Chapter 1: Introduction MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Historiography is: a. another term for psychology b. the study of the proper way to write history c. the use of photographs in presenting history d. another term for historicism ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Problems in Writing a History of Psychology
2. Presentism maintains that: a. the present state of a discipline is the most important b. to truly understand something you must be present to observe it c. it is important to understand the past in terms of contemporary knowledge and standards d. history should be studied for its own sake without regard for how historical events relate to present events ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Problems in Writing a History of Psychology
3. Historicism refers to the belief that: a. the present state of a discipline should act as a guide in writing that discipline's history b. the present state of a discipline represents its highest and best state of development c. only the past is important d. the past should be studied for its own sake without attempting to show the relationship between past and present ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Problems in Writing a History of Psychology
4. Zeitgeist means: a. the spirit of the times b. about the same thing as presentism c. that the history of anything must be selective d. about the same thing as historicism ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Problems in Writing a History of Psychology
5. What is the approach to studying the history of psychology that involves showing how various individuals or events contributed to changes in an idea throughout the years? a. great-person approach b. Zeitgeist c. historical development approach d. historicism ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Problems in Writing a History of Psychology
6. The approach to writing a history of psychology that takes the best from a variety of viewpoints is referred to as: a. presentism b. the eclectic approach c. historicism d. the Zeitgeist approach ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Problems in Writing a History of Psychology
7. According to the text, why is it important to study the history of psychology? a. For a deeper understanding of concepts and ideas, to recognize fads, and to avoid the repetition of mistakes b. For a deeper understanding of concepts and ideas, to recognize fads, and to come to a consensus on a prevailing theoretical approach c. To avoid repetition of mistakes, for a deeper understanding of concepts and ideas, and to come to a consensus on a prevailing theoretical approach d. To come to a consensus on a prevailing theoretical approach, to recognize fads, and to avoid the repetition of mistakes ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Why Study the History of Psychology?
8. Science has two major components: a. empirical observation and law b. empirical observation and theory c. rationalism and empiricism d. correlational laws and causal laws ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: What is Science?
9. Which two methods of attaining knowledge are combined in science? a. intuition and rationalism b. rationalism and empiricism c. introspection and controlled observation d. empiricism and faith ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: What is Science
10. A consistently observed relationship between two or more classes of empirical events defines a: a. scientific theory b. scientific law c. scientific problem d. rational deduction ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: What is Science?
11. What best describes how classes of events vary together in some systematic way? a. Scientific theories b. Scientific laws c. Causal laws d. Correlational laws ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: What is Science?
12. The prediction and control of events can best be accomplished using: a. scientific law b. a group of interrelated scientific laws c. correlational propositions d. causal laws ANS: D
DIF: applied
REF: What is Science?
13. The ____ assumes that everything that occurs is a function of a finite number of causes. a. determinist b. rationalist c. empiricist d. realist ANS: A
DIF: applied
REF: What is Science?
14. Popper disagreed with the traditional view that scientific activity starts with: a. a problem b. empirical observation c. logical deduction d. a theory ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Revisions in the Traditional View of Science
15. Popper saw the scientific method as involving three stages: a. problem, theories, and criticism b. objective analysis, theories, and criticism c. observation, problem, and criticism d. problem, theories, and postdiction ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Revisions in the Traditional View of Science
16. According to Popper, scientific activity begins: a. with a problem b. with empirical observation c. with a well-formulated paradigm d. with consensus ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Revisions in the Traditional View of Science
17. According to Popper, what distinguishes a scientific theory from a nonscientific theory? a. clarity b. the use of mathematical symbols c. the principle of falsifiability d. the assumption of determinism ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Revisions in the Traditional View of Science
18. If any conceivable observation supports a theory, Popper would conclude that the theory is: a. weak b. useless c. the type that all sciences hope to develop d. falsifiable ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Revisions in the Traditional View of Science
19. According to Popper, the highest status that a scientific theory can attain is: a. confirmed b. not yet confirmed c. scientific law d. falsifiability ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Revisions in the Traditional View of Science
20. According to Popper, the theories of Freud and Adler cannot be considered scientific because they: a. make too many risky predictions b. make postdictions rather than predictions c. make predictions rather than postdictions d. are too easily falsified ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Revisions in the Traditional View of Science
21. Explaining phenomena after they have already occurred is called: a. prediction b. hindsight bias c. postdiction d. falsifiability ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Revisions in the Traditional View of Science
22. For Popper, a nonscientific theory: a. is insignificant b. is unimportant c. can still be useful d. is especially useful ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Revisions in the Traditional View of Science
23. Before Thomas Kuhn, scientific activity was guided by the: a. paradigm shift theory b. correspondence theory of truth c. skepticism of knowledge theory d. subjectivity theory of science ANS: B NOT: new
DIF: conceptual
REF: Revisions in the Traditional View of Science
24. Which statement would Thomas Kuhn most likely support? a. “Science is a highly subjective enterprise.” b. “The scientific method guarantees objectivity.” c. “Each scientific enterprise is so unique that scientists cannot share a common set of assumptions.” d. “Once a paradigm has been established further experimentation becomes unnecessary.” ANS: A NOT: new
DIF: applied
REF: Revisions in the Traditional View of Science
25. According to Kuhn, the set of beliefs, values, assumptions, and a particular way of doing research which are accepted by a group of scientists is called: a. a metaphysical orientation b. the religious component of science c. a paradigm d. a correlational law ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Revisions in the Traditional View of Science
26. Persistent observations that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain are called: a. anomalies b. paradigms c. anachronisms d. revolutions ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Revisions in the Traditional View of Science
27. During the preparadigmatic stage of the development of a science: a. true science is not performed b. rival camps compete with each other for dominion of the discipline c. rival camps work together to come to a consensus d. one camp dominates the discipline ANS: B
DIF: applied
REF: Revisions in the Traditional View of Science
28. According to Khun, what happens during the paradigmatic stage of science? a. Random facts are gathered. b. Puzzle-solving activity occurs. c. Existing paradigms are displaced. d. Existing paradigms are solidified. ANS: B NOT: new
DIF: applied
REF: Revisions in the Traditional View of Science
29. According to Khun, what happens during the revolutionary stage of science? a. Random facts are gathered. b. Puzzle-solving activity occurs. c. Existing paradigms are displaced. d. Existing paradigms are solidified. ANS: C NOT: new
DIF: applied
REF: Revisions in the Traditional View of Science
30. According to the author of your text, contemporary psychology is: a. a preparadigmatic discipline b. a multiparadigmatic science c. in the revolutionary stage of development d. a single paradigmatic science ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Revisions in the Traditional View of Science
31. Who is most likely to support the statement, “Our genetic predisposition determines our behavior?” a. psychical determinist b. sociocultural determinist c. environmental determinist d. biological determinist ANS: D NOT: new
DIF: applied
REF: Is Psychology a Science?
32. The ____ stresses a person's beliefs, emotions, perceptions, values, and goals as determinants of behavior. a. indeterminist b. nondeterminist c. physical determinist d. psychical determinist ANS: D
DIF: applied
REF: Is Psychology a Science?
33. The belief that human behavior is determined but the causes of behavior cannot be accurately measured is called: a. nondeterminism b. uncertainty principle c. soft determinism d. hard determinism ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Is Psychology a Science?
34. A psychologist who believes that human behavior is indeed determined but the causes can never be accurately known would be a(n): a. indeterminist b. psychical determinist c. nondeterminist d. physical determinist ANS: A
DIF: applied
REF: Is Psychology a Science?
35. The belief that humans have free will would be proposed by a(n): a. indeterminist b. nondeterminist c. psychical determinist d. physical determinist ANS: B
DIF: applied
REF: Is Psychology a Science?
36. Of the following, who would be most likely to take the position that humans are responsible for their actions? a. nondeterminist and hard determinist b. hard determinist and mechanist c. soft determinist and mechanist d. nondeterminist and soft determinist ANS: D
DIF: applied
REF: Is Psychology a Science?
37. Which of the following represents a dualistic position on the mind-body question? a. idealism b. materialism c. monism d. epiphenomenalism ANS: D
DIF: applied
REF: Persistent Questions in Psychology
38. Some believe that although cognitive events are a result of brain activity, such events cannot cause behavior. Such a belief represents: a. materialism b. interactionism c. epiphenomenalism d. occasionalism ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Persistent Questions in Psychology
39. You are a monist with regard to the mind-body question. Which of the following does your position most likely represent? a. materialism b. occasionalism c. psychophysical parallelism d. interactionism ANS: A
DIF: applied
REF: Persistent Questions in Psychology
40. The view that cognitive events that emerge from brain activity can cause behavior is representative of: a. materialism b. interactionism c. epiphenomenalism d. free will ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Persistent Questions in Psychology
41. A contemporary and popular way of explaining mind-body relationships that claims mental states emerge from brain activity is called: a. reification b. emergentism c. naive realism d. namification ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Persistent Questions in Psychology
42. The position on the mind-body question claiming that both mental events and bodily responses occur simultaneously even though the two events are independent of each other is called: a. interactionism b. epiphenomenalism c. psychophysical parallelism d. double aspectism ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Persistent Questions in Psychology
43. The claim that God arranges for mental and bodily events to be perfectly coordinated is called: a. psychophysical parallelism b. double aspectism c. preestablished harmony d. idealism ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Persistent Questions in Psychology
44. The position that states that mental and physiological reactions are two aspects of the same experience and cannot be separated is called: a. preestablished harmony b. double aspectism c. epiphenomenalism d. psychophysical parallelism ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Persistent Questions in Psychology
45. The position on the mind-body question claiming that mental and bodily events are coordinated through God's intervention is called: a. interactionism b. interventionism c. epiphenomenalism d. occasionalism ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Persistent Questions in Psychology
46. ____ promotes that life can never be completely explained in terms of material things and mechanical laws. a. Vitalism b. Determinism c. Monism d. Materialism ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Persistent Questions in Psychology
47. ____ stresses the emotional or unconscious determinants of human behavior. a. Naive realism b. Irrationalism c. Mechanism d. Vitalism ANS: B
DIF: factual
48. Nativist is to ____ as empiricist to ____. a. inheritance; experience b. experience; inheritance ANS: A NOT: new
DIF: applied
REF: Persistent Questions in Psychology
c. God; freewill d. freewill; God REF: Persistent Questions in Psychology
49. The study of knowledge is called: a. epistemology b. psychophysics c. metaphysics d. rationalism ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Persistent Questions in Psychology
50. The contention that what we experience mentally accurately reflects the physical world is called: a. epiphenomenalism b. naive realism c. irrationalism d. preestablished harmony ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Persistent Questions in Psychology
Chapter 2: The Early Greek Philosophers
MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Viewing all of nature as though it were alive is called: A. anthropomorphism B. animism C. primitivism D. mysticism ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: The Ancient World
2. Projecting human attributes onto nature is called: A. anthropomorphism B. animism C. primitivism D. vitalism ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: The Ancient World
3. Why were the Greek nobility more likely to follow the Olympian religion rather than the Dionysiac-Orphic religion? A. Belief in the transmigration of the soul B. The personification of orderliness, rationality, and intelligence in the Olympian gods C. Desire to hold onto past lives even after death D. Fear of condemnation for living an extravagant lifestyle ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: The Ancient World
4. An area in cognitive development that concerns how we come to know the beliefs, feelings, plans, and behavioral intentions of other people is referred to as: A. theory of forms B. theory of the mind C. laws of subjective norms D. laws of association ANS: B NOT: new
DIF: factual
REF: The Ancient World
5. Which example best illustrates the concept of theory of the mind? A. Brandon’s brain controls his body, and his mind controls his thoughts and emotions. B. Javier reads a passage in a book, and draws from his past experiences to understand its meaning. C. Stephanie understands that she is looking at a flower because of the coordinated processes of sensation and perception. D. While walking down the street, Camilla turns the corner to avoid a man with an angry look on his face. ANS: D NOT: new
DIF: applied
REF: The Ancient World
6. Philosophy began: A. to explain how the supernatural controls natural events B. with the introduction of deductive reasoning C. when logos replaced mythos D. with the discovery of the brain as the center of intelligence ANS: C NOT: new
DIF: conceptual
REF: The First Philosophers
7. Who was the first to emphasize natural explanations and to minimize supernatural explanations? A. Heraclitus B. Anaximander C. Thales D. Democritus ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: The First Philosophers
8. The early Greeks referred to a substance from which everything else is derived as a(n): A. spirit B. atom C. universal D. physis ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: The First Philosophers
9. According to Anaximander, the physis was something that: A. was too complex to explain life B. was incapable of deriving into anything C. had a finite number of possibilities D. had the capability of becoming anything ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: The First Philosophers
10. What important epistemological question was raised by Heraclitus' philosophy? A. What does it mean to be me? B. How can something be known if it is constantly changing? C. Why would a man want to step into the same river more than once? D. What constitutes the good life? ANS: B
DIF: applied
REF: The First Philosophers
11. Parmenides believed that knowledge is attained only through rational thought because sensory experience: A. is a supernatural force B. provides illusion C. is illogical D. is a distracter from the truth ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: The First Philosophers
12. In order for an object to pass from point A to point B, it must first traverse half the distance between those two points, and then half of the remaining distance, and so forth. Therefore A can never logically reach point B. This scenario best illustrates: A. the relativity of truth B. philosophical inconsistency C. a Kuhnian paradigm clash D. Zeno's paradox ANS: D NOT: new
DIF: applied
REF: The First Philosophers
13. According to the Pythagoreans, perfection is found: A. only in the empirical world of mathematical relationships B. only in the abstract mathematical world and understood only by reason C. in both the empirical and abstract worlds of mathematics D. in neither the empirical nor the abstract worlds ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: The First Philosophers
14. Which aspect of Empedocles' philosophy might be used to explain the types of intrapersonal and extrapersonal conflicts described later in history by Freud? A. The transmigration of the soul B. The forces of love and strife that wax and wane within us C. The elements of earth, fire, air, and water D. The clashes of atoms ANS: B
DIF: applied
REF: The First Philosophers
15. Empedocles assumed that perception results when: A. vibrations from external objects stimulate sense receptors B. sensory information is analyzed by the brain C. eidola enters the pores of the body and mixes with elements found in the blood D. sensations interact with memories of prior experiences ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: The First Philosophers
16. No matter how complex something is, Democritus believed that it can be explained in terms of atoms and their activity. This view is referred to as: A. solipsism B. animism C. elementism D. material cause ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: The First Philosophers
17. Because Democritus attempted to explain events occurring in one domain (observable phenomena) in terms of events occurring in another domain (the arrangements of atoms), he is considered a(n): A. elementist B. reductionist C. physicist D. Orphist ANS: B
DIF: applied
REF: The First Philosophers
18. For Democritus, perception occurred when atoms emanating from the surface of objects entered the ____ and were transmitted to the ____. A. pores of the body; heart B. sensory systems of the body; brain C. pores of the body; liver D. sensory systems of the body; heart ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: The First Philosophers
19. The early physician, Alcmaeon, proposed: A. that health resulted from a balance of qualities in the body B. the physician's job was to help the patient focus energy on the mind C. that sensation, memory, thinking, and understanding occurred in the heart D. mental acuity was achieved when our physical state disconnects from our mental state ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: The First Philosophers
20. The Hippocratics believed that physical illness was caused by: A. possession by evil spirits B. a life characterized by hedonism C. an imbalance of the four bodily humors D. the patient's inner desire to be ill ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Early Greek Medicine
21. According to the Hippocratics, physicians assign supernatural causes to a disease in order to: A. charge larger fees for their services B. make the disease more comprehensible to their patient C. mask their ignorance concerning the nature of the disease D. cure the disease more effectively ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Early Greek Medicine
22. The "cures" proposed by the Hippocratics included: A. fervent prayer and supplication to the Gods B. drinking fluids specially prepared by the physician C. rest, proper diet, exercise, fresh air, massage, and baths D. putting their essence in connection with the essence of the Gods ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Early Greek Medicine
23. According to the Sophists, what is it that determines if an idea is accepted as the truth? A. The truthfulness of the idea B. How effectively the idea is communicated C. The scientific evidence offered to support the idea D. The idea's usefulness ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: The Relativity of Truth
24. Protagorus, the best known Sophist, presented the Sophist's position. Which of the following statements best represents his position? A. Truth depends on the physical reality, not on the perceiver B. What is truth should not be affected by the culture one lives in C. Perceptions vary from person to person because previous experiences affect perceptions D. Perceptions are similar from person to person because we all share a similar reality ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: The Relativity of Truth
25. Because Gorgias believed that there is no objective way of establishing truth, he was a: A. solipsist B. Socratic C. nihilist D. reductionist ANS: C
DIF: applied
REF: The Relativity of Truth
26. Which statement best represents the beliefs of Gorgias? A. If animals could describe their gods, those gods would have animal characteristics. B. There is no objective way of determining truth. C. We share a reality and a similar perception of reality. D. Empirical evidence is the determinant of truth. ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: The Relativity of Truth
27. Xenophanes believed that: A. religious and moral "truths" are innate B. if animals could convey their impression of gods, those gods would have animal characteristics C. using the techniques of inductive definition, objective truth can be ascertained D. the only way to arrive at truth is to introspect on the contents of the soul ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: The Relativity of Truth
28. Socrates used the method of ____ to determine what all examples of a concept such as beauty have in common. A. Sophistry B. inductive definition C. introspection D. logical deduction ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: The Relativity of Truth
29. For Socrates, essences were: A. impossible to determine B. verbal definitions C. transcendental truths D. unimportant ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: The Relativity of Truth
30. Plato’s theory of forms is best represented by the statement: The cats that we see are: A. superior copies of an abstract incomplete form of “catness” B. inferior copies of an abstract pure idea of “catness” C. manifestations of our sensory processes but in actuality we cannot know if they exist D. concrete forms born of our sensory processes, proving their existence ANS: B
DIF: applied
REF: Plato
NOT: new
31. According to Plato, the components of the soul are: A. really the same B. typically in harmony with one another C. often in conflict with one another D. subservient to the bodily needs ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Plato
32. The allegory of the cave demonstrates: A. how difficult it is to deliver humans from ignorance B. that truth is relative C. that most humans have a passionate desire to know the truth D. that learning is remembering ANS: A
DIF: applied
REF: Plato
33. Plato’s analogy of the divided line illustrates: A. the influences of the soul B. an existence in the shadows of reality C. the need for sensory experience D. a hierarchy of understanding ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Plato
NOT: new
34. According to Plato’s reminiscence theory of knowledge, all knowledge is: A. personal opinion B. innate C. derived from sensory experience D. culturally determined ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Plato
35. According to Plato, whether one is a philosopher-king, a soldier, or a slave, is largely determined by: A. personal effort B. educational experience C. the social influence of one's parents D. biological inheritance ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Plato
36. Plato believed that the ideal society would be governed by: A. God B. common people C. philosopher-kings D. soldiers ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Plato
37. According to Plato, the supreme goal in life should be to: A. give all components of the soul equal expression B. return to the world beyond the world C. be courageous in the face of danger D. free the soul as much as possible from the adulterations of the flesh ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Plato
38. The particular form or pattern of an object is its ____ cause. A. material B. formal C. efficient D. final ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Aristotle
39. The force that transforms matter into a particular form is its ____ cause. A. material B. formal C. efficient D. final ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Aristotle
40. The purpose for which an object exists is its ____ cause. A. material B. formal C. efficient D. final ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Aristotle
41. According to Aristotle, the ____kept an object moving or developing in its prescribed direction until its full potential was reached. A. entelechy B. instincts C. form of the good D. rational mind ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Aristotle
42. Because Aristotle assumed that everything in nature exists for a purpose, his theory is labeled: A. religious B. empirical C. teleological D. nativistic ANS: C
DIF: applied
REF: Aristotle
43. According to Aristotle, we perceive environmental objects because: A. tiny copies of them enter the pores of the body B. their movement influences a medium, which in turn stimulates one or more of the five senses C. their eidola go through one or more of the five senses and then to the heart D. their eidola go through one or more of the five sense and then to the brain ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Aristotle
44. Aristotle postulated ____ as the mechanism that coordinates information from the five senses. A. the mind B. the soul C. the entelechy D. common sense ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Aristotle
45. For Aristotle, sensory experience: A. is the only thing necessary for attaining knowledge B. is unnecessary for attaining knowledge C. is necessary but not sufficient for attaining knowledge D. inhibits the attainment of knowledge ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Aristotle
46. According to Aristotle, the unmoved mover: A. is God B. is nature C. sets nature in motion and does little else D. has the same essence as the form of the good ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Aristotle
47. According to Aristotle, ____ is a spontaneous recollection of something that had been previously experienced and ____ involves an actual mental search for a past experience. A. recall; remembering B. remembering; recall C. reminiscence; association D. association; remembering ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Aristotle
48. The law of ____ states that if we think of something, we will also tend to recall the things we experienced along with it. A. similarity B. frequency C. contrast D. contiguity ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Aristotle
49. What aspect of Aristotle's philosophy became the cornerstone of most modern theories of learning? A. The reminiscence theory of knowledge B. The laws of association C. The notion of common sense D. The assumption that the souls of the living organisms are arranged in a hierarchy ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Aristotle
50. According to Aristotle, ____ is explained as the lingering effects of sensory experience. A. common sense B. imagination C. scala naturae D. entelechy ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Aristotle
Chapter 3: Rome and the Middle Ages
MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Events following the death of Aristotle created a situation in which people sought: A. answers to questions concerning problems of everyday living B. the first principles or universals that underlie physical reality C. philosophical certainty D. a solution to Zeno's paradox ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Prologue
2. The main target of skepticism was dogmatism. A dogmatist is anyone who: A. equates essences with verbal definitions B. confuses names with real things C. claims to have arrived at an indisputable truth D. lives a life of excess instead of moderation ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: After Aristotle
3. In general, ____ promotes a suspension of belief in anything and ____ promotes a retreat from society. A. cynicism; skepticism B. skepticism; cynicism C. epicureans; stoics D. stoics; epicureans ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: After Aristotle
4. The Skeptics suggested that by ____, one could avoid the frustration of being wrong. A. arriving at one's beliefs very carefully B. believing only in ideas held by the majority of people C. following one's own natural impulses D. not believing in anything ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: After Aristotle
5. What did the Skeptics use as their guide(s) for living? A. philosophical truth, feelings, and convention B. philosophical truth, sensations, and convention C. sensations, feelings, and philosophical truth D. sensations, feelings, and convention ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: After Aristotle
6. Which statement is most consistent with a Cynic's point of view? A. People need rules and regulations by which to live their lives. B. Anything natural is good. C. Courage in the face of adversity is the highest virtue. D. The only things worth living for are patriotism, sacrifices for others, and devotion to a common cause. ANS: B
DIF: applied
REF: After Aristotle
7. Who was given the nickname "Cynic," and lived a self-sufficient, publicly outrageous life? A. Antisthenes B. Gorgias C. Diogenes D. Epicurus ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: After Aristotle
8. Who preferred naturalistic explanations to supernatural ones and earned the title, "Destroyer of Religion"? A. Antisthenes B. Gorgias C. Diogenes D. Epicurus ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: After Aristotle
9. Hedonism, according to Epicurus, is: A. pleasure in having one's basic needs satisfied and avoiding pain B. avoiding pain at all costs C. seeking extreme pleasure D. attaining a relationship with a higher power ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: After Aristotle
10. For the ____, courage in the face of danger was considered the highest virtue. A. Neoplatonist B. Epicurean C. Stoic D. Cynic ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Philosophy in Rome
11. For the Stoics, the basic moral choice a person makes is: A. to act or not to act in accordance with nature's plan B. to live or not to live in accordance with God's will C. to seek pleasure or to avoid pain D. to follow one's personal impulses or to conform to society's values ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Philosophy in Rome
12. Neoplatonism is a philosophy that emphasized the most ____ aspects of Plato’s philosophy. A. empirical B. empathetic C. rational D. mystical ANS: D NOT: new
DIF: conceptual
REF: Philosophy in Rome
13. According to Philo, the way to true knowledge is by: A. introspection of the innate truth B. a purified, passive mind receiving divine illumination C. engaging in active reason D. combining empirical observation with rational deliberation ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Philosophy in Rome
14. Turning away from the empirical world and entering a union with the eternal things that dwell beyond the world of the flesh was characteristic of the good life for: A. Zeno of Citium B. Epicurus C. Diogenes D. Plotinus ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Philosophy in Rome
15. The religion in which individuals are caught in an eternal struggle between wisdom and correctness as well as ignorance and evil is called: A. Vedantism B. mystery religions C. Zoroastrianism D. cult of Mithras ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Emphasis on Spirit
16. Jesus can be best thought of as a(n): A. philosopher with a focus on God B. empathetic ruler C. complex man with multifaceted goals D. simple man with focused goals ANS: D NOT: new
DIF: applied
REF: Emphasis on Spirit
17. Which of the following did St. Paul add to the Judaic tradition? A. One God created the universe. B. God is omniscient, omnipresent, and omnipotent. C. Hymans fell from a state of grace in the Garden of Eden. D. God sacrificed his son to atone for our shared transgression, otherwise known as original sin, which allows humans to reunite with God. ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Emphasis on Spirit
18. The fact that St. Paul valued ____ would have been abhorrent to most Greek philosophers. A. faith above reason B. reason above faith C. intuition above empirical observation D. Epicureanism above Stoicism ANS: A
DIF: applied
REF: Emphasis on Spirit
19. Largely due to this man's efforts, Christianity was defined by a single set of beliefs and documents. A. Constantine B. St. Augustine C. Thomas Aquinas D. St. Paul ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Emphasis on Spirit
20. What concerns were held by both St. Augustine and St. Jerome? A. The question of fate or free will B. The influence that pagan philosophies held over Christians C. The reconciliation of faith and reason D. The quest for salvation by choosing good over evil ANS: B NOT: new
DIF: conceptual
REF: Emphasis on Spirit
21. According to St. Augustine, evil exists because: A. God created it to test the faith of humans B. humans chose it C. at times the devil is more powerful than God D. humans are basically animals ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Emphasis on Spirit
22. According to St. Augustine, not acting in accordance with one’s internal sense causes: A. a feeling of Godliness B. one to rise above animal impulses C. guilt D. anxiety ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Emphasis on Spirit
23. Confessions, a volume about one man's sins, confessions, and forgiveness, is written by: A. St. Paul B. St. Augustine C. Thomas Aquinas D. Avicenna ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Emphasis on Spirit
24. For St. Augustine, the primary goal of human existence is to: A. seek pleasure and avoid pain B. accept one's fate C. enter into a personal, emotional union with God D. engage in active reason ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Emphasis on Spirit
25. According to St. Augustine, humans can have conceptions of the past and future because: A. we are made in God's image B. we live in the eternal present C. of the remnants of sensory experiences D. man is the measure of all things ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Emphasis on Spirit
26. Aristotle's philosophy was highly influential in ____ during the so-called Dark Ages. A. the Western world B. the Roman Empire C. the Arab world D. Alexandria ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: The Dark Ages
27. In analyzing human thinking, Avicenna started with five external senses then postulated: A. three rational states B. seven internal senses C. four senses that bridge internal and external experience D. the active intellect ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Islamic and Jewish Influences
28. According to Avicenna, the active intellect was: A. the mechanism by which humans enter into a relationship with God B. essentially as Aristotle had described it C. less important than common sense D. nonexistent ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Islamic and Jewish Influences
29. Which of the following is true of Averroës' philosophy? A. It was basically Aristotelian. B. It was basically Platonistic. C. It denied the existence of a soul. D. It was supported by many Christians. ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Islamic and Jewish Influences
30. Who discovered that the retina, not the lens, is the light sensitive part of the eye and that inoculation might prevent disease? A. Avicenna B. Averroës C. Maimonides D. St. Anselm ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Islamic and Jewish Influences
31. ____ sought to reconcile Judaism and Aristotelian philosophy. A. Avicenna B. Averroës C. St. Anselm D. Maimonides ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Islamic and Jewish Influences
32. Who was responsible for the ontological argument for the existence of God? A. St. Augustine B. St. Anselm C. Lombard D. Abelard ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Reconciliation of Christian Faith and Reason
33. The major assumption made in the ontological argument for the existence of God is that: A. one can find God by studying nature B. faith and reason are essentially the same process C. if one can think of something, it must exist D. the Aristotelian conception of God is the only correct conception of God ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Reconciliation of Christian Faith and Reason
34. Which statement would Peter Lombard most likely agree with? A. There is no place for pagan philosophy in religion. B. Faith alone can bring one closer to understanding God. C. The use of reason interferes with faith. D. One can learn about God by studying the empirical world. ANS: D
DIF: applied
REF: Scholasticism
35. The attempt to synthesize Aristotelian philosophy and Christian theology is referred to as: A. Neoplatonism B. Averroism C. Scholasticism D. Paganism ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Scholasticism
36. To remove inconsistencies in church dogma, Abelard used: A. the direct examination of nature B. a careful study of the Bible C. the dialectic method D. the acceptance of Aristotle's philosophy ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Scholasticism
37. Who believed that so-called universals were nothing more than convenient verbal labels? A. nominalists B. realists C. rationalists D. nativists ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Scholasticism
38. The belief that abstract universals (essences) exist and that empirical events are only manifestations of those universals is called: A. reification B. conceptualism C. nominalism D. realism ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Scholasticism
39. Abelard's proposed compromise between nominalism (concepts summarize individual experience) and realism (once concepts are formed, they exist apart from individual experience), is called: A. conceptualism B. scholasticism C. the ontological argument D. the dialectic ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Scholasticism
40. In addition to making a comprehensive review of Aristotle's works and the Islamic and Jewish scholar's interpretation of Aristotle's works, ____ was the first since the Greeks to attempt to learn about nature by making careful empirical observations. A. St. Anselm B. Lombard C. Abelard D. Magnus ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Scholasticism
41. Once Aristotle's ideas were assimilated into church dogma, they were: A. less important B. no longer challengeable C. completely understood D. considered supernatural ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Scholasticism
42. Aristotle's emphasis on ____ placed the church in a difficult position. A. faith B. the supernatural C. reason D. Plato's philosophy ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Scholasticism
43. What was a goal of St. Thomas Aquinas? A. To convert a large number of Aristotelians to Christianity B. To demonstrate that Christianity existed in accord with other religions C. To apply the scientific method in solving theological problems D. To strengthen the position of the church through reason ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Scholasticism
44. According to Aquinas, predestination maintains that: A. God has preordained which people will be granted salvation B. good deeds can bring one closer to salvation C. salvation will come if one accepts Jesus as the son of God D. sin must precede repentance and salvation ANS: A NOT: new
DIF: factual
REF: Scholasticism
45. Which of the following was true of Aquinas' theology? A. It united faith and reason. B. It deplored the study of nature. C. It demonstrated that church dogma was debatable. D. It argued that the Christian church should be as it had been described by St. Augustine. ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Scholasticism
46. Who denounced the search for abstract truths that existed beyond the world of appearance? A. Pythagoras B. Plato C. William of Occam D. Aquinas ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: William of Occam: A Turning Point
47. The belief that extraneous assumptions should be eliminated from explanations is called: A. Scholasticism B. Occam's razor C. nominalism D. realism ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: William of Occam: A Turning Point
48. Occam’s views were widely taught and can be viewed as the beginning of: A. Cynicism B. Stoicism C. Scholasticism D. empirical philosophy ANS: D NOT: new
DIF: factual
REF: William of Occam: A Turning Point
49. During the period before the Renaissance, which of the following was true? A. Astrology was met with great skepticism. B. Superstition influenced most everyone from peasants to kings and the clergy. C. People were classified into three groups: believers, nonbelievers, or questioners. D. Scientific inquiry and reason were encouraged. ANS: B KEY:
DIF: conceptual
REF: The Spirit of the Times Before the Renaissance
50. Which statement best reflects Kuhn’s views of the 14th and 15th centuries? A. There was a complete shift from a Christian paradigm to a scientific paradigm. B. Anomalies began to arise with the Christian paradigm. C. The scientific paradigm coexisted with the Christian paradigm. D. The scientific paradigm began to lose momentum because of the strength of the Christian paradigm. ANS: B
DIF: applied
REF: The Spirit of the Times Before the Renaissance
Chapter 4: Renaissance Science and Philosophy
MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. During the Renaissance, Europe gradually switched from being ____-centered to being ____-centered. A. God; human B. human; God C. individual; society D. culture; society ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Prologue
2. What two broad events were key factors in the acceptance of the objective study of nature, ultimately weakening the authority of the church? A. Exploration; medicine B. Exploration; printing C. War; medicine D. War; printing ANS: B NOT: new
DIF: factual
REF: Challenges to Church Authority
3. The Renaissance humanists wanted religion to be more: A. universal B. monotheistic C. ritualistic D. personal ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Renaissance Humanism
4. Which of the following phrases best captures the spirit of Renaissance humanism? A. “We the people have the power to bring great change to the world.” B. “We must treat others with respect, sensitivity, and dignity.” C. “Do not look to the past for answers; we must only look ahead to the future.” D. “We must follow an Aristotelian way of life.” ANS: A NOT: new
DIF: applied
REF: Renaissance Humanism
5. According to Renaissance humanists, Aristotle's philosophy had: A. become too influential within the church B. been almost completely overlooked C. made religion too individualistic D. renewed interest in the occult ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Renaissance Humanism
6. Petrarch believed in which of the following? A. Life in this world serves the purpose of preparing for life after death. B. Religion should reflect the philosophy described by St. Paul. C. The human spirit should be freed from medieval traditions. D. Scholasticism contained most of the solutions to human problems. ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Renaissance Humanism
7. Pico argued that: A. God had granted humans a unique position in the universe. B. humans are not capable of change. C. humans do not have freedom to choose from a variety of lifestyles. D. individuals with differing viewpoints cannot be tolerated. ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Renaissance Humanism
8. According to Erasmus, who is least likely to speak the truth? A. fools B. children C. drunkards D. philosophers ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Renaissance Humanism
9. For Luther, what is the major reason for the downfall of Catholicism? A. Catholicism did not follow the teachings of St. Aquinas closely enough. B. Catholicism did not have enough formal rituals. C. Catholicism assimilated Aristotelian philosophy. D. Catholicism placed too much emphasis on the New Testament. ANS: C OBJ: 4.2.4
DIF: conceptual
REF: Renaissance Humanism
10. Luther's new religious movement that denied the authority of the pope was called: A. Protestantism B. Reformation C. Puritanism D. Catholicism ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Renaissance Humanism
11. According to the text, what was a positive influence of early Protestantism? A. It put reason before faith. B. It was a liberating influence. C. It promoted forgiveness. D. It standardized the interpretation of the Bible. ANS: B NOT: new
DIF: factual
REF: Renaissance Humanism
12. A fundamental difference between the views of Erasmus and the views of Luther concerned the: A. practices of the Catholic church B. role of free will in religion C. existence of God D. need for celibacy ANS: B NOT: new
DIF: applied
REF: Renaissance Humanism
13. Among the Renaissance humanists, Skepticism was most clearly demonstrated by: A. Montaigne B. Pico C. Petrarch D. Luther ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Renaissance Humanism
14. Both Bacon and Descartes sought to develop a system of thought that: A. was compatible with Scripture B. was compatible with classical Greek philosophy C. questioned the authority of the church D. was impervious to the doubts of the Skeptics ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Renaissance Humanism
15. According to Clements (1967), which Renaissance humanist is correctly paired with their area of great influence? A. da Vinci and pedagogy C. Vives and psychology B. Machiavelli and medicine D. Shakespeare and science ANS: C NOT: new
DIF: factual
REF: Renaissance Humanism
16. Which of the following was true of the Ptolemaic system? A. It was unable to make accurate astronomical predictions. B. It was unable to make predictions in accordance with the testimony of the senses. C. It was congenial to Christian theology because it gave humans a central place in the universe. D. It accepted the heliocentric theory. ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
17. Who was the astronomer who suggested that the earth revolves around the sun 1700 years before Copernicus? A. Ptolemy B. Aristarchus of Samos C. Aristotle D. Bruno ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
18. Copernicus argued that: A. there are many life-supporting solar systems in the universe B. the sun revolves around the earth C. the earth revolves around the sun (heliocentric theory) D. neither the geocentric theory nor the heliocentric theory were true ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
19. Giordano Bruno would most likely agree with which statement? A. “The earth is the center of the universe.” B. “The sun is divine.” C. “Science upholds the heliocentric theory.” D. “Man is the sole life force in the universe.” ANS: B NOT: new
DIF: applied
REF: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
20. What would Copernicus say is the only justification for accepting his heliocentric theory? A. It makes accurate astronomical predictions. B. It is compatible with church dogma. C. It explains known astrological facts in a simpler, more harmonious, mathematical order. D. It was consistent with the evidence of the senses. ANS: C
DIF: applied
REF: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
21. Who were among the first to accept Copernicus's heliocentric theory? A. The Scholastics B. The mathematicians who embraced Pythagorean-Platonic philosophy C. The Renaissance humanists D. Those embracing nonmathematical Aristotelian philosophy ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
22. What factor most influenced Kepler’s acceptance of Copernicus's heliocentric theory? A. Kepler was a Platonist seeking mathematical simplicity and harmony. B. Kepler was a Lutheran minister. C. Kepler believed that the heliocentric theory explained humans as the center of the universe. D. Kepler was a Hermetic. ANS: A
DIF: applied
REF: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
23. What did Galileo believe? A. The universe can be understood only through a spiritual lens. B. True reality is represented by the world of appearances. C. Copernicus' heliocentric theory D. The geocentric theory ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
24. In his explanation of physical events, Galileo emphasized: A. forces external to physical events B. natural places C. essences D. purposes ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
25. Galileo used experiments to do which of the following? A. Demonstrate the existence of God. B. Convince Skeptics that scientific laws are useless. C. Show the uselessness of metaphysics in science. D. Show that essences are important for explanations. ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
26. Which label best describes Galileo? A. realist B. nominalist C. agnostic D. cynic ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
27. According to the work of Galileo, which set best illustrates the concepts of primary quality and secondary quality? A. primary quality: subjective; secondary quality: objective B. primary quality: sensation; secondary quality: perception C. primary quality: size; secondary quality: color D. primary quality: taste; secondary quality: shape ANS: C NOT: new
DIF: applied
REF: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
28. According to Galileo, secondary qualities: A. are superior to primary qualities B. cannot be measured objectively C. can be defined with certainty D. are psychological constructs ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
29. Galileo was among the first to suggest that: A. the world of appearance was inferior to a perfect abstract world B. a science of psychology (conscious experience) was impossible C. secondary qualities were superior to primary qualities D. human pleasures, passions, and ambitions can be, and should be, studied objectively ANS: B
DIF: applied
REF: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
30. The church responded to Galileo's scientific achievements by: A. having him rectify reason and the existence of God B. forcing him to convert to Catholicism C. making him recant his scientific conclusions D. burning him at the stake ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
31. According to the Deist: A. God created the universe but thereafter had no involvement with it B. religious revelation is an important source of information concerning the workings of the universe C. the laws governing the universe can never be known because they are based on God’s perceptions D. God does not exist ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
32. Newton believed that the universe: A. is a machine created by natural forces independent of God B. operates according to principles that humans could discover C. is too complex to be understood by anyone but God D. operates according to principles that cannot be expressed in mathematical terms ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Isaac Newton
33. Newton believed that his work: A. revealed nature's secrets B. proved that there was no God C. showed that the universe was anything but a machine D. showed that a mathematical analysis of the material world was impossible ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Isaac Newton
34. According to Bacon, science should utilize: A. bold theories B. hypotheses C. mathematical analyses D. only the direct observation of nature ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Francis Bacon
35. According to Bacon, accepting a scientific theory: A. acts as an effective guide for scientific research B. is likely to bias one’s observations C. is constructive only if it is nonmathematical D. is constructive only if it yields deductions ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Francis Bacon
36. Later in history, Bacon's approach to science was called: A. romanticism B. positivism C. dialectics D. metaphysical ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Francis Bacon
37. According to Bacon, the personal biases that result from one's own experiences and education constitutes the: A. idols of the cave B. idols of the tribe C. idols of the marketplace D. idols of the theatre ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Francis Bacon
38. According to Bacon, the human tendency to see events as they would like them to be constitutes the: A. idols of the cave B. idols of the tribe C. idols of the marketplace D. idols of the theater ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Francis Bacon
39. According to Bacon, blind allegiance to dogma, authority, or tradition constitutes the: A. idols of the cave B. idols of the tribe C. idols of the marketplace D. idols of the theater ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Francis Bacon
40. According to Bacon, the biases that result from being overly influenced by the traditional meanings of words constitutes the: A. idols of the cave B. idols of the tribe C. idols of the marketplace D. idols of the theater ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Francis Bacon
41. What Bacon ultimately proposed was a position intermediate between: A. empiricism and rationalism B. faith and reason C. deduction and induction D. humanism and Skepticism ANS: A NOT: new
DIF: applied
REF: Francis Bacon
42. History has shown that Bacon's inductive approach to science was largely ignored. However, ____ and his followers adopted Bacon's philosophy of science. A. Freud B. Watson C. Skinner D. Mach ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Francis Bacon
43. After a painful search, Descartes concluded that the only thing of which he could be certain was: A. that God is a myth B. the mind and the body are a unit C. the fact that he doubted D. the existence of God ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Rene Descartes
44. Descartes concluded that we can trust sensory information because: A. God will not deceive us B. it is always clear and distinct C. it is compatible with innate ideas D. it makes common sense to do so ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Rene Descartes
45. Descartes believed that innate ideas: A. are figments of the imagination B. have a strong biological component C. come from experience D. are revealed by God ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Rene Descartes
46. According to Descartes, when a sense receptor is stimulated, "delicate threads" are pulled and cavities in the brain are opened, thereby releasing ____ into the nerves. A. electrical activity B. animal spirits C. chemicals D. eidola ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Rene Descartes
47. Descartes explained all animal behavior and much human behavior in terms of ____ principles. A. innate B. mechanical C. religious D. rational ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Rene Descartes
48. Concerning the mind-body relationship, Descartes proposed: A. psychophysical parallelism B. epiphenomenalism C. idealistic monism D. interactionism ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Rene Descartes
49. Which part of the human body did Descartes identify as the house for the mind? A. heart B. pineal gland C. ventricles D. cerebral cortex ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Rene Descartes
50. Descartes believed that: A. the mind is nonmaterial B. the mind is equated with the brain C. the mind’s existence can be logically demonstrated D. even animals possess a rudimentary mind ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Rene Descartes
Chapter 5: Empiricism, Sensationalism, and Positivism
MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What was true of the British empiricists? A. They attempted to explain the functioning of the mind according to Newton’s principles. B. They rectified the existence of divine intervention with sensory experience. C. They believed that sensory experience distorted the truth. D. They denied the existence of mental events. ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: British Empiricism
2. After visiting with Galileo, Hobbes became convinced that: A. humans could not simply be described as machines B. humans could be completely understood employing only the concepts of matter and motion C. expressing one's true beliefs could be very dangerous D. Descartes was correct about the innateness of ideas in the universe ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: British Empiricism
3. Hobbes' approach to studying humans was: A. inductive B. Baconian C. deductive D. metaphysical ANS: C
DIF: applied
REF: British Empiricism
4. Hobbes believed in which of the following? A. That humans were innately benevolent B. That democracy was dangerous C. That government should be subservient to the church D. That human rationality allows humans to inhibit their animalistic impulses ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: British Empiricism
5. With regard to the mind-body relationship, Hobbes denied the existence of a nonmaterial mind; therefore, he was a(n): A. interactionist B. epiphenomenalist C. psychophysical parallelist D. physical monist ANS: D
DIF: applied
REF: British Empiricism
6. Hobbes' theory of human motivation was: A. teleological B. based on the assumption that innate ideas exist C. called physical monism D. hedonistic ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: British Empiricism
7. For Hobbes, choice was: A. unique to humans B. nothing more than a verbal label C. controlled by God D. impossible without innate ideas of morality ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: British Empiricism
8. Hobbes' explanation of "trains of thought" relied on: A. innate ideas B. the law of contiguity C. spirituality D. rationalism ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: British Empiricism
9. Locke's major argument against the existence of innate ideas was that: A. they cannot be empirically tested B. there is no God C. humans do not share the same ideas D. they place reason above faith ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: British Empiricism
10. For Locke, all ideas come from: A. sensation and attention B. reflection and association C. sensation and reflection D. attention and association ANS: C NOT: new
DIF: conceptual
REF: British Empiricism
11. What is true of Locke's beliefs concerning the mind? A. The mind neither creates nor destroys ideas. B. The mind arranges ideas into a finite predetermined number of configurations. C. The mind clarifies innate ideas. D. The mind creates simple ideas that exist independently of complex ideas. ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: British Empiricism
12. Locke believed that all human emotions were derived from: A. sensory experience B. feelings of pleasure and pain C. innate moral principles D. despair and hope ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: British Empiricism
13. According to John Locke primary qualities ____ and secondary qualities ____. A. are attributes of a physical reality; are attributes of a subjective reality B. produce ideas; merely influence ideas C. create ideas of physical attributes; create ideas with no physical counterpart D. are created by divine intervention; are created by mankind ANS: C NOT: new
DIF: conceptual
REF: British Empiricism
14. In Locke's philosophy, the concept of association explains: A. faulty beliefs B. moral principles C. mental phenomena D. primary and secondary qualities ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: British Empiricism
15. Locke advised that children experience a process called hardening in order to: A. sharpen their minds B. prepare them for the inevitable hardships of life C. punish them for evil deeds that had gone undetected D. assure that their bodies were as fit as their minds ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: British Empiricism
16. Berkeley believed that ____ was responsible for the widespread religious skepticism and atheism of his day. A. romanticism B. materialism C. idealism D. rationalism ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: British Empiricism
17. According to Berkeley, in order for something to exist, it must: A. be perceived B. consist of primary qualities C. consist of matter D. exist spiritually ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: British Empiricism
18. According to Berkeley, external reality exists because: A. it makes common sense to assume that it does B. God perceives it C. without it, there would be no primary qualities D. humans invent it ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: British Empiricism
19. Hume's goal was to combine ____ with principles of ____ to create a science of human nature. A. rational philosophy; association B. empirical philosophy; association C. empirical philosophy; Newtonian science D. innate ideas; Newtonian science ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: British Empiricism
20. Hume distinguished between ____, which were strong, vivid perceptions, and ____, which were relatively weak perceptions. A. schemes; inspirations B. inspirations; schemes C. ideas; impressions D. impressions; ideas ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: British Empiricism
21. Which law and scenario pairing best illustrates one of Hume’s laws of associations? A. Law of resemblance: Trevor thinks of his favorite gift, a pocket knife, stimulating thoughts of his friend Jim, who gave him the gift B. Law of contiguity: Nancy thinks of her friend Grace and instantly recalls her friend Neal C. Law of cause and effect: Gertrude sees lighting and consequently expects thunder D. Law of constructive association: At the grocery store, Jada comes across eggs, flour, and sugar, causing her to remember that she is supposed to bake a cake ANS: C NOT: new
DIF: applied
REF: British Empiricism
22. According to Hume, the mind is: A. a set of perceptions that a person is having at any given moment B. a nonmaterial entity that exists independently of the body C. that part of a person that organizes his or her experiences D. responsible for human rationality ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: British Empiricism
23. What, according to Hume, is the ultimate cause of behavior? A. ideas B. impressions C. passions D. instincts ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: British Empiricism
24. Hume referred to knowledge that existed by definition, such as mathematical knowledge, as: A. demonstrative knowledge B. empirical knowledge C. innate knowledge D. associative knowledge ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: British Empiricism
25. Hartley believed that vibrations in the brain continued after the external stimulation that caused them had ceased. He called these lingering vibrations: A. pulsatories B. associations C. vibratiuncles D. potentials ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: British Empiricism
26. For Hartley, the only process that converts simple ideas into complex ideas is: A. abstract thought B. reflection C. association D. imagination ANS: C
DIF: applied
REF: British Empiricism
27. Hartley's account of association was different from those that preceded his because it: A. emphasized the law of contiguity B. attempted to correlate mental activity with neurophysiological activity C. accepted the existence of innate ideas D. utilized a Newtonian approach towards moral philosophy ANS: B
DIF: applied
REF: British Empiricism
28. According to Hartley, as ideas or stimuli came to elicit behaviors not originally associated with them, ____ behavior was converted into ____ behavior. A. voluntary; involuntary B. involuntary; voluntary C. basic; refined D. refined; basic ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: British Empiricism
29. With which of the following statements would Bentham have agreed? A. Behavior is guided by innate moral principles. B. Happiness depends on experiencing pleasure and avoiding pain. C. Hedonism should be admonished. D. Government and religions should be closely linked. ANS: B
DIF: applied
REF: British Empiricism
30. According to ____, the best government is one that provides the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest number of people. A. empiricism B. utilitarianism C. rationalism D. interactionism ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: British Empiricism
31. James Mill maintained that any mental experience can be reduced to: A. primary qualities B. neural mechanisms C. vibratiuncles D. simple ideas ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: British Empiricism
32. John Stuart Mill's concept of ____ emancipated associationistic psychology from the strict mental mechanics proposed by James Mill and others. A. free will B. imagination C. mental chemistry D. utilitarianism ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: British Empiricism
33. According to John Stuart Mill, meteorology, tidology, and psychology are inexact sciences because their ____ are not understood. A. primary laws B. secondary laws C. first principles D. essences ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: British Empiricism
34. J. S. Mill believed that discrimination against women is: A. justified because women are biologically inferior to men B. justified because it is in accordance with church dogma C. basically wrong D. supported by he science of ethology ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: British Empiricism
35. Bain's goal was to: A. show that a science of ethology was possible B. describe the physiological correlates of mental and behavioral phenomena C. show the compatibility between J. S. Mill's concept of mental chemistry and Cartesian philosophy D. show that mental and behavioral phenomena could be explained without employing the law of contiguity ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: British Empiricism
36. Bain's law of ____ stated that although individual experiences may be too weak to revive a memory, several weak associations may combine and thereby be strong enough to recall it. A. contiguity B. frequency C. constructive association D. compound association ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: British Empiricism
37. Bain felt that the law of ____ accounted for the creativity that characterizes poets, artists and inventors. A. similarity B. constructive association C. compound association D. mental chemistry ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: British Empiricism
38. Bain's explanation of voluntary behavior combined: A. empiricism and rationalism B. free will and determinism C. constructive and compound associations D. spontaneous activity and hedonism ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: British Empiricism
39. Which statement best illustrates Gassendi’s beliefs? A. The mind has knowledge of extended objects. B. The immaterial mind explains human activity. C. Spiritual forces directly influence physical matter. D. Humans consists of nothing but matter. ANS: D
DIF: applied
REF: French Sensationalism
40. La Mettrie believed that if Descartes had consistently and thoroughly followed his own method, he would have concluded that: A. nonhuman animals have minds just as humans do B. nonhuman animals have innate ideas just as humans do C. both human and nonhuman animals are machines D. intelligence and brain size are highly correlated ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: French Sensationalism
41. La Mettrie believed that: A. humans are morally superior to nonhuman animals B. religion has done much to improve the human condition C. atheism has done much to worsen the human condition D. accepting atheism and materialism will lead to a more humane world ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: French Sensationalism
42. Condillac felt that Locke: A. was too materialistic B. gave too much credit to innate morality C. gave the mind unnecessary innate powers D. over-emphasized the role of the senses ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: French Sensationalism
43. According to Helvétius, control ____ and you control the contents of the mind. A. experience B. animal desires C. unconscious impulses D. faculties of the mind ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: French Sensationalism
44. What is the belief that the only valid knowledge is scientific knowledge, and that science can solve all human problems? A. Scientism B. Utilitarianism C. Radical environmentalism D. Empiricism ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Positivism
45. For Comte, we can be certain only of things that are: A. publicly observable B. divinely revealed C. logically deduced D. experienced through introspection ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Positivism
46. Because Comte believed that science should be practical and nonspeculative, his view of science was very similar to that of: A. the Scholastics B. Popper C. Bacon D. Descartes ANS: C
DIF: applied
REF: Positivism
47. According to Comte's law of three stages, a culture at the most primitive stage of explaining things used ____ explanations. A. theological B. metaphysical C. scientific D. sociological ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Positivism
48. What was true of Comte's proposed utopian society? A. God became a figure of forgiveness, not condemnation. B. Science and Catholicism coexisted peacefully. C. The natural selflessness and the moral resolution of women was emphasized. D. The main political philosophy was utilitarianism. ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Positivism
49. If what is meant by psychology is the introspective analysis of the mind, then according to Comte, psychology constitutes: A. metaphysical nonsense B. a possibility C. a valid scientific analysis of the mind D. the groundwork from which a positivistic science could develop ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Positivism
50. Comte and Mach had in common the belief that: A. only overt behavior can be studied objectively B. only the immediate conscious experience of a scientist can be studied C. metaphysical speculation must be avoided D. the only valid tool available for studying humans is introspection ANS: C
DIF: applied
REF: Positivism
Chapter 6: Rationalism
MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What philosophical position postulates an active mind that transforms sensory information and is capable of understanding abstract principles or concepts not attainable from sensory information alone? A. sensationalism B. positivism C. rationalism D. empiricism ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Prologue
NOT: new
2. Which statement best reflects the use of induction or deduction by empiricists and rationalists? A. Empiricists used induction via a“bottom-up” approach; rationalists used deduction via a “top-down” approach B. Empiricists used induction via a “top-down” approach; rationalists used deduction via a “bottom-up” approach C. Empiricists used deduction via a “bottom-up” approach; rationalists used induction via a “top-down” approach D. Empiricists used deduction via a “top-down” approach; rationalists used induction via a “bottom-up” approach ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Prologue
NOT: new
3. Pantheism is the belief that: A. God is everywhere and in everything B. God created the universe but is no longer concerned with it C. humans attribute human characteristics to God D. a concept of God is unnecessary ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Baruch Spinoza
4. Which analogy best illustrates the concept of double aspectism? A. The body is the vessel that holds the soul (mind). B. The mind is the Garden of Eden and the body is the serpent. C. The mind and the body are like two sides of a coin. D. The mind and the body are like apples and oranges. ANS: C NOT: new
DIF: applied
REF: Baruch Spinoza
5. Panpsychism is the belief that: A. God is everywhere and in everything B. everything in nature has consciousness (mental processes) C. humans created God in their own image D. only humans possess a mind ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Baruch Spinoza
6. For Spinoza, free will: A. is a fiction B. is absolute C. comes to those who are enlightened D. questions the existence of God ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Baruch Spinoza
7. According to Spinoza, we feel pleasure when we: A. perform altruistic acts B. find clear ideas C. act in accordance with God D. give way to our carnal desires ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Baruch Spinoza
8. According to Spinoza, all human emotions are derived from: A. notions of good and evil B. experiences of pleasure and pain C. passions D. love and hate ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Baruch Spinoza
9. According to Spinoza, behavior and thoughts guided by ____ are conducive to survival, but behavior and thoughts guided by ____ are not. A. clear thinking; emotion B. reason; clear thinking C. faith; reason D. reason; passion ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Baruch Spinoza
10. Spinoza's concept of ____ might be called unconscious determinants of behavior in Freud's psychoanalysis. A. emotion B. reason C. panpsychism D. passion ANS: D
DIF: applied
REF: Baruch Spinoza
11. According to Bernard, Spinoza's belief in ____ did much to influence the development of scientific psychology. A. panpsychism B. pantheism C. psychic determinism D. self-preservation ANS: C
DIF: applied
REF: Baruch Spinoza
12. ____ can be viewed as parallelism with divine intervention. A. Occasionalism B. Idealistic monism C. Epiphenomenalism D. Materialistic monism ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz
13. According to ____, when a person has a desire to move his arm, God is aware of this desire and moves the person's arm. A. Leibniz B. Malebranche C. Spinoza D. Reid ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz
14. Malebranche suggested that ideas are not innate and that they come only from: A. experience B. empirical investigation C. God D. psychophysical parallelism ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz
15. According to Leibniz, there is nothing in the mind that is not first in the senses except for: A. mathematical knowledge B. the mind itself C. what God has revealed D. the knowledge of moral principles ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz
16. For Leibniz, sensory experience is important because it: A. produces the ideas that occur in the mind B. provides the pleasurable and painful experiences that guide our behavior C. allows the potential ideas within us to become actualized D. provides another way of knowing God ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz
17. According to Leibniz, everything in the world consists of living, conscious atoms, which he called: A. God particles B. idunits C. monads D. primary qualities ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz
18. Which of the following is true concerning monads? A. Next to God, humans possess the monads capable of the clearest thinking. B. Inanimate objects do not possess monads. C. Only God possesses enough monads for clear thinking. D. Monads are influenced by sensory experience. ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz
19. According to the text, what was a criticism of monadology? A. It did not attempt to reconcile science and God B. It asserted that because God created the world, it cannot be improved on C. It ignored God’s influence on the mind D. It denied the importance of science ANS: B NOT: new
DIF: applied
REF: Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz
20. On the mind-body issue, Leibniz believed that they never influence each other; it only seems as if they do, This is called: A. psychophysical parallelism B. epiphenomenalism C. interactionism D. occasionalism ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz
21. According to Leibniz, a conscious experience always: A. combines primary and secondary qualities B. reflects the culmination of a number of unconscious experiences C. involves a human experience D. elicits either a feeling of pleasure or pain ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz
22. According to Leibniz's law of continuity: A. events experienced together are remembered together B. our thoughts run from one event to similar events C. there are no leaps or gaps in nature D. the mind and the body are one ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz
23. Leibniz's term for awareness was: A. petites perceptions B. limen C. apperception D. epiphenomenon ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz
24. Leibniz referred to the point at which an experience becomes strong enough to cause awareness as the: A. limen B. preconscious C. petites perceptions D. modular level ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz
25. According to Reid, the mind reasons and the stomach digests food because: A. both are related to survival B. they are innately designed to do so C. of the forces of natural selection D. both the stomach and the mind are machines ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Thomas Reid
26. Reid suggested that those who claim that reasoning does not exist: A. go against the core beliefs of empiricism B. know only the physical world C. are in fact using reasoning to doubt its existence D. denigrate this great gift given to man by God ANS: C NOT: new
DIF: conceptual
REF: Thomas Reid
27. According to Reid, we could trust our notions about the physical world because: A. of the acuteness of the senses B. it made common sense to do so C. Hume's logic was faulty D. such notions are innate ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Thomas Reid
28. What is the belief that the world is as we immediately experience it? A. direct realism B. epiphenomenalism C. petites perceptions D. faculty psychology ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Thomas Reid
29. Which of the following is a common misconception regarding the views of faculty psychologists? A. Faculty psychologists are those who refer to various mental abilities in their descriptions of the mind. B. Faculty psychologists refer to faculty as a classification category. C. Faculty psychologists believe that a faculty of the mind is housed in a specific location in the brain. D. Faculty psychologists believe that mental faculties are active powers of the mind. ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Thomas Reid
30. Reid viewed faculties of the mind as: A. nonsense B. separate entities C. aspects of a unified mind D. sensory experiences ANS: C NOT: new
DIF: factual
REF: Thomas Reid
31. Kant stated that a mind without concepts would: A. have no capacity to think B. be lost without sensory data C. be lost without empirical data D. not be able to use the word all ANS: A
DIF: applied
REF: Immanuel Kant
32. Kant agreed with Hume that: A. we can never experience the physical world directly B. humans have no notion of causation C. all knowledge is derived from sensory experience alone D. some truths are based on subjective experience ANS: A
DIF: applied
REF: Immanuel Kant
33. According to Kant, our phenomenological experience results from: A. sensory experience alone B. innate ideas C. categories of thought alone D. the interaction between sensations and the categories of thought ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Immanuel Kant
34. Kant believed that the categories of thought are: A. relatively unimportant B. derived from experience C. innate D. present everywhere in nature ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Immanuel Kant
35. According to Kant: A. we are forever ignorant of the true physical reality B. Hume's contention that we can never know the physical world is incorrect C. physical reality is just as we perceive it to be D. God shapes our physical reality and thus our perceptions ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Immanuel Kant
36. According to Kant, the experiences of space and time: A. provide the context for all dialectic processes B. are produced by psychic mechanisms C. result from sensations acted on by the laws of association D. provide the context for all mental phenomena and are produced by innate categories of thought ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Immanuel Kant
37. Kant called the rational principle that either does or should govern moral behavior: A. hedonism B. the categorical imperative C. utilitarianism D. formal discipline ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Immanuel Kant
38. Kant believed: A. that in order for psychology to be a science, it must focus on empirical research B. that in order for psychology to be a science, it must focus on the categories of thought C. psychology could not become an experimental science D. that the mind must be studied scientifically through introspection ANS: C
DIF: applied
REF: Immanuel Kant
39. In a discipline that Kant called ____, he discussed such topics as gender differences, marriage, insanity, and the production and control of human behavior. A. philosophy B. anthropology C. monadology D. direct realism ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Immanuel Kant
40. For Hegel, the only true understanding is an understanding of: A. natural law B. the dialectic process C. the Absolute D. the forms ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
41. According to Hegel, when one cycle of the dialectic process is complete, the last stage of that cycle becomes the ____ of the next cycle. A. thesis B. antithesis C. synthesis D. Absolute ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
42. By alienation, Hegel meant the realization that: A. one's mind exists apart from the Absolute B. people are separated from the fruits of their labor C. people are separated from their natural tendency toward self-actualization D. people have become separated from their basic roots in nature ANS: A
DIF: applied
REF: George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
43. In the system of psychic mechanics, Herbart stated that: A. ideas have the power to either attract or repel other ideas B. the mind cannot be fractionalized C. ideas can never be completely destroyed D. unconscious ideas constitute conscious ideas ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Johann Friedrich Herbart
44. According to Herbart, the ____ contains all of the ideas to which we are attending. A. mind B. empirical ego C. apperceptive mass D. transcendental ego ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Johann Friedrich Herbart
45. According to Herbart, an idea is allowed to enter consciousness if it is: A. compatible with a person's moral code B. adaptive C. compatible with the apperceptive mass D. clear and intense ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Johann Friedrich Herbart
46. What term did Herbart use to describe the force that holds ideas incompatible with the apperceptive mass in the unconscious? A. limen B. apperceptive mass C. repression D. psychic mechanics ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Johann Friedrich Herbart
47. Herbart was one of the first to: A. apply a mathematical model to psychology B. use the concept of threshold C. claim that some ideas were innate D. propose an experimental science of psychology ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Johann Friedrich Herbart
48. According to Herbart, if material presented to a student is not compatible with his or her apperceptive mass, the material will: A. cause anxiety B. be rejected or at least will not be understood C. create an approach-avoidance conflict D. cause a creative change in the apperceptive mass ANS: B
DIF: applied
REF: Johann Friedrich Herbart
49. Herbart's concepts of the unconscious, repression, and conflict most likely affected the theory of ____. A. Fechner B. Freud C. Watson D. Titchener ANS: B
DIF: applied
REF: Johann Friedrich Herbart
50. Which of the following is consistent with Herbart's advice to teachers? A. The student will benefit most if they review material themselves. B. The student should postulate the content of upcoming material. C. Relate new material to what has already been learned. D. Show applications of new material before the concepts have been described. ANS: C
DIF: applied
REF: Johann Friedrich Herbart
Chapter 7: Romanticism and Existentialism
MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The Enlightenment is also referred to as the : A. Age of Reason B. Age of the Romantic C. Age of Freedom D. Age of the Human ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Prologue
2. The romantic philosophers considered which human characteristic as most important? A. irrational feelings B. rational thought C. refinement D. benevolence ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Romanticism
3. The romantics defined the good life as one lived in accordance with: A. natural law B. God's will C. one's own inner nature D. rationally derived moral principles ANS: C
DIF: applied
REF: Romanticism
4. Who is generally thought to be the father of romanticism? A. Hegel B. Goethe C. Rousseau D. Kierkegaard ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Romanticism
5. The statement, "Man is born free and yet we see him everywhere in chains" is associated with: A. Hume B. Locke C. Goethe D. Rousseau ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Romanticism
6. According to Rousseau, all the governments of his time were based on the faulty assumption that: A. humans are rational B. a limited government benefits everyone C. humans need to be governed D. government and free will can coexist ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Romanticism
7. For Rousseau, the only justifiable government was one that: A. controls behavior with incentives B. allows humans to reach their full potential and express free will C. allows people to express hedonistic pursuits D. rules by categorical imperative ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Romanticism
8. What did Rousseau trust most as a guide for human conduct? A. reason B. personal feelings C. science D. religion ANS: B
DIF: applied
REF: Romanticism
9. Rousseau supported Protestantism because: A. God's existence could be defended on the basis of individual feelings B. in contrast to Catholicism, Protestantism accepted free will C. Protestantism reconciled God and individual feelings D. unlike local officials, the church governed with compassion ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Romanticism
10. Hobbes, along with many theologians and philosophers, believed human nature to be ____, whereas Rousseau believed it to be basically ____. A. rational; impulsive B. good; animalistic C. animalistic; good D. good; selfish ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Romanticism
11. Rousseau referred to a hypothetical human who is uncontaminated by society as a(n): A. Emile B. noble savage C. existentialist D. romantic ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Romanticism
12. Which of the following most characterized Rousseau's utopian society? A. The ownership of private property B. Democratic elections C. The encouragement of individuals to act in accordance with their private will D. The surrender of the individual will to the general will ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Romanticism
13. Rousseau's concept of the general will refers to: A. living out one's social contract B. a summation of a person's private will C. the type of government that is best for all D. the innate tendency to live harmoniously with one's fellow humans ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Romanticism
14. According to Rousseau, an effective government must be based on: A. an absolute monarchy B. the private will C. the general will D. unanimous agreement among members of the community ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Romanticism
15. Rousseau believed that education should: A. stimulate the development of a child's natural impulses B. strengthen the mental faculties C. provide the child with time-tested, culturally relevant information D. emphasize the basic skills such as reading, writing, and arithmetic ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Romanticism
16. The book, Emile, was written about education in the form of a novel. Who was the author? A. Schopenhauer B. Kierkegaard C. Nietzsche D. Rousseau ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Romanticism
17. According to Rousseau, which of the following provides the optimal condition for learning? A. Professionals as teachers B. A child's natural interests C. A setting free of distractions D. A curriculum designed to teach basic knowledge ANS: B
DIF: applied
REF: Romanticism
18. Who viewed life as consisting of opposing forces such as love and hate, or good and evil? A. Rousseau B. Nietzsche C. Goethe D. Schopenhauer ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Romanticism
19. Goethe viewed ____ as the ultimate source of happiness. A. vast material wealth B. hedonism C. a union with God D. liberty ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Romanticism
20. Goethe viewed science as: A. the new religion B. useless C. useful but limited D. the only valid way of attaining accurate knowledge ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Romanticism
21. Goethe's idea to embrace the opposing forces present in life had a direct influence on: A. Freud B. Jung C. Schopenhauer D. Nietzsche ANS: B
DIF: applied
REF: Romanticism
22. Schopenhauer's philosophy was based on the distinction between the noumenal and phenomenal worlds proposed by: A. Kant B. Rousseau C. Goethe D. Freud ANS: A
DIF: applied
REF: Romanticism
23. According to Schopenhauer, when the blind, aimless universal manifests itself in a particular organism, it becomes: A. a communion with God B. the will to survive C. a revealed truth D. what the empiricists called an idea ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Romanticism
24. According to Schopenhauer, the will to survive causes: A. humans to seek a union with God B. human rationality C. an unending cycle of needs and need satisfaction D. a feeling of kinship between humans and nonhuman animals ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Romanticism
25. According to Schopenhauer, when all of our needs are temporarily satisfied, we feel: A. bored B. self-actualized C. at one with God D. extreme pleasure ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Romanticism
26. According to Schopenhauer, ____ suffer the most. A. intelligent humans B. unintelligent humans C. nonhuman animals D. plants ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Romanticism
27. Schopenhauer believed that life is best viewed as: A. an opportunity to become self-actualized B. the postponement of death C. an opportunity to do God's work D. something that only truly begins after death ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Romanticism
28. Schopenhauer believed that most people cling to life because: A. not to do so is a sin B. it is so enjoyable C. they fear death D. that is what they have been taught to do ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Romanticism
29. Schopenhauer anticipated Freud's concept of ____ when he said that we could at least partially escape the irrational forces within us by immersing ourselves in such things as music, poetry, or art. A. repression B. resistance C. compensation D. sublimation ANS: D
DIF: applied
REF: Romanticism
30. Schopenhauer stated that we may repress undesirable thoughts into the: A. subconscious B. unconscious C. apperceptive mass D. soul ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Romanticism
31. According to Kierkegaard, the ultimate state of being is achieved when an individual decides to: A. return to nature B. embrace God and take God's existence on faith C. live a life based on rational principles D. seek pleasure and avoid pain ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Existentialism
32. Kierkegaard believed that the existence of God: A. can be proven by studying nature B. can be proven by logic C. has to be taken on faith D. is of no consequence to his philosophy ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Existentialism
33. According to Kierkegaard, God gives humans a way of dealing with the "absolute paradox" with: A. faith B. consciousness C. reasoning ability D. guilt ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Existentialism
34. Which of the following is the correct arrangement of the stages Kierkegaard suggested for the development of human freedom? A. aesthetic → ethical → religious B. religious → aesthetic → ethical C. ethical → aesthetic → religious D. religious → ethical → aesthetic ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Existentialism
35. According to Kierkegaard, the aesthetic stage consists of which of the following? A. People are open to experiences and seek out many forms of pleasure, but they do not recognize their ability to choose. B. People accept the responsibility of making choices, but use as their guides ethical principles established by others. C. People recognize and accept their freedom and enter into a personal relationship with God. D. People assume that God is dead. ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Existentialism
36. According to Kierkegaard, the ethical stage consists of which of the following? A. People are open to experiences and seek out many forms of pleasure, but they do not recognize their ability to choose. B. People accept the responsibility of making choices, but use as their guides ethical principles established by others. C. People recognize and accept their freedom and enter into a personal relationship with God. D. People assume that God is dead. ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Existentialism
37. According to Kierkegaard, the religious stage consists of which of the following? A. People are open to experiences and seek out many forms of pleasure, but they do not recognize their ability to choose. B. People accept the responsibility of making choices, but use as their guides ethical principles established by others. C. People recognize and accept their freedom and enter into a personal relationship with God. D. People assume that God is dead. ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Existentialism
38. Nietzsche believed that the ____ aspect of human nature manifests itself in the desire for predictability and orderliness. A. Apollonian B. Dionysian C. existential D. romantic ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Existentialism
39. Nietzsche believed that the best life reflects: A. rationality B. irrationality C. controlled passion D. the love of God ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Existentialism
40. Nietzsche primarily considered himself a: A. psychologist B. philosopher C. theologian D. priest ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Existentialism
41. At the heart of Nietzsche's psychology is the tension between: A. Apollonian and Dionysian tendencies B. the church and the state C. science and religion D. good and evil ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Existentialism
42. Nietzsche believed that: A. all human behavior is determined B. life without the restraints of religion is certain to be chaotic C. people are their own creation D. the only free people are artists ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Existentialism
43. According to Nietzsche, the difference between freedom and slavery is: A. freedom B. an illusion C. a matter of choice D. a miracle ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Existentialism
44. Schopenhauer believed that irrational instincts should be ____, whereas Nietzsche believed they should be ____. A. nurtured; eliminated B. repressed; expressed C. expressed; repressed D. eliminated; repressed ANS: B
DIF: applied
REF: Existentialism
45. Nietzsche's ____ was clearly contrary to Enlightenment philosophy. A. perspectivism B. emphasis on human rationality C. belief in God D. determinism ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Existentialism
46. For Nietzsche, the most basic motive for human behavior was: A. the will to survive B. the will to power C. hedonism D. to act in accordance with God's will ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Existentialism
47. For Nietzsche, people approaching their full potential are: A. pseudogods B. supermen C. fully functional D. self-actualized ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Existentialism
48. Nietzsche believed that many human problems would be solved if: A. every individual strives to be all that he or she could be B. philosophers became kings C. fewer individuals strive to become supermen D. materialistic philosophy is accepted ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Existentialism
49. Kierkegaard and Nietzsche had what in common? A. An acceptance of Hegel's philosophy B. An unfavorable opinion of psychology C. A criticism of the organized church and science D. A belief in God ANS: C
DIF: applied
REF: Kierkegaard and Nietzsche as Psychology
50. What did romanticism and existentialism have in common? A. The importance of subjective experience B. A belief in fate C. The respect for rationalism D. A quest for scientific truth ANS: A NOT: new
DIF: conceptual
REF: Kierkegaard and Nietzsche as Psychology
Chapter 8: Early Developments in Physiology and the Rise of Experimental Psychology
MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Bessel used personal equations to: A. select the most skillful astronomers B. correct differences in the reaction times among various observers C. ensure that his assistants had exactly the same reaction times D. demonstrate the value of experimental psychology ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Objective and Subjective Differences
2. What provided the link between mental philosophy and the science of psychology in the 17th and 18th century? A. astronomy B. physiology C. physics D. mathematics ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Objective and Subjective Differences
3. Why is the Bell-Magendie law significant? A. It solved the mind-body problem. B. It confirmed Hartley's view of nerve conduction. C. It demonstrated that specific mental functions are mediated by different anatomical structures. D. It allowed individual differences in reaction times among individuals to be equalized. ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Bell-Magendie Law
4. What is Müller's proposition that there are five types of sensory nerves, each containing a characteristic energy? A. The Bell-Magendie law B. The doctrine of specific nerve energies C. The principle of the conservation of energy D. The law of forward conduction ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies
5. For Müller, adequate stimulation is defined as: A. stimulation that is above the threshold of awareness B. the amount of stimulation that is enough to cause an organism to react C. the type of stimulation to which a sensory system is most sensitive D. stimulation that causes any sense receptor to fire with equal ease ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies
6. According to Müller, we are directly aware of: A. objects in the physical world B. sensory impulses C. primary qualities D. categories of thought ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies
7. Müller believed that, with his doctrine of specific nerve energies, he had discovered the: A. solution to the mind-body problem B. seat of consciousness C. physiological equivalent of Kant's categories of thought D. vibrations that Hartley and Newton had postulated in their analysis of nerve conduction ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies
8. Kant's nativism stressed mental categories, whereas Müller stressed: A. consciousness B. physiological mechanisms C. psychophysics D. adequate stimulation ANS: B
DIF: applied
REF: Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies
9. The ____ maintained that life could not be explained by the interactions of physical and chemical properties alone. A. materialists B. vitalists C. physiologists D. antivitalists ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Hermann von Helmholtz
10. According to the ____, energy is never created or lost in a system, but is only transformed from one form to another. A. Bell-Magendie law B. vitalist's position C. antivitalist's position D. principle of conservation of energy ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Hermann von Helmholtz
11. Concerning the rate of nerve conduction, Helmholtz found that: A. it is measurable in frogs but not in humans B. it is almost instantaneous and therefore not measurable C. it is measurable, and that it is fairly slow D. it is essentially what Müller thought it to be ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Hermann von Helmholtz
12. Helmholtz found that when individuals who have been blind since birth acquire sight, they: A. need to learn to perceive B. immediately perceive normally C. can perceive normally only while wearing distorted lenses D. can never perceive normally ANS: A
DIF: applied
REF: Hermann von Helmholtz
13. Helmholtz found that when individuals with normal sight wear distorted lenses, they: A. continue to perceive normally B. make perceptual mistakes at first but then adapt and perceive normally C. make perceptual mistakes until the lenses came off D. cannot make any correct judgments of object distances ANS: B
DIF: applied
REF: Hermann von Helmholtz
14. Kant and Helmholtz agreed that: A. the faculties of the mind are innate B. the perceiver transforms what the senses provide C. perception is explained by unconscious inference D. nativism provides a better explanation of perception than does empiricism ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Hermann von Helmholtz
15. Concerning Kant's proposed categories of thought, Helmholtz demonstrated that: A. they are innate as Kant suggested B. some are innate, but most are learned from experience C. they are all derived from experience D. the only one that is innate concerns the axioms of geometry ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Hermann von Helmholtz
16. Helmholtz changed slightly the color vision theory of ____ and supported it with experimental evidence. A. Kant B. Hering C. Young D. Weber ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Hermann von Helmholtz
17. To account for color vision, Helmholtz postulated the existence of: A. three types of color receptors corresponding to three primary colors B. separate receptors for each wavelength in the visual spectrum C. one type of receptor that responded to all of the wavelengths in the visual spectrum D. receptors that process pairs of opposing colors ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Hermann von Helmholtz
18. Helmholtz expressed amazement over the fact that: A. sensations so accurately reflect physical reality B. physiological mechanisms provide feedback with minimal stimulation C. sensory systems distort our knowledge of the physical world to such a great extent D. the faculties of the mind can correct our distorted sensory information about the physical world ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Hermann von Helmholtz
19. Helmholtz's theory of auditory perception is called the: A. doctrine of specific nerve energies B. resonance place theory C. auditory harp theory D. trichromatic theory ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Hermann von Helmholtz
20. For Hering, space perception results from: A. an innate category of the mind as Kant described B. information from the retina about height, left-right position, and depth C. innate ideas D. sensory experience plus the laws of association ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Ewald Hering
21. According to Hering's theory of color vision, if a person stares at a blue object for a considerable time and then looks at a white sheet of paper, he or she will experience a ____ afterimage. A. yellow B. red C. green D. blue ANS: A
DIF: applied
REF: Ewald Hering
22. Although Ladd-Franklin completed all of the requirements for her Ph.D. in 1882, she was not granted the degree until 1926. The delay was because: A. she was accused of falsifying data B. she was a woman C. of her dissertation topic D. the quality of her research was considered inferior ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Christine Ladd-Franklin
23. Ladd-Franklin's theory of color vision was based on: A. mathematics B. intuition C. evolutionary theory D. electrophysiology ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Christine Ladd-Franklin
24. According to Ladd-Franklin, which of the following sequences accurately describes the evolution of vision? A. red-green sensitivity → blue-yellow sensitivity → achromatic vision B. achromatic vision → red-green sensitivity → blue-yellow sensitivity C. blue-yellow sensitivity → achromatic vision → red-green sensitivity D. achromatic vision → blue-yellow sensitivity → red-green sensitivity ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Christine Ladd-Franklin
25. Determining a person's character by analyzing his or her facial features, bodily structure, posture, and movement, is called: A. physiognomy B. the theory of signs C. unconscious inference D. vitalism ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Early Research on Brain Functioning
26. Examining the protrusions and depressions on person's skull to determine the strength of his or her faculties is called: A. monadology B. faculty psychology C. craniology D. phrenology ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Early Research on Brain Functioning
27. Gall believed which of the following? A. There is no relationship between the size of the cortex and intelligence. B. The faculties of the mind are aspects of the soul, not of the brain. C. The bumps and indentations on the skull indicate the magnitude of the underlying faculties. D. The mind functions as an indivisible whole. ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Early Research on Brain Functioning
28. The belief that educational experiences can be arranged so that they strengthen certain faculties of the mind is called: A. phrenology B. formal discipline C. faculty psychology D. cortical expansion ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Early Research on Brain Functioning
29. What did Flourens' brain research reveal that was incompatible with phrenology? A. There are many localized cortical functions. B. Protrusions of the skull do not correlate well with brain structure. C. The cortical area of the brain functions as a whole. D. There are vast individual differences among human brains. ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Early Research on Brain Functioning
30. The case of Phineas Gage best supports the idea that: A. dualism has a place in science B. the cortex functions as a whole unit C. individual brain areas have specialized functions D. the brain has regenerative capabilities ANS: C NOT: new
DIF: conceptual
REF: Early Research on Brain Functioning
31. Broca is best known for: A. studying the brains of lower animals to learn about human brains B. equating cortical size with intelligence C. discovering a brain area responsible for a specific disorder D. suggesting the cortex functioned as a whole ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Early Research on Brain Functioning
32. The part of the cortex known as Broca's area is associated with: A. speech comprehension B. visual analysis C. speech articulation D. motor movement differentiation ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Early Research on Brain Functioning
33. The part of the cortex known as Wernicke's area is associated with: A. speech comprehension B. visual analysis C. speech articulation D. motor movement differentiation ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Early Research on Brain Functioning
34. Broca's research in craniometry found erroneously that: A. the brain is smaller in mature adults B. the brain is larger in eminent men and supposed superior races C. the brain is larger in women D. there is no relationship between intelligence and the volume of the brain ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Early Research on Brain Functioning
35. How did the work of such researchers as Broca, Fritsch, Hitzig, and Ferrier relate to phrenology? A. The research showed that brain function is not localized to specific cortical regions. B. The research showed that protrusions of the skull can be used to map cortical motor function. C. The research demonstrated localized brain function, just as the phrenologists had predicted. D. The research demonstrated localized brain function, but not as the phrenologists had predicted. ANS: D MSC: revised
DIF: conceptual
REF: Early Research on Brain Functioning
36. What was one important discovery of Fritsch and Hitzig? A. They stimulated the cortex and found that muscular movements are elicited from the opposite side of the body. B. They used electrical stimulation to produce a more articulated map of the motor cortex. C. They mapped cortical regions to the senses. D. They performed autopsies on humans to determine the cause of behavioral deficits. ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Early Research on Brain Functioning
37. What was an important discovery of David Ferrier? A. He stimulated the cortex and found that muscular movements were elicited from the opposite side of the body. B. He used electrical stimulation to produce a more articulated map of the motor cortex. C. He mapped cortical regions to the senses. D. He performed autopsies on humans to determine the cause of behavioral deficits. ANS: B NOT: new
DIF: factual
REF: Early Research on Brain Functioning
38. What did Weber called the smallest distance between two points at which a subject reported sensing two points instead of one? A. just noticeable difference B. two-point threshold C. psychophysical threshold D. localization of experience ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: The Rise of Experimental Psychology
39. In his work on the two-point threshold, Weber found that the most sensitive area (smallest threshold) was the ____ and the least sensitive area (largest threshold) was the ____. A. nose; forearm B. tongue; finger tip C. finger tip; ear lobe D. tongue; middle of the back ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: The Rise of Experimental Psychology
40. Weber called the smallest difference that could be detected between two stimuli the: A. two-point threshold B. just noticeable difference C. limen D. psychophysical threshold ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: The Rise of Experimental Psychology
41. Weber found that subjects could detect much smaller weight differences when they lifted the weights than when the weights were simply placed in their hands. He attributed this increased sensitivity to: A. kinesthesis B. the two-point threshold C. the method of adjustment D. unconscious inference ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: The Rise of Experimental Psychology
42. During his work on kinesthesis, Weber made the startling observation that the just noticeable difference is a constant fraction of the standard weight. For lifted weights, that fraction is: A. 1/20 B. 1/30 C. 1/35 D. 1/40 ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: The Rise of Experimental Psychology
43. Following in the path of Spinoza, Fechner believed that: A. only matter existed B. only consciousness existed C. consciousness is as prevalent in the universe as is matter D. bodily and mental events were parallel to each other and therefore did not interact ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: The Rise of Experimental Psychology
44. Fechner found that for the magnitude of a sensation to rise arithmetically, the magnitude of stimulation must rise: A. arithmetically B. geometrically C. algebraically D. exponentially ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: The Rise of Experimental Psychology
45. What is the study of the relationship between physical and psychological events? A. philosophy B. materialism C. epistemology D. psychophysics ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: The Rise of Experimental Psychology
46. Fechner called the lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected the: A. differential threshold B. absolute threshold C. just noticeable difference D. petites perceptions ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: The Rise of Experimental Psychology
47. Fechner called sensations that occurred below the absolute threshold: A. negative sensations B. just noticeable differences C. petites perceptions D. impossible ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: The Rise of Experimental Psychology
48. Using the method of ____, pairs of stimuli are presented to the subject. One stimulus remains the same, the standard, and the other varies from one presentation to the next. A. limits B. constant stimuli C. adjustments D. stimulus fixation ANS: B
DIF: applied
REF: The Rise of Experimental Psychology
49. Using the method of ____, the subject is instructed to change a variable stimulus so that its magnitude appears to equal that of a standard stimulus. After this, the average difference between the variable stimuli and the standard is determined. A. adjustment B. limits C. constant fixation D. stimulus fixation ANS: A
DIF: applied
REF: The Rise of Experimental Psychology
50. Fechner attempted to quantify the variables that determine the extent to which a work of art is appealing. In so doing, he created the field of: A. psychophysics B. experimental aesthetics C. phrenological art D. art psychology ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: The Rise of Experimental Psychology
Chapter 9: Early Approaches to Psychology
MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. From the experiment with the pendulum clock (thought meter), Wundt concluded that: A. experimental psychology was not feasible B. attention is involuntary C. time is a dimension to be studied D. experimental psychology must stress selective attention ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Prologue
2. Which of the following philosophies most influenced Wundt? A. materialism B. rationalism C. empiricism D. sensationalism ANS: B
DIF: applied
REF: Voluntarism
3. According to Wundt, empiricism lacked an appreciation of: A. innate ideas B. the laws of association C. volitional processes D. secondary qualities ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Voluntarism
4. The central concept on Wundt's voluntarism was: A. association B. involuntary behavior C. will D. apperceptive mass ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Voluntarism
5. Which of the following did Wundt believe about experimental psychology: A. it was useless in understanding higher mental processes B. it represented the only worthwhile type of psychology C. it was impossible D. it could be used only to investigate the higher mental processes ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt
6. Wundt began the first journal devoted to experimental psychology originally called: A. Psychological Studies B. Philosophical Studies C. Philological Studies D. Journal of Experimental Psychology ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt
7. To study the higher mental processes, Wundt believed that we must use ____. A. rationalistic introspection B. immediate analysis C. naturalistic observation of various forms D. controlled experimentation ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt
8. According to Wundt, sciences like physics were based on ____ experience, whereas psychology should be based on ____ experience. A. immediate; mediate B. mediate; immediate C. sensory; emotional D. sensory; physiological ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt
9. Wundt's use of introspection most closely resembled that of: A. St. Augustine B. the British empiricists C. Descartes D. Helmholtzian physiologists ANS: D
DIF: applied
REF: Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt
10. According to Wundt, a(n) ____ occurs whenever a sense organ is stimulated and the resulting impulse reaches the brain. A. perception B. unconscious inference C. sensation D. complex idea ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt
11. Describing a stimulus as visual or auditory defines the ____ of the stimulus, while describing the stimulus in terms of how loud or bright it is describes its ____. A. intensity; modality B. modality; intensity C. saturation; vividness D. energy; clearness ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt
12. Wundt believed that feelings are: A. related to survival B. remnants of an earlier evolutionary period and were nonfunctional in modern society C. various combinations of three attributes D. unitary experiences that could not be reduced to anything more basic ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt
13. Unlike ____, which is passive and automatic, ____ is active and voluntary. A. apperception; perception B. perception; apperception C. attention; creative synthesis D. creative synthesis; attention ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt
14. The part of the perceptual field that the individual attends to is: A. perceived B. apperceived C. instinctive D. modal ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt
15. By shifting one's attention, elements of thought can be arranged and rearranged at will, a process Wundt referred to as: A. perception B. the law of forward conduction C. creative synthesis D. unconscious inference ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt
16. Because Wundt believed that individuals could direct their attention anywhere they wished, he referred to his brand of psychology as: A. functionalism B. voluntarism C. structuralism D. bold and creative ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt
17. Wundt believed that schizophrenia might be explained as a breakdown of the: A. emotional makeup of the individual B. sensory apparatus C. attentional processes D. perceptual processes ANS: C
DIF: applied
REF: Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt
18. According to Donders, the time it takes to perform the mental act of discrimination is determined by: A. subtracting simple reaction time from the reaction time that involves discrimination B. computing the choice reaction time C. computing the mental chronometry D. presenting several different stimuli to subjects, but allowing them to only respond to one, and timing their response ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt
19. Wundt's concept of mental chronometry is: A. the amount of time it takes to respond to a stimulus B. the addition of sensations into one perception C. the time it takes to apperceive an object D. an accurate cataloging of the time it took to perform various mental acts ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt
20. Wundt believed that physical and psychological causality are: A. essentially the same B. experienced only in the mind C. polar opposites D. intrinsically related ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt
21. According to Wundt's principle of ____, something almost always occurs during goal-directed behavior that changes the entire motivational pattern. A. the heterogony of ends B. creative resultants C. contrasts D. development of opposites ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt
22. Wundt's principle of ____ states that prolonged experiences of one type cause one to seek the opposite type of experience. A. contrasts B. the development of opposites C. creative resultants D. the heterogony of ends ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt
DIF: applied
REF: Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt
23. Wundt was a(n): A. vitalist B. determinist C. empiricist D. dualist ANS: B
24. Concerning verbal communication, Wundt referred to the unified idea that one wishes to convey as a(n): A. general impression B. unconscious inference C. Völkerpsychologie D. creative synthesis ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt
25. As evidence for his views on verbal communication, Wundt pointed out that we remember ____ and not ____. A. specific words; meanings B. meanings; specific words C. verbal labels; images D. images; verbal labels ANS: B
DIF: applied
REF: Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt
26. Titchener formed "The Experimentalists" because: A. he believed the APA was too friendly towards applied topics B. the APA disagreed with him on what should be included in experimental psychology C. the APA wanted to grant membership to women D. he could not gather enough votes to become the APA president ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Edward Bradford Titchener
27. Titchener defined ____ as the sum total of mental experience at any given moment. A. the mind B. the consciousness C. the apperceptive mass D. general impression ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Edward Bradford Titchener
28. Titchener defined ____ as the accumulated experiences of a lifetime. A. the mind B. the consciousness C. general impression D. the apperceptive mass ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Edward Bradford Titchener
29. For Titchener, the ____ of psychology involved a search for the neurological correlates of mental events. A. what B. how C. why D. when ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Edward Bradford Titchener
30. For Titchener, a stimulus error consisted of: A. allowing the meaning of an object to influence one's introspective analysis of that object B. seeing something that is not physically present C. failing to see something that is physically present D. not allowing an object's meaning to influence one's introspective analysis of that object ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Edward Bradford Titchener
31. Titchener concluded that there are about ____ identifiable sensations, most of which are related to the sense of ____. A. 1,200; audition B. 40,000; audition C. 400; vision D. 40,000; vision ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Edward Bradford Titchener
32. According to Titchener, all feelings can be explained by employing the dimension of: A. tension-relaxation B. excitement-calm C. pleasantness-unpleasantness D. joy-sadness ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Edward Bradford Titchener
33. For Titchener, attention is: A. a clearness of sensation B. the result of apperception C. explained by the faculties, functions, and powers of the mind D. dependent on apperception ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Edward Bradford Titchener
34. In explaining how the elements of thought combine, Titchener emphasized: A. apperception B. creative synthesis C. traditional associationism D. an active mind ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Edward Bradford Titchener
35. Regarding the mind-body issue, Titchener referred to himself as a(n): A. interactionist B. epiphenomemolist C. occasionalist D. psychophysical parallelist ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Edward Bradford Titchener
36. According to the text, the most important reason for the demise of structuralism was its failure to: A. study mental disorders B. seek pure rather than practical knowledge C. generalize findings D. assimilate the doctrine of evolution ANS: D
DIF: applied
REF: Edward Bradford Titchener
37. What term did Brentano use to describe the fact that every mental act refers to something outside itself? A. act psychology B. intentionality C. phenomenology D. functionalism ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Early German Psychology
38. To study mental acts and intentionality, Brentano used: A. the principle of contrasts B. pure phenomenology C. phenomenological methods D. the Clever Hans phenomena ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Early German Psychology
39. For Stumpf, the proper objects of study for psychology are: A. the elements of thought B. elemental feelings C. mental phenomena D. physiological mechanisms ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Early German Psychology
40. The supposed intelligent behavior of a nonhuman animal has often been found to be nothing more than the animal's responses to subtle cues (consciously or unconsciously) provided by its trainer. This observation is called the: A. self-fulfilling prophecy B. Clever Hans phenomenon C. Stumpf phenomenon D. Würzburg phenomenon ANS: B
DIF: applied
REF: Early German Psychology
41. According to Husserl, experimental psychology: A. is impossible B. the only valid type of psychology C. must precede a search for the essence of consciousness D. must be preceded by phenomenological analysis ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Early German Psychology
42. Külpe's technique of ____ involves giving subjects problems to solve and then asking them to report the mental operations they engage in to solve them. A. subtractive reaction time B. intentionality C. systematic experimental introspection D. pure phenomenology ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Early German Psychology
43. The fact that a person can drive a car for a long distance and not be aware of the fact that he or she is driving exemplifies: A. mental chronometry and an unconscious inference B. mental chronometry and a determining tendency C. a mental set and an unconscious inference D. a mental set and a determining tendency ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Early German Psychology
44. Which of the following best describes Vaihinger's attitude toward "fictions"? A. They are acceptable in religion but not in science. B. They are the greatest cause of human distress. C. Without them, societal living would be impossible. D. They represent a distorted reality created by sensations. ANS: C
DIF: applied
REF: Early German Psychology
45. According to Vaihinger, the fiction of ____ is at the heart of such concepts as morality and jurisprudence. A. causality B. freedom C. God D. compassion ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Early German Psychology
46. Ebbinghaus was the first to study learning and memory: A. from a neuroanatomical perspective B. as associative processes C. as they occur D. from a theological point of view ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Early German Psychology
47. Ebbinghaus invented nonsense material to free his research material from the influence of: A. experimenter bias B. prior learning C. neurophysiological delay D. introspection ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Early German Psychology
48. By plotting savings as a function of time, Ebbinghaus created psychology's first: A. learning curve B. psychological law C. retention curve D. study of meaningfulness ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Early German Psychology
49. Georg Elias Müller was the first to demonstrate: A. pure phenomenology B. stimulus error C. immediate experience D. retroactive inhibition ANS: D NOT: new
DIF: factual
REF: Early German Psychology
50. Ebbinghaus is often mistaken for a(n) ____, but he was in fact a(n) ____. A. empiricist; rationalist B. rationalist; empiricist C. structuralist; empiricist D. empiricist; structuralist ANS: A NOT: new
DIF: factual
REF: Early German Psychology
Chapter 10: Evolution and Individual Differences
MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. According to Lamarck, if an adult member of species develops a trait, such as powerful muscles, that make its survival more likely, the trait can be passed down to the adult’s offspring. This phenomenon is called: A. survival of the fittest B. the inheritance of acquired characteristics C. natural selection D. the law of effect ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Evolutionary Theory before Darwin
2. According to Spencer, a person will persist in behaviors that increase their likelihood of survival and abandon behaviors that do not. This phenomena is called: A. the inheritance of acquired characteristics B. evolutionary associationism C. social Darwinism D. survival of the fittest ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Evolutionary Theory before Darwin
3. The probability of a behavior is increased if it is followed with a pleasurable outcome and decreased if it is followed by painful outcome. What is this called? A. the Spencer-Bain principle B. the law of contiguity C. social Darwinism D. survival of the fittest ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Evolutionary Theory before Darwin
4. Who coined the term "survival of the fittest"? A. Lamarck B. Erasmus Darwin C. Spencer D. Charles Darwin ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Evolutionary Theory before Darwin
5. Spencer's application of the notion of the survival of the fittest to the study of human societal behavior is known as: A. premature B. social Darwinism C. Lamarckianism D. the Spencer-Bain principle ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Evolutionary Theory before Darwin
6. Spencer believed that if the principle of evolution was allowed to operate freely: A. the world would be a jungle B. humans would become more animalistic C. animals would have become more like humans D. all living organisms and societies would approximate perfection ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Evolutionary Theory before Darwin
7. According to Spencer, the best government is one that: A. protects the weak B. protects people from their own animal instincts C. allows free competition among all its citizens D. is elected by a majority of reasonable people ANS: C
DIF: application
REF: Evolutionary Theory before Darwin
8. Which of the following best describes the views of U.S. industrialists such as John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie regarding survival of the fittest? A. The development of large corporations and the elimination of smaller ones simply demonstrates survival of the fittest and is not evil, but rather the result of the application of the laws of nature. B. Employers have an obligation to provide employees with ample money to satisfy their needs. Healthy, happy employees are likely to produce healthy, happy offspring who will, in turn, become the skilled workforce of the future. C. Wealthy industrialists should be permitted to encourage the brightest, hardest workers to have more children by paying them more for each child they have, thus increasing the pool of bright, hardworking individuals. D. Belief in the theory of evolution rather than in creation by a divine being invites the wrath of the divine being and therefore bad for business. ANS: A NOT: new
DIF: conceptual
REF: Evolutionary Theory before Darwin
9. What provided Darwin with the principle he needed to tie his many observations together? A. Lyell's Principles of Geology B. Malthus' Essay on the Principle of Population C. Spencer's Principles of Psychology D. Lamarck's notion of the inheritance of acquired characteristics ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Charles Darwin
10. Who formulated a theory of evolution similar to Darwin's at about the same time that Darwin formulated his own theory? A. Lamarck B. Spencer C. Malthus D. Wallace ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Charles Darwin
11. According to Darwin, because there are many more offspring than can survive in a given environment: A. there are individual differences B. there is a struggle for survival C. there must be ecological engineering D. humans must decide which animals survive and which ones do not ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Charles Darwin
12. Which of the following will be most helpful to an individual’s survival in a given environment? A. The fittest B. Naturally selected genes C. Adaptive features D. Struggles to survive ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Charles Darwin
13. According to Darwin, evolution resulted from the ____ of those accidental variations that proved to have survival value. A. natural selection B. sharing C. inhibition D. extinction ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Charles Darwin
14. Which of the following best summarizes Darwin's view of the evolutionary process? A. To evolve is to progress. B. Evolution always occurs in the direction of increased perfection. C. Evolution just happens. D. Evolution always occurs in the direction of increased differentiation. ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Charles Darwin
15. One of the earliest conflicts Darwin had with organized religion was over: A. the age of the earth B. his study of animals C. his refusal to be a church member D. his comparison of humans and animals ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Charles Darwin
16. Which of the following did Darwin believe about human emotions? A. Emotions are particularly important in modern society. B. At one time in the course of human evolution, emotions aided in survival. C. The expression of emotions is highly variable from culture to culture. D. The emotions of humans are qualitatively different from the emotions of nonhuman animals. ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Charles Darwin
17. Which of the following did Darwin believe? A. Humans possess rational powers that make them qualitatively different from other animals. B. The difference between humans and other animals is only one of degree. C. Only humans have evolved long enough to have lost their aggressive instincts. D. Nothing significant can be learned about humans by studying nonhuman animals. ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Charles Darwin
18. Which of the following is true of the relationship between Darwin’s work and the work of his contemporaries? A. Wallace’s work on evolution was largely plagiarized from Darwin’s work. B. Malthus’s ideas about competition for limited resources was elaborated on by Darwin. C. FitzRoy was an outspoken defender of Darwin’s work. D. Lamarck adamantly believed that species did not and could not change over time. ANS: B NOT: new
DIF: conceptual
REF: Charles Darwin
19. Sociobiologists depend heavily on ____ in their explanation of human social behavior. A. Malthusian selection B. inclusive fitness C. eugenics D. innate aggression ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Charles Darwin
20. What term did Galton use for the improvement of living organisms through selective breeding? A. phrenology B. eugenics C. anthropometry D. sociobiology ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Sir Francis Galton
21. Which of the following did Galton believe about individual differences? A. They cannot be the result of evolution nor can they be inherited. B. They should be studied only if they involve positive attributes. C. If they are important, they should be measured. D. Their measurement is detrimental to society and should be avoided at all costs. ANS: C NOT: new
DIF: conceptual
REF: Sir Francis Galton
22. Which of the following did Galton conclude based on his survey of the knowledge and attitudes of 200 eminent scientists? A. The environment, including families and schools, plays an important role in intellectual achievement. B. Intellectual potential is only heritable for those with intellectual disabilities. C. Intelligence and scientific achievement have very little correlation. D. Schools that emphasize rote learning and strict discipline promote intellectual achievement. ANS: A NOT: new
DIF: conceptual
REF: Sir Francis Dalton
23. Which of the following did Galton conclude based on his word association test? A. Responses can illuminate aspects of the mind that are not revealed by other methods. B. Responses tend to be closely related to the setting in which the test is given. C. Responses are so variable within a single individual as to make the test worthless. D. Responses are closely related to intelligence, so word association tests can be used to test intelligence. ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Sir Francis Galton
24. What did Galton find about mental imagery? A. Only people with what we now call autism were able to use mental imagery. B. The ability to make and use mentally images is normally distributed. C. While children often use mental images extensively, adults rarely do. D. The ability to use mental images is strongly correlated with intelligence. ANS: B NOT: new
DIF: conceptual
REF: Sir Francis Galton
25. Which of the following is true of Galton’s "anthropometric laboratory"? A. In order to collect sufficient data, he paid participants to participate. B. He used extensive written tests similar to what would become Binet’s intelligence test. C. He studied male-female differences as well as the relationships among measures. D. He refused to provide individuals with their own test results for fear they would be discouraged or upset. ANS: C NOT: new
DIF: conceptual
REF: Sir Francis Galton
26. When changes in one variable are usually accompanied by changes in the same direction in another variable, the variables are said to be: A. correlated B. causally related C. regressing toward the mean D. genetically determined ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Sir Francis Galton
27. Galton used the concept of ____ to explain why eminent individuals only tended to have eminent offspring. A. anthropometry B. regression toward the mean C. eugenics D. the coefficient of correlation ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Sir Francis Galton
28. Who was responsible for devising the coefficient of correlation (r)? A. Galton B. Darwin C. Pearson D. Cattell ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Sir Francis Galton
29. Galton’s work has been described as idiographic. What does that mean? A. He was interested in the study of individual differences. B. His focus was on the commonalities in people. C. He rejected the study of those he regarded as abnormal. D. He believed science should serve the needs of society. ANS: A NOT: new
DIF: factual
REF: Sir Francis Galton
30. Which of the following best characterizes Cattell’s approach to intelligence? A. He was adamantly opposed to Galton’s ideas that intelligence could be inherited. B. He believed it was unrelated to measures of sensory acuity or reaction time. C. He believed that systematic measurement was essential to the study of intelligence. D. He believed that intelligence was far too complex to be measured. ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Sir Francis Galton
31. When Wissler evaluated Cattell's measures of intelligence he found that they: A. were very highly correlated with each other B. were far more useful with men than women C. predicted success in college with considerable accuracy D. were neither highly correlated with each other nor useful in predicting college success ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Sir Francis Galton
32. In his research on hypnotism, effects that Binet believed were due to the power of a magnet were found to be due to: A. perceptual abnormalities B. suggestion C. low intelligence D. craniometry ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Individual Differences in Intelligence
33. Binet conducted his first studies of intelligence on: A. identical twins B. normal children C. children with intellectual disabilities D. his daughters ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Individual Differences in Intelligence
34. The goal of the 1905 version of the Binet-Simon scale of intelligence was to: A. distinguish between normal and children with intellectual disabilities B. distinguish among levels of intelligence for normal children C. distinguish among levels of intelligence for children with intellectual disabilities D. help children make reasonable career choices ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Individual Differences in Intelligence
35. The goal of the 1908 version of the Binet-Simon scale was to: A. distinguish between normal and children with intellectual disabilities B. distinguish among levels of intelligence for normal children C. distinguish among levels of intelligence for children with intellectual disabilities D. help children make reasonable career choices ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Individual Differences in Intelligence
36. The concepts of mental age and the intelligence quotient were introduced by: A. Binet B. Simon C. Terman D. Stern ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Individual Differences in Intelligence
37. Binet disagreed with Stern's use of the intelligence quotient because: A. he believed intelligence was too complex to be represented by a number B. he thought the equation was too complex C. there was not enough data to support the quotient D. the quotient could not distinguish between normal and intellectually disabled children ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Individual Differences in Intelligence
38. Binet believed disadvantaged students could be taught the skills they needed to succeed in school through the use of: A. severe discipline B. mental orthopedics C. simplified assignments D. parental involvement ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Individual Differences in Intelligence
39. Which of the following was true of Spearman? A. He believed intelligence is largely inherited. B. He emphasized the importance of subjective measures of intelligence. C. He believed there was little reason to measure intelligence. D. He opposed the use of statistical methods in psychology. ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Individual Differences in Intelligence
40. Which of the following did Burt believe? A. Special education could substantially improve the performance of children with intellectual disabilities. B. The “g” or general factor of intelligence was largely inherited. C. Students with high intelligence should be paired with students with low intelligence so the former could help the latter. D. Data from the study of identical twins largely refuted the idea that intelligence is inherited. ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Individual Differences in Intelligence
41. According to the author of your text, the "Burt scandal" taught us more about ____ than about ____. A. the nature of intelligence; the politics of science B. the politics of science; the nature of intelligence C. rationalism; empiricism D. "s"; "g" ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Individual Differences in Intelligence
42. Goddard's study of the Kallikak family confirmed his belief that: A. the government must provide for the less fortunate B. intelligence level is determined mainly by experience C. intelligence is largely inherited D. intellectual disability can be overcome by special education ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Intelligence Testing in the United States
43. Goddard, along with several leading scientists of the day, believed that individuals with intellectual disabilities should: A. be given the same rights as any other citizen B. not be allowed to hold even menial jobs C. not be allowed to reproduce D. be identified and placed in special education programs ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Intelligence Testing in the United States
44. In what way did Terman revise the Binet-Simon scale of intelligence? A. He translated it into English. B. He added and deleted items until the average score for each age group was 100. C. He made it applicable to adults as well as to children. D. He freed it from cultural biases. ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Intelligence Testing in the United States
45. Terman believed that those with low intelligence: A. could not be moral people B. should have help from the government C. should receive special help in school D. did not need any special help because intelligence is not that important ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Intelligence Testing in the United States
46. The major conclusion from Terman's study of genius was that: A. gifted children became gifted adults B. gifted children became more average as they grew older C. although gifted children remained gifted as adults, they tended to have more emotional problems than did average individuals D. "early ripe, early rot" ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Intelligence Testing in the United States
47. Which of the following is correctly associated with Hollingworth? A. She found that women are seriously psychologically impaired during menstruation B. She believed that children with intellectual disabilities should be excluded from school. C. She made significant contributions toward the understanding and education of intellectually gifted children D. She believed that women were less intelligent than men. ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Intelligence Testing in the United States
48. Yerkes believed that immigration ____. A. was important to the vitality of the United States. B. introduced new genes and couple build intelligence and creativity. C. was morally imperative that all persons who wanted entry to the United States be allowed entry. D. should be restricted so those with low intelligence could be refused. ANS: D NOT: new
DIF: conceptual
REF: Intelligence Testing in the United States
49. Which of the following is most consistent with the ideas of Herrnstein and Murray’s book The Bell Curve? A. It is crucial to provide early intervention services to at-risk infants and toddlers. B. There is very little evidence that intelligence is inherited. C. Because of the Internet, IQ tests have become obsolete. D. The best jobs with the highest pay go to the intellectual elite. ANS: D NOT: new
DIF: conceptual
REF: Intelligence Testing in the United States
50. Which of the following did Wechsler contribute to intelligence testing? A. He developed the Army Alpha and Beta tests. B. He created separate tests for men and women. C. He created separate tests for heritable and non-heritable intelligence. D. He resolved some of the psychometric issues in earlier intelligence measures. ANS: D NOT: new
DIF: factual
REF: Modern Testing
Chapter 11: American Psychology and Functionalism
MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. During which stage of early American psychology was the statement "Psychology exists for the sake of logic, and logic for the sake of God" true? A. Stage One: moral and mental philosophy B. Stage Two: intellectual philosophy C. Stage Three: the U. S. Renaissance D. Stage Four: U. S. functionalism ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Early U.S. Psychology
2. Sahakian marks the beginning of the school of functionalism with the publication of: A. Dewey's article "The Reflex Arc in Psychology" B. James's book The Principles of Psychology C. Stewart's book Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind D. The first issue of the American Journal of Psychology ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Early U.S. Psychology
3. Who, among the following, is most associated with naive realism? A. Hume B. Reid C. FitzRoy D. Locke ANS: B NOT: new
DIF: factual
REF: Early U.S. Psychology
4. Structuralists are to the contents of the mind as functionalists are to the: A. psychology of the mind B. function of the mind C. neurology of the mind D. philosophy of the mind ANS: B NOT: new
DIF: conceptual
REF: Characteristics of Functional Psychology
5. When studying humans, James felt that: A. we must use scientific introspection B. the scientific method is the only method that could yield useful information C. both a scientific and philosophical approach must be used D. we must use the deductive rationalistic approach ANS: C
DIF: application
REF: Characteristics of Functional Psychology
6. According to pragmatism: A. there are two types of statements: scientific and nonsensical B. if something cannot be measured, it does not exist C. an idea should be evaluated in terms of its usefulness D. it is free will that distinguishes humans from nonhuman animals ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Characteristics of Functional Psychology
7. According to James's ____, all consistently reported aspects of human experience were worthy of study. A. radical empiricism B. religion C. positivism D. materialism ANS: A
DIF: application
REF: Characteristics of Functional Psychology
8. According to James, the most important thing about consciousness was that it was: A. personal B. continuous C. selective D. functional ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Characteristics of Functional Psychology
9. According to James, what keeps people working at boring jobs and also keeps the social strata from mixing? A. free will B. habit C. pragmatism D. the stream of consciousness ANS: B
DIF: application
REF: Characteristics of Functional Psychology
10. For James, the spiritual self: A. is that part of you known only to God B. consists of everything a persons owns C. cannot be know by the person except through God D. consists of the person's states of consciousness ANS: D
DIF: application
REF: Characteristics of Functional Psychology
11. James acknowledged that his concept of ____ was similar to the older concepts of "soul" or "spirit". A. self as knower B. spiritual self C. material self D. social self ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Characteristics of Functional Psychology
12. James defined ____ as a ratio of things attempted to things achieved. A. the empirical self B. the self as knower C. the stream of consciousness D. self-esteem ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Characteristics of Functional Psychology
13. According to James, a person could increase his or her self-esteem by: A. finding a spiritual advisor B. completing formal education C. seeking positive and affirming companions D. both succeeding more and attempting less ANS: D
DIF: application
REF: Characteristics of Functional Psychology
14. Regarding experiencing emotion, which sequence, according to James, is correct? A. we see a bear, become frightened, and run B. we lose a fortune, feel sorry, and cry C. we strike a person and then become angry D. more than one of these choices ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Characteristics of Functional Psychology
15. What was James's advice with regard to emotional experience? A. Pursue minimum goals in order to avoid frustration. B. Act the way you want to feel. C. Use free will to inhibit such experience. D. Give emotional experience full and uninhibited expression. ANS: B
DIF: application
REF: Characteristics of Functional Psychology
16. For James, by controlling one's thoughts, one: A. controls one's behavior B. controls one's emotions C. places oneself in certain situations D. loses control of behavior ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Characteristics of Functional Psychology
17. Pragmatism maintains that beliefs, thoughts, and behaviors must be judged according to their: A. logical consistency B. consequences C. moral implications D. compatibility with societal and cultural norms ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Characteristics of Functional Psychology
18. James referred to individuals who are intellectual, idealistic, religious, and who believe in free will, as: A. tender-minded B. tough-minded C. fools D. pragmatic ANS: A
DIF: application
REF: Characteristics of Functional Psychology
19. For ____, ideas causes behavior, but for ____, behavior causes ideas. A. Münsterberg; Wundt B. James; Münsterberg C. Münsterberg; James D. Renouvier; Wundt ANS: B
DIF: application
REF: Hugo Münsterberg
20. In his study and treatment of mentally ill individuals, Münsterberg attempted to strengthen the thoughts opposite to those causing his clients to have difficulties. He referred to this technique as: A. behavior therapy B. systematic desensitization C. reciprocal antagonism D. conscious psychoanalysis ANS: C
DIF: application
REF: Hugo Münsterberg
21. Münsterberg's efforts did much to create: A. parapsychology B. cross-cultural psychology C. applied psychology D. dynamic psychology ANS: C
DIF: Medium
REF: Hugo Münsterberg
22. Due to Münsterberg's interests and work he is known as one of the first: A. social psychologists B. forensic psychologists C. statistical psychologists D. educational psychologists ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Hugo Münsterberg
23. Münsterberg died in relative obscurity because: A. other researchers were unable to replicate the results of his research B. his attempt to import German psychology into the United States had failed C. he tried to improve German-American relationships at a time when Americans had strong, negative feelings toward Germany D. of his emphasis on pure instead of applied psychology ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Hugo Münsterberg
24. Which of the following was of particular interest to Calkins? A. self-psychology B. psychophysics C. metaphysics D. color vision ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Hugo Münsterberg
25. Which of the following is correctly associated with Calkins? A. She developed the paired-associate technique. B. She rejected the idea that women should place their careers before marriage and family. C. She received little recognition during her lifetime. D. She earned doctorate degrees from Harvard, Radcliffe, and Wellesley. ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Hugo Münsterberg
26. Hall believed that each individual in his or her lifetime reenacted all of the evolutionary stages of the human species. What is this idea called? A. recapitulation theory B. parapsychology C. reciprocal antagonism D. sociobiological determinism ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Granville Stanley Hall
27. Which of the following best describes Hall’s views on co-education? A. He believed that coeducation would increase the achievement of both females and males. B. He believed that coeducation was a sign of social progress. C. He believed that coeducation could interfere with later sexual functioning. D. He believed that females would benefit from it but males would not. ANS: C NOT: new
DIF: factual
REF: Granville Stanley Hall
28. Hall believed that masturbation ____. A. causes psychosis or even death B. is a harmless and normal behavior C. can harm the quality of eventual offspring D. is far more damaging to females than males ANS: C NOT: new
DIF: factual
REF: Granville Stanley Hall
29. Who was the first African-American in the U.S. to earn a Ph.D. in psychology? A. Dewey B. Sumner C. Calkins D. Münsterberg ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Granville Stanley Hall
30. Which psychologist's research was instrumental in the 1954 court decision on school desegregation? A. G. Stanley Hall B. Francis Sumner C. John Dewey D. Kenneth Clark ANS: D
DIF: application
REF: Granville Stanley Hall
31. Who is commonly credited with the founding of the school of functionalism? A. James B. Dewey C. Hall D. Münsterberg ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Functionalism at Chicago
32. Dewey argued that analyzing the elements of a reflex caused the investigator to miss its most important feature, its ____. A. purposiveness B. biochemical correlates C. relationship to the mind D. relationship to other reflexes ANS: A
DIF: application
REF: Functionalism at Chicago
33. Dewey believed that the best way to learn is by: A. rote memorization B. engaging in the activities to be learned C. listening to knowledgeable lecturers D. observing a knowledgeable person who acts as a model ANS: B
DIF: application
REF: Functionalism at Chicago
34. Dewey believed that the goal of education should be to facilitate creative intelligence and: A. prepare children to live effectively in a complex society B. transmit traditional knowledge C. obtain increasingly higher levels of education D. strengthen the reasoning faculty of the mind ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Functionalism at Chicago
35. Which of the following statements is most closely associated with Angell? A. Coeducation violates a custom so universal that it expresses a fundamental human instinct. B. Pragmatism is willing to take anything, to follow either logic or the senses and to count the humblest and most personal experiences. C. If we wish to conquer undesirable emotional tendencies in ourselves we must mercilessly go through the outward movements of those contrary dispositions which we prefer to cultivate. D. Mind and body cannot be separated; they act as a unit in an organism’s struggle for survival. ANS: D NOT: new
DIF: conceptual
REF: Functionalism in Chicago
36. According to Carr, which of the following is a necessary part of an adaptive act? A. a motive or need B. a cognitive process C. an opposing force D. a link to reproduction ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Functionalism in Chicago
37. Above all, Cattell believed that psychology should: A. concentrate on pure research B. merge with biology C. furnish practical knowledge D. follow the model of structuralism and ignore evolutionary theory ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Functionalism at Columbia
38. Woodworth was primarily interested in ____, or in what he called dynamic psychology. A. the unconscious mind B. motivation C. learning how simple mental elements combined into complex thoughts D. reflexive behavior ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Functionalism at Columbia
39. According to Woodworth, an organism will act differently in the same physical environment depending on what: A. stimuli it attends to B. other organisms are present C. need or drive is present D. innate ideas are activated ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Functionalism at Columbia
40. Woodworth was primarily a functionalist, but he had also described himself as having a middle-of-the-road attitude. What term best describes his approach? A. behaviorist B. psychoanalyst C. structuralist D. eclectic ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Functionalism at Columbia
41. A major problem with the animal research performed by Romanes was that it: A. could not be replicated B. was not related to any theory C. had no use “in real life” and was of no interest outside the laboratory D. depended on anecdotal evidence and was characterized by anthropomorphizing ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Functionalism at Columbia
42. The primary purpose of Morgan's canon was to guard against: A. animal research B. introspection C. anthropomorphizing D. anthropocentrism ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Functionalism at Columbia
43. Washburn systematically studied several categories of animal behavior in order to: A. explain behavior as opposed to consciousness B. understand animal consciousness C. confirm many of the observations made by Romanes D. demonstrate that nonhuman animals are as intelligent as humans ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Functionalism at Columbia
44. In her studies of animal behavior (consciousness), Washburn's use of controlled behavior to index mental events was similar to the approach of: A. Thorndike B. the comparative psychologists Romanes and Morgan C. the Gestalt psychologists D. contemporary cognitive psychologists ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Functionalism at Columbia
45. Who performed the first systematic studies of animal behavior for its own sake, without attempting to infer the cognitive processes from the observed behavior? A. Thorndike B. Washburn C. Morgan D. Titchener ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Functionalism at Columbia
46. Thorndike's law of exercise stated that: A. no pain, no gain B. the strength of an association is based on how often the association is practiced C. the mind could not be healthy if the body was not healthy D. all mammals learned according to the same principles ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Functionalism at Columbia
47. Thorndike's ____ stated that reinforcement strengthened behavior, whereas punishment weakened it. A. original law of exercise B. revised law of exercise C. original law of effect D. revised law of effect ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Functionalism at Columbia
48. Thorndike's contention that learning occurred without ideation brought him very close to being a: A. behaviorist B. structionalist C. operationalist D. materialist ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Functionalism at Columbia
49. Thorndike's identical elements theory of transfer states that: A. the extent to which information learned in one situation will transfer to another situation is determined by the similarity between the two situations B. for the transfer of training to occur, mental elements must first be discovered C. learning difficult topics in school will make it much easier for students to adjust to society when they leave school D. transfer from a learning situation to a new situation will only occur if the two situations are identical ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Functionalism at Columbia
50. Which of the following best describes the fate of functionalism? A. It faded away for essentially the same reasons as structuralism. B. It was absorbed into contemporary psychology and has therefore lost its identity. C. It surrendered its focus on the mind and became the school of behaviorism. D. It was promoted by a few forceful individuals (like James), and when they died, so did functionalism. ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Beyond Functionalism
Chapter 12: Behaviorism
MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Sechenov insisted that ____ causes all behavior. A. thought B. external stimulation C. emotion D. spontaneity ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Russian Objective Psychology
2. Sechenov: A. denied consciousness existed B. supported the use of introspection, believing it was the only way to understand mental processes C. stated that only overt behavior was reflexive D. postulated that both overt and covert behavior (mental processes) result from physiological processes in the brain ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Russian Objective Psychology
3. According to your text, the most important concept that Sechenov introduced into psychology was: A. the conditioned reflex B. inhibition C. association D. unconscious inference ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Russian Objective Psychology
4. Pavlov won the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his work: A. on conditioned reflexes B. in physiology C. on salivation D. in the improvement of surgical techniques ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Russian Objective Psychology
5. Pavlov resisted the systematic study of conditioned reflexes because: A. he did not see how they could apply to the study of humans B. he was opposed to using animals in research C. they appeared to be the same as natural reflexes and therefore did not need to be studied separately D. of their apparent subjective nature and because such study would cause him to enter the realm of psychology ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Russian Objective Psychology
6. In Pavlov's experimental study, the meat powder was the A. unconditioned stimulus B. unconditioned response C. conditioned stimulus D. conditioned response ANS: A
DIF: application
REF: Russian Objective Psychology
7. Pavlov found that placing food powder in a dog's mouth increased the dog's saliva flow. In this situation, the increased saliva flow was a(n): A. unconditioned stimulus (US) B. unconditioned response (UR) C. conditioned stimulus (CS) D. conditioned response (CR) ANS: B
DIF: application
REF: Russian Objective Psychology
8. When a previously neutral stimulus elicits some fraction of an unconditioned response, the reaction is called: A. a conditioned response B. spontaneous C. generalization D. genetically determined ANS: A
DIF: application
REF: Russian Objective Psychology
9. Pavlov believed that all central nervous activity could be described as either ____ or ____. A. spontaneous; involuntary B. voluntary; spontaneous C. excitatory; inhibitory D. freely chosen; determined ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Russian Objective Psychology
10. Pavlov used the term cortical mosaic to describe: A. the wide variety of artistic expression in organisms B. the return of a conditioned response (CR) following extinction C. the pattern of excitation and inhibition that characterized the brain at any given moment D. the different types of nervous systems that organisms possess ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Russian Objective Psychology
11. If, after conditioning has taken place, a series of trials is presented in which the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented but is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus (US), ____ will occur. A. spontaneous recovery B. extinction C. experimental neurosis D. disinhibition ANS: B
DIF: application
REF: Russian Objective Psychology
12. If a period of time is allowed to elapse after extinction and the conditioned stimulus is again presented, the stimulus will elicit a conditioned response. This reappearance of the conditioned response is called: A. experimental neurosis B. secondary extinction C. spontaneous recovery D. disinhibition ANS: C
DIF: application
REF: Russian Objective Psychology
13. Pavlov found that forcing an organism to continue to solve an increasingly difficult discrimination problem often resulted in what he referred to as: A. spontaneous recovery B. disinhibition C. experimental neurosis D. a cortical mosaic ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Russian Objective Psychology
14. Pavlov speculated that much human abnormal behavior is caused by: A. confusion of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli B. first-signal system C. a breakdown of inhibitory processes in the brain D. experimental neurosis ANS: C
DIF: application
REF: Russian Objective Psychology
15. Pavlov called the stimuli (CSs) that come to signal biologically significant events the: A. first-signal system B. second-signal system C. cortical mosaic D. mind ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Russian Objective Psychology
16. Pavlov called the words that come to symbolize reality "signals of signals" or the: A. first-signal system B. second-signal system C. cortical mosaic D. mind ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Russian Objective Psychology
17. Pavlov believed that his work on the conditioned reflex discovered the physiological mechanism for what for centuries had been called ____ by philosophers and psychologists. A. associationism B. behaviorism C. functionalism D. structuralism ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Russian Objective Psychology
18. Bechterev suggested that in studying humans, the methods of ____ should be employed. A. introspection and self-analysis B. the natural sciences C. mathematics and logic D. Scholasticism ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Russian Objective Psychology
19. Pavlov is to conditioned reflex as Bechterev is to: A. unconditioned reflex B. association reflex C. conditioned reflex D. mental reflex ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Russian Objective Psychology
20. Whose concentration on the overt behavior of organisms was more relevant to U.S. behaviorism that was Pavlov's research on secretion? A. Watson B. Sechenov C. Bechterev D. McDougall ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Russian Objective Psychology
21. Who taught Watson that plants and simple animals, because of their biological makeup, respond automatically in characteristic ways to particular environmental stimuli (tropisms)? A. Moore B. Dewey C. Loeb D. Angell ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: John B. Watson and Behaviorism
22. What did Watson and Lashley study collaboratively? A. migration of terns B. conditioned fear C. human intelligence D. mental illness ANS: A NOT: new
DIF: factual
REF: John B. Watson and Behaviorism
23. Watson's research indicated that rats use their ____ sense in learning to traverse a maze accurately. A. visual B. auditory C. kinesthetic D. olfactory ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: John B. Watson and Behaviorism
24. Watson and Lashley cooperated in “sports” research on archers showing that ____ enhanced performance more than ____ (Lashley, 1915). A. extrinsic rewards; instinctive motivation B. distributed practice; massed practice C. massed practice; distributed practice D. instinctive motivation; extrinsic rewards ANS: B NOT: new
DIF: factual
REF: John B. Watson and Behaviorism
25. When Watson finally outlined his behavioristic position, Titchener was not upset because he (Titchener) believed that: A. Watson had described a technology of behavior that did not conflict with psychology proper B. it was more or less the same thing that he (Titchener) had been saying for years C. other psychologists would find Watson's position silly D. psychology was ready to become behavioristic ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: John B. Watson and Behaviorism
26. Which of the following did Watson's objective psychology have in common with Russian objective psychology? A. Rejection of introspection as a research tool B. Use of mentalism in an explanation of behavior C. An interest in brain physiology D. A focus on cognitive processes ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: John B. Watson and Behaviorism
27. For Watson, the goal of psychology is to: A. solve the mind-body problem B. predict and control behavior C. discover the elements of thought D. prove that human animals and nonhuman animals are essentially the same ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: John B. Watson and Behaviorism
28. Which of the following is one of the four types of behavior Watson described? A. explicit learned behavior B. moral behavior C. social behavior D. cognitive behavior ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: John B. Watson and Behaviorism
29. For Watson, thinking is: A. internal speech B. imageless C. implicit, unlearned behavior D. explicit, learned behavior ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: John B. Watson and Behaviorism
30. For Watson, speech: A. is uniquely human B. is a type of overt behavior C. reflects the contents of the mind D. is implicit, unlearned behavior ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: John B. Watson and Behaviorism
31. Watson's final position on instincts was that: A. human behavior is largely instinctive B. humans have only a few powerful instincts C. humans are born with powerful instincts but they are soon displaced by learned behavior D. humans have no instincts ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: John B. Watson and Behaviorism
32. Watson allowed for some influence of genetics on personality by saying that ____ interacts with experience to produce specific behavior patterns. A. bodily structure B. innate ideas C. intelligence D. instincts ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: John B. Watson and Behaviorism
33. Watson believed that, along with structure and some basic reflexes, humans inherit three emotional responses. Which of the following in one of the three inherited emotions? A. love B. joy C. happiness D. hate ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: John B. Watson and Behaviorism
34. In their research on Albert, Watson and Rayner found that in addition to becoming fearful of the rat, Albert also became fearful of other furry objects. Albert's fear of furry objects other than the rat is an example of: A. discrimination B. disinhibition C. generalization D. spontaneous recovery ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: John B. Watson and Behaviorism
35. With their research on the infant named Albert, Watson and Rayner demonstrated that: A. emotions could be displaced to a stimuli other than those that had originally elicited the emotions B. bodily structure interacts with experience to produce personality C. there are important individual differences among people D. intelligence is only partially genetically determined ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: John B. Watson and Behaviorism
36. By systematically moving a feared rabbit closer and closer to Peter as he (Peter) ate lunch, Watson and Jones: A. made use of procedures which would later be known as shock therapy B. eliminated Peter's fear of the rabbit but not his fear of related objects C. inspired the famous story of "Peter and the Rabbit" D. eliminated Peter's fear of the rabbit and reduced his fear of related objects through what would later be known as behavior therapy ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: John B. Watson and Behaviorism
37. Concerning the treatment of children, Watson and Watson's advice was to: A. pamper them B. treat then as small adults C. reinforce desirable behavior and punish undesirable behavior D. have as much bodily contact with them as possible ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: John B. Watson and Behaviorism
38. Watson made ____ the almost-exclusive subject matter of psychology. A. mental processes B. instinctive behavior C. overt behavior D. consciousness ANS: C NOT: new
DIF: conceptual
REF: John B. Watson and Behaviorism
39. In his explanation of learning, which of the following did Watson accept? A. Thorndike's law of effect B. Pavlov's concept of the cortical mosaic C. the associative principles of contiguity and frequency D. Thorndike's concept of a "satisfying state of affairs" ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: John B. Watson and Behaviorism
40. What was Watson's final position on the mind-body problem? A. interactionism B. epiphenomenalism C. psychophysical parallelism D. physical monism ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: John B. Watson and Behaviorism
41. ____ is the belief that behavior cannot be explained in terms of internal events of any type. A. Radical behaviorism B. Methodological behaviorism C. Physical monism D. Psychophysical parallelism ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: John B. Watson and Behaviorism
42. Which of the following allows reference to internal events in explanations of behavior provided that those events are indexed by overt behavior? A. radical behaviorism B. methodological behaviorism C. physical monism D. psychophysical parallelism ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: John B. Watson and Behaviorism
43. Which of the following characteristics of contemporary psychology would most disappoint Watson? A. The emphasis on the prediction and control of behavior B. The emphasis on overt behavior as psychology's subject matter C. The popularity of cognitive psychology D. The form of behaviorism referred to as radical ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: John B. Watson and Behaviorism
44. What did McDougall include in his definition of psychology that Watson did not? A. The study of human behavior B. The study of animal behavior C. The study of human consciousness D. The study of neurological systems ANS: C DIF: conceptual REF: William McDougall: Another Type of Behaviorism 45. The type of behavior studied by McDougall differed from that studied by Pavlov and Watson in that it was: A. reflexive B. implicit C. purposive D. overt ANS: C DIF: conceptual REF: William McDougall: Another Type of Behaviorism 46. A belief in the importance of ____ formed the core of McDougall's theory. A. innate ideas B. instincts C. perception D. overt behavior ANS: B DIF: conceptual REF: William McDougall: Another Type of Behaviorism 47. McDougall stated that all organisms are born with instincts that provide the motivation to act in certain ways. Instincts have three components. Which of the following is one of the three? A. perception B. cognition C. motivation D. reaction ANS: A DIF: Conceptual REF: William McDougall: Another Type of Behaviorism 48. According to McDougall, most human social behavior is governed by: A. a single instinct B. rational plans of action C. mental telepathy D. sentiments ANS: D DIF: factual REF: William McDougall: Another Type of Behaviorism
49. One of McDougall's major criticisms of Watson's position is that it: A. was too subjective B. relied too heavily on the concept of instinct C. cannot account for the most satisfying human experiences D. viewed both human and nonhuman behavior as purposive ANS: C DIF: conceptual REF: William McDougall: Another Type of Behaviorism 50. Which of the following did Zing Yang Kuo find? A. What might be thought to be an instinctive behavior, such as a cat killing a rat, is actually based on life experiences. B. The principles of behaviorism could not account for the majority of human behavior. C. Mental illness is, in most situations, a learned behavior that can be changed through strict behavior modification. D. The basic goals of behaviorism, to predict and control behavior, will inevitably lead to authoritarian governments. ANS: A DIF: factual REF: William McDougall: Another Type of Behaviorism
NOT: new
Chapter 13: Neobehaviorism MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following did Comte believe? A. Metaphysical speculation is essential to understanding humans. B. Internal sensations and perceptions are all of which we could be certain. C. Humans cannot be studied objectively because cognitions cannot be known. D. Scientific laws are statements that summarize experiences. ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Introduction
2. Mach believed that: A. humans could be investigated objectively only by studying their overt behavior B. introspection was worthless C. humans could be certain only of their own sensations D. all science depends on metaphysical speculation ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Logical Positivism
3. ____ positivism divided science into the empirical and the theoretical by combining rationalism and empiricism. A. Radical B. Behavioral C. Cognitive D. Logical ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Logical Positivism
4. If you define a concept in terms of the procedures followed while measuring the concept, you are using a(n): A. reflexive definition B. operational definition C. scientific law D. observational term ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Logical Positivism
5. Eventually, most psychologists agreed with the logical positivists that A. unless a concept can be operationally defined, it is meaningless B. psychology should not contain any theories C. empiricism and rationalism must be wedded together D. rational analysis is more powerful than empirical analysis ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Logical Positivism
6. The belief that all sciences should be unified and use a common language was called: A. rationalism B. logical positivism C. physicalism D. radical environmentalism ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Logical Positivism
7. ____ combined behaviorism and logical positivism. A. Positivism B. Neobehaviorism C. Physicalism D. Radical environmentalism ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Logical Positivism
8. Which of the following is consistent with neobehaviorism? A. Research on nonhuman animals cannot provide useful information about humans. B. All theoretical terms must be operationally defined. C. The learning process is of little importance to understanding humans. D. Metaphysical speculation is central to psychology. ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Logical Positivism
9. Which of the following refers to the observation that “what is being noticed becomes a signal for what is being done”? A. law of contiguity B. law of consolidation C. law of contrasting effects D. law of comparison ANS: A NOT: new
DIF: Medium
REF: Edwin R. Guthrie
10. How did Guthrie account for forgetting? A. He believed it occurred as the result of unreinforced practice. B. He believed it was the result of the decay of the neural trace. C. He believed it occurred when individuals failed to pay attention to the stimulus configuration. D. He believed that is resulted from the replacement of an old association with a new one. ANS: D NOT: new
DIF: Medium
REF: Edwin R. Guthrie
11. Tolman learned from Holt and Perry that the ____ aspects of behavior could be studied without sacrificing scientific objectively. A. purposive B. cognitive C. molecular D. S-R ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Edward Chace Tolman
12. For Tolman, ____ was the same as ____. A. molar behavior; learned behavior B. molecular behavior; purposive behavior C. molar behavior; purposive behavior D. purposive behavior; reinforced behavior ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Edward Chace Tolman
13. Which of the following exemplifies molecular behavior? A. Salivating when a bell is rung B. Shopping for food in a grocery store C. Hiding from a stranger as a child D. Looking up a word in a dictionary ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Edward Chace Tolman
14. Who introduced the use of intervening variables into psychology? A. Watson B. Comte C. Tolman D. Bridgman ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Edward Chace Tolman
15. For Tolman, independent variables are ____ and give rise to internal, unobservable events that, in turn, cause behavior. A. environmental events B. theoretical concepts C. variables that are unrelated to any other variables D. behavioral events ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Edward Chace Tolman
16. Tolman insisted that all of his intervening variables be: A. mentalistic B. symbolic constructs C. constructed independently of any event D. operationally defined and tied systematically to observable events ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Edward Chace Tolman
17. According to Tolman, the first thing an animal develops in a learning situation is a(n): A. belief B. expectancy C. hypothesis D. cognitive map ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Edward Chace Tolman
18. During the early stages of hypothesis formation, an organism may ponder alternatives at the choice point. This apparent pondering is called: A. expectancy B. vicarious trial and error C. belief formation D. cognitive map formation ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Edward Chace Tolman
19. Tolman believed that: A. learning occurs independently of reinforcement B. if no reinforcement occurs, no learning occurs C. reinforcement governs classical conditioning but not instrumental conditioning D. reinforcement governs instrumental conditioning but not classical conditioning ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Edward Chace Tolman
20. For Tolman, motivation influences ____ but not ____. A. learning; performance B. performance; learning C. perception; memory D. memory; perception ANS: B
DIF: application
REF: Edward Chace Tolman
21. Tolman defined ____ as the translation of learning into behavior. A. confirmation B. belief C. performance D. willpower ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Edward Chace Tolman
22. Tolman believed that organisms (including humans) learn by: A. direct behavioral involvement with the environment B. observing what leads to what in the environment C. the reinforcement of overt responses D. the drive reduction that follows certain responses ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Edward Chace Tolman
23. The results of the experiment run by Tolman and Honzik in 1930 indicate that: A. sunflower seeds are more powerful reinforcers than bran mash B. without reinforcement of some type, animals learn practically nothing C. animals learn constantly but only translate what has been learned into behavior when there is a incentive to do so D. different species of animals learn according to different learning principles ANS: C
DIF: application
REF: Edward Chace Tolman
24. Tolman's influence on contemporary psychology can be clearly seen in the work of the: A. Skinnerians B. radical behaviorists C. information-processing psychologists D. Gestaltists ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Edward Chace Tolman
25. Hull borrowed the concept of ____ from Tolman. A. intervening variables B. latent learning C. latent extinction D. cognitive map ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Clark Leonard Hull
26. Hull defined ____ as the number of reinforced pairings between a stimulus and a response. A. reaction potential B. habit strength C. drive D. operant level ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Clark Leonard Hull
27. According to Hull, the probability of a learned response was called ____ and was a function of both the amount of drive present and the number of times the response had been reinforced in the situation plus other intervening variables. A. habit strength B. reaction potential C. operant level D. reaction threshold ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Clark Leonard Hull
28. Hull's theory can be seen as an elaboration of the "O" in ____ S-O-R conception of psychology. A. Watson's B. Pavlov's C. James's D. Woodworth's ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Clark Leonard Hull
29. In his hypothetic-deductive theory, Hull conceived of a process in which a(n): A. set of postulates are created from which empirical relationships are predicted B. small segment of behavior such as a reflex or a habit s isolated for study C. pattern of stimuli is experienced along with a response such that the two become associated D. organism learns to make a response that is instrumental in producing reinforcement ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Clark Leonard Hull
30. The cornerstone of Guthrie's theory of learning was the law of: A. frequency B. similarity C. contiguity D. contrast ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Edwin R. Guthrie
31. Because he believed learning occurs in one trial, ____ rejected the law of frequency in his explanation of learning. A. Pavlov B. Hull C. Watson D. Guthrie ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Edwin R. Guthrie
32. According to Guthrie, the association between stimuli and a(n) ____ is formed in one-trial. A. act B. movement C. skill D. habit ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Edwin R. Guthrie
33. According to Guthrie, practice improves the performance of a skill because it: A. allows many specific S-R associations to be formed B. allows insight to be gained C. allows a cognitive map to be formed D. strengthens the responses that lead to drive reduction ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Edwin R. Guthrie
34. Which of the following best describes Guthrie's view of "reinforcement"? A. a mechanical arrangement that prevents unlearning B. drive reduction C. a satisfying state of affairs D. the confirmation of an expectancy ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Edwin R. Guthrie
35. What was Guthrie's one rule for breaking undesirable habits? A. Punish the behavior. B. Reinforce the opposite of that behavior. C. Ignore the behavior D. Observe the stimuli that elicit the behavior and perform another act in the presence of those stimuli. ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Edwin R. Guthrie
36. According to Guthrie, the effectiveness of punishment is determined by: A. what it causes an organism to do in the presence of stimuli that elicit undesirable behavior B. the amount of pain it causes C. whether or not the organism understands the relationship between its behavior and the punishment D. the consistency with which the punishment is employed ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Edwin R. Guthrie
37. For Skinner, "mental events" are: A. certain bodily processes to which we have assigned verbal labels B. important determinants of behavior C. nonphysical entities D. modified by reinforcement contingencies just like physical events were ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: B. F. Skinner
38. Concerning the mind-body problem, Skinner was a(n): A. epiphenomenalist B. interactionist C. occasionalist D. physical monist ANS: D
DIF: application
REF: B. F. Skinner
39. Whereas Watson modeled his psychology after ____, Skinner modeled his after ____. A. the Russian physiologists; Thorndike B. Thorndike; the Russian physiologists C. the Russian physiologists; James D. James; the Russian physiologists ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: B. F. Skinner
40. For Skinner, behavior elicited by a known stimulus is called ____ behavior, and behavior that was simply emitted by an organism is called ____ behavior. A. respondent; operant B. respondent; selected C. operant; respondent D. reflexive; operant ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: B. F. Skinner
41. Skinner's basic methodology was to allow an animal to respond freely in an experimental chamber and note the effect of ____ on ____. A. stimuli; behavior B. reinforcement; type of response chosen C. reinforcement; stimulus presentation D. reinforcement; response rate ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: B. F. Skinner
42. For Skinner, the environment is important because it: A. elicits behavior B. selects behavior through reinforcement contingencies C. provides the organism with the opportunity to test its expectancies D. allows the organism to develop a cognitive map ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: B. F. Skinner
43. According to Skinner, a reinforcer is anything that: A. reduces a biological drive B. confirms an organism's expectancies C. provides the organism with useful information D. changes the rate with which a response is made ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: B. F. Skinner
44. According to Skinner, punishment is widely used in efforts to modify behavior because it: A. is the most effective method available B. is reinforcing to the punisher C. weakens undesirable behavior just as reinforcement strengthens desirable behavior D. has the advantage of increasing stress tolerance in those who are punished ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: B. F. Skinner
45. According to Skinner, the best way to deal with and decrease undesirable behavior is to: A. ignore it and thus put the behavior on extinction B. punish it C. reinforce it D. explain to the perpetrator why his or her behavior is undesirable ANS: A
DIF: application
REF: B. F. Skinner
46. Skinner was content to manipulate environmental events (such as reinforcement contingencies) and note the effects of these manipulations on behavior. What is this called? A. functional behaviorism B. radical behaviorism C. descriptive behaviorism D. logical behaviorism ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: B. F. Skinner
47. In all of the applications of Skinnerian principles, which of the following general rules is always the same? A. Change subjective reality and you change behavior. B. Change expectancies and you change behavior. C. Change reinforcement contingencies and you change behavior. D. Change patterns of stimulation and you change behavior. ANS: C
DIF: application
REF: B. F. Skinner
48. Masters and his colleagues argue that: A. institutions with token economies are natural B. institutions without token economies are natural C. any natural economy with a currency system is unnatural D. although token economies are natural, they are ineffective as a means of modifying behavior ANS: A
DIF: application
REF: B. F. Skinner
49. Which of the following have contemporary psychologists found to be true? A. Genetic influences can typically be ignored in the analysis of behavior. B. All responses made by organisms are equally modifiable. C. Logical positivism provides an excellent guide for productive research. D. Overt behavior can be, and should be, used to index cognitive events. ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: B. F. Skinner
50. The Skinnerian version of behavior therapy: A. has yet to be used effectively B. uses punishment extensively C. believes that behavior must be altered with pharmacological agents D. assumes that abnormal behavior is learned in the same way as any normal behavior ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: B. F. Skinner
Chapter 14: Gestalt Psychology
MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. For the Gestaltists, the proper subject matter for psychology is ____, or mental experience as it occurs to the naïve observer. A. operant behavior B. S-R associations C. mental elements D. phenomenological experience ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: The Founding of Gestalt Psychology
2. Those who take the molar approach to studying behavior and/or psychological phenomena are called: A. elementalists B. functional analysts C. materialists D. holists ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: The Founding of Gestalt Psychology
3. The Gestaltists are opposed to any type of: A. mentalism B. elementism C. introspection D. analysis ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: The Founding of Gestalt Psychology
4. Who believed that a search for a one-to-one correspondence between a sensory event and a mental event is doomed to failure? A. Skinner B. Hull C. Locke D. Gestaltists ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: The Founding of Gestalt Psychology
5. Mach demonstrated that: A. there is a one-to-one correspondence between an environmental stimulus and the mental event it creates B. perception is independent of any particular cluster of sensory elements C. psychology can never be a true science D. only overt behavior can be studied objectively ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Antecedents of Gestalt Psychology
6. Wertheimer was influenced by and took several courses from which of the following men? A. Mach B. Ehrenfels C. Wundt D. Stumpf ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: The Founding of Gestalt Psychology
7. Because of the influence of Carl Stumpf, ____ and Gestalt psychology have much in common. A. structuralism B. act psychology C. behaviorism D. evolutionary theory ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: The Founding of Gestalt Psychology
8. Gestalt psychology can be seen as an effort to model psychology after ____ instead of ____. A. evolutionary theory; Newtonian physics B. Newtonian physics; evolutionary theory C. Newtonian physics; field theory D. field theory; Newtonian physics ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: The Founding of Gestalt Psychology
9. Which of the following observations by Wertheimer launched the school of Gestalt psychology? A. Our perceptions are more than, or different from, the sensations that make them up. B. Humans are only quantitatively different from other animals. C. Objective reality and subjective reality are really the same thing. D. Introspection can be used to study the contents of the human mind. ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: The Founding of Gestalt Psychology
10. Wertheimer found that if the interval between light flashes is about ____ ms, it appears that one light is moving from one position to the other. A. 30 B. 40 C. 60 D. 200 ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Isomorphism and the Law of Prägnanz
11. The "phi phenomenon" investigated by Wertheimer was the observation of: A. simultaneous sounds as one B. different colors when observing a spinning series of lines C. apparent movement D. flashing lights as one light ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Isomorphism and the Law of Prägnanz
12. Who published the article, "Perception: An Introduction to Gestalt-Theorie," which led to many believing that Gestalt psychology was only about perception? A. Wertheimer B. Koffka C. Mach D. Köhler ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: The Founding of Gestalt Psychology
13. Wertheimer demonstrated that explanations of apparent movement based on learning were not plausible by showing that: A. very young children experience apparent movement B. the phi phenomenon occurs in two directions at the same time C. primitive humans who have never experienced real movement still experience apparent movement D. even nonhuman animals experience apparent movement ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Isomorphism and the Law of Prägnanz
14. In their explanation of apparent movement, Wundt and Helmholtz emphasized ____, though their descriptions were different. A. learning B. genetics C. innate ideas D. psychophysical isomorphism ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Isomorphism and the Law of Prägnanz
15. In the case of cognitive experience, the important point is that fields of brain activity ____ sensory data and give that data characteristics it otherwise would not possess. A. create B. synthesize C. transform D. destroy ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Isomorphism and the Law of Prägnanz
16. According to Köhler, patterns of brain activity and patterns of conscious experience are always structurally equivalent. This described the Gestalt concept of: A. the law of Prägnanz B. the constancy principle C. unconscious inference D. psychophysical isomorphism ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Isomorphism and the Law of Prägnanz
17. With their notion of psychophysical isomorphism, the Gestaltists opposed the: A. law of Prägnanz B. principle of inclusiveness C. constancy hypothesis D. principle of similarity ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Isomorphism and the Law of Prägnanz
18. The Gestaltists viewed the brain as A. a passive receiver of sensory information B. a storage center for memory C. a dynamic configuration of forces that transforms sensory information D. as processing information from the bottom up rather than top down ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Isomorphism and the Law of Prägnanz
19. For the Gestaltists, analysis of experience: A. proceeds from the parts (bottom) to the whole (top) B. is purely a physiological field analysis C. must be broken down into its component parts D. proceeds from the whole (top) to the parts (bottom) ANS: D
DIF: application
REF: Isomorphism and the Law of Prägnanz
20. The German word Prägnanz has no exact English counterpart but an approximation is A. essence B. best fit C. completion D. organized ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Isomorphism and the Law of Prägnanz
21. The ____ asserts that all cognitive experiences will tend to be as organized, symmetrical, simple, and regular as they can be, given the pattern of brain activity at any given moment. A. principle of inclusiveness B. law of Prägnanz C. constancy hypothesis D. principle of continuity ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Isomorphism and the Law of Prägnanz
22. According to the Gestaltists, what governs brain activity is: A. innate B. learned C. the invariant dynamics that govern all physical systems D. very much like the animal spirits described by Descartes ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Isomorphism and the Law of Prägnanz
23. We respond to objects as if they were the same, although the actual stimulation our senses receive may vary widely. What did Gestaltists call this? A. unconscious inference B. the constancy hypothesis C. the law of Prägnanz D. perceptual constancy ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Perception
24. Köhler said that the brightness constancy exists because: A. the ratio of the brightness of the figure to the brightness of the ground remains constant B. of the constancy hypothesis C. of learning D. of unconscious inference ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Perception
25. When stimuli are close together, they tend to be grouped together as a perceptual unit. This exemplifies the Gestalt principle of: A. continuity B. proximity C. similarity D. closure ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Perception
26. Camouflage utilizes the Gestalt principle of: A. continuity B. proximity C. closure D. inclusiveness ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Perception
27. Because of the principle of ____, incomplete figures are seen as complete. A. continuity B. inclusiveness C. closure D. proximity ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Perception
28. For Koffka, the ____ environment constituted the physical environment and the ____ environment constituted subjective reality. A. geographical; behavioral B. behavioral; geographical C. neurophysiological; behavioral D. transposed; geographical ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Perception
29. According to the Gestaltists, when an organism was confronted with a problem, a ____ was set up and continued until the problem was solved. A. cognitive map B. behavioral environment C. mental set D. cognitive disequilibrium ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: The Gestalt Explanation of Learning
30. Insightful learning occurs: A. when the things necessary for a problem's solution are present B. when incremental learning occurs C. when an organism weighs all the options for problem solving through experience D. after rote memorization has been successful ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: The Gestalt Explanation of Learning
31. Which of the following is a characteristic of insightful learning? A. The transition from presolution to solution is sudden and complete. B. The performance based on a solution is usually riddled with errors. C. A solution gained by insight is rarely retained for long periods of time. D. A principle gained by insight is not readily applied to other problems. ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: The Gestalt Explanation of Learning
32. According to the Gestaltists' idea of transposition, if an animal is trained to approach a medium gray card and to avoid a black card, and then is presented with a medium gray card along with a white one, the animal will tend to: A. approach the white card B. avoid both cards C. approach the medium gray card D. approach both cards about 50% of the time ANS: A
DIF: application
REF: The Gestalt Explanation of Learning
33. Gestalt psychology's version of the transfer of training was called: A. the identical-elements theory of transfer B. the law of Prägnanz C. transposition D. the constancy hypothesis ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: The Gestalt Explanation of Learning
34. The behavioristic explanation of transposition offered by Spence emphasized: A. the transferring of principles learned in one situation to other similar situations B. productive thinking C. the generalization of behavioral tendencies D. cognitive trial and error and insightful learning ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: The Gestalt Explanation of Learning
35. In his book Productive Thinking, Wertheimer stated that the type of learning that occurs when mental associations, memorization, drill, and external reinforcement are employed is: A. as important as any other type of learning B. insightful C. longer lasting than other types of learning D. trivial ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Productive Thinking
36. Koffka believed that each environmental event we experienced gave rise to specific activity in the brain that he called a ____; in addition, he called a remnant of this a ____. A. memory process; memory trace B. memory trace; memory process C. memory process; trace system D. memory engram; trace system ANS: A
DIF: application
REF: Productive Thinking
37. Like everything else they studied, the Gestaltists believed that memory was governed by: A. the law of Prägnanz B. psychological parallelism C. the constancy hypothesis D. the Zeignarnik effect ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Productive Thinking
38. Lewin distinguished between ____ explanation of natural events, which emphasized inner essences and categories, and ____ explanation of natural events, which emphasized external causation and dynamics of forces. A. Newton's; Einstein's B. Einstein's; Newton's C. Aristotle's; Galileo's D. Galileo's; Aristotle's ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Kurt Lewin's Field Theory
39. According to Lewin, ____ believed that uniqueness (individual differences) was a distortion caused by external forces interfering with an organism's natural growth tendencies. A. Galileo B. Aristotle C. Newton D. Einstein ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Kurt Lewin's Field Theory
40. According to Lewin, a psychological fact was: A. anything of which a person was aware at any given moment B. something that could be proven beyond any doubt C. nonexistent D. anything that existed in the geographical environment ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Kurt Lewin's Field Theory
41. According to Lewin, a person's ____ consisted of all of the influences acting upon him or her at a given time. A. apperceptive mass B. essence C. life space D. hodological space ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Kurt Lewin's Field Theory
42. Lewin's contention that only facts currently present on one's life space can influence a person's thinking and behavior is called: A. a psychological fact B. the principle of contemporaneity C. the principle of contiguity D. the Zeigarnik effect ANS: B
DIF: application
REF: Kurt Lewin's Field Theory
43. Lewin believed that a person's life space consisted of: A. facts drawn from others B. interpersonal facts C. sociobiological facts D. both objectively real facts and imagined facts ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Kurt Lewin's Field Theory
44. What term did Lewin use for intentions as wanting a car, wanting to go to college, or wanting to go to a party? A. achievement needs B. self-esteem needs C. Zeigarnik needs D. both psychological needs and quasi-needs ANS: D
DIF: application
REF: Kurt Lewin's Field Theory
45. According to the Zeigarnik effect, when subjects are allowed to complete some tasks but not others, ____. A. the completed tasks are remembered better than the uncompleted tasks B. the uncompleted tasks are remembered better than the completed tasks C. neither completed not uncompleted tasks are remembered very well D. complete and uncompleted tasks are remembered equally well ANS: B
DIF: application
REF: Kurt Lewin's Field Theory
46. When one has mixed feelings about one goal, what type of conflict is this? A. approach−approach conflict B. avoidance−avoidance conflict C. double approach−avoidance conflict D. approach−avoidance conflict ANS: D
DIF: application
REF: Kurt Lewin's Field Theory
47. Which type of conflict is most difficult to resolve? A. approach−approach B. avoidance−avoidance C. approach−avoidance D. double approach−approach ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Kurt Lewin's Field Theory
48. In their research on group dynamics, Lewin, Lippitt, and White found the ____ group to be highly aggressive. A. democratic B. authoritarian C. laissez-faire D. largest ANS: B
DIF: application
REF: Kurt Lewin's Field Theory
49. In their research on group dynamics Lewin, Lippitt, and White found the ____ group to be highly productive and friendly. A. laissez-faire B. authoritarian C. democratic D. smallest ANS: C
DIF: application
REF: Kurt Lewin's Field Theory
50. Which of the following was considered a positive contribution of Gestalt psychology? A. It moved psychology closer to elementism. B. It demonstrated the organizational nature of perception. C. It demonstrated that introspection could not be used if psychology was to become an objective science. D. It demonstrated the importance of evolution to psychological development. ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: The Impact of Gestalt Psychology
Chapter 15: Early Considerations of Mental Illness
MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Mental illness, as we now refer to it, has been described in various ways historically. What is one term that was used in earlier times to refer to this condition? A. psychopathology B. lunatic C. abnormal behavior D. Ptolemic ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: What is Mental Illness?
2. Through the centuries, mental illness has always been defined: A. relative to the experiences of an average person B. as a disease C. by trained professionals D. as criminal behavior ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: What is Mental Illness?
3. The ____ model of mental illness assumes that abnormal behavior is caused by such things as grief, conflict, and frustration. A. psychological B. supernatural C. medical D. environmental ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: What is Mental Illness?
4. The ____ model of mental illness assumes that all disease is the result of the malfunctioning of some aspect of the body, mainly the brain. A. psychological B. supernatural C. medical D. sympathetic ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: What is Mental Illness?
5. Which of the following has been a common element found in all forms of psychotherapy through the centuries? A. psychopharmacological intervention B. talk therapy C. trepanation D. some form of ritual ANS: D DIF: factual REF: Early Approaches to the Treatment of Mental Illness
6. The 18th century belief that mental illness was punishment for a sinful life was called: A. natural law B. sympathetic magic C. trepanation D. the supernatural model of mental illness ANS: A DIF: factual REF: Early Approaches to the Treatment of Mental Illness 7. What type of magic was based on the principle of contiguity? A. black B. homeopathic C. contagious D. white ANS: C DIF: factual REF: Early Approaches to the Treatment of Mental Illness 8. As discussed in the text, there are two types of sympathetic magic. ____ is based on the principle of similarity, while ____ is based on the principle of contiguity. A. Contagious; homeopathic B. Unsympathetic; neosympathetic C. Homeopathic; contagious D. Sympathetic; homeopathic ANS: C DIF: conceptual REF: Early Approaches to the Treatment of Mental Illness 9. What type of magic was based upon the principle of similarity? A. black B. homeopathic C. contagious D. white ANS: B DIF: factual REF: Early Approaches to the Treatment of Mental Illness 10. What is the procedure of chipping a hole in the skull to allow evil spirits to escape? A. trepanation B. incantation C. spiritual ventilation D. spirit letting ANS: A DIF: factual REF: Early Approaches to the Treatment of Mental Illness 11. Primitive man viewed illness as a result of evil forces or spirits entering the body. This led to attempts to rid the body of those spirits or evil forces by various means including: A. trepanation and bleeding the patient B. transubstantiation and bleeding the patient C. trepanation and solitary confinement D. transubstantiation and solitary confinement ANS: A DIF: factual REF: Early Approaches to the Treatment of Mental Illness
12. For the Hippocratics, physical health was determined by ____ and mental health was determined by ____. A. the condition of the brain; the condition of the four humors of the body B. the condition of the four humors of the body; the condition of the brain C. homeopathic magic; contagious magic D. contagious magic; homeopathic magic ANS: B DIF: conceptual REF: Early Approaches to the Treatment of Mental Illness 13. The Hippocratics believed that hysteria afflicted only: A. women B. men C. children D. the mentally ill ANS: A DIF: factual REF: Early Approaches to the Treatment of Mental Illness 14. Which of the following is true of the Hippocratics? A. They encouraged the naturalistic treatment of physical illness but not mental illness. B. They encouraged the naturalistic treatment of mental illness but not physical illness. C. They encouraged the naturalistic treatment of both physical and mental illness. D. They encouraged the naturalistic treatment of neither physical nor mental illness. ANS: C DIF: conceptual REF: Early Approaches to the Treatment of Mental Illness 15. Hippocrates used which of the following treatments? A. psychoanalysis B. bloodletting C. proper diet D. trepanation ANS: C DIF: factual REF: Early Approaches to the Treatment of Mental Illness 16. The naturalistic and humane treatment of patients that was inspired by Hippocrates and Galen lasted until the: A. Renaissance B. collapse of the Roman Empire C. Reformation D. present time ANS: B DIF: factual REF: Early Approaches to the Treatment of Mental Illness 17. During the Renaissance, abnormal behavior was generally taken as a sign of: A. sinfulness and witchcraft B. poor hygiene and infectious disease C. the emergence of a prophet or oracle D. troubled upbringing and low intelligence ANS: A DIF: factual REF: Early Approaches to the Treatment of Mental Illness
18. Translated from its Latin title, what book became the official manual of the Inquisition? A. The Deception of Demons B. The Witches’ Hammer C. Discovery of Witchcraft D. Philosophy of Madness ANS: B DIF: factual REF: Early Approaches to the Treatment of Mental Illness 19. Who noted the effectiveness of herbal remedies in treating mental and physical disorders and claimed that health resulted when people were in harmony with the "universal spirit"? A. Paracelsus B. Agrippa C. Weyer D. Plater ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Improvement in the Treatment of Mental Illness
20. Who wrote a step-by-step rebuttal of the Malleus Maleficarum (The Witches' Hammer) and referred to witch burning as "Godlessness"? A. Paracelsus B. Agrippa C. Weyer D. Plater ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Improvement in the Treatment of Mental Illness
21. Who was the first physician to argue against labeling individuals as witches? A. Paracelsus B. Agrippa C. Weyer D. Pinel ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Improvement in the Treatment of Mental Illness
22. Until the end of the 18th century, the most common way of treating mental and physical disorders was: A. burning at the stake B. bloodletting C. praying D. fresh air and a balanced diet ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Improvement in the Treatment of Mental Illness
23. As a treatment for the mentally ill, Pinel approved of ____ and argued effectively against the use of ____. A. bloodletting; the use of punishment and exorcism B. mild punishment; physical abuse C. whirling in a chair; harsh punishment D. bathing and mild purgatives; the use of punishment and exorcism ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Improvement in the Treatment of Mental Illness
24. The York Retreat was founded by ____; it provided freedom, respect, and medical treatment for the mentally ill and became a model for mental health institutions throughout the world. A. Dix B. Pinel C. Tuke D. Chiarugi ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Improvement in the Treatment of Mental Illness
25. Who, even before Pinel, argued that the mentally ill should be spared physical restraint and harsh treatment? A. Chiarugi B. Tuke C. Dix D. Rush ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Improvement in the Treatment of Mental Illness
26. Benjamin Rush argued that: A. prisoners were beyond reform B. unwed women were highly prone to hysteria C. people with mental illness should experience fresh air D. bloodletting was inhumane ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Improvement in the Treatment of Mental Illness
27. In the United States, who visited 18 states within a three-year period, bringing about institutional reforms in most of those states? A. Pinel B. Rush C. Tuke D. Dix ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Improvement in the Treatment of Mental Illness
28. The work of several individuals contributed to the improvement of physical surroundings and maintenance of the mentally ill. However, treatment was still lacking. Alexander and Selesnick suggested reasons for this poor treatment, such as: A. the belief that mental illness is linked with amoral behavior B. fear of the mentally ill C. lack of public interest in the plight of the mentally ill D. suspicion of the communicability of mental illness ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Improvement in the Treatment of Mental Illness
29. Kraepelin's catalog of mental illnesses: A. brought order to an otherwise chaotic mass of clinical observations B. encouraged the treating of labels rather than individual patients C. gave support to the psychological model of mental illness D. is the predecessor to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Improvement in the Treatment of Mental Illness
30. Kraepelin originally called which of the following mental illnesses dementia praecox? A. Alzheimer's disease B. hysteria C. depression D. schizophrenia ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Improvement in the Treatment of Mental Illness
31. Who was one of the first to systematically study the effects of drugs on various cognitive and behavioral functions? A. Witmer B. Wundt C. Kraepelin D. Hippocrates ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Improvement in the Treatment of Mental Illness
32. Witmer is credited with which of the following? A. Creating psychoanalysis B. Founding the profession of neurobiology C. Providing the first comprehensive catalog of mental illnesses D. Demonstrating how the principles from scientific psychology can help troubled individuals ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Improvement in the Treatment of Mental Illness
33. The training that Witmer envisioned for clinical psychology was most compatible with the education leading to which of the following degrees? A. Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD) B. Doctor of Psychology degree (PsyD) C. Master of Arts degree (MA) D. Master of Science degree (MS) ANS: A
DIF: application
REF: Improvement in the Treatment of Mental Illness
34. The widespread acceptance of the medical model of mental illness in modern times resulted in: A. accepting the enigmatic nature of mental illness B. discouraging a search for psychological causes of mental illness C. explaining mental illness in terms of a person's conflicts, frustrations, and emotional disturbances D. analyzing how environmental factors impact psychological well-being ANS: B DIF: conceptual REF: Tensions Between Psychological and Medical Models 35. According to Szasz, the typical diagnosis of mental illness most often reflects a(n) ____. A. a social judgment B. a medical judgment C. a neurobiological issue D. an physiological issue ANS: A DIF: application REF: Tensions Between Psychological and Medical Models
36. According to Szasz, psychiatry can be a worthy profession if it: A. attempts to cure patients of mental illness B. accepts the medical model of mental illness C. helps clients better understand themselves, others, and life D. recognizes that mentally ill people must be segregated from other members of society ANS: C DIF: application REF: Tensions Between Psychological and Medical Models 37. Which of the following is true of Franz Mesmer? A. He dispelled the belief in animal magnetism. B. He believed that redistributing a person’s magnetic force field could restore one’s health. C. He proclaimed the use of exorcism as the only way to restore normal behavior. D. He uncovered fraudulent “natural healers.” ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: The Use of Hypnotism
38. The fact that many people who will not respond to suggestion when alone with a physician will do so in a group is called: A. the Zeigarnik effect B. mesmerism C. the contagion effect D. animal magnetism ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: The Use of Hypnotism
39. What was the outcome of Mesmer's proposal that 10 of his patients be treated by him and 10 be treated by members of the French Academy of Medicine, and then the results compared? A. Mesmer's treatment was far more effective. B. the treatment of the French Academy members was much more effective. C. the treatments of Mesmer and of the medical doctors were equally effective. D. Mesmer's proposal was rejected. ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: The Use of Hypnotism
40. After Mesmer sank into obscurity as a result of a commission's findings about his practices, which of the following men gave well-received lectures on animal magnetism in the United States? A. Poyen B. Gassner C. Hell D. Puységur ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: The Use of Hypnotism
41. While studying artificial somnambulism, Puységur discovered the phenomenon later called: A. the contagion effect and animal magnetism B. posthypnotic suggestion and animal magnetism C. the contagion effect and posthypnotic amnesia D. posthypnotic suggestion and posthypnotic amnesia ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: The Use of Hypnotism
42. Posthypnotic suggestion is: A. where an individual is told to perform some act while in a hypnotic trance and then they actually perform the act after being aroused from the trance B. where individuals cannot remember what occurred while in a hypnotic trance C. where patients do not respond when alone with a physician, but only in the presence of others D. a situation in which an individual is told to perform some act before being hypnotized ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: The Use of Hypnotism
43. Who made the phenomenon of neuro-hypnology (later shortened to "hypnosis") respectable within the medical community? A. Mesmer B. Esdaile C. Braid D. Elliotson ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: The Use of Hypnotism
44. The founder of the Nancy School of hypnosis was: A. Bernheim B. Charcot C. Braid D. Liébeault ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: The Use of Hypnotism
45. In Charcot's time, most physicians dismissed hysteria as malingering because: A. only women became hysteric B. it could be cured by hypnosis C. no organic cause could be found for its symptoms D. it appeared to be caused by unconscious thought processes ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: The Use of Hypnotism
46. Members of the Nancy School believed that hypnotizability was ____, whereas Charcot believed it to be ____. A. a sign of mental pathology; perfectly normal B. perfectly normal; a sign of mental pathology C. a sign of sexual conflict; the result of prolonged concentration D. the result of prolonged concentration; a sign of sexual conflict ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: The Use of Hypnotism
47. Which of the following was an accomplishment of Charcot? A. He described a disease of the motor neurons, which is still called Charcot's disease. B. He discovered the process of hypnosis, as it is known today. C. He discovered the genetic link to Huntington’s disease. D. He identified the symptoms of schizophrenia. ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: The Use of Hypnotism
48. Which of the following best describes Charcot's explanation of hysteria? A. All hysteric symptoms are caused by lesions in the brain. B. Hysteric symptoms occur only in patients who are hypnotized. C. Because there is no apparent biological basis for hysteria, it cannot be considered a real disease. D. Traumatic experience causes certain ideas to become dissociated from consciousness where they become strong enough to cause hysterical symptoms. ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: The Use of Hypnotism
49. According to Charcot, the sequence of events from trauma to pathogenic ideas, to physical symptoms can only occur in individuals who are: A. hypnotized B. inherently predisposed to hysteria C. below average in intelligence D. willing to cooperate with their physicians ANS: B
DIF: application
REF: The Use of Hypnotism
50. What important lesson did Freud learn from Charcot? A. Hypnotizability is a sign of mental pathology. B. Only something physical can influence something physical. C. Hysteria is best explained as malingering. D. Psychological disorders can cause physical problems. ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: The Use of Hypnotism
Chapter 16: Psychoanalysis
MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Who suggested a threshold above which an idea is conscious and below which an idea is unconscious, and proposed a conflict model of the mind according to which ideas struggle for conscious expression? A. Leibniz B. Herbart C. Schopenhauer D. Brentano ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Antecedents to the Development of Psychoanalysis
2. Who is credited as the first to discover the processes of sublimation, repression, and resistance? A. Herbart B. Leibniz C. Schopenhauer D. Freud ANS: C NOT: revised
DIF: factual
REF: Antecedents to the Development of Psychoanalysis
3. According to the text, Freud's most original contribution to psychology was the: A. concept of infantile sexuality B. analysis of dreams C. concept of the unconscious mind D. synthesizing of many known facts into a comprehensive theory of personality ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Antecedents to the Development of Psychoanalysis
4. During his early career, Freud first made a name for himself as a: A. pharmacist B. clinical psychologist C. physicist D. neuroanatomist ANS: D NOT: new
DIF: factual
REF: Sigmund Freud
5. Breuer observed that every time he traced a symptom to its origin, it was usually a traumatic experience that caused physical symptoms. These are known as ____ ideas. A. pathogenic B. apperceptive C. complex D. cathartic ANS: A DIF: factual REF: Early Influences on the Development of Psychoanalysis
6. Because Breuer found that Anna O.'s condition improved following the emotional release that came from expressing a pathogenic idea, his treatment is called: A. countertransference B. the cathartic method C. transference D. nondirective ANS: B DIF: factual REF: Early Influences on the Development of Psychoanalysis 7. If during psychoanalysis, the therapist develops strong emotional feelings toward the patient, ____ has occurred. A. resistance B. transference C. countertransference D. anticathexis ANS: C DIF: factual REF: Early Influences on the Development of Psychoanalysis 8. When a patient expresses emotions toward the therapist that once were expressed toward another person, this is called ____. A. resistance B. transference C. countertransference D. anticathexis ANS: B DIF: factual REF: Early Influences on the Development of Psychoanalysis 9. While in psychoanalysis, the patient stops short of realizing the crucial event. This is called: A. transference B. catharsis C. psuedomemory D. resistance ANS: D DIF: factual REF: Early Influences on the Development of Psychoanalysis 10. At one point, Freud believed that adult hysteria was the result of an actual sexual incident that occurred in the life of the patient. This was called the: A. seduction theory B. theory of catharsis C. theory of countertransference D. Oedipus complex ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Project for a Scientific Psychology
11. According to Masson, Freud's major mistake was concluding that: A. the childhood seductions reported to him by his patients were real rather than imagined B. the childhood seductions reported to him by his patients were imagined rather then real C. childhood experiences had no effect on adult personality D. the medical model was better able to explain human personality than the psychological model ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Freud's Fate
12. According to Freud, both hysterical symptoms and dreams could be: A. viewed as symbolic manifestations of repressed traumatic thoughts B. discarded during the therapeutic process C. taken at face value without needing to know what they symbolized D. analyzed quite simply even by individuals with minimal professional training ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Project for a Scientific Psychology
13. According to Freud, what a dream appears to be about is its ____ content and what it is really about is its ____ content. A. manifest; latent B. latent; manifest C. primary; secondary D. pleasurable; reality ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Project for a Scientific Psychology
14. Freud concluded that every dream is a ____, meaning a symbolic expression of a desire that the dreamer could not express directly without experiencing anxiety. A. transference B. cathexis C. wish fulfillment D. anticathexis ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Project for a Scientific Psychology
15. In dream analysis, displacement is when: A. we dream of something symbolically similar to an anxiety-provoking event B. one element of a dream symbolizes several things in waking life C. we substitute our real desires for imagined ones D. we forget our dreams after we awaken ANS: A NOT: revised
DIF: factual
REF: Project for a Scientific Psychology
16. Freud originally concluded that young boys tend to love their mothers and hate their fathers. This was called: A. the Oedipus complex B. psuedoaffection C. parapraxal complex D. cathartic complex ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Project for a Scientific Psychology
17. In Psychopathology of Everyday Life, Freud refers to minor errors in everyday living such as slips of the tongue, forgetting things, and small accidents. These are called: A. parapraxes B. overdeterminations C. wish fulfillments D. thanates ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
18. If a phenomenon has two or more causes it is said to be ____, a very important concept in Freudian theory. A. free B. complex C. overdetermined D. abnormal ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
19. According to Freud, the ____ contains all instincts and is the driving force of personality. A. id B. ego C. superego D. preconscious ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: A Review of Freud's Theory of Personality
20. The collective energy associated with the instincts in the id is called the ____ and accounts for most human behavior. A. reflex action B. primary process C. libido D. eros ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: A Review of Freud's Theory of Personality
21. The job of the ____ is to match the wishes of the id with their counterparts in the physical environment. A. superego B. ego C. ego-ideal D. conscience ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: A Review of Freud's Theory of Personality
22. The ego is governed by the ____ principle. A. pleasure B. reality C. primary D. Oedipal ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: A Review of Freud's Theory of Personality
23. ____ anxiety arises when the ego anticipates that it will be overwhelmed by the id. A. Objective B. Neurotic C. Moral D. Existential ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: A Review of Freud's Theory of Personality
24. What is the fundamental ego defense mechanism because it is involved in all of the other defense mechanisms? A. Sublimation B. Projection C. Identification D. Repression ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: A Review of Freud's Theory of Personality
25. Freud considered such things as poetry, art, religion, and baseball to be examples of: A. rationalization B. projection C. sublimation D. reaction formation ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: A Review of Freud's Theory of Personality
26. By using the ego defense mechanism of ____, one sees the causes of failure and undesirable urges as "out there" instead of in one's self. A. sublimation B. projection C. rationalization D. identification ANS: B
DIF: application
REF: A Review of Freud's Theory of Personality
27. A male is disturbed by his homosexual urges, and decides to have numerous sexual encounters with women. According to Freud, this exemplifies: A. projection B. displacement C. reaction formation D. rationalization ANS: C
DIF: application
REF: A Review of Freud's Theory of Personality
28. An ____ character tends to be generous, messy, or wasteful, while an ____ character tends to be stingy, orderly, and perhaps perfectionistic. A. oral-incorporative; oral-sadistic B. oral-sadistic; oral-incorporative C. anal-expulsive; anal-retentive D. anal-retentive; anal-expulsive ANS: C
DIF: application
REF: A Review of Freud's Theory of Personality
29. Which of the following best describes Elizabeth Loftus's position concerning repressed memories? A. They exist more in the minds of psychotherapists than in the minds of patients. B. Males tend to repress memories of childhood sexual abuse more than females. C. Females tend to repress memories of childhood memories of sexual abuse more than males. D. Recovering repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse should be the single most important goal of psychotherapy. ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Freud's Fate
30. Anna Freud not only perpetuated her father's ideas, she extended them into new areas such as: A. child analysis B. marriage counseling C. confidence building D. the treatment of depression ANS: A NOT: revised
DIF: factual
REF: Beyond Freud
31. According to Melanie Klein, notions of good and bad, and right and wrong, come from: A. an infant's interactions with his or her mother's breast during the oral stage B. a child's religious training C. the modeling experiences provided by a child's parents D. the internalization of parental values during the phallic stage of development ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Beyond Freud
32. Melanie Klein believed that children as young as two years of age could be psychoanalyzed by examining their: A. dreams B. free associations C. play activities D. parents ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Beyond Freud
33. Anna Freud believed that the superego develops in the ____ stage, while Klein believed it develops in the ____ stage. A. oral; phallic B. phallic; oral C. oral; anal D. phallic; phallic ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Beyond Freud
34. Sigmund Freud viewed the ego defenses as obstacles to the understanding of the unconscious; Anna Freud viewed them ____. A. as having independent importance B. in the same way C. as offering no help in understanding abnormal behavior D. as a window into the unconscious ANS: A NOT: revised
DIF: factual
REF: Beyond Freud
35. According to Anna Freud, when a person adopts the values of a feared person, it is called: A. altruistic surrender B. synchronicity C. identification with the aggressor D. displacement of the ego ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Beyond Freud
36. The major source of difficulty between Jung and Freud was their differing views of the libido. Freud saw the libido as ____,while Jung saw the libidinal energy as ____. A. sexual energy; cathartic energy B. sexual energy; a creative life force C. creative life force; sexual energy D. aggressive energy; growth energy ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Beyond Freud
37. According to Jung, the ____ was the deepest and most powerful component of the personality. A. ego B. personal unconscious C. collective unconscious D. libido ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Beyond Freud
38. According to Jung, the ____ provided the feminine component of the male personality and a framework within which males can interact with females. A. persona B. anima C. animus D. shadow ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Beyond Freud
39. According to Jung, the ____ provided the masculine component of the female personality and a framework within which females can interact with males. A. persona B. anima C. animus D. shadow ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Beyond Freud
40. According to Jung, we project the ____ onto the world as such things as devils, demons, and monsters. A. persona B. anima C. animus D. shadow ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Beyond Freud
41. Jung referred to the harmonious blending of all aspects of the personality as: A. self-actualization B. nirvana C. a peak experience D. teleology ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Beyond Freud
42. The two major orientations or attitudes described by Jung are: A. animus and anima B. persona and shadow C. inferiority and superiority D. introversion and extroversion ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Beyond Freud
43. According to Jung's theory, meaningful coincidence means approximately the same as which of the following? A. individuation B. teleology C. synchronicity D. self-actualization ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Beyond Freud
44. For Jung, dream analysis: A. provides a window to the collective unconscious B. helps us understand the ego C. helps determine which aspects of the psyche were being adequately expressed and which were not D. provides a way to understand the interaction of the animus and the anima ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Beyond Freud
45. According to Jung, ____ is the process by which the various components of the personality are manifested within the context of a person's life. A. teleology B. displacement C. individuation D. thanatos ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Beyond Freud
46. Adler believed that through ____, a person could adjust to a weakness in one part of his or her body by developing strengths in other parts. A. displacement B. compensation C. overcompensation D. sublimation ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Beyond Freud
47. For Adler, feelings of inferiority can act either as ____ or as ____, depending on one's attitude toward them. A. a stimulus for positive growth; a stimulus for aggression B. a stimulus for positive growth; a disabling force C. a source of depression; a force for anger D. a source of disengagement; a source of humility ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Beyond Freud
48. According to Adler, which of the following describes the conceptual development of a child? A. lifestyle → guiding fictions → worldview B. guiding fictions → worldview → lifestyle C. lifestyle → worldview → guiding fictions D. worldview → guiding fictions → lifestyle ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Beyond Freud
49. According to Adler, for a lifestyle to be truly effective, it must contain considerable: A. overcompensation B. creativity C. social interest D. compensation ANS: C NOT: revised
DIF: factual
REF: Beyond Freud
50. According to Adler, traumatic experiences are: A. repressed B. interpreted in any way that suits a person's purposes C. nonexistent D. sought by healthy people so that they can grow from them ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Beyond Freud
51. Adler departed from Freudian theory with his concept of ____, in which he claimed that humans did not need to be victims of their past, their environment, or their biological inheritance. A. lifestyle B. social interest C. creative self D. overcompensation ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Beyond Freud
52. Of all human relationships, Horney believed the relationship between ____ to be the most important. A. brother and sister B. husband and wife C. friends D. parent and child ANS: D NOT: revised
DIF: factual
REF: Beyond Freud
53. The compliant type uses the major adjustment pattern of: A. overcompensation B. moving toward people C. moving against people D. moving away from people ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Beyond Freud
54. Horney believed that women often feel inferior to men because: A. women are physically inferior to men B. of penis envy C. women are culturally inferior to men D. anatomy is destiny ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Beyond Freud
Chapter 17: Humanistic (Third-Force) Psychology 1. According to the third-force psychologists, behaviorism neglected ____ and psychoanalysis focused on ____. A. rational thought; external forces B. moral consciousness; the role of memory C. the uniqueness of humans; the abnormal D. objective reality; subjective reality ANS: C NOT: new
DIF: conceptual
REF: The Mind, the Body, and the Spirit
2. Third-force psychology contrasts with most other types of psychology because: A. it assumes determinism in explaining behavior B. it assumes people are not free to choose their own type of existence C. it proposes that the most important cause of behavior is subjective reality D. it proposes that the most important cause of behavior is objective reality ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: The Mind, the Body, and the Spirit
3. In order for psychology to qualify as humanistic, it must: A. study things of concern to humans B. seek to improve the human condition C. emphasize the uniqueness of humans D. accept the continuity between human and nonhuman animals ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: The Mind, the Body, and the Spirit
4. In general, phenomenology refers to any methodology that studies: A. how to reduce conscious experience to its component parts B. conscious experience as it occurs without attempting to reduce it to its component parts C. how the human experience is linked to non-human animals D. the inheritance of human traits involved in determining behavior ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Antecedents of Third-Force Psychology
5. The contention that mental acts always refers to objects or events outside of themselves defines Brentano's concept of: A. phenomenology B. intentionality C. ontology D. pure phenomenology ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Antecedents of Third-Force Psychology
6. Of prime importance to Husserl was that phenomenology: A. not be used B. be equated with intentionality C. be free of any preconceptions D. be used to examine only the mind turned inward ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Antecedents of Third-Force Psychology
7. Husserl's ____ studied the processes of the mind independent of the physical world to discover the essence of conscious experience, or of the person turned inward. A. intentionality B. pure phenomenology C. ontology D. Dasein ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Antecedents of Third-Force Psychology
8. The goal of Husserl's pure phenomenology is to: A. study the mind turned outward B. catalog mental acts and processes of environmental interactions C. verify Brentano's concept of intentionality D. explore the meaning of human existence ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Antecedents of Third-Force Psychology
9. Husserl's phenomenology soon expanded into: A. humanism B. cognitive socialism C. existentialism D. analytic ontology ANS: C
DIF: application
REF: Antecedents of Third-Force Psychology
10. ____ is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of existence or being. A. Phenomenology B. Dasein C. Ontology D. Humanism ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Antecedents of Third-Force Psychology
11. Traditionally, the beginning of existential psychology is marked with the writings of: A. May and Husserl B. May and Nietzsche C. Kierkegaard and Husserl D. Kierkegaard and Nietzsche ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Existential Psychology
12. Heidegger used the term ____ to indicate that a person and the world were inseparable. A. thrownness B. Eigenwelt C. Mitwelt D. Dasein ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Existential Psychology
13. According to Heidegger, to live an authentic life, one must first: A. realize that one's life is finite B. recognize the continuity between humans and nonhuman animals C. realize that although the body dies, the soul continues to live D. be willing to accept the mores of one's society ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Existential Psychology
14. According to Heidegger, an inauthentic life results whenever one: A. gives up his or her freedom and lives according to the dictates of others B. does not accept traditional values C. refuses to affiliate himself or herself with an organized religion D. lives in accordance with deception and despair ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Existential Psychology
15. Heidegger believed that when individuals exercise their freedom, they experience ____, and if they do not, they experience ____. A. excitement; boredom B. guilt; anxiety C. anxiety; guilt D. neurotic anxiety; moral anxiety ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Existential Psychology
16. According to Heidegger, what goes hand in hand with freedom? A. anxiety and guilt B. anxiety and responsibility C. creativity and guilt D. creativity and responsibility ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Existential Psychology
17. Heidegger said we come into conditions of our lives over which we have no control, such as male or female, rich or poor, our nationality. This he called: A. frustration B. thrownness C. Dasein D. inauthenticity ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Existential Psychology
18. For Binswanger, the way an individual views and embraces the world and through which one lives one's life is called: A. world-design B. ground of existence C. thrownness D. being-beyond-the-world ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Existential Psychology
19. According to Binswanger, authentic individuals attempt to transform their circumstances by exercising their free will. He referred to this transformational process as: A. ground of existence B. thrownness C. being-beyond-the-world D. guilt-provoking ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Existential Psychology
20. Most existentialists accept Nietzsche's proclamation: A. truth is subjectivity B. an unexamined life is not worth living C. to be is to be perceived D. what does not kill me, makes me stronger ANS: D
DIF: application
REF: Existential Psychology
21. May refers to the fact that humans are both the objects and subjects of experience as the: A. existential conflict B. human dilemma C. source of all human problems D. mind-body problem ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Existential Psychology
22. May, like the other existentialists, believed that the most important fact about humans is that they are: A. in essence, animals B. plagued with guilt C. free D. moral ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Existential Psychology
23. According to May, exercising one's freedom means: A. building a foundation for success B. showing responsibility towards one’s community C. acting contrary to traditions, mores, or conventions D. experiencing guilt ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Existential Psychology
24. According to May, the person experiencing ____ conforms to tradition, religious dogma, the expectation of others, or anything else that reduces his or her need to make personal choices. A. neurotic anxiety B. normal anxiety C. thrownness D. Dasein ANS: A
DIF: application
REF: Existential Psychology
25. When a person accepts values dictated by society (not those personally attained) as their own, he or she is experiencing: A. the human dilemma B. a life of social meaning C. constructive alternativism D. self-alienation ANS: D
DIF: application
REF: Existential Psychology
26. According to May, ____ examines the stories by which people live and understand their lives and the effectiveness of those stories. A. role-play B. narrative therapy C. myths D. a construct system ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Existential Psychology
27. According to May, ____ is at the heart of many myths and of most great art and literature. A. the tension between free will and determinism B. the tension between individual and group needs C. the daimonic D. religion ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Existential Psychology
28. What did Kelly find to be effective in treating individuals with emotional problems? A. free association B. bringing previously repressed traumatic memories into consciousness C. anything that caused the clients to view themselves or their problems differently D. hypnosis ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Existential Psychology
29. According to Kelly, people are similar when they: A. construe the world in similar ways B. have had common experiences C. are raised in the same family D. are from the same culture ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Existential Psychology
30. Kelly believed that the major goal of scientists and nonscientists is the same, namely, to: A. be parsimonious B. reduce uncertainty C. define abstract concepts operationally D. follow the principle of falsifiability ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Existential Psychology
31. According to Kelly, the goal of psychotherapy is to help the client: A. overcome inhibitions B. experience unconditional positive regard C. get in touch with himself or herself D. view things differently ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Existential Psychology
32. Kelly called his approach to treatment: A. propositional therapy B. fixed-role therapy C. constructivistic therapy D. existential therapy ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Existential Psychology
33. Jean-Paul Sartre was most interested in: A. client-centered therapy B. having psychologists follow the scientific method C. the power we let others have over ourselves D. proving the existence of God ANS: C NOT: new
DIF: conceptual
REF: Existential Psychology
34. Albert Camus is often associated with the existential idea that to search for life’s pre-ordained purpose is futile. This concept is referred to as the: A. absurd C. Dasein B. daimonic D. human dilemma ANS: A NOT: new
DIF: factual
REF: Existential Psychology
35. Viktor E. Frankl, Karl Jaspers, and Medard Boss: A. popularized client-centered therapy B. used existentialism to understand human nature C. reconciled faith and science D. showed that effective living depends on effective myths ANS: B NOT: new
DIF: factual
REF: Existential Psychology
36. What did Martin Buber and Ernest Becker share in common with Rollo May? A. They simultaneously proposed the human dilemma B. They developed theories of self-alienation C. They were interested in myth and human convention D. They came up with alternative versions of narrative therapy ANS: C NOT: new
DIF: factual
REF: Existential Psychology
37. Which is a characteristic of a self-actualizing person? A. They do not let reality distort their perceptions. B. They have a high need for success. C. They have many friends and acquaintances. D. They are creative. ANS: D
DIF: application
REF: Humanistic Psychology
38. If a person is functioning at any level other than self-actualization, he or she is said to be: A. being motivated and working with need-directed perception B. being motivated and working with goal-oriented perception C. deficiency-motivated and working with need-directed perception D. deficiency-motivated and working with goal-oriented perception ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Humanistic Psychology
39. Toward the end of his life, Maslow began to develop ____ psychology that went beyond personal experience (mystical, ecstatic, spiritual aspects) and had much in common with non-Western psychologies, philosophies, and religions. A. transpersonal and humanistic B. transpersonal and fourth-force C. existential and humanistic D. existential and fourth-force ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Humanistic Psychology
40. According to Rogers, using the ____ as a guide for living one's life causes a person to approach and maintain experiences that are in accordance with the actualizing tendency but to terminate or avoid those that are not. A. need for positive regard B. dictates of society C. organismic valuing process D. values of one's parents ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Humanistic Psychology
41. According to Rogers, what is said to exist when the relevant people in a child's life give him or her love and acceptance under some circumstances but not under others (only if one acts or thinks in certain ways): A. conditions of worth B. the need for positive regard C. unconditional positive regard D. the organismic valuing process ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Humanistic Psychology
42. When conditions of worth replace the organismic valuing process as a guide for living, the person becomes: A. incongruent B. true to his or her own feelings C. fully functioning D. free from guilt and anxiety ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Humanistic Psychology
43. Rogers believed that any relationship conducive to personal growth must be characterized by which of the following? A. autonomy B. self-actualization C. conditions of worth D. empathic understanding ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Humanistic Psychology
44. Which of the following statements is accepted by both existential and humanistic psychology? A. Humans are victims of circumstance and are not fully responsible for their actions. B. Elementism of any type gives a distorted view of humans. C. Studying nonhuman animals provides a glimpse into the primal self. D. Humans are basically good and live in peace and harmony unless forced to do otherwise. ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Humanistic Psychology
45. Which of the following did Sartre mean by his statement, "Existence precedes essence"? A. At the core, humans are like other animals. B. Humans are created in God's image. C. Humans have no essence at birth and therefore, they become what they choose to be. D. Humans exist eternally in a cycle of rewards and consequences. ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Humanistic Psychology
46. According to Fromm, the first thing many individuals do when they discover their freedom is to: A. seek other free people B. attempt to free others C. escape from that freedom D. live authentic lives ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Humanistic Psychology
47. According to humanistic psychology, we have to ____ as a frame of reference in order to realize our actualizing tendency. A. understand where we came from B. use our own valuing process C. focus on our basic human drives D. abandon our sense of mortality ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Humanistic Psychology
48. Humanistic psychologists: A. reject the prediction and control of human behavior as psychology's goal B. see the methods of physical science as important for the study of humans C. believed that the poetic, romantic, and spiritual aspects of humans cannot be studied through objective science D. argue that understanding human behavior is an integral aspect of psychology ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Humanistic Psychology
49. Which of the following presents Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the proper order? A. safety → physiological → belonging and love → self-actualization → esteem B. physiological → belonging and love → safety → esteem → self-actualization C. safety → esteem → belonging and love → physiological → self-actualization D. physiological → safety → belonging and love → esteem → self-actualization ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Humanistic Psychology
50. The Jonah complex refers to the: A. fear of failure B. fear of one's own success C. human need to acquire information about oneself D. abnormal need for success ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Humanistic Psychology
Chapter 18: Psychobiology 1. The attempt to explain psychological phenomena in terms of their biological foundations is called: A. psychobiology B. connectionism C. cybernetics D. information theory ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Prologue
2. Lashley did pioneering ethological research with: A. Watson B. Lorenz C. Sperry D. Yerkes ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Karl S. Lashley
3. The professional relationship between Watson and Lashley was strained because: A. Watson was too obsessed with finding the neurophysiological correlates of learning B. Lashley's research did not support Watson's switchboard conception of the brain C. Watson was interested in the learning process and Lashley was not D. Lashley found Watson's Gestalt orientation intolerable ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Karl S. Lashley
4. Lashley: A. was an opponent of Gestalt psychology B. initially sought to support Watsonian behaviorism with neurophysiological evidence C. found the engram − neurophysiological locus of memory and learning D. disproved the concept of mass action ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Karl S. Lashley
5. Lashley's work: A. gradually showed that brain activity was like a complex switchboard B. gradually showed that brain activity was similar to the description of the Gestaltists C. finally led to the discovery of what he had been looking for − the engram D. was later supportive of Watsonian behaviorism ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Karl S. Lashley
6. Lashley's observation that any part of a functional area of the brain could perform the function associated with that area was called: A. mass action B. functionalism C. equipotentiality D. psychobiology ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Karl S. Lashley
7. The idea of mass action: A. maintains that biological preparedness facilitates learning B. characterizes the localized functions of the cortex as a switchboard C. supports the concept of the engram D. states that the amount of loss of ability is related to the amount of destruction in the cortex ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Karl S. Lashley
8. Lashley's search for the engram: A. ended with the identification of the locus of memory and learning B. was unsuccessful C. lead to the development of electrophysiology D. refuted the concept of equipotentiality ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Karl S. Lashley
9. Lashley's address to the International Congress of Psychology did much to further the acceptance of: A. Gestalt psychology B. Pavlov's localization of motor centers in the brain C. Watson's classical conditioning D. the search for the engram ANS: A
DIF: application
REF: Karl S. Lashley
10. According to Hebb, ____ allows neurons that are temporarily separated to become associated. A. mass action B. equipotentiality C. thinking D. reverberating neural activity ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Donald O. Hebb
11. According to Hebb, when a cell assembly fires, we experience a(n): A. thought of an environmental object B. stream of thought C. emotion complex D. personal insight ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Donald O. Hebb
12. According to Hebb, when a phase sequence fires, we experience a(n): A. random idea B. stream of thought C. general state of well-being D. mass action ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Donald O. Hebb
13. A phase sequence: A. is a group of cell assemblies that becomes neurologically interrelated B. can be fired by external, but not internal, stimulation C. equates to sensory information processing D. reflects recurring environmental events ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Donald O. Hebb
14. Hebb proposed that childhood learning is best explained: A. as a slow buildup of cell assemblies and phase sequences B. by insight and creativity C. by Gestaltist principles D. as the rearrangement of already existing cell assemblies and phase sequences ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Donald O. Hebb
15. Which of the following did Hebb accomplish? A. He characterized equipotentiality. B. He identified the existence of instinctual drift in many species. C. He linked the reticular activating system with cognitive and behavioral performance. D. He conducted research on hemispheric specialization with split-brain patients. ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Donald O. Hebb
16. Hebb's contention that neurons that are active together become associated was instrumental in the development of: A. connectionism B. behavioral genetics C. engram science D. sociobiology ANS: A
DIF: application
REF: Donald O. Hebb
17. Roger Sperry and his colleagues discovered that information could be transferred from one cerebral hemisphere to the other via the: A. corpus callosum and optic chiasm B. corpus callosum and amygdala C. hippocampus and optic chiasm D. hippocampus and optic amygdala ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Roger W. Sperry
18. A brain that is a split-brain preparation has had: A. its corpus callosum ablated B. its corpus callosum and optic chiasm ablated C. its frontal lobe separated from the rest of the brain D. its reticular formation removed ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Roger W. Sperry
19. Using the split-brain preparation, Sperry and his colleagues speculated that: A. the functions performed by the two cerebral hemispheres were the same B. there was hemispheric specialization in nonhuman animals but not in humans C. the functions performed by the two cerebral hemispheres were slightly different D. the functions performed by the two cerebral hemispheres were dramatically different ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Roger W. Sperry
20. According to Jerre Levy, which of the following is true? A. Some people with normal brains are left-brain dominated and others right-brain dominated. B. Educational practices can be designed that enhance either right-brain of left-brain performance. C. In normal people under normal circumstances, the functions of the left and right hemispheres of the brain are inseparable. D. Although a radical approach, split-brain preparations may benefit those with severe mental illness. ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Roger W. Sperry
21. Concerning the mind-body relationship, Sperry was a(n): A. interactionist B. epiphenomalist C. physical monist D. idealist ANS: A
DIF: application
REF: Roger W. Sperry
22. ____ focuses on a specific category of an animal's behavior in its natural habitat and attempts to explain that behavior in terms of evolutionary theory. A. Ethology B. Radical behaviorism C. Cognitive science D. Methodological behaviorism ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Evolutionary Approaches
23. Ethology was developed primarily by Von Frisch, Lorenz, and: A. Tinbergen B. Hebb C. Sperry D. Watson ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Evolutionary Approaches
24. The study of ____ is especially important to ethologists. A. the learning process B. species-specific behavior C. language D. cost-benefit analyses ANS: B
DIF: application
REF: Evolutionary Approaches
25. The main influence of evolutionary theory upon psychology came through: A. radical behaviorism B. sociobiology C. cognitive science D. research on instinctual drift ANS: B
DIF: application
REF: Evolutionary Approaches
26. Sociobiology attempts to explain complex social behavior in terms of ____ theory. A. learning B. psychoanalytical C. cognitive D. evolutionary ANS: D NOT: new
DIF: factual
REF: Evolutionary Approaches
27. The founder of sociobiology was: A. Barash B. Wilson C. Lorenz D. Buss ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Evolutionary Approaches
28. According to David Barash, humans possess an innate ____ that structures their social behavior. A. schema B. instinctual drift C. biogrammar D. engram ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Evolutionary Approaches
29. According to the sociobiologists, the strategy typically used by males to project copies of their genes into the next generation is ____, whereas for females, it is ____. A. promiscuity; the careful selection of an adequate mate B. the careful selection of an adequate mate; promiscuity C. to seek females with good resources with whom to reproduce; to seek males who are young and physically attractive D. to seek females with prominent family backgrounds with whom to reproduce; to seek selfish males ANS: A
DIF: application
REF: Evolutionary Approaches
30. According to the sociobiologists, the social behavior of any individual is determined by: A. inherited dispositions (biology) only B. culture only C. both inherited dispositions (biology) and culture D. neither inherited dispositions (biology) nor culture ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Evolutionary Approaches
31. In explanations of behavior, sociobiologists urge social scientists to avoid ____. A. biological distractors B. complex factors C. competing principles D. nothing-butism ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Evolutionary Approaches
32. “Nothing-butism” is the claim that behavior is: A. caused solely by biological factors B. caused solely by environmental factors C. caused only by biological factors or that it is caused only by environmental factors. D. caused by both biological and environmental factors in varying degrees ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Evolutionary Approaches
33. Edward Wilson describes the close relationship between culture and the satisfaction of biological needs with his: A. concept of biogrammar B. leash principle C. whisper principle D. concept of nothing butism ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Evolutionary Approaches
34. Barash wrote the book, The Whisperings Within. "Whisperings" refers to what? A. a hard-wired set of behaviors B. environmentally controlled behaviors C. predispositions to act in certain ways D. complex human social behaviors ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Evolutionary Approaches
35. The term sociobiology is often used interchangeably with the term: A. connectionism B. behavioral genetics C. evolutionary psychology D. ethology ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Evolutionary Approaches
36. According to Buss, the sociobiological fallacy refers to: A. the contention that we merely live to pass copies of our genes into the next generation B. the idea that behaviors were selected in our evolutionary past because they solved problems C. the application of Darwinian principles to human social behavior D. a behavioral tendency now exists because it contributed to the survival of a species ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Evolutionary Approaches
37. What is one of the criticisms of adaptationism? A. Factors other than adaptation can cause evolutionary change. B. A trait must be adaptive in the present environment because it was adaptive in past environments. C. A trait that evolved for a specific purpose in the past typically retains its native function. D. Traits that are passed down from generation to generation do not always support survival of the species. ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Evolutionary Approaches
38. The co-option of an original adaptation for a useful but unrelated function is called: A. a spandrel B. an extirpation C. an exaptation D. pseudoevolution ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Evolutionary Approaches
39. The Brelands referred to the interference or displacement of learned behavior by instinctive behavior as: A. response generalization B. the habit family hierarchy C. instinctual drift D. the leash principle ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Evolutionary Approaches
40. Which of the following statements is supported by the work of the Brelands? A. Animals bring no genetic predispositions with them to the learning experience. B. Genetic differences among various species of animals are unimportant. C. Any response that an animal is capable of making can be conditioned to any stimulus that the animal can detect. D. Animal behavior cannot be properly understood without a knowledge of the animal's instinctual tendencies. ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Evolutionary Approaches
41. Seligman has found that: A. for any given species of animal, some associations are easier to learn than others B. mass action accounts for learning C. an animal comes to the learning situation as a tabula rasa D. the heritability of the ability to learn is close to 0 ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Evolutionary Approaches
42. According to Seligman, ____ determines how easily an animal will learn an association. A. an association’s place on the preparedness continuum B. environmental factors independent of genetic predisposition C. the prior experience of the animal involved D. strength of the association ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Evolutionary Approaches
43. According to Bouchard, any similarities in intelligence or personality between twins separated at birth must be due to: A. culture and biological influences B. genetic influences C. learning D. nurture ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Evolutionary Approaches
44. Bouchard reasoned that if intelligence and personality are largely determined by experience (nurture) then: A. both fraternal and identical twins reared together would correlate highly on these traits B. both fraternal and identical twins reared apart would correlate highly on these traits C. fraternal twins, whether reared together or apart, should show modest correlations on these traits D. identical twins, whether reared together or apart, should show high correlations on these traits ANS: A
DIF: application
REF: Evolutionary Approaches
45. What indicates how much of the variation among measures (e.g., test scores) is attributed to genetic influences? A. Nurture B. Heritability C. The preparedness continuum D. The correlation coefficient (r) ANS: B
DIF: application
REF: Evolutionary Approaches
46. Bouchard estimated the heritability of intelligence to be about: A. .10 B. .50 C. .70 D. 1.00 ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Evolutionary Approaches
47. Bouchard reached which of the following conclusions? A. Nature and nurture interact to mold personality traits. B. People have similar personality traits to the extent that they are genetically related. C. People have similar personality traits to the extent that they have common experiences. D. The heritability of personality traits is close to 0. ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Evolutionary Approaches
48. Bouchard and his colleagues found that the most important determinant of a person's religious interests, attitudes, and values is: A. degree of education B. socioeconomic status C. genetics D. early childhood experience ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Evolutionary Approaches
49. Bouchard and his colleagues found the heritability for personality traits to be about ____ and for religious interest, attitudes, and values to be about ____. A. .70; .10 B. .10; .70 C. .80; .20 D. .50; .50 ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Evolutionary Approaches
50. Behavioral geneticists tend toward ____ because they believe that at least some thought processes or behavior patterns are strongly influenced by heredity. A. empiricism B. nativism C. dualism D. sensationalism ANS: B NOT: new
DIF: application
REF: Evolutionary Approaches
Chapter 19: Cognitive Psychology 1. Why is it inaccurate to say that psychology is becoming cognitively oriented? A. Radical behaviorism is as popular today as it has ever been. B. The most popular model of human behavior today is in fact the computer model. C. With only a few exceptions psychology has always been cognitively oriented. D. The study of cognitive processes has in fact been steadily losing popularity. ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Prologue
2. Who created the field of cybernetics? A. Norbert Wiener B. Claude Shannon C. George Miller D. Herbert Simon ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Early Influences
3. Cybernetics: A. is the study of methodological motivational systems in humans B. is the study of the structure and function of information-processing systems C. suggests that self-feedback is not possible for mechanical systems D. suggests that the study of goal-directed behavior must be subjective ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Early Influences
4. Who developed a cognitive development theory and is considered an even more prolific writer than Wundt? A. Bartlett B. Ebbinghaus C. Piaget D. Wiener ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Early Influences
5. Who created the field that came to be known as information theory? A. Norbert Wiener B. Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver C. Allen Newell and Herbert Simon D. Noam Chomsky ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Early Influences
6. Bartlett in his book, Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, demonstrated that: A. memory is greatly influenced by personal, cognitive themes and schemas B. memories of details remain relatively unchanged throughout one’s lifetime C. information is stored in a serial fashion D. memory is greatly influenced by laws of association ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Early Influences
7. Jean Piaget’s major contribution to the field of psychology was: A. creating the foundations for neural networks B. creating a cognitive revolution through psycholinguistics C. suggesting that computer programs can simulate but not duplicate human thought D. characterizing the evolution of schemata during maturation and through experience ANS: D NOT: new
DIF: factual
REF: Early Influences
8. What field is most interested in the transformation that information undergoes as it enters a communication system, as it operates within the system, and as it leaves the system? A. Cybernetics B. Artificial intelligence C. Information theory D. Theory of cognitive dissonance ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Early Influences
9. According to Miller, the magical number for humans' capacity to process information is: A. five +/- two B. seven +/- two C. nine +/- two D. eleven +/- two ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Developments Around the 1950s
10. Chomsky radically changed the course of psychology by showing that: A. language acquisition cannot be explained using operant principles B. learned behavior is eventually displaced by instinctual behavior C. some associations are more easily learned than others D. language is explained in the same way as any other form of learned behavior ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Developments Around the 1950s
11. Chomsky's explanation of language is basically: A. empiricistic B. nativistic C. associationistic D. mechanistic ANS: B
DIF: application
REF: Developments Around the 1950s
12. Cognitive dissonance exists when a person: A. has incompatible ideas that motivates him or her to change beliefs or behavior B. has compatible ideas that motivates him/her to change beliefs or behavior C. is motivated by introspection to change their thinking about something D. is trying to stop engaging in behavior that is destructive ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Developments Around the 1950s
13. In the 1930's and 1940's, Hull and Tolman postulated intervening variables. For Hull, these variables were ____; for Tolman, they were ____. A. mainly cognitive; also mainly cognitive B. mainly physiological; mainly affective C. mainly physiological; mainly cognitive D. mainly affective; mainly cognitive ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Developments Around the 1950s
14. Whose name is correctly associated with the theory of cognitive dissonance? A. Jerome Bruner B. George Miller C. Howard Kendler D. Leon Festinger ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Developments Around the 1950s
15. According to the text, Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory can be considered a direct descendent of ____ theory. A. Ebbinghaus's B. Piaget's C. Hebb's D. Tolman's ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: A Cognitive Revolution
16. Who founded the Center for Cognitive Studies at Harvard in 1960? A. Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver B. George Miller and Jerome Bruner C. Allen Newell and Herbert Simon D. Tracy Kendler and Howard Kendler ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: A Cognitive Revolution
17. In 1960, Donald Hebb referred to the American revolution in psychology. According to Hebb, only one phase of the American revolution in psychology had taken place at that time: A. the behavioristic movement B. the cognitive movement C. the psychobiological movement D. the psychoanalytical movement ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: A Cognitive Revolution
18. According to Hebb, the second phase of the American revolution in psychology would consist of: A. exclusively studying overt behavior B. developing third-force or humanistic psychology C. using scientific rigor to study cognitive processes D. synthesizing behaviorism and psychoanalysis ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: A Cognitive Revolution
19. Hebb's preferred approach to studying cognitive processes was to speculate about: A. neural networks B. computer modeling C. their implications on behavior D. their biological foundations ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: A Cognitive Revolution
20. The field of artificial intelligence (AI) investigates: A. the extent to which machines can replicate the mental powers of humans B. how humans can increase their mental capacities by learning from machines C. the usefulness of machines in molding the behavior of humans D. how we can understand human behavior via the machine model ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Artificial Intelligence
21. According to the Turing test: A. when a human can solve a computational problem as well as a computer, the human can be considered intelligent B. if an observer cannot differentiate between the answers to questions given by a human and those given by a computer, the computer can be said to think C. a computer must score at least 100 on an IQ test in order to be considered intelligent D. it must be demonstrated that a computer understands what it is doing before it can be said to think ANS: B
DIF: application
REF: Artificial Intelligence
22. Searle concluded which of the following? A. Computers have semantics but not syntax. B. Computers display intentionality. C. Computers cannot simulate human cognitive abilities. D. A computer can pass the Turing test without being able to think. ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Artificial Intelligence
23. Who would be most likely to view artificial intelligence (AI) as potentially useful in an effort to understand humans? A. methodological behaviorists B. humanistic psychologists C. radical behaviorists D. materialists ANS: A
DIF: application
REF: Artificial Intelligence
24. The founder of artificial intelligence was: A. Turing B. Hebb C. Searle D. Fetzer ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Artificial Intelligence
25. Developments in cybernetics, information theory, and computer technology combined to form the field of : A. information processing psychology B. biocognitive science C. artificial intelligence (AI) D. analytical connectionism ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Artificial Intelligence
26. According to the text, information-processing psychology follows in the tradition of: A. empiricism B. rationalism C. romanticism D. associationism ANS: B
DIF: application
REF: Cognitive Science
27. According to Flanagan, when cognitive scientists are asked about their philosophical forebears, one hears the name of ____ more than any other. A. Skinner B. Piaget C. James D. Kant ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Cognitive Science
28. There is a kinship between information-processing psychology and which of the following? A. sensationalism B. radical behaviorism C. dualism D. Gestalt psychology ANS: D
DIF: application
REF: Cognitive Science
29. The recent interest in cognitive psychology spurred a renewed interest in: A. operant conditioning and positivism B. operant conditioning and the mind-body problem C. faculty psychology and positivism D. faculty psychology and the mind-body problem ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Cognitive Science
30. Largely because of its relationship with ____, faculty psychology came into disfavor among scientists and was essentially discarded. A. the mind-body problem B. materialism C. phrenology D. rationalistic philosophy ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Cognitive Science
31. According to your text, the mind-body problem: A. can be solved by linking cognitive events with neurophysiological changes B. is a relatively small question for contemporary cognitive psychology C. remains one of psychology's persistent problems D. is mainly considered problematic from the radical behaviorist perspective ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Cognitive Science
32. The radical behaviorists addressed the mind-body problem by: A. denying the existence of a causal mind B. changing the issue to a mind-brain problem C. accepting epiphenomenalism D. accepting interactionism ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Cognitive Science
33. In the 1970's, information-processing psychologists combined their efforts to understand cognition with other professionals such as philosophers, linguists, engineers, and computer scientists, thus creating the field of: A. artificial intelligence B. information theory C. cognitive science D. ecological psychology ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Cognitive Science
34. It is generally agreed that an article by ____ in 1958 marked the transition between artificial intelligence and information-processing psychology. A. Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver B. Allen Newell, J. Shaw, and Herbert Simon C. John Searle D. Alan Turing ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Cognitive Science
35. The information-processing psychologist uses ____ as his or her model while studying humans. A. non-human animals B. the computer C. Newtonian physics D. evolutionary theory ANS: B
DIF: application
REF: Cognitive Science
36. For information-processing psychologists, ____ replaces stimulus and ____ replaces behavior and response. A. encoding; output B. input; processing C. storage; retrieval D. input; output ANS: D
DIF: application
REF: Cognitive Science
37. According to proponents of weak artificial intelligence, (AI) computer programs: A. can only simulate human cognitive abilities B. can duplicate human cognitive abilities C. should be based on relevant information and rules of organization D. use self-correcting programs that are not relevant to human cognition ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Connectionism
38. According to proponents of strong artificial intelligence (AI), computer programs: A. can only simulate human cognitive abilities B. can duplicate human cognitive abilities C. should be based on relevant information and rules of organization D. use self-correcting programs that are not relevant to human cognition ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Connectionism
39. Hebb's speculations regarding how cell assemblies and phase sequences develop has led to a new research area called: A. cybernetics B. computer simulation C. information-processing models D. connectionism ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Connectionism
40. Hebb's rule are based on associative laws of ____ and ____. A. contiguity; cause and effect B. cause and effect; frequency C. frequency; contiguity D. cause; effect ANS: C
DIF: application
REF: Connectionism
41. Hebb's rule states that: A. scientific explanations should always be as parsimonious as possible B. the knowledge sought by scientists should always have practical value C. if neurons are simultaneously active, the strength of their connections increases D. computers can only simulate human cognitive processes, but not duplicate them ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Connectionism
42. A neural network that proposes that the strengths of the connections among units that are active together are increased by mathematically increasing their weights is referred to as: A. back-propagation B. Hebb's rule C. drive reduction D. good old fashion artificial intelligence (GOFAI) ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Connectionism
43. Within a neural network model, learning is explained in terms of changing patterns of: A. parallel distributed processing B. if-then statements C. excitation and inhibition D. mathematical weights ANS: C
DIF: application
REF: Connectionism
44. Connectionism takes as its model a complex system of artificial neurons called a: A. neural network B. phase sequence C. cell assembly D. corpus callosum ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Connectionism
45. Which of the following is true of neural networks? A. They process information one sequence at a time. B. They store and retrieve symbolic representations. C. They process several sequences of information simultaneously. D. They are incapable of learning. ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Connectionism
46. A major difference between connectionism (neural networks) and good old fashioned AI (GOFAI) is that GOFAI systems ____ and neural networks ____. A. process information simultaneously; process information one sequence at a time B. process patterns of excitation and inhibition; processes information according to rules C. reason about the information they contain; change associations based on experience D. mimic human cognition more closely; work within a limited domain ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Connectionism
47. Neural network systems have been most successful at: A. recognizing patterns and objects B. explaining human behavior C. processing sequential information D. duplicating human consciousness ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Connectionism
48. Neural networks based on Hebb's rule ____; however, back-propagation systems ____. A. require extensive training; require a "teacher" to provide feedback on performance B. require feedback; are self-correcting C. process several sequences simultaneously; are self-correcting D. are self-correcting; require a "teacher" to provide feedback about performance ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Connectionism
49. NETtalk exemplifies the type of neural network that utilizes: A. Hebb's rule B. back-propagation C. good old-fashioned artificial intelligence (GOFAI) D. the sequential processing of information ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Connectionism
50. Although connectionism in the neural network model has been well accepted, it does have its critics. Who, in spite of supporting the Computational Theory of Mind (CTM), has written about the limits in explaining human cognition through any computational model? A. James McClelland B. Donald Hebb C. Jerry Fodor D. David Rumelhart ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Connectionism
Chapter 20: Psychology Today 1. Perhaps the closest psychology has ever came to being a single-paradigm discipline has been during: A. the Middle Ages B. the Enlightenment C. the period of early American psychology D. the early twentieth century ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Prologue
2. Which of the following is true? A. The APA currently has approximately 10,000 members. B. In 2005, 72% of new Ph.D.s in psychology were obtained by women. C. In 2005, 72% of new Ph.D.s in psychology were obtained by men. D. APA members can only belong to one division. ANS: B DIF: factual REF: Divisions of the American Psychological Association 3. The divisions of psychology listed by the APA today gives a clear indication of the: A. diversity of the field B. experimental focus of the field C. consensus in the field D. need to go back to the purely scientific nature of the field ANS: A DIF: application REF: Divisions of the American Psychological Association
NOT: new
4. Which students of Wundt were most interested in individual differences and applied psychology in the U.S.? A. Spearman, Witmer, and Stanley B. Cattell, Titchener, and Hall C. Cattell, Hall, and Witmer D. Titchener, Spearman, and Stanley ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Basic and Applied Psychology
5. Within psychology in the U.S., interests in individual differences and ____ have always been closely related. A. sensation and perception B. evolutionary psychology C. applied psychology D. cognitive psychology ANS: C
DIF: application
REF: Basic and Applied Psychology
6. The tension between pure, scientific psychology and applied psychology: A. is a recent phenomenon B. has always been a minor issue C. was once intense but no longer exists D. characterized psychology from its very inception and continues to do so ANS: D
DIF: application
REF: Basic and Applied Psychology
7. The original members of the American Psychological Association (APA) believed that anything in psychology worth applying to practical matters came from: A. scientific psychology B. philosophical psychology C. common sense D. animal research ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Basic and Applied Psychology
8. Who, in 1917, founded the Journal of Applied Psychology? A. William James B. G. Stanley Hall C. Lightner Witmer D. Robert Yerkes ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Basic and Applied Psychology
9. During Witmer’s time, what were the prevailing attitudes toward applied psychology? A. First came rigorous, scientific training; second came the attempt to apply scientific knowledge to practical problems. B. First came the attempt to apply scientific knowledge to practical problems; second came rigorous, scientific training. C. First came a deep philosophical inquiry into psychology; second came the attempt to apply scientific knowledge to practical problems. D. First came the attempt to apply scientific knowledge to practical problems; second came a deep philosophical inquiry into psychology. ANS: A NOT: new
DIF: conceptual
REF: Basic and Applied Psychology
10. What was one effect of World War I on the field of psychology? A. Many people became disheartened with the study of human behavior. B. An interest in the philosophical questions regarding human nature was renewed. C. Psychotherapy became widely available on the battlefield. D. Psychometric tests were used for the evaluation of soldiers. ANS: D NOT: new
DIF: conceptual
REF: Basic and Applied Psychology
11. Clinicians began to create their own professional organizations when they did not receive recognition and status within the APA. What was the first organization of this type? A. American Psychological Society B. American Association of Clinical Psychologists C. American Association of Applied Psychology D. Psychonomic Society ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Basic and Applied Psychology
12. In 1937, members of the clinical division of the APA paired with the ACP (Association of Consulting Psychologists) to create the ____. A. American Psychological Society B. American Association of Clinical Psychologists C. American Association of Applied Psychology D. Psychonomic Society ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Basic and Applied Psychology
13. In 1925, why did the APA create the category of associate member for psychologists who held a doctorate but had no scientific publications beyond their dissertation? A. The APA wanted to create a separate but equal category for applied psychologists. B. The APA had a strong interest in the scientific pursuit of psychological inquiry. C. The APA valued the degree of Psy.D over Ph.D. D. The APA wanted to integrate the fields of applied and experimental psychology. ANS: B NOT: new
DIF: conceptual
REF: Basic and Applied Psychology
14. In 1946, the APA published a new journal as the voice of a new, unified psychology.What was this journal? A. American Psychologist B. Journal of Clinical Psychology C. Journal of Applied Psychology D. Journal of American Psychology ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Basic and Applied Psychology
15. After World War II, the dominant type of psychotherapy was: A. psychoanalysis B. client-centered therapy C. humanistic therapy D. cognitive-behavioral therapy ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Basic and Applied Psychology
16. When psychologists began performing psychotherapy following World War II, they came into competition with: A. psychiatrists B. religious leaders C. applied psychologists D. social workers ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Basic and Applied Psychology
17. The first Doctor of Psychology degree (Psy.D.) was offered by the: A. California School of Professional Psychology (CSPP) B. University of Illinois C. American Psychological Association (APA) D. Vail Institute ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Basic and Applied Psychology
18. The first school independent of any college or university to offer the Doctor of Psychology degree (Psy.D.) was the: A. Crane Institute B. Vail Institute C. California School of Professional Psychology (CSPP) D. Boulder Psychological Institute ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Basic and Applied Psychology
19. Those supporting the Doctor of Psychology degree (Psy.D.) argue in favor of: A. the scientist-practitioner tradition B. Witmer's vision of clinical psychology C. a clinical degree modeled after the Doctor of Medicine degree (M.D.) D. the Boulder model of training clinical psychologists ANS: C
DIF: application
REF: Basic and Applied Psychology
20. The Psy.D. degree: A. provides professional training for clinical psychologists B. provides training in research and methodology C. is similar to a Master of Science degree D. equates more with the degree of Ph.D. than with M.D. ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Basic and Applied Psychology
21. Estimates show that about ____ of the membership of the American Psychological Association (APA) identify themselves as health care providers. A. 10% B. 25% C. 50% D. 70% ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Basic and Applied Psychology
22. In 1988, a group of scientific psychologists protested the prevailing interests of the American Psychological Association (APA) by creating the: A. Psychonomic Society B. American Psychological Society (APS) C. California School of Professional Psychology (CSPP) D. Institute of Academic Psychologists ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Basic and Applied Psychology
23. James believed that the single most informative thing you could know about a person was his or her: A. early experience B. worldview C. genetic makeup D. cultural environment ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Basic and Applied Psychology
24. The two cultures described by C. P. Snow consisted of: A. tender-minded and tough-minded philosophers B. literary intellectuals and scientists C. scientifically oriented and humanistically oriented psychologists D. medically minded and scientifically minded scholars ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Basic and Applied Psychology
25. Kimble (1984) administered a scale that measures where psychologists fall on the ____ continuum. A. eclectic-focused B. scientific-humanistic C. premodernism-postmodernism D. empirical-rational ANS: B NOT: new
DIF: factual
REF: Basic and Applied Psychology
26. Kimble’s data found that: A. undergraduate psychology students showed a slight inclination toward accepting humanistic values B. officers of the divisions of the American Psychological Association showed a strong inclination toward accepting scientific values C. humanistic psychologists showed a strong inclination toward accepting scientific values D. psychotherapists showed a strong inclination toward accepting scientific values ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Basic and Applied Psychology
27. James argued that philosophers could be divided into two general groups: ____ and ____. A. rationalists; pragmatists B. focused; eclectic C. humanists; behaviorists D. tender-minded; tough-minded ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Basic and Applied Psychology
28. During the 1920s and 1930s when several schools of thought existed in psychology, there was: A. active cooperation among the schools B. a lack of research activity C. open hostility among members of the various schools D. an environment of tolerance but not cooperation ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Basic and Applied Psychology
29. Who, of the following, most opposed applied psychology? A. Wundt and Witmer B. Cattell and Witmer C. Wundt and Titchener D. Cattell and Titchener ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Basic and Applied Psychology
30. Many psychologists see psychology's diversity as: A. necessary, given the complexity of humans B. a sign that psychology has fully employed the scientific method C. expected because the field is still in the paradigmatic stage D. a troubling sign of further tension amongst the divisions ANS: A
DIF: conceptual
REF: Psychology's Status as a Science
31. Which psychologist would posit that psychology is a science with a core content and widely accepted processes and principles? A. James B. Koch C. Staats D. Matarazzo ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Psychology's Status as a Science
32. According to Sternberg and Grigorenko, what creates unproductive diversity within psychology? A. The tension between those who hold Ph.D.s and those who hold Psy.D.s B. The tendency of psychologists to identify with a specific perspective or methodology C. The tension between academic and clinical psychologists D. The tension between the APA and the APS ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Psychology's Status as a Science
33. Koch believes that it is more realistic to refer to the discipline of psychology as ____ rather than as ____. A. the science of psychology; psychological studies B. psychological studies; the science of psychology C. empirical; rational D. rational; empirical ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Psychology's Status as a Science
34. The ____ believes that "truth" is always determined by cultural, group, or personal perspectives. A. modernist B. neo-behaviorist C. postmodernist D. rationalist ANS: C
DIF: application
REF: Postmodernism
35. The ____ is most comfortable with the scientific search for the laws governing all human behavior. A. modernist B. postmodernist C. skeptic D. existentialist ANS: A
DIF: application
REF: Postmodernism
36. Who developed the concept of "language games"? A. Kierkegaard B. Nietzsche C. Wittgenstein D. Hume ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Postmodernism
37. For Wittgenstein, language: A. reflects reality B. creates reality C. creates communities D. divides communities ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Postmodernism
38. According to Wittgenstein, disputes among philosophers and psychologists typically occur when: A. terms and concepts are not operationally defined B. there are debates over linguistic practices C. the tenets of science are violated D. the profit motive is involved ANS: B
DIF: conceptual
REF: Postmodernism
39. Wittgenstein replaced the traditional concept of essence or universal with that of: A. language games B. human categorization C. family resemblance D. scientific revolution ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Postmodernism
40. Premodernism refers to the belief that all things, including human behavior, can be explained by employing: A. the scientific method B. introspection C. religious dogma D. skepticism ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Postmodernism
41. The term "modernism" has come to be used synonymously with the term: A. perspectivism B. enlightenment C. postmodernism D. romanticism ANS: B
DIF: factual
REF: Postmodernism
42. The ideas of the Enlightenment: A. brought an emphasis on experience and reason in the quest for knowledge B. align with the ideas of premodernism C. were supported by romanticism and existentialism D. were supported by philosophers such as Hume and Kant ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Postmodernism
43. Which of the following is considered a reaction to the Enlightenment belief in abstract universal principles? A. Noam Chomsky’s cognitive revolution B. Hebb’s rule C. James's radical empiricism and pragmaticism D. May's human dilemma ANS: C
DIF: factual
REF: Postmodernism
44. Gilbert Ryle is famous for his distinction between ____ as it applies to human reasoning. A. empirical observations and rational thought B. action and impulse C. pondering the future and pondering the past D. knowing how and knowing that ANS: D NOT: new
DIF: conceptual
REF: Postmodernism
45. Which statement would Gilbert Ryle most likely agree with regarding the mind-body problem? A. The answer lies within the structure of the brain. B. You should not look at the brain to find the mind. C. Investigate the brain alongside human behavior to find the mind. D. Human action will guide you to the mind. ANS: B NOT: new
DIF: application
REF: Postmodernism
46. Which of the following has been described as "radical relativism"? A. modernism B. enlightenment philosophy C. postmodernism D. premodernism ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Postmodernism
47. According to ____, psychology's persistent questions are most appropriately addressed philosophically rather than scientifically. A. Wittgenstein and Popper B. Wittgenstein and Medawar C. Russell and Popper D. Russell and Medawar ANS: D
DIF: factual
REF: Is There Anything New in Psychology?
48. According to the text, psychology's persistent questions are persistent because: A. human behavior is complex B. they are formulated with the scientific method C. they are philosophical questions D. one’s thirst for knowledge can never be fulfilled ANS: C
DIF: conceptual
REF: Is There Anything New in Psychology?
49. According to Popper, psychology's persistent questions would be persistent even if they were scientific questions because: A. scientific questions are ultimately philosophical questions B. they would still violate the principle of falsifiability because of their subjective nature C. understanding the human mind has extraordinary methodological limitations D. scientific solutions can only attain the status of "not yet disconfirmed" ANS: D
DIF: conceptual
REF: Is There Anything New in Psychology?
50. Who stated that, “All past beliefs about nature have sooner or later turned out to be false. On the record, therefore, the probability that any currently proposed belief will fare better must be close to zero?” A. Thomas Kuhn B. Peter Medawar C. Karl Popper D. Roger Sperry ANS: A
DIF: factual
REF: Is There Anything New in Psychology?