our society, you would discover that the norm stating that people remain virgins until marriage ________ a. has changed little. b. has become stronger with regard to women. c. has become stronger with regard to men. d. has become weaker. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 7.5: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of sexuality. Topic: Theories of Sexuality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 80. If you were teaching a class about the symbolic-interaction approach to sexuality, you likely focus on ________ a. understanding men’s power over women.

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b. c. d.

raising public concern about sexual harassment. how individuals in various settings engage in different sexual behavior and attach different meanings to sexual activity. understanding why society must regulate with whom and when people reproduce.

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 7.5: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of sexuality. Topic: Theories of Sexuality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 81. The ways in which sexuality is linked to social inequality is highlighted by ________ a. the structural-functional approach. b. the symbolic-interaction approach. c. the social-conflict approach. d. the social construction of sexuality. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 7.5: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of sexuality. Topic: Theories of Sexuality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 82. The social-conflict approach emphasizes that ________ a. the process of reality construction is highly variable, so that one group’s views of sexuality may well differ from another’s. b. sexuality plays an important role when it comes to the organization of society. c. U.S. culture often depicts sexuality in terms of sport and violence, such as when we speak of men “scoring” with women, and men “hitting on” women. d. different societies attach different meanings to sexual behavior. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 7.5: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of sexuality. Topic: Theories of Sexuality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 83. Queer theory is a growing body of knowledge asserting that ________ a. sex has always seemed strange to most people. b. no sexual practice should be considered wrong. c. people fear discovering their homosexuality. d. there is a heterosexual bias in U.S. society. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 7.5: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of sexuality. Topic: Theories of Sexuality

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Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 84. ________ refers to stigmatizing anyone who is not heterosexual as “queer.” a. Homophobia b. Heterosexism c. Heterophilia d. Homophilia Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 7.5: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of sexuality. Topic: Theories of Sexuality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 85. Criticism of the social-conflict approach’s view of sexuality would include the fact that ________ a. sexuality is not a power issue for everyone. b. U.S. society has failed to take steps to reduce gender inequality. c. heterosexual culture victimizes a wide range of people. d. abortion is the most divisive issue involving sexuality. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 7.5: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of sexuality. Topic: Theories of Sexuality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 86. The text suggests that the most widely contested issue involving sexuality in the United States in recent decades has been ________ a. homosexuality and gay rights. b. abortion. c. prostitution. d. teen pregnancy. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 7.5: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of sexuality. Topic: Theories of Sexuality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 87. According to national survey data, about what percentage of adults in the United States state that a woman should be able to obtain an abortion for any reason? a. 24 percent b. 44 percent c. 74 percent

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94 percent

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 7.5: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of sexuality. Topic: Theories of Sexuality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 88. Define the concept of sex. Distinguish between primary sex characteristics and secondary sex characteristics and explain how these are linked to people’s sex. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 7.1: Describe how sexuality is both a biological and a cultural issue. Topic: Understanding Sexuality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 89. What are several functions of the incest taboo for society as a whole? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 7.1: Describe how sexuality is both a biological and a cultural issue. Topic: Understanding Sexuality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 90. What significant changes took place during the sexual revolution? What about during the sexual counterrevolution? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 7.2: Explain changes in sexual attitudes in the United States. Topic: Sexual Attitudes in the United States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 91. Define the concept of transgender. In what what ways is the transgender movement trying to change U.S. society? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 7.2: Explain changes in sexual attitudes in the United States. Topic: Sexual Attitudes in the United States Difficulty Level: Moderate

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Skill Level: Analyze It 92. Define the following terms: heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, and asexuality. Explain why sexual orientation is sometimes not easy to apply to specific individuals. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 7.3: Analyze factors that shape sexual orientation. Topic: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 93. Why do some people consider prostitution to be a victimless crime? Can you provide arguments against this position? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 7.4: Discuss several current controversies involving sexuality. Topic: Sexual Issues and Controversies Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 94. State two common myths about rape. Explain why these beliefs are wrong. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 7.4: Discuss several current controversies involving sexuality. Topic: Sexual Issues and Controversies Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 95. What are the traits of the campus culture of “hooking up”? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 7.4: Discuss several current controversies involving sexuality. Topic: Sexual Issues and Controversies Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 96. Why would societies seek to control human sexuality? Why would some societies be more permissive than others? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 7.5: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of sexuality. Topic: Theories of Sexuality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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97. What is the basic assertion of queer theory? Using this approach, what criticism would you make of our society? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 7.5: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of sexuality. Topic: Theories of Sexuality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know ESSAY QUESTIONS/TOPICS FOR SHORT PAPERS 98. Many people think of sexuality as a biological matter; however, sexuality is largely cultural. Explain the biological foundation of sex—how people become female and male—and then go on to explain why sexuality as a dimension of social life is mostly cultural. Consider the variation in attitudes and behavior towards the cultural character of sexuality over time and from society to society. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 7.1: Describe how sexuality is both a biological and a cultural issue. Topic: Understanding Sexuality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 99. Explain the significance of the sexual revolution and the sexual counterrevolution. What changed in each case? How do these opposing trends show that U.S. society is of two minds—permissive and restrictive—regarding sexuality? Do you think that our society is becoming more accepting or less accepting of diversity in sexual behavior? Why? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 7.2: Explain changes in sexual attitudes in the United States. Topic: Sexual Attitudes in the United States Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 100. Identify four sexual orientations. What do we know about the extent of homosexuality in the United States? What is our understanding about the causes of sexual orientation? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 7.3: Analyze factors that shape sexual orientation. Topic: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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101. Explain the significance of the Muxes of central Mexico for our understanding of gender. Develop a similar argument that takes the existence of transgender people in the United States into account. In other words, what cultural changes would be necessary for our society to recognize the full range of sexual diversity that exists here? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 7.3: Analyze factors that shape sexual orientation. Topic: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 102. Is it possible for a society to exist without clear-cut categories of “female” and “male”? If so, describe what such a society would be like. If not, explain why not. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 7.3: Analyze factors that shape sexual orientation. Topic: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 103. Is there a culture of “hooking up” on your campus? Why has this pattern evolved on many campuses at this point in our society’s history? What do you see as the advantages and disadvantages of “hooking up”? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 7.4: Discuss several current controversies involving sexuality. Topic: Sexual Issues and Controversies Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 104. Consider the issue of rape. Why have most cases of rape gone unreported? Why is this pattern changing now? What factors make date rape an important issue on college campuses? What strategies for change might reduce this problem? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 7.4: Discuss several current controversies involving sexuality. Topic: Sexual Issues and Controversies Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 105. Based on the information found in the Global Map that shows women’s access to abortion around the world, how do rich nations differ from low-income nations? What other patterns do you see? Answer:

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Learning Objective: LO 7.5: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of sexuality. Topic: Theories of Sexuality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 106. Apply the three theoretical approaches to the topic of sexuality. What are important insights provided by the structural-functional, symbolic-interaction, and social-conflict approaches? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 7.5: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of sexuality. Topic: Theories of Sexuality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 107. How does sexuality play a part in social inequality? Consider factors including prostitution and pornography and their effects on women. Also, consider heterosexism and its effects on the social standing of gay and intersexual people. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 7.5: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of sexuality. Topic: Theories of Sexuality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Chapter 8: Deviance In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Society: The Basics, 15th edition. The questions are tagged according to four levels of learning that move from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The four levels are: Remember the Facts: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material Understand the Concepts: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas Apply What You Know: a question applying sociological knowledge to some new situation Analyze It: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship The 110 questions in this chapter’s test bank are divided into four types. True/False questions are the least demanding. As the table below shows, all of these fall within the two lowest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Remember the Facts” and “Understand the Concepts”). Multiple-choice questions also fall primarily within the lower levels of cognitive reasoning, although more of these are somewhat demanding. Short answer questions span a broad range of skills (from “Understand the Concepts” to “Analyze It”). Finally, essay questions are the most demanding, falling within the two highest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Apply What You Know” and “Analyze It”). Types of Questions

Remember the Facts Understand the Concepts Apply What You Know Analyze It

True/False

Mult Choice

Essay

Total Qs

40 (64%)

Short Answer 0

22 (82%)

5 (18%)

9 (14%)

4 (40%)

14 (22%)

2 (20%)

1 (10%)

0 27

0 63

4 (40%) 10

9 (90%) 10

13 110

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Chapter 8: Deviance TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. Crime is only one type of deviance. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 8.1: Explain how sociology addresses limitations of a biological or psychological approach to deviance. Topic: What Is Deviance? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2. Cesare Lombroso, an Italian physician and criminologist, claimed that most criminals were people who had been mistreated by society. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 8.1: Explain how sociology addresses limitations of a biological or psychological approach to deviance. Topic: What Is Deviance? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3. Biological factors, including genetics, explain most criminal behavior. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 8.1: Explain how sociology addresses limitations of a biological or psychological approach to deviance. Topic: What Is Deviance? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 4. Walter Reckless and Simon Dinitz developed containment theory, which claims that a strong superego or conscience helps boys stay out of trouble. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 8.1: Explain how sociology addresses limitations of a biological or psychological approach to deviance. Topic: What Is Deviance? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. What is considered deviant is mostly the same behavior all around the world. Answer: False

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Learning Objective: LO 8.1: Explain how sociology addresses limitations of a biological or psychological approach to deviance. Topic: What Is Deviance? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 6. Emile Durkheim’s analysis suggests it would be impossible for a society to completely eliminate deviance. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 8.2: Apply structural-functional theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Structural-Functional Theories: The Functions of Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7. Robert Merton claimed that the “strains of masculinity” are an important cause of crime. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 8.2: Apply structural-functional theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Structural-Functional Theories: The Functions of Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8. A poor person who has little chance to go to college and who sells illegal drugs to make money is one example of what Robert Merton called a deviant “innovator.” Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 8.2: Apply structural-functional theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Structural-Functional Theories: The Functions of Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9. Albert Cohen suggested that lower-class youths form a delinquent subculture to gain the self-respect that society denies them. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 8.2: Apply structural-functional theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Structural-Functional Theories: The Functions of Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10. Labeling theory stresses that some actions are always wrong just as others are always right. Answer: False

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Learning Objective: LO 8.3: Apply symbolic-interaction theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Symbolic-Interaction Theories: Defining Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 11. “Primary deviance” refers to the most serious offenses. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 8.3: Apply symbolic-interaction theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Symbolic-Interaction Theories: Defining Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 12. The stigma of deviance can encourage an individual to engage in further deviance. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 8.3: Apply symbolic-interaction theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Symbolic-Interaction Theories: Defining Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 13. Psychiatrist Thomas Szasz states that the label of “insanity” is widely applied to behavior that is actually only “different.” Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 8.3: Apply symbolic-interaction theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Symbolic-Interaction Theories: Defining Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14. The “medicalization of deviance” idea points to the fact that most crimes are committed by people who are under the influence of an illegal drug. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 8.3: Apply symbolic-interaction theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Symbolic-Interaction Theories: Defining Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 15. Travis Hirschi’s control theory makes the point that people who commit crimes typically have little concern about the potential consequences. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 8.3: Apply symbolic-interaction theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Symbolic-Interaction Theories: Defining Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy

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Skill Level: Remember the Facts 16. According to the social-conflict approach, deviance has a number of useful functions for the operation of society as a whole. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 8.4: Apply social-conflict theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Theories of Class, Race, and Gender: Deviance and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 17. Corporate crime refers to stealing or other crimes that are committed against a corporation or other large business. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 8.4: Apply social-conflict theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Theories of Class, Race, and Gender: Deviance and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 18. Organized crime refers to supplying legal goods and services at below market prices. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 8.4: Apply social-conflict theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Theories of Class, Race, and Gender: Deviance and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 19. Feminist theory claims that women, compared to men, are subject to greater social control. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 8.4: Apply social-conflict theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Theories of Class, Race, and Gender: Deviance and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 20. Today in the United States, women are arrested for property crimes at the same rate that men are. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 8.5: Identify patterns of crime in the United States and around the world. Topic: Crime Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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21. In general, people of higher social class position are less likely to be arrested for street crimes than people of lower class position. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 8.5: Identify patterns of crime in the United States and around the world. Topic: Crime Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 22. “Due process” means handling alleged offenders within the bounds of the law. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 8.6: Analyze the operation of the criminal justice system. Topic: The U.S. Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 23. Every person charged with a crime in the United States is sentenced after receiving a trial by jury. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 8.6: Analyze the operation of the criminal justice system. Topic: The U.S. Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 24. The old saying “An eye for an eye” expresses the idea underlying the policy of rehabilitation. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 8.6: Analyze the operation of the criminal justice system. Topic: The U.S. Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25. In the United States, even though the crime rate has gone down in recent years, the number of people in prison has gone up. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 8.6: Analyze the operation of the criminal justice system. Topic: The U.S. Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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26. The United States is the only Western, high-income nation that routinely imposes the death penalty on convicted offenders. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 8.6: Analyze the operation of the criminal justice system. Topic: The U.S. Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 27. Probation and parole are two types of community-based corrections. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 8.6: Analyze the operation of the criminal justice system. Topic: The U.S. Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 28. What does the chapter-opening story about the conviction and imprisonment of Bruce Glover suggest about punishment in the United States? a. Crime truly does pay. b. Convicts can lose everything important to them while in prison and, after release, they often struggle to fit back into society. c. The U.S. criminal justice system truly rehabilitates criminals effectively. d. After you get out of prison, society welcomes you back with open arms. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 8.1: Explain how sociology addresses limitations of a biological or psychological approach to deviance. Topic: What Is Deviance? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 29. “The recognized violation of cultural norms” refers to the concept of ________ a. deviance. b. crime. c. legal infraction. d. juvenile delinquency. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 8.1: Explain how sociology addresses limitations of a biological or psychological approach to deviance. Topic: What Is Deviance? Difficulty Level: Easy

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Skill Level: Remember the Facts 30. “Crime” differs from “deviance” in that crime ________ a. is always more serious. b. is usually less serious. c. refers to a violation of norms enacted into law. d. involves a larger share of the population. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 8.1: Explain how sociology addresses limitations of a biological or psychological approach to deviance. Topic: What Is Deviance? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 31. Every society uses various strategies to regulate the behavior of individuals; this general process is called ________ a. conscience. b. self control. c. social control. d. the legal system. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 8.1: Explain how sociology addresses limitations of a biological or psychological approach to deviance. Topic: What Is Deviance? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 32. The formal system that responds to alleged violations of the law using police, courts, and prison officials is called ________ a. the normative system. b. social control. c. civil law. d. the criminal justice system. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 8.1: Explain how sociology addresses limitations of a biological or psychological approach to deviance. Topic: What Is Deviance? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 33. Based on your reading, it would be correct to say that biological approaches offer ________ a. a very limited understanding of crime.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

b. c. d.

a good explanation of most crimes. a good explanation of violent crime. a good explanation of property crime.

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 8.1: Explain how sociology addresses limitations of a biological or psychological approach to deviance. Topic: What Is Deviance? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 34. The correct view of the role of biology in causing people to commit crimes is that ________ a. males with certain body types commit the most serious crimes. b. Lombroso proved a century ago that biological factors are the major cause of crime. c. biological factors may have a real but small effect in causing some people to commit crimes. d. genetics research has succeeded in explaining most criminality. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 8.1: Explain how sociology addresses limitations of a biological or psychological approach to deviance. Topic: What Is Deviance? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 35. Walter Reckless and Simon Dinitz claimed that “good boys” have the ability to rein in deviant impulses. They called their analysis ________ a. differential opportunity theory. b. containment theory. c. libido theory. d. differential association theory. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 8.1: Explain how sociology addresses limitations of a biological or psychological approach to deviance. Topic: What Is Deviance? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 36. The value of psychological theories of deviance is limited because ________ a. very few people experience an “unsuccessful socialization.” b. there has been very little research of this kind. c. there is no way to distinguish “normal” from “abnormal” people. d. most people who commit crimes have normal personalities.

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Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 8.1: Explain how sociology addresses limitations of a biological or psychological approach to deviance. Topic: What Is Deviance? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 37. One of the social foundations of deviance is that ________ a. deviance exists only in relation to cultural norms. b. there are many acts that are always deviant everywhere. c. people are born deviant. d. differences in social power have little to do with what norms are and how people apply them. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 8.1: Explain how sociology addresses limitations of a biological or psychological approach to deviance. Topic: What Is Deviance? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 38. Assume you were listening to a lecture on Durkheim’s approach to deviance. The focus of the lecture might be that ________ a. deviance is a normal element of social organization. b. deviance is a dysfunctional element of social organization. c. deviance is less common in modern societies. d. deviance is defined by the rich and used against the poor. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 8.2: Apply structural-functional theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Structural-Functional Theories: The Functions of Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 39. According to Durkheim, functions of deviance include ________ a. negating cultural values and norms. b. the idea that responding to deviance promotes social unity. c. the idea that responding to deviance confuses moral boundaries. d. the idea that deviance looks the same across cultures. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 8.2: Apply structural-functional theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Structural-Functional Theories: The Functions of Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

40. In his study of New England’s Puritans, Kai Erikson concluded that ________ a. people everywhere define mostly the same things as deviant. b. very religious people create very little deviance. c. even this disciplined and highly religious group created deviance to clarify the moral boundaries of their community. d. the proportion of people in the population that the Puritans defined as deviant kept rising over time. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 8.2: Apply structural-functional theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Structural-Functional Theories: The Functions of Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 41. In Robert Merton’s strain theory of deviance, ________ refers to the process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting the conventional means to achieve them. a. innovation b. ritualism c. retreatism d. rebellion Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 8.2: Apply structural-functional theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Structural-Functional Theories: The Functions of Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 42. According to Robert Merton’s strain theory, the term ________would correctly describe a gangster like Al Capone, who made a lot of money breaking the law. a. innovator b. ritualist c. retreatist d. rebel Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 8.2: Apply structural-functional theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Structural-Functional Theories: The Functions of Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 43. According to Robert Merton’s strain theory, the term ________ correctly describes the behavior of a school “dropout” who rejects both cultural goals and the conventional means to reach them. a. innovator b. ritualist

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

c. d.

retreatist rebel

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 8.2: Apply structural-functional theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Structural-Functional Theories: The Functions of Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 44. According to Robert Merton’s strain theory, the term _______ correctly describes the behavior of a radical activist who rejects just about everything in the existing society in favor of some alternative system. a. innovator b. ritualist c. retreatist d. rebel Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 8.2: Apply structural-functional theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Structural-Functional Theories: The Functions of Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 45. According to Robert Merton’s strain theory, how would you classify a low-paid yet compulsively conforming bank teller who never seems to want to get ahead but never seems to do anything wrong? a. Innovator b. Ritualist c. Retreatist d. Rebel Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 8.2: Apply structural-functional theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Structural-Functional Theories: The Functions of Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 46. Cloward and Ohlin extended Merton’s theory of deviance, stating that crime ________ a. reflects both limited legitimate opportunity as well as accessible illegitimate opportunity. b. is more common among the rich who have more opportunity. c. is defined in such a way as to overly criminalize the poor. d. is typically a result of drug dependence or other substance addiction. Answer: a

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Learning Objective: LO 8.2: Apply structural-functional theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Structural-Functional Theories: The Functions of Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 47. Both Albert Cohen and Walter Miller argue that delinquency is most likely to arise among ________ a. high-income males. b. middle-class men and women. c. low-income youths. d. all class levels. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 8.2: Apply structural-functional theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Structural-Functional Theories: The Functions of Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 48. Participating in the subculture that Elijah Anderson describes as “the code of the streets” raises the risk that young people will end up ________ a. conforming to conventional morality. b. doing better than their parents. c. having a career in law enforcement. d. in jail or worse. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 8.2: Apply structural-functional theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Structural-Functional Theories: The Functions of Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 49. The basic idea behind labeling theory is that ________ a. deviance is actually useful in a number of ways. b. deviance arises not so much from what people do as how others respond to what they do. c. power has much to do with how a society defines deviance. d. deviance is actually a myth. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 8.3: Apply symbolic-interaction theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Symbolic-Interaction Theories: Defining Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 50. Edwin Lemert described “primary deviance” as ________ a. the most serious episodes of deviance.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

b. c. d.

actions that parents define as deviant. a passing episode of deviance that has little effect on the person’s self-concept. the experience of deviance early in life.

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 8.3: Apply symbolic-interaction theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Symbolic-Interaction Theories: Defining Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 51. His friends begin to criticize Marco as a “juice-head,” pushing him out of their social circle. Feeling rejected, Marco begins to drink even more, becomes bitter, and joins a new group of friends who also are heavy drinkers. According to Lemert, Marco’s situation illustrates ________ a. the onset of primary deviance. b. the onset of secondary deviance. c. the formation of a deviant subculture. d. the onset of retreatism. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 8.3: Apply symbolic-interaction theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Symbolic-Interaction Theories: Defining Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 52. What concept did Erving Goffman use to refer to a powerful and negative label that greatly changes a person’s self-concept and social identity? a. A deviant ritual b. A degradation ceremony c. A secondary identity d. Stigma Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 8.3: Apply symbolic-interaction theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Symbolic-Interaction Theories: Defining Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 53. The concept “retrospective labeling” refers to the process of ________ a. interpreting someone’s past consistent with present deviance. b. defining someone as deviant for things done long before. c. criminal adults encouraging their children to become deviant. d. predicting someone’s future based on past deviant acts. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 8.3: Apply symbolic-interaction theories to the topic of deviance.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Topic: Symbolic-Interaction Theories: Defining Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 54. Thomas Szasz made the controversial assertion that ________ a. deviance is only what people label as deviant. b. most people in the United States will become insane for some period during their lives. c. mental illness is a myth so that “insanity” is only “differences” that bother other people. d. our society does not do nearly enough to treat the mentally ill. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 8.3: Apply symbolic-interaction theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Symbolic-Interaction Theories: Defining Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 55. An example of the “medicalization of deviance” is ________ a. theft being redefined as a “compulsive stealing.” b. drinking too much being redefined as a personal failing. c. promiscuity being redefined as a moral failing. d. when people steal drugs to self-medicate. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 8.3: Apply symbolic-interaction theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Symbolic-Interaction Theories: Defining Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 56. Whether people respond to deviance as a moral issue or a medical matter affects ________ a. whether a person is labeled retrospectively or projectively. b. whether the person is subject to punishment or treatment. c. whether the person’s deviance is labeled as primary or secondary. d. whether or not the person gets the appropriate care. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 8.3: Apply symbolic-interaction theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Symbolic-Interaction Theories: Defining Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 57. Edwin Sutherland’s differential association theory links deviance to ________ a. how labeling someone as deviant can increase the deviant behavior.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

b. c. d.

the amount of contact a person has with others who encourage or discourage conventional behavior. how well a person can contain deviant impulses. how others respond to the race, ethnicity, gender, and class of the individual.

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 8.3: Apply symbolic-interaction theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Symbolic-Interaction Theories: Defining Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 58. Travis Hirschi’s control theory suggests that the category of people most likely to engage in deviance is ________ a. students enrolled in college. b. teenagers on sports teams with after-school jobs. c. youngsters who “hang out” waiting for something to happen. d. young people with respect for their parents. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 8.3: Apply symbolic-interaction theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Symbolic-Interaction Theories: Defining Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 59. According to the social-conflict approach, what a society labels as deviant is based primarily on ________ a. how often the act occurs. b. the moral foundation of the culture. c. how harmful the act is to the public as a whole. d. differences in power between various categories of people. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 8.4: Apply social-conflict theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Theories of Class, Race, and Gender: Deviance and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 60. Alexander Liazos speaks for the social-conflict approach when he states that ________ a. powerless people are at the highest risk of being defined as deviant. b. deviance has both functions and dysfunctions. c. deviance exists only in the eye of the beholder. d. society should ignore victimless crime. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 8.4: Apply social-conflict theories to the topic of deviance.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Topic: Theories of Class, Race, and Gender: Deviance and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 61. Using a Marxist approach, Steven Spitzer claims that prime targets for deviant labeling include ________ a. people who try to take the property of others. b. people who work hard but are poor. c. perpetrators of white-collar crime. d. people who have social power. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 8.4: Apply social-conflict theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Theories of Class, Race, and Gender: Deviance and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 62. Crime committed by persons of high social position during the course of carrying out their occupations is called ________ a. victimless crime. b. white-collar crime. c. organized crime. d. street crime. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 8.4: Apply social-conflict theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Theories of Class, Race, and Gender: Deviance and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 63. Edwin Sutherland stated that white-collar crime ________ a. almost always leads to a criminal conviction. b. provokes a strong response from the community. c. is usually resolved in a civil rather than a criminal court. d. rarely involves serious harm to the public as a whole. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 8.4: Apply social-conflict theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Theories of Class, Race, and Gender: Deviance and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 64. _________ refers to the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf. a. Corporate crime b. Organized crime c. Victimless crime

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Secondary deviance

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 8.4: Apply social-conflict theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Theories of Class, Race, and Gender: Deviance and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 65. Organized crime refers to ________ a. illegal actions by people with white-collar jobs. b. illegal actions on the part of a corporation or large business. c. crime involving the cooperation of two or more businesses. d. any business that supplies illegal goods or services. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 8.4: Apply social-conflict theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Theories of Class, Race, and Gender: Deviance and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 66. A hate crime is defined as ________ a. any crime against a person who is a minority. b. any crime involving anger or other powerful emotion. c. a criminal act motivated by race or other bias. d. any violation of antidiscrimination laws. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 8.4: Apply social-conflict theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Theories of Class, Race, and Gender: Deviance and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 67. Feminist theory states that gender figures into the study of deviance because ________ a. women account for most of the arrests for serious crimes in the United States. b. every society in the world applies stronger normative controls to females than to males. c. most researchers in this area are women. d. women are more likely than men to commit a serious crime. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 8.4: Apply social-conflict theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Theories of Class, Race, and Gender: Deviance and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

68. Women commit ________ a. a far larger share of crimes than men. b. a far smaller share of crimes than men. c. the same share of crimes as men. d. a larger share of property crimes than men, but men commit a larger share of violent crimes. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 8.5: Identify patterns of crime in the United States and around the world. Topic: Crime Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 69. In legal terms, a crime is composed of which two components? a. The act and criminal intent b. A criminal and a victim c. The act and the social harm d. The law and the violation Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 8.5: Identify patterns of crime in the United States and around the world. Topic: Crime Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 70. “Crimes against the person” includes all but ________ a. murder. b. aggravated assault. c. burglary. d. forcible rape. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 8.5: Identify patterns of crime in the United States and around the world. Topic: Crime Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 71. Mike reports the theft of his dirt bike from the front yard of his house. The police would record this event as which type of crime? a. Burglary b. Larceny-theft c. Robbery d. Auto-theft

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 8.5: Identify patterns of crime in the United States and around the world. Topic: Crime Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 72. Prostitution is widely regarded as a ________ a. crime against the person. b. crime against property. c. victimless crime. d. corporate crime. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 8.5: Identify patterns of crime in the United States and around the world. Topic: Crime Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 73. Criminal statistics gathered by the Federal Bureau of Investigation reflect ________ a. all crimes that take place. b. offenses cleared by arrest. c. offenses resulting in a criminal conviction. d. offenses known to the police. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 8.5: Identify patterns of crime in the United States and around the world. Topic: Crime Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 74. Victimization surveys show that the actual amount of crime in the United States is about ________ what official reports indicate. a. half as great as b. the same as c. more than twice as high as d. ten times greater than Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 8.5: Identify patterns of crime in the United States and around the world. Topic: Crime Difficulty Level: Easy

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Skill Level: Remember the Facts 75. The likelihood a person will be arrested for a street crime rises sharply ________ a. during the late teenage years. b. in the late twenties. c. during the middle thirties. d. over age forty. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 8.5: Identify patterns of crime in the United States and around the world. Topic: Crime Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 76. Men, who represent about half the U.S. population, account for about ________ of all arrests for property crime. a. 32 percent b. 50 percent c. 62 percent d. 98 percent Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 8.5: Identify patterns of crime in the United States and around the world. Topic: Crime Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 77. In the United States, men account for about ________ of all arrests for violent crime. a. 20 percent b. 40 percent c. 60 percent d. 80 percent Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 8.5: Identify patterns of crime in the United States and around the world. Topic: Crime Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 78. Of all the property crimes discussed in the chapter, one crime occurs far more than all the others. Which one is it? a. Motor-vehicle theft b. Larceny-theft

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

c. d.

Robbery Forcible rape

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 8.5: Identify patterns of crime in the United States and around the world. Topic: Crime Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 79. Research suggests that, with regard to social class, arrest for serious crime ________ a. is about the same for people of all class levels. b. is higher for people at higher class levels. c. is higher for people at lower class levels. d. almost always involves middle-class people. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 8.5: Identify patterns of crime in the United States and around the world. Topic: Crime Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 80. In terms of racial categories, most of the people in the United States arrested for FBI Index crimes are ________ a. white. b. African American. c. people of mixed race. d. of Hispanic ancestry. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 8.5: Identify patterns of crime in the United States and around the world. Topic: Crime Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 81. According to Elliot Currie, factors that explain the high crime rate in the United States by world standards include ________ a. our cultural homogeneity. b. a lack of interest in punishing offenders. c. the high level of immigration. d. our emphasis on individual economic success, which weakens the social fabric. Answer: d

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 8.5: Identify patterns of crime in the United States and around the world. Topic: Crime Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 82. The concept of due process refers to ________ a. the criminal justice system operating within the bounds of the law. b. the idea that people get what they deserve. c. the process of plea bargaining. d. the obligation of all citizens to report crime. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 8.6: Analyze the operation of the criminal justice system. Topic: The U.S. Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 83. Because there are several hundred people in the United States for every police officer, police ________ a. ignore most crimes they learn about. b. work, on average, many more hours than other workers. c. cannot take time to ensure due process for most suspects. d. use discretion in deciding which situations warrant their attention. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 8.6: Analyze the operation of the criminal justice system. Topic: The U.S. Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 84. Most criminal cases handled by the criminal justice system in the United States are resolved ________ a. through plea bargaining. b. with a judge dismissing all charges. c. with convictions after a courtroom trial. d. with a suspect being convicted and sentenced to prison. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 8.6: Analyze the operation of the criminal justice system. Topic: The U.S. Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 85. Looking back in history, the oldest justification for punishing an offender is ________

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

a. b. c. d.

deterrence. retribution. social protection. rehabilitation.

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 8.6: Analyze the operation of the criminal justice system. Topic: The U.S. Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 86. If a parent threatens a child with punishment in order to discourage wrongdoing, the parent is using punishment to accomplish ________ a. deterrence. b. retribution. c. social protection. d. rehabilitation. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 8.6: Analyze the operation of the criminal justice system. Topic: The U.S. Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 87. A judge sentences a young man who has committed several crimes to counseling and places him in a supportive foster home. These efforts to prevent further wrongdoing are called ________ a. retribution. b. deterrence. c. social protection. d. rehabilitation. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 8.6: Analyze the operation of the criminal justice system. Topic: The U.S. Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 88. The concept of criminal recidivism refers to ________ a. young people growing up in a criminal environment. b. efforts by police to enlist help from people in a local community. c. later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes. d. the idea that crime does “pay.” Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 8.6: Analyze the operation of the criminal justice system.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Topic: The U.S. Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 89. Reducing prison overcrowding, the costs of dealing with offenders, and helping offenders avoid the stigma of incarceration are all advantages of ________ a. societal protection. b. criminal recidivism. c. the death penalty. d. community-based corrections. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 8.6: Analyze the operation of the criminal justice system. Topic: The U.S. Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 90. A judge orders that an offender be sentenced to prison for a short time, with most of the sentence served on probation. This sentence reflects a policy called ________ a. parole. b. shock probation. c. rehabilitation. d. extended lockup. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 8.6: Analyze the operation of the criminal justice system. Topic: The U.S. Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 91. Why did Emile Durkheim claim that deviance was “normal”? List four ways in which deviance is functional for society, according to Durkheim. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 8.2: Apply structural-functional theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Structural-Functional Theories: The Functions of Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 92. Explain the difference between primary and secondary deviance. Give an example of each type of deviance. Answer:

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 8.3: Apply symbolic-interaction theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Symbolic-Interaction Theories: Defining Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 93. What is the medicalization of deviance? Give an example of a behavior that people once understood in moral terms and now understand in medical terms. What difference does it make if people use moral or medical terms to define deviant behavior? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 8.3: Apply symbolic-interaction theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Symbolic-Interaction Theories: Defining Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 94. Define each of the following: white-collar crime, corporate crime, organized crime, and hate crime. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 8.4: Apply social-conflict theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Theories of Class, Race, and Gender: Deviance and Inequality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 95. What are several criticisms made by feminism of the way our society understands deviance? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 8.4: Apply social-conflict theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Theories of Class, Race, and Gender: Deviance and Inequality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 96. List the crimes against the person and crimes against property tracked by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Which type of crime is more common? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 8.5: Identify patterns of crime in the United States and around the world. Topic: Crime Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 97. Explain how age, gender, and social class are correlated with official arrest data. Answer:

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 8.5: Identify patterns of crime in the United States and around the world. Topic: Crime Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 98. Define due process, plea bargaining, and community-based corrections. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 8.6: Analyze the operation of the criminal justice system. Topic: The U.S. Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 99. Identify four justifications for punishment. Do you think punishment accomplishes each of these goals? Why or why not? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 8.6: Analyze the operation of the criminal justice system. Topic: The U.S. Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It 100. What is criminal recidivism? Why do you think our society has such a high rate of recidivism? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 8.6: Analyze the operation of the criminal justice system. Topic: The U.S. Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It ESSAY QUESTIONS/TOPICS FOR SHORT PAPERS 101. Explain the value and the limitations of biological and psychological explanations of crime. Expand the essay by explaining the strengths of a sociological approach to understanding crime. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 8.1: Explain how sociology addresses limitations of a biological or psychological approach to deviance. Topic: What Is Deviance? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

102. Emile Durkheim made the surprising statement that crime is actually useful and perhaps even necessary for all social organization. Write an essay in which you explain Durkheim’s approach and point to a number of specific ways in which crime (or, more broadly, deviance) is functional for society as a whole. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 8.2: Apply structural-functional theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Structural-Functional Theories: The Functions of Deviance Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 103. Many researchers agree that, in the United States, most arrests for street crime involve people of lower class position. According to Robert Merton, Albert Cohen, Walter Miller, and Elijah Anderson, why would this be the case? How would a broader definition of crime (to include more white-collar and corporate offenses) change the profile of the typical criminal? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 8.2: Apply structural-functional theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Structural-Functional Theories: The Functions of Deviance Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 104. Apply each of sociology’s three theoretical approaches to the topic of deviance. What are the basic insights we gain from each theoretical approach? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 8.2: Apply structural-functional theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Structural-Functional Theories: The Functions of Deviance Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 105. Describe the labeling theory of deviance. What basic insight about deviance is offered by this approach? How does labeling figure into the difference between primary deviance and secondary deviance? What is the importance of stigma in labeling analysis? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 8.3: Apply symbolic-interaction theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Symbolic-Interaction Theories: Defining Deviance Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 106. What insights does feminist theory provide into our society’s understanding of deviance? What criticisms does feminism make of sociological material found in this chapter?

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: Learning Objective: LO 8.4: Apply social-conflict theories to the topic of deviance. Topic: Theories of Class, Race, and Gender: Deviance and Inequality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 107. The U.S. government provides a great deal of data about crime in the United States. Drawing on FBI data, what can we say about the “typical street criminal” in terms of age, gender, social class, race, and ethnicity? In each case, what can you say to explain the pattern? Do these patterns contain bias? Explain several reasons why we must treat criminal statistics with caution. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 8.5: Identify patterns of crime in the United States and around the world. Topic: Crime Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 108. Every society punishes offenders. Write an essay in which you explain four justifications for punishment. Point out how each justification has come to the forefront at different times in history and explain this pattern as best you can. What evidence is there that punishment actually accomplishes what we say it does? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 8.6: Analyze the operation of the criminal justice system. Topic: The U.S. Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 109. What is meant by “community-based corrections”? What are the advantages of this approach compared to sending convicted offenders to prison? What are some of the limitations of this approach? Do you favor or oppose expanding community-based corrections? Why? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 8.6: Analyze the operation of the criminal justice system. Topic: The U.S. Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 110. Can you imagine a society without crime? What changes in our society would you imagine having to make in order to dramatically reduce the crime rate? Explain your position. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 8.6: Analyze the operation of the criminal justice system. Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Topic: The U.S. Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Chapter 9: Social Stratification In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Society: The Basics, 15th edition. The questions are tagged according to four levels of learning that move from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The four levels are: Remember the Facts: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material Understand the Concepts: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas Apply What You Know: a question applying sociological knowledge to some new situation Analyze It: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship The 172 questions in this chapter’s test bank are divided into four types. True/False questions are the least demanding. As the table below shows, all of these fall within the two lowest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Remember the Facts” and “Understand the Concepts”). Multiple-choice questions fall within the three lowest levels of cognitive reasoning (adding some “Apply What You Know” questions). Short answer questions span a broader range of skills (from “Understand the Concepts” to “Analyze It”). Finally, essay questions are the most demanding, falling within the two highest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Apply What You Know” and “Analyze It”). Types of Questions

Remember the Facts Understand the Concepts Apply What You Know Analyze It

True/False

Mult Choice

Essay

Total Qs

65 (75%)

Short Answer 0

43 (91%)

108

4 (9%)

14 (16%)

10 (44%)

8 (9%)

3 (13%)

3 (20%)

10 (43%)

12 (80%)

172

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Chapter 9: Social Stratification TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. The concept of social mobility refers to changes in people’s positions in the social hierarchy. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2. In the United States, social inequality is simply a matter of people’s talents and abilities. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 3. Social stratification is found in most—but not all—societies. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 4. Social stratification is a matter of not only inequality, but also beliefs about fairness. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. Caste systems are typical of high-income societies. Answer: False

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 6. Caste systems encourage the long-term commitment to labor, which is required in an economy based on agriculture. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 7. In class systems, categories in the social hierarchy are more clearly and rigidly defined than they are in caste systems. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8. Class systems assign social position based on both birth and individual achievement. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9. Individuals in class systems typically exhibit more status inconsistency than people in caste systems. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10. The more a society is a meritocracy, the greater the society’s level of social mobility.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 11. Great Britain has eliminated all aspects of its historic aristocracy. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12. The former Soviet Union was a classless society without social inequality. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 13. Structural social mobility refers to an individual’s upward or downward social movement due to personal effort or, in some cases, good or bad luck. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 14. China stands out as a country without any social classes. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 15. Ideology refers to ideas that support social stratification.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 16. The Davis-Moore thesis states that social stratification has consequences that are beneficial to society. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 17. Davis and Moore point out that social stratification does not exist in many societies and they use this fact to support the claim that stratification is not inevitable. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 18. Karl Marx claimed that social stratification in high-income nations, such as the Great Britain and the United States, reflects a capitalist economy. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 19. The socialist revolution Karl Marx predicted took place in most industrial-capitalist societies about a century ago. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Skill Level: Remember the Facts 20. Weber described stratification as a multi-dimensional ranking. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 21. Max Weber said social stratification involved three distinct dimensions: economic class, social prestige, and political power. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 22. Social stratification shapes social patterns in everyday life by encouraging people to interact with others of similar social position. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 23. Conspicuous consumption refers to the fact that rich people and poor people generally shop for different products, such as food and clothing. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 24. The Kuznets curve shows that industrial societies have the greatest social stratification. Answer: False

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 9.3: Analyze the link between a society’s technology and its social stratification. Topic: Social Stratification and Technology: A Global Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 25. U.S. society does not have social stratification. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 26. In 2013, median family income in the United States was about $64,000. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 27. The richest 20 percent of U.S. families earns about 49 percent of all income, while the bottom 20 percent earns slightly less than 4 percent. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 28. In the United States, wealth is distributed more unequally than income. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 29. About 20 percent of U.S. families have negative wealth, which means that they are actually in debt.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 30. The wealth of rich people is not only greater, but more of it is in the form of investments that typically increase in value and generate income. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 31. Jobs typically performed by women carry more prestige than those typically performed by men. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 32. In general, white-collar occupations have more prestige than blue-collar occupations. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 33. The working class is sometimes called the “lower-middle class.” Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

34. In the United States in 2015, more than 43 million people were officially counted among the poor. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 35. As surprising as it may seem, in the United States, poor people typically have better health than rich people. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 9.5: Assess the extent of social mobility in the United States. Topic: Social Mobility Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 36. Intergenerational mobility refers to changes in social position within an individual’s lifetime. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 9.5: Assess the extent of social mobility in the United States. Topic: Social Mobility Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 37. Since 1980 in the United States, the most dramatic gains in income have been made by the richest people. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 9.5: Assess the extent of social mobility in the United States. Topic: Social Mobility Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 38. Among people in all five economic quintiles (from the rich to the poor) a majority of children born into a particular quintile remain in that same quintile as adults. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 9.5: Assess the extent of social mobility in the United States. Topic: Social Mobility Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

39. People who marry and stay married accumulate only half as much wealth as people who remain single. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 9.5: Assess the extent of social mobility in the United States. Topic: Social Mobility Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 40. Recent survey research indicates that less than half of U.S. adults say they believe their family can achieve the American dream. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 9.5: Assess the extent of social mobility in the United States. Topic: Social Mobility Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 41. The globalization of the economy has increased the earnings of highly educated people who specialize in law, finance, marketing, and computer technology. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 9.5: Assess the extent of social mobility in the United States. Topic: Social Mobility Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 42. The age category of the U.S. population most likely to be poor is children under the age of eighteen. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. Topic: Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 43. Two-thirds of all poor people in the United States are African Americans. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. Topic: Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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44. In most poor families in the United States, no family member has a full-time job. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. Topic: Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 45. William Julius Wilson claims that many central cities in the United States no longer have enough jobs to support the families who live there. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. Topic: Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 46. Societal factors that contribute to homelessness include low wages and a lack of lowincome housing. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. Topic: Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 47. Recent welfare reform has greatly reduced the poverty rate in the United States. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. Topic: Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 48. The point of the story about passenger deaths that accompanied the sinking of the ocean liner Titanic is that ________ a. advanced technology cannot prevent tragedy. b. all people have the same right to life. c. social stratification is important and can sometimes be a matter of life and death.

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social stratification often has little to do with everyday life.

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 49. Social stratification is a concept that refers to ________ a. specialization in productive work. b. ranking categories of people in a hierarchy. c. the idea that some people are more talented than others. d. differences in talent from one person to another. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 50. Using the sociological perspective, we see that social stratification ________ a. gives some people more privileges and opportunities than others. b. places everyone on a level playing field. c. ensures that hard work will lead people to become wealthy. d. means that what people get out of life is pretty much what they put into it. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 51. Social stratification ________ a. is a simple reflection of individual differences. b. looks the same in every society. c. typically changes a great deal from generation to generation. d. is a matter of inequality and beliefs about why people should be unequal. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy

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Skill Level: Remember the Facts 52. Which concept describes a person who moves from one occupation to another that provides about the same level of rewards? a. Upward social mobility b. Downward social mobility c. Horizontal social mobility d. This is not social mobility at all. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 53. In all societies, kinship plays a part in social stratification because ________ a. children determine their own social position based on their personal talents and efforts. b. parents pass their social position on to their children. c. children usually end up with a social position higher than that of their parents. d. all children begin life with about the same social standing. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 54. A caste system is defined as ________ a. social stratification based on ascription, or birth. b. social stratification based on personal achievement. c. a pure meritocracy. d. any social system in which categories of people are unequal. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 55. Ravi was born into a caste system in a small village in Sri Lanka. He can expect to ________ a. earn his social position through his own efforts.

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b. c. d.

change his social position many times throughout his life. have the same social standing as his parents. choose his life’s work for himself after finishing college.

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 56. In general, societies that have caste systems have economies that are ________ a. based on hunting and gathering. b. industrial. c. agrarian. d. postindustrial. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 57. A category of people defined as “untouchable” because they perform work that is viewed as “unclean” historically has been part of social stratification in ________ a. India. b. Canada. c. Sweden. d. the former Soviet Union. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 58. The ending of apartheid in South Africa has led to ________ a. that society becoming a meritocracy. b. little improvement for millions of poor, black people. c. complete social mixing by people of all races. d. the election of the first white president. Answer: b

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Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 59. The concept “meritocracy” refers to social stratification ________ a. with no social mobility. b. in which people “know their place.” c. based entirely on personal merit. d. as found in the United States. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 60. Why do societies with class systems retain some elements of caste (such as the inheritance of wealth) rather than trying to become complete meritocracies? a. Because too many people would be poor if society were based only on merit b. Because some caste elements increase productivity c. Because a pure meritocracy would eliminate families and other social loyalties that tie a society together d. Because some caste elements increase social mobility Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 61. The degree of status consistency is ________ a. greater in caste than class systems. b. the same in all types of social stratification. c. greater in class than caste systems. d. greater the more productive a society is. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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62. A college professor with advanced degrees, moderate salary, and little power to shape national events can be described as having ________ a. high status consistency. b. horizontal social mobility. c. downward social mobility. d. low status consistency. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 63. England’s aristocracy contained about what share of the entire country’s population? a. About one-tenth of 1 percent b. 5 percent c. 25 percent d. 50 percent Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 64. The historical practice in England of passing on property to only the first-born male descendant is called ________ a. the law of the estates. b. the law of meritocracy. c. the law of status consistency. d. the law of primogeniture. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 65. About half of all the people in the United Kingdom today consider themselves to be in the ________ a. upper class. b. middle class.

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c. d.

working class. lower class.

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 66. One good indication that caste still operates in the United Kingdom is the importance people attach to ________ a. graduating from college. b. social mobility. c. money. d. accent in speech. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 67. In 1917, the Russian Revolution transformed the feudal aristocracy and placed productive property under the control of ________ a. the capitalists. b. a meritocracy. c. the nobility. d. the state. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 68. At the top of the system of inequality in the former Soviet Union were the ________ a. industrial capitalists. b. intelligentsia, or educated professionals. c. apparatchiks, or high government officials. d. hereditary nobility. Answer: c

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Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 69. The concept of structural social mobility refers to ________ a. cultural beliefs that justify social stratification. b. change in social position due to people’s own efforts. c. change in the social position of many people due to changes in society itself. d. change in a family’s social position from one generation to the next. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 70. In the People’s Republic of China ________ a. a new set of social classes is gradually emerging. b. there is no longer any social inequality. c. social standing reflects only a person’s position in the Communist Party. d. social stratification is identical to Japan’s. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 71. Compared to other high-income nations, the United States has ________ a. the same level of economic inequality. b. almost no economic inequality. c. a classless society. d. more economic inequality. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 72. Ideology, or beliefs that support social stratification, is found in ________

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a. b. c. d.

caste systems. class systems. both caste and class systems. only U.S. society.

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 73. Who coined the concept “survival of the fittest”? a. Charles Darwin b. Karl Marx c. Herbert Spencer d. Max Weber Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 74. According to the Davis-Moore thesis ________ a. complete equality is functional for every society. b. the more inequality a society has, the more productive it is. c. more important jobs must provide enough rewards to attract the talent necessary to perform them. d. meritocracy is less productive than a caste system. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 75. Davis and Moore point out that an egalitarian society ________ a. could never exist. b. could exist, but only if people are willing to allow anyone to perform any job. c. would be more productive than a stratified society. d. has existed in many societies at various times in history. Answer: b

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Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 76. In Karl Marx’s analysis, another name for the capitalist class is the ________ a. nobility. b. aristocracy. c. proletariat. d. bourgeoisie. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 77. When Marx argued that capitalism “reproduces the class structure,” he meant that ________ a. it is really ordinary people who create social inequality. b. society operates in a way that carries class differences from one generation to the next. c. class differences are the same throughout all of human history. d. society could never abolish class inequality. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 78. According to Karl Marx, social stratification in a capitalist society always involves ________ a. class conflict. b. negotiation and compromise leading to stability. c. the abolition of work itself. d. a working class revolution. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy

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Skill Level: Remember the Facts 79. If you have a job that involves manual labor, you are doing ________ a. blue-collar work. b. white-collar work. c. service work. d. farming. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 80. Work involving mostly mental activity is called ________ a. blue-collar work. b. white-collar work. c. pink-collar work. d. agrarian work. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 81. Olga works as a district sales manager for a small corporation. This category of work can be described as ________ a. blue-collar. b. white-collar. c. capitalist. d. agrarian. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 82. One reason Marx’s predicted socialist revolution never took place in industrialcapitalist societies is that ________ a. inequality is more or less obsolete. b. living standards for the majority have gone up.

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c. d.

wealth is no longer concentrated in the hands of a few. his theory of social-conflict was completely wrong.

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 83. Contrasting living standards in the United States during Marx’s lifetime with living standards in the United States today, we see that U.S. living standards have ________ a. risen for all. b. fallen for all. c. risen for the very rich, but fallen for everyone else. d. risen for the very poor, but remained steady for the very rich. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 84. The idea that social inequality is harmful and divides society is associated with the ________ a. structural-functional approach. b. social-conflict approach. c. symbolic-interaction approach. d. social-exchange approach. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 85. Max Weber claimed that social position was based on a person’s ________ a. economic class, degree of social status, and amount of power. b. innate abilities alone. c. birth alone. d. innate intelligence, birth, and skin color. Answer: a

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Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 86. Marx thought of inequality in terms of two main classes. In contrast, Weber envisioned inequality in terms of ________ a. a multi-dimensional socioeconomic ranking. b. three main classes. c. everyone gradually sinking into poverty. d. society as one large middle class. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 87. Max Weber claimed that agrarian societies give special importance to which dimension of social inequality? a. Economic class b. Social prestige or honor c. Power d. Control of information Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 88. Marx claimed social stratification would end with the creation of a socialist economy. What was Weber’s view? a. Weber thought socialism would reduce economic differences but also create political elite, increasing differences in power. b. Weber thought capitalism could not be changed. c. Weber thought socialism would create a new high-prestige nobility. d. Weber agreed with Marx. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality

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Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 89. A common micro-level pattern involving social interaction is that ________ a. social stratification is not usually evident in everyday life. b. most people live and work in socially diverse settings in terms of social stratification. c. people tend to socialize with others of about the same social position. d. social position has little to do with the friends people have. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 90. To impress her friends, Laura wears an expensive designer dress to a party. A sociologist might say Laura is engaging in ________ a. structural social mobility. b. relative deprivation. c. reference group behavior. d. conspicuous consumption. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 91. Which of the following types of societies comes closest to being egalitarian? a. Hunting and gathering b. Horticultural/pastoral c. Industrial d. Postindustrial Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 9.3: Analyze the link between a society’s technology and its social stratification. Topic: Social Stratification and Technology: A Global Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 92. According to Simon Kuznets, in which type of society is the extent of social stratification greatest?

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a. b. c. d.

Hunting and gathering Horticultural/pastoral Agrarian Industrial

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 9.3: Analyze the link between a society’s technology and its social stratification. Topic: Social Stratification and Technology: A Global Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 93. Looking around the world today, income inequality is greatest in which region? a. North America b. Latin America c. Europe d. China Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 9.3: Analyze the link between a society’s technology and its social stratification. Topic: Social Stratification and Technology: A Global Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 94. Based on what you have read, as the United States develops a postindustrial economy, economic inequality is ________ a. likely to disappear. b. decreasing. c. holding at about the same level. d. increasing. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 9.3: Analyze the link between a society’s technology and its social stratification. Topic: Social Stratification and Technology: A Global Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 95. Since the United States lacks a history of nobility, as in Europe, many people in this country think of it as ________ a. highly stratified. b. mostly upper-class. c. mostly working-class. d. mostly middle-class.

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Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 96. In 2015, the median income for U.S. families was ________ a. $16,099. b. $36,079. c. $70,679. d. $95,479. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 97. Which concept refers to earnings from work or any investments? a. Income b. Personal property c. Wealth d. Power Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 98. Based on income statistics in the chapter, it is correct to say that the richest 20 percent of the population earns more than ________ times as much as the poorest 20 percent. a. two b. twelve c. fifty d. one hundred Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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99. The total amount of financial assets, minus any debts, is referred to as ________ a. income. b. personal property. c. wealth. d. power. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 100. The richest 5 percent of U.S. families own about what percentage of privately owned property? a. 5 percent b. 15 percent c. 35 percent d. 65 percent Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 101. If you were looking for data supporting the claim that U.S. society is very stratified, you would make the strongest case by pointing to which of the following factors? a. Occupational prestige b. Education c. Income d. Wealth Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 102. The wealthiest 1 percent of U.S. families (the “super-rich”) controls about ________ of the nation’s privately held wealth. a. 17 percent b. 37 percent

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c. d.

67 percent 87 percent

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 103. Today, the wealth of the average U.S. family is about ________ a. $1,900. b. $9,000. c. $90,000. d. $290,000. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 104. Based on what you have learned in this chapter, about what percentage of all U.S. families have little or no wealth? a. 10 percent b. 40 percent c. 70 percent d. 90 percent Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 105. Based on what you know about occupational prestige, you would assume that ________ a. most of the highest-ranked occupations in the United States are dominated by women. b. occupational rankings are roughly the same in all high-income nations. c. white-collar work and blue-collar work have about the same social prestige. d. in the United States, occupation has little to do with social standing. Answer: b

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Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 106. About what share of U.S. adults over the age of twenty-five are college graduates? a. 13 percent b. 33 percent c. 53 percent d. 73 percent Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 107. Being in the upper-upper class is usually the result of ________; being in the lowerupper class is more a matter of ________. a. birth; achievement b. business success; birth c. gender; birth d. high-income; low-income Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 108. The family of actor Will Smith and actress Jada Pinkett Smith would best be described as ________ a. working class. b. middle class. c. “old money.” d. lower-upper class. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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109. A good example of a person in her society’s upper-upper class is ________ a. Beyoncé, who grew up in a middle-class family. b. Elizabeth II, the queen of England. c. anyone who is part of the “working rich.” d. Oprah Winfrey, who was born into a poor family in Mississippi. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 110. Working class people might also be described as ________ a. lower-middle class. b. lower-upper class. c. lower-class. d. upper-middle class. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 111. According to Karl Marx, which class forms the core of the industrial proletariat? a. The upper-middle class b. The middle class c. The upper class d. The working class Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 112. In general, people of low social class position ________ a. live in less safe and more stressful environments. b. are likely to describe their own health as “excellent.” c. live as long as people of higher class positions. d. live longer than people of higher class positions.

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Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 9.5: Assess the extent of social mobility in the United States. Topic: Social Mobility Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 113. Those most likely to be liberal on social issues (say, by supporting feminism) are ________ a. rich, highly-educated people. b. average, middle-class people. c. less-educated working-class people. d. average lower-class people. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 9.5: Assess the extent of social mobility in the United States. Topic: Social Mobility Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 114. People of low social position are more liberal on ________ issues and more conservative on ________ issues. a. social; economic b. economic; social c. very few; almost all d. almost all; almost no Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 9.5: Assess the extent of social mobility in the United States. Topic: Social Mobility Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 115. The concept of “intergenerational social mobility” refers to change in social position ________ a. over a person’s lifetime. b. when moving from one type of job to another. c. in a downward direction. d. when comparing children to their parents. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 9.5: Assess the extent of social mobility in the United States. Topic: Social Mobility Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 116. Which concept refers to change in social position during a person’s lifetime?

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

a. b. c. d.

Intragenerational social mobility Intergenerational social mobility Structural social mobility Horizontal social mobility

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 9.5: Assess the extent of social mobility in the United States. Topic: Social Mobility Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 117. During the last twenty years, which category of the U.S. population has experienced the largest gains in average income? a. The lowest-paid 20 percent b. The middle 20 percent c. The highest-paid 20 percent d. All income categories have experienced about the same level of upward social mobility. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 9.5: Assess the extent of social mobility in the United States. Topic: Social Mobility Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 118. During the last three decades, the real income of African American families in the United States has ________ a. gone down a lot. b. kept pace with the gains made by white people. c. gone up a lot. d. changed very little. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 9.5: Assess the extent of social mobility in the United States. Topic: Social Mobility Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 119. According to Lisa Keister’s research, ________ a. social mobility has never existed in the United States. b. social mobility is the same for people at all levels of the wealth hierarchy. c. social mobility is lowest for people in the middle of the wealth hierarchy. d. social mobility is lowest for people at the top and the bottom of the wealth hierarchy. Answer: d

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 9.5: Assess the extent of social mobility in the United States. Topic: Social Mobility Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 120. Which of the following factors tends to raise your social standing? a. Divorce b. Leaving school to get a job c. Marrying and staying married d. Having children Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 9.5: Assess the extent of social mobility in the United States. Topic: Social Mobility Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 121. Relative poverty is ________ a. found everywhere. b. life threatening. c. not found in the United States. d. only a problem for minority groups. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. Topic: Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 122. In 2015, how many people were counted by the U.S. government as having income below the official poverty line? a. 430,000 b. 4.3 million c. 43 million d. 430 million Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. Topic: Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 123. In 2015, about what share of the U.S. population was officially counted as poor? a. 1.5 percent

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

b. c. d.

13.5 percent 33.5 percent 53.5 percent

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. Topic: Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 124. In the United States, which age category has the highest poverty rate? a. Children under the age of eighteen b. People in their thirties c. Middle-aged persons about forty years of age d. Seniors over sixty five years of age Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. Topic: Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 125. In terms of absolute numbers, most poor people in the United States are ________ a. African American. b. Asian American. c. Hispanic. d. non-Hispanic whites. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. Topic: Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 126. The concept “feminization of poverty” refers to the fact that, in the United States ________ a. more and more women are becoming poor. b. today’s women have fewer legal rights. c. women make up an increasing percentage of the poor. d. fewer women now work for income. Answer: c

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. Topic: Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 127. In 2015, the percentage of all poor families in the United States headed by single women was ________ a. 1 percent. b. 21 percent. c. 51 percent. d. 81 percent. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. Topic: Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 128. The highest rate of poverty in the United States is in ________ a. rural areas. b. central cities. c. suburbs. d. coastal cities. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. Topic: Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 129. The anthropologist Oscar Lewis suggested the cause of poverty lies in ________ a. a lower-class culture of poverty. b. lack of government action. c. too few available jobs. d. bad public schools. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. Topic: Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

130. Sociologist William Julius Wilson suggests the cause of poverty lies in ________ a. a lower-class culture of poverty. b. lack of government action. c. too few available jobs. d. bad public schools. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. Topic: Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 131. A federal government study in 2016 found that about how many people in the United States were homeless on a single night in January? a. 550 b. 5,500 c. 55,000 d. 550,000 Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. Topic: Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 132. One-third of all homeless people are ________ a. mentally ill. b. employed full-time. c. elderly. d. entire families. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. Topic: Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 133. People who supported the 1996 welfare reform claim that the earlier system ________ a. encouraged welfare dependency. b. encouraged women to marry. c. discouraged women to have children. d. did not do enough to help the poor.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. Topic: Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 134. Critics of the 1996 welfare reforms claim the new system ________ a. has done little to reduce poverty in the United States. b. has strengthened families in the United States. c. encourages welfare dependency. d. encourages unmarried women to have children. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. Topic: Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 135. Why would agrarian societies have social stratification that emphasizes caste? Why would industrial societies have social stratification that mixes caste with meritocracy? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 136. State several ways in which caste and class systems differ. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 137. What is meritocracy? What part does it play in class systems? Answer:

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 138. What is status consistency? Provide a description of a person with high status consistency and an example of someone with low status consistency. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 139. Define structural social mobility. How does it differ from individual social mobility? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 140. State the Davis-Moore thesis. According to this theory, why is social inequality useful for society? Provide two criticisms of this theory. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 141. According to Karl Marx, what are the two major classes in industrial-capitalist societies? How did Marx describe the relationship between the two classes? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

142. What did Max Weber mean by describing inequality in terms of a socioeconomic status ranking? Provide a description of a person with different standing on Weber’s three dimensions of social inequality. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 143. Explain how social stratification shapes patterns of social interaction. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 144. What is the Kuznets curve? What does it tell us about how social stratification has varied over the course of human history as well as in the world today? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.3: Analyze the link between a society’s technology and its social stratification. Topic: Social Stratification and Technology: A Global Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 145. Using what you know about the distribution of income in the United States, why is it incorrect to say that we live in a “middle-class society”? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 146. What is the difference between income and wealth? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 147. How is the wealth of the rich different from the wealth of ordinary people? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 148. Give three examples each of blue-collar jobs and white-collar jobs. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 149. How does the upper-upper class differ from the lower-upper class? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 150. What traits define the “working class” in the United States? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 151. Define the concepts “intragenerational mobility” and “intergenerational mobility.” Based on research data presented in the chapter, describe patterns of intergenerational mobility for people born to families with various levels of wealth. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.5: Assess the extent of social mobility in the United States. Topic: Social Mobility

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 152. How has the expansion of the global economy affected class structure in the United States? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.5: Assess the extent of social mobility in the United States. Topic: Social Mobility Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 153. Applying the sociological perspective to poverty, what can we say about the categories of people at highest risk of being poor? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. Topic: Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 154. Point to evidence that helps you assess the extent to which the responsibility for poverty lies with the poor or with society as a whole. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. Topic: Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 155. Who are the working poor? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. Topic: Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 156. What were some of the consequences of the 1996 welfare reform in the United States? To what extent would you say that this reform was or was not successful? Answer:

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. Topic: Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 157. Provide evidence to assess the claim that economic Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States is increasing. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. Topic: Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It ESSAY QUESTIONS/TOPICS FOR SHORT PAPERS 158. Briefly describe the main characteristics of caste systems and class systems. How are these types linked to different systems of economic production (agrarian versus industrial technology)? What part does meritocracy play in each type of stratification? How does each type of stratification justify inequality? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 159. What is meritocracy? Why do caste systems have little of it? Why do class systems have more? Illustrate how class systems combine caste and meritocracy with reference to the United States and also Great Britain. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 160. Provide several examples of the operation of caste in U.S. society today. Provide several examples of the operation of meritocracy. Answer:

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 161. In recent years, we have heard more and more talk about “class warfare” in the United States. To what specific facts do people point in support of the claim of “class warfare”? To what extent do you think class warfare really exists? Explain. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. Topic: What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 162. Summarize the Davis-Moore thesis. Specifically, what are the functional consequences of inequality for society as a whole? Illustrate the thesis by pointing out various jobs and the relative rewards each job commands. Conclude by noting several criticisms of the Davis-Moore thesis. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 163. Explain the differences in the approach to social stratification of Karl Marx and Max Weber. How did each envision stratification? Why is Weber’s approach more complex? Which approach do you think better represents social Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States? Why? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. Topic: Theories of Social Inequality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 164. What is the premise of the Kuznet curve? What claims about worldwide social inequality does it make? What are several criticisms of the curve? Answer:

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 9.3: Analyze the link between a society’s technology and its social stratification. Topic: Social Stratification and Technology: A Global Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 165. Many people consider the United States to be a “middle-class society.” Based on the material in this chapter, explain why people think this way. Also, explain how correct you think this claim is. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 166. Describe the major social classes in the United States: upper class, middle class, working class, and lower class. Consider the size of each class, as well as the income levels, typical schooling, and type of work that characterize people at each level. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

167. Working class students face considerable challenges in completing a college education. Based on either your own experiences or those of someone you know, identify some of these challenges and explain how disadvantaged students develop coping strategies to help them succeed. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.5: Assess the extent of social mobility in the United States. Topic: Social Mobility Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 168. Discuss poverty trends in the United States in recent decades with regard to (a) percentage of the population that is poor, (b) children, (c) the elderly, and (d) women. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. Topic: Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Difficulty Level: Difficult Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Skill Level: Analyze It 169. Explain the debate over the causes of poverty in the United States. What evidence suggests that the poor are responsible for poverty? What evidence suggests that society as a whole is responsible for poverty? Which side of the debate do you find more convincing? Why? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. Topic: Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 170. Explain the 1996 welfare reform. What were the reasons for the changes? How did assistance programs change? What about limits on eligibility? Is it correct to say that welfare rolls have decreased? What about poverty? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. Topic: Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 171. Look at the “Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life” photo essay at the end of this chapter. Notice how the mass media shape our understanding of social stratification. Based on your investigation of other media sources, what else can you discover about how the mass media both reflect and also reinforce patterns of social inequality? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. Topic: Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 172. Document the trend toward increasing economic Topic: Inequality and Social Class in the United States. Why is this trend controversial? How would you suggest that our society should respond to this trend? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. Topic: Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Chapter 10: Global Stratification In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Society: The Basics, 15th edition. The questions are tagged according to four levels of learning that move from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The four levels are: Remember the Facts: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material Understand the Concepts: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas Apply What You Know: a question applying sociological knowledge to some new situation Analyze It: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship The 105 questions in this chapter’s test bank are divided into four types. True/False questions are the least demanding. As the table below shows, all of these fall within the two lowest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Remember the Facts” and “Understand the Concepts”). Multiple-choice questions also fall primarily within the lower levels of cognitive reasoning, although more of these are somewhat demanding. Short answer questions span a broad range of skills (from “Understand the Concepts” to “Analyze It”). Finally, essay questions are the most demanding, falling within the two highest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Apply What You Know” and “Analyze It”). Types of Questions

Remember the Facts Understand the Concepts Apply What You Know Analyze It

True/False

Mult Choice

Essay

Total Qs

36 (74%)

Short Answer 0

30 (81%)

7 (19%)

10 (20%)

5 (46%)

3 (6%)

2 (18%)

1 (12%)

0 37

0 49

4 (36%) 11

7 (87%) 8

11 105

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Chapter 10: Global Stratification TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. In 2016, any one of the world’s three richest individuals had wealth that exceeded the total economic output of about 100 of the world’s countries. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Topic: Global Stratification: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2. Global income is divided more equally than income within the United States. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Topic: Global Stratification: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3. Even people with income at our country’s poverty line live better than a majority of the world’s people. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Topic: Global Stratification: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 4. The richest 20 percent of the world’s people receive 50 percent of the entire world’s income. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Topic: Global Stratification: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. The poorest 20 percent of the world’s people live on just 2 percent of the world’s income.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Topic: Global Stratification: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 6. Japan and Australia are examples of middle-income nations. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Topic: Global Stratification: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 7. High-income countries are the home of the world’s largest corporations as well as the world’s top financial markets. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Topic: Global Stratification: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8. The text defines middle-income nations as having per capita income between $2,500 and $12,000 per year. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Topic: Global Stratification: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9. The former Soviet Union and the nations of Eastern Europe are low-income countries. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Topic: Global Stratification: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10. Low-income countries are home to more than half of the world’s people.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Topic: Global Stratification: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 11. In low-income nations, the majority of the people live in villages and small towns where farming is the most common way to make a living. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Topic: Global Stratification: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 12. For every dollar earned by someone in a low-income nation, a person in a highincome nation earns about four dollars. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 13. Compared to poverty in the United States, poverty throughout the world as a whole is more widespread and more severe. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 14. A recent United Nations report shows that, in general, high-income nations have a higher quality of life than low-income nations. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Easy

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15. Although Africa is a poor region of the world, people live almost as long as in the United States. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16. Typically, people in low-income countries do more physical labor, but they consume fewer calories than people in rich nations. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 17. The region in the world with the greatest number of poor “street children” is Latin America. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 18. In low-income nations, inequality between men and women is greater than it is in high-income countries. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 19. Although poverty continues, the world has ended the practice of slavery. Answer: False

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Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 20. Some forms of marriage found in the world today amount to slavery. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 21. In low-income nations, population growth is generally very high. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 22. Colonialism and neocolonialism both refer to a situation where one country politically rules or controls another country. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23. Huge businesses that operate in many different countries are called multinational corporations. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 24. Modernization theory was created as a criticism of U.S. foreign policy.

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Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25. Modernization theory claims that what we need to explain in human history is not poverty but affluence. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 26. During the twentieth century, the standard of living in high-income countries, where the Industrial Revolution took place, increased dramatically. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 27. In Walt Rostow’s model of economic development, the first stage before the modernization process begins is called “take-off stage.” Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 28. Modernization theory claims that rich nations can and do help solve the world’s poverty problem. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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29. Dependency theory claims that the economic positions of the rich and poor nations of the globe are linked. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 30. Dependency theory claims that the widespread poverty in low-income countries has little to do with great affluence in high-income countries. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 31. Dependency theory states that high-income nations have narrow, export-oriented economies. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 32. Rich nations are now in debt to low-income nations because of the amount of raw material that they buy. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 33. Modernization theory focuses on the production of wealth, while dependency theory focuses on the distribution of wealth. Answer: True

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Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 34. Dependency theory claims that poverty results from natural processes, such as people having too many children. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 35. Critics say that dependency theory incorrectly treats wealth as a zero-sum, ignoring how the world has become much richer over time. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 36. Global inequality is partly a problem of technology, and it is also a political issue. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 37. There is less economic inequality in the world today than there was a century ago. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

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38. The death of more than 1,000 garment workers in a Bangladeshi sweatshop shows that ________ a. the lives of the world’s poor are far worse than many people in the United States realize. b. workers have greater power in poor countries than they do in the United States. c. workplace regulations are very strict in low-income nations. d. most nations exhibit similar economic productivity. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Topic: Global Stratification: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 39. The wealthiest 20 percent of the global population receives about what percentage of all global income? a. 25 percent b. 37 percent c. 50 percent d. 67 percent Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Topic: Global Stratification: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 40. The poorest 20 percent of the global population receives about what percentage of all global income? a. 2 percent b. 5 percent c. 10 percent d. 15 percent Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Topic: Global Stratification: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 41. In 2017, how many independent nations were there in the world? a. 57

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b. c. d.

194 341 2,190

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Topic: Global Stratification: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 42. Japan, Canada, and the nations of Western Europe are all classified as ________ a. low-income countries. b. middle-income countries. c. high-income countries. d. These countries do not fall into any one category. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Topic: Global Stratification: An Overview Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 43. The people of the high-income countries, who represent 24 percent of the world’s population, enjoy about how much of the world’s income? a. 2 percent b. 12 percent c. 32 percent d. 62 percent Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Topic: Global Stratification: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 44. _________ is not a high-income nation. a. Canada b. South Africa c. Israel d. Mexico Answer: b

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Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Topic: Global Stratification: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 45. High-income nations ________ a. are more densely populated than middle- and low-income nations. b. make use of factories, big machinery, and advanced technology. c. contain half of the world’s financial markets. d. are culturally homogenous. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Topic: Global Stratification: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 46. In middle-income nations, average personal income is in the range of ________ a. $250 and $1,000. b. $1,000 and $3,500. c. $3,500 and $15,000. d. $15,000 and $25,000. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Topic: Global Stratification: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 47. If you wanted to visit the world’s low-income nations, where would you travel? a. Africa and Asia b. Latin America c. Eastern Europe d. North America Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Topic: Global Stratification: An Overview Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 48. “Las Colonias” refers to settlements ________

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a. b. c. d.

that are often called “America’s Third World.” in poor areas of Mexico, close to the Texas border. containing Hispanic Americans, almost all of whom are illegal immigrants. outside of major cities.

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Topic: Global Stratification: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 49. In poor nations, poverty is________ than in the United States. a. more likely to involve men b. more widespread and severe c. addressed more effectively d. a less serious problem Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Topic: Global Stratification: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 50. A slight majority of the world’s people live in ________ a. low-income nations. b. middle-income nations. c. high-income nations. d. a combination of middle- and high-income nations. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Topic: Global Stratification: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 51. From a global perspective, economic productivity is lowest in precisely the regions where________ a. population increase is highest. b. most people live in cities. c. technology is most advanced. d. there was once the greatest prosperity. Answer: a

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Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 52. In the world’s lowest-income nations, one in ten children born dies by the age of ________ a. one. b. five. c. thirty-five. d. seventy. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 53. For the world as a whole, about how many people suffer from chronic hunger that leaves them less able to work and places them at high risk of disease? a. Less than 1 million b. 8 million c. 80 million d. 800 million Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 54. Absolute poverty is ________ a. most common in large nations such as the United States. b. the same as relative poverty. c. life threatening. d. found only in the poorest nations. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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55. About how many people in the world die each year due to hunger? a. 50,000 b. 500,000 c. 1 million d. 5 million Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 56. Which world region contains the largest percentage of the world’s street children? a. Asia b. Latin America c. Africa d. Europe Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 57. In poor countries, the disadvantages women face relative to men are ________ a. about the same as in rich nations. b. smaller than in rich nations. c. greater than in rich nations. d. nonexistent; in poor countries, women and men have the same social standing. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 58. In the low-income nations of the world, which of the following categories of people is at highest risk of poverty? a. Younger, married women b. Single, older men c. Married, older men d. Single, older women

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Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 59. According to Anti-Slavery International, about how many men, women, and children live today in conditions that amount to slavery? a. 20,000 b. 200,000 c. 20 million d. 2 billion Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 60. Which type of slavery refers to one person owning another? a. Chattel slavery b. Child slavery c. Debt bondage d. Servile forms of marriage Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 61. Which type of slavery consists of employers holding workers by paying them too little to cover their debts? a. Chattel slavery b. Child slavery c. Debt bondage d. Servile forms of marriage Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty

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Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 62. If you were to apply modernization theory to the problem of global poverty, you might point that low-income nations ________ a. use advanced technology. b. have low levels of population increase. c. have cultural resistance to innovation. d. have high mass consumption. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 63. The concept of “colonialism” refers to the process by which ________ a. rich nations share advanced technology with poor countries. b. some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of others. c. poor nations force an end to control by other nations. d. immigration helps to spark economic development in rich nations. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 64. The concept of “neocolonialism” refers to the process by which ________ a. countries gain new colonies to replace older ones. b. countries rid themselves of former colonies. c. multinational corporations dominate the economy of a poor country. d. companies operate in many countries at one time. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 65. What concept refers to a global economy in which multinational corporations exploit people in low-income nations? a. Colonialism

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b. c. d.

Corporate slavery Neocolonialism International bondage

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 66. Modernization theory claims that ________ a. poor nations can never become rich in today’s world. b. the main causes of poverty involve culture and technology. c. the main causes of poverty involve multinational corporations. d. most poor nations were richer in the past. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 67. According to modernization theory, the greatest barrier to economic development is ________ a. technology. b. multinational corporations. c. capitalism. d. traditional culture. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 68. The social theorist identified with modernization theory is ________ a. Max Weber. b. Karl Marx. c. George Herbert Mead. d. Immanuel Wallerstein. Answer: a

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Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 69. According to Walt Rostow, nations begin at the ________ stage of development and may eventually reach the stage of ________. a. drive to technological maturity; take-off b. traditional; high mass consumption c. high mass consumption; take-off d. take-off; drive to technological maturity Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 70. If you were applying modernization theory to the problem of global poverty, you might expect rich nations to aid the economic development of poor nations by ________ a. promoting population growth. b. limiting food production. c. increasing industrial production. d. denying foreign aid. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 71. Some critics claim that modernization theory ________ a. ignores how rich nations prevent the economic development of poor nations. b. amounts to an attack on capitalism. c. treats rich and poor societies as linked. d. amounts to an attack on socialism. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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72. Dependency theory differs from modernization theory by ________ a. making poor nations responsible for their own fate. b. supporting capitalism as a path to development. c. explaining global inequality in terms of the exploitation of poor countries by rich countries. d. claiming that economic development is not a desirable goal. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 73. André Gunder Frank states that poor nations ________ a. are responsible for their own poverty. b. were “underdeveloped,” or made poor, by rich nations. c. suffer from traditional culture. d. need to gain more productive technology. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 74. In past centuries, European nations colonized countries in ________ a. Africa, Latin America, and Asia. b. only Latin America. c. only Asia. d. only Africa. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 75. A social theorist who contributed to the development of dependency theory by tracing the growth of the capitalist world economy is ________ a. Max Weber. b. Emile Durkheim. c. Walt Rostow.

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Immanuel Wallerstein.

Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 76. While modernization theory focuses on ________, dependency theory focuses on ________. a. poor nations; rich nations b. the future; the past c. production of wealth; distribution of wealth d. culture; economics Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 77. According to Immanuel Wallerstein’s theory of global capitalism, which nations are at the “core” of the world economy? a. High-income nations b. Middle-income nations c. Low-income nations d. All nations form the “core.” Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 78. What is Wallerstein’s term for the middle-income countries of the world? a. Core b. Semiperiphery c. Periphery d. Outsider nations Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality.

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Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 79. Wallerstein pointed to several factors that cause dependency among low-income nations. Which of the following is a factor that Wallerstein did NOT claim to be a cause of dependency? a. Narrow, export-oriented economies b. Lack of integration into the world economy c. Lack of industrial capacity d. Foreign debt Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 80. According to dependency theory, poor countries have become dependent on rich nations because ________ a. they sell raw materials to rich nations. b. rich countries bring tourism dollars. c. rich nations buy their manufactured goods. d. rich nations have brought them economic affluence. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 81. Which theoretical approach claims that rich nations of the world are “overdeveloped” while poor nations are “underdeveloped”? a. Modernization theory b. Dependency theory c. Both modernization theory and dependency theory d. Neither modernization theory nor dependency theory Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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82. With regard to the role of rich nations, dependency theory ________ a. agrees with modernization theory. b. urges rich nations to invest in poor countries. c. claims rich nations are to blame for global poverty. d. claims rich nations prevent poor countries from “growing for export.” Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 83. One criticism of dependency theory is that it ________ a. lacks a historical focus. b. has little to say about the role of rich countries. c. blames poor countries for their own poverty. d. treats global wealth as a zero-sum so that one country benefits only at the expense of another. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 84. Over the course of the last century, the extent of global economic inequality has ________ a. decreased sharply. b. stayed about the same. c. increased. d. become smaller, but not by much. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 85. The global region in which the greatest reduction in poverty has taken place is ________ a. Asia. b. Africa.

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c. d.

Latin America. Antarctica

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 86. Taken together, the sociological approaches to global poverty show us that poverty is ________ a. partly an issue of production and partly a political issue. b. only a political issue. c. only a production issue. d. a problem that will resolve itself. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 87. Describe the distribution of income for the world as a whole. How does this distribution compare to income inequality in the United States? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Topic: Global Stratification: An Overview Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 88. What is the difference between relative poverty and absolute poverty? Which is a more dangerous type of poverty? Why? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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89. How does global poverty differ from poverty in the United States? Which involves more people? Which is more serious? Why? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 90. Identify and define four types of slavery found in today’s world. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 91. How does neocolonialism differ from colonialism? Describe the operation of each system. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 92. What are the four stages of Walt Rostow’s modernization theory? What is “modernization”? Explain each stage and how it brings a society closer to the goal of modernization. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 93. According to modernization theory, what are the four ways in which rich nations assist poor nations in economic development? Provide a specific example of a policy that the United States would employ to advance each type of assistance. Answer:

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Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 94. With regard to dependency theory, explain exactly how poor nations are dependent on rich nations. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 95. State the basic ideas of modernization theory. Provide several criticisms of this approach. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 96. State the basic ideas of dependency theory. Provide several criticisms of this approach. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 97. How would modernization theory explain the increasing economic inequality in the world over the last century? How would dependency theory explain the increasing economic inequality? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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ESSAY QUESTIONS/TOPICS FOR SHORT PAPERS 98. In an essay, analyze the difference economic development makes by describing the differences that distinguish high-income nations, middle-income nations, and low-income nations. Consider population size, land area, typical patterns of work, urban and rural residence, gender equality, and the extent of poverty. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Topic: Global Stratification: An Overview Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 99. Describe the problem of slavery in the world. What is the extent of the problem? What different kinds of slavery are there? What part does poverty play in causing and perpetuating slavery? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 100. In terms of the global perspective, how does poverty combine with gender to create disadvantages for women? Compared to the United States, is there more or less gender inequality in low income societies? Why? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 101. Do you think that it is possible to end absolute poverty in the world? Clearly, it is technologically possible because the world already has more than enough food to supply everyone. However, is it politically or culturally possible? Take a stand and explain your position. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world.

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Topic: Global Wealth and Poverty Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 102. Explain Rostow’s stages of modernization theory. Explain the history of the United States in these terms, being as specific as you can about when this country entered each stage of development. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 103. Write an essay in which you describe an approach to ending world hunger drawing on, first, the modernization approach and, second, the dependency approach. That is, what lessons can we learn from each approach? Be as specific as you can as to what policies poor countries should enact. Also, consider the role of rich nations. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 104. What do you find to be the strengths of modernization theory? What about dependency theory? Also point to what are, in your opinion, the two biggest weaknesses of each theory. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 105. Describe the trend in global inequality over the course of the last century, especially since 1970. Based on where we have been and where we are now, predict where the world may be a century from now. What prediction would modernization theory support? What about dependency theory? How accurate do you think each prediction is? Why? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality.

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Topic: Theories of Global Stratification Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Chapter 11: Gender Stratification In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Society: The Basics, 15th edition. The questions are tagged according to four levels of learning that move from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The four levels are: Remember the Facts: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material Understand the Concepts: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas Apply What You Know: a question applying sociological knowledge to some new situation Analyze It: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship The 111 questions in this chapter’s test bank are divided into four types. True/False questions are the least demanding. As the table below shows, all of these fall within the two lowest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Remember the Facts” and “Understand the Concepts”). Multiple-choice questions also fall primarily within the lower levels of cognitive reasoning, although more of these are somewhat demanding. Short answer questions span a broad range of skills (from “Understand the Concepts” to “Analyze It”). Finally, essay questions are the most demanding, falling within the two highest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Apply What You Know” and “Analyze It”). Types of Questions

Remember the Facts Understand the Concepts Apply What You Know Analyze It

True/False

Mult Choice

Essay

Total Qs

41 (75%)

Short Answer 0

32 (84%)

6 (16%)

11 (20%)

5 (45%)

3 (5%)

2 (18%)

1 (14%)

0 38

0 55

4 (36%) 11

6 (86%) 7

10 111

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Chapter 11: Gender Stratification TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. Gender refers simply to whether people are female or male. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2. Like race or social class, gender is a major dimension of social stratification. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 3. Gender affects the opportunities and constraints each of us encounter throughout our lives. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 4. In athletics, the performance gap between male and female marathon runners is increasing. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. Research shows that young males have less mathematical ability, but greater verbal ability than young females. Answer: False

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 6. On average, human males are both taller and heavier than human females. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 7. In the United States, on average, males live longer than females. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8. Evidence from the Israeli kibbutzim suggests that cultures have the ability to define what is masculine and feminine in various ways. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9. Margaret Mead argued that gender was mostly a matter of biology rather than culture. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10. In her famous study, Margaret Mead investigated gender in three African societies. Answer: False

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Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 11. George Murdock found that, in the case of many tasks, the work that one society considers “masculine” another may consider “feminine.” Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 12. Sexism is the assertion that one sex is innately superior to the other. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 13. Patriarchy provides advantages, but not disadvantages, to males. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 14. In a global perspective, the region where women have the least social power in relation to men is North America. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15. Since very few societies have existed without patriarchy, we must conclude that patriarchy is inevitable.

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Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16. Most sociological research suggests that gender is socially constructed and is therefore subject to change. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17. Traditional conceptions paint masculine and feminine in opposing terms. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 11.2: Explain the importance of gender to socialization. Topic: Gender and Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 18. While playing in peer groups, girls are less likely to play the “win-lose” games favored by boys. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 11.2: Explain the importance of gender to socialization. Topic: Gender and Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 19. The beauty myth is the idea that beauty is the key to success in a career. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 11.2: Explain the importance of gender to socialization. Topic: Gender and Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 20. Today in the United States, only about 10 percent of women with young children work for income.

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Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 21. In the United States, administrative support jobs and service jobs have a high concentration of women. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 22. In the United States today, women working for income is the rule rather than the exception. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 23. In the United States today, about 60 percent of physicians are women. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 24. In the United States, most police officers, engineers, judges, and college presidents are men. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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25. In the teaching profession, the share of teachers who are women increases as the grade level taught increases. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 26. Corporate women still encounter a “glass ceiling” that prevents them from being promoted to high levels in the company. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 27. Employed married women do less housework than employed married men. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 28. In 2015, U.S. women earned 80 cents for every one dollar earned by men. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 29. In the United States each year, a majority of bachelor’s degrees are earned by men. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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30. In the United States, women gained the right to vote in 1820. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 31. In general, western states have a higher percentage of legislators who are women than southern states. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 32. In 2017, women were a majority of people serving in Congress. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 33. The first women to serve in the U.S. military did so during World War II. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 34. Minority women are more economically disadvantaged than white women. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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35. One criticism of pornography is that it portrays women as weak and undeserving of respect. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 36. Talcott Parsons described gender in terms of power relationships. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 11.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to gender stratification. Topic: Theories of Gender Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 37. A social-conflict account of the history of gender stratification was developed by Friedrich Engels. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 11.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to gender stratification. Topic: Theories of Gender Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 38. Liberal feminism seeks the elimination of the concept of gender. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 11.5: Contrast liberal, socialist, and radical feminism. Topic: Feminism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 39. The concept of gender refers to ________ a. the degree of inequality between men and women in a society. b. the secondary sex characteristics of individuals. c. the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male. d. patterns of sexual orientation.

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Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 40. The chapter argues that gender is not just a matter of difference in behavior, but also of differences in ________ a. power, wealth, and privileges. b. power only. c. wealth only. d. privileges only. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 41. Men and women ________ a. differ physically in some limited ways. b. are different in that men are physically superior to women. c. are different in that women are physically superior to men. d. are physically equal. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 42. On average, young men show greater ________ ability than young women; young women show greater ________ ability than young men. a. intellectual; sensory b. mathematical; verbal c. verbal; mathematical d. sensory; intellectual Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy

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Skill Level: Remember the Facts 43. On average, do women or men live longer? a. On average, men outlive women by about one year. b. On average, women outlive men by about one year. c. On average, men outlive women by about five years. d. On average, women outlive men by about five years. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 44. Comparing the performances of female and male athletes over time shows ________ a. little or no change in female-male differences in performance. b. male performances are improving faster than female performances. c. women have been closing the gap with men in most athletic performances. d. women now outperform men in most athletic events. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 45. The point of describing gender in the Israeli kibbutzim is to show that ________ a. gender is rooted in biology. b. women can dominate men. c. cultures define gender in different ways. d. boys and girls must be raised by biological parents. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 46. Margaret Mead’s research on gender in three societies in New Guinea illustrates that ________ a. all societies define masculinity in much the same way. b. all societies define femininity in much the same way. c. patterns involving gender are rooted in biology.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

traits that are defined as feminine in one society may be masculine in another.

Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 47. In his global study of how societies view gender, George Murdock found ________ a. little agreement as to feminine and masculine tasks. b. more men than women were likely to be engaged in farming. c. more women than men were likely to be engaged in farming. d. many tasks that were considered masculine by some societies were viewed as feminine by others. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 48. ________ refers to social organization in which males dominate females. a. Patriarchy b. Matriarchy c. Monarchy d. Oligarchy Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 49. What is the form of social organization in which females dominate males? a. Patriarchy b. Matriarchy c. Monarchy d. Oligarchy Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 50. Based on the map and discussion in the text, in which continent do women have the lowest social standing in relation to men? a. Europe b. North America c. Africa d. South America Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 51. Throughout the life course, gender shapes ________ a. human feelings only. b. human thoughts only. c. human actions only. d. human feelings, thoughts, and actions. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 11.2: Explain the importance of gender to socialization. Topic: Gender and Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 52. Which concept refers to attitudes and activities that a society links to people of each sex? a. Primary sex characteristics b. Sexual orientation c. Gender roles d. Secondary sex characteristics Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 11.2: Explain the importance of gender to socialization. Topic: Gender and Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 53. According to Janet Lever’s observations of children at play, ________ a. gender has little effect on young children. b. girls spend much more time at play than boys do. c. boys favor games with clear winners and losers.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

boys favor games that encourage communication and cooperation.

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 11.2: Explain the importance of gender to socialization. Topic: Gender and Socialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 54. Today, women represent _________ of all students on college campuses across the United States. a. 38 percent b. 58 percent c. 78 percent d. 98 percent Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 11.2: Explain the importance of gender to socialization. Topic: Gender and Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 55. The “beauty myth” refers to the idea that ________ a. women learn to measure their personal importance in terms of physical appearance. b. beautiful women can dominate men. c. women prefer men who are physically attractive. d. women today are as physically attractive as today’s men are. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 11.2: Explain the importance of gender to socialization. Topic: Gender and Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 56. Approximately what percentage of U.S. women are working for income today? a. 20 percent b. 30 percent c. 40 percent d. 60 percent Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

57. Which factor has helped increase the share of women in the paid labor force over the course of the last century? a. The increase in the number of people working on farms b. A rising divorce rate c. The increasing size of U.S. families d. The fact that working women earn more than working men Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 58. A majority of U.S. women in which of the following categories enter the labor force? a. Married women with no children b. Single women with no children c. Divorced women with no children d. Married, single, and divorced women with children Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 59. In today’s U.S. work force, ________ a. men and women have the same types of jobs. b. women and men receive the same pay. c. women are concentrated in several categories of jobs. d. a majority of working women hold “pink collar” jobs. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 60. The concept of “glass ceiling” refers to ________ a. the barrier that prevents women from reaching the top. b. the fact that women’s dreams are easily broken. c. the fact that cleaning the home is all most women do. d. the barrier that keeps women in service work.

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Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 61. In which of the following job categories are the workers mostly women? a. Physicians b. Corporate managers c. College professors d. Elementary school teachers Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 62. An important exception to male domination of the U.S. workplace is that ________ a. women now own more than 8 million entrepreneurial businesses. b. women hold 80 percent of pink-collar jobs. c. most college and university faculty are women. d. a majority of corporate executives are women. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 63. The concept of “comparable worth” means that ________ a. women should hold political offices in proportion to their numbers in the population. b. people should be paid according to the level of skill and responsibility involved in the work. c. the market system should determine the pay for any job. d. all jobs should be rewarded equally. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 64. In the United States in 2015, women in the labor force working full time earned ________ to every dollar men earned. a. 98 cents b. 90 cents c. 80 cents d. 60 cents Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 65. The factor that accounts for the greatest share of the difference in the earnings of working women and men in the United States is ________ a. differences in education. b. differences in family responsibilities. c. gender discrimination in the workplace. d. the type of work men and women do. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 66. According to recent research reported in Forbes magazine, approximately what share of our country’s richest people are women? a. 73 percent b. 53 percent c. 33 percent d. 13 percent Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

67. The category of the U.S. population in which women do most of the housework is ________ a. unemployed people. b. unmarried people. c. people with no children. d. employed, married people who have children. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 68. When it comes to gender and schooling, ________ a. boys are more likely than girls to be diagnosed with a learning disability. b. more girls than boys are placed in special education classes. c. most disciplinary problems in schools involve girls. d. disciplinary problems in schools involve boys and girls equally. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 69. Women earn what share of all bachelor’s degrees in the United States? a. 38 percent b. 48 percent c. 58 percent d. 68 percent Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 70. As of 2017, women held about what share of seats in Congress? a. 20 percent b. 40 percent c. 60 percent d. 80 percent

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 71. In which of the following nations does the political power of women come closest to that of men? a. United States b. Norway c. China d. Cuba Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 72. Women have served in the U.S. armed forces ________ a. since World War II. b. since the Vietnam War. c. since the Persian Gulf War. d. since colonial times. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 73. What is at the heart of the controversy over women’s participation in the military? a. Women score lower than men on military intelligence (IQ) tests. b. Women cannot operate high-tech equipment as well as men. c. Women have only recently joined the U.S. armed forces. d. Women are seen as nurturers rather than people who kill. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

74. At every class level ________ a. women have less income, wealth, education, and power than men do. b. women and men have equal amounts of income, wealth, education, and power. c. men outnumber women. d. women see themselves as a minority. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 75. If you could end violence against women in one setting, doing so in which of the following would reduce this type of violence the most? a. The workplace b. The home c. Public places d. College campuses Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 76. According to government researchers, about what share of college women experience some form of sexual assault during their time on campus? a. 1 percent b. 10 percent c. 20 percent d. 80 percent Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 77. Sexual harassment became a widely recognized issue in the United States in ________ a. the 1990s. b. the 1960s.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

c. d.

the 1890s. the 1780s.

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 78. Most cases of female genital mutilation occur in ________ a. Latin America. b. the United States. c. Africa. d. Asia. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 79. Sexual harassment is an important social issue because ________ a. it actually targets men more often than women. b. half of working women report receiving unwanted sexual attention. c. it almost always involves blatant threats. d. it almost always leads to violence. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 80. Structural-functional analysis points out that industrialization encourages ________ a. men to take control of the workplace. b. growing gender equality. c. women to have more children. d. a breakdown of social stability. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 11.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to gender stratification. Topic: Theories of Gender Difficulty Level: Easy

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Skill Level: Remember the Facts 81. Talcott Parsons described gender in terms of ________ a. power differences. b. complementarity. c. violence. d. the sexual objectification of women. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 11.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to gender stratification. Topic: Theories of Gender Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 82. Talcott Parsons explained that males tend to exhibit ________ behavior, while females are more ________. a. instrumental; expressive b. expressive; instrumental c. egalitarian; hierarchical d. rational; emotional Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 11.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to gender stratification. Topic: Theories of Gender Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 83. Friedrich Engels claimed that capitalism ________ a. reduced all forms of inequality. b. reduced patriarchy. c. had little or no effect on patriarchy. d. increased patriarchy. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 11.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to gender stratification. Topic: Theories of Gender Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 84. Engels claimed that men’s desire to control their property brought about ________ a. educational reform. b. widespread use of birth control. c. monogamous marriage. d. the rise of industry. Answer: c

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Learning Objective: LO 11.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to gender stratification. Topic: Theories of Gender Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 85. According to intersection theory, ________ is a source of social disadvantage. a. only gender b. only race c. only class d. gender, race, and class Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 11.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to gender stratification. Topic: Theories of Gender Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 86. When did feminism begin as a social movement in the United States? a. During the colonial era b. In the 1840s c. In the 1940s d. In the 1980s Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 11.5: Contrast liberal, socialist, and radical feminism. Topic: Feminism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 87. Feminists do not support ________ a. ending gender stratification. b. ending sexual violence. c. weakening the importance of gender in people’s lives. d. limiting sexual freedom. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 11.5: Contrast liberal, socialist, and radical feminism. Topic: Feminism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 88. Which type of feminism accepts the basic organization of U.S. society, but seeks to give women the same rights and opportunities as men? a. Liberal feminism b. Socialist feminism c. Radical feminism

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Structural-functional feminism

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 11.5: Contrast liberal, socialist, and radical feminism. Topic: Feminism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 89. Which type of feminism links the social disadvantages of women to the capitalist economic system? a. Liberal feminism b. Socialist feminism c. Radical feminism d. Structural-functional feminism Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 11.5: Contrast liberal, socialist, and radical feminism. Topic: Feminism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 90. Which type of feminism seeks to end patriarchy by eliminating the idea of gender itself? a. Liberal feminism b. Socialist feminism c. Radical feminism d. Structural-functional feminism Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 11.5: Contrast liberal, socialist, and radical feminism. Topic: Feminism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 91. Opposition to feminism is ________ a. expressed by a majority of people in the United States. b. directed mostly at socialist and radical feminism. c. just about gone in the United States now. d. increasing over time. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 11.5: Contrast liberal, socialist, and radical feminism. Topic: Feminism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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92. Looking back over U.S. history, we see a general trend by which women ________ a. have gained opportunities and power. b. have made little movement towards equality with men. c. are steadily losing ground and becoming less equal to men. d. have retained their position of dominance over men. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 11.5: Contrast liberal, socialist, and radical feminism. Topic: Feminism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 93. A main idea of multicultural feminism is that ________ a. people should seek the elimination of gender itself. b. minority women are better off than non-minority men. c. feminism finds little support among minority women. d. while all women face disadvantages, the life experiences of women differ according to their race, ethnicity, and class position. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 11.5: Contrast liberal, socialist, and radical feminism. Topic: Feminism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 94. Briefly describe the extent of male-female differences in mental and physical abilities. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 95. What does the research by Margaret Mead in New Guinea lead us to conclude about gender? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Moderate

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Skill Level: Apply What You Know 96. What does Naomi Wolf mean by the term “beauty myth”? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 97. Why is “earning an income” no longer a man’s role in the United States? Provide some specific data in support of your claims. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 98. What three factors account for most of the income disparity between women and men? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 99. What is the importance of the term “glass ceiling”? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 100. What criticism would feminists make of the current membership of our Congress? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification

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Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 101. What criticisms of pornography are made in the text? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 102. How does the structural-functional approach lead us to view gender? How does the social-conflict approach differ? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 11.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to gender stratification. Topic: Theories of Gender Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 103. What is the major insight of intersection theory? Provide earnings data to support this approach. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 11.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to gender stratification. Topic: Theories of Gender Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 104. Define multicultural and global feminism. What do these approaches encourage us to recognize about various categories of women? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 11.5: Contrast liberal, socialist, and radical feminism. Topic: Feminism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts ESSAY QUESTIONS/TOPICS FOR SHORT PAPERS 105. The socialization process links gender to personal identity (gender identity) as well as distinctive behavior and activities (gender roles). In this essay, explain why gender is a central element of socialization across the life course from birth through early adulthood. Begin by addressing the fact that people are quick to ask about the sex of a newborn

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child. Consider parental expectations, peer group activity, and school life. Provide data where you can. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 106. Make the case that gender is or is not a central dimension of social stratification in the United States. Consider issues such as income, wealth, work, education, and power. In other words, to what extent do males represent a privileged category of people in this country today? Provide specific evidence to support your position. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 107. In a short essay, answer the following questions: Is social class or gender more important in shaping the life of an individual born in the United States today? How does each factor matter? Provide reasons for your choice. Consider how social class and gender interact. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. Topic: Gender and Inequality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 108. The chapter has provided considerable evidence that a society’s level of economic development affects patterns of gender inequality. Provide an analysis of the relationship between the development of an industrial and postindustrial economy and the extent of gender stratification. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 11.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. Topic: Gender and Social Stratification Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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109. Apply the structural-functional and social-conflict approaches to the issue of gender. What are key insights offered by each theoretical approach? How does each approach view gender differences and gender inequality? How does each respond to the changes in gender across the twentieth century? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 11.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to gender stratification. Topic: Theories of Gender Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 110. Define feminism. Describe the three main types of feminist thinking in the United States today. What do the approaches have in common? How do they differ? Also suggest reasons for resistance to feminism. What is your view of the various types of feminism? Why? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 11.5: Contrast liberal, socialist, and radical feminism. Topic: Feminism Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 111. Radical feminists envision a world free from gender differences. Write an essay in which you imagine how such a world might operate. Would families exist? How would human reproduction occur? Do you support efforts to create this world or not? Why? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 11.5: Contrast liberal, socialist, and radical feminism. Topic: Feminism Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Chapter 12: Race and Ethnicity In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Society: The Basics, 15th edition. The questions are tagged according to four levels of learning that move from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The four levels are: Remember the Facts: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material Understand the Concepts: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas Apply What You Know: a question applying sociological knowledge to some new situation Analyze It: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship The 114 questions in this chapter’s test bank are divided into four types. True/False questions are the least demanding. As the table below shows, all of these fall within the two lowest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Remember the Facts” and “Understand the Concepts”). Multiple-choice questions also fall primarily within the lower levels of cognitive reasoning, although more of these are somewhat demanding. Short answer questions span a broad range of skills (from “Understand the Concepts” to “Analyze It”). Finally, essay questions are the most demanding, falling within the two highest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Apply What You Know” and “Analyze It”). Types of Questions

Remember the Facts Understand the Concepts Apply What You Know Analyze It

True/False

Mult Choice

Essay

Total Qs

38 (67%)

Short Answer 0

31 (89%)

4 (11%)

11 (19%)

7 (44%)

8 (14%)

3 (19%)

2 (33%)

0 35

0 57

6 (37%) 16

4 (67%) 6

10 114

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Chapter 12: Race and Ethnicity TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. Although linked to physical traits like skin color, the concept of “race” is constructed by society. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2. Scientific research shows that there are three biologically pure races. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 3. Some “white” people actually have darker skin than some “black” people. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 4. Over past decades, an increasing number of people in the United States have wished to define themselves as multiracial. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. In most cases, race and ethnicity refer to the same thing. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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6. Being Greek, Italian, or Vietnamese involves a distinct ethnicity. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7. Ethnicity is harder to change than racial identity. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8. All members of a minority category are poor. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9. People within a minority category typically share a distinct identity. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10. Most of the states in the United States now have a “minority majority.” Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 11. Sociologically speaking, a minority is any category that is numerically less than half of a society’s population. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity

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Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 12. Prejudice is a rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 12.2: Describe the extent and causes of prejudice. Topic: Prejudice and Stereotypes Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 13. Research with the social distance scale among U.S. college students shows increasing social acceptance of people of various racial and ethnic categories over time. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 12.2: Describe the extent and causes of prejudice. Topic: Prejudice and Stereotypes Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14. Scapegoat theory holds that the most powerful people in a society are the most likely to hold prejudices. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 12.2: Describe the extent and causes of prejudice. Topic: Prejudice and Stereotypes Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 15. Theodor Adorno linked extreme prejudice to a certain personality type. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 12.2: Describe the extent and causes of prejudice. Topic: Prejudice and Stereotypes Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 16. Culture theory states that prejudice remains widespread despite the fact that our culture defines any and all prejudice as wrong. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 12.2: Describe the extent and causes of prejudice. Topic: Prejudice and Stereotypes Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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17. Discrimination refers to holding an unfair belief about an entire category of people. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 12.3: Distinguish discrimination from prejudice. Topic: Discrimination Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 18. Prejudice and discrimination can be either positive or negative. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 12.3: Distinguish discrimination from prejudice. Topic: Discrimination Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 19. Prejudice and discrimination are found in not just individuals, but in the operation of society’s institutions. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 12.3: Distinguish discrimination from prejudice. Topic: Discrimination Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 20. Prejudice and discrimination can reinforce each other. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 12.3: Distinguish discrimination from prejudice. Topic: Discrimination Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 21. Pluralism is the idea that all people should live with their own kind. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 12.4: Identify examples of pluralism, assimilation, segregation, and genocide. Topic: Majority and Minority: Patterns of Interaction Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 22. Assimilation refers to everyone shedding all their traditions and “melting” into a new population with a new way of life. Answer: False

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Learning Objective: LO 12.4: Identify examples of pluralism, assimilation, segregation, and genocide. Topic: Majority and Minority: Patterns of Interaction Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 23. Segregation refers to the physical and social separation of categories of people. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 12.4: Identify examples of pluralism, assimilation, segregation, and genocide. Topic: Majority and Minority: Patterns of Interaction Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 24. Racial segregation has existed, but it has never been legal in the United States. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 12.4: Identify examples of pluralism, assimilation, segregation, and genocide. Topic: Majority and Minority: Patterns of Interaction Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 25. The first Native Americans immigrated to the United States about the time the explorer Christopher Columbus came to the Americas. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 26. Owning and operating gambling casinos have enabled the typical Native American in the United States to achieve well above-average income. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 27. WASPs have been the dominant category of the U.S. population through most of this nation’s history.

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Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 28. The U.S. Supreme Court outlawed slavery in the Dred Scott case of 1857. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 29. In 2014, about 41 percent of African Americans earned $50,000 or more. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 30. People of Chinese ancestry were the first Asian Americans to come to the United States and they remain the largest in terms of population. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 31. Of all categories of Asian Americans, Japanese Americans have the highest average income. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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32. Among Asian Americans, more than half of all men and women over the age of twenty-five have completed four years of college. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 33. The largest Hispanic minority, in terms of population, is Cuban Americans. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 34. Arab Americans come from more than twenty different nations in Northern Africa and the Middle East. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 35. White ethnics are non-WASPs of European ancestry. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 36. The chapter-opening story about the class at New York’s Bronx Community College explains that ________ a. race is a simple matter of skin color. b. many people have mixed racial and ethnic ancestry. c. race is not important to the lives of people in the United States.

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college students have little awareness of race.

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 37. Human beings are all members of ________ a. a single biological species. b. various species, depending on color. c. various species, depending on cultural background. d. various species, depending on where in the world they live. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 38. Sociologists define the concept of “race” as ________ a. people who fall into any minority category. b. a person’s skin color. c. a cultural heritage shared by a category of people. d. a socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 39. Typically, people who live in _______ perceive fewer racial categories than people who live in _______. a. the United States; Brazil b. Brazil; the United States c. the Northeast; the Midwest d. the West; the Northeast Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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40. Why do sociologists consider the “scientific” racial types of Caucasian, Mongoloid, and Negroid to be misleading and even harmful? a. Every society’s population contains a lot of genetic mixture. b. Various racial categories are genetically very much alike. c. The skin color of Caucasian people ranges from very light to very dark. d. All of these statements are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 41. Which of the following concepts refers to a shared cultural heritage? a. Race b. Minority c. Ethnicity d. Stereotype Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 42. Race refers to _______ considered important by a society; ethnicity refers to _______. a. cultural traits; biological traits b. biological traits; cultural traits c. differences; what we have in common d. what we have in common; differences Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 43. A family leaves Russia and takes up residence in the United States, where they gradually lose Russian cultural traditions. Doing so, these people have modified their ________ a. race. b. ethnicity. c. ancestry. d. religion.

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Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 44. Which of the following concepts refers to a category of people, distinguished by physical or cultural traits, who are socially disadvantaged? a. Minority b. Ethnic category c. Racial category d. Out-group Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 45. Which of the following is the largest minority category within the U.S. population? a. People of Asian descent b. People of African descent c. People of Hispanic descent d. People of Native American descent Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 46. In the United States, minorities typically have less ________ a. income. b. occupational prestige. c. schooling. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 47. A minority is defined as a category of people who are ________ a. small in numbers and disadvantaged. b. less than half the society’s total population.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

c. d.

set apart by that society and subordinated or disadvantaged. born in some other country.

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 48. According to the most recent data, African Americans accounted for about what percentage of the U.S. population? a. 44 percent b. 33 percent c. 25 percent d. 12 percent Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 49. Four states currently have a “minority majority.” Which are they? a. Texas, New Mexico, California, and Hawaii b. South Carolina, New York, Florida, and California c. New Jersey, Georgia, Mississippi, and California d. Louisiana, Alabama, California, and Arizona Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 50. In which of the following clusters of states do we find the least racial and ethnic diversity? a. Texas and New Mexico b. Maine, Vermont, and New Hampshire c. North Carolina and South Carolina d. Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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51. Which of the following statements about prejudice is true? a. Prejudice involves prejudgments. b. Prejudice treats everyone in some category the same way. c. Prejudice can be positive or negative. d. All of these statements are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 12.2: Describe the extent and causes of prejudice. Topic: Prejudice and Stereotypes Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 52. You would be expressing a “stereotype” if you ________ a. made any generalization about people. b. described everyone in some category in the same way. c. held an opinion about someone based on personal experience. d. treated anyone in an unkind way. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 12.2: Describe the extent and causes of prejudice. Topic: Prejudice and Stereotypes Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 53. Based on research using the social distance scale, you can correctly say that U.S. college students today ________ a. are less prejudiced than students were fifty years ago. b. see less difference between minority categories than students did fifty years ago. c. express greater prejudice toward Arabs than African Americans. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 12.2: Describe the extent and causes of prejudice. Topic: Prejudice and Stereotypes Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 54. Scapegoat theory states that prejudice is created by ________ a. cultural beliefs. b. high levels of immigration. c. frustration among disadvantaged people. d. people with rigid personalities. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 12.2: Describe the extent and causes of prejudice.

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Topic: Prejudice and Stereotypes Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 55. Authoritarian personality theory states that extreme prejudice is ________ a. built into culture itself. b. a trait of certain individuals with particular personalities. c. found among poor and disadvantaged people. d. found among most people in all societies. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 12.2: Describe the extent and causes of prejudice. Topic: Prejudice and Stereotypes Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 56. According to Theodor Adorno’s authoritarian personality theory, prejudiced people ________ a. view society as naturally hierarchical. b. reject ethnocentrism. c. do not view actions as either right or wrong. d. reject all conventional cultural values. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 12.2: Describe the extent and causes of prejudice. Topic: Prejudice and Stereotypes Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 57. A good example of the culture theory of prejudice is ________ a. Theodor Adorno’s research on prejudiced people. b. Emory Bogardus’s research on social distance. c. W. I. Thomas’s vicious cycle theory. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 12.2: Describe the extent and causes of prejudice. Topic: Prejudice and Stereotypes Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 58. Conflict theory states that prejudice is ________ a. a tool used by powerful people to oppress others. b. built into culture itself. c. common among immigrants. d. common among certain people with rigid personalities.

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Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 12.2: Describe the extent and causes of prejudice. Topic: Prejudice and Stereotypes Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 59. While prejudice is a matter of _______, discrimination is a matter of _______. a. biology; culture b. attitude; action c. choice; social structure d. abnormality; what a society considers normal Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 12.3: Distinguish discrimination from prejudice. Topic: Discrimination Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 60. Institutional prejudice and discrimination refers to the fact that ________ a. some people hold rigid and unfair attitudes. b. bias was more pronounced in this nation’s history. c. bias is built into the operation of social institutions. d. many people still hold prejudiced opinions. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 12.3: Distinguish discrimination from prejudice. Topic: Discrimination Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 61. The idea that prejudice and discrimination form a vicious circle means that ________ a. prejudice is more common than actual discrimination. b. it is easy to prove that most stereotypes are wrong. c. most people do not act on their prejudices. d. prejudice and discrimination reinforce each other. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 12.3: Distinguish discrimination from prejudice. Topic: Discrimination Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 62. The claim that defining members of some minority as inferior will make them inferior is one application of ________ a. social distance research.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

b. c. d.

the iron law of oligarchy. the Thomas theorem. authoritarian personality theory.

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 12.3: Distinguish discrimination from prejudice. Topic: Discrimination Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 63. Which of the following concepts refers to a state in which racial and ethnic minorities are distinct, but have more or less equal social standing? a. Genocide b. Segregation c. Assimilation d. Pluralism Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 12.4: Identify examples of pluralism, assimilation, segregation, and genocide. Topic: Majority and Minority: Patterns of Interaction Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 64. The United States is not truly pluralistic because ________ a. some people live in “ethnic enclaves.” b. many people value ethnic diversity. c. racial and ethnic categories do not have equal social standing. d. there is little racial diversity in this country. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 12.4: Identify examples of pluralism, assimilation, segregation, and genocide. Topic: Majority and Minority: Patterns of Interaction Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 65. Assimilation refers to the process by which ________ a. people become more tolerant of minorities. b. minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture. c. all minority categories become more equal in social standing. d. people regain their lost cultural heritage. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 12.4: Identify examples of pluralism, assimilation, segregation, and genocide.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Topic: Majority and Minority: Patterns of Interaction Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 66. The Matsui family came to the United States from Japan thirty years ago. They now speak English at home and the Matsui children date non-Japanese students at college. This family’s story best illustrates which of the following concepts? a. Pluralism b. Segregation c. Assimilation d. Miscegenation Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 12.4: Identify examples of pluralism, assimilation, segregation, and genocide. Topic: Majority and Minority: Patterns of Interaction Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 67. Which of the following concepts refers to biological reproduction by people of different racial categories? a. Assimilation b. Racial typology c. Pluralism d. Miscegenation Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 12.4: Identify examples of pluralism, assimilation, segregation, and genocide. Topic: Majority and Minority: Patterns of Interaction Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 68. The adoption of the English language by Mexican immigrants in the United States is an example of ________ a. genocide. b. segregation. c. assimilation. d. pluralism. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 12.4: Identify examples of pluralism, assimilation, segregation, and genocide. Topic: Majority and Minority: Patterns of Interaction Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

69. In the United States during the 1930s and 1940s, the existence of the “Negro leagues,” with all African-American players, is an example of ________ a. assimilation. b. segregation. c. pluralism. d. miscegenation. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 12.4: Identify examples of pluralism, assimilation, segregation, and genocide. Topic: Majority and Minority: Patterns of Interaction Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 70. Which of the following concepts refers to the physical and social separation of categories of people? a. Pluralism b. Assimilation c. Segregation d. Miscegenation Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 12.4: Identify examples of pluralism, assimilation, segregation, and genocide. Topic: Majority and Minority: Patterns of Interaction Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 71. Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton documented which of the following patterns in U.S. inner cities? a. Hypersegregation b. The absence of racial segregation c. De jure segregation d. Declining segregation Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 12.4: Identify examples of pluralism, assimilation, segregation, and genocide. Topic: Majority and Minority: Patterns of Interaction Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 72. The killing of people in the Darfur region of Africa is a recent example of ________ a. assimilation. b. genocide.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

c. d.

miscegenation. hypersegregation.

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 12.4: Identify examples of pluralism, assimilation, segregation, and genocide. Topic: Majority and Minority: Patterns of Interaction Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 73. The ancestors of which of the following first settled in the Western Hemisphere? a. WASPs b. European Americans c. African Americans d. Native Americans Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 74. When the first Europeans arrived in the Americas in the fifteenth century, Native Americans ________ a. followed shortly thereafter. b. had migrated to North America from Asia a century before. c. came with them from Europe. d. had inhabited this land for 15,000 years. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 75. Native Americans gained the right to U.S. citizenship in ________ a. 1865. b. 1924. c. 1965. d. 1990. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 76. The overall social standing of Native Americans is ________ a. above the national average. b. about the national average. c. below the national average. d. mixed, with families found equally at all class levels. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 77. People who are called “WASPs” have ancestors from which country? a. England b. Scotland c. Wales d. All of these are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 78. Historically, WASPs dominated social life in the United States until about ________ a. 1860, with the election of Abraham Lincoln. b. 1932, with the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt. c. 1960, with the election of John F. Kennedy. d. 1992, with the election of Bill Clinton. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 79. What Gunnar Myrdal called the “American dilemma” was ________ a. the denial of basic rights to African Americans by a so-called “democratic society.”

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

b. c. d.

the placing of Native Americans on reservations. the restriction of immigration by a nation that was built by immigrants. the refusal of many minorities to improve their social standing.

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 80. A national civil rights movement, which ended most instances of lawful discrimination, took place during ________ a. World War II. b. the 1950s and 1960s. c. the 1970s. d. the 1990s. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 81. Which of the following statements about African Americans is correct? a. Many of the largest U.S. cities have elected African American mayors. b. An African American president was elected in 2008 and 2012. c. A majority of African Americans are working class or poor. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 82. The largest category of Asian Americans in the United States is people of ________ ancestry. a. Korean b. Japanese c. Chinese d. Vietnamese Answer: c

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 83. Significant immigration of Asian Americans to the United States was first sparked by ________ a. laws regulating Chinese immigration enacted in 1882. b. the California Gold Rush in 1849. c. the need for labor during the Great Depression in the 1930s. d. World War II. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 84. For Chinese immigrants, one result of living in Chinatowns was ________. a. maintaining traditional culture. b. forming kinship networks, or clans. c. reducing their chance to learn English, which limited job opportunities. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 85. Which category of Asian Americans has an average income above the national average? a. Filipino Americans b. Chinese Americans c. Japanese Americans d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

86. Japanese immigrants differed from earlier Chinese immigrants by ________ a. favoring living in rural areas. b. coming to this country in larger numbers. c. knowing less about the United States before they got here. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 87. Which of the following categories of the U.S. population is most likely to own and operate a small business? a. Native Americans b. African Americans c. Korean Americans d. Mexican Americans Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 88. The Hispanic population of the United States is ________ a. spread evenly across the country. b. concentrated in the West, Southwest, and southern Florida. c. concentrated in industrial cities of the Northeast. d. concentrated in the Deep South. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 89. Which of the following categories of Hispanics in the United States is largest in terms of population size? a. Cuban Americans b. Mexican Americans c. Puerto Rican Americans

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Bolivian Americans

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 90. Arab Americans are a U.S. minority that ________ a. is increasing in population size. b. has ancestors from many different nations. c. has Islam as the dominant religion. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 91. Which statement about Arab Americans is true? a. Some Arab Americans are recent immigrants; some are not. b. Some Arab Americans speak Arabic; some do not. c. Some Arab Americans are Muslims; some are not. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 92. The concept “white ethnics” refers to ________ a. people of Hispanic ancestry who are light skinned. b. people of any ethnicity who are light skinned. c. biracial or multiracial people. d. non-WASPs of European ancestry. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Skill Level: Remember the Facts SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 93. Define race and ethnicity. How do they differ? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 94. What evidence is there that race is a socially constructed concept? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 95. What is the “trend toward mixture” in terms of race in the United States? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 96. According to the text, what factors define a minority? Based on these factors, explain why we should consider African Americans to be a minority. What about Asian Americans? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 97. What is a stereotype? How can applying the sociological perspective help to assess the validity of any stereotype? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 12.2: Describe the extent and causes of prejudice. Topic: Prejudice and Stereotypes Difficulty Level: Moderate

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Skill Level: Apply What You Know 98. What is the Bogardus social distance scale? What does research using the scale tell us about changing attitudes of college students towards racial and ethnic minorities? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 12.2: Describe the extent and causes of prejudice. Topic: Prejudice and Stereotypes Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 99. What is racism? Provide examples of racism in history. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 12.2: Describe the extent and causes of prejudice. Topic: Prejudice and Stereotypes Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 100. What is the scapegoat theory of prejudice? What is the conflict theory of prejudice? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 12.2: Describe the extent and causes of prejudice. Topic: Prejudice and Stereotypes Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 101. List and define four patterns of minority and majority interaction. Provide an example of each from U.S. history or events in other parts of the world. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 12.4: Identify examples of pluralism, assimilation, segregation, and genocide. Topic: Majority and Minority: Patterns of Interaction Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 102. Do you think that U.S. society is pluralistic? Provide specific data in support of your assessment. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 12.4: Identify examples of pluralism, assimilation, segregation, and genocide. Topic: Majority and Minority: Patterns of Interaction Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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103. Who were the first people to settle the area that is now the United States? When did this settlement begin? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 104. What are WASPs? How do they differ from “white ethnics”? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 105. When did slavery of African Americans begin in the United States? When was it outlawed? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 106. What is the importance of Sojourner Truth and Harriet Tubman in the history of African Americans? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 107. Why is it correct to say that Arab Americans are a diverse category of our population? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society.

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Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 108. Describe the social standing of several major categories of Hispanic Americans. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It ESSAY QUESTIONS/TOPICS FOR SHORT PAPERS 109. Explain the assertion made in the text that race is socially constructed. That is, explain what biological traits may be used in defining race, but why a biological definition cannot explain the reality of race in the United States. Provide examples to illustrate your arguments. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 110. How are race and ethnicity dimensions of social stratification in the United States? Provide evidence that many racial and ethnic categories of people are minorities— socially disadvantaged due to race or ethnicity. Consider ways in which race and ethnicity combine with gender and class. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 12.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. Topic: The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 111. Describe the history of one or more minorities—Native Americans, African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans, or Arab Americans—in terms of the following patterns: pluralism, assimilation, segregation, and genocide. Provide as much historical evidence as you can. In your opinion, which of the four patterns of interaction is most pronounced in the case of the minority you wrote about? Why? Answer:

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 12.4: Identify examples of pluralism, assimilation, segregation, and genocide. Topic: Majority and Minority: Patterns of Interaction Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 112. Why do various racial and ethnic categories of the U.S. population have different social standing? Why do some categories surpass the national average in income, while others do not? Consider both cultural patterns linked to a category as well as the operation of the U.S. economy. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 113. Can you imagine a future in the United States where members of our society would be truly color blind? Explain how this might become possible. Alternatively, explain why you think that this is possible. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 114. Write an essay critically evaluating affirmative action as a social policy. Begin with a look at the “Sociology in Focus” box and do additional research as needed. What is this policy? What is it intended to achieve? How successful has it been? What arguments are made supporting affirmative action and what arguments are made opposing it? Which position do you find more convincing? Why? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. Topic: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Chapter 13: Economics and Politics In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Society: The Basics, 15th edition. The questions are tagged according to four levels of learning that move from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The four levels are: Remember the Facts: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material Understand the Concepts: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas Apply What You Know: a question applying sociological knowledge to some new situation Analyze It: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship The 191 questions in this chapter’s test bank are divided into four types. True/False questions are the least demanding. As the table below shows, all of these questions fall within the two lowest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Remember the Facts” and “Understand the Concepts”). Multiple-choice questions fall within the three lowest levels of cognitive reasoning (adding some “Apply What You Know” questions). Short answer questions also span a broad range of skills (from “Understand the Concepts” to “Analyze It”). Finally, essay questions are the most demanding, falling within the two highest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Apply What You Know” and “Analyze It”). Types of Questions

Remember the Facts Understand the Concepts Apply What You Know Analyze It

True/False

Mult Choice

Essay

Total Qs

69 (77%)

Short Answer 0

53 (85%)

122

9 (15%)

14 (16%)

13 (52%)

6 (7%)

5 (20%)

2 (13%)

0 62

0 89

7 (28%) 25

13 (87%) 15

20 191

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Chapter 13: Economics and Politics TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. The economy organizes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2. The economy did not emerge as a distinct social institution thin a society until the Industrial Revolution. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 3. One main foundation of industrialization was creating new sources of energy. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 4. Compared to agricultural work, industrial jobs involve less specialization. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. The invention of the corporation is the trait that defines the emergence of a postindustrial society. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

6. The Information Revolution requires workers to gain literacy skills in contrast to the mechanical skills that were important during the Industrial Revolution. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 7. Agricultural production is part of the primary sector of the economy. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8. The concepts “primary sector,” “secondary sector,” and “tertiary sector” refer only to how productive a sector is in terms of economic value. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9. The operation of the global economy pays little regard to national borders. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10. Adam Smith’s idea was that, in a capitalist system, government tells businesses what to produce and government also tells consumers what to buy. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11. Although there are many privately-owned companies in the United States, most of the U.S. economy is owned and operated by the government.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 12. Taken together, local, state, and federal governments are the U.S.’s largest single employer. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 13. Socialism is correctly described as a “laissez-faire” economic system. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 14. Socialism has spread around the world to the point that, today, a majority of the world’s nations have a socialist economic system. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 15. Combining a market-based economy with an extensive social welfare program yields what is called “welfare capitalism.” Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 16. Capitalism is more economically productive than socialism, and capitalism also creates greater economic inequality. Answer: True

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17. The concept of “state capitalism” refers all productive enterprises in a country being owned by the government. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 18. Socialist economies create greater economic equality than capitalist economies, but with a lower overall living standard. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 19. The concept of “government” refers to the formal organization that directs the political life of a society. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 20. According to Max Weber, authority is just another word for power. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 21. Traditional authority gains importance as a society becomes industrialized. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Skill Level: Remember the Facts 22. Charismatic authority is based on extraordinary personal abilities. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 23. Rational-legal authority is also called “bureaucratic authority” because it is legitimized by legally enacted rules and regulations. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 24. Weber’s idea of the “routinization of charisma” is the claim that charisma does not exist in the modern world. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25. Today, only about 1 percent of the U.S. labor force works in agriculture. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 13.2: Analyze patterns of employment and unemployment in the United States. Topic: Work in the Postindustrial U.S. Economy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 26. In the United States, the share of workers who are members of labor unions is higher today than ever before. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 13.2: Analyze patterns of employment and unemployment in the United States. Topic: Work in the Postindustrial U.S. Economy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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27. The concept “paraprofessional” refers to work that requires skills, but typically lacks a broad theoretical knowledge of a field. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 13.2: Analyze patterns of employment and unemployment in the United States. Topic: Work in the Postindustrial U.S. Economy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 28. Most self-employed persons work in jobs that are called professions. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 13.2: Analyze patterns of employment and unemployment in the United States. Topic: Work in the Postindustrial U.S. Economy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 29. The self-employed are more likely to have blue-collar jobs than white-collar jobs. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 13.2: Analyze patterns of employment and unemployment in the United States. Topic: Work in the Postindustrial U.S. Economy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 30. A recent trend in the United States is a steady rise in the share of small businesses owned by women. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 13.2: Analyze patterns of employment and unemployment in the United States. Topic: Work in the Postindustrial U.S. Economy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 31. In recent years, the lowest unemployment rates in the United States have been among teenagers. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 13.2: Analyze patterns of employment and unemployment in the United States. Topic: Work in the Postindustrial U.S. Economy

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Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 32. Over time, the share of the U.S. workforce made up of people who identify themselves as “non-Hispanic white” has increased, even as immigration rates have increased. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 13.2: Analyze patterns of employment and unemployment in the United States. Topic: Work in the Postindustrial U.S. Economy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 33. One effect of computer technology is giving workers greater power over their employers. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 13.2: Analyze patterns of employment and unemployment in the United States. Topic: Work in the Postindustrial U.S. Economy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 34. The use of computers by workers tends to limit workplace interaction. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 13.2: Analyze patterns of employment and unemployment in the United States. Topic: Work in the Postindustrial U.S. Economy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 35. A corporation is an organization with a legal existence apart from that of its members. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 13.3: Discuss the importance of corporations to the U.S. economy. Topic: Corporations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 36. Conglomerates are giant corporations composed of many smaller corporations. Answer: True

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 13.3: Discuss the importance of corporations to the U.S. economy. Topic: Corporations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 37. Oligopoly refers to any company that operates in more than one country. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 13.3: Discuss the importance of corporations to the U.S. economy. Topic: Corporations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 38. Monopoly refers to a corporation that operates within a single sector of the economy. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 13.3: Discuss the importance of corporations to the U.S. economy. Topic: Corporations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 39. Large corporations dominate many markets in the global economy. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 13.3: Discuss the importance of corporations to the U.S. economy. Topic: Corporations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 40. In absolute monarchies, hereditary rulers claim a virtual monopoly of power based on divine right. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 13.4: Examine various types of political systems around the world. Topic: Power and Authority in Political Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 41. Democracy and rational-legal authority are linked, just as monarchy and traditional authority are linked.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 13.4: Examine various types of political systems around the world. Topic: Power and Authority in Political Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 42. More than 90 percent of the world’s people live in nations that are considered to be politically free. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 13.4: Examine various types of political systems around the world. Topic: Power and Authority in Political Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 43. An examination of socialist and capitalist systems suggests that political liberty and economic equality almost always go together. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 13.4: Examine various types of political systems around the world. Topic: Power and Authority in Political Systems Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 44. Authoritarian governments give people little voice in politics. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 13.4: Examine various types of political systems around the world. Topic: Power and Authority in Political Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 45. In a totalitarian political system, one political organization claims total control of society. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 13.4: Examine various types of political systems around the world. Topic: Power and Authority in Political Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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46. Just as the economy is becoming more and more global, so is the world developing a single global political system. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 13.4: Examine various types of political systems around the world. Topic: Power and Authority in Political Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 47. In terms of expenditures per person, federal budget is about the same size today as it was when this nation was founded more than two centuries ago. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system. Topic: Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 48. In the United States, African Americans tend to be more politically liberal than whites. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system. Topic: Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 49. Transgender rights is one example of a social issue. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system. Topic: Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 50. Most people in the United States strongly identify with one of the two major political parties. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system. Topic: Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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51. In the 2016 presidential election, rural people overwhelmingly supported the election of the Democratic candidate, Hillary Clinton. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system. Topic: Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 52. In the United States, African Americans are much more likely than Hispanic Americans to vote in national elections. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system. Topic: Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 53. In almost all of the states, people serving sentences in prison cannot vote. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system. Topic: Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 54. The pluralist model states that the United States is far less democratic than most people would like to think. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system. Topic: Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 55. The sociologist closely associated with the power-elite model is C. Wright Mills. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system. Topic: Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 56. The Marxist political-economy model suggests that capitalist societies are democratic, giving some political voice to everyone.

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Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system. Topic: Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 57. Political revolutions tend to occur when and where living standards are the lowest. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 13.6: Explore global patterns involving revolution, terrorism, war, and peace. Topic: Revolution, Terrorism, War, and Peace Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 58. Extensive civil liberties make democratic societies more vulnerable to terrorism. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 13.6: Explore global patterns involving revolution, terrorism, war, and peace. Topic: Revolution, Terrorism, War, and Peace Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 59. Terrorism is considered to be a new form of asymmetrical warfare. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 13.6: Explore global patterns involving revolution, terrorism, war, and peace. Topic: Revolution, Terrorism, War, and Peace Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 60. The concept of the “military-industrial complex” refers to the close association among the federal government, the military, and defense industries. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 13.6: Explore global patterns involving revolution, terrorism, war, and peace. Topic: Revolution, Terrorism, War, and Peace Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 61. Nuclear proliferation is the process by which the two superpowers engage in an arms race.

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Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 13.6: Explore global patterns involving revolution, terrorism, war, and peace. Topic: Revolution, Terrorism, War, and Peace Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 62. In 2013, the United States military enacted a ban on women engaging in any combat operations. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 13.6: Explore global patterns involving revolution, terrorism, war, and peace. Topic: Revolution, Terrorism, War, and Peace Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 63. As a social institution, the economy ________ a. produces goods and services. b. guides the consumption of goods and services. c. distributes goods and services. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 64. Which social institution do most sociologists claim has the greatest effect on society as a whole? a. The family b. The economy c. The political system d. Religion Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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65. Over the course of human history, revolutionary changes in which of the following have brought great transformation to the economy? a. Production technology b. Family structure c. Population size d. Natural resources Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 66. The text describes three technological revolutions that transformed all of social life. Which of the following is NOT one of them? a. The Agricultural Revolution b. The Industrial Revolution c. The Immigration Revolution d. The Information Revolution Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 67. The development of agriculture was set in motion by ________ a. changes in the church. b. using animals to pull the plow. c. the discovery of writing. d. the discovery of oil. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 68. The economy first became a distinct social institution during which historical stage of technological development? a. Hunting and gathering societies b. Agrarian societies c. Industrial societies d. Postindustrial societies Answer: b

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Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 69. The Industrial Revolution was based on ________ a. the spread of cottage industry. b. people beginning to work in their homes. c. a decrease in productive specialization. d. new sources of energy. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 70. Which of the following new sources of energy launched the Industrial Revolution? a. The gasoline engine b. The steam engine c. Wind power d. Electricity Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 71. The postindustrial economy is defined by ________ a. the spread of factories. b. mass production of goods and services. c. manufacturing of raw materials. d. service work largely based on computer technology. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 72. Which of the following concepts refers to an economy based on computer technology? a. Postindustrial economy b. Industrial economy c. Technological economy

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Agrarian economy

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 73. Which of the following statements about the Information Revolution is NOT correct? a. There was a shift from making tangible products to generating ideas. b. There was a shift from mechanical skills to literacy skills. c. There was a shift from farming to turning raw materials into finished products. d. There was a shift from working in factories to working almost anywhere. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 74. Which sector of the economy generates raw materials directly from the natural environment? a. Primary sector b. Secondary sector c. Tertiary sector d. None of the other responses is correct. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 75. Turning metals into automobiles is work that falls within the ________ a. primary sector. b. secondary sector. c. tertiary sector. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 76. The expansion of social media marks the growth of the economy’s ________

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

a. b. c. d.

primary sector. secondary sector. tertiary sector. industrial sector.

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 77. In the United States, about what percentage of the labor force performs tertiary sector work? a. 10 percent b. 30 percent c. 50 percent d. 80 percent Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 78. The concept of “global economy” refers to ________ a. economic activity that moves across national borders. b. the fact that only a few countries now contribute to the global economy. c. the fact that economic output is under the control of global political leadership. d. the world’s economic output not keeping up with population increase. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 79. Globalization of the economy means that ________ a. world regions specialize in one sector of economic activity. b. more and more products pass through several nations. c. a small number of businesses represent a huge share of global economic output. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy

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Skill Level: Remember the Facts 80. Capitalism is an economic system in which there is ________ a. government control of production. b. private ownership of property. c. pursuit of collective goals. d. a focus on well-being for the people with the greatest need. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 81. In a capitalist economic system, “justice” amounts to ________ a. doing what is best for society’s poorest members. b. everyone being more or less economically equal. c. freedom of the marketplace allowing people to follow their self-interest. d. government regulating economic activity. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 82. The social thinker whose ideas provide the greatest support for the operation of a free-market economy was ________ a. Thorstein Veblen. b. Adam Smith. c. Karl Marx. d. Max Weber. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 83. The United States is a mostly capitalist nation because ________ a. the vast majority of productive businesses are privately owned. b. we have a system of free elections. c. of our high living standards. d. of the extensive government control of the economy. Answer: a

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Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 84. Socialism is an economic system in which there is ________ a. collective control of production. b. private ownership of property. c. pursuit of individual profit. d. focus on a free market. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 85. Which of the following traits does NOT describe the operation of a socialist economy? a. Collective orientation b. Government control of production c. Laissez-faire economy d. Command economy Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 86. In a socialist economic system, “justice” amounts to ________ a. trying to meet the basic needs of all in an equal manner. b. doing whatever helps boost company earnings. c. freedom of the marketplace. d. the pursuit of the greatest profit. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 87. Which of the following concepts refers to a political and economic system that combines a mostly market-based economy with extensive social welfare programs? a. Capitalism b. Socialism

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

c. d.

Welfare capitalism Communism

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 88. The concept “state capitalism” refers to a system in which ________ a. the government owns and operates most economic enterprises. b. privately-owned companies cooperate closely with the government. c. the government owns but does not operate most economic enterprises. d. large businesses control the government. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 89. Which of the following countries best exemplifies a system of state capitalism? a. The United States b. Cuba c. North Korea d. South Korea Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 90. Contrasted with socialist economic systems, capitalist economic systems are typically ________ a. equally productive. b. more productive. c. less productive. d. not concerned with the level of productivity. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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91. Contrasted with socialist economic systems, capitalist economic systems typically ________ a. generate more economic inequality. b. generate less economic inequality. c. generate about the same level of inequality. d. do not generate any social equality. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 92. Concerning the issue of personal freedom, capitalist systems emphasize people’s ________, while socialist systems emphasize people’s ________. a. collective needs; personal needs b. freedom from basic want; freedom to pursue their self-interest c. freedom to pursue their self-interest; freedom from basic want d. social needs; material needs Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 93. In the United States about what share of the population aged sixteen and older is in the paid labor force? a. 20 percent b. 40 percent c. 60 percent d. 80 percent Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 94. Politics is a social institution that is defined in terms of a society’s ________ a. distribution of power, goals, and decision making. b. technology. c. income distribution. d. means of production. Answer: a

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 95. Max Weber defined power as ________ a. simply a reflection of wealth. b. the ability to achieve desired ends, despite resistance. c. the operation of a government. d. the source of all bureaucracy. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 96. Which of the following concepts refers to the formal organization that directs the political life of a society? a. The political system b. Rational-legal authority c. The power elite d. Government Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 97. Preindustrial societies, explained Max Weber, are characterized by having ________ a. mostly traditional authority. b. mostly rational-legal authority. c. mostly charismatic authority. d. no authority at all. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 98. Industrialization decreases the importance of which type of authority? a. Traditional authority b. Rational-legal authority c. Charismatic authority

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

No authority at all

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 99. Which of Weber’s types of authority rests on extraordinary personal abilities that inspire devotion in followers? a. Traditional authority b. Rational-legal authority c. Charismatic authority d. Oligopolist authority Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 100. In human history, people who attract many followers, including Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, display ________ a. traditional authority. b. rational-legal authority. c. charismatic authority. d. power rather than authority. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 101. What Weber called the “routinization of charisma” involves charismatic authority ________ a. disappearing entirely. b. becoming a reflection of a leader’s unique personality. c. becoming sheer force. d. transforming into some combination of traditional authority and rational-legal authority. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy

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Skill Level: Remember the Facts 102. Over the course of the last century, the share of people in the U.S. labor force involved in agricultural work ________ a. has remained about the same. b. has declined steadily. c. has increased dramatically. d. has increased, but only slightly. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 13.2: Analyze patterns of employment and unemployment in the United States. Topic: Work in the Postindustrial U.S. Economy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 103. By the early 1960s, most of the people in the U.S. labor force had which type of job? a. White-collar b. Blue-collar c. Pink-collar d. Farming Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 13.2: Analyze patterns of employment and unemployment in the United States. Topic: Work in the Postindustrial U.S. Economy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 104. In the United States, yesterday’s family farms have given way to ________ a. importing most foods from abroad. b. collectively-run farming communes. c. corporate agribusinesses. d. smaller, individually-run farms. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 13.2: Analyze patterns of employment and unemployment in the United States. Topic: Work in the Postindustrial U.S. Economy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 105. In recent decades, union membership ________ a. has risen in the United States and other high-income nations. b. has risen in the United States, but not in other high-income nations. c. has declined in the United States, but not in other high-income nations.

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has declined in the United States and other high-income nations.

Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 13.2: Analyze patterns of employment and unemployment in the United States. Topic: Work in the Postindustrial U.S. Economy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 106. Read the four descriptions below. Which of them does NOT apply to a profession? a. Having theoretical knowledge of a field b. Working for a large, well-established company c. Having authority over clients d. Professing a community, rather than an individual, orientation Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 13.2: Analyze patterns of employment and unemployment in the United States. Topic: Work in the Postindustrial U.S. Economy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 107. What percentage of today’s U.S. workers are self-employed? a. 6 percent b. 26 percent c. 46 percent d. 66 percent Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 13.2: Analyze patterns of employment and unemployment in the United States. Topic: Work in the Postindustrial U.S. Economy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 108. Computers are having which of the following effects on the workplace? a. Computers are deskilling labor. b. Computers are limiting workplace interaction. c. Computers enhance employers’ control of workers. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 13.2: Analyze patterns of employment and unemployment in the United States. Topic: Work in the Postindustrial U.S. Economy Difficulty Level: Easy

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Skill Level: Remember the Facts 109. A conglomerate is ________ a. a giant corporation composed of many smaller corporations. b. a corporation in the manufacturing sector. c. a corporation engaged in both legal and illegal activity. d. any company that completely dominates a market. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 13.3: Discuss the importance of corporations to the U.S. economy. Topic: Corporations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 110. The concept “oligopoly” refers to ________ a. any corporation with more than $1 billion in sales. b. the largest company in a particular field. c. domination of a market by a few producers. d. a large company operating in all three economic sectors. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 13.3: Discuss the importance of corporations to the U.S. economy. Topic: Corporations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 111. Modernization theorists see large corporations as ________ a. offering little to help poor nations seeking to develop. b. unleashing the productive power of capitalism to speed development in poor nations. c. responsible for the debt crisis in many poor nations. d. needing the technology currently available in poor nations. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 13.3: Discuss the importance of corporations to the U.S. economy. Topic: Corporations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 112. Dependency theorists see large corporations as ________ a. the key to meeting the needs of people in poor nations. b. helping poor nations to develop local industries. c. a major source of foreign investment for poor nations.

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intensifying global inequality.

Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 13.3: Discuss the importance of corporations to the U.S. economy. Topic: Corporations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 113. Which of the following concepts refers to a political system in which a single family rules from generation to generation? a. Democracy b. Monarchy c. Totalitarianism d. Oligopoly Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 13.4: Examine various types of political systems around the world. Topic: Power and Authority in Political Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 114. In Max Weber’s view, monarchy claims legitimacy based on ________ a. traditional authority. b. charismatic authority. c. rational-legal authority. d. sheer force. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 13.4: Examine various types of political systems around the world. Topic: Power and Authority in Political Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 115. Which of the following concepts refers to a political system in which power resides in the hands of the people as a whole? a. Democracy b. Monarchy c. Totalitarianism d. Aristocracy Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 13.4: Examine various types of political systems around the world.

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Topic: Power and Authority in Political Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 116. Which nations in the world today claim to be democratic? a. All low-income nations b. No nations c. Most high-income nations d. All nations Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 13.4: Examine various types of political systems around the world. Topic: Power and Authority in Political Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 117. For which of the following reasons might you argue that the United States is not truly democratic? a. There is a lot of economic inequality. b. Millions of bureaucratic officials are not elected. c. Rich people have much more influence on our way of life than poor people. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 13.4: Examine various types of political systems around the world. Topic: Power and Authority in Political Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 118. In 2016, about what percentage of the world’s people lived in countries that can be considered politically “free”? a. 9 percent b. 19 percent c. 39 percent d. 69 percent Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 13.4: Examine various types of political systems around the world. Topic: Power and Authority in Political Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 119. The concept of “political economy” refers to ________

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

a. b. c. d.

any system in which people are unequal. the interplay of politics and economics. democratic political systems. the most efficient form of government.

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 13.4: Examine various types of political systems around the world. Topic: Power and Authority in Political Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 120. Capitalist societies base their claim to democracy on ________ a. people having personal liberty. b. meeting the basic needs of all. c. maintaining public order. d. their high living standards. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 13.4: Examine various types of political systems around the world. Topic: Power and Authority in Political Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 121. Socialist societies base their claim to democracy on ________ a. people having personal liberty. b. meeting the basic needs of all. c. maintaining public order. d. their high living standards. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 13.4: Examine various types of political systems around the world. Topic: Power and Authority in Political Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 122. The concept “authoritarian” refers to a political system that ________ a. is well legitimated. b. relies on more than one kind of authority. c. denies most people participation in government. d. has free elections. Answer: c

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 13.4: Examine various types of political systems around the world. Topic: Power and Authority in Political Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 123. A totalitarian political system ________ a. mixes politics with religion. b. is completely democratic. c. is government without any bureaucracy. d. concentrates power and closely regulates people’s lives. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 13.4: Examine various types of political systems around the world. Topic: Power and Authority in Political Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 124. Which of the following nations comes closest to having a political system that is “totalitarian”? a. Mexico b. France c. North Korea d. Japan Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 13.4: Examine various types of political systems around the world. Topic: Power and Authority in Political Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 125. Which from the following list would be described as an economic issue? a. The abortion controversy b. Poverty c. Gay rights d. The family values debate Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system. Topic: Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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126. In general, high-income people tend to be ________ on social issues and ________ on economic issues. a. conservative; conservative b. liberal; liberal c. liberal; conservative d. conservative; liberal Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system. Topic: Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 127. People with lower social standing in the United States tend to be ________ on social issues and ________ on economic issues. a. conservative; conservative b. liberal; liberal c. liberal; conservative d. conservative; liberal Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system. Topic: Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 128. The National Rifle Association is an example of a(n) ________ a. special-interest group. b. political action committee. c. intergovernmental organization. d. oligopoly. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system. Topic: Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 129. Which of the following statements about political parties in the United States is true? a. Democrats have had control of Congress for more than twenty years. b. Most people claim to be either a strong Republican or a strong Democrat. c. National political power tends to swing from one party to the other over time. d. The last five presidents have all been Republicans. Answer: c

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Learning Objective: LO 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system. Topic: Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 130. In the United States, ________ people tend to vote Democratic, while ________ people mostly vote Republican. a. rural; urban b. urban; rural c. high-income; low-income d. conservative; liberal Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system. Topic: Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 131. In the 2016 presidential election, which of the following categories of the U.S. population had the highest share of people voting? a. African American people b. (Non-Hispanic) white people c. Hispanic people d. College-aged adults Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system. Topic: Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 132. Which of the following statements about voting in the 2016 presidential election is correct? a. African Americans were more likely to vote than white people. b. Renters were more likely to vote than homeowners. c. People earning more than $100,000 a year were more likely to vote than people earning less than $20,000 a year. d. College-aged people were more likely to vote than people older than sixty-five. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system. Topic: Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 133. In general, how does income affect the likelihood of voting in the United States?

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a. b. c. d.

Most high-income people vote; most low-income people do not. People of all income levels are about equally likely to vote. Most low-income people vote; most high-income people do not. Higher income increases the share of people who vote among women, but not men.

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system. Topic: Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 134. A pluralist approach to the U.S. political system suggests that ________ a. power is concentrated in the hands of a few. b. an anti-democratic bias exists in the capitalist system. c. power is widely dispersed throughout society. d. many people do not vote because they are alienated from the political system. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system. Topic: Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 135. A power-elite model of the U.S. political system suggests that ________ a. power is concentrated in the hands of a few. b. an anti-democratic bias exists in the capitalist system. c. power is widely dispersed throughout society. d. many people do not vote because they are alienated from the political system. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system. Topic: Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 136. The Marxist political-economy model suggests that ________ a. power is no longer concentrated in the hands of a few. b. an anti-democratic bias exists in the capitalist system. c. power is widely dispersed throughout society. d. many people do not vote because they are satisfied with the political system. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system. Topic: Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Skill Level: Remember the Facts 137. Which of the following statements about political revolution is correct? a. Political revolution almost always produces a left-wing government. b. Political revolution almost always produces a right-wing government. c. Political revolution almost always produces a democratic government. d. Revolution can and does produce many types of government. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 13.6: Explore global patterns involving revolution, terrorism, war, and peace. Topic: Revolution, Terrorism, War, and Peace Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 138. Which of the following responses is a factor encouraging political revolution? a. Rising expectation of a better life b. Unresponsive government c. Radical leadership by intellectuals d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 13.6: Explore global patterns involving revolution, terrorism, war, and peace. Topic: Revolution, Terrorism, War, and Peace Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 139. Terrorism refers to ________ a. the use of military force by a nation state. b. the use or threat of violence as a political strategy by an individual or group. c. organized, armed conflict between groups. d. unorganized, violent conflict between any two parties. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 13.6: Explore global patterns involving revolution, terrorism, war, and peace. Topic: Revolution, Terrorism, War, and Peace Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 140. In general, terrorism is the strategy favored by ________ a. a weak organization against a stronger foe. b. a left-wing organization. c. a right-wing organization. d. a strong organization against a weaker foe.

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Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 13.6: Explore global patterns involving revolution, terrorism, war, and peace. Topic: Revolution, Terrorism, War, and Peace Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 141. Which of the following concepts refers to the use of violence by governments, often against their own people? a. Authoritarianism b. State terrorism c. Totalitarianism d. Counterterrorism Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 13.6: Explore global patterns involving revolution, terrorism, war, and peace. Topic: Revolution, Terrorism, War, and Peace Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 142. Which of the following statements about terrorism is the most TRUE? a. Whether someone is a “terrorist” or a “freedom fighter” is often a matter of definition. b. Democratic societies are especially vulnerable to terrorism. c. Identifying and effectively targeting terrorists is usually difficult. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 13.6: Explore global patterns involving revolution, terrorism, war, and peace. Topic: Revolution, Terrorism, War, and Peace Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 143. Which of all U.S. wars was the most deadly in terms of loss of (U.S.) lives? a. The Civil War b. World War I c. World War II d. The War in Iraq Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 13.6: Explore global patterns involving revolution, terrorism, war, and peace. Topic: Revolution, Terrorism, War, and Peace

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 144. With respect to war, the text explains that ________ a. human beings are naturally eager to engage in war. b. there is nothing in our human biology that makes it natural to go to war. c. nations usually fight wars simply over wealth. d. war has been extremely rare in human history. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 13.6: Explore global patterns involving revolution, terrorism, war, and peace. Topic: Revolution, Terrorism, War, and Peace Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 145. A sociological profile of men and women in the U.S. armed forces today reveals a large share of young people who ________ a. are of working-class background. b. are looking to the military for a job or job training. c. join the military to earn money for college or just to get out of a small home town. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 13.6: Explore global patterns involving revolution, terrorism, war, and peace. Topic: Revolution, Terrorism, War, and Peace Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 146. Terrorism has been called a new kind of warfare because ________ a. it is less violent. b. it is “symmetrical,” involving two opponents of roughly equal power. c. it lacks clearly stated objectives and is not about controlling territory. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 13.6: Explore global patterns involving revolution, terrorism, war, and peace. Topic: Revolution, Terrorism, War, and Peace Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 147. About how much money does the world as a whole spend annually for military purposes? a. $17 million

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b. c. d.

$170 million $17 billion $1.7 trillion

Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 13.6: Explore global patterns involving revolution, terrorism, war, and peace. Topic: Revolution, Terrorism, War, and Peace Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 148. The arms race refers to efforts by the United States and the former Soviet Union to ________ a. reduce nuclear arsenals. b. move to less deadly weapons. c. increase their military power. d. work together to wage war on other nations. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 13.6: Explore global patterns involving revolution, terrorism, war, and peace. Topic: Revolution, Terrorism, War, and Peace Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 149. The military-industrial complex refers to ________ a. the fact that war often destroys a country’s economic infrastructure. b. the close link between the government, defense contractors, and the military. c. the fact that the postindustrial economy is increasingly dominated by war production. d. the fact that the military is the world's largest industrial corporation. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 13.6: Explore global patterns involving revolution, terrorism, war, and peace. Topic: Revolution, Terrorism, War, and Peace Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 150. For almost fifty years, what strategy has kept the peace between the world’s nuclear superpowers? a. Deterrence b. High-technology defense c. Disarmament d. Resolving underlying differences

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 13.6: Explore global patterns involving revolution, terrorism, war, and peace. Topic: Revolution, Terrorism, War, and Peace Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 151. In 2011, a wave of popular uprisings seeking more democratic government swept across which region of the world? a. Sub-Saharan Africa b. North America c. South America d. The Middle East Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 13.6: Explore global patterns involving revolution, terrorism, war, and peace. Topic: Revolution, Terrorism, War, and Peace Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 152. What is a social institution? What is the economy? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 153. In the history of human societies, when did the economy become a social institution distinct from the family and other institutions? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 154. Name three technological revolutions that reorganized societal production and resulted in broad changes to many other dimensions of social life. What factors caused these revolutions? What changed as a result? Answer:

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 155. What important changes in production defined the coming of the Industrial Revolution? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 156. Name the three sectors of the economy. Give an example of production in each sector. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 157. What are the three defining traits of capitalism? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 158. What are the three defining traits of socialism? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 159. What is welfare capitalism? How does Denmark illustrate the operation of this system? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Moderate

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Skill Level: Apply What You Know 160. How do capitalism and socialism differ in overall productivity? What about economic inequality? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 161. What is the difference between power and authority? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 162. What are the three types of authority identified by Weber? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 163. What is a profession? What are four characteristics of professional work? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.2: Analyze patterns of employment and unemployment in the United States. Topic: Work in the Postindustrial U.S. Economy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 164. Define the concepts of “monopoly” and “oligopoly.” Why are these economic patterns controversial? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.3: Discuss the importance of corporations to the U.S. economy. Topic: Corporations Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

165. What are the key differences between monarchy and democracy? Why does industrialization encourage the transition from one to the other? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.4: Examine various types of political systems around the world. Topic: Power and Authority in Political Systems Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 166. What are the difference in the approaches to political freedom taken by capitalism and socialism? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.4: Examine various types of political systems around the world. Topic: Power and Authority in Political Systems Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 167. Define authoritarianism and totalitarianism. Provide an example of each system in the world today. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.4: Examine various types of political systems around the world. Topic: Power and Authority in Political Systems Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 168. What is the welfare state? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system. Topic: Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 169. Describe the attitudes of the U.S. population using the political spectrum. How do gender, race, and class figure in? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system. Topic: Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

170. How are social issues different from economic issues in the political spectrum? Provide an example of each type of issue. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system. Topic: Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 171. In the United States, what categories of people are most and least likely to vote? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system. Topic: Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 172. Provide a short description of how the U.S. political system operates in terms of the pluralist model, the power-elite model, and the Marxist political-economy model. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system. Topic: Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 173. Identify three factors that encourage political revolution. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.6: Explore global patterns involving revolution, terrorism, war, and peace. Topic: Revolution, Terrorism, War, and Peace Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 174. What is terrorism? What is state terrorism? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.6: Explore global patterns involving revolution, terrorism, war, and peace. Topic: Revolution, Terrorism, War, and Peace Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 175. What is the military-industrial complex?

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.6: Explore global patterns involving revolution, terrorism, war, and peace. Topic: Revolution, Terrorism, War, and Peace Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 176. What is nuclear proliferation? Do you consider this process a concern? Why or why not? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.6: Explore global patterns involving revolution, terrorism, war, and peace. Topic: Revolution, Terrorism, War, and Peace Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It ESSAY QUESTIONS/TOPICS FOR SHORT PAPERS 177. Compare and contrast three types of economies according to their dominant technology: agrarian, industrial, and postindustrial. What are the characteristics of production in each? In what ways does each type of economy shape society as a whole? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 178. State the defining characteristics of two economic models: capitalism and socialism. How do these models compare in terms of (a) overall productivity, (b) level of economic inequality, and (c) extent of political freedom? How is welfare capitalism an effort to combine the benefits of both systems? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 179. Based on what you have read in this chapter, describe an economic system that you think would come closest to being “just.” This economic system might be some combination of the types of economic systems described in the chapter. Explain what you mean by “just” and how the system operates to generate “justice.”

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 180. According to Max Weber, why does society need to transform power into authority? In what three ways does this transformation take place? What is the link between traditional authority and preindustrial production? How are rational-legal authority and industrial/postindustrial production linked? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. Topic: The Economy: An Overview Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 181. Describe trends in the U.S. labor force over the course of the last century. What technological changes have accompanied the shift from agricultural work to blue-collar work and then to white-collar service jobs? What changes in other social patterns have accompanied this shift? Consider rural-urban residential patterns, family patterns, and the relationship between work and home. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.2: Analyze patterns of employment and unemployment in the United States. Topic: Work in the Postindustrial U.S. Economy Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 182. How has the nature of work in the United States changed over the last 150 years? Answer this question referring to the three sectors of the economy. In your answer, include the changing share of self-employed people as well as the changing importance of labor unions. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.2: Analyze patterns of employment and unemployment in the United States. Topic: Work in the Postindustrial U.S. Economy Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 183. Describe the importance of unions to the workplace. What share of U.S. workers is a union member? How has this share changes over time? Describe the controversy over public service unions that took place in 2011.

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Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.2: Analyze patterns of employment and unemployment in the United States. Topic: Work in the Postindustrial U.S. Economy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 184. Explain how corporations operate as the core of the U.S. economy. How has the globalization of the economy made many corporations much larger? What are conglomerates? Look ahead to the world’s economy at mid-century: Do you think large multinational corporations will dominate the world more than they do now? Is this good for the world’s people? Why or why not? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.3: Discuss the importance of corporations to the U.S. economy. Topic: Corporations Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 185. What arguments are made in favor of a free-market economy? What are the arguments made by those who favor a large regulatory role for government? Consider issues such as economic productivity, economic inequality, and the extent of corporate welfare. Also, how do the recent corporate scandals, beginning with the collapse of the Enron energy trading company, play in to this debate? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.3: Discuss the importance of corporations to the U.S. economy. Topic: Corporations Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 186. What would a truly democratic society look like? Describe such a society in terms of its political process. How would leadership be carried out? How would leaders be put into their positions? What, if any, importance to your vision of democracy is given to race, class, and gender? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.4: Examine various types of political systems around the world. Topic: Power and Authority in Political Systems Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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187. Describe the political spectrum. Distinguish between social issues and economic issues, and explain what categories of the U.S. population tend to be liberal and conservative with regard to each type of issue. Where do the major political parties fall on the political spectrum? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system. Topic: Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 188. Describe the distribution of power in the United States using the three theoretical models of political power. What do the three models have in common? What are their major differences? To what extent does each assess U.S. society as democratic? Why? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system. Topic: Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 189. We hear a lot about “two Americas,” which include the “blue” regions of the country that favor Democratic candidates and “red” regions of the country that favor Republican candidates. Review National Map 12-2 and describe these two categories of the U.S. population in as many ways as you can. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system. Topic: Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 190. What have sociologists learned about the causes and character of war? That is, why do nations go to war? What strategies seem to be able to prevent war? Finally, how is terrorism a new form of twenty-first century warfare? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.6: Explore global patterns involving revolution, terrorism, war, and peace. Topic: Revolution, Terrorism, War, and Peace Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 191. What have sociologists learned about the social make-up of the U.S. armed forces? Which categories of people are most likely to be in the military? Do you think that the

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policy of having a “volunteer” army spreads the responsibility for national policy? Why or why not? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 13.6: Explore global patterns involving revolution, terrorism, war, and peace. Topic: Revolution, Terrorism, War, and Peace Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Chapter 14: Family and Religion In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Society: The Basics, 15th edition. The questions are tagged according to four levels of learning that move from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The four levels are: Remember the Facts: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material Understand the Concepts: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas Apply What You Know: a question applying sociological knowledge to some new situation Analyze It: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship The 181 questions in this chapter’s test bank are divided into four types. True/False questions are the least demanding. As the table below shows, all of these fall within the two lowest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Remember the Facts” and “Understand the Concepts”). Multiple-choice questions fall within the three lowest levels of cognitive reasoning (adding some “Apply What You Know” questions). Short answer questions span a broader range of skills (from “Understand the Concepts” to “Analyze It”). Finally, essay questions are the most demanding, falling within the two highest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Apply What You Know” and “Analyze It”). Types of Questions

Remember the Facts Understand the Concepts Apply What You Know Analyze It

True/False

Mult Choice

Essay

Total Qs

60 (71%)

Short Answer 0

52 (90%)

112

6 (10%)

14 (16%)

12 (48%)

11 (13%)

3 (12%)

3 (23%)

0 58

0 85

10 (40%) 25

10 (77%) 13

20 181

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Chapter 14: Family and Religion TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. Kinship is based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2. Parents and children form what sociologists call the extended family. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3. Another name for the extended family is the conjugal family. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4. Endogamy refers to the pattern of people marrying partners from the same social category. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. Exogamy means that parents of similar social position pass on their standing to their children. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

6. The dominant residential form in the United States is neolocality. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 7. Around the world, most marriages are polygamous. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8. Polyandry unites in marriage one female with two or more males. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9. Bilateral descent is found in societies that have a relatively high level of gender equality. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10. In most African nations, the law permits a man to have more than one wife. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11. Structural-functional theory points out how family perpetuates social inequality. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 12. Feminist theory links the operation of the family to patriarchy. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 13. In traditional societies, parents may arrange the marriages of their very young children. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 14. Romantic love is the basis of marriage in preindustrial societies. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 15. Research indicates that a majority of U.S. married males are unfaithful to their partners at some point in their marriage. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 16. Grandmothers have an especially important role in African American families. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

17. Recent research shows that a majority of people in the United States say that they oppose dating between black and white people. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 18. A woman’s social class position affects what she says she expects in a husband. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 19. African Americans and Asian Americans show significant differences in typical family form. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20. The trend in the United States is toward more racially mixed marriages. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 21. Jessie Bernard claimed that women would be happier in marriage if men did not expect them to do almost all the housework. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 22. Most research suggests that growing up in a one-parent family disadvantages children.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 23. Before they reach the age of eighteen, almost half of U.S. children live with only one parent for some period of time. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 24. Most cohabiting parents continue to live together with their children until the children reach adulthood. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 25. In 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that same-sex marriage must be permitted by law throughout the United States. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 26. Singlehood is gaining popularity among young people in the United States. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 27. In vitro fertilization refers to conception by an unmarried couple. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 28. One reason for today’s high divorce rate in the United States is that women are more economically dependent on men. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 14.3: Analyze the importance of divorce, remarriage, and various family forms. Topic: Current Issues of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 29. People in the United States today are more accepting of divorce than they were a century ago. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.3: Analyze the importance of divorce, remarriage, and various family forms. Topic: Current Issues of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 30. More than half of people in the United States who divorce remarry, most within four years. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.3: Analyze the importance of divorce, remarriage, and various family forms. Topic: Current Issues of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 31. Men are more likely to be killed by a spouse, partner, or ex-partner than women. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 14.3: Analyze the importance of divorce, remarriage, and various family forms. Topic: Current Issues of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 32. The concept “sacred” refers to the familiar, everyday elements of life. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 14.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Topic: Religion: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 33. Religion is a social institution involving beliefs and practices based on what is sacred. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion. Topic: Religion: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 34. The same elements of life are defined as sacred by people throughout the world. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 14.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion. Topic: Religion: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 35. Ritual refers to activity in which the sacred is embodied in formal, ceremonial behavior. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion. Topic: Religion: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 36. Faith refers to what we know to be true based on what our five senses tell us. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 14.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion. Topic: Religion: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 37. Emile Durkheim claimed that, in religious life, people celebrate the awesome power of their society. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion. Topic: Religion: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

38. A totem is any object defined by members of a society as profane. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 14.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion. Topic: Religion: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 39. One of the functions of religion for society is to operate as a system of social control. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion. Topic: Religion: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 40. The symbolic-interaction approach treats religion as socially constructed meaning that provides greater certainty and security for our lives. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion. Topic: Religion: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 41. Karl Marx pointed out the many positive functions of religion for social life. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 14.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion. Topic: Religion: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 42. All world religions define women as more morally worthy than men. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 14.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion. Topic: Religion: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 43. Max Weber argued that the rise of industrial capitalism was encouraged by Calvinist religious doctrine. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.5: Discuss the links between religion and social change.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Topic: Religion and Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 44. A church is a type of social organization that is well integrated into the larger society. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.5: Discuss the links between religion and social change. Topic: Religion and Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 45. State churches are found in societies that hold to the “separation of church and state.” Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 14.5: Discuss the links between religion and social change. Topic: Religion and Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 46. Members of denominations typically accept religious pluralism. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.5: Discuss the links between religion and social change. Topic: Religion and Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 47. Charisma is a personal quality that lets someone attract others as followers. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.5: Discuss the links between religion and social change. Topic: Religion and Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 48. Members of a sect accept the surrounding society as good. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 14.5: Discuss the links between religion and social change. Topic: Religion and Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 49. Churches place greater importance on the personal experience of conversion than sects do.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 14.5: Discuss the links between religion and social change. Topic: Religion and Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 50. A cult is a religious organization largely outside of a society’s cultural traditions. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.5: Discuss the links between religion and social change. Topic: Religion and Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 51. Animism refers to the belief that God is an active force in the world. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 14.5: Discuss the links between religion and social change. Topic: Religion and Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 52. The United States is a less religious society than, say, Japan or Sweden. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 14.6: Analyze patterns of religiosity in the United States. Topic: Religious Trends in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 53. In the United States, members of some religion denominations (such as Episcopalians) have higher average social standing than others (such as Baptists). Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.6: Analyze patterns of religiosity in the United States. Topic: Religious Trends in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 54. Secularization refers to the historical increase in the importance of religion. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 14.6: Analyze patterns of religiosity in the United States. Topic: Religious Trends in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Skill Level: Remember the Facts 55. The concept “civil religion” refers to tolerating practices and beliefs that differ from your own. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 14.6: Analyze patterns of religiosity in the United States. Topic: Religious Trends in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 56. “Seekers” who pursue “New Age” spirituality believe that everything and everyone is connected by a divine force or plan. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.6: Analyze patterns of religiosity in the United States. Topic: Religious Trends in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 57. Most spiritual “seekers” are closely tied to established denominations. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 14.6: Analyze patterns of religiosity in the United States. Topic: Religious Trends in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 58. In the United States, people who hold fundamentalist beliefs generally support traditional, otherworldly religion. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 14.6: Analyze patterns of religiosity in the United States. Topic: Religious Trends in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 59. The chapter-opening story of Rosa Yniguez, who came from Mexico to live and raise her three children in California, makes the point that ________ a. family patterns often change among immigrants to this country. b. Hispanic women avoid forming families. c. today's Latinas are having more and more children. d. All of these responses are correct.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 60. The family is a social institution that is found in ________ a. most, but not all, societies. b. about half of human societies in the world today. c. high-income nations, but not in most low-income nations. d. every society. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 61. The U.S. Census Bureau defines the “family” as ________ a. people who live together. b. people who engage in economic cooperation. c. people living together who are linked by birth, marriage, or adoption. d. people who consider themselves to be a family. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 62. People include as “kin” others to whom they are linked by ________ a. ancestry. b. marriage. c. adoption. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 63. Which of the following are typically traits of marriage? a. A legal relationship b. Sexual activity and childbearing

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

c. d.

Economic cooperation All of these responses are correct.

Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 64. A family that includes parents, children, and other kin is called ________ a. a nuclear family. b. an extended family. c. a family of affinity. d. a conjugal family. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 65. A family composed of one or two parents and their children is called ________ a. a nuclear family. b. an extended family. c. a family of affinity. d. a consanguine family. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 66. The concept “endogamy” refers to marriage between ________ a. people of the same sex. b. people of different social categories. c. people of the same social category. d. people related by birth. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 67. A system of marriage that unites only two partners is called ________

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

a. b. c. d.

polygyny. polygamy. polyandry. monogamy.

Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 68. A system of marriage that unites one woman with two or more men is called ________ a. polygyny. b. polygamy. c. polyandry. d. monogamy. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 69. The concept of “patrilocality” refers to ________ a. rule of men over women. b. a residential pattern by which a married couple lives near the husband’s family. c. a system of tracing descent through males. d. a family composed of only males. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 70. Assume you were visiting a society in which people traced family ties only through women. This society would correctly be called ________ a. patrilocal. b. matrilineal. c. matrilocal. d. polygynous. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 71. Typically, industrial societies make use of which of the following systems to trace ancestry? a. Bilateral descent b. Matrilineal descent c. Patrilineal descent d. Neolocality Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 72. To which region of the world would you travel if you wanted to visit many countries where the law permits polygamy? a. Africa b. North America c. South America d. Scandinavia Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 73. According to the structural-functional approach, which of the following is counted among the tasks of the family? a. Socialization of the young b. Regulation of sexual activity c. Social placement d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 74. The incest taboo ________ a. exists only in industrial societies. b. is found in all societies. c. is found among all living species.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

is defined the same way in all societies.

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 75. Following structural-functional theory, the family ________ a. operates to perpetuate social inequality. b. is important enough to be called the backbone of society. c. encourages patriarchy. d. is only one strategy for human bonding. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 76. A social-exchange analysis of family life is likely to consider ________ a. how families keep society as a whole operating. b. how families perpetuate social inequality. c. how individuals select partners who offer about as much as they do to the relationship. d. how families regulate sexual activity. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 77. Social conflict and feminist theories explain that families perpetuate social inequality in U.S. society through ________ a. inheritance of private property. b. encouraging patriarchy. c. passing on racial and ethnic inequality. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

78. In traditional regions of many lower-income countries, such as Sri Lanka, marriage ________ a. has little to do with romantic love. b. is unknown. c. is delayed until the people reach their thirties. d. almost always ends in divorce. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 79. The concept “homogamy” means that ________ a. people marry because they benefit from being married. b. women usually marry older men. c. people marry others who are socially like themselves. d. most marriages are based on romantic love. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 80. In the United States, romantic love ________ a. is the reason most people expect to marry. b. is not a very stable foundation for marriage. c. may contribute to a high divorce rate. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 81. What is the effect of industrialization on the number of children in a typical family? a. Families have more children. b. Families have the same number of children. c. Families have fewer children. d. Families no longer care about how many children they have. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 82. In the United States, a recent trend involving parenting is that ________ a. women are having more children. b. women are marrying earlier in life. c. more adults are delaying having children or choosing to remain childless. d. most men are now marrying before age twenty. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 83. The term “empty nest” refers to ________ a. families whose children have grown and left home. b. women who choose to remain single. c. women who marry, but choose to remain childless. d. couples who are unable to have a child. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 84. The most difficult transition in married life is typically ________ a. the birth of a first child. b. the death of a spouse. c. the last child leaving home. d. retirement. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 85. Today’s baby boomers are often called the “sandwich generation” because ________ a. of their love of fast food. b. they do not easily mix family and work responsibilities. c. their families rarely eat meals together. d. they spend time caring for both children and aging parents. Answer: d

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 86. Describing the lives of working-class women, Lillian Rubin reported that the typical woman said she wanted a husband who ________ a. would confide in her. b. was handsome. c. had a steady job and was not violent. d. was rich. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 87. Among American Indians who migrate from reservations to cities, a common pattern is ________ a. strong extended kinship. b. a fluid, or changing, household. c. starting to use kin terms for unrelated people who live together. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 88. Patterns that describe many Latino families include ________ a. strong extended kinship. b. rather conventional gender roles. c. parental control over children’s courtship. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 89. Which of the following categories of the U.S. population has the greatest share of female-headed households? a. Hispanics

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

b. c. d.

African Americans Asian Americans White, non-Hispanics

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 90. Regardless of race, families headed by single women are ________ a. at high risk for poverty. b. much larger than other family types. c. much smaller than other family types. d. likely to experience greater upward social mobility. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 91. The recent trend in racially mixed marriages has been ________ a. upward—the numbers are increasing. b. stable—the numbers are holding steady. c. downward—the numbers are falling. d. rising in good economic times, and falling in bad economic times. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 92. Jessie Bernard claimed that marriage ________ a. benefits women more than men. b. benefits both women and men equally. c. benefits men more than women. d. is harmful to both women and men. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

93. Research shows that growing up in a single-parent family ________ a. is beneficial to children. b. has no effect on children. c. can disadvantage children. d. is beneficial to boys, but harmful to girls. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 94. Mounting research suggests that cohabitation ________ a. strengthens a couple’s commitment to one another. b. may actually discourage marriage. c. increases the financial security of children. d. has become extremely rare in the United States. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 95. In 1989, which country became the first to permit legal same-sex partnerships with many of the benefits of marriage? a. Denmark b. Canada c. Sweden d. The United States Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 96. Looking for evidence about how much the traditional family is eroding, you might point to the fact that ________ a. singlehood is up. b. the divorce rate is up. c. more children are born to single mothers. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 97. Looking ahead twenty years in the United States, we can predict with confidence that ________ a. the divorce rate will drop dramatically. b. most people will not marry. c. family life will be diverse. d. women will play an ever-smaller role in child rearing. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 98. Compared to what it was a century ago, the U.S. divorce rate is now ________ a. about the same. b. half what it was. c. twice as high. d. about three times higher. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 14.3: Analyze the importance of divorce, remarriage, and various family forms. Topic: Current Issues of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 99. Which of the following is a reason for the rise in divorce rates in the United States? a. Increasing degree of individualism b. Romantic love often fades. c. More women are less economically dependent on men. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 14.3: Analyze the importance of divorce, remarriage, and various family forms. Topic: Current Issues of Family Life Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 100. Based on the text, which of the following categories of people are at greatest risk for divorce? a. Young people who marry after a short courtship

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

b. c. d.

A couple facing a wanted and expected pregnancy A couple whose parents never experienced divorce Older people who have retired from paid work

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 14.3: Analyze the importance of divorce, remarriage, and various family forms. Topic: Current Issues of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 101. Most people in the United States who divorce ________ a. remain single. b. experience a rising standard of living. c. remarry within five years. d. have experienced family violence. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 14.3: Analyze the importance of divorce, remarriage, and various family forms. Topic: Current Issues of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 102. In the United States, family violence is ________ a. considered a private, family matter. b. a serious, often criminal problem. c. no longer considered a serious issue the way it was in past decades. d. mostly harmful to men. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 14.3: Analyze the importance of divorce, remarriage, and various family forms. Topic: Current Issues of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 103. Almost all adults who abuse children typically have what in common? a. They are middle class. b. They are women. c. They were abused themselves as children. d. They were married at a very young age. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 14.3: Analyze the importance of divorce, remarriage, and various family forms.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Topic: Current Issues of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 104. Following Emile Durkheim, the ordinary elements of everyday life are correctly considered to be ________ a. sacred. b. profane. c. religion. d. ritual. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 14.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion. Topic: Religion: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 105. The concept of sacred refers to what is ________ a. common to everyday life. b. found in every culture. c. seen as set apart from everyday life and extraordinary. d. no longer found in today’s world. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 14.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion. Topic: Religion: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 106. Religion is a social institution that is best defined as involving ________ a. beliefs and practices concerning what is sacred. b. ideas about good and evil. c. a series of beliefs about creation. d. norms about how to live. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 14.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion. Topic: Religion: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 107. Following Emile Durkheim, we would define as profane things we understand ________ a. in terms of the past. b. as set apart as “forbidden.” c. in terms of ultimate meanings.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

in terms of their everyday usefulness.

Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 14.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion. Topic: Religion: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 108. Ritual is a matter of ________ a. formal, ceremonial behavior. b. whom people socialize with. c. beliefs about truth. d. behavior that is entirely new. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 14.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion. Topic: Religion: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 109. Faith is a way of knowing based on ________ a. scientific research. b. what our human senses tell us. c. a culture’s common sense. d. conviction or belief in things unseen. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 14.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion. Topic: Religion: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 110. Sociological analysis of religion is concerned with ________ a. understanding patterns of religious activity and their effect on society. b. which religions are true and which are false. c. the purpose of life. d. discerning the will of God. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 14.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion. Topic: Religion: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 111. Which of the following concepts was used by Emile Durkheim to refer to an object in the natural world collectively defined as sacred?

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

a. b. c. d.

Totem Icon Profanity Symbol

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 14.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion. Topic: Religion: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 112. Emile Durkheim pointed to three functions of religion for society. Which of the following is NOT one of them? a. Establishing social cohesion b. Increasing social conflict c. Promoting social control d. Providing meaning and purpose Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 14.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion. Topic: Religion: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 113. Which of the following is a correct criticism of the structural-functional approach to religion? a. Ignoring the effects of religion in everyday life b. Ignoring how religion provides meaning in everyday life c. Ignoring religion’s ability to generate social conflict d. Ignoring the positive consequences of religion for society Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 14.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion. Topic: Religion: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 114. Guided by the symbolic-interaction approach, sociologists examine ________ a. how daily rituals construct the boundary between the sacred and profane. b. how religion gives our existence a measure of security and meaning. c. the use of ritual and religious meaning to strengthen social ties, including marriage. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 14.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Topic: Religion: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 115. Karl Marx believed that religion ________ a. focuses life on the present rather than the future. b. supports social inequality. c. treats existing society as secular. d. was a sure sign that revolutionary change was coming. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 14.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion. Topic: Religion: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 116. An analysis of how religion supports the interests of a society’s elites would fall under which of the following theoretical approaches? a. Structural-functional approach b. Symbolic-interaction approach c. Social-conflict approach d. Social-exchange approach Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 14.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion. Topic: Religion: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 117. What do the sacred texts of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam have in common? a. Support for patriarchy b. Belief in multiple deities c. The use of the same sacred symbols d. Support for secularization Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 14.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion. Topic: Religion: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 118. Max Weber carried out historical analysis of the rise of the Industrial Revolution and capitalism that linked this change to ________ a. religious warfare. b. divine intervention in the world. c. religious values and beliefs, especially those associated with Calvinism.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

the birth of science.

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 14.5: Discuss the links between religion and social change. Topic: Religion and Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 119. In his analysis of Protestantism and the rise of capitalism, Max Weber stated that Protestantism ________ a. held back the development of capitalism. b. supported the status quo. c. encouraged greater gender equality. d. stressed duty and hard work, boosting economic production and fostering the rise of capitalism. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 14.5: Discuss the links between religion and social change. Topic: Religion and Social Change Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 120. Following Max Weber’s analysis of religion, we could say industrial capitalism is ________ a. disenchanted religion. b. an example of traditional religion. c. likely to encourage greater social equality. d. found equally everywhere in the world. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 14.5: Discuss the links between religion and social change. Topic: Religion and Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 121. Which of the following concepts refers to the fusion of Christian principles with political activism, often Marxist in character? a. Evangelism b. “New Age” spirituality c. Liberation theology d. Fundamentalism Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 14.5: Discuss the links between religion and social change. Topic: Religion and Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Skill Level: Remember the Facts 122. Supporters of liberation theology hope that this social movement will achieve which of the following goals? a. Keeping politics out of the church b. Helping people endure their suffering c. Encouraging personal growth d. Reducing social inequality and, especially, poverty Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 14.5: Discuss the links between religion and social change. Topic: Religion and Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 123. A religious organization that is well integrated into the larger society is called a ________ a. church. b. sect. c. cult. d. subculture. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 14.5: Discuss the links between religion and social change. Topic: Religion and Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 124. As the official Church of England, the Anglican Church is correctly described as which of the following? a. Sect b. State church c. Cult d. Denomination Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 14.5: Discuss the links between religion and social change. Topic: Religion and Social Change Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 125. In the United States, the Amish would be an example of a ________ a. state church. b. cult. c. sect. d. denomination.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 14.5: Discuss the links between religion and social change. Topic: Religion and Social Change Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 126. A sect is a type of religious organization that ________ a. supports the political state. b. is tightly linked to the larger society. c. is highly structured, with formally trained leaders. d. stands apart from the larger society. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 14.5: Discuss the links between religion and social change. Topic: Religion and Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 127. A charismatic leader is most likely to be found in which of the following? a. Church b. Cult c. Denomination d. State church Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 14.5: Discuss the links between religion and social change. Topic: Religion and Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 128. Which of the following concepts refers to a religious organization that is largely outside a society’s cultural traditions? a. Church b. Sect c. Cult d. Denomination Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 14.5: Discuss the links between religion and social change. Topic: Religion and Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 129. Which of the following religious organizations began as a cult? a. Islam

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

b. c. d.

Christianity Judaism All of these responses are correct.

Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 14.5: Discuss the links between religion and social change. Topic: Religion and Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 130. Which of the following would you expect to be the least stable type of religious organizations? a. Cult b. Church c. Denomination d. State church Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 14.5: Discuss the links between religion and social change. Topic: Religion and Social Change Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 131. Animism is the belief that ________ a. God has a plan for the entire world. b. everything in the world is a conscious, living force that is able to affect us. c. nothing is sacred. d. people can find little meaning in their everyday lives. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 14.5: Discuss the links between religion and social change. Topic: Religion and Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 132. Animism is closely associated with which of the following societies? a. Industrial societies b. European societies c. Native American societies d. Agrarian societies Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 14.5: Discuss the links between religion and social change. Topic: Religion and Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

133. The priesthood, a specialized occupation in a person takes charge full-time of a large religious organization, first developed in which type of societies? a. Hunting and gathering b. Horticultural c. Agrarian d. Industrial Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 14.5: Discuss the links between religion and social change. Topic: Religion and Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 134. On national surveys, about what percentage of people in the United States claim to believe in a divine power? a. 20 percent b. 40 percent c. 60 percent d. 90 percent Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 14.6: Analyze patterns of religiosity in the United States. Topic: Religious Trends in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 135. In the United States, a slight majority of adults claim to be ________ a. Catholic. b. Jewish. c. Protestant. d. Muslim. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 14.6: Analyze patterns of religiosity in the United States. Topic: Religious Trends in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 136. When all the evidence is considered, about what share of the U.S. population is really at least somewhat religious? a. 10 percent b. One-third c. Two-thirds d. 90 percent

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 14.6: Analyze patterns of religiosity in the United States. Topic: Religious Trends in the United States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 137. In the United States, ________ are more religious than ________. a. older people; younger people b. women; men c. members of sects; members of churches d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 14.6: Analyze patterns of religiosity in the United States. Topic: Religious Trends in the United States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 138. All through the South, the largest share of Protestants identify with which denomination? a. Lutheran b. Baptist c. Methodist d. Episcopalian Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 14.6: Analyze patterns of religiosity in the United States. Topic: Religious Trends in the United States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 139. Secularization refers to which of the following? a. The historical importance of religion in people’s lives b. The historical increase in the importance of the sacred c. The historical decline in the importance of the sacred d. The historical concern of the church with social change Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 14.6: Analyze patterns of religiosity in the United States. Topic: Religious Trends in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 140. Which of the following is a correct example of civil religion? a. Singing patriotic songs on the Fourth of July b. Tax exemptions for churches

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

c. d.

The sex scandal in the Catholic church High religiosity among members of sects

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 14.6: Analyze patterns of religiosity in the United States. Topic: Religious Trends in the United States Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 141. The claim that the United States is a post-denomination society is based on a movement ________ a. away from religion. b. supporting spiritualism, but away from formal denominations. c. toward greater church attendance. d. favoring rigid conformity to church doctrine. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 14.6: Analyze patterns of religiosity in the United States. Topic: Religious Trends in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 142. Read the four statements below. Which of the four is NOT a trait of religious fundamentalism? a. Endorsing conservative political goals b. Seeking the personal experience of God’s presence c. Interpreting religious texts literally d. Accepting religious pluralism Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 14.6: Analyze patterns of religiosity in the United States. Topic: Religious Trends in the United States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 143. Which of the following nations stands out as the most religious of all high-income countries? a. Japan b. Sweden c. The United States d. France Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 14.6: Analyze patterns of religiosity in the United States. Topic: Religious Trends in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 144. Define the following terms so that you clearly distinguish each from the others: family, kinship, and marriage. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 145. How does the nuclear family differ from the extended family? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 146. What are exogamy and endogamy? Give an example of each. Why do societies have laws about marriage? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 147. Define patrilocality, matrilocality, and neolocality. Which pattern is favored in the United States? Why? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 148. Define patrilineal descent, matrilineal descent, and bilateral descent. Which pattern is favored in the United States? Why? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 149. What are three tasks of the family, according to the structural-functional approach? Why do some analysts claim that the family is the “backbone of society”? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 150. How does the family perpetuate social inequality with regard to class, gender, and race? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 151. What does social-exchange analysis have to say about the process of courtship? How is mate selection something more than just a matter of individual “love”? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 152. What are the major insights about families and family life provided by feminist theory? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 153. Identify at least one important issue involved in each of the following stages in family life: courtship, settling in, child rearing, and later life. Which stage of life, in your view, involves the greatest challenges? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 154. In what specific ways does social class affect families and family life? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 155. Provide a distinctive trait or pattern about each of the following: American Indian families, Latino families, African American families, and Asian American families. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 156. What is cohabitation? What advantages does this type of relationship have for those who choose it? What disadvantages can you identify? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 157. What is the trend in public acceptance of gay and lesbian marriage in the United States? What are several significant events in this regard? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 158. Why do more of U.S. households contain a single person? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

159. Identify at least four factors that are related to the high divorce rate in the United States. Why has the divorce rate increased over the course of the last century? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.3: Analyze the importance of divorce, remarriage, and various family forms. Topic: Current Issues of Family Life Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 160. What is family violence? What laws have been enacted in order to address this problem? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.3: Analyze the importance of divorce, remarriage, and various family forms. Topic: Current Issues of Family Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 161. What is the distinction between the sacred and the profane? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion. Topic: Religion: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 162. What are three societal functions of religion pointed out by Emile Durkheim? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion. Topic: Religion: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 163. In one sentence, what was Karl Marx’s concern about the effects of religion on society? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion. Topic: Religion: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 164. What is Max Weber’s thesis regarding Protestantism and the rise of capitalism?

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.5: Discuss the links between religion and social change. Topic: Religion and Social Change Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 165. How are each of these types of religious organizations distinctive: (a) church, (b) sect, and (c) cult? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.5: Discuss the links between religion and social change. Topic: Religion and Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 166. Why do researchers have difficulty measuring religiosity? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.6: Analyze patterns of religiosity in the United States. Topic: Religious Trends in the United States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 167. What is secularization? Do you consider secularization to be a positive or negative development? Why? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.6: Analyze patterns of religiosity in the United States. Topic: Religious Trends in the United States Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 168. How do spiritual “seekers” differ from members of established churches? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.6: Analyze patterns of religiosity in the United States. Topic: Religious Trends in the United States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It ESSAY QUESTIONS/TOPICS FOR SHORT PAPERS 169. Why do some analysts (especially those guided by the structural-functional approach) describe the family as “the backbone of society”? That is, what important

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

things do families do for society? To what degree could other social institutions (including government) perform these tasks in place of the family? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 170. Why do some analysts (especially those guided by the social-conflict approach) describe the family as a system that perpetuates social inequality? Consider (a) class stratification, (b) gender stratification, and (c) racial and ethnic stratification. Does the family system encourage or discourage meritocracy? Why? Can you imagine a family form that would not play a part in supporting social inequality? Explain. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world. Topic: Family: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 171. In the United States, people commonly think of marriage as a result of romantic love. Applying the sociological perspective, make the case that society as much as interpersonal attraction is at work in bringing people together. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 172. Sociologists tell us that families in the United States are diverse. Exactly how are they diverse? Describe differences in marriage and family life that are linked to (a) class, (b) gender, (c) race and ethnicity, and (d) sexual orientation. Why are families becoming more diverse? Do you view this trend as positive or negative? Why? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 173. Any family is really many families as it changes over time. Consider how families typically change as people move through the life course. What are the major traits of family life beginning with courtship, settling in to marriage, child rearing, and later life? What special opportunities and challenges can you see in each stage?

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 174. Looking ahead fifty years, predict the state of the U.S. family. As you see it, how will families differ from how they are today? In what ways will they be the same? Consider factors such as the popularity of marriage, the likelihood of divorce, the number of children people will have, gender differences in marriage, and the need for caregiving (especially of the elderly). Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course. Topic: The Experience of Family Life Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 175. Examine the figure in the chapter showing attitudes about interracial dating. Describe the changes in these attitudes over the last twenty-five years. How do people of different ages express somewhat differing attitudes about this issue? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.3: Analyze the importance of divorce, remarriage, and various family forms. Topic: Current Issues of Family Life Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 176. Based on the ideas of Emile Durkheim, identify three functions of religion for society. In light of these functions, do you think that a decline in the importance of religion might threaten U.S. society? If so, how? Could the family and, perhaps, the school “take over” some of religion’s functions? Why or why not? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion. Topic: Religion: Concepts and Theories Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 177. Discuss the various types of religious organizations: church (and its two sub-types, state church and denomination), sect, and cult. Exactly how are they different? Is one kind of organization “better” than another? If so, how and why? Do they come into being for the same reasons? What evidence is there that they appeal to different categories of people?

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.5: Discuss the links between religion and social change. Topic: Religion and Social Change Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 178. How strong is religiosity in the United States? Obviously, the answer to this question depends on precisely how one measures “religiosity.” Discuss various ways to do this and how they yield somewhat different pictures of religiosity. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.6: Analyze patterns of religiosity in the United States. Topic: Religious Trends in the United States Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 179. What is secularization? Is secularization a reality in the United States? That is, is religion getting weaker, stronger, or simply changing its character? Provide evidence to support your arguments. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.6: Analyze patterns of religiosity in the United States. Topic: Religious Trends in the United States Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 180. What factors lead some analysts to characterize the United States as a “postdenominational” society? How do “seekers” pursue spirituality without being connected to traditional religious organizations? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.6: Analyze patterns of religiosity in the United States. Topic: Religious Trends in the United States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 181. Do you think that a society could exist without any conception of religion? In his song “Imagine,” John Lennon claimed that a society without religion would be a paradise. Try to describe how such a society would deal with questions of ultimate meaning and purpose. Explain why you think Lennon was right or wrong. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 14.6: Analyze patterns of religiosity in the United States. Topic: Religious Trends in the United States Difficulty Level: Difficult

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Skill Level: Analyze It

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Chapter 15: Education, Health, and Medicine In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Society: The Basics, 15th edition. The questions are tagged according to four levels of learning that move from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The four levels are: Remember the Facts: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material Understand the Concepts: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas Apply What You Know: a question applying sociological knowledge to some new situation Analyze It: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship The 203 questions in this chapter’s test bank are divided into four types. True/False questions are the least demanding. As the table below shows, all of these fall within the two lowest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Remember the Facts” and “Understand the Concepts”). Multiple-choice questions fall within the three lowest levels of cognitive reasoning (adding some “Apply What You Know” questions). Short answer questions span a broader range of skills (from “Understand the Concepts” to “Analyze It”). Finally, essay questions are the most demanding, falling within the two highest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Apply What You Know” and “Analyze It”). Types of Questions

Remember the Facts Understand the Concepts Apply What You Know Analyze It

True/False

Mult Choice

Essay

Total Qs

65 (76%)

Short Answer 0

67 (87%)

132

10 (13%)

14 (16%)

14 (54%)

7 (8%)

2 (8%)

3 (21%)

0 77

0 86

10 (38%) 26

11 (79%) 14

21 203

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Chapter 15: Education, Health, and Medicine TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. Education is the social institution that provides members of a society with important knowledge. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies. Topic: Education: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2. The extent of schooling in a society is closely tied to the society’s level of economic development. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies. Topic: Education: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 3. Historically, the poorest people in every society have been the most likely to go to school, so that they could learn what they needed to know to earn a living. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies. Topic: Education: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 4. In the world today, about one-fourth of young people reach secondary school. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies. Topic: Education: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. What is taught in schools around the world reflects local cultures. Answer: True

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies. Topic: Education: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 6. In India, compared to the United States, a larger share of young people go to college. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies. Topic: Education: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 7. The Japanese place greater importance on achievement test scores in college admissions than is the case in the United States. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies. Topic: Education: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8. A larger share of young people graduates from high school in Japan than in the United States. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies. Topic: Education: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9. Today, more than half of U.S. adults are college graduates. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies. Topic: Education: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10. Wealthy British families send their children to “public schools” that are the same as private boarding schools in the United States.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies. Topic: Education: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 11. Providing schooling at public expense is one way our society increases equality of opportunity. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies. Topic: Education: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12. Schooling in the United States favors theoretical learning over practical learning. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies. Topic: Education: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 13. If school officials consider some children to be gifted, teachers may treat them accordingly and create a self-fulfilling prophecy. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 14. Following a social-conflict approach, schooling in the United States helps to eliminate social inequality. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

15. Because the United States is so rich, almost 90 percent of students attend private schools. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 16. Social-conflict theory supports the policy of tracking to give all students instruction geared to their abilities. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17. Most private schools in the United States are “prep schools” that enroll children of well-to-do families. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 18. Jonathan Kozol characterizes the differences in funding of schools between rich and poor communities and the use of tracking as “savage inequalities” of U.S. education. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 19. Research indicates that children in the United States spend only about 13 percent of their waking hours in school. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

20. James Coleman concluded that the only factor needed to improve schooling was increased school funding. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 21. Regardless of the level of a school’s funding, some students benefit from more “cultural capital” than others. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 22. African Americans have a lower rate of completing high school than Hispanic Americans. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 23. Families with high incomes are much more likely to send their children to college than families with low incomes. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 24. On average, completing a college degree adds about $50,000 to a person’s lifetime earnings. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

25. Community colleges enroll about 40 percent of all undergraduates in the United States. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 26. From a social-conflict perspective, schooling in the United States transforms social privilege into personal merit. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 27. Today’s colleges provide opportunities for not only young people but also adults seeking new careers as well as personal enrichment. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 28. Research shows that, in the typical college classroom, most students are active participants who speak up. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 29. Rather than schools creating violence, in most cases violence spills into schools from the surrounding society. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education Difficulty Level: Easy

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Skill Level: Remember the Facts 30. In the United States, African Americans are less likely than Hispanics to drop out of high school. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 31. Theodore Sizer maintains that, in order to do their job well, U.S. schools need to be large and bureaucratic. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 32. Dropping out of school greatly reduces a person's chance to earn a good income. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 33. The dropout rate is higher for young people from rich families who have many opportunities to succeed without going to school. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 34. In 2015, 5.9 percent of people between sixteen and twenty-four years of age had dropped out of school. Answer: True

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 35. Most people who do not complete their schooling have parents who also did not receive much schooling. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 36. The concept of “functional illiteracy” refers to people who leave school before graduating. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 37. There has been significant grade inflation during the last several decades. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 38. Supporters of the school-choice movement argue that competition is the best way to encourage the public school system to improve education. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 39. Only about 3 percent of U.S. young people are home schooled.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 40. Currently, there is a surplus of teachers in the United States. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 41. Cultural patterns define what is or is not healthy. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 42. From a sociological point of view, societies define “health” so that being healthy is sometimes a matter of what is normal, that is, having the same diseases as one’s neighbors. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 43. As examples of changing conceptions of health and illness, fifty years ago, few people in the United States understood the dangers of cigarette smoking or excessive sun exposure. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Skill Level: Remember the Facts 44. Social inequality affects a society’s patterns of health. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 45. The World Health Organization claims more than half of all humanity suffers from illness caused by poverty. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 46. Diseases such as heart disease and cancer are the leading killers in low-income nations. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 47. In much of the world, illness and poverty form a vicious circle, with each increasing the other. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 48. Industrialization gradually led to dramatic improvements in human health. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 49. Over the course of the last century, an important health trend in the United States has been a rising death rate from infectious diseases. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 50. Social epidemiology is the study of how health and disease are distributed throughout a society’s population. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 51. Because of so many auto accidents, death rates among young people in the United States are much higher than they were a century ago. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 52. In the United States, the infant mortality rate among low-income children is about the same as the rate for the children of the wealthy. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 53. “Type A personalities,” which are linked to masculinity, are harmful to human health.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 54. In the United States, people with higher incomes have a more positive assessment of their personal health than people with low incomes. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 55. AIDS kills more people in the United States each year than various diseases caused by cigarette smoking. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 56. As a result of cigarette smoking, some 440,000 people in the United States die prematurely every year. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 57. Eating disorders are related to how our society defines success and attractiveness among women. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

58. About 20 percent of U.S. adults are overweight. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 59. People with more money to spend are more likely to become obese. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 60. Genital herpes is a curable sexually transmitted disease. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 61. Gonorrhea and syphilis can be cured with penicillin. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 62. About one month after being infected, most people with HIV begin to display symptoms. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

63. The world region with the highest rate of HIV infection is the Middle East. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 64. Heterosexual sex cannot transmit AIDS. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 65. Today’s advanced medical technology has made the definition of death much clearer. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 66. Active euthanasia refers to using a physician’s services to bring about a patient’s death. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 67. The acceptance of the scientific model of medicine in the United States was symbolized by the founding of the American Medical Association in 1847. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.5: Compare the medical systems in nations around the world. Topic: The Medical Establishment Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

68. Holistic medicine seeks to change the focus of medical practice from treating symptoms of disease to preventing disease and promoting health. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.5: Compare the medical systems in nations around the world. Topic: The Medical Establishment Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 69. More than half of all physicians in the United States are women. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.5: Compare the medical systems in nations around the world. Topic: The Medical Establishment Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 70. The role of government in providing medical care is greater in the United States than in other high-income nations. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.5: Compare the medical systems in nations around the world. Topic: The Medical Establishment Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 71. The U.S. health care system is one example of the model called socialized medicine. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.5: Compare the medical systems in nations around the world. Topic: The Medical Establishment Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 72. Talcott Parsons is the sociologist who developed the concept of the “sick role.” Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.6: Apply sociology’s major theories to health and medicine. Topic: Theories of Health and Medicine Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 73. Parsons claimed that, to qualify for the sick role, a person must want to become healthy and act in ways to restore health.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.6: Apply sociology’s major theories to health and medicine. Topic: Theories of Health and Medicine Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 74. Social definitions have little to do with the reality of health and illness; these are simply medical conditions involving human biology. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.6: Apply sociology’s major theories to health and medicine. Topic: Theories of Health and Medicine Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 75. Social-conflict analysis claims the profit motive enhances the quality of medical care in the United States. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 15.6: Apply sociology’s major theories to health and medicine. Topic: Theories of Health and Medicine Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 76. One criticism of the social-conflict analysis is that it minimizes the improvements in health care brought about by scientific medicine. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.6: Apply sociology’s major theories to health and medicine. Topic: Theories of Health and Medicine Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 77. Advances in human genetics hold out promise to prevent disease but also raise ethical issues about how this technology should be used. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 15.6: Apply sociology’s major theories to health and medicine. Topic: Theories of Health and Medicine Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

78. Education is the social institution by which society provides people with important knowledge, including ________ a. job skills. b. basic facts and information. c. cultural norms and values. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies. Topic: Education: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 79. In low-income nations, most education is a matter of ________ a. formal schooling and then college. b. what parents and other community members teach their children. c. what children can teach themselves. d. teaching by religious leaders. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies. Topic: Education: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 80. The fact that, historically, schooling has been mostly for elites is evident in the fact that the word "school" has the same root as the Greek word for ________ a. “learning.” b. “wisdom.” c. “leisure.” d. “elder.” Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies. Topic: Education: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 81. If you were to enter a school in ancient Greece or China, the students you would find there would be mainly ________ a. women. b. soldiers. c. rich.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

foreigners.

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies. Topic: Education: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 82. In the world as a whole, about what share of children reach the secondary grades in school? a. Almost all b. Three-fourths c. One-third d. One-tenth Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies. Topic: Education: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 83. One major reason that schooling is limited in India is that ________ a. there is a lack of teachers. b. religion forbids formal schooling. c. most children become soldiers. d. many poor children must work for income. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies. Topic: Education: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 84. On which of the following continents do we find the most countries with high rates of illiteracy? a. Africa b. Europe c. South America d. North America Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Topic: Education: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 85. Getting into college in Japan, compared to the United States, is more a matter of ________ a. athletic ability. b. performance on achievement tests. c. family ties. d. being rich. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies. Topic: Education: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 86. At what point in our history had a majority of adults in the United States earned a high-school diploma? a. The early 1800s b. About 1880 c. The early 1900s d. The mid-1960s Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies. Topic: Education: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 87. In the United States today, about what percentage of the adult population has a high school diploma? a. 49 percent b. 69 percent c. 89 percent d. 99 percent Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies. Topic: Education: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

88. In the United States today, approximately what percentage of people over the age of twenty-five have earned a four-year college degree? a. 33 percent b. 53 percent c. 73 percent d. 93 percent Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies. Topic: Education: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 89. In the United States, the focus of education has always been ________ a. what is philosophical. b. what is practical and job-related. c. what is theoretical. d. past traditions. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies. Topic: Education: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 90. The functions of schooling include ________ a. socializing the young. b. cultural innovation. c. helping to integrate a diverse society. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 91. Which of the following is a latent function of schooling? a. Ensuring some common culture b. Teaching about the U.S. way of life c. Providing child-care d. Teaching job skills Answer: c

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 92. Which of the following statements applies the symbolic-interaction approach to schooling? a. If teachers think some category of students is superior, those same students may end up doing superior work. b. Teachers convey specialized knowledge that children are not likely to learn at home. c. Some categories of students are tracked into better classes than others. d. Schools are intended for learning, but they also are places where many people meet their eventual partners. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 93. One result of tracking in schools is that ________ a. the brightest students get the worst teachers. b. students do not get to study what they are interested in. c. the students who get the best schooling are usually those who are more privileged to begin with. d. students from disadvantaged backgrounds end up in higher tracks where they cannot do the work. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 94. Jonathan Kozol criticizes the U.S. educational system for ________ a. focusing too much on students’ future careers. b. making too little use of achievement tests. c. unequal funding that makes some schools far better than others. d. paying some teachers more than they are worth. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

95. An example of the cultural capital advantage of well-to-do students in U.S. schooling is parents who ________ a. spend more time reading to their children. b. value schooling and encourage their children. c. encourage the development of imagination in their children. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 96. Comparing school performance, researchers have found that the most important cause of the achievement gap between rich and poor children is ________ a. differences in schools. b. differences in home environments. c. differences in personal ability. d. differences in personal health. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 97. As income-level goes up among U.S. families, we find that ________ a. there is no difference in the share of children who attend college. b. the share of children going to college goes down. c. the share of children going to college goes up. d. more women, but fewer men, go to college. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 98. Community colleges are an important part of higher education in the United States because they ________ a. enroll over 40 percent of all college students. b. greatly expand the opportunity to attend college. c. enroll almost half of African American and Hispanic undergraduates. d. All of these responses are correct.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 99. Which of the following statements about African Americans and Hispanic Americans over the age of twenty-five is correct? a. Women and men are equally likely to have completed four or more years of college. b. Men are more likely than women to have completed four or more years of college. c. Women are more likely than men to have completed four or more years of college. d. Both men and women are more likely to have completed four or more years of college than non-Hispanic White Americans. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 100. Which of the following responses correctly states the effect of additional schooling on average income? a. Earning a high school diploma and a college degree do not change average income levels. b. Earning a high school diploma does not affect income, but earning a college degree raises income. c. Earning a high school diploma raises income, but earning a college degree does not affect income. d. Earning a high school diploma and earning a college degree both raise income levels. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 101. According to Theodore Sizer, bureaucracy harms schooling by ________ a. imposing uniformity on culturally diverse schools. b. emphasizing test scores and other numerical ratings. c. expecting all students to progress at the same rate. d. All of these responses are correct.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 102. For the United States as a whole, about what percentage of people between ages sixteen and twenty-four drop out before completing high school? a. 1 percent b. 6 percent c. 26 percent d. 46 percent Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 103. Which of the following categories of the U.S. population has the highest dropout rate? a. Asian Americans b. African Americans c. Hispanics d. Non-Hispanic whites Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 104. Research suggests that the level of functional illiteracy in the United States is about what share of adults? a. 17 percent b. 37 percent c. 57 percent d. 77 percent Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education

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Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 105. The problem of functional illiteracy means that ________ a. many young people leave school without having learned basic skills. b. many older people have forgotten the lessons they learned in school. c. a significant share of U.S. children never attend school. d. many teachers in U.S. schools do not know how to teach. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 106. To improve U.S. schooling, A Nation at Risk recommended ________ a. requiring all students to complete several years of math, English, social studies, science, and computer science. b. improving teacher training. c. raising teachers’ salaries. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 107. One indication of recent grade inflation is the fact that almost half of all grades given to today's high school students are ________ a. As. b. Bs. c. Cs. d. Ds. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 108. Assume that you support the school choice movement. What are you likely to say is the reason that U.S. public schools perform poorly?

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a. b. c. d.

Schools have no competition. Some schools lack adequate funding. The nation has a high poverty rate. Too many parents are not involved in the schools.

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 109. Magnet schools encourage ________ a. students to specialize in specific areas of study. b. school busing for cultural diversity. c. students to take control of their own learning. d. students to complete their education in fewer years. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 110. Charter schools are ________ a. private schools that typically enroll high-income students. b. public schools that have the freedom to try new programs and policies. c. private schools that have a religious curriculum. d. public schools that are run by private companies. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 111. Which of the following concepts refers to the practice of including people with disabilities in regular educational classes and programs? a. Tracking b. Mainstreaming c. Chartering d. Magnets Answer: b

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Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 112. People older than twenty-five now account for about what percentage of all people in degree-granting programs? a. 5 percent b. 20 percent c. 40 percent d. 60 percent Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 113. Applying the sociological perspective, we see that the high rate of obesity in the United States reflects ________ a. bad personal choices people make about their lives. b. cultural forces that encourage people to eat large amounts of unhealthy fast food. c. our long history as a nation of people with poor health. d. trends that are found equally in all parts of the world. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 114. Approximately what percentage of U.S. adults are overweight? a. 25 percent b. 45 percent c. 65 percent d. 85 percent Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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115. Society shapes human health because ________ a. cultural patterns define what is or is not healthy. b. social inequality affects a population’s health. c. society’s technology affects people’s health. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 116. Ideas about health can serve as a type of social control, as illustrated by the notion that ________ a. women would risk their health by going to college. b. a competitive way of life is “healthy.” c. homosexuality is “sick,” even though it is biologically natural. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 117. In the world’s poorest nations today, life expectancy is as low as about ________ a. fifty years. b. sixty years. c. seventy years. d. eighty years. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 118. According to the World Health Organization, about how many of the world’s people suffer from serious illness caused by poverty? a. 1 million b. 10 million c. 1 billion

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10 billion

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 119. If you were to visit a low-income nation to study its high death rates, what would you find to be the most common causes of death? a. Cancer and heart disease b. Infectious diseases c. Accidents d. Old age Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 120. Poor health in low-income nations reflects which of the following factors? a. Limited safe drinking water b. Limited access to medical personnel c. The lack of a nutritious diet d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 121. In Western Europe and North America, scientists began to understand the causes of infectious diseases at about what point in history? a. 1650 b. 1750 c. 1850 d. 1950 Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries.

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Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 122. Advancing medical technology has attacked infectious disease in poor countries with what result? a. Almost nothing: This technology has had little effect. b. Populations have increased rapidly. c. Birth rates have dropped to near zero. d. Most children die earlier in life than ever before. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 123. During the early decades of the Industrial Revolution ________ a. rapidly growing cities had poor sanitation. b. factories fouled the air with smoke. c. workplace accidents were common. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 124. Which of the following diseases is the biggest killer in today's high-income nations? a. Heart disease b. Influenza c. Pneumonia d. Cholera Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 125. Today, more than a century after the onset of the Industrial Revolution, there has been an increase in the share of deaths caused by which of the following?

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a. b. c. d.

Infectious diseases such as influenza and pneumonia Chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer Infant deaths immediately following birth Workplace-related accidents

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 126. Which of the following is an example of a chronic illness? a. Influenza b. Cancer c. Accidents d. Pneumonia Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 127. Social epidemiology is the study of ________ a. the biological basis of disease. b. the availability of doctors around the world. c. the age at which people die. d. the distribution of health and illness in a population. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 128. Research shows that masculinity is linked to health because ________ a. our culture’s definition of masculinity encourages stress and heart disease. b. men learn to be strong and avoid illness. c. men avoid many of the lifestyle dangers common to women. d. young men are less likely to be victims of homicide. Answer: a

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Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 129. The greatest cause of death among young people in the United States today is which of the following? a. Cancer b. Stroke c. Accidents d. Kidney disease Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 130. In the United States, which of the following factors has a strong link to life expectancy? a. Race b. Gender c. Social class d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 131. Which of the following statements about gender and health is correct? a. Women have a higher suicide rate than men. b. Men have fewer accidents than women. c. Women generally have better health than men. d. Women are more likely to be victims of homicide. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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132. In the United States, how does life expectancy of white people compare to that of black people? a. It is about four years longer. b. It is about the same. c. It is about two years shorter. d. It is about four years shorter. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 133. Which of the following categories of the U.S. population has the highest lifeexpectancy? a. White men b. White women c. African American men d. African American women Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 134. The greatest preventable cause of death in the United States is ________ a. sexually transmitted diseases. b. automobile accidents. c. cigarette smoking. d. drinking alcohol. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 135. Which of the following categories of people in the United States is especially likely to smoke cigarettes? a. Married people b. Divorced people

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c. d.

People with college degrees People in the labor force

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 136. Research shows that college women believe ________ a. physical looks are less important than “what’s inside.” b. being thin is key to being attractive. c. they are thinner than men would like them to be. d. physical appearance has little importance to social life. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 137. In the United States, the most widespread health problem related to eating is which of the following? a. Anorexia b. Bulimia c. Obesity d. Malnutrition Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 138. In which region of the United States is the problem of obesity most widespread? a. The West Coast b. The Southwest c. The South d. The Northern Plains Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries.

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Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 139. Which of the following is a factor contributing to widespread obesity in U.S. society? a. Fewer of today’s jobs involve the physical labor common in the past. b. More work around the house is done by machines. c. The typical diet involves both more food and more salty and fatty food. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 140. Which sexually transmitted disease infects at least 23 million U.S. adults (about one in six)? a. Syphilis b. Genital herpes c. Gonorrhea d. AIDS Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 141. An exception to the general decline of infectious diseases in the United States is the increase in _________ after 1960. a. cancer b. obesity c. flu d. sexually transmitted diseases Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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142. Which of the following world regions is experiencing the most severe epidemic of AIDS? a. Latin America b. Sub-Saharan Africa c. The Middle East d. Eastern Asia Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 143. Upon infection, people with HIV ________ a. display obvious symptoms. b. get very sick right away. c. display no symptoms at all. d. get mildly sick from time to time. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 144. Which of the following is considered a behavior placing people at high risk of HIV infection? a. Anal sex b. Sharing needles c. Using drugs that impair judgment d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 145. The concept of “euthanasia” refers to ________ a. assisting in the death of a person suffering from a terminal illness. b. people’s legal “right to die.” c. providing medical treatment to seriously ill people. d. providing medical assistance to those who cannot afford it.

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Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 146. Which of the following statements about the “right to die” is true? a. Voters in Oregon were the first to approve a physician-assisted suicide law. b. The U.S. Supreme Court has stated that there is no “right to die.” c. Physician-assisted suicide is legal in the Netherlands. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 147. Scientific medicine typically develops first in ________ a. pastoral societies. b. agrarian societies. c. industrial societies. d. postindustrial societies. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 15.5: Compare the medical systems in nations around the world. Topic: The Medical Establishment Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 148. The rise of scientific medicine in the United States began about when? a. 1960, with advances in computer technology b. 1917, about the time of World War I c. 1890, as the rate of immigration increased d. 1847, with the founding of the American Medical Association Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 15.5: Compare the medical systems in nations around the world. Topic: The Medical Establishment Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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149. It is correct to say that the medical establishment in the United States is oriented towards which of the following? a. Holistic treatment b. Herbal healing c. Traditional healing arts d. Scientific medicine Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 15.5: Compare the medical systems in nations around the world. Topic: The Medical Establishment Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 150. Holistic medicine asserts that ________ a. the most important task is treating symptoms of disease. b. patients should rely on themselves—not just physicians—to ensure their health. c. treatment of patients should be impersonal. d. doctors always know best. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 15.5: Compare the medical systems in nations around the world. Topic: The Medical Establishment Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 151. In which of the following nations is almost all medical care under the control of government? a. China b. Great Britain c. Japan d. The United States Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 15.5: Compare the medical systems in nations around the world. Topic: The Medical Establishment Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 152. Of all high-income nations, which country relies the most on a direct-fee market system to pay for medical treatment? a. Great Britain b. Sweden c. The United States d. Japan Answer: c

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Learning Objective: LO 15.5: Compare the medical systems in nations around the world. Topic: The Medical Establishment Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 153. The concept of “socialized medicine” refers to which of the following? a. Government insurance programs that pay for medical care b. A medical system mostly owned and operated by the government c. Programs to improve health by giving people support groups d. A medical system operated within a free market Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 15.5: Compare the medical systems in nations around the world. Topic: The Medical Establishment Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 154. Which of the following is the most common way people in the United States pay for medical care? a. Private insurance programs b. The government’s universal health care program c. HMOs d. Medicare and Medicaid Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 15.5: Compare the medical systems in nations around the world. Topic: The Medical Establishment Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 155. In the United States, an important medical issue is ________ a. a surplus of nurses. b. a shortage of nurses. c. the fact that many hospitals are going bankrupt. d. doctors making less and less money. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 15.5: Compare the medical systems in nations around the world. Topic: The Medical Establishment Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 156. In his structural-functional analysis, Talcott Parsons claimed that society responds to illness by ________ a. punishing ill people. b. withholding treatment to those who need it most.

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c. d.

using the “sick role” to relieve ill people of many daily responsibilities. forcing people, sick or not, to perform important work.

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 15.6: Apply sociology’s major theories to health and medicine. Topic: Theories of Health and Medicine Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 157. Parson’s believed that illness is ________ a. a sign of weakness. b. a made up concept. c. a necessary part of society. d. dysfunctional. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 15.6: Apply sociology’s major theories to health and medicine. Topic: Theories of Health and Medicine Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 158. A criticism of Talcott Parsons’s approach to health and medicine is that it ________ a. says little about the issue of prevention. b. places doctors rather than people in charge of health. c. assumes sick people can afford to take time off from work. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 15.6: Apply sociology’s major theories to health and medicine. Topic: Theories of Health and Medicine Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 159. A symbolic-interaction approach to health and medicine emphasizes ________ a. the meanings people attach to health and illness. b. social inequality in patterns of health. c. how societies must excuse ill people from most responsibilities. d. how profit undermines patient health. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 15.6: Apply sociology’s major theories to health and medicine. Topic: Theories of Health and Medicine Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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160. The topic of psychosomatic disorders is of greatest interest to sociologists guided by which theoretical approach? a. The structural-functional approach b. The symbolic-interaction approach c. The social-conflict approach d. The sociobiological approach Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 15.6: Apply sociology’s major theories to health and medicine. Topic: Theories of Health and Medicine Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 161. From a social-conflict point of view, capitalism fails to support human health because ________ a. it does not encourage development of new medical techniques and technologies. b. physicians have little financial incentive to work. c. it makes quality of care dependent on income. d. it gives power to patients rather than physicians. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 15.6: Apply sociology’s major theories to health and medicine. Topic: Theories of Health and Medicine Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 162. Following the social-conflict approach, patterns of health and illness are seen largely as a product of ________ a. technology. b. how people define the situation they experience. c. how the larger culture defines health and illness. d. social inequality. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 15.6: Apply sociology’s major theories to health and medicine. Topic: Theories of Health and Medicine Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 163. Current research on human genetics promises to ________ a. not just treat disease, but stop it before it develops. b. give people information about their future medical condition. c. allow parents to assess the health profile of a future child. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d

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Learning Objective: LO 15.6: Apply sociology’s major theories to health and medicine. Topic: Theories of Health and Medicine Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 164. Define “education” and “schooling.” Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies. Topic: Education: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 165. How is the development of schooling linked to economic development? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies. Topic: Education: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 166. In low-income nations, why do girls receive less schooling than boys? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies. Topic: Education: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 167. What percentage of U.S. adults are high school graduates? College graduates? How have these percentages changed over the last century? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies. Topic: Education: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 168. What are four societal functions of schooling?

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Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 169. How does schooling advance the goal of socially integrating a large, diverse population? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It 170. How can identifying students as “deficient” or “gifted” generate a self-fulfilling prophecy? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 171. What is the “savage inequality” in U.S. schools as described by Jonathan Kozol? Why is this a social-conflict analysis? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 172. Why does the home environment have more effect on academic performance than the school environment? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 173. Provide evidence that, in the United States, higher-level schooling is linked to higher income.

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Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It 174. What are several reasons why community colleges are extremely important to higher education in the United States? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It 175. What is “functional illiteracy”? How extensive is this problem in the United States? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 176. Based on the work by Theodore Sizer, what are five consequences of bureaucracy in U.S. schools? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 177. List four reasons sociologists claim that health is a societal as well as medical issue. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 178. What diseases were leading causes of death in the United States in 1900? What about in 2013? Describe the pattern of change.

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Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 179. What is social epidemiology? How can this field of study improve human health? Provide examples of what we can learn from this field of study. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 180. How does social class affect human health? Provide data in support of your answer. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 181. Why is cigarette smoking a major health problem in the United States? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 182. How does the distribution of eating disorders in the U.S. population help demonstrate the fact that disease is a social as well as a biological phenomenon? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

183. What do we know about the problem of obesity in the United States that shows this to be a social and cultural issue? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 184. What is the most common method of HIV transmission in the United States? In the world as a whole? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 185. Define euthanasia. What is active euthanasia? What arguments can you make in support of and in opposition to this practice? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 186. How does holistic medicine differ from scientific medicine? What are the advantages of each approach? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.5: Compare the medical systems in nations around the world. Topic: The Medical Establishment Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 187. What is socialized medicine? How does it differ from a direct-fee medical care system? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.5: Compare the medical systems in nations around the world. Topic: The Medical Establishment Difficulty Level: Moderate

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 188. Describe the reasons for the shortage of nurses in the United States. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.5: Compare the medical systems in nations around the world. Topic: The Medical Establishment Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 189. Briefly explain why feminist theorists claim that scientific medicine can takes sides on important social issues, including gender inequality. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.6: Apply sociology’s major theories to health and medicine. Topic: Theories of Health and Medicine Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It ESSAY QUESTIONS/TOPICS FOR SHORT PAPERS 190. Write an essay in which you demonstrate that schooling (or lack of it) around the world is linked to (a) level of economic development and (b) national cultural patterns. Include the United States in your comparative analysis. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies. Topic: Education: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 191. Describe the changes that have taken place in the scope of formal education over the course of U.S. history. When was mandatory education universal? When did a majority of people become high school graduates? What is the extent of U.S. educational achievement today? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies. Topic: Education: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

192. Applying the social-conflict approach, what are the problems in the U.S. educational system? Consider quality of public schooling, inequality among schools, and access to higher education. Consider class, gender, race, and ethnicity in your essay. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 193. Describe the role of community colleges in U.S. higher education. When did community colleges become widespread? Compared to other types of colleges and universities, what benefits do they offer? What special importance do community colleges have for minority populations? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education. Topic: Theories of Education Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 194. What is the school choice movement? Why do many people support this initiative? Why do many others oppose it? Present your own views on this debate, providing evidence to support your arguments and conclusions. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 195. Why, in your opinion, is there a teacher shortage in the United States? Do you think the pay for teachers is adequate? Do you think teachers, on average, are sufficiently trained and motivated? Why do you think we commonly pay teachers so little for what seems to be the very important work of training our daughters and sons? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 196. What is your view of an ideal educational system in the United States? Describe how schooling would operate in your ideal case. Who would have access to college

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

education? Would intellectual ability or ability to pay matter in the admissions process? Explain your vision. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools. Topic: Problems and Issues in U.S. Education Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 197. Analyze the link between health and economic development. Describe patterns of health in low-income countries. What are the most common diseases and causes of death? How do such patterns differ in high-income nations? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 198. What is social epidemiology? Answer by sketching patterns of health for the U.S. population, taking account of (a) gender, (b) social class, and (c) race. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 199. Why is cigarette smoking considered the leading preventable cause of death in the United States? Describe the health consequences of smoking cigarettes. Using the sociological perspective, explain what categories of people are most and least likely to smoke. Has the smoking hazard always been recognized? Why, in your opinion, is cigarette smoking still common, especially among college students? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

200. Use the case of eating disorders or obesity as the focus of an essay that explains why health and illness are correctly understood as societal and cultural issues as much as they are medical issues. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 201. Discuss the “right to die” debate. How has modern technology created this debate in the first place? What are the arguments for legal euthanasia? What are the arguments against it? Which side do you find more convincing? Why? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 202. Drawing on sociological data and analysis found in this chapter, develop a basic approach to improving health in the United States. You might organize this by preparing a listing: “Five things we need to do in this country to improve human health.” Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. Topic: Health: A Global Survey Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 203. What is the contribution to understanding health and medicine made by each of sociology’s three major theoretical approaches? Apply the structural-functional, symbolic-interaction, and social-conflict approaches in turn. Do they agree on any points? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 15.6: Apply sociology’s major theories to health and medicine. Topic: Theories of Health and Medicine Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Chapter 16: Population, Urbanization, and Environment In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Society: The Basics, 15th edition. The questions are tagged according to four levels of learning that move from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The four levels are: Remember the Facts: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material Understand the Concepts: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas Apply What You Know: a question applying sociological knowledge to some new situation Analyze It: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship The 117 questions in this chapter’s test bank are divided into four types. True/False questions are the least demanding. As the table below shows, all of these fall within the two lowest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Remember the Facts” and “Understand the Concepts”). Multiple-choice questions also fall primarily within the lower levels of cognitive reasoning, although more of these are somewhat demanding. Short answer questions span a broad range of skills (from “Understand the Concepts” to “Analyze It”). Finally, essay questions are the most demanding, falling within the two highest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Apply What You Know” and “Analyze It”). Types of Questions

Remember the Facts Understand the Concepts Apply What You Know Analyze It

True/False

Mult Choice

Essay

Total Qs

43 (72%)

Short Answer 0

30 (79%)

8 (21%)

11 (18%)

6 (46%)

6 (10%)

1 (8%)

1 (17%)

0 38

0 60

6 (46%) 13

5 (83%) 6

11 117

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Chapter 16: Population, Urbanization, and Environment TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. Demography is the study of the size and composition of a society’s population. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2. The concept of fecundity provides a simple and useful way to measure population increase. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3. To calculate a crude birth rate, divide the number of live births in a year into the total population and multiply the result by 1,000. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 4. The crude birth rate in North America is lower than that for Asia. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. The crude death rate is the same measure as the infant mortality rate. Answer: False

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6. The crude death rate for the United States is very high by world standards. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 7. In the United States, the infant mortality rate for African Americans is more than twice as high as it is for white people. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8. The average life expectancy for U.S. children born today is about sixty years. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9. The movement of people out of a territory is called immigration. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10. The forced transport of 10 million slaves from Africa to the Americas is an example of involuntary migration.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11. Most people migrate due to a combination of “push” and “pull” factors. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 12. In general, low-income countries grow as much from immigration as from natural increase. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 13. An annual growth rate of about 2 percent will cause a society’s population to double in about thirty-five years. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14. Sex ratios are usually greater than 100 because men typically outlive women. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

15. In many low-income nations, parents value sons more than daughters, which explains why the age-sex ratio in these nations may be higher than 100. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16. An age-sex pyramid is useful, in part, because it helps predict the demographic future of a society. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 17. The planet’s population first reached 1 billion about the year 1500. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 16.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory. Topic: History and Theory of Population Growth Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 18. Thomas Robert Malthus expected population to increase according to an arithmetic progression. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 16.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory. Topic: History and Theory of Population Growth Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 19. It would be fair to say that Malthus was a pessimist about the future of the world. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 16.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory. Topic: History and Theory of Population Growth Difficulty Level: Easy

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20. Demographic transition theory states that humanity must act now to reduce fertility if we are to save the planet. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 16.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory. Topic: History and Theory of Population Growth Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 21. More than eighty nations have a birth rate below the zero population growth point. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 16.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory. Topic: History and Theory of Population Growth Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 22. Until recently, China regulated fertility with a “one-child” policy. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 16.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory. Topic: History and Theory of Population Growth Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 23. “Zero population growth” refers to cases in which a nation’s birth rate drops to zero. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 16.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory. Topic: History and Theory of Population Growth Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 24. Today, the three or four largest cities contain as many people as did the entire world some 12,000 years ago. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 16.3: Summarize patterns of urbanization in the United States and around the world. Topic: Urbanization: The Growth of Cities

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 25. A metropolis is a large city that socially and economically dominates an urban area. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 16.3: Summarize patterns of urbanization in the United States and around the world. Topic: Urbanization: The Growth of Cities Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 26. In general, Snowbelt cities are larger in physical size than Sunbelt cities. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 16.3: Summarize patterns of urbanization in the United States and around the world. Topic: Urbanization: The Growth of Cities Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 27. During the last decade, there has been a rebound in the rural population of the United States. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 16.3: Summarize patterns of urbanization in the United States and around the world. Topic: Urbanization: The Growth of Cities Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 28. Durkheim’s concept of mechanical solidarity parallels Tönnies’s concept of Gemeinschaft. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 16.4: Identify the contributions of Tönnies, Durkheim, Simmel, Park, Wirth, and Marx to our understanding of urban life. Topic: Urbanism as a Way of Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 29. Georg Simmel claimed that urbanites are so interested in each other’s lives that there is little privacy in cities. Answer: False

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 16.4: Identify the contributions of Tönnies, Durkheim, Simmel, Park, Wirth, and Marx to our understanding of urban life. Topic: Urbanism as a Way of Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 30. The University of Chicago’s sociology department had an early focus on cities and urban life. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 16.4: Identify the contributions of Tönnies, Durkheim, Simmel, Park, Wirth, and Marx to our understanding of urban life. Topic: Urbanism as a Way of Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 31. As societies gain technological power, more population, and affluence they have a greater and greater effect on the natural environment. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 16.6: Analyze current environmental problems such as pollution and global warming. Topic: Environment and Society Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 32. In general, the way of life of people living in low-income nations causes much more harm to the environment than the way of life of people living in high-income nations does. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 16.6: Analyze current environmental problems such as pollution and global warming. Topic: Environment and Society Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 33. The limits to growth thesis states that humans can expect to solve whatever environmental problems come along. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 16.6: Analyze current environmental problems such as pollution and global warming. Topic: Environment and Society Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

34. Because our planet is mostly covered with oceans, there is no shortage of fresh water. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 16.6: Analyze current environmental problems such as pollution and global warming. Topic: Environment and Society Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 35. At the present rate of loss, almost all of the rain forests will be gone by the end of this century. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 16.6: Analyze current environmental problems such as pollution and global warming. Topic: Environment and Society Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 36. Global warming could cause the level of the oceans to fall by two to three feet during this century. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 16.6: Analyze current environmental problems such as pollution and global warming. Topic: Environment and Society Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 37. Protecting the rain forests is vital to maintaining the Earth’s biodiversity. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 16.6: Analyze current environmental problems such as pollution and global warming. Topic: Environment and Society Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 38. Environmental racism is a pattern by which environmental hazards are greatest for the poor, especially poor minorities. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 16.6: Analyze current environmental problems such as pollution and global warming. Topic: Environment and Society

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 39. Currently, about how many people are added to the world's population each year? a. 900,000 b. 9 million c. 90 million d. 900 million Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 40. Today, the world is home to about how many people? a. 7 billion b. 4 billion c. 1 billion d. 700 million Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 41. Demography is defined as the study of ________ a. democratic political systems. b. human population. c. changes in human culture. d. the natural environment. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 42. Fertility refers to ________

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

a. b. c. d.

life expectancy for a nation’s population. norms that encourages people to have children. the maximum number of children a woman can have. the incidence of childbearing in a nation’s population.

Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 43. Assume a country has a population of 400 million people and in a given year has 4 million births. What is this country's current crude birth rate? a. 0.1 b. 1 c. 10 d. 4 million Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 44. Which of the following concepts refers to the maximum possible childbearing for women? a. The crude birth rate b. Fertility c. Fecundity d. The refined birth rate Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 45. Which of the following concepts refers to the number of live births in a given year for every thousand people in a population? a. Fertility b. Refined birth rate c. Crude birth rate d. Fecundity

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 46. One region of the world has both the highest birth rate and the highest infant mortality rate. Which is it? a. Latin America b. Africa c. Europe d. Asia Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 47. In global perspective, the crude birth rate of high-income nations such as the United States is ________ a. much higher than average. b. slightly higher than average. c. about equal to the average. d. below average. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 48. Among which of the following categories of the U.S. population is fertility relatively low? a. Hispanic Americans b. Amish people c. Asian Americans d. Rural, farm families Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 49. If you were studying countries with very low infant mortality, in which of the following global regions would you be most likely to look? a. Latin America b. Africa c. Europe d. Asia Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 50. In terms of migration within the United States, the region of the country most often left behind is ________ a. the heartland or Great Plains, from North Dakota down to Texas. b. the South. c. the West Coast, from Washington down to California. d. the Southeast. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 51. Which of the following four statements about migration is NOT true? a. Migration can be voluntary or involuntary. b. Movement into a territory is called immigration. c. Movement out of a territory is called emigration. d. Migration has little or no effect on population size. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

52. The United States is a high-income country; therefore, we would expect population increase to result from which of the following? a. Both immigration and natural increase b. Natural increase only c. Immigration only d. Emigration only Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 53. Looking at countries around the world, what is the relationship between average income level and rate of population increase? a. The lower the average income, the greater the population increase. b. All nations are increasing at about the same rate. c. The higher the average income, the greater the population increase. d. Poor nations are holding steady, rich nations are decreasing. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 54. The demographic measure called the “sex ratio” refers to ________ a. how easily couples conceive children. b. the number of males for every 100 females in the population. c. the number of females for every 100 males in the population. d. the ratio of children to adults in a population. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 55. Why are sex ratios usually below 100? a. Because many societies abort male fetuses b. Because more women than men are born c. Because women typically outlive men d. Because life span has been getting shorter

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 56. If you were to examine an age-sex pyramid for a low-income nation, you would expect to see which of the following patterns? a. A wide base, indicating a high birth rate b. A square shape, indicating a low birth rate c. A bulge in the middle, indicating a “baby boom” d. A bulge at the top, indicating that most people are elderly Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 57. If a nation has a sex ratio of 108, as India does, it is very likely that parents there ________ a. value sons more than daughters. b. value daughters more than sons. c. value children of both sexes equally. d. place little value on children. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 58. Throughout most of human history, families had many children because ________ a. children were a source of needed labor. b. birth control was not reliable. c. high death rates meant that many children did not reach adulthood. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 16.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory. Topic: History and Theory of Population Growth

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 59. When in history did global population begin to spike upward? a. 1500 b. 1750 c. 1900 d. 1975 Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 16.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory. Topic: History and Theory of Population Growth Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 60. When did the world’s population reach 1 billion? a. 1600 b. 1700 c. 1800 d. 1900 Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 16.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory. Topic: History and Theory of Population Growth Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 61. How much did the world's population increase during the twentieth century? a. Not at all—it stayed about the same. b. It doubled. c. It tripled. d. It quadrupled. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 16.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory. Topic: History and Theory of Population Growth Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 62. Currently, about how much of the global population increase is taking place in lowincome nations? a. 33 percent b. 50 percent

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

c. d.

75 percent 99 percent

Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 16.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory. Topic: History and Theory of Population Growth Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 63. Thomas Robert Malthus claimed that ________ a. the world could sustain an ever-larger population. b. population increase would eventually bring chaos to the world. c. industrialization would reduce the birth rate. d. population decrease threatened the world in the future. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 16.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory. Topic: History and Theory of Population Growth Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 64. Malthus argued that ________ a. population would increase in geometric progression. b. food and other resources would increase in arithmetic progression. c. people would reproduce to a point beyond what the planet could support. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 16.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory. Topic: History and Theory of Population Growth Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 65. The basic idea behind demographic transition theory is ________ a. population patterns reflect a society’s level of technological development. b. population increase will outstrip the planet’s ability to support us. c. population increase is now mostly in high-income nations. d. population is declining to a dangerously low level. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 16.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory. Topic: History and Theory of Population Growth

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 66. In the preindustrial stage of technological development, population ________ a. increases very slowly, with a high birth rate offset by a high death rate. b. increases rapidly due mostly to natural increase. c. increases rapidly due entirely to immigration. d. decreases very rapidly. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 16.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory. Topic: History and Theory of Population Growth Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 67. Which of the following statements correctly describes societies at the postindustrial level of technological development? a. Birth rates are low. b. Death rates are steady. c. Both A and B are true. d. None of the other responses is correct. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 16.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory. Topic: History and Theory of Population Growth Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 68. In the United States, the birth rate is currently ________ a. at the replacement level. b. below the replacement level. c. slightly above the replacement level. d. well above the replacement level. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 16.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory. Topic: History and Theory of Population Growth Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 69. The concept of “zero population growth” refers to the level of reproduction that ________ a. produces a perfect age-sex pyramid.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

b. c. d.

keeps the sex ratio steady at 100. maintains population at a steady level. will take the population steadily downward to zero.

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 16.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory. Topic: History and Theory of Population Growth Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 70. Which of the following nations would you expect to be most concerned about a declining population? a. A landlocked country such as Chad b. A large country such as Brazil c. A high-income country such as Japan d. A low-income country such as Bangladesh Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 16.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory. Topic: History and Theory of Population Growth Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 71. In most of the poor nations of the world today, what is the average number of children born to a woman? a. Twenty b. Twelve c. Seven d. Three Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 16.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory. Topic: History and Theory of Population Growth Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 72. In low-income countries, increasing the range of opportunities available to women are likely to ________ a. stimulate the economy, raising economic output. b. lower the birth rate. c. result in more schooling for women. d. All of these responses are correct.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 16.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory. Topic: History and Theory of Population Growth Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 73. About how long ago in history did the first cities emerge? a. 10,000 years ago b. 4,000 years ago c. 2,000 years ago d. 1,000 years ago Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 16.3: Summarize patterns of urbanization in the United States and around the world. Topic: Urbanization: The Growth of Cities Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 74. According to the chapter, most historians agree that the first city was ________ a. Ur. b. Uruk. c. Jericho. d. London. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 16.3: Summarize patterns of urbanization in the United States and around the world. Topic: Urbanization: The Growth of Cities Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 75. In medieval cities of Europe, what was found at the city’s center? a. A central business district b. The ghetto c. Government buildings d. The cathedral Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 16.3: Summarize patterns of urbanization in the United States and around the world. Topic: Urbanization: The Growth of Cities Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

76. With the Industrial Revolution, how did the physical design of cities change? a. Cities took on a new focus on business. b. Winding streets gave way to broad and straight boulevards. c. Urban populations became much larger. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 16.3: Summarize patterns of urbanization in the United States and around the world. Topic: Urbanization: The Growth of Cities Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 77. In what year was half the U.S. population living in urban places for the first time? a. 1880 b. 1920 c. 1960 d. 1985 Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 16.3: Summarize patterns of urbanization in the United States and around the world. Topic: Urbanization: The Growth of Cities Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 78. The Industrial Revolution had what effect on U.S. cities? a. Buildings became much taller. b. Cities became much larger geographically and had many more people. c. Cities stood at the center of an expanding urban region. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 16.3: Summarize patterns of urbanization in the United States and around the world. Topic: Urbanization: The Growth of Cities Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 79. About when did urban centralization—the industrial metropolis—reach its peak in the United States? a. 1900 b. 1925 c. 1950 d. 1975

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 16.3: Summarize patterns of urbanization in the United States and around the world. Topic: Urbanization: The Growth of Cities Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 80. Urban decentralization has led to ________ a. an expansion of suburbs. b. the development of vast urban regions. c. the growth of edge cities. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 16.3: Summarize patterns of urbanization in the United States and around the world. Topic: Urbanization: The Growth of Cities Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 81. If you were to compare Sunbelt cities, such as Houston, to Snowbelt cities, such as Detroit, what differences would you find? a. Sunbelt cities are typically smaller in physical size. b. Sunbelt cities generally have smaller populations. c. Sunbelt cities generally have larger populations and are larger in physical size. d. Sunbelt cities lack the sprawl typical of Snowbelt cities. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 16.3: Summarize patterns of urbanization in the United States and around the world. Topic: Urbanization: The Growth of Cities Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 82. The concept of “megalopolis” refers to which of the following? a. A vast urban region containing many cities and suburbs b. The largest city in any country c. A dense, central city d. The “rural rebound” Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 16.3: Summarize patterns of urbanization in the United States and around the world. Topic: Urbanization: The Growth of Cities Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

83. Which of the following concepts was used by Ferdinand Tönnies to refer to a type of social organization in which people come together only on the basis of individual selfinterest? a. Gemeinschaft b. Gesellschaft c. Mechanical solidarity d. Organic solidarity Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 16.4: Identify the contributions of Tönnies, Durkheim, Simmel, Park, Wirth, and Marx to our understanding of urban life. Topic: Urbanism as a Way of Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 84. Which of the following concepts, used by Emile Durkheim, means about the same thing as Tönnies’s concept, Gesellschaft? a. Mechanical solidarity b. Organic solidarity c. Gemeinschaft d. The blasé urbanite Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 16.4: Identify the contributions of Tönnies, Durkheim, Simmel, Park, Wirth, and Marx to our understanding of urban life. Topic: Urbanism as a Way of Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 85. According to Emile Durkheim, while traditional, rural societies were built on________, modern urban societies are held together by ________. a. likeness; difference b. difference; likeness c. money; morals d. choice; conformity Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 16.4: Identify the contributions of Tönnies, Durkheim, Simmel, Park, Wirth, and Marx to our understanding of urban life. Topic: Urbanism as a Way of Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

86. The Industrial Revolution influenced urbanization in many ways, including where cities were sited. If you were to look back in history, you would find that almost every U.S. city was founded ________ a. in the West. b. on an island. c. on a waterway. d. in a valley. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 16.4: Identify the contributions of Tönnies, Durkheim, Simmel, Park, Wirth, and Marx to our understanding of urban life. Topic: Urbanism as a Way of Life Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 87. A third urban revolution is now taking place in ________ a. the United States. b. high-income nations. c. middle-income nations. d. low-income nations. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 16.5: Describe the third urban revolution now under way in poor societies. Topic: Urbanization in Poor Nations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 88. Which of the following concepts refers to the study of the interaction of living organisms and the natural environment? a. Sociobiology b. Ecology c. Demography d. Urban studies Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 16.6: Analyze current environmental problems such as pollution and global warming. Topic: Environment and Society Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 89. The concept of “environmental deficit” refers to ________ a. long-term harm to the environment caused by a short-sighted focus on material affluence. b. the fact that too few people are engaged in the study of the natural environment.

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

c. d.

the fact that natural scientists ignore the social dimensions of environmental problems. efforts to protect the environment to benefit future generations.

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 16.6: Analyze current environmental problems such as pollution and global warming. Topic: Environment and Society Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 90. Which of the following concepts refers to the optimistic approach to environmental issues that claims science can promote progress and solve environmental problems? a. The sustainability thesis b. The Malthusian thesis c. The limits to growth d. The logic of growth Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 16.6: Analyze current environmental problems such as pollution and global warming. Topic: Environment and Society Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 91. Which of the following statements expresses the “logic of growth”? a. Material affluence is dangerous to humanity. b. Technology and human ingenuity will continue to improve our lives. c. Quality of life on the Earth is declining. d. Growth makes no sense because we cannot sustain it indefinitely. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 16.6: Analyze current environmental problems such as pollution and global warming. Topic: Environment and Society Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 92. Which of the following statements expresses the “limits to growth” thesis? a. We are rapidly consuming the Earth’s finite resources. b. Whatever problems technology creates, technology can solve. c. Quality of life on the Earth is now improving. d. Growth makes sense because it raises living standards. Answer: a

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 16.6: Analyze current environmental problems such as pollution and global warming. Topic: Environment and Society Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 93. As a rich nation that values consumption and convenience, the U.S. can be described as ________ a. a “Malthusian society.” b. a “recycling society.” c. a “disposable society.” d. a “sustainable society.” Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 16.6: Analyze current environmental problems such as pollution and global warming. Topic: Environment and Society Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 94. Which of the following accounts for most water use in the world today? a. Industry b. Agriculture c. Households d. Water parks, golf courses, and other recreational settings Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 16.6: Analyze current environmental problems such as pollution and global warming. Topic: Environment and Society Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 95. Which of the following is evidence of the shortage of fresh water now found around the world? a. China’s supply of ground water is declining rapidly. b. Water supply in the Middle East is at a critical level. c. Mexico City has pumped so much water from the ground that the city continues to sink about two inches per year. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 16.6: Analyze current environmental problems such as pollution and global warming. Topic: Environment and Society Difficulty Level: Easy

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 96. Why is the gradual loss of the world’s rainforests an important environmental concern? a. Rainforests are vital to maintaining the planet’s biodiversity and climate. b. Rainforests are necessary grazing lands. c. Rainforests are a vital source of hardwoods and other raw materials. d. Rainforests are a source of air pollution. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 16.6: Analyze current environmental problems such as pollution and global warming. Topic: Environment and Society Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 97. Scientific evidence shows that the average temperature of the planet is ________ a. holding steady. b. increasing. c. decreasing. d. lower than it has ever been. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 16.6: Analyze current environmental problems such as pollution and global warming. Topic: Environment and Society Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 98. The environmental racism thesis falls within which theoretical approach? a. The structural-functional approach b. The sociobiology approach c. The symbolic-interaction approach d. The social-conflict approach Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 16.6: Analyze current environmental problems such as pollution and global warming. Topic: Environment and Society Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 99. Why is the crude birth rate “crude”?

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

Answer: Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 100. Compared to world standards, how would you describe the U.S. crude birth rate, crude death rate, and infant mortality rate? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 101. What is a net migration rate? How is it calculated? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 102. What is an “age-sex pyramid”? Why is it useful in the study of population? Provide examples of how to interpret an age-sex pyramid. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 103. What two assertions about population and resources were made by Thomas Robert Malthus? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 16.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory. Topic: History and Theory of Population Growth Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 15e

104. What are the four stages in demographic transition theory? Apply this theory to the population history of the United States. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 16.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory. Topic: History and Theory of Population Growth Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 105. How do population patterns differ in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres? What accounts for these differences? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 16.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory. Topic: History and Theory of Population Growth Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 106. What is the “demographic divide”? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 16.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory. Topic: History and Theory of Population Growth Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 107. What three urban revolutions have reshaped human societies? What changes have occurred in each of the three revolutions? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 16.5: Describe the third urban revolution now under way in poor societies. Topic: Urbanization in Poor Nations Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 108. State the basic idea of the “logic of growth” thesis. Provide a critical assessment of this thesis. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 16.6: Analyze current environmental problems such as pollution and global warming.

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Topic: Environment and Society Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 109. State the basic idea of the “limits to growth” thesis. Provide a critical assessment of this thesis. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 16.6: Analyze current environmental problems such as pollution and global warming. Topic: Environment and Society Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 110. Why are environmentalists concerned about the loss of the planet's rainforests? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 16.6: Analyze current environmental problems such as pollution and global warming. Topic: Environment and Society Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 111. What is “environmental racism”? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 16.6: Analyze current environmental problems such as pollution and global warming. Topic: Environment and Society Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts ESSAY QUESTIONS/TOPICS FOR SHORT PAPERS 112. Examine the two age-sex pyramids shown in the chapter. Write an essay in which you analyze these pyramids showing how they provide information about the past, present, and future of these societies’ populations. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size. Topic: Demography: The Study of Population Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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113. Clearly state the warning given to the world by Thomas Robert Malthus. How does demographic transition theory respond to this warning? Provide data on the history of global population increase and indicate whether or not you think it provides evidence that supports Malthus’s view. What about demographic transition theory? Which position do you find more convincing? Why? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 16.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory. Topic: History and Theory of Population Growth Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 114. What is “urbanism as a way of life”? Develop a description of urbanism drawing on ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Simmel, and Wirth. In what ways do they agree? Also note points of disagreement. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 16.4: Identify the contributions of Tönnies, Durkheim, Simmel, Park, Wirth, and Marx to our understanding of urban life. Topic: Urbanism as a Way of Life Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 115. What do we learn from the urban political economy approach? How does this approach differ from the “urbanism as a way of life” theory developed by Louis Wirth and others? (Consider whether cities are self-defining on the basis of population size, density, and diversity or whether cities reflect larger economic forces such as capitalism.) Answer: Learning Objective: LO 16.4: Identify the contributions of Tönnies, Durkheim, Simmel, Park, Wirth, and Marx to our understanding of urban life. Topic: Urbanism as a Way of Life Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 116. What is “global warming”? What data support the claim that the planet is getting warmer? What efforts are being made to address this issue? How important has this issue been in the 2016 presidential campaign? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 16.6: Analyze current environmental problems such as pollution and global warming. Topic: Environment and Society Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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117. Write an essay in which you sketch out principles that would lead to an environmentally sustainable way of life for the planet. Would our attitudes towards consumption change? If so, how? How would this be affected by the current level of global stratification? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 16.6: Analyze current environmental problems such as pollution and global warming. Topic: Environment and Society Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Chapter 17: Social Change: Modern and Postmodern Societies In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Society: The Basics, 15th edition. The questions are tagged according to four levels of learning that move from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The four levels are: Remember the Facts: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material Understand the Concepts: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas Apply What You Know: a question applying sociological knowledge to some new situation Analyze It: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship The 159 questions in this chapter’s test bank are divided into four types. True/False questions are the least demanding. As the table below shows, all of these fall within the two lowest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Remember the Facts” and “Understand the Concepts”). Multiple-choice questions fall within the three lowest levels of cognitive reasoning (adding some “Apply What You Know” questions). Short answer questions span a broader range of skills (from “Understand the Concepts” to “Analyze It”). Finally, essay questions are the most demanding, falling within the two highest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Apply What You Know” and “Analyze It”). Types of Questions

Remember the Facts Understand the Concepts Apply What You Know Analyze It

True/False

Mult Choice

Essay

Total Qs

47 (59%)

Short Answer 0

44 (86%)

7 (14%)

22 (28%)

9 (43%)

10 (13%)

3 (14%)

2 (25%)

0 51

0 79

9 (43%) 21

6 (75%) 8

15 159

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Chapter 17: Social Change: Modern and Postmodern Societies TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. Modernity is the product of social changes brought on by the Industrial Revolution. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 17.1: State four defining characteristics of social change. Topic: What Is Social Change? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2. In global perspective, we see that some societies change, but many others do not. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 17.1: State four defining characteristics of social change. Topic: What Is Social Change? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 3. William Ogburn’s theory of cultural lag states that nonmaterial culture (such as ideas) usually changes faster than material culture (including technology). Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 17.1: State four defining characteristics of social change. Topic: What Is Social Change? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 4. Social change is usually controversial. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 17.1: State four defining characteristics of social change. Topic: What Is Social Change? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. Social change results from invention, discovery, and cultural diffusion. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

6. Karl Marx claimed that conflict between classes has the effect of preventing social change. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 7. In general, sociologists claim, collective behavior is easy to explain. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8. To a passing observer, all types of collective behavior appear very much the same. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9. Unlike a mob action, a riot usually has a clear goal. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10. Only a handful of actual mob lynchings in the United States have ever been documented. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

11. Fads are sometimes called “crazes.” Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 12. Hurricane Harvey and the flooding of Houston is an example of a “natural disaster.” Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 13. Genocide—the systematic killing of many people—is an example of an “intentional disaster.” Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 14. The social damage from a disaster is especially great when a toxic substance is involved. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 15. Kai Erikson claims that, as serious as many disasters are, they usually are over quickly. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 16. All social movements call for basic change to all of society. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 17. Social movements always form among the people who are the most disadvantaged. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 18. Mass-society theory claims that social movements are personal as much as political in that they offer people a sense of meaning and purpose. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 19. Social movements need resources, including members, in order to succeed. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 20. Culture theory would argue that a photograph or some other symbol often serves as the rallying point for forming a social movement. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change.

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 21. Political-economy theory links social movements to opposition to the capitalist economy. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 22. The “coalescence” of a social movement includes its efforts to “go public.” Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 23. Modernization means that a smaller share of people live in small, traditional communities. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 24. Modernization typically reduces people’s range of personal choice about how to live. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 25. Modernization typically decreases social diversity. Answer: False

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e

Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 26. Sociologist Peter Berger suggests that the increasing importance of tracking the time—evident in the rising popularity of wearing wristwatches—is a good indicator that a traditional society is beginning to modernize. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 27. Ferdinand Tönnies described Gesellschaft as based on the power of the community to impose morality upon the individual. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 28. Saying that people are “essentially united in spite of all separating factors” is a good way to describe what Tönnies called Gemeinschaft. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 29. Emile Durkheim’s concept of mechanical solidarity parallels Tönnies’s concept of Gesellschaft. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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30. According to Emile Durkheim, modern societies are held together by difference, a process he called “organic solidarity.” Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 31. Emile Durkheim understood modernization in terms of changes in societal solidarity. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 32. Emile Durkheim considered a rising suicide rate a good indicator that mechanical solidarity was getting stronger. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 33. Max Weber worried that modern societies were prone to a condition he called “anomie.” Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 34. Max Weber declared modern society to be “disenchanted.” Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity

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Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 35. While Max Weber linked modern alienation to inequality, Karl Marx linked modern alienation to expanding bureaucracy. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 36. Karl Marx considered the defining trait of modern society to be capitalism. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 37. Jeans, the type of clothing that became popular with young people in the 1960s and are very popular today with people of all ages, are actually centuries old. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 38. Karl Marx was a major architect of mass-society theory. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 39. Mass-society theory argues that the scale of social life is increasingly leaving people feeling lost in a world of large and impersonal bureaucracies. Answer: True

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Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 40. According to mass-society theory, the mass media transform countless local communities, forming a national culture. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 41. A criticism of mass-society theory is that it pays too much attention to social inequality. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 42. The class-society theory of modernity is derived largely from the social-conflict approach of Karl Marx. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 43. The class-society theory states that modernization has greatly reduced social inequality. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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44. Difficulty forming a personal identity is a problem of modernity highlighted by masssociety theory. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 45. Modern people, claims mass-society theory, develop tradition-directed personalities and hold to conventional ways of life. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 46. What David Riesman calls other-directed people are characterized by superficiality, inconsistency, and an openness to change. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 47. People whom David Reisman calls “other-directed” have little interest in fashions and fads. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 48. Class society characterizes the personal experience of modernity as a feeling of being powerless. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society.

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Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 49. The story of the Kaiapo in Brazil shows that modernization makes people better appreciate their traditions. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 50. “Postmodernity” refers to societies transformed by the Industrial Revolution. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 17.5: Discuss postmodernism as one type of social criticism. Topic: Postmodernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 51. The theory of postmodernity claims that, in important respects, modernity has failed to live up to its promise. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 17.5: Discuss postmodernism as one type of social criticism. Topic: Postmodernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 52. The chapter-opening story of the inhabitants of a New York apartment who live a century apart demonstrates ________ a. change over the last century has been dramatic. b. that, in some ways, life has clearly improved. c. that, in some ways, life has not improved. d. All of these are responses correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 17.1: State four defining characteristics of social change. Topic: What Is Social Change? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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53. The concept of modernity refers to changes in social patterns brought on by which of the following? a. The fall of the Roman Empire b. The Enlightenment c. The Industrial Revolution d. Globalization Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 17.1: State four defining characteristics of social change. Topic: What Is Social Change? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 54. Which of the following concepts refers to changes brought on by the Information Revolution? a. Feudalism b. Tradition c. Modernity d. Postmodernity Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 17.1: State four defining characteristics of social change. Topic: What Is Social Change? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 55. Social change is almost always ________ a. controversial. b. planned. c. good for everyone in a society. d. a matter of agreement among all. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 17.1: State four defining characteristics of social change. Topic: What Is Social Change? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 56. Sociologists point out that ________ a. some societies change and many others do not. b. social change happens all the time. c. all social change is good. d. social change is a very rare event. Answer: b

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Learning Objective: LO 17.1: State four defining characteristics of social change. Topic: What Is Social Change? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 57. Sociologists explain that the consequences of social change are ________ a. always positive. b. always negative. c. usually both positive and negative. d. impossible to assess. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 17.1: State four defining characteristics of social change. Topic: What Is Social Change? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 58. Comparing various social changes, we correctly conclude that ________ a. all changes are planned. b. fads have the greatest importance. c. most changes go completely unnoticed by people. d. some changes matter more than others. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 17.1: State four defining characteristics of social change. Topic: What Is Social Change? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 59. The coins we use today were first devised in the Middle East centuries ago. The fact that we use coins today in the United States is an example of which of the following? a. Invention b. Discovery c. Diffusion d. Sheer chance Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 60. Which of the following is a common cause of social change? a. Discovery of existing things b. Diffusion of ideas from one cultural system to another

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c. d.

Invention of new ideas and things All of these responses are correct.

Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 61. Ralph Linton explained that many familiar elements of our own U.S. culture ________ a. actually came to us from other cultures. b. are unique to our own society. c. were unknown even a few decades ago. d. were discovered completely by accident. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 62. Karl Marx highlighted which of the following in the process of social change? a. Invention b. Ideas c. Class conflict d. Cultural diffusion Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 63. Max Weber’s thesis on the Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism highlighted the importance of which of the following in the process of social change? a. Invention b. Ideas c. Social conflict d. Cultural diffusion Answer: b

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Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 64. Moving on has always been an important part of the experience of U.S. society. Remembering the map in the chapter, in which part of the country are there an especially large share of households that stay put, where people in a family have lived for thirty years or more? a. Florida b. The Southwest c. The West Coast d. The Great Plains Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 65. Demographic change in the United States over the course of the last century includes a trend towards ________ a. smaller household size. b. a larger share of elderly people. c. living in cities. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 66. Collective behavior involves action that often ________ a. is unplanned. b. involves a large number of people. c. is controversial. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change

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Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 67. Which of the following is a good example of a crowd? a. Many people walking on a city street who stop to observe an auto accident b. Many people who are graduates of the same college c. A few people who gather at a city park every Saturday to play tennis d. A few people who live in the same college dorm Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 68. Because of their intense emotion, mobs ________ a. can be violent and destructive. b. tend to last a long time. c. include people who get to know one another. d. are peaceful but very sad. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 69. A riot differs from a mob in that the riot ________ a. is not usually violent. b. typically has little focus or clear goal. c. involves fewer people. d. is very rare in U.S. history. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 70. Hula hoops, streaking, and Pokémon cards are all examples of ________ a. fads. b. fashion. c. style.

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social movements.

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 71. Fashion differs from a fad in that fashion ________ a. is shorter lived. b. is less conventional. c. reflects established cultural values. d. never changes. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 72. The enormous oil spill by the tanker Exxon Valdez in 1989 is an example of which of the following types of disasters? a. Natural disaster b. Technological disaster c. Intentional disaster d. Unpreventable disaster Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 73. Superstorm Sandy, which devastated parts of the East Coast in 2012, is best thought of as an example of which of the following types of disasters? a. Natural disaster b. Technological disaster c. Intentional disaster d. Preventable disaster Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change.

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Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 74. The genocide that took place in the Darfur region of Sudan is an example of which of the following types of disasters? a. Natural disaster b. Technological disaster c. Intentional disaster d. Unpreventable disaster Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 75. Kai Erikson explains that disasters harm people in a way the public often fails to realize by ________ a. destroying property. b. killing people. c. breaking down people’s communities. d. devastating infrastructure. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 76. The atomic tests near to Utrick Island in 1954 were a disaster for the 159 people who lived there. Kai Erikson explains that this disaster ________ a. brought the people together in a good way. b. never really had an ending. c. was completely fixed by the U.S. government within a few days. d. showed how it is possible to predict and prepare for disasters. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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77. Social movements are defined as ________ a. unlawful activity in the form of rioting. b. widely dispersed efforts to force people to conform. c. any formal organization that uses propaganda. d. organized activity that encourages or discourages social change. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 78. Of the various types of social movements, which is least threatening to the status quo? a. Alternative social movements b. Redemptive social movements c. Reformative social movements d. Revolutionary social movements Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 79. Which type of social movement seeks radical social change but only in some people? a. Alternative social movements b. Redemptive social movements c. Reformative social movements d. Revolutionary social movements Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 80. Which type of social movement seeks radical change in all of society? a. Alternative social movements b. Redemptive social movements c. Reformative social movements d. Revolutionary social movements

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Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 81. Alcoholics Anonymous, an organization that seeks to help alcoholics achieve a sober life, is one example of which type of social movement? a. Alternative social movements b. Redemptive social movements c. Reformative social movements d. Revolutionary social movements Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 82. Deprivation theory states that social movements arise among people who ________ a. feel adrift in society. b. have plenty of money and other resources. c. feel they lack enough income, basic rights, or human dignity. d. mobilize around cultural symbols. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 83. The concept of relative deprivation is based on the idea that ________ a. people evaluate themselves by making specific comparisons. b. some people have more than others. c. people always judge their situation in absolute terms. d. getting more makes people feel better about themselves. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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84. The assertion that the rural people who are struggling economically supported the “Make America Great Again” movement led by Donald Trump offers support for which of the following theories explaining social movements? a. Culture theory b. New social movements theory c. Mass-society theory d. Deprivation theory Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 85. Mass-society theory predicts that social movements will involve people who ________ a. are socially isolated. b. have sufficient resources to launch and sustain them. c. feel they lack enough income, power, or human dignity. d. mobilize around cultural symbols. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 86. Resource-mobilization theory states that social movements require ________ a. a cultural symbol. b. money and other necessary resources. c. a sense of relative deprivation. d. high technology. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 87. Which theoretical approach states that social movements depend on rallying around symbols? a. Mass-society theory

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b. c. d.

Deprivation theory Resource-mobilization theory Culture theory

Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 88. The political economy approach to social movements is closely linked to which of the following social thinkers? a. Max Weber b. Neil Smelser c. Karl Marx d. Thorstein Veblen Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 89. In what way do “new social movements” differ from those in the past? a. They are more likely to be international. b. They are likely to focus on social rather than economic issues. c. They are likely to attract support from middle- and upper-middle-class people. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 90. Which of the following is the best example of an issue that defines a “new social movement”? a. Poverty in the United States b. Global warming c. The strength of labor unions d. The conditions of immigrant farm workers in the Southwest Answer: b

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Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 91. One stage in the life of a social movement is called “coalescence.” This stage refers to which of the following? a. The emergence of the movement b. The movement defining itself and “going public” c. Developing a capable staff to keep the movement operating d. The decline of the movement Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 92. The stage of a social movement called “bureaucratization” refers to ________ a. the emergence of the movement. b. the movement defining itself and “going public.” c. developing a capable staff to keep the movement operating. d. the decline of the movement. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 93. What is one reason that social movements decline? a. They can never accomplish their purpose. b. They suffer a loss of resources, including motivated members. c. The existing power structure discourages leaders. d. The small communities that produce them have declined. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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94. Modernity is the concept associated with social patterns that began to change the world about when? a. 1492 b. 1600 c. 1750 d. 1950 Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 95. Peter Berger describes modernization in terms of several important changes. Read the responses below and select the one that is NOT a pattern of change that Berger links to modernity. a. A smaller share of people living in urban places b. The expansion of personal choice c. Increasing social diversity d. A future orientation and growing awareness of time Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 96. Ferdinand Tönnies described modernity as the loss of ________ a. Gemeinschaft. b. Gesellschaft. c. social diversity. d. personal choice. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 97. For Tönnies, the essence of Gesellschaft is ________ a. faith in established tradition. b. self-interest. c. kinship.

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neighborhood and friendship.

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 98. A criticism of Tönnies’s theory of modernity is that his theory ________ a. saw modernity as entirely positive. b. claimed modern people are business-like in their relationships. c. overlooked the fact that strong social ties still exist in modern society. d. did not see the Industrial Revolution as making much difference in social patterns. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 99. Emile Durkheim claimed that the defining trait of modernity was ________ a. faith in established tradition. b. kinship. c. common beliefs. d. an increasing division of labor. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 100. Durkheim’s concept of organic solidarity is roughly the same as Tönnies’s concept of ________ a. Gemeinschaft. b. Gesellschaft. c. blasé urbanite. d. specialization. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity

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Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 101. Durkheim’s greatest concern about modern societies focused on ________ a. a rise of anomie. b. increasing personal choice. c. a rise in productive specialization. d. increasing personal privacy. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 102. Max Weber defined modernity in terms of which of the following concepts? a. Capitalism b. Specialization c. Self-interest d. Rationalization Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 103. For Weber, preindustrial societies are characterized by a focus on ________ a. personal choice. b. shared moral sentiments. c. productive specialization. d. rationality. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 104. Max Weber saw which of the following as evidence of modernization? a. The rise of capitalism b. The rise of science c. The spread of bureaucracy

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All of these responses are correct.

Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 105. Which of the following thinkers was, on balance, most critical of modern society? a. Max Weber b. Emile Durkheim c. Peter Berger d. W. W. Rostow Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 106. Karl Marx understood modernity in terms of which of the following? a. The rise of rationality b. Increasing productive specialization c. The rise of the capitalist economic system d. The loss of traditional community Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 107. Denim clothing, including “jeans,” first became popular in parts of the United States in about when? a. The 1990s b. The 1960s c. 1900 d. The 1850s Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy

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Skill Level: Remember the Facts 108. A mass society is one that ________ a. has expanding bureaucracy. b. is affluent in terms of economic production. c. has lost much of its traditional social ties. d. All of these responses are correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 109. Read the following four statements about modern society. One statement is not consistent with the theory of “mass society.” Which statement is it? a. There are more poor people than in the past. b. Kinship ties are weaker than in the past. c. Religious beliefs play a smaller part in social life. d. People experience moral uncertainty about how to live. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 110. A number of sociologists contributed to a mass-society theory of modernity. Which of the following sociologists is NOT one of them? a. Emile Durkheim b. Karl Marx c. Ferdinand Tönnies d. Max Weber Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 111. To say that modern society has a “mass scale” means that many fewer people ________ a. live in small communities.

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b. c. d.

have a strong sense of cultural heritage. are very sure about what is right and wrong. All of these responses are correct.

Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 112. Mass-society theory offers a criticism of modern society as having ________ a. become less and less affluent. b. pushed minorities to the margins. c. become an impersonal mass of socially rootless people. d. created too much economic inequality. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 113. The problem mass-society theory sees with the expansion of bureaucracy and the state is that ________ a. as bureaucracy and the state expand, people in local communities have less control over their lives. b. government is not very efficient. c. there is an increase in social inequality. d. people feel the need for more personal freedom. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 114. The class-society theory of modernity is based on the ideas of which of the following sociologists? a. Emile Durkheim b. Karl Marx c. Max Weber d. Ferdinand Tönnies

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Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 115. The class-society approach to modernity focuses on which of the following? a. Marked social stratification b. Productive specialization c. Loss of traditional community d. Rationality Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 116. If you were following the class-society approach, which factor would you focus on as shaping modern society the most? a. Rationality b. Interdependency c. Capitalism d. Anomie Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 117. Applying mass-society theory, you would claim that the biggest micro-level problem facing individuals in modern society is ________ a. poverty. b. too much tradition. c. powerlessness. d. establishing a clear personal identity. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Moderate

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Skill Level: Apply What You Know 118. Individuals experience modern mass societies in terms of ________ a. pronounced moral relativism. b. little personal choice. c. too little privacy. d. the experience of inequality. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 119. David Riesman described tradition-directed social character as which of the following? a. Eagerness to adopt the latest fashions and fads b. Rigid conformity to established ways of life c. Being highly individualistic d. Wanting to change with the times Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 120. David Riesman described other-directed social character as which of the following? a. Openness to the latest fashions and fads b. Rigid conformity to established ways of life c. Being highly individualistic d. Doing what has always been done Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 121. Read the four statements below. Only one statement is correct; which statement is it? a. Members of traditional societies conform; members of modern societies do not. b. Members of modern societies conform; members of traditional societies do not.

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c. d.

Members of both traditional and modern societies conform, but to a different extent and for different reasons. Neither members of traditional nor modern societies conform.

Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 122. Following mass-society theory, the key problem of living in a modern society is ________ a. finding any personal freedom. b. dealing with persistent poverty. c. gaining a sense of power. d. building a confident personal identity in a quickly changing and morally relativistic world. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 123. Following class-society theory, the key problem of living in a modern society is ________ a. economic inequality that leads most people to feel powerless. b. too much personal freedom. c. difficulty building a clear personal identity. d. too much rationality. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 124. Herbert Marcuse challenged Max Weber by claiming that modern societies ________ a. are much too rational. b. are irrational because they fail to meet most people’s needs. c. have made great strides in reducing inequality. d. have little effect on the individual.

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Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 125. What did Herbert Marcuse have to say about science? a. Science is the key to modern affluence. b. Science is not new to modern societies; it has existed for centuries. c. Science causes as many problems as it solves. d. Science is only one dimension of “rationality.” Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 126. In the United States, our culture makes us think that modernity always involves which of the following? a. Progress b. Inequality c. Tradition d. Celebrating the past Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 127. The Kaiapo of Brazil’s rain forest and the Hog Hammock community off the coast of Georgia show us that ________ a. “progress” is typically good. b. social change is usually good for everyone. c. people do not have to change if they do not want to. d. people sometimes lose their cultural foundation as a result of materialism. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity

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Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 128. The concept “postmodernity” refers to which of the following? a. Societies that have yet to industrialize b. Societies that keep their traditions c. Societies that have entered the postindustrial era d. Societies that are just beginning to industrialize Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 17.5: Discuss postmodernism as one type of social criticism. Topic: Postmodernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 129. Scholars who take a postmodernist approach claim that ________ a. in many respects, modernity has failed. b. science holds the important answers. c. people should be optimistic about their future. d. life keeps getting better. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 17.5: Discuss postmodernism as one type of social criticism. Topic: Postmodernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 130. Read the four statements below about postmodernism. Which one of them is NOT correct? a. The future probably will not be as good as the present. b. Science does not hold all the answers. c. Cultural debates are intensifying. d. The family and other social institutions are not changing. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 17.5: Discuss postmodernism as one type of social criticism. Topic: Postmodernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 131. What are four key characteristics of the process of social change? Answer:

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Learning Objective: LO 17.1: State four defining characteristics of social change. Topic: What Is Social Change? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 132. What are the three important causes of cultural change? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 133. What demographic (population) trends are reshaping the United States? What are some likely consequences of these changes? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 134. Define “fashion” and “fad” so that their differences are clear. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 135. What is a “disaster”? What are three types of disasters? Give an example of each. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 136. Name and define four types of social movements. How are they different? Answer:

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Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 137. What is claims making? Why is this process important to the success of a social movement? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 138. How does deprivation theory differ from mass-society theory as an explanation of social movements? Which do you think is more accurate? Why? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 139. Explain the political-economy theory of social movements. Provide a criticism of this theory. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 140. How do “new social movements” differ from older social movements? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 141. What are the four stages in the life course of a social movement?

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Answer: Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 142. What are Peter Berger’s four major characteristics of modernization? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 143. Define the concepts Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft in ways that make their difference clear. Apply these concepts to social life in the United States. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 144. Explain Emile Durkheim’s point in saying that modern society is characterized by “organic solidarity.” Answer: Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 145. What did Emile Durkheim say about modernization changing society’s solidarity? What about modernization affecting specialization? What, exactly, changes as societies modernize? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Difficult

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Skill Level: Analyze It 146. What did Max Weber say was the defining trait of modern society? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 147. In a sentence or two, what is the basic idea behind mass-society theory? What is one criticism of this theory? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 148. In a sentence or two, what is the basic idea behind class-society theory? What is one criticism of this theory? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 149. According to mass-society theory, what problems do modern individuals face? What does class-society theory have to say about the personal problems of modern people? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 150. Is modernization the same around the world? Why or why not? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society.

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Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 151. What is “postmodernity”? What are the criticisms made of our society? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 17.5: Discuss postmodernism as one type of social criticism. Topic: Postmodernity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It ESSAY QUESTIONS/TOPICS FOR SHORT PAPERS 152. In this essay, identify and discuss several causes of social change, including cultural processes (invention, discovery, and diffusion), social conflict, ideas, and demographic patterns. Of these factors, which do you think is the most important? Why? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 153. What have sociologists learned about disasters? What are the three types of disasters? Provide an example of each. Explain why the social damage caused by a disaster may end up being more serious than the property damage. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 154. Identify at least three of the social movements mentioned in the chapter. Using one or more theories of social movements, provide an explanation for the emergence of each. Can you identify stages in each social movement? If so, what are they? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Difficult

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Skill Level: Apply What You Know 155. In your opinion, what condition or situation in the world today calls out for a social movement aimed at change? Why is change necessary? Do many people agree with you that this is an important issue? What would you do to help bring about this change? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 17.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change. Topic: Causes of Social Change Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 156. What is modernity? How are modern societies different from traditional societies? Discuss the defining traits of modernity by applying the theories of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 157. A sociological approach to understanding social change tends to contrast “traditional” and “modern” ways of life. Yet, as the box in the chapter (“Tradition and Modernity: The History of Jeans”) explains, this form of clothing has been around a long time. Can you think of other elements of our social life that we think of as “modern” that have existed for many decades or even centuries? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 17.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. Topic: Visions of Modernity Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 158. Develop an essay that highlights various qualities of modern societies following (a) mass-society theory and (b) class-society theory. Carefully describe modern societies in such a way as to bring out the differences between the two theories. On what points do they agree? In your opinion, which is the more convincing argument? Why? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity

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Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 159. People in the United States are inclined to speak of social change as “progress.” In this essay, critically assess that contention. As evidence, consider some of the changes mentioned in the box “Does ‘Modernity’ Mean ‘Progress’?” Does the idea of “change as progress” hold up? Try to develop a more complex statement of the link between social change and quality of life. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 17.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. Topic: Theories of Modernity Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It