TEST BANK for Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood A Cultural Approach Fifth Edition

CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: Introduction

1

CHAPTER 2: Biological Foundations

29

CHAPTER 3: Cognitive Foundations

57

CHAPTER 4: Cultural Beliefs

85

CHAPTER 5: Gender

114

CHAPTER 6: The Self

142

CHAPTER 7: Family Relationships

170

CHAPTER 8: Friends and Peers

203

CHAPTER 9: Love and Sexuality

233

CHAPTER 10: School

263

CHAPTER 11: Work

293

CHAPTER 12: Media

323

CHAPTER 13: Problems and Resilience

353

Adolescence in Western Cultures: A Brief History Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood

The Transition to Adulthood

The Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Adolescence Around the World: A Brief Regional Overview Other Themes of the Book

Framework of the Book

Chapter 1 Introduction

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Chapter 2 Biological Foundations

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113

TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE Topic Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Adolescents and Gender in American History Socialization and Gender in the West

Multiple Choice

Gender Factual 2,4,5,12,13,16,17

Conceptual 3.6,7,8,9,11,14,15, 19

Applied 1,10,18

True/False Short Essay

76,77

Multiple Choice

23,28

True/False Short Essay

78

Multiple Choice

31,33,35,36,37,41, 32,34,38,40,43,48,50, 39,42,47,49,51,53,, 44,45,46,52,55,56, 57,58,60,61, 54,59,62,64,68,72, 63,67 65,66, 69,70,71 73 79,80,81,82,83,84, 85,86,87,88,89 92,93,94

True/False Short Essay

Gender and Globalization

Chapter 5

Multiple Choice True/False Short Essay

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91 20,21,22,24,25,27, 30

26,29

74,75 90 95

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Chapter 5: Gender Multiple Choice 5.1.01. Shannon's friends sometimes tease her about her dislike of wearing fashionable clothes and her plans to be an aircraft mechanic. Shannon's attributes most likely violate her friends' views of a. vocational choices. b. psychological roles. c. gender roles. d. adolescent personality.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.01 Page Reference: 123 Topic: Introduction Skill: Applied Answer: c. gender roles.

5.1.02. Sex is to biological categories as gender is to ________categories. a. androgynous b. psychological c. pathological d. social Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1.02 Page Reference: 123 Topic: Introduction Skill: Factual Answer: d. social 5.1.03. Which of the following best represents a gender difference versus a sex difference? a. Girls tend to have a more negative body image than boys. b. Girls develop breasts at puberty, whereas boys do not. c. Boys tend to reach the growth spurt two years later than girls. d. Boys grow facial hair during adolescence, whereas girls do not.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.03 Page Reference: 123 Topic: Introduction Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. Girls tend to have a more negative body image than boys.

5.1.04. In your text, use of the term sex refers to the a. theoretical notion of socially constructed identities.

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b. mate selection patterns in various societies. c. biological status of being male or female. d. psychological status of being male or female.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1.04 Page Reference: 123 Topic: Introduction Skill: Factual Answer: c. biological status of being male or female.

5.1.05. Awareness of gender roles and expectations tends to ________ during adolescence. a. decrease b. intensify c. stabilize d. disappear Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1.05 Page Reference: 124 Topic: From Girl to Woman Skill: Factual Answer: b. intensify 5.1.06. Which statement best reflects adolescents' family relationships in traditional cultures? a. Boys have more contact with their mothers than do girls. b. Boys have more contact with peers than do girls. c. Girls have more contact with peers than do boys. d. Girls have more contact with their fathers than do boys.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.06 Page Reference: 124 Topic: From Girl to Woman Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. Boys have more contact with peers than do girls.

5.1.07. According to research, in traditional cultures, during adolescence, socialization becomes broader for boys and narrower for girls. Therefore, a. girls generally have more freedom than boys. b. boys generally have more freedom than girls. c. girls are expected to leave home at an early age. d. boys are expected to have sexual experience before marriage.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.07 Page Reference: 124 Topic: From Girl to Woman Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. boys generally have more freedom than girls.

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5.1.08. In cultures with narrow patterns of socialization, it tends to be the most narrow in terms of a. gender expectations. b. peer relationships. c. religious expectations. d. intellectual development.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.08 Page Reference: 124 Topic: From Girl to Woman Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. gender expectations.

5.1.09. Which of the following is most true of adolescent relationships in traditional cultures? Boys and girls a. live very different lives and spend little time together. b. spend a great deal of time working together. c. spend most of their time with friends and at school. d. spend very little time with their immediate family.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.09 Page Reference: 125 Topic: From Girl to Woman Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. live very different lives and spend little time together.

5.1.10. Brittany is eight years old. Her daily activities include helping her mother make meals, running the household, and looking after her baby brother. Most likely, Brittany lives in a(n) a. traditional preindustrial culture. b. urban Westernized area. c. large single‐family household. d. industrialized European nation.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 5.1.10 Page Reference: 124‐125 Topic: From Girl to Woman Skill: Applied Answer: a. traditional preindustrial culture.

5.1.11. Which of the following tasks best reflects the socialization of adolescent girls in traditional cultures? Preparation for a. leaving the family home. b. entering the workplace.

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c. establishing peer relationships. d. marriage and gender‐specific adult roles.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.11 Page Reference: 124‐125 Topic: From Girl to Woman Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. marriage and gender‐specific adult roles.

5.1.12. Chinas (1991) studied adolescent girls and women in a traditional village in a. Canada. b. Columbia. c. Japan. d. Mexico.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.12 Page Reference: 124 Topic: From Girl to Woman Skill: Factual Answer: d. Mexico.

5.1.13. Cross‐cultural analyses have shown that in traditional cultures a boy is considered a man when he is able to a. divide and conquer. b. clothe and feed himself. c. work, war, and wager. d. provide, protect, and procreate.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1.13 Page Reference: 125 Topic: From Boy to Man Skill: Factual Answer: d. provide, protect, and procreate.

5.1.14. The idea that attaining manhood is considered a difficult achievement is best reflected by a. a large population of males who do not conform to traditional ways. b. many cultures having a special word meaning "failed man." c. a large proportion of matriarchal societies. d. many cultures having a distinct name for adolescent males.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.14 Page Reference: 125 Topic: From Boy to Man Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. many cultures having a special word meaning "failed man." ..

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5.1.15. Which of the following most accurately represents manhood requirements in traditional cultures? a. Acquiring useful skills and developing character qualities. b. Discovering new ideas through formal education. c. Learning how to raise a family by working alongside female family members. d. Separating from home and village ties.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.15 Page Reference: 126 Topic: From Boy to Man Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. Acquiring useful skills and developing character qualities.

5.1.16. In your text, which of the following is put forth as a function of female circumcision?

Female circumcision a. is a form of male control over female sexuality. b. is a traditional method of practicing hygiene. c. provides equality with males who are also circumcised. d. shows females' ability to endure pain.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1.16 Page Reference: 127 Topic: Male and Female Circumcision in Adolescence Skill: Factual Answer: a. is a form of male control over female sexuality.

5.1.17. Gilmore studied the Mehinaku people who live in the remote Brazilian rain forest.

The Mehinaku culture has been affected very little by a. research procedures. b. gender expectations. c. village traditions. d. globalization.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1.17 Page Reference: 127 Topic: From Boy to Man Skill: Factual Answer: d. globalization.

5.1.18. Kedrick is a 12‐year‐old member of Mehinaku society. He is often sick and stays at home to help his mother rather than fishing with his father and practicing wrestling.

Kedrick is likely to be a. ridiculed and called names like "little girl." b. married earlier than most of his peers. c. considered a tribal religious leader when he reaches manhood.

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d. more desirable to the women in his village.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 5.1.18 Page Reference: 127 Topic: From Boy to Man Skill: Applied Answer: a. ridiculed and called names like "little girl."

5.1.19. The use of derogatory names for men who prefer the company of women illustrates a. pressure to conform to culturally prescribed gender norms. b. a subordinate role of men in matriarchal societies. c. the absence of passionate manhood. d. instrumental traits of males.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.19 Page Reference: 128 Topic: From Boy to Man Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. pressure to conform to culturally prescribed gender norms.

5.1.20. Increased emphasis on gender roles in adolescence is characteristic of a. traditional cultures only. b. cultures affected by globalization. c. Western cultures more so than traditional cultures. d. both traditional and Western cultures.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.20 Page Reference: 124 Topic: From Girl to Woman Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. both traditional and Western cultures.

5.1.21. Which of the following was most likely to be the adult role of a young middle class woman in 18th and 19th century America? a. Wife and mother b. Teacher or nurse c. Nun or telephone operator d. Hostess or waitress Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.21 Page Reference: 129 Topic: From Girl to Woman Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. Wife and mother 5.1.22. The fact that in the 19th century many American girls were not taught about ..

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menarche reflected the view that girls a. should be seen and not heard. b. need more access to higher education. c. have limited intellectual capacity to understand biology. d. should remain innocent from sexual knowledge.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.22 Page Reference: 129 Topic: From Girl to Woman Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. should remain innocent from sexual knowledge.

5.1.23. Historically, American girls were socially constricted in terms of employment, sexuality, and a. language development. b. health care. c. family relationships. d. physical appearance.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1.23 Page Reference: 129 Topic: From Girl to Woman Skill: Factual Answer: d. physical appearance.

5.1.24. Historically, service organizations such as the YWCA provided a "protective umbrella" for the nurturing of adolescent girls. The focus of activities was mainly on a. physical appearance and deportment. b. building relationships and serving the community. c. marriage preparation and health education. d. social adjustment and conflict resolution.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.24 Page Reference: 129 Topic: From Girl to Woman Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. building relationships and serving the community.

5.1.25. Brumberg (1997) argues that although today's adolescent girls are less constricted than their historical counterparts, they are also a. more likely to suffer from emotional problems. b. less integrated into the lives of adult women outside their families. c. more integrated into the lives of adult women outside their families. d. overwhelmed by the pressure of having too many vocational choices. ..

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Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.25 Page Reference: 130 Topic: From Girl to Woman Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. less integrated into the lives of adult women outside their families.

5.1.26. Gerald is a young man who is preparing to become the head of his future household.

Like most of his peers, Gerald believes it is more important to contribute to community and family than to pursue personal goals of wealth and success. The year is most likely a. 1547. b. 1776. c. 1969. d. 1999.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 5.1.26 Page Reference: 130 Topic: From Boy to Man Skill: Applied Answer: b. 1776.

5.1.27. In colonial America in the 17th and 18th centuries, preparations for manhood most closely resembled those in a. present day America. b. traditional cultures. c. 19th century America. d. the era of self‐made manhood.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.27 Page Reference: 130 Topic: From Boy to Man Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. traditional cultures.

5.1.28. In America, the concept of self‐made manhood is associated with what century? a. 17th b. 18th c. 19th d. 20th Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1.28 Page Reference: 130 Topic: From Boy to Man Skill: Factual Answer: c. 19th 5.1.29. The year is 1865, and Jan is a member of a popular volunteer youth organization.

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self‐control. Sometimes during meetings, the group engages in competitive sports, and occasionally has rowdy celebrations under the leadership of their 19‐year‐old president.

Jan is most likely a. female. b. male. c. from a rural area. d. from a wealthy family.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 5.1.29 Page Reference: 131 Topic: From Boy to Man Skill: Applied Answer: b. male.

5.1.30. Individualism is most closely associated with __________ manhood. a. traditional b. communal c. passionate d. diminishing Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.30 Page Reference: 131 Topic: From Boy to Man Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. passionate 5.1.31. Hill and Lynch (1991) argue that the increase in the intensity of gender socialization at adolescence is a. the same for boys and girls. b. greater for boys than for girls. c. greater for girls than for boys. d. dependent upon socio‐economic status.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1.31 Page Reference: 131 Topic: The Gender Intensification Hypothesis Skill: Factual Answer: c. greater for girls than for boys.

5.1.32. According to researchers, over a two‐year study period, how did girls in grades 6, 7 and 8 change their self‐descriptions? a. They described themselves as more feminine. b. They became more aggressive. c. There were only reported changes for younger girls. d. No changes were found.

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Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.32 Page Reference: 132 Topic: Gender Intensification Hypothesis Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. They described themselves as more feminine.

5.1.33. Research indicates that conformity to gender roles during early adolescence is mostly likely among adolescents whose a. self‐descriptions were more positive. b. teachers encouraged more gender exploration. c. parents influenced them toward gender compliance. d. cultural beliefs were more collectivist.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1.33 Page Reference: 132 Topic: Gender Intensification Hypothesis Skill: Factual Answer: c. parents influenced them toward gender compliance.

5.1.34. Which of the following best reflects the socialization patterns of boys and girls in Western culture? a. Boys are more self‐conscious about their appearance and take more interest in forming intimate friendships. b. Girls and boys are equally self‐conscious about their appearance and forming intimate friendships. c. Girls are more self‐conscious about their appearance and take more interest in forming intimate friendships. d. Boys are less self‐conscious about their appearance and take more interest in forming intimate friendships.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.34 Page Reference: 131 Topic: The Gender Intensification Hypothesis Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. Girls are more self‐conscious about their appearance and take more interest in forming intimate friendships.

5.1.35. According to research, increased conformity to gender roles during early adolescence occurs especially for adolescents a. whose parents encourage gender‐role conformity. b. whose parents are divorced. c. who come from large single‐parent families. d. who attend all‐girl or all‐boy schools.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 5.1.35 Page Reference: 132

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Topic: The Gender Intensification Hypothesis Skill: Factual Answer: a. whose parents encourage gender‐role conformity.

5.1.36. Today, American adolescents are entering an adult world in which traditional gender beliefs are a. stronger than in the past. b. virtually non‐existent. c. weaker than in the past. d. reversed.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1.36 Page Reference: 132 Topic: Cultural Beliefs About Gender Skill: Factual Answer: c. weaker than in the past.

5.1.37. Research shows that approximately ________ of Americans have beliefs about gender roles consistent with those in traditional cultures. a. one‐half b. one‐tenth c. one‐quarter d. one‐eighth Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1.37 Page Reference: 132 Topic: Cultural Beliefs About Gender Skill: Factual Answer: c. one quarter 5.1.38. Which of the following best defines differential gender socialization? a. Gender expectations differ across cultures within the first and third worlds. b. Boys and girls are socialized according to different gender expectations. c. Gender intensification decreases with age in non‐Westernized cultures. d. Boys are more likely than girls to conform to gender expectations.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.38 Page Reference: 132 Topic: Gender Socialization: Family, Peers, and School Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. Boys and girls are socialized according to different gender expectations.

5.1.39. Daryl, a thirteen‐year‐old boy, takes jazz dancing lessons and wants to be a fashion designer. According to research, he is likely to experience a. some peer ridicule and be less popular.

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b. academic difficulties. c. peer acceptance and popularity. d. late maturation.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 5.1.39 Page Reference: 133 Topic: Gender Socialization: Family, Peers, and School Skill: Applied Answer: a. some peer ridicule and be less popular.

5.1.40. The research finding that 90 percent of infants observed at an American shopping mall were wearing gender‐specific clothing provides support for a. differential gender socialization. b. the gender intensification hypothesis. c. gender stereotypes. d. self‐socialization.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.40 Page Reference: 132 Topic: Gender Socialization: Family, Peers, and School Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. differential gender socialization.

5.1.41. Differential gender socialization becomes more pronounced during a. adulthood. b. adolescence. c. middle childhood. d. early childhood.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1.41 Page Reference: 133 Topic: Gender Socialization: Family, Peers, and School Skill: Factual Answer: b. adolescence.

5.1.42. Carmela encourages her daughter to express her feelings, while she advises her son to "forget about" his hurt feelings over an argument with his friend. Most likely, Carmela's behaviors result from a. favoritism toward her daughter. b. intentions to treat her children differently. c. beliefs arising from her own gender socialization. d. ignorance of inherent differences between boys and girls.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 5.1.42 Page Reference: 133 Topic: Gender Socialization: Family, Peers, and School Skill: Applied Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Answer: c. beliefs arising from her own gender socialization.

5.1.43. The content of girls' magazines is focused predominantly on physical appearance and attracting boys, while boys' magazines are more likely to focus on a. physical appearance and attracting girls. b. hobbies and activities. c. career and education. d. sexually appealing imagery.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.43 Page Reference: 134 Topic: Media and Gender Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. hobbies and activities.

5.1.44. Which of the following is NOT a typical article topic in magazines targeted to adolescent girls? a. Fashion and beauty b. Entertainment c. Weight reduction/control d. Professional careers Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1.44 Page Reference: 134 Topic: Media and Gender Skill: Factual Answer: d. Professional careers 5.1.45. According to research, the percentage of teen magazines devoted to advertising is approximately a. 15 percent b. 25 percent c. 40 percent d. 50 percent Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1.45 Page Reference: 134 Topic: Media and Gender Skill: Factual Answer: d. 50 percent.

5.1.46. Unrealistic beauty ideals in magazines likely contribute to adolescent girls' a. increased self‐confidence. b. negative body image. c. early maturation.

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d. late maturation.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1.46 Page Reference: 134 Topic: Media and Gender Skill: Factual Answer: b. negative body image.

5.1.47. Boys are found to be more aggressive than girls due to ____________ factors. a. strictly biological b. simply socialization c. a combination of biological and socialization d. a combination of media and environmental Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.47 Page Reference: 135 Topic: Gender Socialization as a Source of Problems Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. a combination of biological and socialization 5.1.48. According to the text, for adolescent girls, gender role socialization is most problematic with regard to a. submissiveness. b. body image. c. early sexuality. d. social cognition.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 5.1.48 Page Reference: 135

Topic: Gender Socialization as a Source of Problems Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. body image.

5.1.49. Jake plays defensive tackle on his high school football team and is an aggressive player on the field. According to research, which of the following is most likely to be true?

Jake is a. unpopular with peers. b. popular with peers. c. academically gifted. d. a late‐maturer.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.49 Page Reference: 135 Topic: Gender Socialization as a Source of Problems Skill: Applied Answer: b. popular with peers.

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5.1.50. Insults that ridicule a boys' manhood provide evidence of a. a parallel between Western and traditional cultures. b. underlying violence in patriarchal societies. c. the effects of the women's movement. d. self‐made manhood.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 5.1.50 Page Reference: 135 Topic: Gender Socialization as a Source of Problems Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. a parallel between Western and traditional cultures.

5.1.51. Jonathan sometimes starts physical fights with his friends and often shouts insults at other neighborhood kids. When his mother asks him what was wrong, he replies that he "is just acting normal – it's cool to be tough." According to research, Jonathan has a good chance of a. doing well in business as an adult. b. marrying at a young age. c. being abused by his parents. d. engaging in other problem behaviors.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 5.1.51 Page Reference: 135 Topic: Gender Socialization as a Source of Problems Skill: Applied Answer: d. engaging in other problem behaviors.

5.1.52. According to the cognitive developmental theory of gender, children understand gender identity when they are about ______ year(s) old. a. one b. three c. five d. seven Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1.52 Page Reference: 135 Topic: Cognition and Gender Skill: Factual Answer: b. three 5.1.53. Bonnie is in kindergarten. She tells her mom, "I don't want to go to the hockey game – that's for stinky boys!" This scenario best illustrates a. media control. b. parental influence.

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c. self‐socialization. d. expressive traits.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 5.1.53 Page Reference: 135 Topic: Cognition and Gender Skill: Applied Answer: c. self‐socialization.

5.1.54. Alex finds enjoyment in after‐school activities that include playing soccer, showing off on the latest video game, gossiping with friends or playing with dolls. Alex isn't concerned about whether after‐school activities are "boy" things or "girl" things. Alex is most likely a a. 5‐year‐old boy. b. 9‐year‐old girl. c. 12‐year‐old boy. d. 16‐year‐old girl.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 5.1.54 Page Reference: 135‐136 Topic: Cognition and Gender Skill: Applied Answer: b. 9‐year‐old girl.

5.1.55. According to the text, gender expectations become more rigid in early adolescence as part of the gender intensification process. In what grade does gender flexibility peak? a. 5th – 6th grade b. 7th – 8th grade c. 8th – 9th grade d. 9th – 10th grade Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1.55 Page Reference: 134 Topic: Cognition and Gender Skill: Factual Answer: b. 7th – 8th grade 5.1.56. Piaget's gender schema theory portrays gender as one of the fundamental ways that people a. organize information about the world. b. interact with one another. c. stereotype and categorize people. d. create norms and behaviors.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 5.1.56 Page Reference: 136

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Topic: Cognition and Gender Skill: Factual Answer: a. organize information about the world.

5.1.57. Which of the following is associated with gender schema theory? a. An assumption that people organize information in terms of gender. b. An assumption that differences between males and females are purely biological. c. The belief that gender is a social construction. d. The belief that psychological theories of gender are inadequate.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.57 Page Reference: 136 Topic: Cognition and Gender Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. An assumption that people organize information in terms of gender.

5.1.58. Which of the following best defines "schema"? a. The name for a type of individual that is self‐motivated. b. The statistical technique that integrates many research studies. c. A means of coordinating one's physical surroundings. d. A mental structure for organizing information.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.58 Page Reference: 136 Topic: Cognition and Gender Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. A mental structure for organizing information.

5.1.59. Margot loves going to the mall with her friends, trying on clothes, and talking about boys. Mitch plays football, hangs out with his friends, and plays video games on the weekend. Allison likes collecting baseball cards and playing hockey with the neighborhood kids. According to the text, whose activities would most likely be inconsistent with traditional gender schemes? a. Margot trying on clothes. b. Mitch playing football. c. Allison collecting baseball cards. d. All of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.59 Page Reference: 136 Topic: Cognition and Gender Skill: Applied Answer: c. Allison collecting baseball cards.

5.1.60. According to research, which of the following traits are considered most desirable for an American male?

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a. Analytical, sympathetic, and gentle b. Affectionate, loyal, and tender c. Ambitious, cheerful, and warm d. Self‐reliant, competitive, and assertive Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.60 Page Reference: 137 Topic: Masculinity, Femininity, and Androgyny Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. Self‐reliant, competitive, and assertive 5.1.61. Which statement most accurately represents the expressive traits ascribed to females? Women are generally ____________ than males. a. more emotional and relationship‐oriented b. more artistic and creative c. less sexually and physically active d. less androgynous and stereotypical Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.61 Page Reference: 137 Topic: Masculinity, Femininity, and Androgyny Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. more emotional and relationship‐oriented 5.1.62. Eleanor and Jerry are adolescents who both have some masculine traits and some feminine traits. According to research, a. Eleanor is more likely than Jerry to have a positive self‐image. b. Jerry is more likely than Eleanor to have a positive self‐image. c. Jerry and Eleanor are likely to be ostracized. d. this will have no bearing on self‐image.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 5.1.62 Page Reference: 138 Topic: Masculinity, Femininity, and Androgyny Skill: Applied Answer: a. Eleanor is more likely than Jerry to have a positive self‐image.

5.1.63. Most research studies on masculinity, femininity, and androgyny have been conducted on a. White elementary school students. b. minority high school students. c. White college students. d. minority graduate students.

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Question ID: 5.1.63 Page Reference: 137 Topic: Masculinity, Femininity, and Androgyny Skill: Factual Answer: c. White college students.

5.1.64. The year is 1958. Norma is applying to different law schools. Which of the following would be accurate advice for Norma, given the year? a. "Norma, your grades are so high you should apply to Harvard Law School." b. "Norma, it's too bad Harvard doesn't grant degrees to women – your grades are so high." c. "Women are not allowed to practice law." d. "There are no institutions in North America that grant law degrees to women."

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 5.1.64 Page Reference: 139 Topic: The Women's Movement of the 1960s Skill: Applied Answer: b. "Norma, it's too bad Harvard doesn't grant degrees to women – your grades are so high."

5.1.65. Which of the following was NOT a political action associated with the women's movement? a. The kidnapping of a wealthy publisher b. A nationwide strike for women's rights c. Demonstrations protesting beauty pageants d. The publication of books on feminist issues Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.65 Page Reference: 139 Topic: The Women's Movement of the 1960s Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. The kidnapping of a wealthy publisher 5.1.66. Some scholars argue that for African American adolescents gender roles reflect a. differential gender socialization. b. challenges faced in African American history. c. the lack of research done with minority samples. d. a reversal of gender roles.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.66 Page Reference: 140 Topic: Gender Roles in American Minority Groups Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. challenges faced in African American history.

5.1.67. According to your text, masculine and feminine stereotypes are a type of Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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a. adolescent egocentrism. b. cultural norm. c. social cognition. d. gender schema.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1.67 Page Reference: 141 Topic: Gender Stereotypes in Emerging Adulthood Skill: Factual Answer: d. gender schema.

5.1.68. In height, you have a friend who is 6’10”, another who is 4’10” and several who are somewhere between 5 and 6 feet tall. This scenario reflects the concept of a. meta‐analysis. b. normal distribution. c. effect size. d. instrumental traits.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 5.1.68 Page Reference: 142 Topic: The Persistence of Beliefs about Gender Differences Skill: Applied Answer: b. normal distribution.

5.1.69. In terms of gender differences in adolescence and emerging adulthood, which of the following is the most accurate? For most characteristics, there is __________________________ between genders. a. more difference than similarity b. no significant difference c. more similarity than difference d. limited means of determining differences Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.69 Page Reference: 142 Topic: The Persistence of Beliefs about Gender Differences Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. more similarity than difference 5.1.70. Gender differences may be exaggerated because a. our gender schemas alert us to information that confirms our expectations. b. research is often conducted on people with narrow cultural views. c. globalization is influencing traditional cultures and marginalized populations. d. most people do not understand sociological categories in terms of their own expectations.

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Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.70 Page Reference: 142‐143 Topic: The Persistence of Beliefs about Gender Differences Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. our gender schemas alert us to information that confirms our expectations.

5.1.71. Social roles theory asserts that the social roles for males and females may a. disprove the cognitive developmental theory of gender. b. be based in biology. c. increases women's chances for employment outside the home. d. amplify or suppress certain skills.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.71 Page Reference: 143 Topic: The Persistence of Beliefs about Gender Differences Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. amplify or suppress certain skills.

5.1.72. Belinda plans to study early childhood development. Her decision was based upon her love of baby‐sitting when she was in high school and looking after her young niece on the weekends. Her brother Brad disliked baby‐sitting and tried to "get out of it" when it was his turn. Most likely, Belinda a. is naturally a more nurturing person than Brad. b. has developed skills and is thus more interested in child care than Brad. c. is considerably older than Brad. d. has more career options, but is still more interested in childcare than Brad.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 5.1.72 Page Reference: 143 Topic: The Persistence of Beliefs about Gender Differences Skill: Applied Answer: b. has developed skills and is thus more interested in child care than Brad.

5.1.73. Helen is a researcher interested in gender differences in students' math achievement. She plans to use the meta‐analysis technique because a. it is more accurate than collecting data in schools. b. there are very few studies published on this topic. c. there are many studies published on this topic. d. it is more respected than other methodologies.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 5.1.73 Page Reference: 144 Topic: Meta‐Analyses of Gender Difference Skill: Applied Answer: c. there are many studies published on this topic.

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135

5.1.74. In your text, the idea is raised that discrimination against girls may decrease with a. increased globalization. b. an equal decrease in globalization. c. a return to traditional cultural values. d. increased female population in the West.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.74 Page Reference: 145 Topic: Gender and Globalization Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. increased globalization.

5.1.75. The text's author describes which of the following as a research area in which further investigation is needed? a. Investigating adolescents' own perceptions of the gender socialization process. b. Observing puberty rituals in traditional cultures. c. Comparing media influences in traditional and Western cultures. d. Investigating parents' perceptions of adolescents' gender socialization.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1.75 Page Reference: 146 Topic: Gender and Globalization Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. Investigating adolescents' own perceptions of the gender socialization process.

True/False 5.2.76. In traditional cultures, socialization becomes broader for girls and narrower for boys in adolescence. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.2.76 Page Reference: 124 Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 5.2.77. In traditional cultures, there is considerable pressure on adolescent boys to prove their sexual prowess. a. True b. False Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

136

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.2.77 Page Reference: 124 Topic: From Girl to Woman Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 5.2.78. The historical belief that intellectual work endangered women's health is an example of a gender difference thought to be a sex difference. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.2.78 Page Reference: 129 Topic: From Girl to Woman Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 5.2.79. Research shows that teachers generally reinforce traditional cultural messages regarding gender. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.2.79 Page Reference: 133 Topic: Gender Socialization: Family, Peers, and School Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 5.2.80. According to research, gender roles may temporarily become more flexible during middle childhood. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.2.80 Page Reference: 133 Topic: Gender Socialization: Family, Peers, and School Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 5.2.81. Research shows that math and science professors were more likely to encourage female college students to pursue graduate studies. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.2.81 Page Reference: 133 Topic: Gender Socialization: Family, Peers, and School Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

137

Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 5.2.82. In teen magazines for girls, articles about career are usually about how to look. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.2.82 Page Reference: 134 Topic: Media and Gender Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 5.2.83. Adolescents who value aggressive behavior as part of male gender roles are more likely to engage in problem behavior. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.2.83 Page Reference: 135 Topic: Gender Socialization as a Source of Problems Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 5.2.84. Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory of gender was based on Jean Piaget's ideas about cognitive development. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.2.84 Page Reference: 135 Topic: Cognition and Gender Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 5.2.85. Gender schemes have no influence on the way we interpret the behavior of others and what we expect from them. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.2.85 Page Reference: 136 Topic: Cognition and Gender Skill: Factual Answer: b. False Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

138

5.2.86. Harvard University first granted degrees to women in 1963. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.2.86 Page Reference: 139 Topic: The Women's Movement of the 1960s Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 5.2.87. Most of the research on gender expectations in adulthood has been conducted by anthropologists. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.2.87 Page Reference: 141 Topic: Gender Stereotypes in Emerging Adulthood Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 5.2.88. The term "opposite sex" accurately describes the differences between men and women. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.2.88 Page Reference: 142‐143 Topic: The Persistence of Beliefs about Gender Differences Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 5.2.89. Today, women tend to earn less money than men for similar work. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.2.89 Page Reference: 143 Topic: Gender and Globalization Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 5.2.90. Research shows that economic development and perceptions of gender roles are NOT strongly related. a. True Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

139

b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.2.90 Page Reference: 145 Topic: Gender and Globalization Skill: Factual Answer: b. False Essay 5.3.91. Contrast gender roles of male and female adolescents in traditional cultures.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 5.3.91 Page Reference: 123‐128 Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Skill: Applied Answer: • Gender roles for males and females are distinct • Girls work alongside mothers and other women learning skills related to running the home and child care. • Boys learn skills related to the tasks of providing, protecting, and procreating.

5.3.92. Define differential gender socialization. Provide an example.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 5.3.92 Page Reference: 132 Topic: Gender Socialization: Family, Peers, and School Skill: Applied Answer: • Differential gender socialization: Socializing males and females according to different expectations regarding appropriate behaviors and attitudes. Gender appropriate behavior is encouraged, while gender inappropriate behavior is often ridiculed by peers. • Example: Bob and Lucille have decorated their nursery in blue with pictures of cars, boats, and airplanes when their test results indicated they were going to have a boy. • Example: Aunt Phyllis buys Helen a Barbie Doll and Joseph a chemistry set. • Example: Darryl's older brother teases him when he says he wants to take figure skating lessons instead of hockey.

5.3.93. Discuss media influences in terms of gender socialization in adolescence.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 5.3.93 Page Reference: 133‐134 Topic: Media and Gender Skill: Applied Answer: • Media popular with adolescents promote gender stereotypes. Magazines for girls focus on physical appearance, while boys' magazines focus on activities and hobbies. • Gender intensification at adolescence and culture makes girls susceptible to the message to strive to conform to presented ideals. • The focus on physical appearance in the female gender role is associated with girls' negative body image, depression, and eating disorders. • For boys, gender expectations and value of aggression are associated with problems and problem behavior.

5.3.94. Define gender schema theory and discuss the possible effects of these schemes on Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

140

how adolescents interpret behaviors of others.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 5.3.94 Page Reference: 136‐137 Topic: Cognition and Gender Skill: Applied Answer: • Gender Schema Theory: portrays gender as one of the fundamental ways that people organize information about the world. By the time we reach adolescence, we have learned to categorize an enormous range of activities, objects, and personality characteristics as "male" or "female." Gender schemas influence how we interpret the behavior of others and what we expect from them.

5.3.95. Discuss possible effects of globalization upon gender role perceptions in traditional cultures.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 5.3.95 Page Reference: 143‐145 Topic: Gender and Globalization Skill: Applied Answer: • Economic development is associated with availability of contraception. • Men's physical prowess becomes less salient as work becomes more specialized and focused on information technology. • Gender roles may become more egalitarian.

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141

Culture and the Self

Chapter 6 The Self

Self-Conceptions

Self-Esteem

The Emotional

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Identity

The Self, Alone

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Chapter 7 Family Relationships

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Chapter 7: Family Relationships Multiple Choice 7.1.01. Carrie is 15 years old and is constantly arguing with her mother. According to the text, what is likely to be the most common area of conflict between Carrie and her mother? a. Whether Carrie can make her own decisions about things like how she dresses. b. What school Carrie should attend, public school or the private school across town. c. Where the family should live once Carrie's father gets the promotion he was waiting for. d. Who Carrie's mother should date – the grocery manager or the researcher at the university.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.01 Page Reference: 175 Topic: Introduction Skill: Applied Answer: a. Whether Carrie can make her own decisions about things like how she dresses.

7.1.02. According to research, what family members do adolescents rate as having the closest attachments with? a. Parents b. Sisters c. Brothers d. Grandparents Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.1.02 Page Reference: 175 Topic: Introduction Skill: Factual Answer: a. Parents 7.1.03. Which statement most accurately represents a dyadic relationship? a. Mothers, fathers, and children acting together b. Relationships between three siblings c. Single-parent family with two children d. A relationship between two persons Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 7.1.03 Page Reference: 176 Topic: The Adolescent in the Family System

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Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. A relationship between two persons 7.1.04. One key principle of the family systems approach is a. parents often become depressed when children move away. b. each subsystem influences every other subsystem. c. conflicts arise regardless of culture. d. subsystems are independent of each other.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.04 Page Reference: 176 Topic: The Adolescent in the Family System Skill: Applied Answer: b. each subsystem influences every other subsystem.

7.1.05. A key change which may affect the equilibrium of a family as a child enters puberty is the a. status of the parent's marriage. b. beginning of sexual maturity. c. affective functions of the family. d. profound social changes over the last decade.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.05 Page Reference: 176 Topic: The Adolescent in the Family System Skill: Applied Answer: b. beginning of sexual maturity.

7.1.06. Garth is an 11-year-old boy. If Garth lives in an industrialized country, his parents are most likely a. emerging adults. b. entering mid-life. c. in their early 30s. d. in their late 20s.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.06 Page Reference: 177 Topic: Parents Development During Midlife Skill: Applied Answer: b. entering mid-life.

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7.1.07. According to research, for most Americans midlife is marked by a. feelings of depression and introspection. b. a midlife crisis and out of the ordinary behavior. c. feeling that one is in the prime of their life. d. feeling more like one's adolescent children.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.1.07 Page Reference: 177 Topic: Parents Development During Midlife Skill: Factual Answer: c. feeling that one is in the prime of their life.

7.1.08. Tracy is a mother in her early 40s. She is taking part in a study which is investigating the "empty nest" phenomenon when children leave home. Tracy has two daughters who have recently moved out, one to attend college and the other to move in with her boyfriend. When asked how Tracy is adjusting to life without the girls, she is most likely to say, a. "I have had very little trouble adjusting to their departure." b. "I have been devastated by their departure." c. "My husband and I don't have a clue what we're going to do now." d. "Our marriage has suddenly become troubled."

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.08 Page Reference: 177 Topic: Parents Development During Midlife Skill: Applied Answer: a. "I have had very little trouble adjusting to their departure."

7.1.09. Which statement best summarizes the situation of people in midlife? a. Earning power declines during this stage. b. Job satisfaction peaks in middle adulthood. c. Marital problems increase. d. All of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 7.1.09 Page Reference: 177 Topic: Parents Development During Midlife Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. Job satisfaction peaks in middle adulthood.

7.1.10. According to research, the amount of time American adolescents spend with their families drops by what percentage between fifth and ninth grades?

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a. 10% b. 25% c. 50% d. 75% Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 7.1.10 Page Reference: 178 Topic: Research Focus: The Daily Rhythms of Adolescents Family Lives Skill: Factual Answer: c. 50% 7.1.11. Dylan, a 15-year-old boy, and his father, Craig, have spent less time together over the past few years. On average Dylan and his father only spend about one hour a day together, and most of that time is spent watching television. What does this tell us about Dylan's home life? a. Dylan's dad is an authoritative parent. b. Dylan is a neglected child. c. Dylan's home life is normal. d. Dylan is most likely a maladjusted teen.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.7.19 Page Reference: 179 Topic: Research Focus: The Daily Rhythms of Adolescents Family Lives Skill: Applied Answer: c. Dylan's home life is normal.

7.1.12. Research has demonstrated that parents' relationships with their adolescents a. provide a negative familial pattern. b. focus on only mothers' interactions. c. are of enduring importance. d. show only a shadowy presence.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.12 Page Reference: 179 Topic: Research Focus: The Daily Rhythms of Adolescents Family Lives Skill: Applied Answer: c. are of enduring importance.

7.1.13. In the research focus box entitled "The Daily Rhythms of Adolescent's Family Lives," how are fathers portrayed?

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a. Fathers are deeply involved in their adolescents' lives. b. There is no data to support the role of fathers. c. Fathers are as likely as mothers to be involved in their child's lives. d. Fathers are usually only a minor presence in adolescents' lives.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 7.1.13 Page Reference: 179 Topic: Research Focus: The Daily Rhythms of Adolescents Family Lives Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. Fathers are usually only a minor presence in adolescents' lives.

7.1.14. According to research, what relationship is marked by the highest level of conflict? An adolescent's relationship with a. parents. b. friends. c. teachers. d. siblings.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.1.14 Page Reference: 178 Topic: Sibling Relationships Skill: Factual Answer: d. siblings.

7.1.15. Compared to Western societies, sibling relationships in traditional cultures tend to be more a. rival. b. caregiver. c. casual. d. critical.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 7.1.15 Page Reference: 180 Topic: Sibling Relationships Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. caregiver.

7.1.16. Barbara and Mary are sisters who are 13 and 15 years respectively. Barbara, the younger sister, knows that Mary is older and has to be obeyed whether she likes it or not. Where do the sisters most likely live? In a(n)

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a. traditional culture. b. Western country. c. industrialized country. d. broadly socialized culture.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.16 Page Reference: 180 Topic: Sibling Relationships Skill: Applied Answer: a. traditional culture.

7.1.17. Wahib is getting married. He ascribes to the traditions of his culture in rural India. He and his wife have never met, as their parents arranged the marriage. In order to maintain his traditional cultural beliefs, when Wahib and his new bride have returned from their honeymoon they will most likely a. move in with his wife's family. b. move in with Wahib's family. c. find a place of their own. d. build a house next to Wahib's grandparents.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.17 Page Reference: 181 Topic: Extended Family Relationships Skill: Applied Answer: b. move in with Wahib's family.

7.1.18. Gustavo is a young Mexican American boy living in Tucson, Arizona. His entire family embraces the traditional beliefs of family relationships. Besides his siblings and parents, who else would be living in Gustavo's house? a. Uncles b. Aunts c. Grandparents d. Nephews Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.18 Page Reference: 181 Topic: Extended Family Relationships Skill: Applied Answer: c. Grandparents 7.1.19. What percentage of African American families is headed by a single parent?

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a. 10% b. 30% c. 50% d. 70% Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.1.19 Page Reference: 181 Topic: Extended Family Relationships Skill: Factual Answer: d. 70% 7.1.20. Imagine you are a prominent scholar in the field of parenting. You are most likely to describe parenting in terms of what two dimensions? a. Demandingness and responsiveness b. Ideal and real c. Traditional and modern d. Punishment and indifference Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 7.1.20 Page Reference: 182 Topic: Parenting Styles Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. Demandingness and responsiveness 7.1.21. Parental responsiveness is the degree to which parents a. express disdain, coolness and distance. b. are sensitive to their children's needs. c. set down rules and expectations for behavior. d. none of the above.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.1.21 Page Reference: 182 Topic: Parenting Styles Skill: Factual Answer: b. are sensitive to their children's needs.

7.1.22. Pierre and Marisa are raising twins. In terms of parenting style, Pierre and Marisa are authoritarian. What statement best characterizes how Pierre and Marisa raise their twins? They have

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a. low demands and are not very responsive. b. high demands and are highly responsive. c. high demands and are not very responsive. d. low demands and are highly responsive.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.22 Page Reference: 182 Topic: Parenting Styles Skill: Applied Answer: c. high demands and are not very responsive.

7.1.23. Permissive parents are those who have a. low demands and are not very responsive. b. high demands and are highly responsive. c. high demands and are not very responsive. d. low demands and are highly responsive.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.1.23 Page Reference: 182 Topic: Parenting Styles Skill: Factual Answer: d. low demands and are highly responsive.

7.1.24. Which statement best characterizes parents who are disengaged in raising their children? a. Parents seem uninterested in their children's daily activities. b. Each parent disagrees with the other about raising children. c. One parent feels they need clear expectations while parenting. d. Both require strict obedience from each child.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.1.24 Page Reference: 182 Topic: Parenting Styles Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. Parents seem uninterested in their children's daily activities.

7.1.25. Michelle and Andres are middle class parents. Michelle is a nurse and Andres is an accountant. Michelle and Andres are busy with their jobs, but always make time to talk with their children about how they are doing in school, their friends, and the reasons for their household rules. According to the text, both Michelle and Andres are most likely to be a. disengaged parents.

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b. permissive parents. c. authoritative parents. d. authoritarian parents.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.25 Page Reference: 182 Topic: Parenting Styles Skill: Applied Answer: c. authoritative parents.

7.1.26. Research on parents' child-rearing goals shows that American parents tend to value ______________ highly as a quality they wish to promote in their children. a. conformity b. tradition c. dependence d. independence Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.1.26 Page Reference: 183 Topic: Parenting Styles as Custom Complexes Skill: Factual Answer: d. independence 7.1.27. Sasha is an independent, self-assured, creative and socially skilled teenager starting the 10th grade in the fall semester. Sasha has many friends and is very popular at her high school. She plays hockey and loves to write poetry. According to research, Sasha's parents are most likely to be a. disengaged. b. permissive. c. authoritative. d. authoritarian.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.27 Page Reference: 183 Topic: Parenting Styles as Custom Complexes Skill: Applied Answer: c. authoritative.

7.1.28. Authoritative parents promote autonomy through a. encouraging discussion.

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b. absence and restraint. c. demandingness and inconsistency. d. none of the above.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.1.28 Page Reference: 183 Topic: The Effects of Parenting Styles on Adolescents Skill: Factual Answer: a. encouraging discussion.

7.1.29. Passive and conforming adolescents are mostly likely being raised by what type of parents? a. Disengaged b. Permissive c. Authoritative d. Authoritarian Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.1.29 Page Reference: 183-184 Topic: The Effects of Parenting Styles on Adolescents Skill: Factual Answer: d. Authoritarian 7.1.30. What principle describes the idea that adolescents are not only influenced by their parents but also influence their parents? a. Reciprocal effects b. Binocular vision c. Unidirectionality d. Responsiveness Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.1.30 Page Reference: 184 Topic: A More Complex Picture of Parenting Effects Skill: Factual Answer: a. Reciprocal effects 7.1.31. Izmit and Emer are two adolescent boys living with both their parents. Izmit can't wait to be old enough to move away from home. He feels like every time he asks for something his mom says no. Emer doesn't feel the same way his brother does. Emer feels his parents are loving and allow him sufficient autonomy. According to the text, Izmit and Emer are

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a. unique; they are both adolescents and their diverging behavior is troublesome. b. normal; adolescents can experience very different feelings in the same home. c. Izmit needs to seek professional advice to understand his hostile feelings. d. Emer is younger than Izmit and will feel the same way in a few years.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.31 Page Reference: 184-185 Topic: A More Complex Picture of Parenting Effects Skill: Applied Answer: b. normal; adolescents can experience very different feelings in the same home.

7.1.32. Marina and Carl are raising two children, Kira and Michala. In terms of parenting style, Marina and Carl are authoritative. What statement best characterizes how they raise their children? They have a. low demands and are not very responsive. b. high demands and are highly responsive. c. high demands and are not very responsive. d. low demands and are highly responsive.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.32 Page Reference: 185 Topic: A More Complex Picture of Parenting Effects Skill: Applied Answer: b. high demands and are highly responsive.

7.1.33. A recent study completed with 720 American families with two same-sex siblings including identical twins, fraternal twins, full siblings, half siblings and biologically-unrelated step-siblings had a research design which allowed researchers to examine a. how adolescents demand compliance and become more authoritarian. b. questions of both genetic and environmental family influences on adolescents. c. the effect of parental responsiveness in non-Western cultures. d. the parental influence of how early adolescents choose their friends.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.1.33 Page Reference: 185 Topic: A More Complex Picture of Parenting Effects Skill: Factual Answer: b. questions of both genetic and environmental family influences on adolescents.

7.1.34. Which statement about parenting is most true of non-Western cultures?

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a. Authoritarian parenting is typical. b. Disengaged parenting is common. c. Authoritative parenting is rare. d. Permissive parenting is the norm.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 7.1.34 Page Reference: 185 Topic: Parenting in Other Cultures Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. Authoritative parenting is rare.

7.1.35. May is a 42-year-old mother of four. Two of May's children are teenagers and May knows that her authority will be obeyed, without question and without requiring an explanation.

According to research, May most likely lives in a. the United States. b. Canada. c. Japan. d. the Netherlands.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.35 Page Reference: 185 Topic: Parenting in Other Cultures Skill: Applied Answer: c. Japan.

7.1.36. According to research, one consequence of the strong family identity nurtured in traditional Indian cultures is that a. children show high rates of delinquent behaviors. b. adolescents have increased rates of drug use. c. children rebel against their parents' authoritarian practices. d. adolescents have low rates of depression and suicide.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.1.36 Page Reference: 187 Topic: Cultural Focus: Young People and Their Families in India Skill: Factual Answer: d. adolescents have low rates of depression and suicide.

7.1.37. Pradeep is a young Indian man who is entering into adulthood. As a young man his thoughts are turning to marriage and he feels he is ready to make a commitment. According to research, if Pradeep embraces the ideals of his traditional culture he will

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a. choose his own bride from a neighboring village. b. marry the girl he has been dating since high school. c. enter into a marriage arranged by his parents. d. narrow down his choices and let his sister make the decision.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.39 Page Reference: 187 Topic: Cultural Focus: Young People and Their Families in India Skill: Applied Answer: c. enter into a marriage arranged by his parents.

7.1.38. Tak is a first generation Asian Canadian. Tak is raising his two sons as he was raised while living in his native Vietnam. It is most likely that Tak will engage in a(n) ________________ parenting style. a. authoritative b. permissive c. traditional d. disengaged Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.1.38 Page Reference: 188 Topic: Parenting in Other Cultures Skill: Factual Answer: c. traditional 7.1.39. According to research, what parenting style cannot be easily applied to Asian American parents? a. Traditional b. Disengaged c. Permissive d. Authoritative Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.1.39 Page Reference: 188 Topic: Parenting in Other Cultures Skill: Factual Answer: d. Authoritative 7.1.40. In regard to attachment theory, which statement does NOT belong?

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a. The theory was originally developed by John Bowlby. b. It has been tested with both primates and humans. c. It has an evolutionary basis for the safety of children. d. It describes the emotional relationships between siblings of similar age.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 7.1.40 Page Reference: 188 Topic: Attachments to Parents Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. It describes the emotional relationships between siblings of similar age.

7.1.41. According to attachment theory, what shapes expectation and interactions in relationships to others throughout a child's life? a. Id strivings b. Affective functions c. Bidirectional effects d. Internal working model Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.1.41 Page Reference: 189 Topic: Attachments to Parents Skill: Factual Answer: d. Internal working model 7.1.42. Niles is a young man who feels close to his parents and confident about his parents' love and concern for him. As Niles is entering adulthood, he is most likely a. feeling separation anxiety as he contemplates leaving home. b. developing a healthy sense of autonomy from his parents. c. understanding how authoritarian his parents have been in raising him. d. feeling he has an insecure base from which to explore.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.42 Page Reference: 189 Topic: Attachments to Parents Skill: Applied Answer: b. developing a healthy sense of autonomy from his parents.

7.1.43. Freddie is a 15-year-old boy who has a secure attachment to both his mother and father.

In terms of his friendships at school, Freddie is more likely than others to a. feel he cannot get close to the girls in his peer group.

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b. find solace in individual sporting activities. c. express his feelings and develop close relationships. d. be called a mama's boy and teased every day.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.43 Page Reference: 190 Topic: Attachments to Parents Skill: Applied Answer: c. express his feelings and develop close relationships.

7.1.44. With regard to the findings of many longitudinal studies on attachment theory reported in the textbook, which statement accurately describes the overall conclusions? a. The studies reported do not really test the heart of attachment theory, which is the claim that infant attachments form the basis for later relationships. b. These longitudinal studies have provided a clear support for the link between parental separation and secure attachment. c. Most of the studies relied on having people recall memories from childhood which was found to be an unreliable enterprise. d. These longitudinal studies have provided mixed support for the predictions of attachment theory.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.44 Page Reference: 190 Topic: Attachments to Parents Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. These longitudinal studies have provided mixed support for the predictions of attachment theory.

7.1.45. Benjamin and his father tend to argue more and more lately. Benjamin is 16 years old.

What are he and his father most likely to be arguing about? a. The way Ben's dad and mother interact b. Curfews and Ben's choice in music c. Who Ben will marry when he reaches the age of consent d. The importance of a post-secondary education Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.45 Page Reference: 191 Topic: Parent-Adolescent Conflict Skill: Applied Answer: b. Curfews and Ben's choice in music

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7.1.46. What do early and middle adolescents have in common in terms of their family harmony?

Both age groups tend to have high levels of a. conflict with parents. b. harmony with parents. c. parental contact. d. all of the above.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.46 Page Reference: 191 Topic: Parent-Adolescent Conflict Skill: Applied Answer: a. conflict with parents.

7.1.47. Marcia and her mother seem to argue about everything. Marcia is in her second year of high school, and she is constantly complaining about how her mother treats her. "She never lets me wear makeup." "How does she think I can go to school in the clothes she bought me?" "How come Jan can stay out later?" "She is always complaining about my music, my room, and my friends." How would one classify Marcia's relationship with her mother? a. Marcia's relationship with her mother is better than with her father. b. This seems to be typical of many adolescents' relationships with their parents. c. Marcia's relationship is unhealthy and both should consider counseling. d. Marcia's mother is creating a dependent child, who will have problems in the future.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.1.47 Page Reference: 191 Topic: Sources of Conflict with Parents Skill: Applied Answer: b. This seems to be typical of many adolescents' relationships with their parents.

7.1.48. Jaquie is a young girl who constantly engages in petty conflicts with her mom, Sally.

Where do Jaquie and Sally most likely live? a. Uganda b. Mexico c. United States d. Japan Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.48 Page Reference: 192 Topic: Culture and Conflict with Parents

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Skill: Applied Answer: c. United States 7.1.49. Which statement logically follows from the idea that in non-industrialized traditional cultures, family members tend to rely a great deal on each other economically? a. Families in these cultures tend to be more individualized. b. There are patterns of broad socialization in these cultures. c. Petty arguments about dating and friends persist. d. None of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 7.1.49 Page Reference: 192-193 Topic: Culture and Conflict with Parents Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. None of these answers are correct.

7.1.50. Levels of conflict are low in parent-adolescent relationships not only in nonindustrialized traditional cultures but also in a. Canada. b. Japan. c. Great Britain. d. Germany.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.1.50 Page Reference: 193 Topic: Culture and Conflict with Parents Skill: Factual Answer: b. Japan.

7.1.51. In contrast to Westernized cultures, parents in traditional cultures are more likely to be concerned with a. regulating adolescents' autonomy and independence. b. adolescents' conformity to cultural beliefs. c. the petty arguments about dating and peer groups. d. adolescents' disdain for their extended family members.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.51 Page Reference: 193 Topic: Culture and Conflict with Parents Skill: Applied

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Answer: b. adolescents' conformity to cultural beliefs.

7.1.52. What statement most closely reflects the feelings of emerging adults after their departure from the family home? Emerging adults report a. greater closeness with their parents. b. fewer negative feelings toward their parents. c. valuing their parents' opinions. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.1.52 Page Reference: 194-195 Topic: Emerging Adults' Relationship with Parents Skill: Factual Answer: d. all of these answers are correct.

7.1.53. As compared to the United States, emerging adults in European countries tend to live with their parents ____________, especially in southern and eastern Europe. a. longer b. shorter c. about the same d. more often Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.1.53 Page Reference: 195 Topic: Emerging Adults' Relationship with Parents Skill: Factual Answer: a. longer 7.1.54. In recent studies what percentage of American emerging adults "return to the nest" to live at least once after they leave? a. 10% b. 25% c. 40% d. 60% Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.1.54 Page Reference: 195 Topic: Emerging Adults' Relationship with Parents Skill: Factual Answer: c. 40%

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7.1.55. Brandi is 22 years old and has just finished a communications degree at a university.

Finding a job in a marketing firm is difficult, so Brandi decides to move home with her parents for a while until she finds a good job. What is likely to make Brandi's transition to moving back home easier for both her and her parents? a. If Brandi's parents recognize her new maturity. b. When moving home, Brandi needs to expect to be treated like an adolescent. c. Brandi's parents need to help her manage her life choices. d. Brandi needs to take on a subordinate role as a dependent child.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.55 Page Reference: 195 Topic: Emerging Adults' Relationship with Parents Skill: Applied Answer: a. If Brandi's parents recognize her new maturity.

7.1.56. A change that has influenced family life over the past two centuries is a. lower birth rate. b. longer life expectancy. c. movement to urban centers. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.1.56 Page Reference: 196-197 Topic: Patterns Over Two Centuries Skill: Factual Answer: d. all of these answers are correct.

7.1.57. In terms of the changing dynamics of family life over the past 200 years, what statement does NOT belong? a. Human life expectancy has increased from 45 to 70 years of age. b. People are having fewer and fewer children. c. After 1830, the proportion of family farms steadily declined. d. Family is the single dominant supporting institution for adolescents.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 7.1.57 Page Reference: 197 Topic: Patterns Over Two Centuries Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. Family is the single dominant supporting institution for adolescents.

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7.1.58. Suppose you were an adolescent growing up in the United States in 1830. Where would you most likely live? a. Uptown apartment b. Coastal cottage c. Family farm d. Southern retreat Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.58 Page Reference: 197 Topic: Patterns Over Two Centuries Skill: Applied Answer: c. Family farm 7.1.59. According to the text, in the past 50 years what is the single most dramatic change in family life? a. Lower birth rates b. Longer life expectancy c. Higher divorce rates d. Increased urbanization Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.1.59 Page Reference: 197 Topic: The Past 50 Years Skill: Factual Answer: c. Higher divorce rates 7.1.60. Brendan lives in a suburban neighborhood where 6 out of 10 families are divorced. Where does Brendan most likely live? a. Boston b. Toronto c. Berlin d. London Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.60 Page Reference: 197 Topic: The Past 50 Years Skill: Applied Answer: a. Boston

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7.1.61. One implication that follows from increased rates of divorce in the United States is a. fathers are often the primary caregiver. b. children will find work to support the family. c. mothers are more likely to work. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 7.1.61 Page Reference: 197 Topic: The Past 50 Years Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. mothers are more likely to work.

7.1.62. Suppose you were a subject in a research study investigating the effects of adolescents caught in a loyalty conflict between divorcing parents. What are you likely to be feeling? a. Elated and relieved b. Depressed and anxious c. Confident and alone d. No change in your mindset Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.62 Page Reference: 200 Topic: Divorce Skill: Applied Answer: b. Depressed and anxious 7.1.63. Greg's parents are recently divorced. Greg has always been a "B" student. After the divorce, what is likely to happen to Greg's grades? a. They are likely to rise. b. They are likely to fall. c. They will stay the same. d. We are unable to predict.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.63 Page Reference: 200 Topic: Divorce Skill: Applied Answer: b. They are likely to fall.

7.1.64. In contrast to merely studying rates of divorce, researchers interested in the psychological effects of divorce need to focus on

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a. the declining birth rate in industrialized nations. b. the cultural beliefs of the larger society. c. the lack of extended family relationships. d. exposure to conflict between parents.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 7.1.64 Page Reference: 201 Topic: Divorce Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. exposure to conflict between parents.

7.1.65. In terms of research conducted on the effects of divorce, the major psychological damage tends to be due to a. dad leaving the home. b. mom getting a job. c. parents' constant arguments. d. grandmother moving in.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 7.1.65 Page Reference: 201 Topic: Divorce Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. parents' constant arguments.

7.1.66. According to research, in the year following a divorce, mothers tend to be a. less affectionate. b. more permissive. c. less consistent with parenting. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.1.66 Page Reference: 201 Topic: Divorce Skill: Factual Answer: d. all of these answers are correct.

7.1.67. In most divorced families, a young person's contact with his or her father a. stays the same. b. increases dramatically.

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c. declines steadily over time. d. changes in intensity.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.1.67 Page Reference: 201 Topic: Divorce Skill: Factual Answer: c. declines steadily over time.

7.1.68. Imagine you wrote a paper covering research on the effects of mother's remarrying after divorce. You would most likely conclude a. adolescent problems decline. b. siblings choose sides. c. adolescent problems rise. d. the effects depend on characteristics of the new stepfather.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.68 Page Reference: 202 Topic: Remarriage Skill: Applied Answer: c. adolescent problems rise.

7.1.69. Pat is related to Jared. Pat is having a hard time establishing an attachment to Jared. Jared also does not respect Pat's authority. According to research, what would be a good prediction of the way Pat and Jared are related? a. Jared is Pat's father. b. Pat is Jared's father. c. Pat is Jared's stepfather. d. Jared and Pat are brother and sister.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.69 Page Reference: 202-203 Topic: Remarriage Skill: Applied Answer: c. Pat is Jared's stepfather.

7.1.70. According to research, which statement best characterizes the role of extended family after a divorce? a. They have no effect on the family dynamic. b. Their effect is only felt with the parents.

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c. They can help provide emotional support. d. Grandmothers tend to have a greater effect than anyone else.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 7.1.70 Page Reference: 203 Topic: Single Parenthood Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. They can help provide emotional support.

7.1.71. Chris is feeling the effects of a "dual income" family. Chris is more confident and has higher career aspirations than may other kids. What can we conclude about Chris? Chris is a. an adolescent girl. b. an adolescent boy. c. either a boy or a girl. d. confused about the future.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.71 Page Reference: 203 Topic: Dual-Earner Families Skill: Applied Answer: a. an adolescent girl.

7.1.72. According to Haugaard (1992), what percentage of American college students indicate they have been sexually abused by a family member? a. About 10% b. Less that 2% c. Approximately one quarter d. 40-45% Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.1.72 Page Reference: 204 Topic: Physical and Sexual Abuse in the Family Skill: Factual Answer: a. About 10%.

7.1.73. Marcus lives with his mom and stepfather. Marcus has been abused by his stepfather since he was 10 years old. Marcus is now entering high school. According to research, what kind of student will Marcus be? a. Passive b. An A student

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c. Aggressive d. Stressed Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.1.73 Page Reference: 204 Topic: Physical Abuse Skill: Applied Answer: c. Aggressive 7.1.74. According to research conducted on runaway youth, what percentage who leave home stay within 50 miles of home? a. 5-10% b. 20-30% c. 50-60% d. 80-90% Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.1.74 Page Reference: 205 Topic: Running Away From Home Skill: Factual Answer: d. 80-90% 7.1.75. Studies of Kenyan homeless children found differences between street boys and street girls. One difference researchers found was that street girls a. continued to live with their families and brought home most of their money. b. who left home typically had no contact with their families. c. demonstrated impressive resourcefulness by taking advantage of aid programs. d. far outnumber street boys.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.1.75 Page Reference: 206-207 Topic: "Street Children" Around the World Skill: Factual Answer: b. who left home typically had no contact with their families.

True/False 7.2.76. Adolescents' changing cognitive development may affect family equilibrium. a. True b. False

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Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.2.76 Page Reference: 176 Topic: The Adolescent in the Family System Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 7.2.77. In Schlegel and Barry's (1991) cross-cultural analysis, adolescents in Westernized cultures were often closer to their grandparents than to their parents. a. True b. False Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 7.2.77 Page Reference: 181 Topic: Sibling Relationships Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 7.2.78. A distinctive feature of authoritarian parents is that they explain the reasons for their rules and expectations to their children. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.2.78 Page Reference: 182 Topic: Parenting Styles Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 7.2.79. Adolescents of permissive parents tend to be immature, irresponsible, and are more likely than other adolescents to conform to their peers. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.2.79 Page Reference: 183 Topic: The Effect of Parenting Styles on Adolescents Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 7.2.80. Adolescents with authoritarian parents tend to be dependent, passive, and conforming.

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a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.2.80 Page Reference: 183 Topic: The Effects of Parenting Styles on Adolescents Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 7.2.81. Differential parenting did not result in nonshared environmental influences, meaning that the adolescents experienced the same family environments. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.2.81 Page Reference: 184 Topic: A More Complex Picture of Parenting Effects Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 7.2.82. In the United States as well as in other Western countries, the majority of emerging adults remain in their parents' home until marriage. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.2.82 Page Reference: 186 Topic: Cultural Focus: Young People and Their Families in India Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 7.2.83. According to research, parents in non-Western cultures do not fit into the parenting scheme which includes authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive styles. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.2.83 Page Reference: 185 Topic: Parenting in Other Cultures Skill: Factual

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Answer: a. True 7.2.84. Anna Freud (1946) believed that adolescents would not develop normally without turmoil in the relationships with their parents. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.2.84 Page Reference: 190 Topic: Parent-Adolescent Conflict Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 7.2.85. Based on the biological and cognitive changes of adolescence, parent-adolescent conflict is universal and "natural." a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.2.85 Page Reference: 192 Topic: Culture and Conflict with Parents Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 7.2.86. A successful transition for emerging adults returning home is more likely if parents recognize the change in their children's maturity and treat them as adults. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.2.86 Page Reference: 195 Topic: Emerging Adults' Relationships with Parents Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 7.2.87. After divorce, fathers are usually designated the custodial parent. a. True b. False

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Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.2.87 Page Reference: 197 Topic: The Past 50 Years Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 7.2.88. Family process is the term scholars use to refer to the outward characteristics of the family -- whether or not the parents are married, how many adults and children live in the household, whether or not there is a biological relationship between the family members (e.g., in stepfamilies), and so on. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.2.88 Page Reference: 200 Topic: Divorce Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 7.2.89. According to the text, fathers who abuse their adolescent daughters tend to have been detached and distant from them when they were younger. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.2.89 Page Reference: 204 Topic: Sexual Abuse Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 7.2.90. According to research completed by UNICEF (2003), there are fewer than 10 million street children worldwide. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 7.2.90 Page Reference: 206 Topic: "Street Children" Around the World Skill: Factual Answer: b. False

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Essay 7.3.91. Compare and contrast three of the five common patterns in adolescents' relationships with their siblings.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.3.91 Page Reference: 177-180 Topic: Sibling Relationships Skill: Applied Answer: • Caregiver relationship: one sibling serves parental functions for the other. Most common between an older sister and younger siblings in both Western and non-Western cultures.

• Buddy relationship: siblings treat each other as friends. They try to be like one another and they enjoy being together. • Critical relationship: characterized by a high level of conflict and teasing. • Rival relationship: siblings compete against each other and measure their success against one another. • Causal relationship: the relationship between them is not emotionally intense, and they may have little to do with one another.

7.3.92. Discuss each of the four parenting styles using examples not discussed in the textbook.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.3.92 Page Reference: 182-183 Topic: Parenting Styles Skill: Applied Answer: • Authoritative parents: are high in demandingness and high in responsiveness.

They set clear rules and expectations for their children. They make clear what the consequences will be if their children do not comply. They explain the reasons for the rules and expectations to their children. • Authoritarian parents: are high in demandingness but low in responsiveness.

They require obedience from their children, and they punish disobedience without compromise.

They expect their commands to be followed without dispute or dissent. In addition, they show little in the way of love or warmth toward their children. • Permissive parents: are low in demandingness and high in responsiveness. They have few clear expectations for their children's behavior and they rarely discipline them. They believe that children need love that is truly "unconditional." • Disengaged parents: are low in both demandingness and responsiveness. They seem uninvolved and even uninterested in their children's development. Their goal may be to minimize the amount of time and emotion they have to devote to parenting. They may seem to have little emotional attachment to them. • Students must provide examples on their own.

7.3.93. Discuss the three major historical changes affecting family life in the past 50 years.

Include a discussion of how these historical changes may affect adolescents.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.3.93 Page Reference: 197-199 Topic: The Past 50 Years

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Skill: Applied Answer: • Rise in the divorce rate: fifty years ago divorce was relatively rare in American society, compared with the present. • Rise in the rate of single-parent households: the rise in the divorce rate has contributed to a simultaneous rise in the rate of single-parent households. As well as divorce, there has been a rise in children living in households where parents have never been married. • Rise in the rate of dual-earner families: the rise of industrialization took most employment outside of the home and farm into factories, larger business, and government organizations. The trend in the last 50 years has been the rise of dual-earner families as mothers followed fathers out of the home and into the workplace.

7.3.94. Discuss the effects of single parenthood on adolescents.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.3.94 Page Reference: 203 Topic: Single Parenthood Skill: Applied Answer: • Adolescents have a greater likelihood for a variety of problems including psychological problems (e.g., depression, anxiety). • Academic achievement of adolescents tends to be lower. • Adolescents are more likely to be substance users/abusers. • Adolescents tend to be early initiators of sexual conduct.

7.3.95. Compare and contrast the description of street children from around the world. Use examples from India, Brazil and/or Kenya.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 7.3.95 Page Reference: 206-207 Topic: "Street Children" Around the World Skill: Factual Answer: • India: 11 million street children o reasons for living on the street include overcrowded homes, physical abuse, and parental substance abuse o about half of Indian street children are homeless o for street children, 4 out of 5 of their families are also homeless o most work as beggars, vendors, shoe shiners, or car cleaners o they have high rates of a variety of diseases such as cholera and typhoid o they are vulnerable to physical and sexual abuse o they are in frequent conflict with their parents over watching movies -- a very popular form of recreation in India o typically street children form gangs • Brazil: estimates range from 7 to 30 million o many are driven to the streets by poverty, seeking food, money, or clothes o some return home bringing what they have collected on the streets o many make a slow transition to the streets going out only a few hours a day until they don't return home at all o they are viewed as little criminals and future thieves • Kenya: there is a distinction between street boys and street girls o street boys outnumber street girls o street boys typically maintained contact with their families, often continuing to live with them and bringing most of their money home o street boys demonstrated impressive resourcefulness, forming friendships, taking advantage of aid programs,

Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

and developing cognitive skills o street girls had often left home to avoid sexual abuses, and once on the street they typically had no contact with their families, nor did they form friendships with other girls o street girls were evaluated mainly in sexual terms: if they were considered unattractive, they were shunned o often the leaders of street boy gangs took several street girls as "wives," providing them with food and protection from other boys in return for sex.

Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 8 Friends and Peers

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Chapter 8: Friends and Peers Multiple Choice 8.1.1. Friendships are particularly important during adolescence because it is a time of life when young people a. extend their relationships outside the immediate family. b. are more likely to experience social isolation. c. are more at risk for being unpopular with peers. d. spend more and more time with their parents.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 8.1.1 Page Reference: 211 Topic: Introduction Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. extend their relationships outside the immediate family.

8.1.2. According to the text, one challenge faced by nearly all adolescents in Western societies is a. learning to navigate school-based peer cultures and hierarchies. b. coping with the pressures of early marriage and child-rearing. c. trying to succeed at school while caring for elderly parents. d. entering the workforce prior to completing school.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.1.2 Page Reference: 211-212 Topic: Introduction Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. learning to navigate school-based peer cultures and hierarchies.

8.1.3. Being friends is a ___________________ relationship than being peers. a. more common b. more casual c. deeper d. shorter Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 08-1-03 Page Reference: 211 Topic: Peers and Friends Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. deeper 8.1.4. Typically, what happens to the level of warmth and closeness between parents and their children during adolescence? ..

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a. It increases. b. It decreases. c. It stays the same. d. It disappears.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.1.4 Topic: Family and Friends Skill: Factual Answer: b. It decreases.

Page Reference: 212

8.1.5. According to research, who are 16-year-olds most likely to depend upon for companionship and intimacy? a. Parents b. Friends c. Siblings d. Teachers Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.1.5 Topic: Family and Friends Skill: Factual Answer: b. Friends

Page Reference: 212

8.1.6. In a study by Youniss and Smollar (1985), approximately _______ of adolescents reported having at least one close friend. a. 33% b. 50% c. 75% d. 90% Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 8.1.6 Topic: Family and Friends Skill: Factual Answer: d. 90%

Page Reference: 212

8.1.7. Niles is 15 years old. He is not sure if he wants to go into a technical high school or an academic program next year. Based on research, it could be predicted that Niles is most likely to seek advice from his a. father. ..

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b. best friend. c. girlfriend. d. employer.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 8.1.7 Topic: Family and Friends Skill: Applied Answer: a. father.

Page Reference: 212-213

8.1.8. According to research, who do 15-year-olds indicate is their primary source of emotional support? a. Parents b. Parents and friends equally c. Romantic partners d. Same-gender friends Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 8.1.8 Topic: Family and Friends Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. Same-gender friends

Page Reference: 213

8.1.9. Consuelo is very close to her parents. She really loves going sailing with her mom on the weekends; she describes their conversations as "very deep." Consuelo often goes to her dad for advice and loves helping him in the kitchen. Based on research, we could predict that Consuelo is likely to a. have difficulty making friends outside the family. b. develop strong attachments to friends. c. be from a traditional culture. d. have considerable conflict with siblings.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 8.1.9 Page Reference: 213 Topic: Family and Friends Skill: Applied Answer: b. develop strong attachments to friends.

8.1.10. Which of the following represents a way that parents influence their adolescent children's peer relationships? a. Location of the family home b. Choice of school ..

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c. Religious practices d. All of these answers are correct Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 8.1.10 Page Reference: 213 Topic: Family and Friends Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. All of these answers are correct 8.1.11. One reason that adolescents report they generally feel happier when they are with their friends is that they a. feel more "open" and accepted with friends than with parents. b. are able to "get away" with things their parents would not allow. c. spend less time with friends than with parents. d. none of the above.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 8.1.11 Page Reference: 213-214 Topic: Emotional States with Friends: Higher Highs, Lower Lows Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. feel more "open" and accepted with friends than with parents.

8.1.12. Larson and Richards (1998) call what time the "emotional high point of the week" for adolescents? a. Monday mornings b. Weekend mornings. c. Thursday nights d. Friday and Saturday nights Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 8.1.12 Page Reference: 214 Topic: Emotional States with Friends: Higher Highs, Lower Lows Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. Friday and Saturday nights 8.1.13. Derek's best friend Orlando let him down. Orlando chose to go to a concert with his brother instead of going to Derek's birthday dinner. The next day, Orlando phoned Derek's house.

Derek told his mother, "Tell him I'm not here, I don't want to talk to him." This conflict is most likely a. a regular part of adolescent social life. b. a symptom of poor parenting. c. indicative of a behavior disorder. ..

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d. unusual in male friendships.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 8.1.13 Page Reference: 214 Topic: Emotional States with Friends: Higher Highs, Lower Lows Skill: Applied Answer: a. a regular part of adolescent social life.

8.1.14. In traditional cultures, adolescents tend to rate __________ higher than __________ as the source of companionship and enjoyment. a. friends; family members b. family members; friends c. peers; friends d. friends; peers Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 8.1.14 Page Reference: 215 Topic: Family and Friends in Traditional Cultures Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. family members; friends 8.1.15. Which of the following scholars first developed ideas on the importance of intimacy in adolescent relationships? a. Reed Larson b. Harry Sullivan c. David Kinney d. Helena Wulf Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.1.15 Page Reference: 215 Topic: Intimacy in Adolescent and Emerging Adult Friendships Skill: Factual Answer: b. Harry Sullivan.

8.1.16. Around age 10, a developing capacity for perspective taking allows children to form friendships in which they a. care about their friends as individuals. b. serve as playmates to each other. c. compete with each other in school and sports. d. compare themselves to their friends.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 8.1.16 Page Reference: 215

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Topic: Intimacy in Adolescent and Emerging Adult Friendships Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. care about their friends as individuals.

8.1.17. Close friendship in adolescence promotes development of a. perspective taking. b. a healthy identity. c. empathy. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 8.1.17 Page Reference: 215-216 Topic: Intimacy in Adolescent and Emerging Adult Friendships Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. all of these answers are correct.

8.1.18. The emphasis on intimacy in adolescent friendships is best reflected in which of the following statements? More than younger children, adolescents a. rate trust and loyalty as important to friendship. b. describe their friendships in terms of doing things together. c. like to hang out in groups. d. none of the above.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.1.18 Page Reference: 216 Topic: Intimacy in Adolescent and Emerging Adult Friendships Skill: Factual Answer: a. rate trust and loyalty as important to friendship.

8.1.19. Wayland is studious and works very hard on his course work. Based on research, it is likely that his friends a. also work hard at school. b. spend little time studying. c. think he works too hard. d. come to him for help.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 8.1.19 Page Reference: 217 Topic: Choosing Friends Skill: Applied Answer: a. also work hard at school. ..

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8.1.20. Timo listens to alternative music, Alexis listens to country music, and Gabby is a big-time rap fan. They are probably a. not friends. b. friends. c. not adolescents. d. ostracized.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 8.1.20 Page Reference: 217-218 Topic: Choosing Friends Skill: Applied Answer: a. not friends.

8.1.21. Sheldon smokes cigarettes and drinks beer every weekend. He gets into many arguments with his friend, Chris, who doesn't smoke or drink and is worried about Sheldon. Based on research, it could be predicted that eventually they will a. remain friends. b. grow apart. c. switch roles. d. grow out of it.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 8.1.21 Page Reference: 218 Topic: Choosing Friends Skill: Applied Answer: b. grow apart.

8.1.22. In terms of friendships, ethnic boundaries may become sharper during adolescence due to a. the developing capacity for perspective taking. b. ethnic stereotypes and prejudices. c. similarities in socioeconomic status. d. traditional parenting.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 8.1.22 Page Reference: 218 Topic: Choosing Friends Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. ethnic stereotypes and prejudices.

8.1.23. John and Kim are in the same grade at school. They have met each other once at camp, but really don't know each other that well. Which of the following is the most accurate description of their relationship? John and Kim are ..

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a. friends. b. peers. c. clique-mates. d. dweebs.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 8.1.23 Page Reference: 218 Topic: Choosing Friends Skill: Applied Answer: b. peers.

8.1.24. Reuben is African American and Ryan is White. They are co-founders and editors of the school newspaper and sit together in most of their classes, where they enjoy many conversations. According to your text, it is most likely that they a. see a lot of each other outside of school. b. do not see a lot of each other outside of school. c. are typical male adolescents. d. are atypical male adolescents.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 8.1.24 Page Reference: 218 Topic: Choosing Friends Skill: Applied Answer: b. do not see a lot of each other outside of school.

8.1.25. According to your text, which of the following is a more accurate term for peer pressure? a. Risk influence b. Peer effectiveness c. Friends' influence d. Adolescent egocentrism Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.1.25 Page Reference: 218 Topic: Friends' Influence and Peer Pressure Skill: Factual Answer: c. Friends' influence 8.1.26. For most people, friends' influence is strongest during a. late childhood. b. early adolescence. c. middle adolescence. ..

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d. emerging adulthood.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.1.26 Page Reference: 220 Topic: Friends' Influence and Peer Pressure Skill: Factual Answer: c. middle adolescence.

8.1.27. Which of the following has been shown by research to be an area in which adolescents are influenced by their friends? a. Encouragement of risk behaviors b. Discouragement of risk behaviors c. Encouragement of positive behaviors d. All of these answers are correct Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 8.1.27 Page Reference: 220 Topic: Friends' Influence and Peer Pressure Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. All of these answers are correct 8.1.28. Adolescents' self-reported rates of risk behavior are correlated with the rates of risk behavior they report for their friends. What can we conclude from this? a. Friends' risk behavior directly affects one's own risk behavior. b. One's own risk behavior causes risk behavior in his or her friends. c. One's own participation in risk behavior is influenced by his or her friends. d. Adolescents' risk behaviors are associated with their friends' risk behaviors.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 8.1.28 Page Reference: 220-221 Topic: Friends' Influence: Risk Behavior Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. Adolescents' risk behaviors are associated with their friends' risk behaviors.

8.1.29. Savannah sometimes smokes pot. When her mother finds out, Savannah defends herself by saying, “All my friends smoke pot too.” Which of the following is most likely true? a. This is a typical perception of exaggerated similarity between self and friends. b. Savannah was a teenager during the 1960s. c. This is an atypical belief that her behavior influences her friends. d. Savannah and her mother live in a postfigurative culture.

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 8.1.29 Page Reference: 220-221

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Topic: Friends' Influence: Risk Behavior Skill: Applied Answer: a. This is a typical perception of exaggerated similarity between self and friends.

8.1.30. The principle that most people tend to choose friends who are similar to themselves is called a. peer group affiliation. b. instrumental support. c. correlation-causation. d. selective association.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.1.30 Page Reference: 220 Topic: Friends' Influence: Risk Behavior Skill: Factual Answer: d. selective association.

8.1.31. The saying "birds of a feather flock together" best reflects a. informational support. b. prefigurative cultures. c. correlational research. d. selective association.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 8.1.31 Page Reference: 220 Topic: Friends' Influence: Risk Behavior Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. selective association.

8.1.32. Harry Stack Sullivan (1953) tended to emphasize the _________________ aspects of adolescents' friendships. a. positive b. negative c. intimate d. instrumental Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 8.1.32 Page Reference: 221 Topic: Friends' Influence: Support and Nurturance Skill: Factual Answer: a. positive ..

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8.1.33. Which of the following is NOT outlined in your text as a type of support provided by adolescent friendship relationships? a. Esteem b. Instrumental c. Companionship d. Compassionate Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.1.33 Page Reference: 221 Topic: Friends' Influence: Support and Nurturance Skill: Factual Answer: d. Compassionate 8.1.34. Abrie and Farah are best friends. Abrie has a part-time job at a clothing store and helped Farah by letting her use her staff discount card to buy a prom dress. In turn, Farah promised Abrie that she would help her study for her Biology exam. They are offering each other _______________ support. a. informational b. instrumental c. companionship d. esteem Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 8.1.34 Page Reference: 221 Topic: Friends' Influence: Support and Nurturance Skill: Applied Answer: b. instrumental 8.1.35. Ryan applied for a scholarship and did not get it. His friend Mike consoled him by saying, "You're the smartest person I know. You don't need a scholarship to tell you that!" Mike is offering Ryan _________________ support. a. informational b. instrumental c. companionship d. esteem Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 8.1.35 Page Reference: 221 Topic: Friends' Influence: Support and Nurturance Skill: Applied Answer: d. esteem ..

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8.1.36. Rajesh and Brent live next door to each other and are both new to the junior high school.

They usually walk to school together and hang out at lunchtime. Rajesh has been away for two weeks and Brent feels anxious because he doesn't really have anyone to sit with at lunchtime. We could say that he probably misses the ____________ support that Rajesh and he share. a. informational b. instrumental c. companionship d. esteem Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 8.1.36 Page Reference: 221 Topic: Friends' Influence: Support and Nurturance Skill: Applied Answer: c. companionship 8.1.37. Friendships in emerging adulthood often include information, instrumental, companionship and a. intellectual support b. emotional support. c. esteem support. d. cognitive support.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.1.37 Page Reference: 222 Topic: Friendships in Emerging Adulthood Skill: Factual Answer: c. esteem support.

8.1.38. According to research, in emerging adulthood, the importance of ____________ tend to decline as romantic relationships _________________. a. sexual relationships; develop b. cliques; decline c. family relationships; decline. d. friendships; develop Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 8.1.38 Page Reference: 222 Topic: Friendships in Emerging Adulthood Skill: Factual Answer: d. friendships; develop 8.1.39. Joie and John are in a committed relationship. Friends are not quite as important to them ..

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as they used to be. Based on research, most likely Joie and John are likely in the a. earlier stages of emerging adulthood. b. later stages of emerging adulthood. c. earlier stages of adolescence. d. later stages of adolescence.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 8.1.39 Page Reference: 222 Topic: Friendships in Emerging Adulthood Skill: Applied Answer: b. later stages of emerging adulthood.

8.1.40. What term refers to a small social group of friends who know each other well and often do things together? a. Crowd b. Clique c. Argot d. Peers Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.1.40 Page Reference: 223 Topic: Cliques and Crowds Skill: Factual Answer: b. Clique 8.1.41. Scott, Kerry, and Todd all go to the same school, but don't know each other very well.

Scott is on the junior basketball team, Kerry is a champion skier, and Todd is a football player on the senior team. Most likely they belong to the same a. crowd. b. clique. c. friendship group. d. peer group.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 8.1.41 Page Reference: 223 Topic: Cliques and Crowds Skill: Applied Answer: a. crowd.

8.1.42. Social categories such as "nerds," "normals" and "burnouts" represent a. cliques. ..

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b. crowds. c. friends. d. ethnicity.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 8.1.42 Page Reference: 223 Topic: Cliques and Crowds Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. crowds.

8.1.43. Which of the following best represents the function of crowds? Crowds a. help adolescents define their identities. b. assist teachers in ranking students academically. c. take the place of childhood friendships. d. replace family as the prime source of support.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 8.1.43 Page Reference: 223 Topic: Cliques and Crowds Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. help adolescents define their identities.

8.1.44. Adolescents' use of antagonistic interactions such as sarcasm and ridicule are related to a. the increased capacity for complex thinking. b. disputes between friends. c. developmental trajectory of inter-crowd competition. d. decreases in family interaction.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 8.1.44 Page Reference: 223 Topic: Sarcasm and Ridicule in Cliques Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. the increased capacity for complex thinking.

8.1.45. Within cliques, the use of sarcasm and ridicule may a. cause adolescent rebellion. b. reinforce group conformity. c. widen group membership. d. reduce group conflict.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 8.1.45 Page Reference: 223 Topic: Sarcasm and Ridicule in Cliques ..

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Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. reinforce group conformity.

8.1.46. According to Erikson, adolescents' use of sarcasm and ridicule may serve to a. reduce anxiety caused by identity confusion. b. facilitate heterosexual attraction and pairing. c. define adolescents' place within adult society. d. increase parental control.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 8.1.46 Page Reference: 223 Topic: Sarcasm and Ridicule in Cliques Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. reduce anxiety caused by identity confusion.

8.1.47. According to the text, crowd formation is salient during adolescence mostly because of adolescents' a. understanding of ethnic diversity. b. differing rates of physical development. c. ability to think in abstract terms. d. capacity for emotional understanding.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 8.1.47 Page Reference: 225 Topic: Developmental Changes in Crowds Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. ability to think in abstract terms.

8.1.48. From early- to mid-adolescence, crowd structure becomes a. less differentiated and less influential. b. more differentiated and less influential. c. less differentiated and more influential. d. more differentiated and more influential.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.1.48 Page Reference: 225 Topic: Developmental Changes in Crowds Skill: Factual Answer: d. more differentiated and more influential.

8.1.49. From mid- to late-adolescence, crowd structure becomes ..

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a. less hierarchical and more influential. b. more hierarchical and less influential. c. less hierarchical and less influential. d. more hierarchical and more influential.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.1.49 Page Reference: 225 Topic: Developmental Changes in Crowds Skill: Factual Answer: c. less hierarchical and less influential.

8.1.50. Cold Lake Middle School students were asked to describe the crowds in their school.

Which of the following is the most likely description? a. Nerds and headbangers b. Trendies and dweebs c. Normals and jocks d. Normals and nerds Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 8.1.50 Page Reference: 225 Topic: Developmental Changes in Crowds Skill: Applied Answer: b. Trendies and dweebs 8.1.51. Danyon is a popular student who plays basketball and excels at track and field. He describes his friends and other students on the sports teams at school as jocks, but doesn't feel that this label really describes him. Most likely, Danyon may believe that he is a. too unique to be labeled as any one thing. b. not as good at sports as his friends. c. being ostracized from the group. d. none of the above.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 8.1.51 Page Reference: 226 Topic: Developmental Changes in Crowds Skill: Applied Answer: a. too unique to be labeled as any one thing.

8.1.52. In schools with diverse, multiethnic populations, adolescents in the majority ethnic group tend to perceive ________ crowd distinctions in minority ethnic groups other than in their own. a. more b. fewer ..

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c. similar d. no Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.1.52 Page Reference: 227 Topic: Developmental Changes in Crowds Skill: Factual Answer: b. fewer 8.1.53. In traditional cultures, the adolescent peer crowd is __________ than in Western cultures. a. more age-graded b. more affluent c. less age-graded d. less affluent Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.1.53 Page Reference: 227 Topic: Developmental Changes in Crowds Skill: Factual Answer: c. less age-graded 8.1.54. In some traditional cultures, the dormitory is the place where adolescents a. sleep, relax, and perhaps experiment sexually. b. attend classes and perform housekeeping duties. c. are excluded until emerging adulthood. d. perform military service.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.1.54 Page Reference: 227 Topic: Developmental Changes in Crowds Skill: Factual Answer: a. sleep, relax, and perhaps experiment sexually.

8.1.55. Of the following scholars, who is known for researching adolescent crowds via participant observation? a. David Kinney b. Albert Bandura c. Dexter Dunphy d. Harry Sullivan Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.1.55 Page Reference: 228 Topic: Participant Observation of Adolescent Crowds ..

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Skill: Factual Answer: a. David Kinney 8.1.56. Which of the following researcher characteristics would be most useful for conducting successful participant observation amongst adolescents? a. Youthful appearance b. An air of authority c. Sneakiness d. Ability to lie Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 8.1.56 Page Reference: 228 Topic: Participant Observation of Adolescent Crowds Skill: Applied Answer: a. Youthful appearance 8.1.57. Generally, during early adolescence, most of a person's social life takes place in a. mixed-sex cliques. b. opposite-sex pairs. c. same-sex cliques. d. same-sex pairs.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.1.57 Page Reference: 228 Topic: Changes in Clique and Crowd Composition During Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Skill: Factual Answer: c. same-sex cliques.

8.1.58. One criticism of Dunphy's (1963) model of adolescent relationships is that it a. may not reflect relationships outside of adolescents' nuclear families. b. is based on research conducted only in traditional cultures. c. deals only with male, and not female, adolescents. d. may not apply to adolescents today.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 8.1.58 Page Reference: 229 Topic: Changes in Clique and Crowd Composition During Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. may not apply to adolescents today. ..

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8.1.59. Which of the following factors is related to popularity across the life span? a. Physical attractiveness b. Intelligence c. Social skills d. All of the these answers are correct Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 8.1.59 Page Reference: 229-230 Topic: Popularity and Unpopularity Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. All of these answers are correct 8.1.60. Which of the following has been shown by research to be MOST connected with someone being viewed as a "nerd"? a. High academic achievement b. Lack of social skills c. High intellectual ability d. Lack of wealth Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 8.1.60 Page Reference: 230 Topic: Popularity and Unpopularity Skill: Applied Answer: b. Lack of social skills 8.1.61. Margalit is unpopular and has trouble making friends. She is aggressive and just last week started a fight by punching the girl in front of her. Which of the following is most likely the case?

Margalit is a(n) __________ adolescent. a. neglected b. rejected c. controversial d. alternative Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 8.1.61 Page Reference: 230 Topic: The Importance of Social Skills Skill: Applied Answer: b. rejected 8.1.62. Huxley is shy. Most of his classmates neither like nor dislike him. Which of the following is most likely the case? Huxley is a(n) ___________ adolescent. ..

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a. neglected b. rejected c. controversial d. alternative Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 8.1.62 Page Reference: 230 Topic: The Importance of Social Skills Skill: Applied Answer: a. neglected 8.1.63. Samantha is highly aggressive, yet has a high level of social skill. Which of the following is most likely? Samantha is a(n) ___________ adolescent. a. neglected b. rejected c. controversial d. alternative Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 8.1.63 Page Reference: 230-231 Topic: Social Skills and Social Cognition Skill: Applied Answer: c. controversial 8.1.64. One reason that popular children tend to become popular adolescents is that they are a. reinforced in their popularity on an ongoing basis. b. given more independence by their parents. c. not likely to suffer from anxiety disorders. d. less reliant on physical appearance for confidence.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 8.1.64 Page Reference: 231 Topic: The Continuity of Popularity and Unpopularity Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. reinforced in their popularity on an ongoing basis.

8.1.65. Most interventions designed to help unpopular adolescents focus on developing ____________ skills. a. academic b. parenting c. social d. emotional ..

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Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.1.65 Page Reference: 232 Topic: Interventions for Unpopularity Skill: Factual Answer: c. social 8.1.66. In one social intervention, adolescents are taught a six-step sequence for a. anger management. b. assertiveness training. c. participant observation. d. emotional suppression.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.1.66 Page Reference: 232 Topic: Interventions for Unpopularity Skill: Factual Answer: a. anger management.

8.1.67. One study of neglected college students found that they were a. less perceptive of non-verbal cues. b. more sensitive to others' insults. c. indifferent to others' feelings. d. acutely aware of their appearance.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.1.67 Page Reference: 232 Topic: Interventions for Unpopularity Skill: Factual Answer: a. less perceptive of non-verbal cues.

8.1.68. The study of youth culture has a long history in the field of a. psychology. b. sociology. c. community health. d. education.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.1.68 Page Reference: 233 Topic: Youth Culture Skill: Factual Answer: b. sociology. ..

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8.1.69. Youth culture is generally believed to have arisen in the West during the a. 1890s. b. 1920s. c. 1950s. d. 1960s.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.1.69 Page Reference: 233 Topic: Youth Culture Skill: Factual Answer: b. 1920s.

8.1.70. Which of the following is NOT one of the components of the style of youth culture described in the text? a. Image b. Demeanor c. Argot d. Skills Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.1.70 Page Reference: 233-234 Topic: Youth Culture Skill: Factual Answer: d. Skills 8.1.71. It is 1967, and Reggie is a teenager who likes listening to the music of Jimi Hendrix. Reggie says, "Jimi is totally groovy, man." Reggie's phrase is an example of a. image. b. demeanor. c. argot. d. posture.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 8.1.71 Page Reference: 234 Topic: Youth Culture Skill: Applied Answer: c. argot.

8.1.72. Which of the following is the term for a society that condones a high degree of variability among individuals and groups? a. Pluralistic ..

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b. Dualistic c. Postfigurative d. Prefigurative Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 8.1.72 Page Reference: 236 Topic: Youth Culture Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. Pluralistic 8.1.73. Amar learned everything she ever needed to know from her mother and aunts and other elders in the community. Amar's mother and grandmother grew up much as she did, and life has changed very little from their time to the present. Amar most likely lives in a(n) _____________ culture. a. postfigurative b. prefigurative c. cofigurative d. alternative Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 8.1.73 Page Reference: 237 Topic: Technological Change and the Power of Youth Culture Skill: Applied Answer: a. postfigurative 8.1.74. As globalization proceeds, traditional cultures are likely to move from ____________ status. a. postfigurative to prefigurative b. postfigurative to cofigurative c. cofigurative to postfigurative d. prefigurative to postfigurative Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 8.1.74 Page Reference: 237 Topic: Technological Change and the Power of Youth Culture Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. postfigurative to cofigurative 8.1.75. Which of the following situations best reflects the meaning of prefigurative culture? a. Grandma teaches young Jane to plant a garden. b. Young Jane and her mother take a creative writing class together. c. Young Jane teaches her mother how to use the Internet. ..

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d. Young Jane asks her classmate how to use a graphics program.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 8.1.75 Page Reference: 237-238 Topic: Technological Change and the Power of Youth Culture Skill: Applied Answer: c. Young Jane teaches her mother how to use the Internet.

True/False 8.2.76. Adolescents tend to choose friends who are peers. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.2.76 Page Reference: 211 Topic: Peers and Friends Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 8.2.77. Besides being a source of emotional support and enjoyment, adolescents' friendships are also a source of worry. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.2.77 Page Reference: 213-214 Topic: Emotional States with Friends: Higher Highs, Lower Lows Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 8.2.78. Traditional cultures are likely to have fewer gender differences in terms of adolescents' relationships to peers and family. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.2.78 Page Reference: 214 Topic: Family and Friends in Traditional Cultures Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 8.2.79. Adolescents rate trust and loyalty as more important to friendship than younger children ..

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do. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.2.79 Page Reference: 216 Topic: Intimacy in Adolescent and Emerging Adult Friendships Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 8.2.80. Boys tend to have more intimate friendships than girls. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.2.80 Page Reference: 217 Topic: Intimacy and Adolescent Development Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 8.2.81. Greater ability for concrete reasoning makes it possible for adolescents to think about and talk about more abstract qualities in their relationships. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.2.81 Page Reference: 216 Topic: Intimacy and Adolescent Development Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 8.2.82. In American society, childhood is the life period when ethnic boundaries in friendships are the most defined. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.2.82 Page Reference: 218 Topic: Choosing Friends Skill: Factual Answer: b. False ..

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8.2.83. Selective association is the degree to which two people share personal knowledge, thoughts, and feelings. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.2.83 Page Reference: 220 Topic: Friends' Influence: Risk Behavior Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 8.2.84. Research shows it is more common for adolescents to feel pressure NOT to participate in risky behavior than to participate in it. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.2.84 Page Reference: 221 Topic: Friends' Influence: Risk Behavior Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 8.2.85. In some traditional cultures, adolescents may use sarcasm and ridicule toward adults in order to reinforce cultural norms. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.2.85 Page Reference: 223 Topic: Sarcasm and Ridicule in Cliques Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 8.2.86. Relational aggression is the term for behavior that includes not only sarcasm and ridicule but gossiping, spreading rumors, snubbing and excluding others from the clique. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.2.86 Page Reference: 224 Topic: Relational Aggression Skill: Factual ..

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Answer: a. True 8.2.87. Recent research shows that adolescents generally spend more time with other-sex friends than with same-sex friends. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.2.87 Page Reference: 228 Topic: Changes in Clique and Crowd Composition During Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 8.2.88. In adolescence, high intelligence is related to popularity. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.2.88 Page Reference: 230 Topic: Popularity and Unpopularity Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 8.2.89. Neglected adolescents are actively disliked by their peers, usually because others find them to be excessively aggressive, disruptive, and quarrelsome. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.2.89 Page Reference: 230 Topic: The Importance of Social Skills Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 8.2.90. Not all adolescents participate in youth culture. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 8.2.90 Page Reference: 236 Topic: Youth Culture ..

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Skill: Factual Answer: a. True Essay 8.3.91. List and define four types of support that friends may provide to each other in adolescence. Provide an example for each.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 8.3.91 Page Reference: 221-222 Topic: Friends' Influence: Support and Nurturance Skill: Applied Answer: • Informational Support: advice in solving personal problems; sharing personal problems, feelings, and thoughts (e.g., providing guidance regarding romantic relationships or personal problems involving other friends or parents). • Instrumental Support: helping out with various concrete tasks (e.g., helping each other with homework; lending money). • Companionship Support: being able to rely upon one's friend for social companionship in various activities (e.g., having someone to walk to school with; having someone to be a partner with in a school activity). • Esteem Support: providing encouragement for a friend's success and consoling a friend when he or she fails (e.g., having a party to celebrate a friend's athletic award; consoling a friend who did not pass her driver's test).

8.3.92. Define and distinguish between crowds and cliques. Provide an example of each from your own adolescent school experience.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 8.3.92 Page Reference: 223-224 Topic: Cliques and Crowds Skill: Applied Answer: • Crowds: large, reputation-based groups of adolescents. • Cliques: small groups of friends who know each other well, do things together, and form a regular social group. • Students will provide their own examples.

8.3.93. Define relational aggression and provide a rationale for evidence that girls exhibit more relational aggression than boys.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 8.2.93 Page Reference: 224 Topic: Relational Aggression Skill: Applied Answer: Relational aggression is the term used to describe behavior that includes sarcasm, ridicule, gossiping, spreading rumors, snubbing, and excluding others from the group. Relational aggression is a phenomenon recently identified among cliques of adolescent girls. It is posited that girls resort to relational aggression because their gender role prohibits more direct expression of conflict and disagreement. While they experience anger, they are not allowed to openly express it; 231 ..

aggression takes a more covert form. Relational aggression can also be a means of asserting dominance among peers.

8.3.94. Define and distinguish among rejected, neglected, and controversial adolescents. Briefly describe possible long-term consequences of unpopularity during adolescence.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 8.3.94 Page Reference: 230-231 Topic: The Importance of Social Skills Skill: Applied Answer: • Rejected adolescents are actively disliked by peers; they tend to be aggressive, disruptive, argumentative, and lack social skills to make and keep friends. Consequences include: higher rates of aggression-related problems and greater likelihood of dropping out of school. • Neglected adolescents are neither liked nor disliked strongly by peers; they are "unnoticed" by their peers, are usually shy and withdrawn, and lack social skills to make and keep friends.

Consequences: low self-esteem, loneliness, depression, alcohol abuse. • Controversial adolescents generate mixed responses among peers, strongly disliked by some and strongly liked by others; they tend to be aggressive, but also possess strong social skills.

8.3.95. List and briefly describe the significance of four historical influences that led to the rise of youth culture in the 1920s.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 8.3.95 Page Reference: 233-235 Topic: The "Roaring Twenties" and the Rise of Youth Culture Skill: Factual Answer: • World War I: More than 2 million American young adults went to Europe as part of the war effort. Upon returning home, values of freedom from restriction and enjoying life rose to the forefront. • Ideas of Sigmund Freud: Freud's ideas became popularized after World War I. A popularized interpretation included the view of an uninhibited sex life as part of psychological health. • Changing status of women: The 19th Amendment giving women the right to vote became law in 1920. More women entered the workplace, adding increased independence.

• Increased availability of automobiles: Middle class young people could get away from parents' supervision with this newfound mobility.

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Chapter 9 Love and Sexuality

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Chapter 9: Love and Sexuality Multiple Choice 9.1.01. According to research, what kinds of reasons do adolescents give for forming love relationships? a. Courtship b. Intimacy c. Recreation d. All of these answers are correct Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1.01 Page Reference: 243 Topic: The Developmental Course of Adolescent Love Skill: Factual Answer: d. All of these answers are correct 9.1.02. In contrast to adolescents, emerging adults are more likely to rank _______________ as the most important reason for engaging in romantic relationships. a. recreation b. intimacy c. status d. companionship Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1.02 Page Reference: 243 Topic: The Developmental Course of Adolescent Love Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. intimacy 9.1.03. Mike and Lisa, both 15 years old, are boyfriend and girlfriend. If Mike and Lisa were typical of the young people in recent research on adolescent romantic behavior, what would they look for in a romantic partner? a. Lisa would emphasize physical attractiveness. b. Lisa would say intimacy is not very important. c. Mike would mention physical attractiveness. d. Mike would emphasize communication.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.1.03 Page Reference: 243 Topic: The Developmental Course of Adolescent Love Skill: Applied Answer: c. Mike would mention physical attractiveness.

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9.1.04. According to Robert Sternberg, different types of love involve the combination of what three fundamental qualities? a. Joy, togetherness and humor b. Passion, intimacy and commitment c. Fidelity, romance and attraction d. Hate, anger and disgust Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1.04 Page Reference: 245 Topic: Sternberg's Theory of Love Skill: Factual Answer: b. Passion, intimacy and commitment 9.1.05. Bob and Lorraine have been married for 50 years. What fundamental quality of their love has most likely kept them together for all these years? a. Intimacy b. Commitment c. Passion d. Fidelity Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1.05 Page Reference: 246 Topic: Sternberg's Theory of Love Skill: Applied Answer: b. Commitment 9.1.06. According to Sternberg, in cultures where marriages are arranged by parents rather than chosen by the young people themselves, the marital relationship tends to start as what type of love? a. Romantic b. Empty c. Fatuous d. Consummate Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1.06 Page Reference: 246 Topic: Sternberg's Theory of Love Skill: Factual Answer: b. Empty.

9.1.07. Commitment in a relationship tends to develop in a. preadolescence.

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b. adolescence. c. emerging adulthood. d. late adulthood.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1.07 Page Reference: 246 Topic: Sternberg's Theory of Love Skill: Factual Answer: c. emerging adulthood.

9.1.08. Tom is in love. He is in a relationship where he believes the most important aspects are companionship and intimacy. Tom is not worried about how committed his relationship is. From this we can most likely conclude he is how old? a. 15 b. 21 c. 35 d. 42 Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.1.08 Page Reference: 247 Topic: Sternberg's Theory of Love Skill: Applied Answer: a. 15 9.1.09. Which statement best characterizes adolescent love? a. Commitment is a typical trait in adolescent relationships. b. The majority of adolescent relationships last over one year. c. Adolescents rank security as the most important aspect of love. d. Infatuation is common among adolescents.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1.09 Page Reference: 247 Topic: Sternberg's Theory of Love Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. Infatuation is common among adolescents.

9.1.10. Which statement concerning adolescent relationships applies to virtually all cultures? a. Commitment is a typical feature of these relationships. b. Feelings of passion appear to be a universal characteristic. c. Most marriages begin during adolescence. d. Dating and courtship is a universal experience.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 9.1.10 Page Reference: 247

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Topic: Adolescent Passion in Non-Western Cultures Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. Feelings of passion appear to be a universal characteristic.

9.1.11. Romantic love as the basis for marriage is a. universally accepted. b. universally rejected. c. a historical universal. d. a new cultural idea.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1.11 Page Reference: 247 Topic: Adolescent Passion in Non-Western Cultures Skill: Factual Answer: d. a new cultural idea.

9.1.12. Jared and Breanne are in love. They are always spending time together. They have very similar religious beliefs. They both love to hike, camp, swim, fish and water-ski. People have commented how alike they are. According to social scientists, Jared and Breanne are most likely seeking a. proactive scripting. b. fatuous love. c. consensual validation. d. an arranged marriage.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.1.12 Page Reference: 248 Topic: Falling in Love Skill: Applied Answer: c. consensual validation.

9.1.13. Romantic partners play a variety of roles for each other, including a. psychological security. b. comfort and protection. c. acting as a sexual partner. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1.13 Page Reference: 248-249 Topic: Falling in Love Skill: Factual Answer: d. all of these answers are correct.

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9.1.14. In contrast to emerging adulthood, adolescent romantic relationships tend to include a ____________ context. a. maternal b. peer c. teacher d. spousal Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1.14 Page Reference: 249 Topic: Falling in Love Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. peer 9.1.15. Steve and Leanne can't take their eyes off each other. Every time Leanne is in the cafeteria, Steve finds an excuse to be there. In math class Leanne doodles Steve's name in her book. However, both Leanne and Steve are anxious and fearful of their new feelings. As well, they are worried about their friends teasing them. Steve and Leanne are probably in what Bradford Brown refers to as what phase of adolescent love? a. Initiation b. Status c. Affection d. Bonding Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.1.15 Page Reference: 249 Topic: Falling in Love Skill: Applied Answer: a. Initiation 9.1.16. Ed likes Sandy but he is not sure how to tell her and feels he wants to avoid any direct rejection. Ed asks Cory to ask Allison to ask Sandy if she likes Ed. Ed is probably in what Bradford Brown refers to as the ___________ phase of adolescent love. a. initiation b. status c. affection d. bonding Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.1.16 Page Reference: 249 Topic: Falling in Love Skill: Applied Answer: b. status Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

9.1.17. Fifteen-year-old Alex is at home feeling sad. She has just been dumped by her boyfriend.

Her mom comes into her room to see how she is doing. Alex feels like the world is over, she will never love again, and this is the worst thing that has ever happened to her. Alex's unhappy feelings are intensified by her a. reactive script. b. affection phase. c. latency period. d. adolescent egocentrism.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.1.17 Page Reference: 250 Topic: When Love Goes Bad: Breaking Up Skill: Applied Answer: d. adolescent egocentrism.

9.1.18. According to research, what is the most common reason for college students breaking up? a. Lack of common interests b. Desire to be independent c. Infidelity of a partner d. Conflicting religious beliefs Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1.18 Page Reference: 250 Topic: When Love Goes Bad: Breaking Up Skill: Factual Answer: a. Lack of common interests 9.1.19. According to the text, what do men and women rate as the highest characteristic in their "ideal" man or woman? a. Social status and money b. Refinement and neatness c. Kindness and honesty d. Ambition and sexiness Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1.19 Page Reference: 251 Topic: Choosing a Marriage Partner Skill: Factual Answer: c. Kindness and honesty 9.1.20. Ji-Sung is a young girl living in Tokyo. Ji-Sung is part of a study which questions young adults about the most important aspects of potential spouses. What would Ji-Sung probably rate as the highest quality in the person she hopes to marry?

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a. Good financial prospects b. Mutual attraction c. Social status d. Similar religious background Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.1.20 Page Reference: 251 Topic: Choosing a Marriage Partner Skill: Applied Answer: b. Mutual attraction 9.1.21. A modern social scientist is studying the traits involved in mate selection. If the research was being conducted in a Middle Eastern culture such as Iran, what would likely be one of the highest ranked traits? a. Status b. Attractiveness c. Money d. Chastity Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1.21 Page Reference: 251 Topic: Choosing a Marriage Partner Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. Chastity 9.1.22. One implication regarding marriage that follows from increased globalization is that a. adolescents in Western cultures increasingly understand the benefits of arranged marriages. b. Middle Eastern cultures are beginning to rate chastity low in terms of ideal traits. c. arranged marriages have increased in Eastern cultures. d. young people in traditional cultures increasingly value individual choice.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1.22 Page Reference: 252 Topic: Arranged Marriages Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. young people in traditional cultures increasingly value individual choice.

9.1.23. What country has the highest percentage of young adults who cohabitate before marriage? a. Sweden b. Britain c. United States Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. France Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1.23 Page Reference: 253 Topic: Cohabitation Skill: Factual Answer: a. Sweden 9.1.24. Albert and Margaret have lived together for 10 months and are beginning to talk about marriage. Robert and his girlfriend Lorraine have also lived together for less than one year.

According to recent research, if Robert and Lorraine are from the New York and Albert and Margaret live together in Brussels, which statement is MOST likely true of their futures? a. Albert and Margaret are most likely teenagers. b. Robert and Lorraine are more likely to stay together longer than Albert and Margaret. c. Robert and Lorraine will probably live together more than 10 years before getting married. d. Albert and Margaret are more likely to stay together longer than Robert and Lorraine.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.1.24 Page Reference: 253 Topic: Cohabitation Skill: Applied Answer: d. Albert and Margaret are more likely to stay together longer than Robert and Lorraine.

9.1.25. Adolescent sexuality tends to begin with a. masturbation. b. necking. c. petting. d. oral sex.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1.25 Page Reference: 254 Topic: Rates of Adolescent Sexual Activity Skill: Factual Answer: a. masturbation.

9.1.26. Which statement best characterizes the research conducted on adolescent masturbation? a. Ninety percent of boys have masturbated before the age of 13. b. Girls' reports of masturbation may be influenced by social desirability. c. Social desirability has impacted on boys' reported frequency of masturbation. d. None of these answers are correct.

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Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1.26 Page Reference: 254 Topic: Rates of Adolescent Sexual Activity Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. Girls' reports of masturbation may be influenced by social desirability.

9.1.27. According to recent research, American girls reported having their breasts touched by a boy by about 16 years of age. In contrast American boys reported touching a girl's breasts earlier.

On average, how much earlier did boys begin this sexual act? a. 6 months younger b. 1 year younger c. 2 years younger d. 5 years younger Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1.27 Page Reference: 255 Topic: Rates of Adolescent Sexual Activity Skill: Factual Answer: b. 1 year younger 9.1.28. In tracking the historical pattern of college students' sexual experiences, research has shown that reports of sexual intercourse have a. increased over the last 40 years. b. decreased over the last 40 years. c. remained unchanged. d. not been widely researched.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1.28 Page Reference: 255 Topic: Rates of Adolescent Sexual Activity Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. increased over the last 40 years.

9.1.29. Art is a 9th-grade student. In a recent research study, Art reported he had already had his first sexual experience. According to the text, Art is most likely a. Caucasian. b. Asian. c. Latino. d. Black.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.1.29 Page Reference: 255 Topic: Rates of Adolescent Sexual Activity Skill: Applied Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: d. Black.

9.1.30. Which ethnic group represented in the United States is least likely to engage in early sexual intercourse? a. European Americans b. Asian Americans c. African Americans d. Latino Americans Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1.30 Page Reference: 255 Topic: Rates of Adolescent Sexual Activity Skill: Factual Answer: b. Asian Americans 9.1.31. Hendrik is a 16-year-old boy taking part in a study about adolescent sex. Evidence indicates that Hendrik will be most likely to disclose his true experience when he a. completes a paper and pencil test. b. answers questions on a computer. c. responds directly to an interviewer. d. is part of a focus group.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.1.31 Page Reference: 256 Topic: Rates of Adolescent Sexual Activity Skill: Applied Answer: b. answers questions on a computer.

9.1.32. Sylvester is a typical "Western" adolescent. He is also sexually active. According to research, what can we predict about Sylvester? a. He has multiple partners with whom he is sexually active. b. He has had two separate relationships spaced by several months without a partner. c. He has engaged in sexual activity with both male and female partners. d. He is waiting for his one true love.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.1.32 Page Reference: 256 Topic: Rates of Adolescent Sexual Activity Skill: Applied Answer: b. He has had two separate relationships spaced by several months without a partner.

9.1.33. According to Ford and Beach (1951), there are three types of cultural approaches to Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

adolescent sexuality. One of these types is labeled a. tolerant. b. restrictive. c. semi-limiting. d. none of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1.33 Page Reference: 257 Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Adolescent Sexuality Skill: Factual Answer: b. restrictive.

9.1.34. One implication that follows from restrictive cultures placing strong prohibitions on adolescent sexual activity before marriage is that a. males are physically punished for premarital sex. b. boys and girls are encouraged to have group social events together. c. they allow adolescents to be sexually permissive if they are discreet. d. females are punished for engaging in premarital sex.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1.34 Page Reference: 257- 258 Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Adolescent Sexuality Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. females are punished for engaging in premarital sex.

9.1.35. Tonga is a young Samoan boy. Tonga embraces his cultural traditions which include beliefs about sexual conduct. If Tonga has engaged in premarital sex, he can expect a. his parents feeling dishonor by his choices. b. that if he is discreet, most will ignore his behavior. c. to face threats and physical punishment. d. his family will openly encourage his sexual activity.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.1.35 Page Reference: 258 Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Adolescent Sexuality Skill: Applied Answer: b. that if he is discreet, most will ignore his behavior.

9.1.36. According to recent research completed cross-culturally on sexual activity, which country has the lowest rate of adolescents engaging in premarital sex? a. Kenya b. Spain Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

c. South Korea d. Brazil Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1.36 Page Reference: 259 Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Adolescent Sexuality Skill: Factual Answer: c. South Korea 9.1.37. Chris and Alex are beginning to explore their sexuality. Chris feels Alex should be the initiator and Alex knows Chris is the person who sets the limits. What might we conclude about Chris and/or Alex? a. Chris is an adolescent girl. b. Chris is a preadolescent boy. c. Alex is an adolescent girl. d. Alex is younger than Chris is.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.1.37 Page Reference: 260 Topic: Gender and the Meanings of Sex Skill: Applied Answer: a. Chris is an adolescent girl.

9.1.38. In contrast to boys, girls' sexual scripts are more likely to be ______________ about premarital sex. a. disturbed b. happy c. satisfied d. ambivalent Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1.38 Page Reference: 260 Topic: Gender and the Meanings of Sex Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. ambivalent 9.1.39. Thorn and Chantel are young college students. Both Thorn and Chantel have developed sexual scripts. Based on research, what is the likely content of their scripts? a. Thorn, as a young man, will fantasize about sex with strangers. b. Chantel, as a young woman, will not fantasize about partners she is in love with. c. Torn and Chantel's fantasies will not differ at this age. d. Both Thorn and Chantel do not have any real fantasies.

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Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.1.39 Page Reference: 260 Topic: Gender and the Meanings of Sex Skill: Applied Answer: a. Thorn, as a young man, will fantasize about sex with strangers.

9.1.40. Shaquille and Walter are two young adolescents. Shaquille has already had sexual intercourse with three different girls. Walter is still a virgin. Other than sexual experience, how might Shaquille and Walter be different, according to research? a. Shaquille has higher academic performance. b. Walter has lower academic aspirations. c. Walter is a late maturer. d. Shaquille participates in religious activities more often.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.1.40 Page Reference: 261 Topic: Characteristics of Sexually Active Adolescents Skill: Applied Answer: c. Walter is a late maturer.

9.1.41. What factor tends NOT to affect the timing of an adolescent's first sexual experience? a. Timing of physical maturation b. Level of parental communication c. Level of religious involvement d. Aspirations of high academic performance Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1.41 Page Reference: 261 Topic: Characteristics of Sexually Active Adolescents Skill: Factual Answer: b. Level of parental communication 9.1.42. According to the text, which statement best categorizes the connection between a mother/daughter relationship and an adolescent daughter's sexual habits? a. Closer mother/daughter relationship, the more likely the daughter will use contraception. b. Mother/daughter relationships have an inverse effect on early pregnancy results. c. Closer mother/daughter relationship, the earlier a daughter will have sexual intercourse. d. Mother/daughter relationship has no effect on the daughter's adolescent sexual practices.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1.42 Page Reference: 261 Topic: Characteristics of Sexually Active Adolescents Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. Closer mother/daughter relationship, the more likely the daughter will use contraception.

9.1.43. Dianna and Sheri are two 6th grade girls. Dianna is a late maturer, while Sheri is an early maturer. According to research, Sheri will tend to a. play more sports. b. have higher academic aspirations. c. be sexually active earlier. d. attend religious services more regularly.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.1.43 Page Reference: 261 Topic: Characteristics of Sexually Active Adolescents Skill: Applied Answer: c. be sexually active earlier.

9.1.44. Harassment may include all of the following EXCEPT a. physical attacks. b. repeated telephone calls. c. excessively complimenting the person. d. following the person in public.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1.44 Page Reference: 261-262 Topic: Sexual Harassment and Date Rape Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. excessively complimenting the person.

9.1.45. Stella is in 8th grade and has been sexually harassed by the boys in her school. The boys have called her names and made sexual jokes at her expense. Stella's experience is like what percentage of other girls her age? a. 5% b. 20% c. 45% d. 80% Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.1.45 Page Reference: 262 Topic: Sexual Harassment and Date Rape Skill: Applied Answer: c. 45% Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

9.1.46. According to current research, what percentage of emerging adult women have had sexual relations against their will? a. 10% b. 15% c. 25% d. 55% Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1.46 Page Reference: 262 Topic: Sexual Harassment and Date Rape Skill: Factual Answer: c. 25% 9.1.47. According to research, which statement most accurately represents issues regarding date rape? a. Being intoxicated is not associated with date rape. b. Girls who have intercourse early are more likely to have sex against their will. c. Five percent of adolescents and emerging adults report being forced to have sex. d. All of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1.47 Page Reference: 262 Topic: Sexual Harassment and Date Rape Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. Girls who have intercourse early are more likely to have sex against their will.

9.1.48. According to research, what is the best predictor of homosexuality? a. Homosexual experiences in adolescence. b. Homosexual feelings in childhood and adolescence. c. Being raised by gay parents. d. Having at least one gay relative.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1.48 Page Reference: 263-264 Topic: Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Adolescents Skill: Factual Answer: b. Homosexual feelings in childhood and adolescence.

9.1.49. Jerry is a gay male. If Jerry is like most gay men, according to research, at what age is Jerry likely to begin the process of coming out? a. 12 years old b. 16 years old Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

c. 18 years old d. 25 years old Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.1.49 Page Reference: 263 Topic: Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Adolescents Skill: Applied Answer: b. 16 years old 9.1.50. One implication that follows from the pervasiveness of homophobia in American society is a. coming out can be a traumatic experience. b. gay teens feel comforted by telling others about their new identity. c. suicide rates are lower among homosexual teens. d. parents' response to adolescent homosexuality are highly positive.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1.50 Page Reference: 263-264 Topic: Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Adolescents Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. coming out can be a traumatic experience.

9.1.51. Which of the following behaviors concerning adolescents who are known to be homosexual is common? a. Parents are often caring and accepting. b. Peers understand and support. c. Adolescents are open about their sexual orientation. d. None of these answers is correct.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1.51 Page Reference: 263-264 Topic: Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Adolescents Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. None of these answers is correct.

9.1.52. Barry is a young gay man living in Grand Forks, Iowa. Barry has been "outed" by some kids in his class. According to research, what is Barry likely facing because of this event? a. Verbal abuse b. Peer support c. Feelings of guilt d. Parental support Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 9.1.52 Page Reference: 264

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Topic: Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Adolescents Skill: Applied Answer: a. Verbal abuse 9.1.53. Which statement concerning adolescent sexual activity and contraception use is most accurate? a. Over 80% of adolescents regularly use contraception. b. Higher rates of poverty are negatively correlated with teenage pregnancy rates. c. Adolescent sexual activity and contraception use are usually unplanned. d. All of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1.53 Page Reference: 265 Topic: Contraceptive Use and Nonuse Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. Adolescent sexual activity and contraception use are usually unplanned.

9.1.54. One implication which follows from the personal fable of adolescence is that adolescents a. believe that getting pregnant won't happen to them. b. show great fear of teenage pregnancy. c. believe that contraception is necessary for health reasons. d. tend to score high on measures of formal operational thought.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1.54 Page Reference: 265 Topic: Contraceptive Use and Nonuse Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. believe that getting pregnant won't happen to them.

9.1.55. Adolescents in the United States have the highest rate of teen pregnancy among various Western countries. These high rates are being blamed on a. the media's portrayal of sex. b. lack of contraceptive education from schools. c. lack of communication from parents about sexual issues. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1.55 Page Reference: 266 Topic: Contraceptive Use and Nonuse Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. the media's portrayal of sex.

9.1.56. According to the text, adolescents who feel guilty about engaging in sexual activity are Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

likely to a. talk to their parents about their issues. b. use contraception. c. not engage in sexual activities. d. not use contraception.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1.56 Page Reference: 266 Topic: Contraceptive Use and Nonuse Skill: Factual Answer: d. not use contraception.

9.1.57. Sweden is to "permissive beliefs about adolescent sex" as Japan is to a. "explicit sex education programs." b. "easy access to contraception." c. "strictly forbidding sexual activity." d. "acknowledging their adolescent sexual orientation."

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1.57 Page Reference: 266 Topic: Pregnancy, Parenthood, and Abortion in Adolescence Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. "strictly forbidding sexual activity."

9.1.58. What percentage of American adolescent pregnancies end in abortion? a. 15% b. 30% c. 60% d. 75% Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1.58 Page Reference: 267 Topic: Pregnancy, Parenthood, and Abortion in Adolescence Skill: Factual Answer: b.30% 9.1.59. During the 1990s, the effects of AIDS, a decline in sexual activity, and an increase in condom use all contributed to a(n) a. increase in STDs. b. decline in adoptions. c. increase in marriage rates. d. decline in birth rates.

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Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1.59 Page Reference: 267 Topic: Pregnancy, Parenthood, and Abortion in Adolescence Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. decline in birth rates.

9.1.60. Rae-Ann is a young adolescent mother living in Minneapolis. If Rae-Ann is like most young mothers raising a daughter alone, she has a high likelihood of a. going to college this fall. b. being a high school dropout. c. working at a high paying job. d. giving her child up for adoption.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.1.60 Page Reference: 268 Topic: Pregnancy, Parenthood, and Abortion in Adolescence Skill: Applied Answer: b. being a high school dropout.

9.1.61. According to research, teenage mothers are twice as likely as other girls to a. go to college. b. get a job. c. get married. d. none of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1.61 Page Reference: 268-269 Topic: Pregnancy, Parenthood, and Abortion in Adolescence Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. none of these answers are correct.

9.1.62. Dorothy is a young African American adolescent. Dorothy is expecting her first child.

The father of Dorothy's child is absent and does not want to be part of raising the child.

According to research, the key to Dorothy being successful and "overcoming the odds" would be a. family support. b. reestablishing the father's relationship with her child. c. obtaining education. d. being on welfare.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1.62 Page Reference: 268 Topic: Pregnancy, Parenthood, and Abortion in Adolescence Skill: Applied Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: c. obtaining education.

9.1.63. According to research, adolescent fathers are more likely than their male peers to a. become divorced. b. have lower levels of education. c. have lower paying jobs. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1.63 Page Reference: 269 Topic: Pregnancy, Parenthood, and Abortion in Adolescence Skill: Factual Answer: d. all of these answers are correct.

9.1.64. Lola is a brand new baby. Her mom, Sadie, is an unmarried adolescent mom. According to research, Lola is more likely than other babies to a. say her first word by age 10 months. b. have a high birth weight. c. have behavior problems in childhood. d. be a full-term baby.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.1.64 Page Reference: 269 Topic: Pregnancy, Parenthood, and Abortion in Adolescence Skill: Applied Answer: c. have behavior problems in childhood.

9.1.65. According to research, in contrast to adolescent mothers who keep their babies, those who have abortions are more likely to a. suffer severe psychological damage. b. be better off economically. c. drop out of high school. d. have strong family support.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1.65 Page Reference: 269 Topic: Pregnancy, Parenthood, and Abortion in Adolescence Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. be better off economically.

9.1.66. Adults often view sex in emerging adulthood as a. "problem behavior."

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b. "a normal part of life." c. "saturating American life." d. none of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1.66 Page Reference: 269 Topic: Sexuality in Emerging Adults Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. "a normal part of life."

9.1.67. According to the text, emerging adults are more likely than adults in older age groups to a. engage in long-term relationships. b. experiment with same-sex partners. c. use contraception. d. engage in recreational sex.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1.67 Page Reference: 270 Topic: Sexuality in Emerging Adulthood Skill: Factual Answer: d. engage in recreational sex.

9.1.68. Over the past year, Alex has only been sexually active with one partner. According to the text, Alex is most likely a. an adolescent. b. African American. c. an emerging adult. d. from a traditional culture.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.1.68 Page Reference: 270 Topic: Sexuality in Emerging Adulthood Skill: Applied Answer: c. an emerging adult.

9.1.69. Emily has an STD. Her symptoms include pain during urination and intercourse. Her doctor has told Emily that, if left untreated, this STD is the leading cause of infertility in women.

Emily has a. HIV/AIDS. b. Human Papillomavirus. c. Herpes. d. Chlamydia.

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Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.1.69 Page Reference: 271 Topic: Sexually Transmitted Diseases Skill: Applied Answer: d. Chlamydia.

9.1.70. Emily has HPV and like most others is asymptomatic. According to the text, Emily a. is not able to pass on the disease until her symptoms appear. b. has signs of genital warts on her vagina. c. can continue to infect her partners. d. will develop pelvic inflammatory disease within 3 months.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.1.70 Page Reference: 271 Topic: Sexually Transmitted Diseases Skill: Applied Answer: c. can continue to infect her partners.

9.1.71. Women who continue to carry HPV have a greater risk of developing cervical cancer, though it may take _________________ to develop. a. 4 to 6 months. b. 1 to 3 years. c. 5 to 25 years. d. more than 25 years.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1.71 Page Reference: 271 Topic: Sexually Transmitted Diseases Skill: Factual Answer: c. 5 to 25 years.

9.1.72. One of the variations of herpes simplex is the HSV-I, which is characterized by a. sores on the genitals. b. a virus infecting the mucus membrane of the vagina. c. sores on the mouth and face. d. the breakdown of the immune system.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1.72 Page Reference: 272 Topic: Sexually Transmitted Diseases Skill: Factual Answer: c. sores on the mouth and face.

9.1.73. According to the text, in recent years what group has experienced the greatest percentage Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

increase in cases of HIV/AIDS? a. Homosexuals b. Heterosexuals c. Intravenous drug users d. Bisexuals Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.1.73 Page Reference: 272 Topic: Sexually Transmitted Diseases Skill: Applied Answer: b. Heterosexuals 9.1.74. Andy is HIV positive and is beginning to show symptoms of full-blown AIDS. Andy is losing a great deal of weight and is becoming extremely emaciated. Andy has the AIDS symptom known as a. subfecundity. b. wasting syndrome. c. initiation phase. d. latency period.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.1.74 Page Reference: 273 Topic: Sexually Transmitted Diseases Skill: Applied Answer: b. wasting syndrome.

9.1.75. Angela is a proponent of "comprehensive sexuality education." Angela most likely agrees with what statement? a. Abstinence is the best method of contraception. b. Sex education should not begin until late adolescence. c. Sex education should begin at an early age. d. Sex education leads to promiscuity.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.1.75 Page Reference: 273 Topic: Sex Education Skill: Applied Answer: c. Sex education should begin at an early age.

True/False 9.2.76. In terms of Sternberg's theory of love, most adolescent love relationships lack commitment.

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a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.2.76 Page Reference: 246 Topic: Sternberg's Theory of Love Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 9.2.77. Attachment styles between lovers have been found to resemble the parent-child attachment. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.2.77 Page Reference: 248 Topic: Falling in Love Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 9.2.78. A national survey in the United States of 20-29 year olds found that 62% agreed that "living together with someone before marriage is a good way to avoid eventual divorce." a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.2.78 Page Reference: 253 Topic: Cohabitation Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 9.2.79. Girls who masturbate do so more frequently than boys, although they self-disclose less often. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.2.79 Page Reference: 254 Topic: Rates of Adolescent Sexual Activity Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 9.2.80. According to the text, having sexual intercourse once does not necessarily initiate a Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

pattern of frequent intercourse from that point onward. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.2.80 Page Reference: 255 Topic: Rates of Adolescent Sexual Activity Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 9.2.81. Of all uses of the Internet, the sites with the highest traffic are those that contain pornography. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.2.81 Page Reference: 257 Topic: Pornography Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 9.2.82. Research shows that pornography use is higher among adolescents than emerging adults. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.2.82 Page Reference: 257 Topic: Pornography Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 9.2.83. For adolescents who are gay, lesbian or bisexual (GLB), the degree of confusion and anxiety is often amplified because of a cultural presumption of heterosexuality. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.2.83 Page Reference: 263-264 Topic: Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Adolescents Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 9.2.84. Some scholars suggest a link between cognitive development and contraception use.

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a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.2.84 Page Reference: 265 Topic: Contraception Use and Nonuse Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 9.2.85. Countries such as Denmark, Sweden, and Finland have low rates of adolescent pregnancy because they are restrictive about adolescent sex. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.2.85 Page Reference: 266 Topic: Pregnancy, Parenthood, and Abortion in Adolescence Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 9.2.86. A research study which tracked the welfare of adolescent mothers found that five years after giving birth, these mothers lagged behind their peers in educational progress. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.2.86 Page Reference: 268 Topic: Pregnancy, Parenthood, and Abortion in Adolescence Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 9.2.87. Sexual behavior in emerging adulthood most commonly takes place in the context of a close romantic relationship. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.2.87 Page Reference: 269 Topic: Sexuality in Emerging Adulthood Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 9.2.88. People who have STDs and are asymptomatic show all the symptoms of their disease.

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a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.2.88 Page Reference: 271 Topic: Sexually Transmitted Diseases Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 9.2.89. The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the leading cause of female infertility. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.2.89 Page Reference: 271 Topic: Sexually Transmitted Diseases Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 9.2.90. A recent review of research showed that most abstinence-only programs delayed initiation of sexual intercourse. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.2.90 Page Reference: 273 Topic: Sex Education Skill: Factual Answer: b. False Essay 9.3.91. Choose three of Sternberg's seven different forms of love, comparing and contrasting each with examples.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.2.91 Page Reference: 245-247 Topic: Sternberg's Theory of Love Skill: Applied Answer: o Liking is intimacy alone, without passion or commitment. This is the type of love that characterizes most friendships. o Infatuation is passion alone, without intimacy or commitment. Infatuation involves a great deal of physiological and emotional arousal, and a heightened level of sexual desire, but without emotional closeness to the person or an enduring commitment. o Empty Love is commitment alone, without passion or intimacy. This might Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

apply to a couple who have been married for many years and who have lost the passion and intimacy in their relationship. It also applies to the early stages of marriage in cultures where marriages are arranged by parents. o Romantic Love combines passion and intimacy, but without commitment. This is the kind of love people mean when the talk about being "in love." It is often experienced as intense and joyful. o Companionate Love combines intimacy and commitment, but without passion. It may be applied to married or long-term couples who have gradually decreased their passion for each other but have maintained the other qualities of their love. o Fatuous Love involves passion and commitment without intimacy. This kind of love would apply to a "whirlwind" courtship where two people meet, fall passionately in love, and get married, all within a few weeks, before they even have time to know each other well. o Consummate Love integrates all three aspects of love into the ultimate love relationship. It is the kind of love that represents the ideal for many people.

9.3.92. The "Cultural Focus" box in Chapter 9 discusses sexuality in the Netherlands. Compare and contrast the sexual attitudes of the Netherlands and the United States.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.2.92 Page Reference: 259 Topic: Young People's Sexuality in the Netherlands Skill: Applied Answer: • The Netherlands o considerably more liberal than U.S. o much more tolerant of sexual involvement by late adolescence and emerging adulthood o liberal attitudes have limits and peers tend to have double standards applied to the behavior of boys and girls o more permissive o communication between parents and children seem to be the same as in the United States -- it is fraught with ambiguity • United States o considerably more conservative than the Netherlands o less tolerant of sexual involvements by late adolescence and emerging adulthood o less permissive o communication between parents and children seem to be the same as in the Netherlands -- it is fraught with ambiguity o young people also must deal with the double standard of peers regarding males' and females' sexual behavior 9.3.93. Define sexual harassment in terms of mild to severe, providing examples.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.2.93 Page Reference: 261-262 Topic: Sexual Harassment and Date Rape Skill: Applied Answer: • Sexual harassment is a pervasive part of the peer interactions of adolescents. It is usually defined as including a wide range of behaviors, from mild harassment such as namecalling, jokes, and leering looks, to severe harassment involving unwanted touching or sexual contact. • Students will provide their own examples.

9.3.94. Compare and contrast homosexual experience and sexual orientation. Provide examples to illustrate your points.

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 9.2.94 Page Reference: 262-264

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Topic: Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Adolescents Skill: Applied Answer: • A high percentage of adolescents and emerging adults (predominantly males) report some kind of homosexual sex play, but only about 2% of adolescents eventually become adults with a primary homosexual orientation. • The results of one study indicated that having predominantly homosexual feelings in childhood and adolescence was a better predictor of a homosexual orientation in adulthood than having homosexual experiences during the childhood and adolescent years. • Students will provide their own examples.

9.3.95. Choose three of the characteristics of successful sex education programs and describe why you believe each would make the program a success.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.2.95 Page Reference: 273-274 Topic: Sex Education Skill: Applied Answer: • Focus narrowly on reducing one or more sexual behaviors that lead to unintended pregnancy or HIV/AIDS infection. • Base the program on theoretical approaches developed to treat other risky behavior, such as cognitive behavioral theory, which rewards changes in thought and behavior. • Give a clear message about sexual activity and condom or contraceptive use and continually reinforce that message. • Provide basic, accurate information about risks and methods to avoid intercourse or pregnancy and STDs. • Include activities that teach how to deal with social pressures, such as information that helps them refute frequently used lines like “everybody does it” or activities that generate peer support for withstanding social pressures. • Model and provide practice in negotiation and refusal skills, such as how to say no, how to insist on condoms or other contraception, and how to make sure body language supports the verbal message. • Use a variety of teaching methods to involve participants and personalize the information. • Incorporate behavioral goals, teaching methods and materials that are specific to the age, culture and sexual experience of the students. • Run the program over a sufficient period of time (at least 14 hours spread over several weeks). • Train teachers, youth workers, or peer leaders (generally for at least six hours) who believe in the program.

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Chapter 10: School Multiple Choice 10.1.01. According to the text, when did states in the USA begin passing laws requiring school attendance through early teens? a. Age of Innocence b. Age of Adolescence c. Time of the Season d. Time of Social Control Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.1.01 Page Reference: 278 Topic: The Rise of Schooling for Adolescents Skill: Factual Answer: b. Age of Adolescence 10.1.02. School attendance for adolescents in non-industrialized societies is a. mandatory. b. rare. c. higher. d. non-existent.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 10.1.02 Page Reference: 279 Topic: The Rise of Schooling for Adolescents Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. rare.

10.1.03. Anwar is a 15-year-old who lives in Egypt. Based on research, it could be predicted that Anwar's literacy a. would be higher than his grandfather's literacy. b. would be lower than his grandfather's literacy. c. and his grandfather's literacy would be about the same. d. none of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 10.1.03 Page Reference: 278 Topic: The Rise of Schooling for Adolescents Skill: Applied Answer: a. would be higher than his grandfather's literacy.

10.1.04. Darryl is a young man attending secondary school in the late 19th century. He comes from a very wealthy family. What subject is especially likely to be part of Darryl's curriculum if Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

he is like most of the wealthy adolescent boys in his school? a. French b. Geography c. Physical Education d. Greek Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 10.1.04 Page Reference: 279 Topic: Changes in Schooling for Adolescents Skill: Applied Answer: d. Greek 10.1.05. According to the text, the comprehensive high school system was designed to a. include general education. b. prepare students for college. c. include vocational training. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.1.05 Page Reference: 279 Topic: Changes in Schooling for Adolescents Skill: Factual Answer: d. all of these answers are correct.

10.1.06. According to the text, school reform in the 1950s and early 1960s focused on the need for ________ education. a. language b. health c. politics d. science Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.1.06 Page Reference: 279 Topic: Changes in Schooling for Adolescents Skill: Factual Answer: d. science 10.1.07. According to the text, the buzz word "relevance" used in connection to education reform in the 1970s refers to which of the following issues? a. Creating post secondary education which connects to high school training. b. Increasing the strong logical mathematical reasoning of education. c. Understanding education should be concerned with the scientific mind.

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d. Connecting education to occupational training.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 10.1.07 Page Reference: 279 Topic: Changes in Schooling for Adolescents Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. Connecting education to occupational training.

10.1.08. Imagine you were a researcher in the 1980s studying the documents from educational experts hired by the National Commission on Excellence in Education. What message would you most likely uncover from these documents? a. "Creating military minds." b. "Back to basics." c. "Allowing personal development." d. "Gaining occupational training."

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 10.1.08 Page Reference: 280 Topic: Changes in Schooling for Adolescents Skill: Applied Answer: b. "Back to basics."

10.1.09. Todd is a young boy attending UWO Senior Secondary High School in Fort Meyers, Florida. His cousin, Kim, lives in New Orleans where she also attends high school. According to the text, how might Todd's and Kim's educational experiences compare? a. The same because of the national polices on education. b. Different because schools are controlled by states and cities. c. The educational system in Florida is more progressive in relation to liberal arts. d. The educational system in Louisiana is comprehensive in terms of science.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 10.1.09 Page Reference: 280 Topic: Changes in Schooling for Adolescents Skill: Applied Answer: b. Different because schools are controlled by states and cities.

10.1.10. Which of the following is the recent (2001) initiative to work toward an effective national educational policy in the USA? a. "Goals 2000." b. "Equalization Act." c. "Just Say Yes to Learning Act." d. "No Child Left Behind Act." Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.1.10 Page Reference: 280 Topic: Changes in Schooling for Adolescents Skill: Factual Answer: d. "No Child Left Behind Act." 10.1.11. Currently, the US federal government provides approximately _____ of school funding. a. 5% b. 10% c. 35% d. 50% Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.1.11 Page Reference: 281 Topic: Changes in Schooling for Adolescents Skill: Factual Answer: a. 5% 10.1.12. Secondary education in most European countries include a. college preparatory schools. b. vocational high schools. c. business-trade schools d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.1.12 Page Reference: 281 Topic: Secondary Education Around the World Skill: Factual Answer: d. all of these answers are correct.

10.1.13. According to the text, in most European countries how many adolescents attend vocational schools? Approximately a. 25% b. 50% c. 75% d. 100% Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.1.13 Page Reference: 281 Topic: Secondary Education Around the World Skill: Factual Answer: a. 25% 10.1.14. One implication that follows from the European system of different types of secondary Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

schools is that a. unemployment rates are low among vocational and related jobs. b. this system involves great flexibility in occupational choices. c. adolescents must decide early about their educational direction. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 10.1.14 Page Reference: 281 Topic: Secondary Education Around the World Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. adolescents must decide early about their educational direction.

10.1.15. Cosmo and Joseph are both attending high school. Cosmo lives in Berlin, Germany, and Joseph lives in New York City. According to the text, how might the boys' experiences compare? a. Their experiences would be the same. b. Cosmo doesn't have to worry about early occupational decisions. c. Joseph has a greater flexibility because of the broad range of courses. d. Both Cosmo and Joseph can chose among multiple types of secondary schools.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 10.1.15 Page Reference: 282 Topic: Secondary Education Around the World Skill: Applied Answer: c. Joseph has a greater flexibility because of the broad range of courses.

10.1.16. One major drawback of the U.S. system of comprehensive high schools is that a. it limits adolescents' occupational choices. b. vocational training limits academic pursuits. c. adolescents need to decide their occupations early. d. it limits job-specific training.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 10.1.16 Page Reference: 282 Topic: Secondary Education Around the World Skill: Factual Answer: d. it limits job-specific training.

10.1.17. In the Arab countries of North Africa, _______ is an enduring influence in educational contexts and content. a. Islam b. American consumerism c. globalization Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. women's liberation Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.1.17 Page Reference: 282 Topic: Secondary Education Around the World Skill: Factual Answer: a. Islam 10.1.18. Critics of the African educational system argue that it is based on a colonial model harkening back to times of a. the Industrial Revolution. b. European rule. c. apprenticeship. d. none of these answers is correct.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 10.1.18 Page Reference: 282-283 Topic: Secondary Education Around the World Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. European rule.

10.1.19. According to the text, _____ of poor girls in rural India cannot read and write. a. 15% b. 25% c. 40% d. 60% Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 10.1.19 Page Reference: 283 Topic: Secondary Education Around the World Skill: Factual Answer: c. 40% 10.1.20. In China and Japan, because university admission is restricted to the very highest performing students, high school students a. have collectivistic views. b. experience less competition than North American students. c. are more likely to pursue a professional career. d. are under intense pressure to achieve academically.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 10.1.20 Page Reference: 283 Topic: Secondary Education Around the World Skill: Conceptual Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: d. are under intense pressure to achieve academically.

10.1.21. A study conducted by Simmons and Blyth (1987) over five years with students from grades 6-10 concluded that students who attended an 8-4 plan versus a 6-3-3 plan were more likely to have a. lower involvement in extracurricular activities. b. lower perceived autonomy. c. higher self-esteem. d. higher grade point averages.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 10.1.27 Page Reference: 285 Topic: Junior High, Middle School, or Neither?

Skill: Factual Answer: c. higher self-esteem.

10.1.22. Larger high schools have some advantages over smaller schools. One advantage of larger schools is a. higher SAT scores. b. higher rates of participation in extracurricular activities. c. a more diverse range of classes. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.1.22 Page Reference: 285 Topic: Does Size Matter?

Skill: Factual Answer: c. a more diverse range of classes.

10.1.23. Blanca and Melanie attend high schools in Thunder Bay, Ontario. Blanca attends a large high school with 3,000 students. Melanie, on the other hand, attends a smaller school of only 200. According to research, who is more likely to participate in extracurricular activities based on the size of the schools? a. Blanca b. Melanie c. Neither d. Both Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 10.1.23 Page Reference: 284 Topic: Does Size Matter?

Skill: Applied Answer: b. Melanie Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

10.1.24. Carson is an adolescent in a large urban high school. There are more than 35 students in all of his classes. According to research, how might the large class sizes affect Carson? a. Carson will benefit from larger classes. b. Carson will be adversely affected by larger classes. c. Scholars are unable to agree on the effect of class size. d. Carson will only benefit if the groups are homogeneous.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 10.1.24 Page Reference: 284 Topic: Does Size Matter?

Skill: Applied Answer: c. Scholars are unable to agree on the effect of class size.

10.1.25. According to research, some young adolescents have difficulty in their transition to middle school. One potential reason for this may be a. the beginning of personalized classroom settings. b. larger class sizes and the negative effects on achievement. c. the distance children need to travel in order to attend school. d. school transition coincides with physical changes and sexual experimentation.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 10.1.25 Page Reference: 285 Topic: Junior High, Middle School, or Neither?

Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. school transition coincides with physical changes and sexual experimentation.

10.1.26. Angela is in her first year at Westmount Junior High School. According to research, what is Angela likely to experience that is different from elementary school? a. Multiple teachers b. Higher level of academic work c. Less personalized classrooms d. All of these answers are correct Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 10.1.26 Page Reference: 285 Topic: Junior High, Middle School, or Neither?

Skill: Applied Answer: d. All of these answers are correct.

10.1.27. According to some research, in contrast to the benefits of an 8-4 educational plan, a 6- 33 educational plan was rated positively by seventh graders as being more positive with regard to Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

a. peer relationships. b. independence. c. diversity of courses available. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 10.1.27 Page Reference: 286 Topic: Improving the School Experience of Adolescents Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. all of these answers are correct.

10.1.28. According to recent research, competition for spots in colleges is decreasing in Japan.

This is related primarily to a. an increase in the number of working class jobs because of a boom in natural resources. b. a decrease in the number of college age people because of the low birthrate. c. an increase in the number of colleges because of a glut in the building trade. d. a decrease in literacy because of a decline in quality of elementary education.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 10.1.28 Page Reference: 287 Topic: Japanese High Schools and Colleges Skill: Factual Answer: b. a decrease in the number of college age people because of the low birthrate.

10.1.29. According to the text, what is it that essentially determines the occupational fate of Japanese young people? a. A major research paper at the end of their schooling b. A senior project c. An oral report d. Two high school entrance exams Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 10.1.29 Page Reference: 286 Topic: Cultural Focus: Japanese High Schools and Colleges Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. A major research paper at the end of their schooling 10.1.30. A study that compared two types of junior high schools -- a team-organized and a traditional school -- found that adolescents a. in both school settings had difficulty in terms of transition. b. had more independence and adjusted better in the traditional setting. c. had no adjustment problems in either school setting. d. adjusted better to the transition when the school was team-organized.

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Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.1.30 Page Reference: 285-286 Topic: Improving the School Experience of Adolescents Skill: Factual Answer: d. adjusted better to the transition when the school was team-organized.

10.1.31. Anne is a teenager attending junior high school in Washington, D.C. Anne attends a school where all her teachers have high expectations for student conduct. If Anne is typical of students in research conducted on this subject, we may expect Anne to have ___________ compared to students in other schools. a. more adjustment problems b. a higher level of achievement c. a higher level of delinquency d. lower self-esteem Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 10.1.31 Page Reference: 288 Topic: School Climate Skill: Applied Answer: b. a higher level of achievement 10.1.32. School climate refers to the a. socioeconomic status of the school neighborhood. b. quality of interactions between students and teachers. c. quality of relationships among students. d. way the school is decorated.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 10.1.32 Page Reference: 287 Topic: School Climate Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. quality of interactions between students and teachers.

10.1.33. Similar to successful parenting styles, studies have shown successful teaching includes a. high standards for behavior. b. being supportive of students. c. reasonable discipline. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 10.1.33 Page Reference: 287-288 Topic: School Climate Skill: Conceptual Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: d. all of these answers are correct.

10.1.34. According to research, which statement best summarizes the current climate in American high schools? Adolescents are a. physically absent but psychologically present. b. physically absent and psychologically absent. c. physically present and psychologically present. d. physically present but psychologically absent.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 10.1.34 Page Reference: 289 Topic: Engagement and Achievement in High School: Beyond the Classroom Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. physically present but psychologically absent.

10.1.35. According to research, approximately what proportion of high school students has reported that they rarely tried hard in school? a. One-tenth b. One-fifth c. One-third d. Two-thirds Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 10.1.35 Page Reference: 289 Topic: Engagement and Achievement in High School: Beyond the Classroom Skill: Factual Answer: c. One-third 10.1.36. Chris is a high school student who is taking part in a study about school climate. When asked about "feelings in school" Chris's answers included statements like "feeling disengaged" and "not feeling connected." What might we conclude about Chris's statements? a. Chris is typical of most teenage girls. b. Chris is typical of most teenagers. c. Chris is typical of most teenage boys. d. Chris is not a typical teenager.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 10.1.36 Page Reference: 289 Topic: Engagement and Achievement in High School: Beyond the Classroom Skill: Applied Answer: b. Chris is typical of most teenagers.

10.1.37. According to the text, adolescents' academic achievement tends to be worst when they Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

have _____________ parents. a. authoritative b. authoritarian c. permissive d. disengaged Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.1.37 Page Reference: 290-291 Topic: Family Environment and School Skill: Factual Answer: d. disengaged 10.1.38. How is socioeconomic status (SES) related to adolescents' school performance? a. Performance and SES are positively correlated. b. Performance and SES are inversely related. c. There is no relationship between performance and SES d. None of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 10.1.38 Page Reference: 291 Topic: Family Environment and School Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. Performance and SES are positively correlated.

10.1.39. Which statement best represents the relationship between low- and high-achievers? a. Low-achievers tend to have a negative influence on their high-achieving friends. b. Low- and high-achievers are almost never friends. c. High-achievers tend to have a positive effect on their low-achieving friends. d. Low- and high-achieving students are influenced most strongly by their romantic partners.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 10.1.39 Page Reference: 291 Topic: Peers, Friends, and School Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. High-achievers tend to have a positive effect on their low-achieving friends.

10.1.40. Karen has recently moved from a large academically focused high school to a new school in a small town. In her old school, most of her classmates were high-achievers with high aspirations for academic careers. In her new school, academics are not a big focus and, in fact, Karen has among the best grades in her class and feels great about her school achievement. This situation best illustrates the _______________________ effect.

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a. big fish in a little pond b. fresh start c. small town-small dreams d. coming of age Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 10.1.40 Page Reference: 291 Topic: Peers, Friends, and School Skill: Applied Answer: a. big fish in a little pond 10.1.41. Theo works at a fast food restaurant. His boss has asked Theo if he is willing to take more shifts. If Theo decides to take on the extra work he will be trying to juggle 20 hours of parttime work and full-time high school. According to research, if Theo is a typical adolescent, what might we conclude about the potential effects of the increased hours? a. A drop in grades b. Higher attendance at school c. More time spent doing homework d. Positive psychological effects on self-esteem Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 10.1.41 Page Reference: 292 Topic: Work, Leisure, and School Skill: Applied Answer: a. A drop in grades 10.1.42. According to research, which factor is most likely to contribute to lower grades in high school? a. Having high achieving friends b. Amount of time spent socializing c. Having a part time job 9 hours a week d. Participating in diverse extracurricular activities Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.1.42 Page Reference: 292 Topic: Work, Leisure, and School Skill: Factual Answer: b. Amount of time spent socializing 10.1.43. According to the text, which of the following best represents American parents' attitude towards school? The majority would support a. lengthening the school day. b. a law restricting the number of hours per week a person under 18 can work.

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c. a balance of academic and non-academic activities. d. three to four hours of homework per night.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.1.43 Page Reference: 293 Topic: Cultural Beliefs and School Skill: Factual Answer: c. a balance of academic and non-academic activities.

10.1.44. According to the text, Asian American adolescents have the best academic performance.

What is a potential reason for this performance? a. Social class b. Parenting practices c. Friends' influences d. All of these answers are correct Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.1.44 Page Reference: 294 Topic: Ethnic Differences Skill: Factual Answer: d. All of these answers are correct 10.1.45. According to research, Asian American parents and adolescents tend to believe that academic success is due mainly to effort. Therefore, a. they would not accept mediocre performance. b. parents will continually stress the importance of being lucky. c. they will understand that a first effort is the only effort needed. d. children are less likely to believe that study time is useful.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 10.1.45 Page Reference: 294 Topic: Ethnic Differences Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. they would not accept mediocre performance.

10.1.46. Junko and her friends are young girls in grade 10 and have been raised in similar traditional Japanese families. Based on research, how might we predict Junko and her friends feel about schoolwork? a. They feel there's no reason to work hard because they will be discriminated against. b. Junko wants to work hard to keep up with her friends. c. Junko's friends really feel that homework and school is useless. d. All of these answer are correct.

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Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 10.1.46 Page Reference: 295 Topic: Ethnic Differences Skill: Applied Answer: b. Junko wants to work hard to keep up with her friends.

10.1.47. Studies have found that minority adolescents who believe that their opportunities are unfairly limited by ethnic discrimination a. try harder to overcome this negative perception. b. have higher than average academic achievement when compared to their majority peers. c. have lower achievement when compared to their minority peers who don't believe this. d. are unaffected by this perception.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.1.47 Page Reference: 295 Topic: Ethnic Differences Skill: Factual Answer: c. have lower achievement when compared to their minority peers who don't believe this.

10.1.48. One controversial explanation for African Americans' poor academic performance is a possible belief that education is a. affected by a low income status. b. distinctly "White" and therefore not desirable. c. negatively portrayed by popular media. d. there are no controversial theories of academics.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 10.1.48 Page Reference: 295 Topic: Ethnic Differences Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. distinctly "White" and therefore not desirable.

10.1.49. Sunny and her family have lived in the U.S. for eleven years. Her friend, Sonia, has just moved to the U.S. two years ago. Both Sunny and Sonia's family came from the same village in Mexico. According to research, based on their years in the United States who is more likely to have poorer academic performance? a. Sunny b. Sonia c. Both girls d. Neither girl Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 10.1.49 Page Reference: 295

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Topic: Ethnic Differences Skill: Applied Answer: a. Sunny 10.1.50. Which statement concerning gender differences and school achievement differences is most accurate? a. Girls achieve higher grades than boys do. b. Boys are less likely to have learning disabilities. c. Girls are more likely to drop out of school. d. Boys are less likely to be held back a grade.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 10.1.50 Page Reference: 295 Topic: Gender Differences Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. Girls achieve higher grades than boys do.

10.1.51. According to the text, what best explains girls' superior performance in school and the relatively poor performance of boys? a. Girls report more positive experiences in the classroom. b. Girls feel greater support by their parents. c. Girls have higher contact time with their teachers. d. All of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 10.1.51 Page Reference: 295-296 Topic: Gender Differences Skill: Factual Answer: d. All of these answers are correct.

10.1.52. Halee is a young girl just entering college. According to research, what program is Halee LEAST likely to enter? a. Psychology b. Engineering c. Pre-med d. Education Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.1.52 Page Reference: 296 Topic: Gender Differences Skill: Applied Answer: b. Engineering Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

10.1.53. Which statement concerning gifted students is most accurate? a. Many schools have advanced placement classes for gifted students. b. High schools do not recognize art or music "giftedness." c. Some high school programs consider students as gifted with an IQ of 100. d. All of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 10.1.53 Page Reference: 297 Topic: Extremes of Achievement Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. Many schools have advanced placement classes for gifted students.

10.1.54. Which of the following academic areas is the most common source of difficulties for adolescents with a learning disability? a. Mathematics b. Writing c. Reading d. Verbal expression Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.1.54 Page Reference: 298 Topic: Extremes of Achievement Skill: Factual Answer: c. Reading 10.1.55. Currently the diagnosis of learning disabilities is based on a. neurological test scores. b. observation of behaviors in school contexts. c. the gap between intelligence test and achievement scores. d. self-report indicators.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.1.55 Page Reference: 298 Topic: Extremes of Achievement Skill: Factual Answer: c. the gap between intelligence test and achievement scores.

10.1.56. The ADORE study was a large scale trial involving over 1,500 children and adolescents with ADHD conducted in a. North America. b. South Asia. c. Australia and New Zealand.

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d. Europe.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.1.56 Page Reference: 298 Topic: Extremes of Achievement Skill: Factual Answer: d. Europe.

10.1.57. In America, the most common approach to treating ADHD is a. psychotherapy. b. no treatment at all. c. medication. d. parent training.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.1.57 Page Reference: 298 Topic: Extremes of Achievement Skill: Factual Answer: c. medication.

10.1.58. Which statement best illustrates the beliefs of a person who favors tracking students? a. It is the best way to ensure students are matched to their schoolwork. b. It allows disabled students the same opportunities as other students. c. It allows bright students to excel while creating a disadvantage to students in lower tracks. d. None of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 10.1.58 Page Reference: 299 Topic: Extremes of Achievement Skill: Applied Answer: a. It is the best way to ensure students are matched to their schoolwork.

10.1.59. According to some scholars, tracking creates a disadvantage for _____________ students. a. White b. Latino c. Asian d. Native Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.1.59 Page Reference: 300 Topic: Extremes of Achievement Skill: Factual Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: b. Latino 10.1.60. According to the text, what group has the highest dropout rate among adolescents in the United States? a. Latino adolescents born in the United States b. African American adolescents born in the United States c. Latino immigrant adolescents d. Asian immigrant adolescents Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.1.60 Page Reference: 299-300 Topic: Extremes of Achievement Skill: Factual Answer: c. Latino immigrant adolescents 10.1.61. Repeating a grade, having a history of school difficulties, and scoring low on achievement tests are all factors that predict a. mainstreaming. b. advanced placement. c. tracking. d. dropping out.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 10.1.61 Page Reference: 300 Topic: Extremes of Achievement Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. dropping out.

10.1.62. Suppose you were a participant in a study about high school dropout. You are one of the children who has the highest risk of dropping out. According to current research, what factor in your life is a strong predictor of your potential of dropping out? a. Your parents' low education b. Being in a two parent family c. Attending a smaller school d. Having more than four siblings Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 10.1.62 Page Reference: 300 Topic: Extremes of Achievement Skill: Applied Answer: a. Your parents' low education 10.1.63. According to research, dropout rates are higher in Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

a. larger schools. b. smaller schools. c. suburban schools. d. rural schools.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.1.63 Page Reference: 300 Topic: Extremes of Achievement Skill: Factual Answer: a. larger schools.

10.1.64. According to the text, the key to success for intervention programs designed to help potential dropouts is a. attention from caring adult staff. b. low student teacher ratios. c. beginning the program in middle school. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.1.64 Page Reference: 300-301 Topic: Extremes of Achievement Skill: Factual Answer: d. all of these answers are correct.

10.1.65. Ramon is a young boy in grade 6 who is attending P.S. 182 in New York City. Ramon is part of a program where if he graduates high school with a B average, he will have all his expenses paid for in college. What program is Ramon a part of? a. "I Need a Job." b. "I Have a Dream." c. "I Need a Date." d. "I Want to Learn."

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 10.1.65 Page Reference: 300-301 Topic: Extremes of Achievement Skill: Applied Answer: b. "I Have a Dream."

10.1.66. Currently, the undergraduate college population is _____ female. a. 28% b. 45% c. 58% Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. 66% Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.1.66 Page Reference: 301 Topic: Characteristics of College Students Skill: Factual Answer: c. 58% 10.1.67. As of the year 2000, the proportion of non-traditional college students (older than 18 to 23) was approximately a. 10%. b. 22%. c. 43%. d. 56%.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.1.67 Page Reference: 302 Topic: Characteristics of College Students Skill: Factual Answer: c. 43%.

10.1.68. Myrra is young college graduate. She is considering dentistry as her post-graduate work.

If Myrra is pursuing this option at UCLA in 1970, how many women is Myrra likely to meet in her class of 100? a. 0 b. 20 c. 34 d. 42 Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 10.1.68 Page Reference: 302 Topic: Characteristics of College Students Skill: Applied Answer: a. 0 10.1.69. A recent study which investigated the length of time it takes the average student to complete a "four-year college" degree found it took approximately ________ years. a. 3-4 b. 4-5 c. 5-6 d. 6-7 Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 10.1.69 Page Reference: 302

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Topic: Characteristics of College Students Skill: Factual Answer: c. 5-6 10.1.70. The model of European university education has recently changed to match the ___________ system. a. American b. global c. Japanese d. open learning Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.1.70 Page Reference: 302 Topic: Characteristics of College Students Skill: Factual Answer: a. American 10.1.71. According to the text, approximately what percentage of college students drop out before obtaining a degree? a. 10% b. 25% c. 50% d. 75% Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 10.1.71 Page Reference: 303 Topic: Educational Success Skill: Factual Answer: c. 50% 10.1.72. Carl is a college dropout. According to the text, what might be a strong factor contributing to Carl's early departure from college? a. Lack of friends b. High socioeconomic status c. Few liberal arts courses d. Lack of financial support Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 10.1.72 Page Reference: 303 Topic: Characteristics of College Students Skill: Applied Answer: d. Lack of financial support Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

10.1.73. Which of the following is NOT described as a college student subculture? a. Collegiate b. Religious c. Academic d. Vocational Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.1.73 Page Reference: 303-304 Topic: Students' College Learning Experiences Skill: Factual Answer: b. Religious 10.1.74. Britt is a member of an environmental activist organization and has helped organize peaceful protests on campus. She is deeply involved in her Sociology studies and admires the instructor in that course, yet feels that most of her professors have outdated ideas. According to the text, Britt could be best described as a member of the _________________ subculture. a. academic b. rebel c. vocational d. collegiate Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 10.1.74 Page Reference: 304 Topic: Students' College Learning Experiences Skill: Applied Answer: b. rebel 10.1.75. Beverly attends a community college and works 30 hours per week in a veterinarian's office to pay her tuition and bills. According to the text, Beverly could be best described as a member of the _______ subculture. a. vocational b. rebel c. academic d. collegiate Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 10.1.75 Page Reference: 304 Topic: Students' College Learning Experiences Skill: Applied Answer: a. vocational True/False Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

10.2.76. A century ago, the mission of most colleges and universities was grounded explicitly in religious beliefs. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.2.76 Page Reference: 280 Topic: Higher Education and Cultural Beliefs Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 10.2.77. The "back to basics" movement advocated that adolescents should spend less time in the traditional classrooms and more time learning skills in the workplace. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.2.77 Page Reference: 279 Topic: Changes in Schooling for Adolescence Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 10.2.78. Only about 5% of adolescents in economically developing countries attend secondary school. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.2.78 Page Reference: 282 Topic: Secondary Education Around the World Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 10.2.79. The gender gap that exists in most regions outside the West is NOT found in Latin American schools. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.2.79 Page Reference: 283 Topic: Secondary Education Around the World Skill: Factual Answer: a. True Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

10.2.80. A number of studies have found that for students attending junior high or middle school, the first year is a difficult time. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.2.80 Page Reference: 285 Topic: Junior High, Middle School, or Neither?

Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 10.2.81. According to research, teachers' attitudes may be one factor which contributes to the difficulties experienced by adolescents entering middle or junior high school. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.2.81 Page Reference: 285 Topic: Improving the School Experience of Adolescents Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 10.2.82. According to the text, parenting has very little effect on adolescents' performance in school. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.2.82 Page Reference: 289-291 Topic: Family Environments and School Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 10.2.83. One aspect of adolescents’ families that has been recognized for decades as being strongly related to academic achievement is the family’s socioeconomic status. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.2.83 Page Reference: 291 Topic: Family Environments and School Skill: Factual Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: a. True 10.2.84. Several studies have found that in terms of adolescents' school attendance, parents have a greater influence than friends. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.2.84 Page Reference: 291-292 Topic: Peers, Friends, and School Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 10.2.85. Approximately 10% of adolescents in American schools have been diagnosed with a learning disability. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.2.85 Page Reference: 297 Topic: Extremes in Achievement Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 10.2.86. Approximately one out of four learning-disabled adolescents has been diagnosed specifically with ADHD. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.2.86 Page Reference: 298 Topic: Extremes in Achievement Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 10.2.87. Most adolescents who have ADHD also have an additional learning disability. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.2.87 Page Reference: 298 Topic: Extremes in Achievement Skill: Factual Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: a. True 10.2.88. In terms of the research on tracking, students in lower tracks tend to receive lower academic material and lower academic requirements. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.2.88 Page Reference: 299 Topic: Extremes in Achievement Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 10.2.89. According to a 2012 survey, there were more young men than women in higher education. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.2.89 Page Reference: 302 Topic: Characteristics of College Students Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 10.2.90. College students are more likely to find their experience satisfying at a small college than at a large university. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 10.2.90 Page Reference: 304-305 Topic: Students' College Learning Experiences Skill: Factual Answer: a. True Essay 10.3.91. Discuss the positive and negative effects of school size.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 10.3.91 Page Reference: 284-285 Topic: Does Size Matter?

Skill: Factual Answer: • Large schools o Advantages: offer a more diverse range of classes and a wider Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

range of extracurricular activities o Disadvantages: students are more likely to be observers and can be an overwhelming place to be a participant in activities • Small schools o Advantages: students more likely to participate in extracurricular activities and potentially get the benefits of smaller class sizes o Disadvantages: less able to be "anonymous" 10.3.92. Discuss the effects of part-time work on school performance.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 10.3.92 Page Reference: 292-293 Topic: Work, Leisure, and School Skill: Factual Answer: • Grade point average: drops after 10+ hours of work a week • Class cutting: increases as weekly work hours increases • Homework: decreases after 10+ hours of work a week • Psychological symptoms: increases after 10+ hours of work a week • Sleep patterns: sleep decreases as hours of weekly work increases 10.3.93. Provide an explanation for girls’ superior performance in school and the relatively poor performance of boys. What caveats should be kept in mind when considering the evidence?

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 10.3.93 Page Reference: 295-296 Topic: Gender Differences Skill: Applied Answer: Girls achieve higher grades and have higher educational aspirations. Girls are less likely to have learning disabilities, less likely to be held back a grade, and less likely to drop out.

These differences are especially strong among African American adolescents. Possible Reasons: Girls enjoy the school environment more, report more positive experiences in the classroom and have more favorable relationships with teachers. o Girls are more likely to feel supported by their parents, both academically and in other realms, as well as have more supportive relationships with adults outside the family. o Boys do less homework, watch more television, and read fewer books independently.

10.3.94. Outline and define four characteristics of gifted children or adolescents. Discuss how these characteristics might present problems in terms of schooling.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 10.3.94 Page Reference: 296-297 Topic: Extremes of Achievement Skill: Factual Answer: • Precocity: their gifts are evident at an early age • Independence: prefer to work independently and need less instructional support • Drive for mastery: intense drive to master the area of their gifts • Excellence in information processing: process information faster, more accurately, use effective learning strategies • Potential difficulties in school: o may become bored or alienated o school context may not match their characteristics o social isolation may ensue 10.3.95. Explain and discuss the factors relating to college dropout.

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Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 10.3.95 Page Reference: 303 Topic: Educational Successes in College Skill: Applied Answer: • Half of all college students drop out • Factors: o lower high school academic achievement o African American and Latino college students have higher dropout rates o lower SES o lack of financial aid o personal concerns (marriage, family responsibilities, health problems, accepting a new job)

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Chapter 11: Work Multiple Choice 11.1.01. Hunting, fishing, and farming are occupational pursuits most common in a. Western cultures. b. traditional cultures. c. industrialized cultures. d. Eastern cultures.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.1.01 Page Reference: 310 Topic: Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures Skill: Factual Answer: b. traditional cultures.

11.1.02. Ocheling is an adolescent nomadic Bushman of the Kalahari Desert in Africa. If Ocheling wants to get married he will first have to a. get a tattoo. b. wait until he is 20 years old. c. kill an antelope. d. wait until his father dies.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 11.1.02 Page Reference: 310 Topic: Hunting, Fishing, and Gathering Skill: Applied Answer: c. kill an antelope.

11.1.03. In traditional farming cultures, who is typically responsible for the livestock and farm land? a. Mothers and daughters b. Fathers and daughters c. Mothers and sons d. Fathers and sons Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.1.03 Page Reference: 310-311 Topic: Farming and Care of Domestic Animals Skill: Factual Answer: d. Fathers and sons 11.1.04. Marilina is a young Brazilian girl living in a very traditional culture. At what age is Marilina likely to have the responsibility of taking care of her younger siblings?

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a. 12 or 13 years old b. 6 or 7 years old c. 17 or 18 years old d. 10 or 11 years old Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 11.1.04 Page Reference: 311 Topic: Child Care and Household Work Skill: Applied Answer: b. 6 or 7 years old 11.1.05. According to Chapter 11, one benefit of globalization has been a. making daily life easier in traditional cultures. b. the increased wealth of industrialized nations. c. creating a similar set of world beliefs. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 11.1.05 Page Reference: 311 Topic: Globalization and Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. making daily life easier in traditional cultures.

11.1.06. According to the text, one disadvantage of increased globalization is a. more competition among nations resulting in higher production. b. lower wages in Western countries which affects unionized workers. c. brutal working conditions in countries changing from a preindustrial to a global economy. d. creating large debts in Eastern countries particularly after the fall of Communism.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 11.1.06 Page Reference: 312 Topic: Globalization and Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. brutal working conditions in countries changing from a preindustrial to a global economy.

11.1.07. What benefit do adolescents and their families in traditional cultures derive from adolescents working? a. Improves basic necessities like food and clothing. b. Creates an opportunity for families to travel and see loved ones. c. Builds opportunities for younger siblings to work and earn.

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d. There are no expressed benefits to the family only the working adolescent.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.1.07 Page Reference: 312 Topic: Globalization and Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures Skill: Factual Answer: a. Improves basic necessities like food and clothing.

11.1.08. Balwant's parents are living in severe poverty in New Delhi, India. Balwant's parents have decided that the only way they can survive is to take out a loan and guarantee the money with Balwant's labor. This is known as a. credentialism. b. debt bondage. c. community service. d. apprenticeship loan.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 11.1.08 Page Reference: 312 Topic: Globalization and Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures Skill: Applied Answer: b. debt bondage.

11.1.09. According to the text, adolescent girls in developing countries may become prostitutes in several ways which can include a. kidnapped and taken to another country. b. promised jobs in domestic service. c. sold into prostitution by parents. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.1.09 Page Reference: 312 Topic: Globalization and Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures Skill: Factual Answer: d. all of these answers are correct.

11.1.10. According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), the number of child and adolescent laborers __________________ during the first decade of the 21st century. a. rose steadily b. rose sharply c. fell substantially d. fell slightly Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 11.1.10 Page Reference: 313

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Topic: Globalization and Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures Skill: Factual Answer: c. fell substantially 11.1.11. Imagine you bought an Indian rug with a Rugmark label. This means that the rug is a. not made with child labor. b. an antique. c. made by hand. d. authentic Indian made.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.1.11 Page Reference: 313 Topic: Globalization and Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures Skill: Factual Answer: a. not made with child labor.

11.1.12. Which statement best characterizes "life cycle service"? a. Adolescents moved out of parents' homes to become an apprentice. b. Young people began to learn the trades of their parents. c. Adolescents who were sold into slavery to feed their families. d. Young people learning a trade by attending a vocational school.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 11.1.12 Page Reference: 313 Topic: The History of Adolescent Work in the West Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. Adolescents moved out of parents' homes to become an apprentice.

11.1.13. Suppose you wrote a paper detailing the decline of family farming and the increase of factory work among adolescent laborers in the United States. What conclusion would most likely be a part of your paper? a. Farm service increased to over 70% in the 18th and 19th centuries. b. The transition to industrialized labor is known as life cycle service. c. In the 19th century, the proportion of the farming labor force declined to under 40%. d. A large proportion of adolescent workers were unemployed in the 19th century.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 11.1.13 Page Reference: 313 Topic: Adolescent Work Before 1900 Skill: Applied Answer: c. In the 19th century, the proportion of the farming labor force declined to under 40%.

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11.1.14. ________________ America was similar to many current traditional cultures in terms of adolescent work. a. Seventeenth century b. Nineteenth century c. Twentieth century d. Twenty-first century Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.1.14 Page Reference: 314 Topic: Adolescent Work Before 1900 Skill: Factual Answer: a. Seventeenth century 11.1.15. According to the text, what was the first country in which industrialization took place and the first to use child and adolescent labor in industrial settings? a. United States b. Turkey c. South Africa d. Great Britain Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.1.15 Page Reference: 314 Topic: Working Among British Adolescents in the 19th Century Skill: Factual Answer: d. Great Britain 11.1.16. One implication that follows from American schools placing low demands on their students is that adolescents a. have higher achievement scores. b. often choose vocational careers by their mid-teens. c. will eventually have lower paying jobs. d. are able to hold part-time jobs.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 11.1.16 Page Reference: 315 Topic: Adolescent Work in the 20th Century Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. are able to hold part-time jobs.

11.1.17. Gillian is a 14-year-old girl living in Columbus, Ohio. If Gillian is typical of most adolescent girls, Gillian's first job is most likely a. baby-sitting.

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b. lawn mowing. c. sales clerk. d. restaurant hostess.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 11.1.17 Page Reference: 316 Topic: The Adolescent Workplace Skill: Applied Answer: a. baby-sitting.

11.1.18. Which statement most accurately represents the relationship between American schools and adolescent work? a. Apprenticeships are the cornerstone to the adolescent work/school experience. b. Work experiences are directly related to school curriculum. c. Widespread mentoring programs in American schools create a smooth transition to adolescent work. d. None of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 11.1.18 Page Reference: 316-317 Topic: The Adolescent Workplace Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. None of these answers are correct.

11.1.19. Carl works for a delivery company. He works most weekdays after school and long shifts on the weekends. Most of his pay periods he has banked over 25 hours a week. From this we can conclude that Carl a. may be more anxious than his classmates. b. comes from a low income family. c. has younger step-brothers and sisters. d. gets more sleep than his friends.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 11.1.19 Page Reference: 317 Topic: Work and Psychological Functioning Skill:Applied Answer: a. may be more anxious than his classmates.

11.1.20. According to research, the part-time work done by American adolescents a. is strongly connected to their career paths. b. rarely involves close partnerships with adult role models. c. is usually in apprenticeships that connect to school curriculum. d. increases a student's grade point average.

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Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.1.20 Page Reference: 317 Topic: The Adolescent Workplace Skill: Factual Answer: b. rarely involves close partnerships with adult role models.

11.1.21. Some studies have shown positive findings between adolescent work and psychological functioning which includes a. a more balanced personal fable. b. strong adolescent egocentrism. c. increased self-esteem. d. better relationships with family members.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.1.21 Page Reference: 318 Topic: Work and Psychological Functioning Skill: Factual Answer: c. increased self-esteem.

11.1.22. Samantha is 16 years old and works after school at the local gas station. If Samantha is typical of other high students, working more than 10 hours a week will affect her a. sleep patterns. b. eating habits. c. level of exercise. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.1.22 Page Reference: 317 Topic: Work and Psychological Functioning Skill: Factual Answer: d. all of these answers are correct.

11.1.23. According to research, what work factor is positively related to psychological well-being and self-esteem? A job that involves a. learning new skills. b. working 15 hours a week. c. repetitive skills. d. major amounts of overtime.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.1.23 Page Reference: 318 Topic: Work and Psychological Functioning Skill: Factual Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: a. learning new skills.

11.1.24. According to the text, in contrast to adolescents who don't work, those who work more than 10 hours per week are more likely to a. have more regular sleep patterns. b. live in an urban center. c. come from a single parent family. d. use alcohol and smoke cigarettes.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 11.1.24 Page Reference: 319 Topic: Work and Problem Behavior Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. use alcohol and smoke cigarettes.

11.1.25. Dennis is a young adolescent working 15 hours a week at the Burger Barn. Similar to adolescents in a study investigating rates of alcohol use and work patterns, Dennis drinks more than his non-working counterparts. According to research, what is likely to be Dennis's pattern of alcohol use in his early twenties? a. Dennis will continue to have higher rates of alcohol use than girls his own age. b. Dennis will drink less by his early twenties regardless of whether he attends college. c. Dennis's alcohol use will be similar to emerging adults who worked less in high school. d. There is no data to support a conclusion about Dennis's drinking or other social habits.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 11.1.25 Page Reference: 319 Topic: A Longitudinal Study of Adolescents and Work Skill: Applied Answer: c. Dennis's alcohol use will be similar to emerging adults who worked less in high school.

11.1.26. According to research, working more than _________ hours a week is associated with a variety of types of problem behavior including vandalism, driving while intoxicated, and beating up someone. a. 4 b. 8 c. 10 d. 20 Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.1.26 Page Reference: 319 Topic: Work and Problem Behavior Skill: Factual Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: d. 20 11.1.27. According to the text, in terms of research, "retention rate" refers to a. the length of time a research participant was able to recall information. b. the amount of information a participant is able to learn during an intervention study. c. how long a person holds onto negative feelings while participating in a study. d. the percentage of participants who continued in a longitudinal study after the first year.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 11.1.27 Page Reference: 318 Topic: A Longitudinal Study of Adolescents and Work Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. the percentage of participants who continued in a longitudinal study after the first year.

11.1.28. According to the text, adolescents who become cynical about their part-time work are potentially justifying their a. occupational deviance. b. debt bondage. c. community service. d. retention rate.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 11.1.28 Page Reference: 319 Topic: Work and Problem Behavior Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. occupational deviance.

11.1.29. According to the text, one potential explanation for higher substance use among adolescents who work part-time while attending high school is that they abuse substances a. for enjoyment. b. as a stress reliever. c. because of peer pressure. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 11.1.29 Page Reference: 319 Topic: Work and Problem Behavior Skill: Factual Answer: b. as a stress reliever.

11.1.30. Heather has a part-time job while attending high school full time. According to research, Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

if Heather is living with her middle-class professional parents she is likely to spend her money a. helping support her parents. b. solely for her own enjoyment and leisure. c. on food, rent, and utilities. d. to save for college.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 11.1.30 Page Reference: 319 Topic: Work and Problem Behavior Skill: Applied Answer: b. solely for her own enjoyment and leisure.

11.1.31. Suppose you were an adolescent girl in a study about costs and benefits of employment.

When asked about the benefits of working, you would likely agree that _______________________ is one positive factor. a. access to a mentor b. connections to school c. thinking about work during boring classes d. gaining a sense of responsibility Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 11.1.31 Page Reference: 320 Topic: The Case in Favor of Adolescent Work Skill: Applied Answer: d. gaining a sense of responsibility 11.1.32. Generally, adolescents view their part-time jobs as a. apprenticeships to their school work. b. the beginning of career development. c. strongly connected to their postsecondary education. d. none of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.1.32 Page Reference: 320-321 Topic: From School and Part-Time Work to a "Real Job" Skill: Factual Answer: d. none of these answers are correct.

11.1.33. Doug is a young adolescent who is facing a job search right after high school graduation in 2012. How would Doug's job prospects likely compare to his father's job prospects in 1968? a. Doug has a better chance of getting a good manufacturing job. b. Doug's father had a better chance at a good manufacturing job.

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c. Both Doug and his father have the same opportunity. d. None of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 11.1.33 Page Reference: 321 Topic: The Post-High School Transition to Work Skill: Applied Answer: b. Doug's father had a better chance at a good manufacturing job.

11.1.34. What percentage of American emerging adults attends college after graduating from high school? Approximately a. 20% b. 50% c. 70% d. 80% Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.1.34 Page Reference: 321 Topic: The Post-High School Transition to Work Skill: Factual Answer: c. 70% 11.1.35. Researchers have revisited the 1988 study "The Forgotten Half" to see if the plight of high school graduates who do not attend college was the same 10 years later. The current study found that a. their job prospects rose as the economy grew in the United States. b. young people who don't attend college still face declining earnings. c. high school graduates now have equal opportunities as two-year college grads. d. there were no clear differences after 10 years of study.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.1.35 Page Reference: 321 Topic: The Post-High School Transition to Work Skill: Factual Answer: b. young people who don't attend college still face declining earnings.

11.1.36. In research that investigated the jobs available to high school grads, it was shown six "new basic skills" are necessary for job success. If Harjeet is a young girl facing decisions about jobs after high school graduation, which of Harjeet's skills would be considered helpful to her finding a good job? Being able to a. collaborate in diverse groups. b. read at a ninth-grade level or higher. c. use a computer for word processing.

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d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 11.1.36 Page Reference: 321 Topic: The Post-High-School Transition to Work Skill: Applied Answer: d. all of these answers are correct.

11.1.37. Research which calls for the “new basic skills” to help high school students find gainful employment without a college degree outlines six skills which increase success in getting a good job. Which of the following is NOT one of the six skills they specify? a. Solving semi-structured problems b. Doing math at a grade-nine level c. Collaborating in pairs with persons of similar skills d. Communicating orally and in writing Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 11.1.37 Page Reference: 321 Topic: The Post-High-School Transition to Work Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. Collaborating in pairs with persons of similar skills.

11.1.38. According to the text, all of the U.S. school-to-work and job-training programs tried thus far have a. met with little or no success. b. been adopted as a nationwide coordinated program. c. only been implemented on a limited scale. d. all of these answers are correct. .

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 11.1.38 Page Reference: 322 Topic: School-to-Work Programs in the United States Skill: Factual Answer: c. only been implemented on a limited scale.

11.1.39. According to Murnane & Levy (2004), high schools are failing to connect to the new economy by not providing adolescents with what? a. Volunteer Opportunities b. Work Experience c. Hot Lunches d. Computer Skills Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 11.1.39 Page Reference: 322

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Topic: The Post-High-School Transition to Work Skill: Factual Answer: d. Computer Skills 11.1.40. According to research conducted on Job Corps results over four years, researchers found a. participants were more likely to be arrested. b. higher unemployment rates after the program ended. c. participants were more likely to earn a GED. d. less motivation among non-participants to be gainfully employed.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.1.40 Page Reference: 322 Topic: School-to-Work Programs in the United States Skill: Factual Answer: c. participants were more likely to earn a GED. 11.1.41. According to the text, at what age do most Western European adolescents enter an apprenticeship program if they have chosen that direction? a. 13 years old b. 16 years old c. 18 years old d. 21 years old Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 11.1.41 Page Reference: 323 Topic: Apprenticeships in Western Europe Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. 16 years old 11.1.42. Renata is considering an apprenticeship program. She lives in Dusseldorf, Germany.

According to the text, what options does Renata have in terms of potential apprenticeship placements? Renata can choose placements a. in the trades. b. as a skilled laborer. c. in professional positions. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 11.1.42 Page Reference: 323 Topic: Apprenticeships in Western Europe Skill: Applied Answer: d. all of these answers are correct.

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11.1.43. Rudyard is a young boy living in Germany. In terms of research conducted on adolescent employment, if Rudyard is typical of most adolescents in Western Europe, we can conclude that a. adolescent employment is non-existent in Rudyard's country. b. Rudyard's work is in an apprenticeship program connected to his schooling. c. in Rudyard's country, most adolescents attend school and work part-time. d. none of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 11.1.43 Page Reference: 323 Topic: Apprenticeships in Western Europe Skill: Applied Answer: b. Rudyard's work is in an apprenticeship program connected to his schooling.

11.1.44. In terms of occupational choice, what benefits do adolescents from preindustrial traditional cultures have? a. Having the security of knowing from an early age the kind of work they will do as adults. b. They have a wide range of choices with little gender bias. c. Traditional cultures allow adolescents time to decide on their career choice. d. Their individual talents are matched to their occupations.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.1.44 Page Reference: 324 Topic: Occupational Choice Skill: Factual Answer: a. Having the security of knowing from an early age the kind of work they will do as adults.

11.1.45. In contrast to traditional cultures, adolescents in industrialized economies a. have security from knowing that they will do what their father and grandfather did. b. have to decide on an achievable career choice. c. only have access to gender-specific career choices. d. none of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 11.1.45 Page Reference: 324 Topic: Occupational Choice Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. have to decide on an achievable career choice.

11.1.46. Shelby is a 20-year-old girl entering the psychology program at her local college. She is doing so because she has decided she wants to work with abused children. According to Super's theory of occupational goals, what stage would Shelby be?

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a. Crystallization b. Consolidation c. Implementation d. Specification Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 11.1.46 Page Reference: 325 Topic: The Development of Occupational Goals Skill: Applied Answer: d. Specification.

11.1.47. What is the last stage of Super's (1992) theory of the development of occupational goals? a. Implementation b. Specification c. Stabilization d. Consolidation Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 11.1.47 Page Reference: 325 Topic: The Development of Occupational Goals Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. Consolidation 11.1.48. One implication that follows from cultures where people are allowed to choose their occupation is that a. unemployment is lower than in traditional cultures. b. people have higher levels of depression associated with occupational choice. c. individuals are able to judge how a job would be suited to their personality. d. people are less likely to choose academic occupations.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 11.1.48 Page Reference: 325 Topic: Influences on Occupational Goals Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. individuals are able to judge how a job would be suited to their personality.

11.1.49. According to Holland's theory (1993) of personality, "conventional" personalities are best suited to be in occupations such as a. bank tellers. b. teachers. c. truck drivers.

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d. counselors.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.1.49 Page Reference: 326 Topic: Influences on Occupational Goals Skill: Factual Answer: a. bank tellers.

11.1.50. Carl is a young man who is introspective, imaginative, and sensitive. Most people would think of Carl as an unconventional person who loves unstructured activity. According to Holland's personality theory, what "type" is Carl? a. Intellectual b. Social c. Enterprising d. Artistic Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 11.1.50 Page Reference: 327 Topic: Influences on Occupational Goals Skill: Applied Answer: d. Artistic 11.1.51. What Vocational Interest Inventory used for matching a person with a prospective occupation was based on Holland's theory of personality? The a. Jarvis-Selinger Inventory b. Novak-Lauscher Inventory c. Strong-Campbell Inventory d. Woodcock-Johnson Inventory Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.1.51 Page Reference: 326-327 Topic: Influences on Occupational Goals Skill: Factual Answer: c. Strong-Campbell Inventory 11.1.52. According to the text, which of the following illustrates gender socialization? a. Teaching girls that math and science should not be male-dominated. b. The developmental period when boys and girls learn about their own sexuality. c. Learning that no job is either "male" or "female" but everything is based on talent. d. None of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 11.1.52 Page Reference: 326-327 Topic: Influences on Occupational Goals Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Factual Answer: d. None of these answers are correct.

11.1.53. Susanna is an emerging adult who has to think about what career she wants to pursue.

She is also acutely aware of the possibility that she may have to leave her work to raise a family and be a mother. According to research, if Susanna is typical of most girls her age she a. is likely not to let her family aspirations interfere with her career choices. b. is thinking she will have children before she begins her career. c. realizes that motherhood may affect her career choices. d. knows her husband will take a leave of absence to help raise their young children.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 11.1.53 Page Reference: 328 Topic: Influences on Occupational Goals Skill: Applied Answer: c. realizes that motherhood may affect her career choices.

11.1.54. According to the text, technologically-driven changes in work are likely to a. allow an increasing proportion of work to be done at home. b. allow less flexibility in the workplace for both men and women. c. increase women's second shift because of longer hours at their job. d. allow men to be the primary caretaker of young children.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.1.54 Page Reference: 328 Topic: Influences on Occupational Goals Skill: Factual Answer: a. allow an increasing proportion of work to be done at home.

11.1.55. Imagine you wrote a paper which investigates the connection between unemployment and cultural groups. One likely conclusion your paper would draw is that a. there is no relationship between culture and unemployment. b. unemployment is highest among Asian Americans. c. unemployment is especially high among African American teenagers. d. the U.S. has higher unemployment when compared to most European countries.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 11.1.55 Page Reference: 330 Topic: Unemployment Skill: Applied Answer: c. unemployment is especially high among African American teenagers.

11.1.56. According to the text, who would NOT be considered unemployed?

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a. A mother caring for her children b. A full-time college student c. A young man who is not looking for a job d. All of these answers are correct Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.1.56 Page Reference: 330 Topic: Unemployment Skill: Factual Answer: d. All of these answers are correct 11.1.57. Research completed in the United States shows that ________________________ have lower educational attainment which leads to more difficulty in finding stable jobs. a. African Americans b. Latinos c. Whites d. Asian Americans Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.1.57 Page Reference: 330 Topic: Unemployment Skill: Factual Answer: b. Latinos 11.1.58. In contrast to high school graduates, adolescents who drop out before they graduate are more likely to be a. underemployed. b. unemployed. c. employed. d. none of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 11.1.58 Page Reference: 330 Topic: Unemployment Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. unemployed.

11.1.59. According to research, which cultural group has the lowest educational attainment? a. African Americans b. Asian Americans c. Latino Americans d. White Americans Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.1.59 Page Reference: 330 Topic: Unemployment Skill: Factual Answer: c. Latino Americans 11.1.60. According to the text, one implication that follows from the increase in technology in manufacturing is a. higher wages for unskilled U.S. workers. b. the decline of high-paying, low-skilled manufacturing jobs. c. factories moving overseas or to the suburbs. d. an increase in the urban tax base.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 11.1.60 Page Reference: 330 Topic: Unemployment Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. the decline of high-paying, low-skilled manufacturing jobs.

11.1.61. According to sociologist William Julius Wilson (1996), what conclusion can we draw about the current system of local funding of schools? The current system a. is centralized and equal between inner-city and suburban schools. b. concentrates the most effective school programs in the inner-city areas. c. perpetuates inequality because poor areas have a smaller tax base. d. creates an inequality in favor of inner-city schools.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.1.61 Page Reference: 330 Topic: Unemployment Skill: Factual Answer: c. perpetuates inequality because poor areas have a smaller tax base.

11.1.62. Georgia is an emerging adult living in Philadelphia. She lives in a downtown apartment with her mother. According to research, Georgia's chances of securing a well-paid job are low because a. most jobs are being created in the suburbs. b. she does not own a car. c. she is less likely to have access to many personal contacts for jobs. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 11.1.62 Page Reference: 330 Topic: Unemployment Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Applied Answer: d. all of these answers are correct.

11.1.63. According to research, approximately how many adolescents participate in community service at least once a year? a. One-third b. Two-thirds c. One-half d. Three-quarters Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.1.63 Page Reference: 331 Topic: Volunteer Work - Community Service Skill: Factual Answer: b. Two-thirds 11.1.64. In contrast to adolescents who don't volunteer, those who do tend to a. live in a two-parent family. b. have higher educational goals. c. be an only child. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 11.1.64 Page Reference: 331 Topic: Community Service and Adolescent Development Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. have higher educational goals.

11.1.65. Julie lives with her mom and dad in Pittsburgh. Julie is an only child and just celebrated her 15th birthday. Her father is a lawyer and her mother volunteers at the YMCA. According to research, what factor in Julie's life is most likely to predict the fact that Julie engages in community service? The fact that a. she lives with both her mom and dad. b. she is 15 years old. c. her father is a professional. d. her mother volunteers.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 11.1.65 Page Reference: 331 Topic: Community Service and Adolescent Development Skill: Applied Answer: d. her mother volunteers.

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11.1.66. It "requires a personal investment in which the action of helping others becomes part of one's identity and thus is understood and articulated in terms of what makes one feel good." This statement describes a. community service. b. apprenticeships. c. occupational deviance. d. international labor regulations.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 11.1.66 Page Reference: 331-332 Topic: Community Service and Adolescent Development Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. community service.

11.1.67. One implication that follows from adolescent community service is that, in contrast to adolescents who don't volunteer, those who do are a. less likely to be politically active. b. more likely to become cynical about what volunteering can accomplish. c. less likely to be reflective on their lives. d. more likely to be conscious of themselves as citizens.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 11.1.67 Page Reference: 332 Topic: Community Service and Adolescent Development Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. more likely to be conscious of themselves as citizens.

11.1.68. Jenny lives in Alabama and volunteers with the Red Cross four times a month.

According to research, when Jenny becomes a young adult, compared to others who have not volunteered she is a. more likely to be politically active. b. less likely to be politically active. c. more likely to move out of Alabama. d. more likely to stay in Alabama.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 11.1.68 Page Reference: 332 Topic: Community Service and Adolescent Development Skill: Applied Answer: a. more likely to be politically active.

11.1.69. According to the text, approximately how many Peace Corps volunteers are currently serving?

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a. 5,000 b. 9,000 c. 15,000 d. 178,000 Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.1.69 Page Reference: 332-333 Topic: Community Service in Emerging Adulthood Skill: Factual Answer: b. 9,000 11.1.70. Who is most likely to serve in the Peace Corp? a. An only child b. A recent university graduate c. An adolescent from a single-parent family d. An emerging adult from a traditional culture Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 11.1.70 Page Reference: 333 Topic: Community Service in Emerging Adulthood Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. A recent university graduate 11.1.71. Gurjit is 18 years old and has just finished a year in Ethiopia with the Peace Corps.

Gurjit helped build a school for a small village. When Gurjit returned to the U.S., she was asked if she would make the same decision to go into the Peace Corps again. If Gurjit is like most Peace Corps members, she would most likely respond, a. "No, I'd never do that again." b. "Yes, I would make the same decision to join." c. "Maybe, but I wouldn't go to Africa again." d. "No comment, and get that microphone out of my face."

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 11.1.71 Page Reference: 333 Topic: Community Service in Emerging Adulthood Skill: Applied Answer: b. "Yes, I would make the same decision to join."

11.1.72. How do the Peace Corps and AmeriCorps differ? a. AmeriCorps sends volunteers abroad. b. The Peace Corps is only open to volunteers who are over 25 years old. c. AmeriCorps does not administer a volunteer program.

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d. There is no difference between the Peace Corps and AmeriCorps.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 11.1.72 Page Reference: 333 Topic: Community Service in Emerging Adulthood Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. AmeriCorps does not administer a volunteer program.

11.1.73. Kendra is a member of AmeriCorps. She has spent two years volunteering as a tutor for children and adults in low-income families. According to the research, if Kendra is like most AmeriCorps volunteers, we can predict that she a. will not be a volunteer in her adult life. b. will continue on to the Peace Corps. c. has significantly gained in all five "life skills areas." d. will not be able to afford to attend college after AmeriCorps.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 11.1.73 Page Reference: 333 Topic: Community Service in Emerging Adulthood Skill: Applied Answer: c. has significantly gained in all five "life skills areas."

11.1.74. A recent study reported that Americorps volunteers were higher than a comparison group on the following: a. understanding community problems. b. engagement in civic activities. c. overall life satisfaction. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.1.74 Page Reference: 333 Topic: Community Service in Emerging Adulthood Skill: Factual Answer: d. all of these answers are correct.

11.1.75. For recent veterans, military service has been found to a. increase self-confidence and leadership skills. b. broaden emerging adults intellectually. c. contribute to alcohol abuse. d. negatively impact future career choice.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.1.75 Page Reference: 333 Topic: Community Service in Emerging Adulthood Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Factual Answer: a. increase self-confidence and leadership skills.

True/False 11.2.76. One way to decrease the exploitation of adolescent and child labor is to lower the number of years children need to legally remain in school. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.2.76 Page Reference: 312 Topic: Globalization and Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 11.2.77. The majority of jobs held by American adolescents in high school involve restaurant work. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.2.77 Page Reference: 316 Topic: The Adolescent Workplace Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 11.2.78. According to research, adolescents who work long hours in high school have lower rates of alcohol use than non-working adolescents. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.2.78 Page Reference: 319 Topic: Work and Problem Behavior Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 11.2.79. Researchers argue that good relationships with adults met in the workplace can be a protective factor for adolescents from stressful family situations. a. True b. False Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.2.79 Page Reference: 320 Topic: The Case in Favor of Adolescent Work Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 11.2.80. Research has concluded that close to half of all 17-year-olds in the United States cannot read or do math at a grade-9 level. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.2.80 Page Reference: 321 Topic: The Post-High School Transition to Work Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 11.2.81. The United States leads all other countries in implementing and funding school-to-work programs. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.2.81 Page Reference: 322 Topic: School-to-Work Programs in the United States Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 11.2.82. Research results from JobCorps studies showed that participants were more likely to earn a GED than emerging adults who did not belong to JobCorps. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.2.82 Page Reference: 322 Topic: School-to-Work Programs in the United States Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 11.2.83. A common feature of apprenticeship programs is training which takes place in a classroom setting under simulated working conditions. a. True Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.2.83 Page Reference: 323 Topic: Apprenticeship in Western Europe Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 11.2.84. In the crystallization stage, occupational choice becomes more focused. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.2.84 Page Reference: 325 Topic: The Development of Occupational Goals Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 11.2.85. According to Holland's theory of personality, people with conventional personality types tend to have high physical strength and low social understanding. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.2.85 Page Reference: 325-326 Topic: Influences on Occupational Goals Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 11.2.86. The average American holds seven to eight different jobs between the age of 18 and 30. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.2.86 Page Reference: 329 Topic: Work in Emerging Adulthood Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 11.2.87. Community service involves volunteering to serve members of the young person's community for monetary compensation. a. True b. False Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.2.87 Page Reference: 331 Topic: Volunteer Work - Community Service Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 11.2.88. Through the course of volunteer service, adolescents may begin to reassess themselves in terms of seeing themselves as potential political reformers. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.2.88 Page Reference: 332 Topic: Community Service and Adolescent Development Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 11.2.89. For more recent veterans, since the establishment of the all-volunteer military, the effects of military service have been found to be largely negative. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.2.89 Page Reference: 333 Topic: Community Service in Emerging Adulthood Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 11.2.90. Industrialization has left adolescents vulnerable to exploitation in unhealthy and unsafe working conditions. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 11.2.90 Page Reference: 334 Topic: Summing Up Skill: Factual Answer: a. True Essay 11.3.91. Discuss the effects of globalization on traditional cultures.

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Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 11.3.91 Page Reference: 311-313 Topic: Globalization and Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures Skill: Applied Answer: • Benefits: o preindustrial economic life can be hard -- simply providing the everyday necessities of life is a lot of work without industrialization o entry into the global economy is usually accompanied by increased access to electricity which often makes daily chores considerably easier o entry into the global economy is also usually accompanied by increased access to education and medical care • Problems: o potential for increased brutal work in terrible conditions for miserable pay o the burden of much of this work is falling on the shoulders of adolescents o a particularly brutal system for exploiting adolescent labor is called debt bondage o the worst form of exploitation of adolescents’ work is prostitution 11.3.92. Discuss the explanations for why adolescents engage in occupational deviance. Use examples of the deviance to illustrate your point.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 11.3.92 Page Reference: 319 Topic: Work and Problem Behavior Skill: Applied Answer: • Examples of Occupational Deviance o called in sick when not o gave away things free or for less than value o took things from employer or coworkers o worked while drunk or high o put more hours of time card than was true o lied to employer to get or keep job o took money from work o purposely short-changed a customer o purposely damaged employer's property • Explanations for Occupational Deviance o work is often boring and tedious o jobs are not leading to anything the adolescent plans to be doing in the future o no feeling of personal investment in the job o if you get caught doing these things you might get fired but who cares o there are plenty of other jobs of the same type o the adolescent workplace has little adult supervision o adolescents do not feel close to the adults they work with so they may feel they have little obligation or responsibility to these adults to behave ethically o adolescents who work are more likely than adolescents who do not to be cynical in their attitudes toward work 11.3.93. Compare and contrast the six categories in Holland's (1993) theory of personality.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 11.3.93 Page Reference: 326 Topic: Influences on Occupational Goals Skill: Applied Answer: • Realistic o high physical strength o practical approach to problem o low social understanding o best occupations: those that involve physical activity and practical application of knowledge, such as farming, truck driving, and construction • Intellectual o high on conceptual and theoretical thinking o prefer thinking problems through rather than applying knowledge o low on social skills o best occupations: scholarly fields such as math and science • Social o high in verbal skills and social skills o best professions: those that involve working with people, such as teaching, social work, and counseling • Conventional o high on following directions carefully o dislike of unstructured activities o best occupations: those that involve clear responsibilities but Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

require little leadership, such as bank teller or secretary • Enterprising o high in verbal abilities o high in social skills o high in leadership skills o best occupation: sales, politics, management, running a business • Artistic o introspective o imaginative o sensitive o unconventional o best occupations: artistic occupations such as painting or writing fiction 11.3.94. Meandering or drifting/bouncing around has been used to describe many emerging adults’ work experiences. Using examples, explain why this description may be accurate.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 11.3.94 Page Reference: 328-329 Topic: Work in Emerging Adulthood Skill: Applied Answer: • "Meandering" might be a more accurate word or maybe drifting or bouncing around – for many emerging adults, working in their late teens simply means finding a job, any job that will pay the bills until something better comes along. • Many emerging adults express a sense that they did not really choose their current job, they just one day found themselves in it, like a ball that rolls randomly on a pocked surface until it lands in one of the holes. • "I just fell into it" is a frequently-used phrase when they describe how they found their current jobs.

11.3.95. Discuss the distinct characteristics that contribute to the likelihood that adolescents will engage in community service.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 11.3.95 Page Reference: 331-332 Topic: Volunteer Work -- Community Service Skill: Applied Answer: • From the mid-1970s through the 1990s, about 22% of high school seniors have reported taking part in volunteer work on a weekly or monthly basis. • An additional 45% have reported yearly participation. • Characteristics -- Adolescents who volunteer o have a high sense of personal competence o have higher educational goals and performance o have high ideals o tend to perceive a higher degree of similarity between "actual selves" and "ideal selves" o greater desire to help others o greater sense of social responsibility o often indicate that one or both parents do so as well.

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Chapter 12 Media

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Chapter 12: Media Multiple Choice 12.1.01. At the beginning of the chapter, the author uses the example of the Disney movie "The Program" to illustrate a. the effects of globalization. b. the lack of parental control. c. the power of advertising. d. the complexity of media influences on adolescents.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 12.1.01 Page Reference: 337 Topic: Introduction Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. the complexity of media influences on adolescents.

12.1.02. Much of the existing research on media has focused on its a. effects on the consumer. b. production and distribution. c. technological features. d. availability and cost.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 12.1.02 Page Reference: 339 Topic: Theories of Media Influence Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. effects on the consumer.

12.1.03. Media are generally viewed as having potentially ______________ effects on adolescents. a. positive b. negative c. minimal d. ambivalent Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.03 Page Reference: 338 Topic: Theories of Media Influence Skill: Factual Answer: b. negative 12.1.04. Which of the following is NOT one of the theories of media influence discussed in this chapter?

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a. Uses and gratification approach b. The Cognitive Developmental Approach c. Social Learning Theory d. Cultivation Theory Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 12.1.04 Page Reference: 339 Topic: Theories of Media Influence Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. The Cognitive Developmental Approach 12.1.05. All her life, 15-year-old Trina has watched American television shows that depict life in a middle-class, two-parent home. Trina believes that this type of family life is typical of life in America. This example best illustrates a. Cultivation Theory b. Sensation seeking approach c. Uses and gratification approach d. Social Learning Theory Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 12.1.05 Page Reference: 339 Topic: Theories of Media Influence Skill: Applied Answer: a. Cultivation Theory 12.1.06. Studies finding that heavier exposure to sexual content on TV is related to earlier initiation of sexual intercourse are guided by which of the following theoretical frameworks? a. Cultivation Theory b. Social Learning Theory c. Uses and gratification approach d. Sensation seeking approach Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 12.1.06 Page Reference: 339 Topic: Theories of Media Influence Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. Social Learning Theory 12.1.07. The uses and gratification approach emphasizes that consumers a. tend to blindly follow media trends. b. are active participants in their use of media. c. are highly critical of the media forms and content.

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d. are easily influenced by media consumption.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 12.1.07 Page Reference: 339 Topic: Theories of Media Influence Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. are active participants in their use of media.

12.1.08. Research by Jane Brown and colleagues (1993, 1995) has shown that adolescents are active consumers who use media for a variety of purposes. This best reflects the a. uses and gratification approach. b. negative effects of media. c. impact of technology on adolescents. d. displacement effect.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 12.1.08 Page Reference: 339 Topic: Theories of Media Influence Skill: Applied Answer: a. uses and gratification approach.

12.1.09. Which of the following media forms is the most used by adolescents and emerging adults? a. Magazines b. Music c. Television d. Computers Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.09 Page Reference: 340 Topic: Entertainment Skill: Factual Answer: b. Music 12.1.10. Which of the following is NOT specified as one of five common uses of media by adolescents? a. Entertainment b. Coping c. Cognitive development d. Identity formation Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.10 Page Reference: 340 Topic: Five Uses Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Factual Answer: c. Cognitive development 12.1.11. Saroj loves listening to her favorite band, No Doubt. Recently, Saroj read an interview of the lead singer and decided, "I like her attitude. She always makes up her own mind. I hope I'm like her when I'm that age." Which of the following uses of media is best represented in this scenario? a. Coping b. Entertainment c. Identity formation d. Sensation seeking Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 12.1.11 Page Reference: 340 Topic: Identity Formation Skill: Applied Answer: c. Identity formation.

12.1.12. Robbie is in 10th grade and edits the school poetry "zine." He hopes to be a published writer and win a scholarship to a fine arts college. He says he became interested in poetry two years ago when he watched a television show about Jack Kerouac. This situation best illustrates media use and a. identity formation. b. entertainment. c. coping strategies. d. displacement effect.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 12.1.12 Page Reference: 340 Topic: Identity Formation Skill: Applied Answer: a. identity formation.

12.1.13. Sheldon is a huge fan of heavy metal music. His bedroom walls are plastered with posters of Slayer, Metallica, and Led Zeppelin. Sheldon practices guitar daily and hopes to have a career in music -- if not as a "guitar god," then as a studio musician. Which of the following uses of media is best represented in this scenario? a. Sensation seeking b. Coping c. Identity formation d. Entertainment Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 12.1.13 Page Reference: 340 Topic: Identity Formation Skill: Applied Answer: c. Identity formation 12.1.14. The extent to which a person enjoys novelty and intensity of sensation best describes the personality characteristic known as a. sensation seeking. b. sensationalism. c. sensory stimulation. d. sensuality.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 12.1.14 Page Reference: 341 Topic: High Sensation Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. sensation seeking.

12.1.15. When Nand feels angry, he goes home and listens to heavy metal music. According to research, if Nand is typical of adolescent heavy metal fans, which of the following may we predict is the most likely effect? After listening to the music for a while, Nand a. calms down. b. feels angrier. c. writes a song. d. withdraws.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 12.1.15 Page Reference: 341 Topic: Coping Skill: Applied Answer: a. calms down.

12.1.16. Which of the following groups is the primary target audience for action films? a. Males in middle adulthood b. Males in adolescence and emerging adulthood c. Males and females in emerging adulthood d. Males and females in adolescence Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.16 Page Reference: 341 Topic: High Sensation Skill: Factual Answer: b. Males in adolescence and emerging adulthood Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

12.1.17. Which of the following most commonly represents an adolescent's use of media when he or she is "stressed out"? He or she will most likely a. spend more time listening to music. b. spend more time with friends and family. c. spend less time listening to music or watching TV. d. quit watching TV altogether.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 12.1.17 Page Reference: 341 Topic: Coping Skill: Applied Answer: a. spend more time listening to music.

12.1.18. Which of the following is NOT an example of a qualitative research method? a. Adolescents take researchers on "tours" of their bedrooms. b. High school students interview each other about media use. c. Adolescents keep daily journals about gender stereotypes in media. d. Students answer questionnaires about the frequency and type of media use.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 12.1.18 Page Reference: 343 Topic: Media Use in Adolescents' Bedrooms Skill: Applied Answer: d. Students answer questionnaires about the frequency and type of media use.

12.1.19. Bryan moved from New York to Los Angeles during the 9th grade. Bryan is an avid fan of rap music and was happy to discover many of the boys his age in his new neighborhood listen to the same music as his friends back on the East Coast. Which of the following uses of media is best represented in this scenario? a. Identity formation b. Coping c. Sensation seeking d. Youth subculture identification Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 12.1.19 Page Reference: 344 Topic: Youth Culture Identification Skill: Applied Answer: d. Youth subculture identification 12.1.20. The most important result of 20th century media, such as television and radio, was the creation of a new source of Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

a. gratification. b. socialization. c. cognitive development. d. gender identification.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 12.1.20 Page Reference: 342 Topic: Media and Adolescent Socialization Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. socialization.

12.1.21. According to a 1999 national survey, the highest percentage of adolescents reported that they "learn a lot from" a. their mothers and fathers. b. brothers and sisters. c. books and newspapers d. television and movies.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.21 Page Reference: 342 Topic: Media and Adolescent Socialization Skill: Factual Answer: d. television and movies.

12.1.22. A society offering a tremendous diversity of media is most likely to be associated with which of the following values? a. Conformity b. Collectivism c. Individualism d. Gratification Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 12.1.22 Page Reference: 342 Topic: Media and Adolescent Socialization Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. Individualism 12.1.23. Legal prohibition of music and lyrics that promote hate is not likely in the United States because of the a. protection of free speech via the First Amendment. b. media's ethical marketing practices. c. lack of racism in industrialized countries.

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d. widespread dislike of censorship among parents.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 12.1.23 Page Reference: 342 Topic: Media and Adolescent Socialization Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. protection of free speech via the First Amendment.

12.1.24. Adolescents have greater control over their socialization from media than they do over socialization from family or school because the media are a. largely market-driven. b. directed toward encouraging adolescents to be good citizens. c. chosen by parents and other adults. d. limited in scope.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 12.1.24 Page Reference: 344 Topic: Media and Other Sources of Socialization Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. largely market-driven.

12.1.25. It is difficult for parents to impose restrictions on adolescents' media consumption because a. schools generally do not support parents' efforts to guide their children. b. parents and adolescents spend a lot of time away from each other. c. adolescents are less independent today than in earlier times. d. the content of most media is not understood by adults.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 12.1.25 Page Reference: 344 Topic: Media and Other Sources of Socialization Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. parents and adolescents spend a lot of time away from each other.

12.1.26. Most of the research connecting media with the promotion of violence has focused on a. television. b. computer games. c. music. d. magazines.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.26 Page Reference: 346 Topic: Television and Aggressiveness Skill: Factual Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: a. television.

12.1.27. The majority of research on media and violence has studied a. infants. b. adolescents. c. preadolescent children. d. emerging adults.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 12.1.27 Page Reference: 346 Topic: Television and Aggressiveness Skill: Factual Answer: c. preadolescent children.

12.1.28. It is difficult to make a clear link between viewing violent television and aggressive behavior in adolescents because most of the research is a. outdated. b. correlational. c. Canadian. d. experimental.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.28 Page Reference: 346 Topic: Television and Aggressiveness Skill: Factual Answer: b. correlational.

12.1.29. Because most studies on adolescents and television violence are correlational, it is a. pointless to study the possible causes of aggressive behavior. b. not possible to prove from these studies that television causes aggressive behavior. c. likely that television violence is not associated with aggressive behavior. d. important not to restrict adolescents' television viewing.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 12.1.29 Page Reference: 347 Topic: Television and Aggressiveness Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. not possible to prove from these studies that television causes aggressive behavior.

12.1.30. A famous longitudinal study linking aggression to the viewing of television violence was conducted by Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

a. Eron and Huesmann. b. Brown and Steele. c. Becker and Fagan. d. Rogers and Coombs.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 12.1.30 Page Reference: 346 Topic: Television and Aggressiveness Skill: Factual Answer: a. Eron and Huesmann.

12.1.31. A study conducted in a Canadian community called "Notel" by the researchers revealed that aggressive behavior in children ______________ after television was introduced to a community. a. remained the same b. decreased c. increased d. virtually disappeared Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.31 Page Reference: 346 Topic: Television and Aggressiveness Skill: Factual Answer: c. increased 12.1.32. One recent study of adolescents aged 11-15 found that adolescents’ preference for violent video games was related to a. aggression and bullying. b. academic performance. c. anxiety and depression. d. authoritarian parenting.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.32 Page Reference: 348 Topic: Computer Games and Aggressiveness Skill: Factual Answer: c. anxiety and depression.

12.1.33. According to research, a majority of adolescents' favorite computer games involve a. sexual imagery. b. team sports. c. violence. d. music.

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Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.33 Page Reference: 348 Topic: Computer Games and Aggressiveness Skill: Factual Answer: c. violence.

12.1.34. Assailants attempt to murder members of a high school marching band. This is a scenario from a(n) a. popular computer game. b. well-known heavy metal song. c. recent action movie. d. infamous underground comic book.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.34 Page Reference: 348 Topic: Computer Games and Aggressiveness Skill: Factual Answer: a. popular computer game.

12.1.35. Mehrabian and Wixen (1986) found that aggressiveness and hostility were _________ after playing video games. a. heightened b. diminished c. unchanged d. reversed Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.35 Page Reference: 348 Topic: Computer Games and Aggressiveness Skill: Factual Answer: a. heightened 12.1.36. A recent study related to sex on television analyzed the top 15 television programs watched by American adolescents. Around _______ percent of the programs analyzed contained sexual content. a. 10 b. 25 c. 80 d. 100 Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 12.1.36 Page Reference: 348 Topic: Television and Movies and Sex Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Factual Answer: c. 80 12.1.37. Ward (1995) found that young men and women in popular television shows are often portrayed as having a _______________ attitude towards sex. a. respectful b. recreational c. realistic d. religious Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 12.1.37 Page Reference: 349 Topic: Television and Movies and Sex Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. recreational 12.1.38. The movies that most adolescents watch tend to have __________________________ portrayals of sexuality than television shows do. a. less frequent, but more explicit b. more frequent and more explicit c. less frequent and less explicit d. more frequent and less explicit Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 12.1.38 Page Reference: 349 Topic: Television and Movies and Sex Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. more frequent and more explicit 12.1.39. Sex is second to ____________ as a topic of public concern with respect to the possible effects of media on adolescents. a. eating disorders b. suicide c. violence d. compulsive shopping Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.39 Page Reference: 348 Topic: Television and Movies and Sex Skill: Factual Answer: c. violence.

12.1.40. According to a 2002 study of the top 15 shows watched by American adolescents, it is Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

more likely that an adolescent will view ______________ instead of intercourse (depicted or implied). a. nudity b. sexual risks c. hugs and kisses d. sexual responsibilities Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 12.1.40 Page Reference: 348 Topic: Television and Movies and Sex Skill: factual Answer: c. hugs and kisses 12.1.41. According to a recent Dutch study, boys who watched sexually explicit online movies were more likely than other boys to view women as a. mother figures. b. sex objects. c. equals. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.41 Page Reference: 349 Topic: Television and Movies and Sex Skill: Factual Answer: b. sex objects.

12.1.42. What type of music was criticized in the 1920s for promoting promiscuity and alcohol use? a. Classical b. Jazz c. Rock d. Alternative Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.42 Page Reference: 349 Topic: Controversial Music: Rap & Heavy Metal Skill: Factual Answer: b. Jazz 12.1.43. Cindy is an adolescent in the 1920s, if her parents are worried that the music she is listening to will promote promiscuity, what type of music is she likely to be listening to? a. Jazz Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. Rock c. Classical d. Alternative Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.43 Page Reference: 349 Topic: Controversial Music: Rap & Heavy Metal Skill: Applied Answer: a. Jazz 12.1.44. Rhys, an American adolescent, is listening to his new favorite musical group. What genre of music is this group likely to fall under? a. Rap b. Rock c. Heavy Metal d. Alternative Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 12.1.44 Page Reference: 349 Topic: Controversial Music: Rap & Heavy Metal Skill: Applied Answer: a. Rap 12.1.45. Elvis's career got its initial boost through what form of media? a. Radio b. Television c. Newspaper d. Movies Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 12.1.45 Page Reference: 350 Topic: Historical Focus: Elvis the Pelvis Skill: Factual Answer: a. radio 12.1.46. Elvis's first performance on The Ed Sullivan Show still ranks as the highest rated television show ever broadcast in the US. Approximately _____ of the television sets in the country tuned in. a. 56% b. 83% c. 92% d. 98% Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 12.1.46 Page Reference: 351 Topic: Historical Focus: Elvis the Pelvis Skill: Factual Answer: b. 83% 12.1.47. Much "gangsta" rap is criticized for a. sexual exploitation of women. b. racism. c. violence. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.47 Page Reference: 350 Topic: Controversial Music: Rap and Heavy Metal Skill: Factual Answer: d. all of these answers are correct.

12.1.48. Many defenders of "gangsta rap" argue that the violent lyrics reflect a. comical depictions of police and other authority figures. b. grim realities of inner-city life for Black American youth. c. the wasteland that is popular music. d. the stereotype of young Black men as criminals.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.48 Page Reference: 351 Topic: Controversial Music: Rap and Heavy Metal Skill: Factual Answer: b. grim realities of inner-city life for Black American youth.

12.1.49. The criticism of heavy metal music generally focuses on issues of a. sex and drugs. b. racism and violence. c. suicide and violence. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.49 Page Reference: 352 Topic: Controversial Music: Rap and Heavy Metal Skill: Factual Answer: c. suicide and violence.

12.1.50. According to research by Arnett (1991, 1996) heavy metal fans tend to be Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

a. alienated from mainstream society. b. pessimistic about humankind. c. more reckless than other adolescents. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.50 Page Reference: 352 Topic: Controversial Music: Rap and Heavy Metal Skill: Factual Answer: d. all of these answers are correct.

12.1.51. Heavy metal fans interviewed by Arnett (1991, 1996), reported that listening to heavy metal tends to a. make them angry. b. make them anxious. c. calm them down. d. cause boredom.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.51 Page Reference: 352 Topic: Controversial Music: Rap and Heavy Metal Skill: Factual Answer: c. calm them down.

12.1.52. Jarrett is angry. He puts on his headphones and blasts his favorite band, Megadeth.

Based on research, what effect could we predict this to have? Jarrett a. freaks out and punches a hole in his bedroom wall. b. listens to the songs and eventually calms down. c. stays in his room and is very depressed. d. gets in a fight with his brother.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 12.1.52 Page Reference: 352 Topic: Controversial Music: Rap and Heavy Metal Skill: Applied Answer: b. listens to the songs and eventually calms down.

12.1.53. The words of William Congreve (1697), "Music has charms to soothe a savage breast," best reflect a. the potential cathartic effect of music. b. sexual imagery embedded in lyrics. c. difficulties making a living as a musician. d. it is virtually impossible for negative effects to come from music.

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Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 12.1.53 Page Reference: 352 Topic: Controversial Music: Rap and Heavy Metal Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. the potential cathartic effect of music.

12.1.54. A character in a movie is wearing a t-shirt with a Nike logo and drinking a Pepsi. These are examples of a. product placement. b. billboarding. c. guerilla marketing. d. free advertising.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 12.1.54 Page Reference: 353 Topic: Controversial Advertising: The Marlboro Man and Friends Skill: Applied Answer: a. product placement.

12.1.55. According to the text, the most controversial form of advertising in relation to adolescents has been ________ advertising. a. alcohol b. cigarette c. condom d. cosmetics Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.55 Page Reference: 353 Topic: Controversial Advertising: The Marlboro Man and Friends Skill: Factual Answer: b. cigarette 12.1.56. Advertising cigarettes in television and radio has been illegal in the US since a. 1956. b. 1971. c. 1989. d. 2000.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.56 Page Reference: 353 Topic: Controversial Advertising: The Marlboro Man and Friends Skill: Factual Answer: b. 1971.

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12.1.57. A major criticism of cigarette advertising is that it is a. too sexy. b. targeted toward the middle class. c. targeted toward adolescents. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.57 Page Reference: 353 Topic: Controversial Advertising: The Marlboro Man and Friends Skill: Factual Answer: c. targeted toward adolescents.

12.1.58. According to U.S. Department of Health and Human Services statistics, what percentage of smokers begin smoking by age 18? a. 25 b. 50 c. 70 d. 90 Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.58 Page Reference: 353 Topic: Controversial Advertising: The Marlboro Man and Friends Skill: Factual Answer: d. 90 12.1.59. The "Joe Camel" campaign provides evidence of how targeted advertising impacts adolescents' a. cigarette brand choice. b. age one begins smoking. c. attitudes toward parents. d. none of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.59 Page Reference: 353 Topic: Controversial Advertising: The Marlboro Man and Friends Skill: Factual Answer: a. cigarette brand choice.

12.1.60. According to recent research cited in the text, approximately _____ of adolescents have access to computers both at home and at school. a. 25% Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. 50% c. 75% d. 90% Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 12.1.60 Page Reference: 355 Topic: The Internet Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. 90% 12.1.61. The Internet is perhaps the greatest invention in human history for providing a. sexual exploitation. b. peace. c. access to information. d. direct communication.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.61 Page Reference: 355 Topic: The Internet Skill: Factual Answer: c. access to information.

12.1.62. The digital divide is a concept which, according to recent research, is a. diminishing for technology users. b. increasing between African American and White families. c. decreasing between adolescents and emerging adults. d. increasing among socioeconomic classes in the majority culture.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 12.1.62 Page Reference: 355 Topic: The Internet Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. diminishing for technology users.

12.1.63. A concern associated with adolescents' use of Internet chat rooms is the potential for a. sexual victimization. b. academic cheating. c. social isolation. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.63 Page Reference: 355-356 Topic: The Internet Skill: Factual Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: d. all of these answers are correct.

12.1.64. Social networking websites like Facebook and MySpace were originally developed by a. adolescents. b. college students. c. Microsoft employees. d. none of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.64 Page Reference: 356 Topic: New Internet Forms Skill: Factual Answer: b. college students.

12.1.65. Marina is a 15-year-old girl who has a profile on Facebook and MySpace. Marina mainly uses these sites to a. check sports updates. b. look at weather reports. c. keep in touch with friends. d. text her classmates.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 12.1.65 Page Reference: 356-357 Topic: New Internet Forms Skill: Applied Answer: c. keep in touch with friends.

12.1.66. A national survey in the United States found how many adolescents have created their own blog? a. Less than 10% b. About 30% c. Approximately 50% d. About 75% Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.66 Page Reference: 357 Topic: New Internet Forms Skill: Factual Answer: b. About 30% 12.1.67. Drew is 13 years old. Like all of his other friends, Drew loves to text message his friends. Drew and his friends represent about 69% of adolescents in what country?

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a. United States b. Norway c. Finland d. Canada Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 12.1.67 Page Reference: 357 Topic: Mobile Phone and Text Messaging Skill: Applied Answer: a. United States 12.1.68. According to research, for Japanese adolescents who own cell phones, how many sent at least 10 text messages a day to their friends? Approximately a. one-third. b. half. c. two-thirds. d. three-quarters.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.68 Page Reference: 358 Topic: Mobile Phone and Text Messaging Skill: Factual Answer: b. half.

12.1.69. Airin lives in Malaysia and Craig lives in Manhattan. They are both fifteen years old and have met over the Internet. Airin and Craig both love the same television shows and music. This scenario is most illustrative of which of the following concepts? a. Adolescent egocentrism b. Displacement effect c. Globalization d. Consumerism Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 12.1.69 Page Reference: 358 Topic: Media and Globalization Skill: Applied Answer: c. Globalization 12.1.70. The text suggests that in developing countries, adolescents may look to Western media for information about a. potential changes in their society. b. local dating and marriage practices. c. cultural traditions.

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d. how to resist globalization.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 12.1.70 Page Reference: 358 Topic: Media and Globalization Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. potential changes in their society.

12.1.71. Basima is an adolescent girl who lives in rural Morocco. Her brother, Mohan is allowed to go to movies at the local theater. Basima's parents told her that she is not allowed to go to movies because they don't want to subject her to shame. This situation best illustrates which of the following? a. Narrower gender socialization for girls is reflected in differential gender access to media. b. Basima's parents do not love her. c. Basima's parents do not adhere to ideas of traditional gender socialization. d. Basima's brother is atypically rebellious.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 12.1.71 Page Reference: 359 Topic: Media and Globalization Skill: Applied Answer: a. Narrower gender socialization for girls is reflected in differential gender access to media.

12.1.72. The example of the Kathmandu rock band that recorded an original Nepali language album in the style of the Beatles best reflects which of the following? a. The combination of local culture with imported Western styles. b. The Nepalese peoples' historical affinity with the United Kingdom. c. A rejection of Western culture by traditional musicians. d. A means used by Nepalese youth to make sense of their lives.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 12.1.72 Page Reference: 359 Topic: "Teenagers" in Kathmandu, Nepal Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. The combination of local culture with imported Western styles.

12.1.73. The use of the English terms teen and teenager in Nepal refers to a(n) ________ category rather than an age category. a. economic b. gender c. social Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. psychological Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.73 Page Reference: 359 Topic: "Teenagers" in Kathmandu, Nepal Skill: Factual Answer: c. social 12.1.74. Which of the following researchers conducted an ethnographic study of adolescents in Nepal? a. Kinney b. Mead c. Liechty d. Arnett Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.74 Page Reference: 359 Topic: "Teenagers" in Kathmandu, Nepal Skill: Factual Answer: c. Liechty 12.1.75. According to research, in which of the following areas were striking changes observed in Inuit adolescents' behavior after the introduction of television? a. Romantic relationships and education b. Education and competitive sports c. Competitive sports and dancing d. Romantic relationships and competitive sports Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.1.75 Page Reference: 360 Topic: Media and Globalization Skill: Factual Answer: d. Romantic relationships and competitive sports True/False 12.2.76. Cultivation theory argues that people will be more likely to imitate behaviors they see frequently performed by models who are rewarded or at least not punished. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.2.76 Page Reference: 339 Topic: Theories of Media Influence Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 12.2.77. Adolescents tend to be higher in sensation seeking than adults. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.2.77 Page Reference: 341 Topic: High Sensation Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 12.2.78. According to research, the majority of violent crimes are committed by young males. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.2.78 Page Reference: 346 Topic: Television and Aggressiveness Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 12.2.79. Research has shown that there is no significant correlation between adolescents' aggressiveness and their preferences for watching violent television. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.2.79 Page Reference: 346-347 Topic: Television and Aggressiveness Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 12.2.80. According to research by Ward (1995), approximately 70% of interactions in television shows most popular with adolescents contained sex-related statements. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.2.80 Page Reference: 349 Topic: Television and Movies and Sex Skill: Factual Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: b. False 12.2.81. It was television that made Elvis a world-famous star. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.2.81 Page Reference: 350 Topic: Historical Focus: Elvis the Pelvis Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 12.2.82. For a majority of heavy metal fans, heavy metal music appears to be a helpful emotional outlet. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.2.82 Page Reference: 352 Topic: Controversial Music: Rap and Heavy Metal Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 12.2.83. The most heavily promoted brands of cigarettes are those most often chosen by adolescent smokers. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.2.83 Page Reference: 353-354 Topic: Controversial Advertising: The Marlboro Man and Friends Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 12.2.84. Adolescents are more likely than younger or older age groups to use Internet chat rooms. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.2.84 Page Reference: 355 Topic: The Internet Skill: Factual Answer: a. True Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

12.2.85. To date, research on adolescents' use of the Internet has tended to focus on positive rather than negative uses. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.2.85 Page Reference: 355 Topic: The Internet Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 12.2.86. The most common kind of blog content is simply daily activities, including what I ate. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.2.86 Page Reference: 357 Topic: New Internet Forms Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 12.2.87. Research indicates that blogs can be an arena for preconventional reasoning. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.2.87 Page Reference: 357 Topic: New Internet Forms Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 12.2.88. One study found that 90% of all teenage bloggers discussed sexual identity. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.2.88 Page Reference: 357 Topic: New Internet Forms Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 12.2.89. A national United States study indicated that three of four online adolescent social Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

network users have posted at least one comment to a friend's blog. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.2.89 Page Reference: 357 Topic: New Internet Forms Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 12.2.90. American adolescents typically spend about 7 hours per day using media. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 12.2.90 Page Reference: 361 Topic: Summing Up Skill: Factual Answer: a. True Essay 12.3.91. Define the uses and gratifications approach in terms of adolescents' media consumption.

Discuss implications in terms of interpreting existing correlational research on media use and adolescent behavior.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 12.3.91 Page Reference: 339-340 Topic: Theories of Media Influence Skill: Applied Answer: • Uses and gratifications approach: approach to understanding media that emphasizes that people differ in numerous ways that lead them to make different choices about which media to consume and that even people consuming the same media product will respond to it in a variety of ways, depending upon their individual characteristics. • Adolescents are active participants in the consumption of media. This has implications regarding the choices they make in terms of media content. Correlational research shows the relation between adolescent media consumption (e.g., violent television) and behavior (e.g., aggression). However, it is impossible to prove causation from the results of correlational research. It is important to consider contextual factors, etc. when interpreting research. For example, perhaps adolescents who live in violent contexts may listen to violent music to achieve a cathartic effect.

12.3.92. Describe the Media Practice Model of the uses and gratifications theory in terms of adolescents' active uses of media, noting three categories of active uses. Provide an example.

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 12.3.92 Page Reference: 339

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Topic: Theories of Media Influence Skill: Applied Answer: • Selection – each adolescent’s identity motivates the selection of media products (e.g., Jessica, who enjoys sports selects Sports Illustrated Magazine) • Interaction – the products are evaluated and interpreted (e.g., Jessica enjoys the articles in the magazine that highlight female athletes, but boycotts the Swimsuit Edition because she thinks it is sexist and portrays women as objects) • Application – the adolescents engage in application of the media content they have chosen (e.g., Jessica responds to the Swimsuit edition by rejecting the models as a false ideal; Jessica responds to the articles about female athletes in terms of role models for her own progress as an athlete and striving to achieve goals) 12.3.93. Briefly define five uses of media by adolescents specified in Chapter 12. Provide an example for each.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 12.3.93 Page Reference: 340-342 Topic: Five Uses Skill: Applied Answer: • Entertainment: an enjoyable aspect of adolescents' leisure lives. • Identity formation: media provide information about career possibilities, gender role identity, role models, etc. • High sensation: media may provide novelty and intensity of sensation sought more by adolescents than adults. • Coping: to relieve and dispel negative emotions. • Youth culture identification: a sense of connection to a youth culture or subculture unified by certain values or interests. • Students will provide their own examples, either drawn from the text or from their own experiences.

12.3.94. Discuss differences between media as a source of socialization and other sources of socialization for adolescents.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 12.3.94 Page Reference: 342-345 Topic: Media and Adolescent Socialization Skill: Applied Answer: • A recent national survey showed that more (49%) adolescents said "they learn a lot from" television and movies than from their mothers (38%) or fathers (31%). • Media is market driven and therefore its consumers (i.e., adolescents) largely determine the content.

Therefore, adolescents have greater control over media as a socialization source than they do over other sources of socialization. • The limited time parents and adolescents spend together makes it difficult for parents to enforce restrictions over adolescents' media consumption.

12.3.95. Discuss possible implications of media as an important force behind the globalization of adolescence. Provide two related examples from research discussed in Chapter 12.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 12.3.95 Page Reference: 358-360 Topic: Media and Globalization Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Conceptual Answer: • Widespread international distribution of media has resulted in adolescents the world over being familiar with the same television shows, music, etc. This has implications in terms of socialization factors: o in traditional cultures, adolescents are growing up in socialization contexts very different from that of parents. o media provides information on what "global village" of their future will be like. • Example: Davis and Davis (1995) found that amongst Moroccan youth, narrow gender socialization was replicated via differential gender access to new media. • Example: Liechty's (1995) Nepal study (Cultural Focus Box, p. 390) • Example: Condon's (1988, 1995) study of the Inuit of the Canadian Arctic regarding the introduction of television to the community.

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Two Types of Problems

Externalizing Problems

Chapter 13 Problems and Resilience

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12,13,22,23,24,25, 35,36,40,41,44,45, 48,49,51,54,55

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True/False Short Essay

Multiple Choice True/False Short Essay

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94,95

73,75

Internalizing Problems

Resilience

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Chapter 13: Problems and Resilience Multiple Choice 13.1.01. Scholars distinguish between two types of problems for young people: a. internalizing and externalizing. b. male and female. c. depression and aggression. d. "in control" and "out of control."

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.1.01 Page Reference: 363 Topic: Two Types of Problems Skill: Factual Answer: a. internalizing and externalizing.

13.1.02. Which of the following is NOT considered an internalizing disorder? a. Depression b. Substance use c. Eating disorder d. Anxiety Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.1.02 Page Reference: 363 Topic: Two Types of Problems Skill: Factual Answer: b. Substance use 13.1.03. Young people with internalizing disorders are sometimes referred to as a. undercontrolled. b. overcontrolled. c. unsocialized. d. oversocialized.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 13.1.03 Page Reference: 363 Topic: Two Types of Problems Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. overcontrolled.

13.1.04. Which of the following is a common characteristic of people considered to be "overcontrolled"? a. Calm and relaxed Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. Extremely lazy c. Overly self-punishing d. Above average intelligence Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 13.1.04 Page Reference: 363 Topic: Two Types of Problems Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. Overly self-punishing 13.1.05. Caddy suffers from clinical depression. Based on research, it could be predicted that Caddy is more likely to ___________________ than other adolescents. a. have an anxiety disorder b. engage in aggressive behavior c. excel in academics d. excel in sports Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 13.1.05 Page Reference: 363 Topic: Two Types of Problems Skill: Applied Answer: a. have an anxiety disorder 13.1.06. Young people with externalizing problems are sometimes referred to as a. overcontrolled. b. unsocialized. c. oversocialized. d. undercontrolled.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.1.06 Page Reference: 363 Topic: Two Types of Problems Skill: Factual Answer: d. undercontrolled.

13.1.07. Kris is 14 years old. The assessment done by the school psychologist refers to Kris as "undercontrolled." Based upon research, which of the following predictions is most likely accurate? Kris likely a. comes from a family with little parental control. b. is an only child with only one parent. c. is a fraternal twin brother. d. is a late-maturing girl who is just beginning high school.

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Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 13.1.07 Page Reference: 363 Topic: Two Types of Problems Skill: Applied Answer: a. comes from a family with little parental control.

13.1.08. Which of the following age groups has the highest rate of automobile accidents, fatalities and injuries? a. 16-24 b. 24-30 c. 30-50 d. 65-80 Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.1.08 Page Reference: 364 Topic: Risky Automobile Driving Skill: Factual Answer: a. 16-24 13.1.09. In the United States, the leading cause of death among people aged 16 to 24 is a. violent crimes. b. AIDS. c. automobile accidents. d. eating disorders.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.1.09 Page Reference: 364 Topic: Risky Automobile Driving Skill: Factual Answer: c. automobile accidents.

13.1.10. In Western countries other than the United States, a higher minimum driving age and less access to automobiles is associated with a. fewer car accidents and fatalities among young people. b. higher unemployment rates due to lack of transportation. c. more car accidents and fatalities among young people. d. a decreased rate of other externalizing problems amongst adolescents.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.1.10 Page Reference: 364 Topic: Risky Automobile Driving Skill: Factual Answer: a. fewer car accidents and fatalities among young people.

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13.1.11. According to research highlighted in the text, which of the following has NOT been identified as a factor contributing to high automobile accident rates amongst young Americans?

Young drivers are a. less likely than adults to wear seatbelts. b. more likely than adults to drive at excessive speeds. c. more likely than adults to report driving under the influence of alcohol. d. less likely than adults to have a cell phone for emergency calls.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.1.11 Page Reference: 364-365 Topic: Risky Automobile Driving Skill: Factual Answer: d. less likely than adults to have a cell phone for emergency calls.

13.1.12. Which of the following characteristics is most likely associated with young males' involvement in automobile crashes? a. Internalizing and externalizing problems b. Anxiety and depression c. Sensation seeking and aggressiveness d. Identity diffusion and passive aggressiveness Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 13.1.12 Page Reference: 365 Topic: Risky Automobile Driving Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. Sensation seeking and aggressiveness.

13.1.13. One factor that may contribute to the failure of driver education programs to reduce accidents is that they a. often employs a graduated licensing approach. b. is often taught by instructors who are emerging adults. c. is more often offered to young males than females. d. enables adolescents to obtain a driver's license more quickly.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 13.1.13 Page Reference: 366 Topic: Risky Automobile Driving Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. enables adolescents to obtain a driver's license more quickly.

13.1.14. Aaron is a young driver who has been awarded a restricted license. He is allowed to drive unsupervised but cannot drive after 9 P.M. Which of the following approaches to reducing traffic accidents and fatalities is best described in this scenario?

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a. Graduated licensing b. Driver education c. Zero tolerance d. Parental monitoring Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 13.1.14 Page Reference: 365-366 Topic: Risky Automobile Driving Skill: Applied Answer: a. Graduated licensing 13.1.15. According to the text, approximately what percentage of American high school seniors reported smoking cigarettes at least once in the past month? a. 15% b. 20% c. 35% d. 50% Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.1.15 Page Reference: 368 Topic: Substance Use Skill: Factual Answer: b. 20% 13.1.16. Which of the following best describes substance use among American adolescents? a. Most smoke cigarettes at least once, but never use alcohol. b. All substance use is uncommon among American adolescents. c. Other than alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana, substance use is uncommon. d. A large proportion of adolescents experiment with substances such as amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.1.16 Page Reference: 368 Topic: Substance Use Skill: Factual Answer: c. Other than alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana, substance use is uncommon.

13.1.17. According to a recent survey, American adolescents were shown to experiment with other substances such as amphetamines, inhalants, hallucinogens, and cocaine. What percentage of American adolescents tried Ecstasy? a. 3% b. 8% Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

c. 11% d. 22% Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.1.17 Page Reference: 368 Topic: Substance Use Skill: Factual Answer: b. 8% 13.1.18. Cade is 20 years old and moved out of his parents' house two months ago. He smoked marijuana several times last year but since he has been living on his own, has smoked marijuana much more often. Cade and his roommates are always having parties. Which of the following is the best possible explanation for Cade's behavior change? a. Increased propensity and opportunity b. Acquiring full license c. Socialized delinquents d. Increased protective factor Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 13.1.18 Page Reference: 369 Topic: Substance Use Skill: Applied Answer: a. Increased propensity and opportunity 13.1.19. Mika rarely goes to parties or smokes marijuana anymore because she is too busy working and looking after family responsibilities. Based on research, it could be predicted that Mika is approximately what age? a. 9-12 b. 13-19 c. 19-24 d. 25-30 Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 13.1.19 Page Reference: 369 Topic: Substance Use Skill: Applied Answer: d. 25-30 13.1.20. From the late 1970s to the early 1990s, adolescent substance use generally a. increased. b. declined. c. stayed about the same. d. increased in terms of marijuana use, but declined in terms of alcohol use.

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Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.1.20 Page Reference: 369 Topic: Substance Use Skill: Factual Answer: b. declined.

13.1.21. Vanessa does not use drugs or alcohol. She refuses to smoke cigarettes. Vanessa most likely defines herself as a. slide-rule. b. straight-edge. c. unpopular. d. goody-goody.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 13.1.22 Page Reference: 369 Topic: Substance Use Skill: Applied Answer: b. straight-edge.

13.1.22. In general, which of the following best describes the overall pattern for substance use from ages 18 through 45? Substance use a. steadily increases. b. peaks in the early 20s. c. steadily decreases. d. declines in the late 30s.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 13.1.22 Page Reference: 369 Topic: Substance Use Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. peaks in the early 20s.

13.1.23. Which of the following sequences is most accurate in terms of substance use through adolescence and emerging adulthood? a. Beer and wine; cigarettes and hard liquor; marijuana; "hard" drugs. b. Cigarettes and hard liquor; beer and wine; marijuana; "hard" drugs. c. Marijuana; cigarettes and hard liquor; beer and wine; "hard" drugs. d. Cigarettes and beer; wine and hard liquor; marijuana; "hard" drugs.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 13.1.23 Page Reference: 369 Topic: Substance Use Skill: Conceptual Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: a. Beer and wine; cigarettes and hard liquor; marijuana; "hard" drugs.

13.1.24. What is the term used to define substances that adolescents may try before they may go on to try "harder" substances? a. Gateway drugs b. Safeway drugs c. Waystation drugs d. Weightgain drugs Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 13.1.24 Page Reference: 370 Topic: Substance Use Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. Gateway drugs 13.1.25. Which of the following is NOT described in the textbook as one of the purposes for which young people use substances? a. Experimental reasons b. Social experiences c. Medicinal purposes d. Peer acceptance Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 13.1.25 Page Reference: 370 Topic: Substance Use Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. Peer acceptance 13.1.26. According to research by Windle et al (2005), which of the following groups of adolescents were found to be the most psychologically healthy? a. Frequent substance users b. Experimental substance users c. Addictive users d. Self-medicators Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.1.26 Page Reference: 370 Topic: Substance Use Skill: Factual Answer: b. Experimental substance users 13.1.27. Gil feels anxious and depressed a lot. He is nervous leaving his house in the morning and dreads the thought of having to speak in front of others at school. Sometimes he smokes Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

marijuana to relax and drinks when he feels nervous around people. Which of the following purposes best describes Gil's substance use? a. Experimental b. Social c. Medicinal d. Addictive Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 13.1.27 Page Reference: 370 Topic: Substance Use Skill: Applied Answer: c. Medicinal 13.1.28. Efforts to prevent or reduce substance use among adolescents have generally been delivered through a. community centers. b. church organizations. c. correctional facilities. d. schools.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.1.28 Page Reference: 371 Topic: Substance Use Skill: Factual Answer: d. schools.

13.1.29. Violations of the law committed by juveniles are referred to as acts of a. propensity. b. opportunity. c. delinquency. d. transgression.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.1.29 Page Reference: 371 Topic: Delinquency and Crime Skill: Factual Answer: c. delinquency.

13.1.30. According to research, which group of people commits the great majority of crimes? a. Males, ages 12-24 b. Females, ages 18-25 c. Males, ages 25-35 Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. Males and females, ages 25-35 Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.1.30 Page Reference: 371 Topic: Delinquency and Crime Skill: Factual Answer: a. Males, ages 12-24.

13.1.31. According to the law of the majority of states, juvenile is defined as a person under the age of a. 14. b. 16. c. 18. d. 21.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.1.31 Page Reference: 371 Topic: Delinquency and Crime Skill: Factual Answer: c. 18.

13.1.32. Leaving home without parental or guardian consent is considered a(n) a. status offense. b. index offense. c. nonindex crime. d. property crime.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.1.32 Page Reference: 371 Topic: Delinquency and Crime Skill: Factual Answer: a. status offense.

13.1.33. Gavin is17 years old and has been charged with and convicted of motor vehicle theft.

This offense is considered a(n) a. status offense. b. index crime. c. nonindex crime. d. violent crime.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 13.1.33 Page Reference: 371 Topic: Delinquency and Crime Skill: Applied Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: b. index crime.

13.1.34. Surveys indicate that approximately ______ of all adolescents commit at least one criminal offense before age 20. a. 5% b. 25% c. 50% d. 75% Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.1.34 Page Reference: 373 Topic: Delinquency and Crime Skill: Factual Answer: d. 75% 13.1.35. Terrie Moffitt's (1993, 2003) provocative theory proposes a distinction between two types of delinquency: a. male and female. b. urban and rural. c. hedonistic-social and poverty-needs-based. d. adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 13.1.35 Page Reference: 373 Topic: Delinquency and Crime Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent.

13.1.36. According to Moffitt (1993, 2003), neuropsychological deficits are associated with which type of delinquency? a. Life-course-persistent b. Hedonistic-social c. Adolescence-limited d. Bio-psychological Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 13.1.36 Page Reference: 373 Topic: Delinquency and Crime Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. Life-course-persistent 13.1.37. According to her mom, 33-year-old Shara had no problems during childhood. Shara is now a school teacher and has a child of her own. During her adolescent years, however, Shara Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

"ran with a crowd" that smoked pot, shoplifted, and occasionally vandalized buildings. During her youth, Shara's behavior could best be described as a. suburban diaspora. b. adolescent-limited delinquency. c. life-course-persistent delinquency. d. adolescent egocentrism.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 13.1.37 Page Reference: 373 Topic: Delinquency and Crime Skill: Applied Answer: b. adolescent-limited delinquency.

13.1.38. Some delinquency prevention interventions have been found to increase delinquency because they a. teach specific techniques for certain crimes. b. bring high-risk adolescents together to form a clique. c. are facilitated by teachers who are “out of touch.” d. are attended only by adolescent-limited delinquents.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 13.1.38 Page Reference: 375 Topic: Delinquency and Crime Skill: Applied Answer: b. bring high-risk adolescents together to form a clique.

13.1.39. Which of the following best explains the ineffectiveness of some delinquency prevention programs from the perspective of adolescent participants and programmers respectively? a. "I don't want to be there," and "We should have caught the problem earlier." b. "There are too many boys there," and "We should wait until they are more mature." c. "There are too many girls there," and "We should wait until they are more mature." d. "I don't want to be there," and "Programs should be centered in urban areas."

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 13.1.39 Page Reference: 375 Topic: Delinquency and Crime Skill: Applied Answer: a. "I don't want to be there," and "We should have caught the problem earlier."

13.1.40. One successful approach to delinquency prevention is the ____________________ approach. a. contextual Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. just say no c. scared straight d. multisystemic Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 13.1.40 Page Reference: 375 Topic: Delinquency and Crime Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. multisystemic 13.1.41. Which of the following parenting styles is associated with less risk behavior in adolescents? a. Permissive b. Disengaged c. Authoritarian d. Authoritative Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 13.1.41 Page Reference: 375-376 Topic: Factors Involved in Risk Behavior Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. Authoritative 13.1.42. Sixteen-year-old Joaquin's parents work out of town several days a week, and he is often alone in the house. His parents agree that he is old enough to make his own decisions, and they do not check up on him and rarely monitor his whereabouts or activities. Based on research, it could be predicted that Joaquin has a(n) a. increased likelihood of engaging in delinquent acts. b. decreased likelihood of engaging in delinquent acts. c. increased likelihood of becoming depressed. d. decreased likelihood of becoming depressed.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 13.1.42 Page Reference: 376 Topic: Factors Involved in Risk Behavior Skill: Applied Answer: a. increased likelihood of engaging in delinquent acts.

13.1.43. A good relationship between an adolescent and a parent or caring adult can potentially a. make risk behavior less likely for the adolescent. b. increase the risk of substance use. c. create lenient parent behaviors. d. reduce parental monitoring.

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Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 13.1.43 Page Reference: 376 Topic: Factors Involved in Risk Behavior Skill: Applied Answer: a. make risk behavior less likely for the adolescent.

13.1.44. Which of the following is most likely to commit a crime alone? a. Socialized delinquent b. Juvenile delinquent c. Unsocialized delinquent d. Adolescence-limited-delinquent Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 13.1.44 Page Reference: 377 Topic: Factors Involved in Risk Behavior Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. Unsocialized delinquent 13.1.45. Temperament from birth is a key factor in the theory of a. Gerald Patterson and colleagues. b. Richard Jessor. c. Joy Dryfoos and associates. d. McCord and McCord.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 13.1.45 Page Reference: 377 Topic: Factors Involved in Risk Behavior Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. Gerald Patterson and colleagues.

13.1.46. Westgate High School is known for having a positive climate. Students and teachers describe a belief system that includes fairness, a high value on all kinds of schoolwork, and equitable and firm guidelines for behavior. Which of the following best describes Westgate High School? a. Favorable ethos b. Low socioeconomic status. c. Working class ideals d. Hidden curriculum Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 13.1.46 Page Reference: 378 Topic: Factors Involved in Risk Behavior Skill: Applied Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: a. Favorable ethos 13.1.47. A sense of neighborhood identity and cohesion tends to a. increase gang activity. b. limit school ethos. c. reduce parental monitoring. d. discourage delinquency.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.1.47 Page Reference: 378 Topic: Factors Involved in Risk Behavior Skill: Factual Answer: d. discourage delinquency.

13.1.48. The idea that religious participation may make it less likely that an adolescent take part in risk behavior best refers to a. adolescence-limited-delinquency. b. labeling theory. c. parental monitoring. d. protective factor.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 13.1.48 Page Reference: 378 Topic: Factors Involved in Risk Behavior Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. protective factor.

13.1.49. The Add Health study found that risk behavior was significantly related to a. family structure. b. socioeconomic status. c. ethnic background. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 13.1.49 Page Reference: 378 Topic: Factors Involved in Risk Behavior Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. all of these answers are correct.

13.1.50. Which of the following individual factors is found to be related to risk-taking behavior? a. Passiveness b. High intelligence Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

c. Low self-esteem d. Aggressiveness Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.1.50 Page Reference: 379 Topic: Factors Involved in Risk Behavior Skill: Factual Answer: d. Aggressiveness 13.1.51. The fact that poor school achievement may represent a wide range of other problems makes it an especially _______________ predictor of risk behavior in adolescence. a. unreliable b. weak c. strong d. sensational Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 13.1.51 Page Reference: 379 Topic: Factors Involved in Risk Behavior Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. strong 13.1.52. Higher rates of violent crime in the United States than in other Western countries appear to be due in part to a. more expensive automobiles. b. more conservative religious beliefs. c. higher rates of poverty. d. stricter gun control.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.1.52 Page Reference: 380 Topic: Factors Involved in Risk Behavior Skill: Factual Answer: c. higher rates of poverty.

13.1.53. Rates of smoking are particularly high among young people in a. Mexico and South America. b. South Asia. c. Eastern and southern Europe. d. Northern Europe.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.1.53 Page Reference: 380 Topic: Factors Involved in Risk Behavior Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Factual Answer: c. Eastern and southern Europe.

13.1.54. The Gluecks' longitudinal research found that the key to delinquency lay in an interaction between a. constitutional factors and family environments. b. age and gender. c. intelligence and school environments. d. heredity and peer socialization.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 13.1.54 Page Reference: 381 Topic: The Gluecks' Longitudinal Study of Delinquency Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. constitutional factors and family environments.

13.1.55. One criticism of the Gluecks' longitudinal research on delinquency is that the researchers were a. not blind to participants' delinquent status. b. unaware of participants' delinquent status. c. approximately the same age as the participants. d. teachers in the schools the participants attended.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 13.1.55 Page Reference: 381 Topic: The Gluecks' Longitudinal Study of Delinquency Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. not blind to participants' delinquent status.

13.1.56. That African American adolescents are more likely than White adolescents to be arrested reflects a. higher religiosity among Whites. b. lower SES among African Americans. c. genetic predisposition to certain risk behaviors. d. cultural differences in the acceptability of crime.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 13.1.56 Page Reference: 380 Topic: Factors Involved in Risk Behavior Skill: Applied Answer: b. lower SES among African Americans.

13.1.57. The most serious form of depression is Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

a. major depressive disorder. b. depressive syndrome. c. greater dysthymia. d. large depressed mood.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.1.57 Page Reference: 382 Topic: Depression Skill: Factual Answer: a. major depressive disorder.

13.1.58. Which of the following is the most common form of internalizing problem in adolescence? a. depressive disorder. b. depressed mood. c. anorexia nervosa. d. claustrophobia.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.1.58 Page Reference: 382 Topic: Depression Skill: Factual Answer: b. depressed mood.

13.1.59. The interaction of heredity and environment is particularly well-established with respect to a. depression. b. risky driving. c. eating disorders. d. substance use.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 13.1.59 Page Reference: 383 Topic: Depression Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. depression.

13.1.60. Which of the following terms refers specifically to a biologically-based vulnerability? a. Inclination b. Amenorrhea c. Diathesis d. Ethos Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 13.1.60 Page Reference: 383 Topic: Depression Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. Diathesis 13.1.61. Richie, who evidenced early delays in motor skills, was diagnosed with depressive disorder at age 13. This situation suggests a. a neurological diathesis for depression. b. authoritative parenting patterns. c. a lack of parental monitoring. d. neurosis triggered by puberty.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 13.1.61 Page Reference: 383 Topic: Depression Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. a neurological diathesis for depression.

13.1.62. D.J. responds to problems by focusing distress inward. Based on research, it could be predicted that D.J. is most likely a. male. b. female. c. from a traditional culture. d. from a Western culture.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 13.1.62 Page Reference: 384 Topic: Depression Skill: Applied Answer: b. female.

13.1.63. According to recent research, what percentage of American adolescents have reported having had suicidal thoughts? a. 9% b. 17% c. 24% d. 31% Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.1.63 Page Reference: 385 Topic: Depression Skill: Factual Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: c. 24% 13.1.64. ___________ are about four times more likely to attempt suicide; ___________ are about four times more likely to kill themselves. a. Males; males b. Females; females c. Females; males d. Males; females Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 13.1.64 Page Reference: 386 Topic: Depression Skill: Factual Answer: c. Females; males 13.1.65. Most cases of eating disorders have their onset during a. early childhood. b. middle adulthood. c. adolescence and emerging adulthood. d. no pattern has been evidenced.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.1.65 Page Reference: 387 Topic: Eating Disorders Skill: Factual Answer: c. adolescence and emerging adulthood.

13.1.66. Recent research has shown that up to _____ of adolescent girls consider themselves overweight, even though less than ______ are medically overweight. a. 20%; 5% b. 60%; 15% c. 75%; 20% d. 75%; 50% Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 13.1.66 Page Reference: 387 Topic: Eating Disorders Skill: Factual Answer: b. 60%; 15% 13.1.67. Extreme fasting in females from the 16th through 19th centuries has been documented as a. a religious rite.

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b. a commercial spectacle. c. disease prevention. d. beauty enhancement.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 13.1.67 Page Reference: 388 Topic: From Fasting Saints to Anorexic Girls Skill: Factual Answer: b. a commercial spectacle.

13.1.68. Leanne is underweight and has experienced amenorrhea associated with anorexia nervosa.

Despite this, when she looks in the mirror she sees herself as overweight and flabby. This situation best illustrates a. fatigue. b. realistic perfectionism. c. underlying physical illness. d. cognitive distortion.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 13.1.68 Page Reference: 387-388 Topic: Eating Disorders Skill: Applied Answer: d. cognitive distortion.

13.1.69. Amenorrhea -- a symptom often accompanying anorexia -- is the term for loss of a. appetite. b. body hair. c. menstruation. d. bone density.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.1.69 Page Reference: 387 Topic: Eating Disorders Skill: Factual Answer: c. menstruation.

13.1.70. The development of anorexia in young females is related to a. a general susceptibility to internalizing disorders. b. substance use such as cigarette smoking and binge drinking. c. the same factors involved in the development of bulimia. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 13.1.70 Page Reference: 388-389

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Topic: Eating Disorders Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. all of these answers are correct.

13.1.71. Which of the following provides evidence for a cultural basis of eating disorders? Eating disorders are a. common in cultures with a slim female body ideal. b. most common in social groups that emphasize slimness. c. most common in females who are in adolescence and emerging adulthood. d. all of these answers are correct.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 13.1.71 Page Reference: 388-389 Topic: Eating Disorders Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. all of these answers are correct.

13.1.72. Because anorexia is eventually life threatening, the first step in recommended treatment is usually a. hospital-based. b. school-based. c. family-centered. d. group-oriented.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.1.72 Page Reference: 389 Topic: Eating Disorders Skill: Factual Answer: a. hospital-based.

13.1.73. Which of the following is a leading researcher in the area of resilience? a. Piaget b. Jessor c. Masten d. Sternberg Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 13.1.73 Page Reference: 390 Topic: Resilience Skill: Applied Answer: c. Masten 13.1.74. Which of the following is a protective factor associated with resilience?

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a. High intelligence b. An adult mentor outside the family c. Parents who balance care with control d. All of these answers are correct Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 13.1.74 Page Reference: 391 Topic: Resilience Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. All of these answers are correct 13.1.75. One reason that emerging adulthood has been proposed as a key period for the expression of resilience is because emerging adults a. have not yet made the commitments that structure adult life. b. are impervious to life changes. c. are unable to leave unhealthy, high-risk family environments. d. are too busy at work and school to experience stress.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 13.1.75 Page Reference: 391 Topic: Resilience Skill: Applied Answer: a. have not yet made the commitments that structure adult life.

True/False 13.2.76. Adolescence is a time of increased risk for a wide range of problems. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.2.76 Page Reference: 363 Topic: Introduction Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 13.2.77. Externalizing problems are more common among females than among males. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.2.77 Page Reference: 363 Topic: Two Types of Problems Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 13.2.78. Quentin is considered to have an externalizing disorder. He frequently engages in delinquent behavior and fighting. Based upon research, it could be predicted that Quentin experiences little distress related to his behavior. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.2.78 Page Reference: 363 Topic: Two Types of Problems Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 13.2.79. The rate of automobile fatalities among young people is lower in the United States than in other Western countries. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.2.79 Page Reference: 364 Topic: Risky Automobile Driving Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 13.2.80. Research shows that adolescents who have taken driver education courses have lower involvement in automobile crashes. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.2.80 Page Reference: 365 Topic: Risky Automobile Driving Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 13.2.81. Rates of cigarette smoking are lower among adolescents in Europe than in Canada and the United States. a. True b. False Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.2.81 Page Reference: 367-368 Topic: Substance Use Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 13.2.82. The peak of substance use occurs during adolescence. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.2.82 Page Reference: 369 Topic: Substance Use Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 13.2.83. In general, substance use is higher among White adolescents than among African American adolescents. a. True b. False Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 13.2.83 Page Reference: 369 Topic: Substance Use Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 13.2.84. Adolescents and emerging adults are more likely than children or adults to be the victims of crimes. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.2.84 Page Reference: 372 Topic: Delinquency and Crime Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 13.2.85. Poor school performance is associated with risk behaviors. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 13.2.85 Page Reference: 377-378

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Topic: Factors Involved in Risk Behavior Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 13.2.86. Rates of depression are considerably higher among males than females. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.2.86 Page Reference: 383 Topic: Depression Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 13.2.87. The use of most antidepressant drugs has been more effective in adolescents than in adults. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.2.87 Page Reference: 384 Topic: Depression Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 13.2.88. People who have received cognitive-behavior therapy are less likely than those who have been treated with antidepressant medication to relapse after the treatment period. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.2.88 Page Reference: 385 Topic: Depression Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 13.2.89. Suicide rates are lower in Canada and the United States than in other industrialized countries. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 13.2.89 Page Reference: 385

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Topic: Depression Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 13.2.90. Approximately 90% of eating disorders occur among females. a. True b. False Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 13.2.90 Page Reference: 387 Topic: Eating Disorders Skill: Factual Answer: a. True Essay 13.3.91. Define internalizing and externalizing problems. Provide three examples of each type of problem.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 13.3.91 Page Reference: 363-364 Topic: Two Types of Problems Skill: Applied Answer: • Internalizing problems: take place when people turn their distress inward toward themselves. Adolescents with internalizing problems are sometimes called "overcontrolled" and tend to come from families with tight parental psychological control. Young people with internalizing problems usually feel distress. Internalizing problems are more likely to be experienced by girls. Three examples: depression, anxiety, eating disorders. • Externalizing problems: problems that are directed outward rather than inward. Adolescents with externalizing problems are sometimes referred to as "undercontrolled," tend to come from families with lacking parental monitoring, and tend to lack self-control. Distress is often not experienced with externalizing problems. Externalizing problems are more likely to be experienced by males. Three examples: delinquency, substance abuse, risky driving.

13.3.92. Describe three types of substance use in adolescence, providing an example for each.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 13.3.92 Page Reference: 370 Topic: Substance Use Skill: Applied Answer: • Experimental: adolescent tries a substance once or twice out of curiosity, and then does not develop a pattern of use afterwards. Much adolescent substance use falls in this category. • Social: involves the use of substances during social activities, such as parties and dances, with one or more friends. • Medicinal or self-medication: involves substance use in order to relieve an unpleasant emotional state such as sadness, anxiety, stress or loneliness.

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Adolescents who self-medicate tend to use substances more frequently than those in the above two categories. • Note: Students will provide their own examples.

13.3.93. Discuss parenting factors as they relate to adolescent risk behavior. Provide a brief scenario of parenting styles that are associated with risk behavior and parenting styles that are associated with reduced likelihood of risk behavior.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 13.3.93 Page Reference: 375-376 Topic: Factors Involved in Risk Behavior Skill: Applied Answer: • Authoritative parenting styles, which include warmth and control in relationships with adolescents, are associated with less risk-taking behavior. • Authoritarian (very controlling, but not warm), permissive (no control, lots of warmth) and disengaged (no control, low warmth) are associated with higher degrees of risk-taking behavior • Note: Students will provide example scenarios.

13.3.94. Define and briefly explain the goals and processes of cognitive-behavior therapy for treating depression in adolescents.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 13.3.94 Page Reference: 385 Topic: Depression Skill: Applied Answer: • Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT) recognizes that depression is characterized by negative attributions or negative ways of thinking about one’s own life (e.g., adolescents may believe their situation is unchangeable and out of their control, and they may ruminate on the negative). • CBT addresses these thinking patterns with a goal of getting the adolescent to recognize the cognitive habits that are promoting depression. • Therapy includes getting the adolescent to critically analyze and actively work on changing his or her behaviors and cognitive habits. • Processes include role play, conversing with the therapist, and practicing new ways of thinking and interacting.

13.3.95. List two strong predictors of suicide among adolescents. Briefly outline gender differences in adolescent suicide rates.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 13.3.95 Page Reference: 385-386 Topic: Depression Skill: Applied Answer: • Family disruption: risk factor from family life that is chaotic, high in conflict, and low in warmth. Suicide or suicide attempt is often preceded by a period of months during which family problems have become more severe. • Substance abuse problems: may be an attempt at self-medication for distress. • Gender differences: females are about four times more likely than males to attempt suicide, and males are about four times more likely than females to kill themselves. Males are more likely than females to use violent means to commit suicide (e.g., Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

males are more likely to use guns or hanging; females are more likely to use an overdose of pills).

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