Test Bank for Women, Gender, and Crime, Core Concepts, 1st Edition by Stacy Mallicoat

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

Chapter 1: Women and Crime: Introduction Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. The ______ increased understanding of women and their relationship with crime through the inclusion of gender in research.

A. civil rights movement B. political correctness movement C. feminist movement D. women's right movement Ans: C 3. ______ comprise the majority of victims of intimate partner violence and sexual assault.

A. Adolescents B. Males C. Females D. The Elderly Ans: C 4. The first feminist criminologists gained attention during the ______.

A. 1920s and 1930s B. 1940s and 1950s C. 1960s and 1970s D. 1970s and 1980s Ans: C 5. Women have had challenges obtaining all of the following positions in the criminal justice system EXCEPT for ______.

A. correctional officer B. judge C. police officer D. victim services Ans: D 7. Women are less likely to be victimized by ______.

A. intimate partners B. strangers C. acquaintances D. family members Ans: B

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 8. Why was the third wave of feminism born?

A. To acknowledge the multiple diverse perspectives of women B. To fight for women's right to vote C. To fight for women's reproductive rights D. To acknowledge the differences between women and men Ans: A 9. An example of a glass ceiling would be ______.

A. the inability of a female employee to be promoted due to her gender B. the inability of a male employee to be promoted due to his gender C. the inability of a female to be hired on for an entry-level position D. the inability of and agency to create more senior positions Ans: A 10. Which of the following are considered to be high needs for women who have been victimized by sexual assault and intimate partner violence?

A. Appropriate job placements B. Resources, such as money C. Services for physical and emotional trauma D. Housing Ans: C 11. Which of the following is true regarding available victim services?

A. There are more services than victims need.

B. There are unlimited resources for victim services.

C. The demand for services exceeds the available resources.

D. The field of victim advocacy has not developed that much.

Ans: C 12. Men commit significantly more crime than women. This is referred to as ______.

A. feminism B. the gender gap C. gender neutrality D. the glass ceiling Ans: B 13. Which of the following describes the common foundation found among women offenders?

A. They offend due to economic need and consequences of addiction and abuse B. They offend because they are pressured to by intimate partners C. They offend because is it in their nature to do so D. They offend because they can get away with it Ans: A 14. Which of the following is true regarding convicted women offenders.

A. Women offenders are being sentenced to prison rather than community supervision.

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 B. Women offenders are being sentenced to community sentences more often.

C. Women offenders usually pay a fine only.

D. Women offenders can easily overcome the stigma of being an ex-offender.

Ans: A 15. All of the following are challenges faced by women working in criminal justice EXCEPT for ______.

A. sexual harassment B. work–family balance C. motherhood D. education Ans: D 16. Which of the following is said to be one of the greatest contributions of feminist criminology?

A. The relationship between poverty and offending B. The relationship between juvenile offending and adult offending C. The relationship between victimization and offending D. The relationship between addiction and offending Ans: C 19. The ______ publishes crime data that go un-reported to the police by victims.

A. Uniform Crime Report (UCR) B. National Violences Against Women Survey (NVAWS) C. National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) D. National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) Ans: C 20. Which of the following is true regarding Uniform Crime Report (UCR) and the National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS)?

A. NIBRS includes surveys of the public for data collection.

B. NIBRS and the UCR are both limited to reported crimes.

C. NIBRS and the UCR follow the hierarchy rule.

D. NIBRS and the UCR do not collect information on attempted crimes.

Ans: B 21. All of the following are limitations to the Uniform Crime Report’s (UCR) EXCEPT for ______.

A. It follows the hierarchy rule.

B. It does not include information on attempted crime events.

C. It does not include demographic variables.

D. It only includes crimes reported to the police.

Ans: C 22. All of the following are examples of self-report studies EXCEPT for ______.

A. National Violence Against Women Survey

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 B. National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey C. National Crime Victimization Survey D. National Incident-Based Reporting System Ans: D 23. The greatest achievement of the National Crime Victimization Survey was its attempt to ______.

A. speak specifically to women about their experiences B. measure offending and victimization C. compare state to state information regarding victimization D. fill the gap between reported and unreported crime Ans: D 24. The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) collects data on a ______.

A. calendar year basis B. monthly basis C. weekly basis D. daily basis Ans: A 25. Which of the following is considered to be the first comprehensive data assessment of violence against women for the crime of intimate partner abuse, stalking, and sexual assault?

A. National Violence Against Women Survey B. National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey C. National Crime Victimization Survey D. National Incident-Based Reporting System Ans: A 26. The experience of giving women ______ is a strong influence of feminist research methods.

A. a voice B. equality C. the right to vote D. equal pay Ans: A 27. Feminist methodology influences all of the following EXCEPT for ______.

A. conceptualization of the research question B. the selection of the researcher C. data collection methods D. analysis of data collected Ans: B 28. All of the following statements pertaining to feminist research methods are true EXCEPT for ______.

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 A. they are largely qualitative in nature B. they allow emotions and values to be present as a part of the research process C. there is no single method of research that is identified as the feminist method D. feminist methodology dictates that the gender of the research participant be woman Ans: D 29. All of the following statements regarding crime reporting are true EXCEPT for ______.

A. the NCVS is the only national-level data source on victimization B. the NCVS represents the largest victimization study conducted in the United States C. NIBRS has not been fully implemented with all agencies D. the dark figure of crime is a limitation of the Uniform Crime Reports Ans: A 30. Which of the following is not one of the five basic principles of feminist methodology?

A. Following the traditional relationship between researcher and subject B. Acknowledging influence of gender in society as a whole C. Engaging in consciousness raising about the realities of women's lives D. Empowering women within a patriarchal society through their participation in research Ans: A 31. According to the UCR, between the years 2006 and 2015, the crime rate ______.

A. increased for both males and females B. increased for males and decreased for females C. increased for females and decreased for males D. decreased for both males and females Ans: D 32. According to the author, ______ has prevailed in every aspect of the system.

A. gendered justice B. equality C. feminism D. due process Ans: A 33. According to the 2015 Uniform Crime Report (UCR) data, women accounted for ______ of all arrests.

A. 27% B. 30% C. 32% D. 37% Ans: A

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 34. All of the following statements regarding the new Uniform Crime Reporting definition of rape instituted in 2012 are true EXCEPT for ______.

A. It allows men to be counted as victims.

B. It includes cases where victims were unable or unwilling to consent to sexual activity.

C. It removes the requirement for victims to prove they were forcibly assaulted.

D. It does not allow the UCR to capture a greater diversity of sexual assaults Ans: D 35.The feminist method involves which of the following?

A. The relationship between researcher and the subject and the process by which data are gathered B. The relationship between the subject and their family and the process by which the data are analyzed C. The relationship between the subject and their peers and the process by which the data are collected D. The relationship between the research and the process by which the data are analyzed Ans: D 36. All of the following academic presentation topics are considered to be in the top five except for ______.

A. domestic violence/intimate partner violence B. victimization of women C. gender-specific programming and policies D. recidivism rates among women offenders Ans: D 37. According to the text, the number of women faculty has ______ in the last four decades.

A. not grown B. has seen a minor growth C. has seen a moderate growth D. has seen a significant growth Ans: D 38. At one point, members of the American Society of Criminology questioned the importance of which of the following variables?

A. Gender B. Recidivism C. Education D. Family Ans: A 39. The American Society of Criminology dates back to which of the following decades?

A. 1920s B. 1930s

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 C. 1940s D. 1950s Ans: C 40. Which of the following was identified as a factor that has reduced the gender gap in publishing?

A. Quality of published works B. Length of time in the academy C. Criminological field experience D. Length of education Ans: B True/False 1. The experiences of women in criminal justice have always been reported.

Ans: F 2. There are no gender differences in the criminal justice system.

Ans: F 3. Women suffer disproportionately from crimes of sexual assault, intimate partner violence, harassment, and stalking.

Ans: T 4. Classical theories of crime attempted to explain female offending.

Ans: F 5. Females who commit crime face unique experiences that are different from males who offend.

Ans: T 6. Employment of women in criminal justice is limited.

Ans: T 7. Females do not face challenges as the result of their gender.

Ans: F 8. The civil rights movement and the women's rights movement impacted society's view of women's roles.

Ans: T 9. Women's suffrage was the main concern of second wave feminists.

Ans: F 10. Women's needs are being met by the criminal justice system.

Ans: F

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 11. The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) generally indicate crime rates that are higher than the rates of crime reported by Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) data.

Ans: T 12. Quantitative methods are the best approach to conduct research on sensitive issues including gendered experiences.

Ans: F 13. The Uniform Crime Report and National Incident Based Reporting System official data sources fail to identify female serious and violent victimizations.

Ans: T 14. Quantitative methods can yield valuable data on the experiences of women.

Ans: T 15. Feminist methods are limited to issues of gender.

Ans: F Essay 1. Describe how feminism has contributed to the understanding of women offenders and women victims.

Ans: There are many ways in which feminism has contributed to the understanding of women offenders and women victims. Most importantly, feminism has helped us understand women and their relationships with crime. As a result, the research methods that were employed to evaluate crime have since evolved to incorporate feminist perspectives in the research environment. The newly evolved feminist research methods have helped provide a greater understanding of women’s realities, lives, and issues.

2. Explain the relationship between victimization and offending. Give an example.

Ans: Research has consistently shown that a history of victimization in women is often a common factor for women offenders. The majority of the women in prison have experienced abuse, whether physical, psychological, or sexual. Unfortunately, this relationship turns into a cycle. The victim becomes the offender. Example, a young female who is being sexually abused by a family member runs away from home and turns to prostitution as means to support herself. Her interactions with the dangers of prostitution could lead to substance and drug abuse. Once in the criminal justice system, this young girl is tied to her criminal identity, which will hinder her ability to improve her situation, for example, education, inability to find employment, and so on.

3. Describe how the three waves of feminism differed from one another.

Ans: The first wave of feminism focused on women’s suffrage and the right to vote. The second wave of feminism helped expand the focus to topics other than suffrage, such

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 as reproductive rights, sexuality, and legal inequalities. The third wave of feminism addressed the different diverse perspective of women including race, ethnicity, nationality, sexuality, and gender identity.

4. Discuss the challenges faced by women working in criminal justice.

Ans: There are many challenges that women working in the criminal justice face, such as on-the-job sexual harassment, work–family balance, maternity, and motherhood. In addition, there are also challenges in how women manage their roles, duties, and responsibilities in a previously male dominated work environment.

5. Compare and contrast Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) and National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS). What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? How has NIBRS improved upon UCR? Ans: The UCR and NIBRS are both data sources that help provide more information on crime rates. They are both longitudinal data sets. Some of the advantages of the UCR are that it is the largest data set in the United States. UCR includes demographic variables (including age, gender, race/ethnicity, location, and region) and allows researchers to compare changes over time. However, the UCR has its disadvantages.

First, it only tracks arrest rates, thus any unreported crime is not calculated into the crime rates. Second, it only collects data on certain types of crimes (versus all forms of crime). Third, in the even that multiple crimes are committed in a single event, only the serious crime is taken into account (hierarchy rule). Fourth, participating my agencies has fluctuated over time. Thus, the NIBRS, addresses some of the UCR’s flaws, such as the hierarchy rule. The disadvantage of the NIBRS system is that that transition of agencies to the system has been slow; it is used in 58% of all police agencies in the Unites States.

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

Chapter 2: Theories of Victimization Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Prosecutors began to establish victim-assistance programs during the ______.

A. 1950s B. 1930s C. 1970s D. These have always been a part of the CJ system.

Ans: C 2. The emergence of agencies such as rape crisis centers developed in response to the perceived need for which of the following?

A. sexual assault prevention efforts B. increased community awareness C. decreased pain that victims of crime experience D. all of these are correct Ans: D 3. Which of the following pieces of legislation provides support for criminal justice researchers studying issues related to intimate partner violence?

A. Campus Sexual Assault Victims' Bill of Rights B. Child Abuse Victims' Bill of Rights C. Violence Against Women Act D. Crime Victim's Rights Act Ans: C 4. Core rights of victims include ______.

A. right to attend criminal justice proceedings B. right to apply for compensation C. right to protection from intimidation and harassment D. all of these are correct Ans: D 5. Reasons why a victim might choose not to report their victimization to the police include all except ______.

A. societal embarrassment B. the belief that nothing could be done C. the belief that it was not serious and a personal matter D. employment jeopardy Ans: D

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 6. Victims of sexual assault and intimate partner violence tend to seek help from all of the following except ______.

A. police B. family C. mental health services D. friends Ans: A 7. If a rape victim dresses provocatively, she deserved to be raped. This statement is an example of ______.

A. secondary victimization B. overt traumatization C. victim blaming D. stigmatization Ans: C 8. Which of the following refers to the practices whereby the responsing of the crime is diffused from the offender and blame is shifted to the victim?

A. secondary victimization B. overt traumatization C. victim blaming D. primary victimization Ans: C 9. Which of the following refers to the practice whereby victims of crime feel traumatized by the official response to their victimization by the criminal justice system?

A. primary victimization B. secondary victimization C. direct victimization D. indirect victimization Ans: B 10. ______ networks act as a support system for victims to seek professional help and to make an official crime report.

A. Formal B. Informal C. Legal D. Private Ans: B 11. An attack who is killed in self-defense is an example of a A. victim who alone is guilty.

B. innocent victim.

C. imaginary victim.

D. voluntary victim.

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 Ans: A 12. Which of the following are considered negative consequences of victim blaming?

A. Victim blaming assumes that people are able to change the environment in which they live.

B. Victim blaming assumes that only innocent victims are true victims.

C. Victim blaming creates a false sense of security about the risks of crime.

D. all of these are correct Ans: D 13. According to Mendelsohn, victims of random and unprecipitated crime are ______.

A. innocent victims B. victims with minor guilt C. natural victims D. not victims at all Ans: A 14. Mendelsohn focused on ______.

A. influence of guilt and responsibility of victims B. offender innocence C. victim risk factors D. male dominant behaviors Ans: A 15. Who of the following focused on how personal factors influence risk factors for victimization?

A. Mendelsohn B. Agnew C. Cohen and Felson D. von Hentig Ans: D 16. Which of the following is not true regarding the just world hypothesis?

A. The concept posits that people deserve what comes to them.

B. It allows people to distinguish themselves from the identity of victimhood.

C. It implies that there are no true victims.

D. It leads to an increased support of rape myths.

Ans: C 17. The just world hypothesis may lead to all of the following except ______.

A. impact on future reporting trends.

B. increased support of rape myths.

C. decreased crime reporting.

D. increased support for victims.

Ans: D

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 18. Researchers have suggested that which two theories should be combined to investigate victimization risks in general?

A. just world hypothesis and general strain theory B. routine activities theory and lifestyle theory C. lifestyle theory and feminist pathways perspective D. general strain theory and routine activities theory Ans: B 19. Which of the following is true about lifestyle theory?

A. It was developed to explore the risks of victimization from personal crimes.

B. It suggests that risky lifestyles decrease the risk for victimization.

C. It was developed to explore the risks of victimization from property crimes.

D. It suggests that risky lifestyles increase the risk for offending.

Ans: A 20. Hans von Hentig looked at which of the following personal factors when researching influences risk factors for victimization.

A. biological B. psychological C. sociological D. all of these are correct Ans: D 21. The feminist pathways perspective suggests ______.

A. a continuum of victimization B. a cycle of victimization and offending C. A life free of victimization increases the likelihood of offending.

D. Pathways do not exist for women.

Ans: B 22. Fear of crime can lead to all of the following except for A. decreased self-worth.

B. decreased self-esteem.

C. increased anxiety.

D. increase sense of security.

Ans: D 23. Victims’ rights are referenced in state laws and constitutions in ______ states.

A. 25 B. 35 C. 45 D. 50 Ans: C

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 24. Cohen and Felson’s routine activity theory suggests that the likelihood of a criminal act occurs with all of the following except for A. someone who is interested in pursuing a criminal action B. potential victim “available” to be victimized C. absence of someone or something that would deter the offender form making contact with the victim D. gender plays a role in how factors influence victimization risk.

Ans: D 25. ______ theory relates to the patterns of one’s everyday activities to the potential for victimization.

A. Gender B. Lifestyle C. Pathway D. Trauma Ans: B 26. In a cycle of ______, young girls often run away from home in an attempt to escape from an abusive situation.

A. victimization and offending B. feminism C. pathways D. lifesytle Ans: A 27. ______ research draws upon the historical context of women’s and girls’ lives to relate how events and traumas affect their likelihood to engage in crime.

A. Routine activities B. Victim responsibility C. Feminist pathways perspective D. Criminal justice Ans: C 28. Mendelsoh’s “imaginary victim” is defined as a______.

A. victim mistakenly believes he or she has been victimized B. victim believes that he or she was victimized by a ghost C. victim who provokes another to commit the crime D. victim who is solely responsible for the crime Ans: A 29. Mendelsoh’s “voluntary victim” is defined as ______.

A. victim mistakenly believes he or she has been victimized B. victim and offender are equally responsible for the crime C. victim who provokes another to commit the crime D. victim who is solely responsible for the crime Ans: B

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 30. Mendelsoh’s “innocent victim” is defined as ______.

A. victim mistakenly believes he or she has been victimized B. victim and offender are equally responsible for the crime C. victim who provokes another to commit the crime D. victim has no responsibility for the crime Ans: D 31. Mendelsoh’s “victim who alone is guilty” is defined as ______.

A. victim mistakenly believes he or she has been victimized B. victim and offender are equally responsible for the crime C. victim who is solely responsible for his or her own victimization D. victim has no responsibility for the crime Ans: C 32. The ______, holds that people get what they deserve, is a form of victim blaming.

A. real world hypothesis B. just world hypothesis C. ordinary world hypothesis D. old world hypothesis Ans: B 33. Gendered ______ to specific crime types such as rape may explain the gendered fear of crime.

A. socialization B. victimization C. routine D. offending Ans: A 34. Which of the following cases was used as an example of the just world hypothesis?

A. Andrea Yates B. Kobe Bryant C. Damien Echols D. Benjamin Mendelsohn Ans: B 35. A victim who is more guilty than the offender is a victim who ______.

A. mistakenly believes he or she has been victimized B. who is solely responsible for his or her own victimization C. precipitates crime with carelessness D. provokes or induces another to commit crime Ans: D 36. Which of the following border towns is notoriously known for femicide?

A. Tijuana

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 B. Ciudad Juarez C. Nogales D. Mexicali Ans: B 37. The cases of femicide amongst border towns involve significant acts of ______ crime.

A. sexual B. property C. white-collar D. hate Ans: A 38. Which of the following explanations was identified in the text as an explanation for the murders of women in border towns?

A. human trafficking B. gender-based discrimination C. presence of serial killing D. drug trafficking Ans: B 39. Ariel Castro pled guilty for all of the following rimes except for ______.

A. kidnapping B. murder C. rape D. child endangerment Ans: B 40. Phillip Garrido, the abducter and abuser of Jaycee Dugard, had which of the following convictions on his record?

A. sex offending B. murder C. robbery D. arson Ans: A True/False 1. Attempts to pass an amendment to the U.S. Constitution on victims’ rights have been successful.

Ans: F 2. Victims’ rights are referenced in state laws and constitutions in all 50 states.

Ans: T

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 3. The Kobe Bryant rape case led to decreased reporting of sexual assault.

Ans: T 4. A belief in the just world hypothesis leads to an increased support of rape myths.

Ans: T 5. The media can perpetuate victim blaming.

Ans: T 6. Cohen and Felson’s theory was created to dicuss victimization in property crimes.

Ans: T 7. The media portray a distorted view of the criminal justice system.

Ans: T 8. Victims play an important role in the criminal justice process.

Ans: T 9. According to von Hentig's theory, victimization of women can only be explained by their gender.

Ans: F 10. Victim blaming creates a false sense of security about the risks of crime.

Ans: T 11. Under the pathways perspective, criminal offending may be a survival technique.

Ans: T 12. The routine activities theory has also been used to look at cybercrimes.

Ans: T 13. In a cycle of victimization and offending, young girls often run away from home in an attempt to escape from an abusive situation.

Ans: T 14. Many abusers use a woman’s illegal immigration status as a threat ot ensure compliance.

Ans: T 15. The media’s protraty of crime often leads to an overexaggeration of violent crime in society.

Ans: T Essay

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 1. Explain how victim blaming impacts a victim's decision to report their victimization.

Give an example.

Ans: The stigma and negative experiences linked to victim blaming, such as shame, and so on, and often influence victim’s decisions to not report victimization. Victim blaming can also be internalized, leading the victim to blame themselves for their own victimization and, in many cases, shift the responsibility away from the offender. An example would be the Kobe Bryant case that resulted in victim blaming and lower reports of victimization due to the prevalence of the media.

2. Compare and contrast routine activities theory and lifestyle theory.

Ans: The routine activities theory suggests that the likelihood of a criminal act and likelihood of victimization occurs with the convergence of three essential components: an offender, a potential victim, and an absence of a guardian. The lifestyle theory is similar to the routine activities theory in that it seeks to relate the patterns of one’s everyday activities to the potential for victimization. The difference between the two theories is that the routine activities theory was designed to explain victimization from property crimes. Lifestyle theory, on the other hand, was developed to explore the risks of victimization from personal crimes.

3. Discuss the relationship between victimization and offending as described by the feminist pathways perspective.

Ans: According to the feminist pathways perspective, the relationship between victimization and offending is a cycle. A history of abuse in young females leaves to a propensity to engage in certain types of delinquency (running away from home, truancy, etc.). In their attempt to get away from their abusive homes, young girls turn to criminal behaviors as a mechanism to survive.

4. Discuss the fear of victimization perpetuated by the media.

Ans: Most Americans do not have direct experience with the criminal justice system, instead the images of crime that they are aware of are generetated by the mass media outlets. Unfortunately, the mass media presents a distorted view of the criminal justice system that often leads to the overexaggeration of violent crime in society. As peoples consumption of media increases, so does their fear about crime. Actual crime rates are not usually taken into consideration.

5. Identify and discuss one of Mendelsohn’s categories of victims.

Ans: The first category is the innocent victim. This distinction is unique in Mendelsohn’s s typology, as it is the only classification that does not have any responsibility for the crime attributed to the victim. As the name suggests, an innocent victim is someone who is victimized by a random and unprecipitated crime, such as a school shooting.

Unlike the other categories in Mendelsohn’s typology, the innocent victim is one with no responsibility in his victimization. In contrast, the other five categories sign a degree of blame or responsibility to the victim. Mendelsohn’s second category is the victim with minor guilt. In this case, victimization occurs as a result of one’s carelessness or ignorance. The victim with minor guilt is someone who, if she had given better thought or care to her safety, would not have been a victim of a crime. For instance, someone

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 who was in the wrong place at the wrong time or one who places herself in dangerous areas where she is at risk of potential victimization is characterized as a victim with minor guilt. An example of this is a case of a victim who is walking alone down the street in a high-crime area and is robbed. Mendelsohn’s third category is a victim who is equally as guilty as the offender. This victim is some one who shares the responsibility of the crime with the offender by deliberately placing himself or herself in harm’s way.

An example of this classification is the individual who seeks out the services of a sex worker, only to contract a sexually transmitted infection as a result of their interaction.

The fourth category represents the case whereby the victim is deemed “more guilty” than the offender. This is a “victim” who is provoked by others to engage in criminal activity. An example of this category is one who kills a current or former intimate partner following a history of abuse. The fifth category is a victim who is solely responsible for the harm that comes to him or her. These individuals are considered to be the “most guilty” of victims as they engaged in an act that was likely to lead to injury on their part.

Examples of the most guilty victim include a suicide bomber who engages in an act that results in his or her death, or when a would-be attacker is killed by another in an act of self-defense. Mendelsohn’s final category is the imaginary victim. This is an individual who, as a result of some mental disease or defect, believes that he or she has been victimized by someone or something, when in reality this person has not been victimized.

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

Chapter 3: Women and Victimization: Rape and Sexual Assault Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. The rates of rape within the ______ population are extremely high and alarming.

A. African American and American Indian B. American Indian and Alaska Native C. Alaska Native and Asian American D. Asian American and Hispanic Ans: B 2. Historically, rape was viewed as a ______ crime.

A. violent B. property C. felony D. religious Ans: B 3. The Model Penal Code recognized rape if all of the following were present EXCEPT for ______.

A. intercourse B. male offender and female victim C. force or threat of force D. the female was older than 25 years old Ans: D 4. The marital rape exception clause has been ______.

A. abolished in the US B. continued C. accepted D. recently debated Ans: A 5. NCVS is an acronym for ______.

A. Nation’s Crime and Victim Story B. National Crime and Victim Study C. National Crime Victimization Survey D. National Criminal Victimization Study Ans: C 6. Which of the following is true regarding the NCVS definition of rape?

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 A. Defines rape as only the penetration of the vagina B. Requires force C. Recognizes only female victims D. Recognizes penetration with body part or object Ans: D 7. A perceived "true" or "real" rape involves all of the following EXCEPT for ______.

A. symbolic assailant B. forceful resistance C. evidence D. acquaintance rape Ans: D 8. It is estimated that ______ of all active duty women are sexually victimized.

A. 5% B. 20% C. 50% D. 75% Ans: B 9. According to the U.S. Department of Justice (2003), ______ of victims report their crime to the police.

A. 20% B. 30% C. 40% D. 50% Ans: C 10. A national study on rape published in 2007 indicated that ______ of women in America have experienced rape at some point in their lifetime.

A. 18% B. 25% C. 28% D. 35% Ans: A 11. A stranger who lurks in the alley or hides in the bushes and suprises the victim is referred to as ______.

A. a symbolic assailant B. an acquaintance rape C. a peeping tom D. a stalker Ans: A 12. The unwanted sexual act following the deliberate intoxication of a victim is known as ______.

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 A. acquaintance rape B. addiction rape C. drug-induced rape D. drug-facilitated rape Ans: D 13. Most victims of sexual assault display symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder including ______.

A. depression B. anxiety C. low self-esteem D. all of these Ans: D 14. The belief that it is a wife’s duty to engage in sex with her husband is an example of ______.

A. social coercion B. interpersonal coercion C. mental coercion D. physical coercion Ans: A 15. Sexual assault is generally considered as what class of felony?

A. Class 1 B. Class 2 C. Class 3 D. Class 4 Ans: D 16. The Drug-Induced Rape Prevention and Punishment Act of 1996 provides penalties for up to ______ years for the involuntary drugging of an individual in cases of violence.

A. 5 B. 10 C. 15 D. 20 Ans: D 17. According to the authors between ______ of women studied experience rape within the context of marriage, cohabitation, or intimate relationships.

A. 5% and 23% B. 8% and 31% C. 7% and 14% D. 13% and 35% Ans: C 19. The age of sexual consent in California is ______ years old.

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 A. 15 B. 16 C. 17 D. 18 Ans: D 20. In a sample of rape cases of college-aged women, alcohol was involved in approximately ______ of cases of nonforcible rape.

A. 50% B. 79% C. 60% D. 20% Ans: B 21. Which of the following increases the likelihood of official reporting in cases of rape?

A. If the victim knows a police officer B. If the victim knows her rapist C. If the victim is injured during the rape D. If the victim is under age 18 Ans: C 22. The most common reason to officially report a rape victimization was ______.

A. prevention of future rapes B. to receive services C. obtain a restraining order D. to be tested for HIV Ans: A 23. Which of the following have the highest rates of attempted sexual assault?

A. Caucasian women B. African American women C. American Indian women D. Hispanic women Ans: D 24. Women with a history of sexual assault are more likely to engage in all of the following behaviors EXCEPT for ______.

A. extreme weight loss measures B. substance abuse C. attempted suicide D. rehabilitation programs Ans: D 25. Which of the following is an unwanted sexual act that occurs after the victim voluntarily consumes drugs or alcohol?

A. Drug-facilitated rape

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 B. Incapacitated rape C. Date rape D. Stranger rape Ans: B 26. The "victim was asking for it" is an example of a ______.

A. rape shield law B. rape myth C. rape hypothesis D. rape theory Ans: B 27. Battering rape is an extension of ______.

A. acquaintance rape B. sexual assault C. intimate partner violence D. attempted rape Ans: C 28. Which of the following impacts one's ability to legally consent to sexual activity?

A. Age and mental impairment B. Mental impairment and gender C. Employment and age D. Age and gender Ans: A 29. All of the following are reasons why rape victims do not officially report their victimizations EXCEPT for ______.

A. May not feel it's important enough B. May not want anyone to know C. May have faith in the system, but are still afraid to report the crime D. May believe that there is not enough proof to help their case Ans: C 30. Some positive influences from the ______ have influenced present-day laws on rape and sexual assault.

A. Code of Hammurabi B. Model Babylon Code C. Model Penal Code D. Model Ancient Greek Code Ans: C 31. Title ______ from the Education Amendments of 1972 states that “no person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 A. V B. IX C. X D. XI Ans: B 32. Rape has been prohibited since the ______.

A. Code of Hammurabi B. Code of Chivalry C. Code of Conduct D. Code of Behavior Ans: A 33. ______ is a documentary of rape in the military.

A. The Invisible War B. The Korean War C. The Vietnam War D. The Visible War Ans: A 34. Many women do not identify themselves as victims. According to a national survey of college women, almost ______ of women who were victimized did not consider the incident to be rape.

A. 17% B. 31% C. 49% D. 62% Ans: C 35. If the victim is compelled to engage in sexually based acts other than intercourse it is referred to as forcible ______.

A. sexual assault B. rape B. murder D. aggravated assault Ans: A 36. The Steubenville, Dietrich, and Turner cases have highlighted rape culture in society because of ______.

A. the light sentences that the perpetrators received B. the media coverage C. the shifting of blame toward the victim D. All of these Ans: D

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 37. According to the text, women are almost ______ times more likely to experience multiple acts of victimization compared to men.

A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8 Ans: B 38. According to the case study, the most common form of victimization experienced by female cadets surveyed was identified as ______.

A. sexual harassment B. sexual coercion C. rape D. sexual touching Ans: A 39. Statutory rape involves individuals who are legally unable to consent to sexual activity because of their ______.

A. gender B. race C. age D. health Ans: C 40. The majority of cases of ______ rape involve cases of emotional coercion, rather than physical force in the assault.

A. statutory B. marital C. date D. incapacitated Ans: B True/False 1. Definitions of rape vary from state to state, but many present-day laws include similar provisions.

Ans: T 2. Today, every state has laws on the books that generally identify rape within the context of marriage as a criminal act.

Ans: T 3. Rape is one of the most feared crimes.

Ans: T

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 4. The Model Penal Code reduced the definition of rape to the act of intercourse.

Ans: T 5. Most rapes and sexual assaults occur between people who do not know each other.

Ans: F 6. The majority of rape incidents are reported to the police.

Ans: F 7. Acceptance of rape myths lead to victim blaming.

Ans: T 8. The just-world hypothesis contends that bad things happen to bad people.

Ans: T 9. Some victims blame themselves for being raped.

Ans: T 10. Rape victims are further traumatized by the criminal justice system.

Ans: T 11. Women of color are victimized at a disproportionate rate.

Ans: T 12. Offenders often use rape myths to excuse or justify their actions.

Ans: T 13. Cases where the victim is sexually assaulted following her voluntary intoxication of alcohol make up the majority of drug-facilitated sexual assaults.

Ans: T 14. Rates of sexual assault appear to be lower on college campuses.

Ans: F 15. While U.S. laws generally prohibit marital rape, it is still legal in many other countries around the world.

Ans: T Essay 1. Describe how the acceptance of rape myths impacts rape victims.

Ans: The acceptance of rape myths prevents victims from coming forward because it increases victim blaming. The stigma surrounding victim blaming makes it incredibly default for victims to report their crimes. In many cases, victim blaming leads to depression, anxiety, self-doubt, and can cause serious emotional damage.

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 2. Discuss the areas in which prevention and intervention efforts related to rape can be improved.

Ans: According to the authors, research has shown that prevention efforts have been targeted toward college campuses. However, the age of victimization is decreasing and efforts need to also focus on high school students.

3. Describe the evolution of the definition of rape.

Ans: Though ancient laws have criminalized rape, the definition in the United States. has been progressively evolving over the last 60 years. Initially, rape, under the Model Penal Code, was reduced solely to the act of intercourse. Over the years, the law in many states has changed to include behaviors within the definitions of rape and sexual assault.

4. Discuss the variables that can make campus sexual assault more prevalent. What efforts have colleges undertaken to prevent sexual assault on campuses?

Ans: According to the authors, college life contains many variables that may increase the risk for sexual assaul, such as campus environments that facilitate a “party” atmosphere, easy access to alcohol and drugs, increases in freedom, and limited supervision by older adults. For the second part of the question, students may discuss Training for employees, procedures for reporting cases, and processes for responding to complaints. In addition, campuses are required to adopt prevention curriculum for students as well as provide support systems and resources for victims.

5. Given the limits of the criminal justice system, how can the needs of victims in rape and sexual assault cases be met?

Ans: The current rape crisis movement developed in response to the perceived need for prevention, community awareness, and amelioration of victims’ pain. However, even the best community services are limited and lack adequate resources to effectively combat all needs for victims of sexual assault. While attempts to help survivors of sexual assault involve friends, family members, community agencies, and criminal justice personnel, efforts in help seeking may actually enhance the trauma that victims experience due to lack of support, judgment, and blame by support networks. Additionally, victims may experience further trauma by being forced to relive their trauma as part of the official processing of the assault as a crime. Due to these negative experiences in disclosure, many victims choose to keep their assault a secret. Ultimately, cases of rape and sexual assault can be very difficult to prove in a court of law. Convictions are rare, and many cases are plea bargained to a lesser charge, many of which carry little to no jail time.

Unfortunately, the acceptance of rape myths by police, prosecutors, judges, and juries limits the punishment of offenders in cases of sexual assault.

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

Chapter 4: Women and Victimization: Intimate Partner Abuse and Stalking Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. The grassroots battered women’s movement of the ______ led to systemic changes in how the police and courts handled cases of domestic violence.

A. 1950 B. 1960s C. 1970s D. 1980s Ans: C 2. The Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment illustrated that when an arrest was made in a misdemeanor domestic violence incident, recidivism rates were ______ compared to if police simply "counseled" the aggressor.

A. lower B. higher C. the same D. significantly higher Ans: A 3. Congress passed the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) as part of the Federal Crime Victims Act in ______.

A. 1964 B. 1974 C. 1984 D. 1994 Ans: D 4. The ______ provided funding for battered women's shelters and outreach education, as well as funding for domestic violence training for police and court personnel.

A. Minneapolis Domestic Violence experiment B. grassroots battered women's movement C. Violence Against Women Act D. National Crime Victimization data Ans: C 5. The most common term used in recent history is _____.

A. battered women B. domestic violence C. intimate partner abuse

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 D. emotional abuse Ans: B 6. ______ combines the crime of wife battering with other contexts of abuse found within a home environment, such as the abuse of children or grandparents.

A. Wife battering B. Domestic violence C. Intimate partner abuse D. Rape and sexual assault Ans: B 7. ______ includes any form of abuse between individuals who currently have or have previously had an intimate relationship.

A. Wife battering B. Battered C. Domestic violence D. Intimate partner abuse Ans: D 8. Someone who batters their partner emotionally may do all of the following EXCEPT for ______.

A. control all of the finances B. prevent them from working C. limit access to family and friends D. provide small amounts of autonomy within the home Ans: D 9. To explain how violence and abuse occur in an intimate relationship, Lenore Walker conceptualized the ______.

A. relationship between lifestyle and violence B. battered womems movement C. cycle of violence D. feminist pathways Ans: C 10. The ______ phase of the cycle of violence is where a batterer increases control over a victim, and the victim tries to keep her partner calm.

A. tension building B. abusive incident C. honeymoon period D. control phase Ans: A 11. In 1981, ______ attempted to assassinate President Ronald Reagan in an effort to impress Jodi Foster.

A. John Hinkley

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 B. Robert Hoskins C. Robert Bardo D. John Harris Ans: A 12. After stalking her, ______ made contact with Patti Schaeffer at her residence and shot her in the chest.

A. John Hinkley B. Robert Hoskins C. Robert Bardo D. John Harris Ans: C 13. Victims engage in all of the following behaviors to cope with their stalking victimization EXCEPT for ______.

A. relocation B. therapy C. lifestyle changes D. retaliation Ans: D 14. According to the authors, the most damanging in terosm of long-term abuse and healing is ______.

A. physical abuse B. emotional abuse C. social abuse D. economic abuse Ans: B 15. Acts that damage the victim’s ability to be self-sufficient are referred to as ______.

A. physical abuse B. emotional abuse C. social abuse D. economic abuse Ans: D 16. Which of the following is considered to be a new phenomenom?

A. Dating Violence B. Domestic Violence C. Intimate Partner Abuse D. Cyberstalking Ans: D 17. The "rule of thumb" referred to which of the following?

A. Wives were under their husband's thumb.

B. Husbands could not beat their wives with instruments longer than their thumbs.

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 C. The only ruler in a man's home was his thumb.

D. Wives could only be beaten with her husband's hands.

Ans: B 18. Most crimes of intimate partner abuse are considered as which of the following in most jurisdictions?

A. Felony B. Misdemeanor C. A third strike D. An infraction Ans: B 19. Which of the following is a unique factor related to same-sex intimate partner abuse?

A. Emotional B. External and internal homophobia C. Coercion D. Economic abuse Ans: B 20. Restricting access to the family’s bank account and prohibiting a person from obtaining employment is an example of ______.

A. Emotional abuse B. Social abuse C. Physical abuse D. Economic abuse Ans: D 21. All of the following are reasons why immigrant victims choose not to report their victimization EXCEPT for ______.

A. shame B. language barriers C. fear of deportation D. desire to break up the family unit Ans: D 22. For women of color, issues of ______ become secondary in the discussion of what it means to be a battered woman.

A. Structural inequality B. Political climate C. Gender inequality D. Cultural differences Ans: C 23. Research indicates that ______ women were significantly more likely to use emergency hospital services, police assistance, and housing assistance.

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 A. White B. African American C. Asian American D. Latina/Hispanic Ans: B 24. Specialized domestic violence courts have been found to ______ victim satisfaction.

A. decrease B. increase C. neither decrease or increase D. This has never been examined.

Ans: B 25. Stalking victims experience all of the following feelings EXCEPT for _____.

A. powerlessness B. depression C. sleep disturbances D. security Ans: D 26. Most laws on stalking require that victims must indicate which of the following?

A. Fear of the stalker B. Self-awareness C. What they want to see happen to the offender D. Hatred of the stalker Ans: A 27. Which of the following is true?

A. The more severe the abuse in an intimate partnership, the less likely it is that the abuser will stalk the victim.

B. Women who leave are less likely to be stalked by their abuser.

C. If abusers use drugs and alcohol, they are more likely to stalk their victims.

D. Women who meet men online are more likely to be stalked than those who do not.

Ans: C 28. Mandatory arrest policies are based on which of the following?

A. Rehabilitation B. Retribution C. Deterrence D. Restoration Ans: C 29. Which of the following are barriers to disclosure?

A. embarrassment B. private matter C. fear

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 D. all of these Ans: D 30. ______ percent of women in the study disclosed their abuse to a at least one source.

A. Twenty B. Forty-three C. Seventy-five D. Ninty-two Ans: D 31. Which of the following were identified as problems of programming?

A. money B. attention C. both A and B D. none of these Ans: C 32. Studies have shown that ______ in ______ college women is the victim of some sort of sexual assault.

A. 1 in 2 B. 1 in 4 C. 1 in 7 D. 1 in 15 Ans: B 33. What are some of the contemporary efforts that have been to raise awareness about violence?

A. media awareness campaigns B. dating violence prevention C. intervention programming D. all of these Ans: D 34. ______ refers to the legal duty of a police officer to make an arrest when responding to a domestic violence incident.

A. Mandatory arrest B. Intermittent arrest C. Responsive arrest D. Incident arrest Ans: A 35. Few laws characterize the acts of ______ abuse as a criminal offense.

A. emotional B. physical C. sexual

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 D. violent Ans: A 36. It is estimated that ______% of NFL players have a history of domestic violence.

A. 10 B. 20 C. 30 D. 40 Ans: B 37. Disciplinary polices for domestic violence enacted by the NFL commissioner include all of the following EXCEPT for ______.

A. counseling B. suspension without pay C. banishment from the NFL D. imprisonment Ans: D 38. According to the case study on intimate partner abuse in India, it is indicated that ______% intimate partner abuse begins with a month of marriage.

A. 22 B. 35 C. 44 D. 56 Ans: C 39. Which of the following sources of assistance was identified as being useless in cases of intimate partner abuse in India?

A. Counseling B. Family C. Law enforcement D. Legal aid Ans: C 40. Which of the following sources of assistance was identified as being the most helpful in cases of intimate partner abuse in India?

A. Employers B. Family C. Law enforcement D. Legal aid Ans: D True/False

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 1. Batterer intervention programming has become one of the most popular options when sentencing offenders in cases of intimate partner abuse.

Ans: T 2. Teens are at high risk for dating violence.

Ans: T 3. Children who reside in a home where violence is present tend to suffer from a variety of negative mental health outcomes, such as feelings of low self-worth, depression, and anxiety.

Ans: T 4. Women are more likely to disclose their abuse to formal sources.

Ans: F 5. In 1871, Alabama and Massachusetts became the first states to take away the legal right of men to beat their wives.

Ans: T 6. In the majority of victimization cases, men are the abusers and women are the victims.

Ans: T 7. Data on intimate partner violence show that teenagers are at a greater risk of abuse by a significant other when compared to adults.

Ans: F 8. Economics do not impact the stalking experience for victims.

Ans: F 9. Anyone can be the victim of intimate partner abuse.

Ans: T 10. All children raised in abusive homes will abuse their intimate partners later in life.

Ans: F 11. Seeking counsel from religious authorities often leads victims to report their victimization to the police.

Ans: F 12. The greatest tool of perpetrators of intimate partner abuse is their ability to have power and control over their victim.

Ans: T 13. Asking the question, "why does she stay?," is a way to blame the victim.

Ans: T

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 14. Violence does not always end when women report their crimes or leave their abuser.

Ans: T 15. For some women, their children are the reason why they leave an abusive situation and seek help.

Ans: T Essay 1. Describe how laws and CJ response to intimate partner abuse changed over time.

Ans: The definitions and laws of intimate partner abuse have evolved over time. For example, many acts have passed that have allocated funds to counseling services, medical services, housing services, and services to immigrants, and so on. Also, new laws have been created to target violators of restraining orders. Though there are many cases in which laws have provided for more services and help for intimate partner abuse victims, there are still cases in which they have not. Take for example, same-sex couples. Only Hawaii allows LGBT individual to seek out restraining orders against a current or former intimate.

2. Discuss the reasons why victims of intimate partner abuse and stalking do not officially report their victimization.

Ans: Many victims do not report intimate partner abuse and stalking for the following reasons: they did not think that the violence was a big deal and fear that the violence will escalate, shame, and the mistrust of the criminal justice system.

3. Discuss the barriers women face when attempting to leave their abuser.

Ans: There are several barriers that women face when attempting to leave their abuser.

First, financial limitations, women who are not self-sufficient are less likely to report abuse and less likely to leave the relationship. Second, their children, some women believe that it is their duty to keep their family together. Third, some women struggle because they still love their partner and believe that he/she will change.

4. Discuss mandatory arrest policies.

Ans: Mandatory arrest policies refer to the legal duty of a police officer to make an arrest if the officer has reason to believe that domestic violence has occurred. The laws vary from state to state, but most state laws recognize both current and previous spouses or cohabitants as protected categories under the law, though not all states cover dating or prior dating relationships.

5. Identify and discuss the three distinct time frames of the cycle of violence.

Ans: The first is referred to as tension building, where a batterer increases control over a victim. As anger begins to build for the perpetrator, the victim tries to keep her partner calm. She also minimizes any problems in the relationship. During this time, the victim

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 may feel as though she is walking on eggshells because the tension between herself and her partner is high. It is during the second time frame, referred to as the abusive incident, where the major incident of battering occurs. During this period, the batterer is highly abusive and engages in an act of violence toward the victim. Following the abusive incident, the perpetrator moves to Stage 3, which is often described as the honeymoon period. During this stage, the offender is apologetic to the victim for causing harm. He often is loving and attentive and promises to change his behavior. In this stage, the perpetrator is viewed as sincere and in many cases is forgiven by the victim.

Unfortunately, the honeymoon phase does not last forever, and in many cases of intimate partner abuse, the cycle begins again, tensions increase, and additional acts of violence occur. Over time, the honeymoon stage may disappear entirely.

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

Chapter 5: International Issues in the Victimization of Women Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Human trafficking is the ______ largest criminal activity and the fastest growing criminal enterprise in the world.

A. first B. second C. third D. fourth Ans: B 2. Estimates by the United Nations (2008) suggest that approximately ______ people from 127 countries are victims of trafficking.

A. 1 million B. 1.5 million C. 2 million D. 2.5 million Ans: D 3. All of the following countries are well-known locations for the sexual trafficking of women and girls EXCEPT for ______.

A. Thailand B. Laos C. Burma D. Ukraine Ans: D 4. ______ alters how crimes are viewed by persons within the community and agents of social control.

A. Culture B. Employment C. Economic stability D. Location Ans: A 5. All of the following are a type of honor-based violence EXCEPT for ______.

A. honor killings B. bride burnings C. dowry deaths D. unconventional killings

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 Ans: D 6. Honor killings generally involve death by ______ for a shaming offense.

A. country B. family members C. suicide D. law enforcement Ans: B 7. Which of the following is a common reason for an honor killing?

A. Fidelity B. Being "too Western" C. Being "too Eastern" D. Committing a violent crime Ans: B 8. The notion of ______ is one of the most important cultural values for members of communities that allow the men in the family to commit acts of violence towards women.

A. Honor B. Trust C. Loyalty D. Love Ans: A 9. ______ trafficking is the most commonly discussed form of trafficking.

A. Labor B. Sex C. Druh D. Arms Ans: B 10. ______ include shelters resources for women fleeing violence, legal aid to represent victims of crime, provisions for the protection of children, and training to increase the economic self-sustainability for women.

A. Legal measures B. Preventative measures C. Protective measures D. Social measures Ans: C 11. ______ address the status of women and provide them with opportunities for equal protection under the law.

A. Legal measures B. Preventative measures C. Protective measures

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 D. Social measures Ans: A 12. ______ are rooted in increasing education and public awareness toward the violence committed against women.

A. Legal measures B. Preventative measures C. Protective measures D. Social measures Ans: B 13. The TVPA stands for A. Trafficking Victims Protection Act B. Trafficking Victims Policy for Action C. Trafficking Violation Punishment Act D. Trafficking Variable Procedural Agreement Ans: A 14. ______ is the first step toward reducing honor-based violence towards women.

A. Education and public awareness B. Stricter sentencing C. Law enforcement retraining D. Implementation of laws Ans: C 15. Human trafficking is the ______ largest and fastest growing criminal enterprise.

A. second B. third C. fourth D. fifth Ans: A 16. All of the following statements are true regarding human trafficking EXCEPT for ______.

A. It is difficult to determine a precise number of human trafficking victims worldwide B. Trafficking only happens in other countries, not the United States C. Sex trafficking that receives the greatest amount of attention D. Trafficking victims can find themselves in brothels and sex clubs Ans: B 17. Forced labor generates more than ______ annually.

A. $15 million B. $75 million C. $1 billion D. $30 billion Ans: D

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 18. Which of the following groups are especially vulnerable to debt bondage?

A. The poor B. Children C. The uneducated D. Immigrants Ans: D 19. Which of the following are more likely to be a victim of labor trafficking?

A. Women B. Men C. The elderly D. Children Ans: B 20. According to the data provided by the U.S. State Department, between ______ and ______ men, women, and children are trafficked across international borders every year.

A. 100,000 and 400,000 B. 300,000 and 500,000 C. 500,000 and 850,000 D. 600,000 and 820,000 Ans: D 21. Between January 2007 and September 2008, there were ______ documented incidents of human trafficking in the United States.

A. 574 B. 1,007 C. 1,229 D. 2,567 Ans: C 22. In 2008, the Department of Justice obtained ______ convictions in ______ cases.

A. 13; 20 B. 27; 15 C. 77; 40 D. 92; 64 Ans: C 23. Malala Yousafzai was shot by the Taliban for speaking out about which of the following issues?

A. Right to fair and equal pay B. Right to an education C. Right to enlist in the military D. Right to get an abortion Ans: B

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 24. Which of the following statements pertaining to labor trafficking is true?

A. Women are more likely to be the victims of labor trafficking B. Domestic servitude will most likely have children victims C. Often embedded in cases of forced labor trafficking is a debt bondage D. Cases of labor trafficking are more likely to be identified by local law enforcement Ans: C 25. Which of the following is true about Salima?

A. She worked as a Maid in Libya.

B. She was recruited in Kenya.

C. She had three children.

D. She was able to escape unharmed.

Ans: B 26. Which of the following is true about Rathana?

A. She was born in Cambodia.

B. Her family was very wealthy.

C. She had a supportive and loving family.

D. She died as a soldier in combat.

Ans: A 27. Effects on health resulting from female genital mutilation include all of the following EXCEPT for ______.

A. infection B. sterilization C. reproductive difficulties D. broken bones Ans: D 28. ______ is a well-known location for the sexual trafficking of women from other Southeast Asian countries.

A. Thailand B. Cambodia C. Laos D. Vietnam Ans: A 29. Estimates indicate that up to _____ million women across Africa are genitally mutilated every year A. 100 B. 132 C. 140 D. 156 Ans: C

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 30. International efforts to combat human trafficking have focuses on all of the following EXCEPT for ______.

A. prosecution B. protection C. prevention D. prevlance Ans: D 31. Traffickers prey on ______.

A. women from affluent communities B. women from poor communities C. men from affluent communities D. men from poor communities ANS: B 32. Sensitivity-trianing programing is an example of _____.

A. social measures B. legal measures C. preventive measures D. protective measures Ans: C 33. Shelters are an example of ______.

A. social measures B. legal measures C. preventive measures D. protective measures Ans: D 34. ______ has been used a crime of torture against civilians during the times of war.

A. Rape B. Murder C. Arson D. Sexual Assault Ans: A 35. Recommendations for best practices against trafficking involve ______.

A. improved victim services B. increased public awareness about trafficking C. implementation and enforcement of stricter laws against the practice D. all of these Ans: D 36. According to the case study on witch burnings, a unifying factor among the people of Papua New Guinea is ______.

A. the belief in black magic

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 B. the legal system C. the language D. the culture Ans: A 37. The 1971 Sorcery Act punishes those who engage in sorcery with an incarceration period of ______ year(s).

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 Ans: B 38. The Papua New Guinea government has advocated for the expansion of ______ punishments for offenders of alleged sorcery.

A. rehabilitation B. capital punishment C. restitution D. imprisonment Ans: B 39. The Sorcery Act of 1971 punishes those who engage in sorcery with ______.

A. capital punishment B. loss of land and home C. banishment D. a light sentence Ans: D 40. The punishment for sorcery is generally a ______ in an effort to deter others from using magic.

A. public display B. display where only the victims family is present C. private matter D. display where only officials are present Ans: A True/False 1. Honor-based violence involves the murder of a woman by a male family member, usually a father, brother, or male cousin.

Ans: T 2. The notion of loyalty is one of the most important cultural values for members of communities that practice honor-based violence.

Ans: F

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 3. Female genital mutilation involves the removal of external sexual organs with anesthesia.

Ans: F 4. Women who have been killed in the name of honor are only killed for acts of sexual impropriety.

Ans: F 5. Kepari Leniata was burned alive in February 2013 after she was accused of being a witch.

Ans: T 6. The effects of culture are significant, as it can alter not only how these crimes are viewed by agents of social control, but also how the community interprets these experiences.

Ans: T 7. Human trafficking can be domestic or international.

Ans: T 8. Some impoverished families sell their children into servitude.

Ans: T 9. Human trafficking victims are generally successful at returning home.

Ans: F 10. Victims of human trafficking are often treated like offenders.

Ans: T 11. Witch burnings are still prevalent in Papua New Guinea.

Ans: T 12. Few laws have been passed to outlaw the practice of female genital mutiliation.

Ans: T 13. Domestic human trafficking does not exist.

Ans: F 14. Traffickers entice individuals with offers of employment, marriage, and travel.

Ans: T 15. Trafficking can involve cases within the borders of one’s country as well as transport across international boundaries.

Ans: T

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 Essay 1. Compare and contrast the practice of honor-based killings with the murders of women in Juarez.

Ans: The practice of honor-based violence in Pakistan is similar to the murders in ciudad Juarez in that the murders are generally premeditated and an act against a supposed violation of social and cultural norms. There aren’t many differences between the two practices, as the they both involve the murder and violence against women.

2. How has the problem of human trafficking been addressed through international agreements and domestic legislation?

Ans: Though there have been efforts to solve the problem of human trafficking with the passage of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act in 2000 and the use of T-Visa, many of the current efforts focus on the needs of the victim and not the prosecution of the offender. According to the authors, several promising solutions have been proposed.

These solutions combine both the jailer and the offender and protect the victim models, such as develop community awareness and education public service campaigns, do not prosecute the victim (victim blaming), address the social and economic reasons for trafficking, prosecute traffickers who aid and abet other traffickers, create immigration solutions for trafficked persons, and implement the laws.

3. Describe the myths associated with female genital mutilation Ans: According to the authors, several urban legends in African countries have contributed to the rise female genital mutilation. First, girls who are not circumcised are said to be unable to bare children. Second, if the clitoris is present during childbirth it will kill the baby. Third, women who are not circumcised are unclean and are more promiscuous than those who are. These are the most common urban legends found in tribal communities that still practice female genital mutilation.

4. Discuss debt bondage. Who is more likely to be a victim of this crime?

Ans: Debt bondage requires victims to pay off a debt through labor. Debt may be inherited as a result of the actions of other family members or may be acquired in response for employment, transportation, and housing or board. In some cases, the costs of these debts are so high that it is impossible for the victim to ever depart the situation. Men, women, and children are all at risk for debt bondate. According to the U.S. Department of State, women are disproportionaly presented in cases involving debt bondage.

5. Identify and discuss the three general areas for reform that Amnesty International recognized in their quest to improve te lives of women who may be victims of the practice of honor killings.

Ans: Legal Measures--The current legal system in many of these countries does little to protect victims from potential violence under the normative structures that condone the practice of honor killings. Women have few, if any, legal rights that protect them from these harms. Legal reforms must address the status of women and provide them with opportunities for equal protection under the law. In cases where women survive an

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 attempted honor killing, they need access to remedies that address the damages they experience. In addition, the perpetrators of these crimes are rarely subjected to punishment for their actions. Indeed, the first step toward reform includes recognizing that violence against women is a crime, and such abuses need to be enforced by the legal communities. International law also needs to recognize these crimes and enforce sanctions against governments that fail to act against these offenders. However, it is unclear how effective these legal measures will be for individual communities. In their discussions of what can be done to stop the practice of honor killings, Turkish activists did not feel that increasing the punishments for honor-based violence would serve as an effective deterrent, particularly in regions where the practice is more common and accepted within the community, as “punishments would not change the social necessity to kill and that to spend long years in jail can be seen as less important than lifelong loss of honor.” Preventive measures--Education and public awareness is the first step toward reducing honor-based violence toward women. These practices are rooted in culture and history. Attempts to change these deeply held attitudes will require time and resources aimed at opening communication on these beliefs. This is no easy task given the normative cultural values that perpetuate these crimes. One of the first tasks may be to adopt sensitivity-training programming for judicial and legal personnel so that they may be able to respond to these acts of violence in an impartial manner. In addition, it is important to develop a sense of the extent of the problem in order to provide effective remedies. Here, an enhanced understanding of data on these crimes will help shed light on the pervasiveness of honor-based violence as a first step toward addressing this problem. Protective measures--Given the limited options for women seeking to escape honor-based violence, additional resources for victim services need to be made available. These include shelters, resources for women fleeing violence, legal aid to represent victims of crime, provisions for the protection of children, and training to increase the economic self-sustainability for women. In addition, the agencies that offer refuge for these women need to be protected from instances of backlash and harassment.

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

Chapter 6: Theories on Female Offending Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. ______ theories of criminality explore the large-scale social explanations for crime.

A. Macro B. Sociological C. Micro D. Behavioral Ans: A 2. ______ theories of criminality focus on individual differences between law-abiding and law-violating behaviors.

A. Macro B. Psychological C. Micro D. Behavioral Ans: C 3. Which of the following were the first to attempt to investigate the nature of the female offender?

A. Hirschi B. The Glueck's C. Lombroso and Ferrero D. Agnew Ans: C 4. Lombroso and Ferrero suggested that ______.

A. criminals have atavistic degenerative physical characteristics B. criminals lack self-control C. criminals do not have strong social bonds D. criminals are strained Ans: A 5. Which of the following was written by Lombroso and Ferrero?

A. Five Hundred Criminal Careers B. The Female Offender C. The Criminality of Women D. none of these Ans: B 6. All of the following are criticisms of Lombroso and Ferrero EXCEPT for ______.

A. Small sample size

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 B. Heterogeneity of sample C. Assumptions lack scientific basis D. Failure to control for additional environmental factors Ans: B 7. Who of the following conducted a longitudinal study of female offenders?

A. Pollack B. Hirschi C. The Glueck's D. Daly Ans: C 8. The Glueck's were among the first to focus on female ______.

A. delinquency B. victimization C. social roles D. recidivism Ans: D 9. According to Pollack, the ______ of women suggested that women gain power by deceiving men through sexual playacting and faked sexual responses.

A. blurred boundaries B. power control C. masked criminality D. hidden nature Ans: C 10. Which of the following was written by Pollack?

A. Five Hundred Criminal Careers B. The Female Offender C. The Criminality of Women D. Criminal Woman, the Prostitute, and the Normal Woman Ans: C 11. Traditional criminological theories focused exclusively on ______.

A. the body B. violent crime C. delinquency D. male criminality Ans: D 12. Who of the following developed social bonding theory?

A. Hirschi B. Lombroso and Ferrero C. Chesney-Lind D. Sutherland

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 Ans: A 13. All of the following are elements of the social bond except ______.

A. attachment B. commitment C. integration D. belief Ans: C 14. According to Hirschi, which of the following can serve as one of the strongest inhibitors of delinquency?

A. Family B. Peers C. School D. Sports Ans: A 15. Which of the following describes the difference in social bonds found between American girls and Turkish girls?

A. Girls in Turkey are more attached to peers.

B. Girls in America are more attached to peers.

C. Girls in Turkey are more attached to school.

D. Girls in America are more attached to school.

Ans: D 16. Differential association was developed by which of the following?

A. Sutherland B. Hirschi C. Pollack D. Gottfredson Ans: A 17. Differential association focuses on the influence of which of the following?

A. Families B. Peers C. Teachers D. Religion Ans: B 18. Which of the following theories posits that learned behaviors are a result of peer associations?

A. Life Course B. Power Control C. Social Bonds D. Differential Association Ans: D

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 19. Girls are more likely to experience strain as a result of ______.

A. violence in the home B. violence at school C. violence in the neighborhood D. nonviolence Ans: A 20. Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime focuses on ______.

A. definitions favorable to law violation B. social bonds C. self-control D. patriarchy Ans: C 21. Gottfredson and Hirschi suggest the development of self-control is rooted in ______.

A. the body B. the mind C. gender D. family Ans: D 22. Adler and Simon suggested that which of the following caused increases in female offending?

A. Liberation of women B. Socialization of women C. Abuse of women D. Integration of women Ans: A 23. Which of the following is a weakness of Hagan's power-control theory?

A. It fails to focus on gender.

B. It fails to incorporate socialization into gender roles.

C. It fails to consider one-parent households.

D. It fails to measure parental control.

Ans: C 24. Feminist criminology began as a reaction to which of the following?

A. Male chauvinism in the discipline B. Gender neutrality in research C. A lack of sexism in the literature D. An abundance of female-centered research Ans: A 25. Which of the following social bonds refers to the investment that an individual has to the normative values of society?

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 A. Commitment B. Attachment C. Involvement D. Belief Ans: A 26. All of the following were identified as challenges faced by feminist criminology EXCEPT for _____.

A. exploring the relationship between gender, race, and class B. exploring how the War on Drugs has impacted women C. exploring ways to link research with activism D. exploring how political environments affect women Ans: D 27. ______ refers to the level at which one might participate in conventional activities such as studying or playing sports.

A. Commitment B. Attachment C. Involvement D. Belief Ans: C 28. ______ refers to the bond that people have with family, friends, and social institutions that may serve as an informal control against criminality.

A. Commitment B. Attachment C. Involvement D. Belief Ans: B 29. _____ refers to a general acceptance of the rules of society.

A. Commitment B. Attachment C. Involvement D. Belief Ans: D 30. The concept of ______ refers to nondistinct categories of victim and offender.

A. blurred boundaries B. distinct boundaries C. no boundaries D. excess boundaries Ans: A 31. All of the following were identified as themes that alter the experiences for Black women in the criminal justice system EXCEPT for ______.

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 A. many Black women experience structural oppression in society B. Black families differ in their intimate and familial relations C. the Black community and culture features unique characteristics as a result of their racialized experiences D. Black woman are individual, but not unique Ans: D 32. ______ suggests that events in significant life events can explain why a person engages in crime.

A. Social bond theory B. Differential association theory C. Power-control theory D. Life course theory Ans: D 33. ______ built upon the themes of gender roles and socialization to explain patterns of female offending.

A. Feminist criminology B. Social criminology C. Feminology D. Sociology Ans: A 34. Developments in feminist research have addressed the significant relationship between ______ and offending.

A. assault B. victimization C. criminality D. female criminality Ans: B 35. ______ believed that criminal data sources failed to reflect the true extent of female crime.

A. Hirschi B. Manson C. Lomroso D. Pollak Ans: D 36. The Charles Manson murders took place during which of the following decades?

A. 1940s B. 1950s C. 1960s D. 1970s Ans: C

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 37. According to the case study, the Manson women’s actions could be associated with which of the following theories?

A. social disorganization B. strain C. routine activities D. social bonds Ans: B 38. The Manson women have all been denied ______.

A. probation B. entry into prison rehabilitation programs C. parole D. constitutional rights Ans: C True/False 1. Pollack believed that crime data sources reflect the true extent of female crime.

Ans: F 2. Commitment refers to the bond that people have with family, friends, and social institutions that may serve as an informal control against criminality.

Ans: F 3. Life course theory allowa for a gender-neutral review of how the different developmental milestones in one’s life can explain criminal behavior.

Ans: T 4. Differential association was unique in that it highlighted why people may not become involved in criminal activity.

Ans: F 5. According to Hirschi, attachment refers to the investment that an individual has to the normative values of society.

Ans: F 6. According to Sutherland, delinquency occurs when there is an excess of definitions unfavorable to violations of law.

Ans: F 7. Research shows that social bonds impact men and women differently.

Ans: T 8. The general theory of crime can explain the delinquency of boys but fails in its explanation for girls.

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 Ans: T 9. Differential association is strongly supported by research.

Ans: F 10. According to Broidy and Agnew, boys and girls experience different types of strain.

Ans: T 11. Impulsivity is an indicator of a lack of self-control.

Ans: T 12. According to power-control theory, girls will demonstrate higher rates of delinquency in families with patriarchal values.

Ans: F 13. Differential association theory posits that these learned behaviors are a result of peer associations.

Ans: T 14. All marginalized women resort to crime.

Ans: F 15. Theories on criminal behavior try to explain why offenders engage in crime.

Ans: T Essay 1. Describe how theories of female offending have changed over time (i.e., from historical to traditional to modern).

Ans: Though, Lombroso and Ferrero were not only historical female offender theorists, it is evident that the early theories of female criminality placed a reliance on stereotypes about the female offender as manipulative, cunning, and masculine; all identities that limited the analysis to a narrow perception of the world. The traditional theories, on the other hand, focused more on male criminality and excluded women from their research (Hirschi, Sutherland, Silverman and Caldwell, Agnew, etc.). Later research, on the other hand, has investigated if and how these traditional theories of crime can understand female offending. The conclusions are mixed; some can make contributions to female crime, others are more suited to male criminality. The modern theories (Adler & Simon, Hagan, Laub, etc.) have made signification improvements in understanding the relationship between gender and crime. However, there is still an increased need for more scholarship/discussion about women and crime.

2. Describe the contributions of and challenges facing feminist criminology.

Ans: Feminist theory and methodology has led to new understanding of gender and crime, such as the feminist pathways approach. Feminist criminologists have also

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 worked at identifying how issues such as race, class, and sexuality impact criminality.

Lastly, developments in feminist research have also addressed the significant relationship between victimization and offending. However, feminist criminology also faces a few challenges, such as expanding the discussion on the intersections of gender, race, and class. They also need to continue to pursue opportunities to link their research and activism.

3. Compare and contrast social bonding theory to the general theory of crime. What has recent research on these theories found regarding gender differences?

Ans: Hirschi’s social bond theory is a macro-level perspective on criminal behavior. The general theory of crime is a considered more of a micro-level theory. Recent research has found that the general theory of crime can explain delinquency in boys, but it fails to explain it in girls.

4. Discuss differential association theory.

Ans: Differential association theory focuses on the influence of how relationships lead to crime. It posits that learned behaviors are a result of peer associations. As youth spend time with people, these people then influence their knowledge, practices, and judgments on delinquent behavior. The more that people are exposed to these delinquent attitudes and behaviors, the more they are able to influence this person.

5. Discuss Hirschi’s social bond theory (1969).

Ans: His theory focused on four criteria, or bonds, that prevent people from acting on potential criminological impulses or desires. He identified these bonds as (1) attachment, (2) commitment, (3) involvement, and (4) belief. Attachment refers to the bond that people have with family, friends, and social institutions (such as government, education, and religion) that may serve as an informal control against criminality. Hirschi posited that people refrain from criminal behavior as a result of these attachments as they do not want to disappoint people in their lives. For example, youth who have positive attachments to parents or peers may limit their delinquent behavior because they do not want to disappoint these important relationships. The second concept, commitment, refers to the investment that an individual has to the normative values of society. In many ways, the concept of commitment embodies the spirit of rational choice perspectives. For example, if one is committed to obtaining a college degree, then a violation of the law might limit one’s ability to achieve that goal. As a result, one might decide not to engage in the illegal behavior out of fear of jeopardizing one’s future.

Involvement refers to the level at which one might participate in conventional activities such as studying or playing sports. The idea behind involvement is that youth who are more involved in these sorts of activities are less likely to engage in delinquent activities. Belief refers to a general acceptance of the rules of society “the less a person believes he should obey the rules, the more likely he is to violate them.”

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

Chapter 7: Girls and Juvenile Delinquency Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. The parens patriae model was developed in the ______.

A. 15th century B. 1800s C. 20th century D. 1700s Ans: A 2. Parens patriae focuses on ______.

A. the relationship between parents and child B. that which is in the best interest of the child C. the child's delinquent acts D. the child's school performance Ans: B 3. Which of the following eras led to the child-saving movement?

A. Revolutionary era B. Depression era C. Progressive era D. Civil rights era Ans: C 4. The efforts of the child-savers movement led to the creation of the first juvenile court in ______ in 1899.

A. New York B. Chicago C. Ohio D. Virginia Ans: B 5. The ______ was designed to protect young women from men who preyed on the innocence of girls.

A. parens patriae campaign B. age of consent campaign C. vicious men campaign D. child saver's campaign Ans: B 6. Net widening refers to which of the following?

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 A. Expanding the reach of the juvenile justice system to offenses and populations previously out of reach B. Focusing on both female and male delinquency C. The modern day institutionalization of girls for status offenses D. The increased use of community sanctions for female delinquents Ans: A 7. According to UCR data, between 1980 and 2003, female arrests increased by ______.

A. 20% B. 7% C. 9% D. 16% Ans: B 8. Juvenile girls make up ______ of the arrests of individuals under the age of 18.

A. 25% B. 27% C. 29% D. 32% Ans: C 9. Which of the following is not a status offense?

A. Running away B. Truancy C. Curfew violations D. Shoplifting Ans: D 10. ______ is a phenomenon whereby girls are institutionalized for violations of their probation including status offenses.

A. Net widening B. Bootstrapping C. Hand-tying D. Shoplifting Ans: B 11. A settlement of $ ______ was granted in the Alabama case in which 48 girls were found to be victimized by staff while in custody.

A. 114,000 B. 6.4 million C. 12.7 million D. 21.2 million Ans: C

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 12. Which of the following has led to formal processing of girls for school-based violence?

A. Elimination of in-school suspension B. Zero tolerance policies C. Bullying D. Detention and suspension Ans: B 13. All of the following were discussed as a risk factor for female delinquency EXCEPT for _____.

A. history of abuse B. poor school performance C. relationships with nondelinquent peers D. use of drugs and/or alcohol Ans: C 14. Family relationships can be a risk factor when all of the following are present EXCEPT for _____.

A. conflict B. divorce C. abuse D. counseling Ans: D 15. All of the following statements pertaining to abuse are true EXCEPT for _____.

A. Sexual, physical, and emotional abuse has long been documented as significant risk factors for female offenders B. The impact of abuse is intensified when it occurs within the community C. Acts such as running away from home reflect an attempt to escape from a violent or abusive home environment D. In their attempt to escape from an abusive situation, girls often fall into criminal behaviors as a mechanism of survival Ans: B 16. Which of the following is most important regarding the level of impact presented by delinquent peers?

A. Whether the delinquent peers are male or female.

B. The number of delinquent peers C. Whether the delinquent peers can drive.

D. Parental involvement Ans: B 17. Which is true regarding school failure?

A. Truancy is not a good indicator of school failure.

B. Success is tied to feelings of anxiety C. Positive parental involvement serves as a protective factor.

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 D. Socialization is not as important a factor as once perceived Ans: C 18. All of the following are risk factors for substance use/abuse among girls EXCEPT for _____.

A. histories of victimization B. poor self-concept C. first use in later adulthood D. social opportunities for use Ans: C 19. UCR data from 1980 to 2003 show that female proportion of violence crime index offenses increase from ______ to ______.

A. 5%, 9% B. 7%, 14% C. 10%, 18% D. 12%, 19% Ans: C 20. All of the following factors can affect whether communities will seek out assistance EXCEPT for _____.

A. racial B. economic C. cultural D. political Ans: D 21. Which of the following is not a protective factor discussed in the text?

A. Lack of empathy B. Social competence C. Engagement in religious activities D. Intelligence Ans: A 22. The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act called for ______.

A. the decriminalization of status offenses B. an increase in educational prevention programs C. the release of more than 100 juvenile delinquents from detention centers D. the criminalization of social failure Ans: A 23. Self-report data, such as the Youth Risk Behavior Survey, indicated that between 1991 and 2001, acts of violence by girls ______.

A. increased B. decreased C. significantly increased

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 D. significantly decreased Ans: B 24. ______ represents the primary mechanism for the socialization of juveniles.

A. School B. Family C. After school activities D. Church Ans: B 25. Which of the following is the most significant barrier in providing effective services for girls?

A. Difficulty accessing services B. Lack of funding C. Resistance to programming D. Whether the programming reflects culturally relevant issues.

Ans: B 26. Research has found that girls are ______ times more likely to spend time in detention for their “crimes” their male counterparts.

A. 1 B. 3 C. 5 D. 7 Ans: B 27. The media has amplified public perceptions of an increase in which of the following?

A. “girl on girl” violence B. “bad girls” C. “feral and savage” girls D. “good girls gone rogue” Ans: B 28. Breaking the curfew is an example of _____.

A. a misdeameanor B. an infraction C. a status offense D. a felony Ans: C 29. The ______ movement, comprised of middle- and upper-class white citizens, was dedicated to rescuing those who were less fortunately placed in the social order.

A. feminist B. child-saving C. elitist D. populist

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 Ans: B 30. ______are illegal acts only if committed by a juvenile.

A. Thefts B. Violent offenses C. Status offenses D. DUIs Ans: C 31. The focus on female sexuality led to a ______ for girls.

A. double standard B. criminal offense C. status offense D. gender bias Ans: A 32. ______has been noted as a gateway to delinquency.

A. Attending school B. Attending church C. Community service D. Free time Ans: D 33. ______programming should be able to address the wide variety of needs of the delinquent girl.

A. Enrichment B. Gender-specific C. Scouting D. Development Ans: B 34. _____ are more likely to engage in self-injurious behaviors compared to girls of other ethnicities/races.

A. Asian Americans B. Hispanics C. Caucasians D. African Americans Ans: D 35. Gender-specific programming for adolescent females needs to focus on _____.

A. rebuilding the family unit and developing positive role modeling B. ensuring that juvenile stay in school C. promoting socialization amongst their peers D. teaching juveniles to defend themselves when necessary Ans: A

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 36. According to the National Survey of Youth in Custody (NSYC), ______ of juvenile females reported acts of abuse from other inmates.

A. 7.2 B. 9.1 C. 11.5 D. 13.2 Ans: B 37. According to the case study, which of the following factors places girls at a potential risk?

A. Cross gender supervision B. Length of incarceration C. Security level of the prison D. Age Ans: A 38. According to the case study, children who have a rich experience with the arts have demonstrated all of the following EXCEPT for _____.

A. Achievements in writing B. Higher GPA C. Were more likely to attend college D. Lower socialization skills Ans: D True/False 1. LGBTQ youth are at a particularly high risk of experiencing trauma.

Ans: T 2. Delinquency during adolescence can have serious short-term negative consequences for physical and mental health.

Ans: F 3. In comparison to boys, girls perpetrate violence at home, school, or against family members and acquaintances.

Ans: T 4. Arrest data and self-report data offer similar findings regarding the nature and prevalence of female violence.

Ans: F 5. Symbolic struggles for adolescent freedom between girls and their parents may lead to family violence.

Ans: T

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 6. Effective gender specific programming should provide long-term programming for girls and their social support network.

Ans: T 7. Today, juvenile delinquency is more likely to be handled informally.

Ans: F 8. Girls continue to represent a small proportion of all cases of juvenile delinquency.

Ans: T 9. Female offenders represent the fastest growing population within the juvenile justice system.

Ans: T 10. Boys experience higher rates of abuse than girls.

Ans: F 11. Free, or unstructured, time impacts associations with delinquent peers.

Ans: T 12. Poly-drug use refers to girls using drugs in groups.

Ans: F 13. Cultural needs do not impact whether or not programming for delinquent girls will be successful.

Ans: F 14. Historically, judges detained and incarcerated girls primarily for minor and status offenses and at lower rates than they did boys.

Ans: F 15. A review of recent trends in female juvenile cases indicates an overrepresentation of incidents of family-based violence.

Ans: T Essay 1. Describe the evolution of juvenile justice for girls from the early days of the juvenile court up to the present day.

Ans: The first juvenile court in Chicago in 1899 presides over three youth populations.

The first population: children who committed adult criminal offenses. The second population: children who committed status offenses. The third population: children who were abused or neglected by their parents. During the late 19th and 20th centuries, reformers embarked on the age-of-consent campaigns to protect young women from vicious men who preyed on their innocence. Beyond the age of consent campaigns, the

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 control of girl’s sexuality extended to all girls involved in the court. In the 20th and 21st century, the court became a mechanism through which control of female sexuality is enforced.

2. Compare and contrast risk factors from protective factors. Give three examples of each.

Ans: The risk factors for female delinquency include a poor family relationship, a history of abuse, poor school performance, negative peer relationships, and issues with substance abuse. Protective factors, on the other hand, include family, school, and the absence of substance abuse serve as protective factors against delinquency.

3. Explain how the juvenile justice system can better meet the needs of delinquent girls.

Ans: The justice system can improve on their mental health services. Many detention facilities are ill equipped to deal with girls who have a need for mental health services.

Programs should also take into account the girls culture and backgrounds.

4. What were some of the states’ failures after the passage of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act? Ans: The states failed to provide adequate funding and the inability to offer appropriate community series.

5. Discuss status offenses and provide one to two examples.

Ans: Status offenses are acts that are illegal only if committed by juveniles. Examples of status offenses include the underage consumption of alcohol, running away from home, truancy, and curfew violations.

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

Chapter 8: Female Offenders and Their Crimes Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following statements regarding female offending is nottrue?

A. Women engage in every type of criminal activity B. Female crimes of violence are ignored by the media C. Female crimes are not as rare as you think D. The majority of female offending is made up of crimes that are nonviolent Ans: B 2. The gender gap is narrowing ______.

A. in general B. in terms of the proportion of crimes committed by gender C. as shown by conviction rates D. for violent crime only Ans: B 3. As relates to the narrowing of the gender gap, NCVS data reveal that there has been ______.

A. decreases in male offending B. increases in female offending C. decrease in female offending D. increases in male offending Ans: A 4. Historically drug use by women was ______.

A. severely punished B. normalized C. nonexistent D. sensationalized Ans: B 5. Between 2006 and 2015, women’s arrests in property-related crimes increased ______.

A. 7.9% B. 12.7% C. 18.9% D. 20.2%

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

Ans: D 6. In the last few decades, the female incarceration rate has grown ______%.

A. 54 B. 96 C. 108 D. 127 Ans: C 7. Which of the following is the best predictor of longevity of substance abuse?

A. Social marginalization B. Unemployment C. Early exposure D. Reoccurring trauma Ans: C 8. All of the following increase the social marginalization and economic pressures felt by women EXCEPT for _____.

A. being unemployed B. lacking job skills C. being homeless D. having an extensive social network Ans: D 9. Johnson (2004) found that ______ of all female property offenders indicated that they engaged in crime to get money so that they could buy drugs.

A. 12% B. 35% C. 47% D. 52% Ans: D 10. ______ is the most visible form of sex work.

A. Working as an escort B. Use of Craig's List to sell or trade sex C. Working in a brothel D. Street-level prostitution Ans: D 11. The most common commodity for street-level sex work is _____.

A. clothing B. food C. shelter D. money

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

Ans: D 12. The death rate for prostitutes is ______ times higher than the overall population.

A. 5 B. 15 C. 30 D. 40 Ans: D 13. All of the following were mentioned as long-term health-related consequences of prostitution EXCEPT for _____.

A. gynecological problems B. respiratory infections C. neurological problems D. cardiac problems Ans: D 14. The biggest threat to a prostitute's safety is ______.

A. violence at the hands of their pimp B. inability to seek help by reporting victimization to police C. drive-by shootings D. abuse by johns Ans: B 15. Generally the public views prostitution as ______.

A. a victimless crime B. victimization of women C. offending by women D. none of these Ans: A 16. All of the following are examples of property crime EXCEPT for _____.

A. vandalism B. arson C. fraud D. prostitution Ans: D 17. Brothels in the Netherlands are required to have ______.

A. a license from the state B. health insurance for prostitutes C. windows where prostitutes can advertise D. routine inspections by officials Ans: A

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

18. Larger issues such as ______ all contribute to a system where women fall victim to the practices of sexual exploitation.

A. economics, globalization, poverty, and inequality B. globalization, equality, rights, and poverty C. poverty, rights, inequality, and education D. rights, inequality, education, and politics Ans: A 19. In New South Wales, the majority of brothels ______.

A. follow through with licensing agreements B. fail to register their businesses C. pay attention to regulatory rules for operation D. pay taxes Ans: B 20. Which of the following has focused on making the purchasing of sex from women a criminal act?

A. France B. Switzerland C. Sweden D. Spain Ans: C 21. Which of the following was the identified as the greatest immediate need for women in their transition from the streets ______.

A. housing B. child care C. job skills training D. mental health treatment Ans: A 22. Why may official data not reflect the true number of girls in gangs?

A. Data may not include females.

B. Data include female members of female gangs only.

C. Data are based on what male gang members say about female gang members.

D. Data only focus on males of a certain cultural region Ans: A 23. Females in gangs are often distinguished by which of the following?

A. Race B. Violent tendencies C. Sexuality D. Ability to provide financially

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

Ans: C 24. Lives of girls in gangs are filled with all of the following EXCEPT for _____.

A. violence B. poverty C. disenfranchisement D. unlimited resources Ans: D 25. Which of the following was not mentioned as a common initiation process for female gang members?

A. being jumped B. pulling a train C. walking the line D. being sworn in Ans: D 26. Which of the following is true regarding filicide.

A. It is a rare occurrence B. Mothers usually do not suffer from any health issues C. It refers to the act of homicide during the first 24 hours after birth D. Males make up the majority of offenders Ans: A 27. All of the following statements regarding Andrea Yates are true EXCEPT for ____.

A. She is one of the most identifiable case of neonaticide B. She has a history of mental health issues C. She was religious D. She was the primary caretaker of her five children Ans: A 28. Mothers who kill their children often suffer from ______.

A. post-traumatic stress disorder B. border personality disorder C. postpartum psychosis D. alcoholism Ans: C 29. _____ refers to an act of homicide during the first 24 hours after birth.

A. Filicide B. Neonaticide C. Infanticide D. Homicide Ans: B

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

30. When a mother believes that it is in the best interests of the child to be dead and that the mother is doing a good thing by killing the child it is considered to be a(n) _____.

A. act of revenge B. altruistic reason C. result of postparty psychosis D. accident Ans: B 31. All of the following statements pertaining to mothers who kill their children are true EXCEPT for _____.

A. Mothers make up the majority of offenders in cases of infanticide and neonaticide B. Andrea Yates killed her children for altruistic reasons C. The killing of unwanted children is usually done by women under the age of 35 D. Killing a child for revenge is usually conducted as an act against the spouse or father of the child Ans: C 32. All of the following were identified as pathways to offending EXCEPT for _____.

A. Addiction in the home environment B. Trauma and abuse in childhood C. The presence of mental health issues D. Growing up in an affluent neighborhood Ans: D 33. All of the following were identified as survival strategies EXCEPT for ______.

A. running away from home B. drug use C. illegal street work D. seeking part time employment Ans: D 34. Research has found a link between prostitution and the use of _____.

A. marijuana B. crack cocaine C. heroin D. opioids Ans: B 35. ______ crimes represent a higher proportion of female crimes than in the male array of crimes.

A. Assault B. Property

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

C. Arson D. Rape Ans: B 36. The proportion of ______ crimes is greater for males than females.

A. violent B. property C. white-collar D. status offenses Ans: A 37. Before being granted clemency and having her sentence commuted, Sara Kruzan had initially been sentenced to ______.

A. death B. probation C. 25 years in prison D. life without parole And: D 38. Michelle Carter was found guilty of ______.

A. aggravated assault.

B. involuntary manslaughter C. murder D. attempted murder Ans: B True/False 1. Street prostitutes are likely to experience the highest rates of violence, abuse, arrests, and stigma of all sex workers.

Ans: T 2. The role of substance abuse is central to the discussion of risk for prostituting women.

Ans: T 3. The majority of addicted women have trauma histories.

Ans: T 4. Some women abuse drugs to self-medicate.

Ans: T

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

5. Even in locations where prostitution is legal, illegal sexual practices have continued to flourish.

Ans: T 6. Shoplifting is typically described as a pink-collar crime.

Ans: T 7. Many at-risk young girls turn to prostitution to support their basic survival needs.

Ans: T 8. Hollywood portrayals of prostitution reflect reality.

Ans: F 9. Women who trade sex for drugs or necessities, such as food and shelter, are the most vulnerable to exploitation.

Ans: T 10. Female arrests for violent crimes have increased in recent years.

Ans: F 11. For some girls, gang involvement is a family affair.

Ans: T 12. Female gang members considered "independent" are at a higher risk of violent victimization.

Ans: T 13. Andrea Yates was found guilty, and mentally stable.

Ans: F 14. In the 1980s, women were drawn to crack cocaine in large numbers.

Ans: T 15. While the crime of filicide is a rare occurrence, it raises significant attention in the media.

Ans: T Essay 1. Describe how girls are initiated into and exit the gang life.

Ans: According to the authors, initiation into girl gangs varies. Girls can either be “jumped” in or walking the line, where the girls are subjected to assault by their fellow

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

gang members. Girls can also be “sexed” in, also known as pulling a train. In this scenario, the girls have sex with multiple members, often the male gang members.

2. Describe the five categories of infanticide developed by Resnick (1970).

Ans: Resnick’s five categories are as follows: the first category represents the cases in which the infant was killed for altruistic reasons, where the mother believes that it is in the best interest of the child to be dead and that the mother is doing good. The second category refers to the killing of a child by an acutely psychotic woman. These cases are linked to the postpartum psychosis. The third category represents the killing of an unwanted infant. In many cases, this is neonaticide. Women tend to be unmarried, under 25, and often conceal their pregnancies. The fourth category represents the accidental death of a child following significant child abuse and maltreatment. The last category represents cases where the child is used as an act of revenge against another.

In many cases, they are acts against the mothers spouse or significant other.

3. Describe the pathways to substance abuse among women.

Ans: The authors identified many pathways to substance abuse. First, women are exposed to the abuse at an early age. A family environment can influence the pathway to addition in terms of an increased availability of drugs. Second, lack of parental supervision can also lead to substance abuse. Third, early experimentation can also lead to substance abuse and longer term of addiction. Another pathway described by the authors results from victimization and trauma during early childhood. Fifth, mental health issues can also serve as a pathway to substance abuse.

4. Discuss property crime as a means to economic survival for females.

Ans: According to the authors, women engage in property crimes more than men.

Women engage in property crimes in order to provide for themselves and their families.

For some female offenders, substance abuse addiction plays a role. Females commit the property crime to fund their addictions.

5. Discuss the five different categories of filicide, according to Resnick (1970).

Ans: The first category represents cases where the infant was killed for altruistic reasons. In this case, the mother believes that it is in the best interests of the child to be dead and that the mother is doing a good thing by killing the child. Here, the mother believes (whether real or imagined) that the child is suffering in some way and that the child’s pain should end. The second category in Resnick’s typology refers to the killing of a child by an acutely psychotic woman. These cases are closely linked with explanations of postpartum psychosis where the mother suffers from a severe case of mental illness and may be unaware of her action or be unable to appreciate the wrongfulness of her behaviors. The third category represents the killing of an unwanted infant. In many cases, these are cases of neonaticide. The fourth category involves the “accidental” death of a child following incidents of significant child abuse and maltreatment. The fifth category represents cases where the death of a child is used as

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

an act of ultimate revenge against another. In many cases, these vengeful acts are against the spouse and father of the child.

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

Chapter 9: Processing and Sentencing of Female Offenders Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following suggests that women receive preferential treatment by the justice system?

A. Chivalry hypothesis B. Rehabilitative hypothesis C. Evil woman hypothesis D. Good woman hypothesis Ans: A 2. Under which of the following are women punished for breaking socialized norms of gender-role expectations?

A. Chivalry hypothesis B. Rehabilitative hypothesis C. Evil woman hypothesis D. Good woman hypothesis Ans: C 3. Police generally make contact with boys over criminal offenses, such as ______.

A. drug distribution B. running away C. curfew D. truancy Ans: A 4. Which of the following are the most important factors impacting pretrial charging decisions?

A. Gender and crime seriousness B. Race and gender C. Criminal history D. Criminal history and gender Ans: C 5. Who of the following are more likely to benefit from chivalrous treatment by the police?

A. Older Caucasian women B. Older Hispanic women C. Older Asian American women D. Older African American women

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 Ans: A 6. Which of the following influences whether a defendant will be detained during the pretrial stages or receive charge reductions and leniency in sentencing?

A. Age and offense type B. Race and criminal history C. Offense type and criminal history D. Criminal history and age Ans: C 7. Differences between the incarceration rates of White women and women of color may be based on which of the following instead of race?

A. Sexism B. Economics C. Age D. Politics Ans: B 8. Which of the following is at greatest risk for arrest and imprisonment?

A. Drug users B. Drug pushers C. Drug traffickers D. Drug cartel members Ans: A 9. The Fair Sentencing Act reduced the disparity between sentences for cocaine and crack cocaine to ______.

A. 100:1 B. 48:1 C. 18:1 D. 6:1 Ans: C 10. There is a rise in the use of which of the following among women?

A. Crack cocaine B. Inhalants C. Meth D. Marijuana Ans: C 11. Which of the following is an example of an extralegal factor?

A. Presence of trauma B. Laws C. Sentencing guidelines D. Crime rates Ans: A

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 12. In what year were the federal sentencing guidelines enacted?

A. 1978 B. 1984 C. 1987 D. 1992 Ans: C 13. All of the following are mediating factor allowed by the federal sentencing guidelines EXCEPT for _____.

A. ties to the community B. offense type C. presence of aggravating and mitigating circumstances D. criminal history Ans: A 14. In which of the following states did the consideration of children as a mitigating factor produce an indirect effect for preferential treatment of women?

A. Minnesota B. Ohio C. Pennsylvania D. Louisiana Ans: A 15. In which of the following states did increase judicial discretion and the use of broad sentencing ranges lead to decreases in racial disparity?

A. Minnesota B. Ohio C. Pennsylvania D. Louisiana Ans: B 16. All of the following are criticisms of gender-neutral sentencing EXCEPT for _____.

A. guidelines negatively impact women B. unique needs of women are not considered C. lead to increased sentences for men and women D. may leader to proportional sentencing Ans: D 17. Which of the following is an important factor affecting sentencing decisions in China?

A. Age B. Family support C. Race D. Behavior before the court Ans: D

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 18. In which of the following does a greater level of gender equality in general lead to no preferential treatment for women?

A. China B. South Korea C. Finland D. Australia Ans: C 19. In which of the following does history and politics serve as extralegal factors in sentencing?

A. China B. South Korea C. Finland D. Australia Ans: D 20. Mandatory arrest polices for which of the following led to an increase in arrests for girls?

A. Drug crimes B. Property crimes C. Intimate Partner Abuse D. Prostitution Ans: C 21. Between 2000 and 2009, the incarceration rates for White women increased by ______%.

A. 30 B. 45 C. 47 D. 56 Ans: C 22. Between 2000 and 2009, the incarceration rates for Black women declined ______%.

A. 31 B. 42 C. 45 D. 52 Ans: A 23. Which of the following was noted as increasing the likelihood of pretrial release for women?

A. Being married B. Ability to hire private attorney C. Successful program completion

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 D. Violent crime Ans: B 24. Koons-Witt (2006) found that which of the following extralegal factors impacted judicial sentencing decisions before and after the implementation of sentencing guidelines?

A. Employment B. Completion of a drug treatment program C. Having dependent children D. Presence of trauma Ans: C 25. China has been a long-standing proponent of ______ women in general.

A. paternalism towards B. equality for C. leadership opportunities for D. liberties for Ans: A 26. In which of the following countries are women expected to demonstrate a submissive and apologetic demeanor towards the judge?

A. China B. Australia C. South Korea D. Taiwan Ans: D 27. _____ ha a significant impact on how cases are disposed of by the courts.

A. Age B. Gender C. Education D. Race Ans: B 28. Historically, _____ women have been punished more harshly than White women.

A. Hispanic B. Asian American C. Native American D. African American Ans: D 29. Research has found that _____ can also influence the length of a prison sentence for women of color.

A. height B. hair color C. skin tone

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 D. weight Ans: C 30. The first involvement of the criminal justice system takes place at the ______.

A. arrest stage B. pretrial stage C. sentencing stage D. bail stage Ans: A 31. In ______, a felony conviction carries a number of consequences beyond the criminal justice system.

A. Florida B. California C. New York D. Illinois Ans: A 32. Due to its use among women, meth has been labeled ______.

A. white collar crack B. pink collar crack C. red collar crack D. high collar crack Ans: B 33. Which of the following statements pertaining to chivalry are true?

A. Women in Finland benefit from preferential treatment by justice officials B. Women of indigenous status do receive preferential treatment by justice C. Women in South Korea do not benefit from chivalry in sentencing D. Chivalry is extended to all women Ans: B 34. In 1984, the ______ led to the implementation of the federal sentencing guidelines.

A. Federal Sentencing Act B. Federal Offenders Act C. Sentencing Reform Act D. Sentencing Reformation Act Ans: C 35. Both the chivalry hypothesis and the evil woman hypothesis reflect ______ in sentencing.

A. gender equality B. gender bias C. gender equity D. gender differences Ans: B

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

True/False 1. Skin-tone does not impact sentencing decisions.

Ans: F 2. Chivalry only occurs during the sentencing phase.

Ans: F 3. The flood of women in search of sex work created an economy whereby the value of sexual services significantly decreased .

Ans: T 4. The effect of gender on sentencing decisions varies by jurisdiction.

Ans: T 5. Prior to the sentencing guidelines, gender did not appear to have an effect on sentencing guidelines.

Ans: T 6. The evil woman hypothesis leads to more lenient sentencing.

Ans: F 7. Officials are more lenient to white women than women of color.

Ans: T 8. Women of color are deemed as more “salvageable than men of color.

Ans: T 9. Prior to the War on Drugs, drug offenders generally received prison sentences.

Ans: F 10. Gender equality equals sameness.

Ans: F 11. Not all research demonstrates that girls and women of color suffer from harsher treatment by the courts.

Ans: T 12. The treatment of women in the course has been static in the U.S. Ans: F 13. Judicial discretion is often a double-edged sword for women.

Ans: T

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 14. Researchers have mostly focused on the pretrial release outcomes in cases.

Ans: F 15. Women in Finland do not benefit from preferential treatment by justice officials.

Ans: T Essay 1. Describe how gender interacts with legal and extralegal variables present in processing decisions.

Ans: There are many ways in which gender and the extra legal and legal factors interact in processing decisions. For example, if a criminal history is present, females are more likely to be incarcerated as opposed to those that do not have a history. In addition, extralegal factors such as the ability to hire a private attorney also interact with gender.

For example, women who were able to hire their own attorney were more likely to make bail as opposed to those that had to utilize a public defender.

2. Compare and contrast how women offenders are treated in China and Finland.

Ans: In China, women are considered subordinate members of society. According to the authors, as a result of these cultural views, women are treated as they were children and protected, so they are more likely to receive reduced sentences. Also, if Chinese women show remorse to the course, she is more likely to receive a shorter sentence. In Finland, on the other hand, women do not benefit from preferential treatment by officials; there is greater gender equality in Finland than there is in China.

3. Describe how the War on Drugs has impacted women offenders.

Ans: The War on Drugs has impacted both males and females. However, it had a more significant effect for women, especially women of color. It has increased the number of racial disparities in sentencing. In addition, the War on Drugs has also shifted punishments to incarcerating from community supervision; thus, the incarceration of women for nonviolent drug-related offenses has significantly increased.

4. Discuss the treatment of female offenders in China.

Ans: China is one example where the paternalistic treatment of women is integrated within the cultural viewpoint. Women are considered as subordinate members of society. As a result, the legal system may treat women with “kid gloves.” This need to protect women can potentially lead to reductions in punishment. As women’s participation in criminal activity increases, the legal system is faced with how to respond to these cases. In China, there has been a documented increase in the number of women involved in drug possession and trafficking cases. . In addition, women benefit from chivalrous treatments, even in cases where their offenses and criminal history were similar to male drug traffickers. The most important variable in these cases was the woman’s behavior before the court—if the offender was remorseful about her actions and showed respect to the court, she received a more lenient sentence.

However, chivalry was extended only to lower level offenders.

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 5. What is the main goal of the sentencing guidelines?

Ans: The main goal, according to the authors, is to produce fair and honest outcomes that minimize disparities based on defendant’s social characteristics.

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

Chapter 10: The Supervision on Women Community Corrections, Rehabilitation, and Reentry Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Women in the corrections system suffer from all of the following EXCEPT for _____. a. poverty b. homelessness c. limited public assistance d. overabundance of medical care Ans: D 2. Which retailer has changed their hiring policies so that an individual’s criminal history is not raised until the interview? a. Target b. Walmart c. JCPenney d. Home Depot Ans: A 3. In what state did recent legislation make it illegal for state employers to ask about an offender’s criminal history on a job application? a. New York b. Texas c. Minnesota d. California Ans: C 4. According to the authors, what is the identity given to offenders who have just been released from prison? a. Probationers b. Felons c. Ex-offender d. Parolees Ans: C 5. In 2011, ______ percent of the parole population were women. a. 5% b. 9% c. 11% d. 14% Ans: C

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 6. ______ refers to the supervision of offenders following their release from prison. a. Probation *b. Parole c. Restitution d. Deterrence Ans: B 7. All of the following are requirements that offenders have to fulfill EXCEPT for _____. a. pay fines to the court b. pay restitution to the family c. get a degree d. complete community service hours Ans: C 8. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, in 2011______ percent of probationers were female. a. 15% b. 21% c. 25% d. 35% Ans: C 10. Which of the following cases set the standard through which courts could measure whether women received a lower standard of treatment compared to men? a. Barefield v. Leach b. Glover v. Johnson c. Todaro v. Ward d. Cooper v. Martin Ans: A 11. Which of the following cases held that the state must provide the same opportunities for education, rehabilitation, and vocational training for females as provided for male offenders? a. Barefield v. Leach b. Glover v. Johnson c. Todaro v. Ward d. Cooper v. Martin Ans: B 12. Which of the following is a community based program found to reduce recidivism rates among women offenders? a. Moving Up b. Moving Forward c. Moving On d. Moving In

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 Ans: C 13. All of the following statements regarding assessment tools currently in use are true EXCEPT for _____. a. they can lead to over-classification b. the context of risk is not available c. they fail to capture the unique needs of women d. they fail to accurately assess female juvenile delinquency Ans: D 14. Which of the following is one of the primary reasons why women are involved in criminal activity and ultimately sent to prison? a. Child care b. Unemployment c. Divorce d. Drug addiction Ans: D 15. Offenders on probation must follow all of the following EXCEPT for _____. a. curfew b. maintaining a job c. enrollment in school d. adhering to strict dietary standards Ans: D 16. All of the following are true regarding the Welfare Reform Act and women convicted of a felony drug offense EXCEPT for _____. a. Calls for a ban on Temporary Assistance for Needy Families b. Calls for a ban on food stamps c. Calls for ban on public housing in some areas d. Calls for a ban on drug testing of recipients of welfare Ans: D 17. All of the following are examples of wraparound services EXCEPT for _____. a. addiction recovery b. welfare c. emergency shelter organizations d. employment Ans: D 18. For effective management of female offenders, all of the following are principles identified by Bloom EXCEPT for ______. a. Services and Supervision b. Socioeconomic status c. Age d. Community

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 Ans: C 19. Bloom’s six principles can change all of the following EXCEPT for _____. a. the way policies are developed b. the way staff are trained c. the way offenders are supervised d. the way medical health care is administered Ans: D 20. All of the following were identified by Bloom as key principles that can change gender-specific programming EXCEPT for ______. a. Gender b. Environment c. Relationships d. Age Ans: D 21. ______ held that the equal protection clause prevents prison administrators from justifying the disparate treatment of women on the grounds that providing such services for women is inconvenient. a. Glover v. Johnson b. Canterino v. Wilson c. Barefield v. Leach d. Cooper v. Morin Ans: D 22. The cases of Brenda Clubine and Glenda Virgil highlight which of the following? a. Recidivism rates among female serial killers b. Incarceration of women who killed their intimate abusers c. Sentencing disparities among female and male offenders d. Rehabilitation rates of formerly incarnated females’ offenders Ans: B 23. Gender-specific programming first emerged in response to the dramatic increase in the _______. a. the number of girls that were appearing before the juvenile court b. the number of females that were being incarcerate for violent crimes c. the number of drug addicted females in jails and prisons d. the recidivism rates of females Ans: A 25. Developing an understanding of why women commit crimes is a component of the ______. a. environment principle b. relationship principle c. community principle

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 d. socioeconomic status principle Ans: B 26. Within community supervision, the most popular option is ______. a. parole b. probation c. rehabilitation centers d. community service Ans: B 27. The central tenet of probation is to ______. a. reduce risk to the community b. reduce recidivism c. help offenders get back on their feet d. deter offenders from committing more crime Ans: A 28. All of the following were identified as the most desirable resources for reentry into the community EXCEPT for ______. a. housing assistance b. healthcare c. job training programs d. educational opportunities Ans: B 29. According to the authors, which of the following resources is considered to be the least desirable to females upon reentry to the community? a. Life skills b. Health insurance c. Counseling d. Substance abuse treatment Ans: A 30. According to some research, women sacrifice their safety for ______. a. food b. health care c. employment d. housing Ans: D True/False 1. The needs of women have been significantly neglected by the criminal justice system throughout history.

Ans: T

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 2. Since the Barefield case, the courts have ruled that polices were biased against women.

Ans: T 3. The 1992 reauthorization of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act mandated that states assess the needs of girls and develop gender-specific options to address the needs of female offenders.

Ans: T 4. The pathways of women to crime are similar to the pathways to men.

Ans: F 5. The cycle of offending for women begins with the experience of victimization.

Ans: T 6. Programs designed for men are also applicable to meet the needs of women.

Ans: F 7. Probation is a correctional strategy applied following an offender's release from prison.

Ans: F 8. Bans instituted as a result of the Welfare Reform Act have been rescinded in 39 states.

Ans: T 9. Court cases the 1970s and 1980s focused on the issue of parity between male and female prisoners.

Ans: T 10. Gender-responsive or gender-specific programming first emerged in response to the dramatic increase in the number of girls that were appearing before the juvenile court.

Ans: T 11. Welfare is an example of a wraparound service.

Ans: T 12. The needs of incarcerated women returning to their communities are not as high as men’s.

Ans: F 13. Women are also less likely to have participated in any vocational training programs while behind bars.

Ans: T

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 14. Reentry can also be challenging depending on the offense that brought women to prison in the first place.

Ans: T 15. Probation allows for women to receive correctional supervision while remaining in the community.

Ans: T Essay 1. Explain gender-responsive programming and what its designed to address. Do you believe that it is successful?

Ans: Gender-responsive programming is the philosophy that encourages the parity for women offenders. This type of programming is designed to address the unique needs of female offenders. Answers may vary for the second portion of the question.

2. Explain the LSI-R and how it applies to female offenders. What are some of the criticisms of the tool?

Ans: The LSI-R, also known as the Level of Service Inventory-Revised is an assessment tool that is used in community corrections. It has been validated in male offender populations, but it fails to identify the gender-specific needs of women. Some of the criticism of the LSI-R include the fact that is has led to the over-classification of women. Even when the LSI-R is effective in identifying the risks of recidivism, this tool may not be able to assess the context of these risks. Finally, the LSI-R fails to identify some of the most significant needs of women with their abuse histories, health issues, and motherhood issues.

3. Identify and discuss the six principles that can change the way in which programs and institutions design and manage programs, develop policies, train staff, and supervise offenders. These six principles are (1) gender, (2) environment, (3) relationships, (4) services and supervision, (5) socioeconomic status, and (6) community. Together, these six principles provide guidance for the effective management of female offenders. The first principle of gender discusses the importance for criminal justice systems and agents to recognize the role that gender plays in the offending of women and the unique treatment needs of women. The second principle of environment focuses on the need for officials to create a place where staff and inmates engage in practices of mutual respect and dignity. The third principle of relationships refers to developing an understanding of why women commit crimes; the context of their lives prior to, during, and following incarceration; and the relationships that women build while they are incarcerated. The fourth principle identifies the need for genderresponsive programming to address the traumas that women have experienced throughout the context of their lives. The fifth principle focuses on the socioeconomic status of the majority of women in prison. The sixth principle of community focuses on the need to develop collaborative relationships among providers in order to assist women in their transition toward independent living.

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 4. What are wraparound services and how can they help female ex-offenders?

Ans: Wraparound services refer to “a holistic and culturally sensitive plan for each woman that draws on a coordinated range of services within her community” (p. 82).

Examples of these services include public and mental health systems, addiction recovery, welfare, emergency shelter organizations, and educational and vocational services. Services such as these can help female ex-offenders’ transition into the community successfully.

5. Discuss some of the reentry issues for incarcerated women.

Ans: Answers may vary. However, students can focus on the following: women have basic needs, such as: • Finding safe and affordable housing • Lack of vocational job training • Reuniting with their children • Employment opportunities • Lack of education • Battling their “demons” (i.e. addition) • Lack of community-based resources • Various offenses prove to lead to more challenging reentry, such as sexual offenses

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

Chapter 11: The Incarceration of Women Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. All of the following was a condition of early prisons for women EXCEPT for _____.

A. solitary confinement B. physical and sexual abuse C. unmonitored time with male inmates D. availability of mental health services Ans: D 2. The first female prison facility was opened in ______.

A. 1839 B. 1856 C. 1888 D. 1901 Ans: A 3. The first stand-alone prison for women was built in ______.

A. New York B. Texas C. Indiana D. California Ans: C 4. The use of custodial institutions was more prevalent in the ______.

A. South B. West C. East D. North Ans: A 5. ______ are superficial relationships that involve low levels of trust between inmates A. Acquaintances B. Girlfriends C. Friends D. Enemies Ans: A 6. All of the following are female inmate relationship categorized by Severance EXCEPT for _____.

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 A. acquaintances B. girlfriends C. friends D. enemies Ans: D 7. Which of the following is used most often to treat mental illness among women prisoners?

A. Medication B. Counseling C. Cognitive–behavioral therapy D. Recreation Ans: A 8. Women in custodial institutions were typically convicted on _____.

A. Status offenses B. Property crimes C. White-Collar crimes D. Victimless crimes Ans: B 9. Reformatories offered women opportunities for ______.

A. mental health care B. rehabilitation C. restitution D. community supervision Ans: B 10. Which of the following is true about the prison nursery program at Bedford Hills Correctional Facility in New York?

A. The program includes parenting classes and support groups.

B. The program allows women to stay for up to 1 year.

C. The program offers overnight visits with children.

D. The programs offers programs for children.

Ans: B 11. The Adoption and Safe Families Act allows for the termination of parental rights after ______ months.

A. 6 B. 11 C. 15 D. 24 Ans: C 12. The Washington Correctional Center for Women allows children that are born in prisons to remain with their mothers for up to ______ years.

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 Ans: C 13. The Girl Scouts Beyond Bars (GSBB) program was offered at what institution in November 1992?

A. Maryland Correction Institution B. Washington Correctional Center C. Bedford Hills Correctional Facility D. This program was never offered.

Ans: A 14. All of the following states integrates prison nurseries into their facilities EXCEPT for _____.

A. South Dakota B. California C. Tennessee D. Ohio Ans: C 15. ______% of women that are incarcerated communication with their children via letters.

A. 35% B. 49% C. 54% D. 67% Ans: B 16. In 2012, ______ states had policies that permitted women to be shackled while they were in labor.

A. 15 B. 25 C. 33 D. 41 Ans: C 17. Which states has the most comprehensive and liberal laws, in that they prohibit the use of restraints at any time during the second and third trimester, as well as during postpartum?

A. Florida B. California C. Oklahoma D. Rhode Island Ans: D

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 18. Which of the following is false regarding the Girl Scouts Behind Bars program A. Mothers meet with their daughters twice a month.

B. Allows mothers to have an active role in parenting.

C. Girls learn antisocial behaviors.

D. There are more than 37 programs nationwide.

Ans: C 19. In what year did the Rachel Welch case take place?

A. 1815 B. 1825 C. 1832 D. 1837 Ans: B 20. At what state prison were women housed together in an attic space where they were unmonitored and received their meals from male inmates.

A. Auburn State Prison in New York B. Sing Sing, Ossining, New York C. Mount Pleasant Prison Annex D. Philadelphia’s Walnut Street Jail Ans: A 21. Women were sent to reformatories for crimes that were considered ______.

A. violent B. drug induced C. unladylike D. all of these Ans: C 22. The passage of which of the following aligned the mission of the state prisons with a retributive philosophy?

A. California's Uniform Determinate Sentencing Act B. Maryland's Sentencing Reform Act C. New York's Retributive Sentencing Act D. Washington's Indeterminate Sentencing Act Ans: A 23. Today Black women are being incarcerated at a greater rate than ______.

A. White females and Black males B. Black males and Hispanic males C. Hispanic females and Black males D. White males and White females Ans: A 24. Which of the following constitutional Amendments protects against cruel and unusual punishment?

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 A. First Amendment B. Fourth Amendment C. Sixth Amendment D. Eighth Amendment 25. All of the following are true regarding women prisoner's participation in parenting programs based on research by Sandifer EXCEPT for _____.

A. Participation increased knowledge about childhood development.

B. Participation altered their attitudes about physical discipline.

C. Participation allowed women to develop an understanding about the needs of their children.

D. Participation taught women about abstinence.

Ans: D 26. Which of the following statements regarding the children of incarcerated mothers is true?

A. The children are at high risk for ending up in prison themselves as adults B. The location of the prisons is usually in close proximity to where the children live C. The majority of the women in prison get visits from their children D. The majority of women entire prison already pregnant Ans: A 27. All of the following statements pertaining to the incarceration of women EXCEPT for _____.

A. most states have at least one facility dedicated to a growing population of female offenders B. women’s prisoners house offenders of all security levels C. prison facilities are located in populated areas of the state D. men are available to have visits from their family more often due to proximity Ans: C 28. Females constitute ______ of inmates in the United States.

A. 3% B. 7% C. 1% D. 1% Ans: B 29. Which of the following has had an impact on the number of women incarcerated in the United States?

A. War on Drugs B. Economics C. Decriminalization of marijuana D. Social and cultural changes Ans: A

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 30. Much of the rise in female criminality is the result of _____.

A. prostitution crimes B. violent crimes, such as homicide C. status offenses and victimless crimes D. minor property crimes Ans: D 31. All of the following statements regarding women inmates are true EXCEPT for _____.

A. facilities are understaffed B. women have lower rates of chronic illness than males C. diagnostic tools for gynecological issues D. women have a higher need for treatment than men Ans: B 32. All of the following were identified as benefits of prison nursery programs EXCEPT for _____.

A. they help the mother and the children connect B. they can lead to reduced recidivism rates C. implementation is costly D. they help end the cycle of incarceration Ans: C 33. The Girl Scouts Beyond Bars (GSBB) program was funded by the ______ in 1992.

A. Bureau of Justice Statistics B. Department of Justice C. National Institute of Justice D. Department of State Ans: C 34. According to research, ______ of girls who participated in programs, such as the Girl Scouts of Beyond Bars (GSBB), had a closer bond with their mothers.

A. 75 B. 80 C. 85 D. 95 Ans: C 35. Due to California’s prison realignment efforts, there has been a ______% reduction in the number of women in prison.

A. 17 B. 23 C. 39 D. 47 Ans: C

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 36. The introduction of the Assembly Bill 109 reclassified all of the following felonies EXCEPT for _____.

A. Nonviolent B. nonserious C. nonsexual D. violent and sexual Ans: D 37. Children ______ deal with a variety of issues that stem from the loss of a parent, including grief, loss, sadness, detachment, and aggressive or at-risk behaviors for delinquency.

A. of college educated mothers B. of stay at home mothers C. from large families D. of incarcerated mothers Ans: D 38. The demands for these services significantly outweigh their availability, and the lack of accessible services ranks high on the list of inmate complaints regarding quality of life issues in ______.

A. prison B. churches C. schools D. colleges Ans: A 39. In ______, deposits to an inmate’s commissary account are taxed at 50% to satisfy any restitution orders with an additional 10% administrative fee.

A. New York B. California C. Florida D. Illinois Ans: B 40. Between 20–50% of women in prison are estimated to be affected by ______.

A. HIV b. cancer C. pregnancy D. headaches Ans: A True/False 1. The Indiana Women’s Prison (IWP) is identified as the first stand-alone female prison in the United States.

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 Ans: T 2. Women have always been housed in separate prisons from men.

Ans: F 3. Women of color were more likely to be sent to reformatories.

Ans: F 4. Women in prison are more likely to be HIV+ than women outside prison.

Ans: T 5. Participants in gender-specific drug treatment programs are more likely to be successful.

Ans: T 6. Giving birth while incarcerated can be traumatizing experience.

Ans: T 7. Research shows that children who take part in prison nursery programs are more likely to be high risk educationally and emotionally.

Ans: F 8. The Girls Scouts Behind Bars program allows women inmates to visit with their children outside of prison.

Ans: F 9. The majority of women in the criminal justice system are the secondary custodial parents for their young children.

Ans: F 10. The American Medical Association has expressed concerns over policies that allow the shackling of pregnant women during delivery.

Ans: T 11. Most women will give birth and return to prison within a few months without their baby.

Ans: F 12. Female offenders are the fastest growing population in the U.S. prison system.

Ans: T 13. According to the Federal Bureau of Justice Statistics, the majority of women incarcerated are not mothers.

Ans: F

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 14. Most facilities are inadequately staffed or lack the diagnostic tools needed to address women’s gynecological issues.

Ans: T 15. Women sent to reformatories were given determinate sentences.

Ans: F 16. The practice of shackling can make child delivery traumatic for pregnant women.

Ans: T Essay 1. Compare and contrast the custodial institution model to the reformatory model.

Ans: In the custodial institutions, women were warehoused, and they had little programming and treatment offered to help meet their needs. Generally, the women in the custodial institutions were convicted on either felony or property related crimes, with a third of them being convicted for violent crimes. The prevalence of these institutions was higher in the southern states. On the other hand, the reformatory institutions offered women various opportunities for rehabilitation. Women were sent to the reformatories for an indeterminate period of time. Another stark difference between both institutions was the disparity about inmates. Women of color were sentenced to the custodial institutions, while white women were generally serving their time in the reformatories.

2. Describe the concerns pregnant women have when entering prison.

Ans: There are a few concerns that pregnant women have when entering prison. First, women are concerned about their health before and during the incarceration and how it will impact their child. Second, pregnant mothers in prison also have concerns over who will care for their child and that they will miss out on the emotional connection that mothers have with their infants.

3. Describe how Elizabeth Fry reformed the prison system.

Ans: Elizabeth Fry’s work on the Newgate Prison in London inspired the American women’s reform movement. Fry argued that women offenders could be reformed and that it was the responsibility of women in the community to help women who were incarcerated. Fry’s efforts led to the development of separate institutions for women.

4. Explain the impact of overcrowding on inmates.

Ans: Overcrowding also can increase stress and anxiety levels leading to increases in negative mental health issues, such as depression, self-harm, and suicidal ideation.

Given the effects that overcrowding can have for female inmates, it is important that prisons be able to provide adequate resources to screen for potential self-harming behaviors and develop necessary therapeutic resources to address these issues 5. Identify and explain one to two contemporary issues for female inmates.

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019 Ans: Answers may vary. However, students should focus on mandatory minimum sentences, the war on drugs, overcrowding and its impact on mental health issues, among others.

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

Chapter 12: Women Professionals and the Criminal Justice System Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. All of the following are considered feminine characteristics of criminal justice work EXCEPT for _____. a. Nurturing b. Compassion c. Empathy d. Strength Ans: D 2. Who of the following do most scholars agree was the first sworn female police officer in the U.S.? a. Marie Owens b. Lola Baldwin c. Alice Stebbins Wells d. Elizabeth Fry Ans: C 3. Who of the following was hired in 1908 by the Portland Police Department to supervise a group of social workers? a. Marie Owens b. Lola Baldwin c. Alice Stebbins Wells d. Elizabeth Fry Ans: B 4. Policewomen were an asset to previously all-male departments because they were _____. a. better report writers than male officers b. uniquely suited to address needs of female and juvenile offenders c. safer drivers in high-speed chases d. mentally stronger Ans: B 5. In what year were the first policewomen assigned to serve as patrol officers? a. 1916

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

b. 1952 c. 1964 d. 1976 Ans: C 6. At the 1922 annual conference of the International Association of the Chiefs of Police, members suggested that policewomen should have completed which of the following? a. Physical fitness training program b. Nursing school c. High school d. Secretarial school Ans: B 7. All of the following were barriers that policewomen faced in the mid-20th century EXCEPT for _____. a. They were paid less than men b. They were limited in advancement and promotional opportunities c. They were forced to resign when they started families d. They were asked to get their degrees beforehand Ans: D 8. The addition of the word ________ to the Civil Rights Act (1964) prohibited the disqualification of female applicants solely on the basis of them being female. a. Gender b. Sex c. Female d. Women Ans: B 9. In 1972 the Civil Rights Act was amended to extend employment protections to ______. a. federal agencies b. state and municipal agencies c. private security agencies d. tribal territories Ans: B 10. In 2009, women represented about ___% of all top-level law enforcement positions in the U.S. a. 8 b. 11.4 c. 15 d. 7.3

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

Ans: D 11. Approximately _______ % of municipal officers were female in 2008. a. 25.5 b. 15.2 c. 24 d. 8.8 Ans: B 12. All of the following describe how male police officers responded to having female police officers within their department EXCEPT for _____. a. Refusal b. Proudness c. Acceptance d. Indifference Ans: B 13. The effective ______ skills of female police officers help them to diffuse difficult situations and better connect with citizens in the community. a. Communication b. Organization c. Time management d. Technical writing Ans: A 14. Only_____ percent of top-level positions are filled by a woman of color. a. 1.6 b. 2.7 c. 4.3 d. 5.8 Ans: A 15. Which of the following are barriers that female offenders face in the SWAT policing environment? a. Exclude women from ranks b. Physical challenges and abilities c. Females need to prove they have skills d. All of the above Ans: D 16. Which of the following was not mentioned as a way policewomen can gain acceptance by their male counterparts? a. Experience in handling violent confrontation involving the use of force b. Achieving a high rank

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

c. Distinguishing themselves as different in terms of their skills and experience d. Deferring to male officers Ans: D 17. The first women hired on in corrections were ______. a. guards b. officers c. matrons d. supervisors Ans: C 18. Which of the following cases held that inmates do not possess any rights to be protected against being viewed in stages of undress or naked by a correctional officer, regardless of gender? a. Griffin v. Michigan DOC b. Grummett v. Rushen c. Jordan v. Gardner d. Farmer v. Brennan Ans: A 19. Which of the following cases held that held that pat-down searches of male inmates does not violate the Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable search and seizure? a. Griffin v. Michigan DOC b. Grummett v. Rushen c. Jordan v. Gardner d. Farmer v. Brennan Ans: B 20. Which of the following cases held that pat-down policies designed to control the introduction of contraband into a facility could be viewed as unconstitutional if conducted by male staff members against female inmates? a. Griffin v. Michigan DOC b. Grummett v. Rushen c. Jordan v. Gardner d. Farmer v. Brennan Ans: C 21. Women working in the correctional field are more likely to emphasize the _____ aspects of the job. a. investigator b. psychologist c. detective d. social worker

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

Ans: D 22. The philosophies of females involved in the supervision of male inmates often align with which of the following? a. Retribution b. Deterrence c. Incapacitation d. Rehabilitation Ans: D 23. All of the following describe how having female correctional staff benefits the prison culture EXCEPT for _____. a. women are less likely to be victimized b. women are more likely to use communication rather than force c. women indicate a greater level of satisfaction from their work d. women are more likely to be promoted Ans: D 24. Which of the following females was hired by the Los Angeles Police Department in 1910? a. Marie Owens b. Lola Baldwin c. Alice Stebbins Wells d. Fred Adler Ans: C 25. Until the 1970s, women represented only _____ percent of all sworn officers in the U.S. a. 1 b. 3 c. 5 d. 9 Ans: A 26. ______ are often assigned caseloads that are specialized, such as the gender of the offender.

A. Police officers B. Community officers C. Parole officers D. Patrol officers Ans: C 27. Female probation officers register higher levels of _____ than men. a. physical stress

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

b. internal organizational stress c. external organization stress d. personal stress Ans: A 28. Which of the following types of officer’s deal with the largest criminal justice population? a. Parole officers b. Probation officers c. Police officers d. Military officers Ans: B 29. Which of the following statements is pertaining to job stress is true? a. Women who have low levels of job satisfaction will report higher levels of jobrelated stress b. Women are more concerned with their abilities of their supervisor to effectively assess their job performance c. Women are less likely to believe that their supervisor’s place unreasonable expectations on them and treat them poorly in the context of the work environment d. Women are less likely to experience increased stress when they have ambiguity within their role Ans: A 30. ______ was reportedly hired in 1980 by the Portland, Oregon police department as a supervisor to a group of social workers. a. Lola Baldwin b. Marie Owens c. Alice Wells d. Lori Han Ans: A 31. The ______remains quite pervasive in many facilities. a. guy next door b good ol’ boy network c. feminist movement d. social work movement Ans: B 32. ______ has been used as a tool to exclude women from policing. a. Blood testing b. Pregnancy testing c. Physical fitness testing d. Drug testing

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

Ans: C 33. The origins of probation date back to the Middle Ages and ______ criminal law. a. English b. Biblical c. British d. Common Ans: A 34. The culture within correctional occupations reflected a ______. a. feminine identity b. social work perception c. masculine identity d. the need for physical strength Ans: C 35. With the decrease in manpower during _____, many women found themselves placed in positions normally reserved for male officers, such as traffic control. a. American Revolution b. French and Indian War c. World War I and II d. none of the above Ans: C 36. According to the research, 82% of the departments surveyed had written maternity policies. However, ______of these policies were discretionary. a. ¼ b. 1/3 c. 2/3 d. ¾ Ans: B 37. In which of the following decades, were female recruits unknowingly tested for pregnancy via routine drug screening? a. 1960s b. 1970s c. 1980s d. 1990s Ans: C

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

True/False 1. Criminal justice occupations have been dominated by women.

Ans: F 2. Society generally assumes that work in the criminal justice system is dominated by events that are dangerous, exciting, and violent.

Ans: T 3. History shows that Policewomen were essentially social workers armed with a badge Ans: T 4. Alice Stebbins Wells is most often cited as the first sworn female police officer in the United States.

Ans: T 5. Female officers were generally limited to working with juvenile and female offenders.

Ans: T 6. Historically, criminal justice professions were viewed as "man's job".

Ans: T 7. Even in times of war policewomen's duties remained limited.

Ans: F 8. In 1967, the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice advocated for narrowing the duties of policewomen.

Ans: F 9. Opportunities for advancement remain limited for female police officers.

Ans: T 10. Older white male officers are the most likely to accept having female officers within their department.

Ans: F 11. Female officers are more likely than male officers to be involved in corruption.

Ans: F 12. The workforce of corrections has been largely male and white.

Ans: T

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

13. Historically, women working in male prisons could not supervise male offenders.

Ans: T 14. Many female officers argued that their feminine traits did not serve them well on the job.

Ans: F 15. Female correctional officers are more likely to emphasize the "law enforcer" aspect of the job.

Ans: F

Essay 1. Explain the male inmate preference.

Ans: According to the authors, female and male officers prefer to monitor male inmates despite the increased risks for violence associated with the male population.

2. Explain the barriers associated with the most masculine of all policing environments, SWAT. Ans: According to the authors, there are a few barriers that women face if they enter the SWAT policing environment. First, females believe that they would exclude women within its ranks. Second, the nature of SWAT includes physical challenges and abilities that may discourage women from applying. Third, women feel that they would have to prove that they have the skills that are necessary to do the job.

3. Discuss the unique traits that females contribute to the criminal justice professions of policing and corrections.

Ans: Female police officers have certain feminine traits that allow them to contribute more to policing and corrections, such as care and compassions. Females also have communication skills that allow them to have better relationships with member of their community, have fewer citizen complaints compared to their male counterparts, and are less likely to jump to physical interventions.

4. Choose one case discussed in the text and explain how it has impacted women’s role in policing.

Ans: Answers may vary. However, students should choose from the three cases discussed in the text: 5. Explain the negative perceptions of corrections.

Ans: According to the authors, harassment at work is a concern for women in corrections. In fact, harassment from co-workers was a primary reason as to why people have left the field of corrections.

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

Chapter 13: Women Professionals and the Criminal Justice System Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. ______ was the first woman admitted to the state bar in the United States in 1869.

A. Belle Mansfield B. Charlotte E. Ray C. Belva Ann Lockwood D. Mary Florence Lathrop Ans: A 2. Who of the following was the first African American woman admitted to the bar in District of Columbia in 1872?

A. Belle Mansfield B. Charlotte E. Ray C. Belva Ann Lockwood D. Mary Florence Lathrop Ans: B 3. ______ was the first woman to practice law before the U.S. Supreme Court.

A. Belle Mansfield B. Charlotte E. Ray C. Belva Ann Lockwood D. Mary Florence Lathrop Ans: C 4. In which year was the first woman admitted to the American Bar Association?

A. 1872 B. 1886 C. 1900 D. 1918 Ans: D 5. Woman make up ______% of all students enrolled in law school.

A. 23.4 B. 34.2 C. 49.3 D. 55.8

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

Ans: C 6. According to the American Bar Association, ______% of practicing attorneys in the United States are female.

A. 15 B. 24 C. 36 D. 42 Ans: C 7. All of the following were identified as barriers faced by women in the legal field EXCEPT for _____.

A. disparity in compensation B. denial for promotion and partnership C. challenges of balancing family and work D. difficulties in finding employment at top firms Ans: D 8. Within Fortune 500 corporations with in-house counsel, women make up only ______% of the positions.

A. 5.6 B. 8.7 C. 11.3 D. 24.8 Ans: D 9. Chicana attorneys define success by ______ A. promotion B. social justice C. financial success D. number of cases tried Ans: B 10. Female attorneys are more likely to be assigned cases involving ______.

A. intimate partner violence B. gang violence C. educational issues D. white-collar crime Ans: C 11. Which president appointed Sandra Day O’Connor as the first woman to grace the Supreme Court’s bench?

A. Richard Nixon B. Lyndon Johnson

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

C. Ronald Reagan D. George H. W. Bush Ans: C 12. The first woman was appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court in ______.

A. 1964 B. 1972 C. 1981 D. 1995 Ans: C 13. The second woman appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court was ______.

A. Sandra Day O’Connor B. Ruther Bader Ginsburg C. Sonia Sotomayor D. Elena Kagan Ans: B 14. President Clinton appointed more ______ to judicial positions at the federal appellate level than any other president.

A. women B. men of color C. men D. women of color Ans: A 15. Female judges across the United States are disproportionately found in ______ courts today.

A. trial B. general jurisdiction C. appeal D. district Ans: C 16. Which of the following women was appointed by President Barack Obama?

A. Ruth Ginsburg B. Sandra Sotomayor C. Sandra Day O’Connor D. Hillary Clinton Ans: B 17. There are currently ______ women on the U.S. Supreme Court.

A. 1 B. 2

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

C. 3 D. 4 Ans: C 18. All of the following are factors affecting the representation of women at the appellate court level EXCEPT for ______.

A. number of available seats B. number of female attorneys C. type of selection process D. number of trial court judges Ans: D 19. Justice Sonia Sotomayor is known for her ruling out of New York regarding which of the following sports?

A. Basketball B. Baseball C. Soccer D. Football Ans: B 20. All of the following are stages of burnout discussed by the author EXCEPT for ______.

A. Emotional exhaustion B. Depersonalization C. Feelings of overcompensation D. Reduced personal accomplishment Ans: C 21. Which of the following has been found to serve as a protective factor against secondary trauma stress?

A. Organizational support structures B. Female leadership C. History of victimization D. Size of service delivery area Ans: A 22. All of the following are job duties of a rape crisis worker EXCEPT for _____.

A. interviewing the accused offender B. community education C. preparing victims for the legal process D. hospital accompaniment Ans: A

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

23. The services provided by victim services agencies vary by all of the following EXCEPT for ______.

A. population served B. connection to other community agencies C. types of services they provide D. composition of staff Ans: D 24. All of the following are challenges faced by rural victim services agencies EXCEPT for _____.

A. cultural factors B. overstaffing C. lack of transportation D. privacy Ans: B 25. All of the following statements pertaining to rape-crisis workers are true EXCEPT for _____.

A. rape-crisis workers also help to limit or prevent secondary victimization.

B. rape and sexual assault exists in every community C. in rural communities, anonymity about people and their lives is common D. victim blaming practices are heavily influenced by cultural factors Ans: C 26. Female judges at the state Supreme Court level tend to vote more liberally on ______ case.

A. search and seizure cases B. domestic violence cases C. homicide cases D. death penalty cases Ans: D 27. Advocates for intimate partner abuse can suffer from stress which leads to ______.

A. burnout B. depression C. severe chronic illness D. resignations Ans: B 28. Which of the following is thought to limit opportunities for promotion based on their gender and ethnic identity?

A. Glass ceiling B. Gender gap C. Broken windows

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

D. Cultural norms Ans: A 29. Advocates help victims obtain services from all of the following EXCEPT for _____.

A. Legal B. Medical C. Mental D. Fiscal Ans: D 30. In her study of women attorneys, Garcia-Lopez (2008) found that ______ were less likely to be viewed as valuable professional in their field.

A. Anglos B. Chicanas C. African Americans D. Asians Ans: B 31. Justice ______ was the first woman of color appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court.

A. Sonia Sotomayor B. Ruth Bader-Ginsberg C. Elena Kagan D. Sandra Day O’Connor Ans: A 32. The creation of the ______ in 1975 served to bring together victims’ rights groups across the nation and provide a voice to the needs of victims of crime.

A. Office for Victims (O4V) B. National Organization for Victim Assistance (NOVA) C. Office of Victim’s Rights (OVR) D. Office for Rights of Victims (ORV) Ans: B 33. ______ is stress resulting from helping or wanting to help a traumatized or suffering person.

A. Physical stress disorder B. Acute stress C. Episodic stress D. Secondary trauma stress Ans: D 34. The proportion of female practicing attorneys increased from ______ to ______% between 2012 and 2017.

A. 25–30

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

B. 12–17 C. 31–36 D. 40–45 Ans: C 35. In 2015, female lawyers made ______% of the salaries of their male counterparts.

A. 25 B. 50 C. 75 D. 90 Ans: D 36. Which of the following states was the first in the nation to elect a woman to a state legislative position?

A. California B. Texas C. Nevada D. Colorado Ans: D 37. Women elected at the state level are more likely to be members of which of the following parties?

A. Democratic B. Republican C. Libertarian D. Green Ans: A 38. Today, women comprise ______ of the elected officials.

A. 10.1% B. 18.3% C. 19.6% D. 25.7% Ans: C 39. Which of the following Supreme Court justices was appointed by former President Barack Obama?

A. O’Connor and Sotomayor B. Ginsburg and O’Connor C. Kagan and Sotomayor D. Sotomayor and Ginsburg Ans: C 40. Which of the following are examples of self-care?

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

A. Meditation B. Healthy living C. Exercise D. All of these Ans: D True/False 1. There is a high proportion of survivors accessing services that can potentially benefit from them.

Ans: T 2. The number of women in the legal field is decreasing.

Ans: F 3. Women judges support the women’s positions in cases that directly affect women’s lives.

Ans: T 4. Women are less likely to make partner in a legal firm than men.

Ans: T 5. Research has found that race and ethnicity do not impact the gendered nature of legal work.

Ans: F 6. Female attorneys are more likely than men to be assigned high-profile cases.

Ans: F 7. Research has found the women judges tend to be harsher in their sentencing decisions compared to their male counterparts.

Ans: T 8. A violation of the criminal law is considered a crime against the state, regardless of the offense or the harm to the victim.

Ans: T 9. Victims have historically played a minor role throughout the criminal justice process.

Ans: T 10. Women who have been victimized cannot work in victim services.

Ans: F

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

11. The emotional context of victim service work can lead to secondary victimization.

Ans: F 12. Rape and sexual assault exists in every community.

Ans: T 13. All victim services agencies are non-profit.

Ans: F 14. The purpose of victim advocacy is to create opportunities for women to be in control of their lives.

Ans: T 15. Rape-crisis workers also help to limit or prevent secondary victimization.

Ans: T Essay 1. Describe the challenges faced by women working in victim services.

Ans: There are many challenges that women working in victim services face. First, victim advocates are exposed to stories filled with physical, sexual, and psychological abuse, and it can lead to burnout. Second, many advocates experience emotional exhaustion due to the high levels of on-the-job stress; this can lead advocates to become less connected to their work and their clients. Third, advocates may experience their own psychological strain or secondary trauma stress, which is similar to PTSD. 2. Discuss secondary trauma stress.

Ans: Secondary trauma stress is similar to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and is defined as a stress resulting from helping or wanting to help a traumatized or suffering person. One of the greatest predictors of secondary trauma stress is whether advocates have a history of their own intimate partner abuse.

3. Describe the challenges faced by women working in the legal profession.

Ans: One of the challenges faced by women in the legal profession is the work–family balance. Females face the challenge of balancing the needs of their career with the demands of motherhood and family life.

4. In what ways can advocates be a useful source of information?

Ans: First, they can identify barriers that victims may face. Second, they could provide information about the challenges that service providers face when helping survivors.

5. Which types of services are provided by rape crisis centers?

Instructor Resource Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader SAGE Publishing, 2019

Ans: Services can include medical and legal advocacy, counseling, referrals to other social and mental health services, education, and training.