Strategy & Action Plan For The Conservation Of Rhinos In Indonesia 2007-2017 by dikyainur

RHINOCENTURYPROGRAM

Figure5: Horn sizesof JavanRhinoson Cameratrap Pictures o 50 c)

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Usingthe same photographs, an attemptwas made to identifyage classesof the animals(Figure6). In the picturescollectedbetween2000and 2004,650/0 wereof adult animals,20Yowereof sub-adult animalsandfor '15%of the animals,age classcouldnot be determined. Whilethesedata are inconclusive (the sameanimalmightappearon pictures several whileotheranimalsmightnot havebeenphotographed), it appearsthat thereare no immediately apparentimbalances in theage structure of the population. Picturesof a calf were collectedonly in 2002. Thereafter,small footprintshave occasionally beenencountered by the RPUSand the WWFcameratrapteam,Thislack of evidenceof reproduction is causefor concern.lt maybe thatreproductive behavioris diminishino dueto limitations in availablehabitat.

STRATEGY ANDACTIONPLANFORTHECONSERVATION OF RHINOSIN INDONESIA

Figure6: Age Glassesof JavanRhinoson Cameratrap pictures

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Databasedonautomatic cameratrapphotostakenbyWWFin 2000- 2004;N = 220 It has beensuggestedthat UjungKulonNationalpark miy have reachedits carrying capacityfor Javan rhinos.In the next section,possiblefactorslimitinggrowthare discussed. Theseand othershavebeendebatedat somelengthand ovei a protracted periodof time (see Indonesian Rhinoconservationstrategy,1993).some additional researchhas been undertakenbut dataremaininconclusive. Meanwhile,the rhino populationis believedto be languishing.More intensivemanagement measuresare requiredto preventthe Javanrhinopopulation from a slow but steadydeclinetowards extinction.To addressthis, establishing a secondpopulationis regardedas a high priorityneed,albeitsomewhatrisky(seeSection3.2). 2.2

DistributionandVulnerability

Javanrhinosare foundonly in Indonesia's UjungKulonNationalpark (122.9s6ha of -40,000 which ha is usedby rhinos;Map3). The rhinorangeis on the peninsula which is at most10 metersabovesea leveland locatedabout50 km fromthe AnakKrakatau volcanicisland.'This volcanostillis active;in 1880a massiveeruptionsweptthe parent volcanoawayandtriggereda massivetsunami.Thispopulation is at riskin termsof any number of catastrophicevents, includingdisease,volcanicactivity,and resultani tsunamis.Thisi mmbinedwith its sma{lpopulationsize and single-sitedistribution, makesthe Javan rhino populationin Indonesia extremelyvulnerableto the risk of extinction. 2.3

Security

The area now knownas ujung KulonNationalpark has a long historyof protection, beginningwith its declaration as a HuntingReservein 1910. ln 1921,its statuswas upgradedintoa NatureReserve.In 1980,it wasdeclaredas one of lhdonesia's firstfive NationalParks.In 1992,the Park,alongwith the Krakatauarchipelago were declared Indonesia's firstWorldHeritaqe Site.

RHINOCENTURYPROGRAM

The Park now is staffedby about 120 people,of whom 80 are rangers.The park operates19 guardstations- nineof theseare locatedwithin the rhino'shabitat.with the assistanceof IRF throughPKBI,three RPUs(20 staff)regutarlypatrotthe rhino range.These units are well- trainedand well-equipped and consistof regularpark rangersand trainedguardsfrom localcommunities. With the assistance of WWF.the Parkoperatestwo marinepatrolteamsto'discourage violators fromenteringthe eait Uy sea. The presence'ofan additionalWWF cameratrap team providesan additional deterrent.Fishermenand bird catchersare howeverregularlyencounteredinrhino areas.The rhinorangeis closedto touristsduringthe breedingseason(Junethrough August). Staffingappearsto be at an adequatelevel and of adequatecapacityto providefor securerhinohabitaton the peninsula. The last rhinopoachingincidentwas reportedin the early1970s. The Gunung Honje section of the Park (on the mainland)is less secure,with encroachment by local peopletaking place.This area is only occasionally used by rhinos. 2.4

Ecologicallnteractions

UjungKufonNationalParkis hometo an estimated 800 Javanbanteng(Bosjavanicus). Bantengare primadlygrazers(butthey browsewhengrassis in shortsupply)and their feedingemlogyoverlapsonlya littlewithJavanrhinos(alsobrowsers). Nevertheless, if bantengnumbersare very largeas is the case in UjungKulon,a negativeimpacton availability of foragingplantsfor rhinosis a possibility. For rhinoconseryation, it maybe usefuloverthe short-term to maintain andexpandopengrazingareasfor bantengwithin the Park so that competition for food with rhinosis reduced. lt shouldbe realized, however,that this measuredoes not permanenflysolve the foragingcompetition problembecausemakingmorefeedinggroundsavailableto bantengcould leadto a growingbantengpopulation.Rhinosreproducemore slowlythan banteng,and thus could be outnumbered by banteng,despitetheir possibleinitialincreasein numbers. Eventhoughrhinoscouldbenefitfromthe improvedavailability of food plantsif banteng concentrated on grazingonly,grasslandscan not be expandedindefinitelv withinthe static-sized Protected Area. A numberof otherpromising optionsneedto be evaluated, including the poqsible translocation of UjungKulon'sbantengto othersuitableprotected Areas. One issue relatedto the availabilityof food plants is the Arenga palm (Arenga obtusifolia).WhereArengapalmdominates,nothingelse grows.A vegetationmapfrom 1983 indicatesa large numberof forest blocksthat includedstandsof the oalm. currentlyan estimated 60% (18,000ha)of the peninsular sectionof the park is covered withArengapalmand precludes the growthof suitablerhinofood. ln orderto increase rhinofood plantavailability, it is thereforerecommended to conducteradication trialsot Arengapalmon a medium-sized scale to monitorrhinofoodplantdevelopment in these treated areas. over the last several years, wwF has experimentedwith different techniqueson a very smallarea. Eradication with an herbicidesuch as RoundUois fairlysimple;this killsthe palmswhileleavingno measurable chemicdltracesbehindin thesoil.

STRATEGY ANDACTIONPLANFORTHECONSERVATION OF RHINOSIN INDONESIA

RHINOCENTURY PROGRAM

CONSERVATION STRATEGYFORJAVAN RHINOCEROS

3.1

Targets

The principlesof conservation biologyand especiallythe processof populationanc HabitatviabilityAnalyses(PHVA)on all five rhinospeciesprovideguidelines for the minimumnumbersand distribution of rhinoto ensuregeneticvariability (forfitnessanc adaplability) anddemographic security.Theseguidelines arguefor globalpopulations of 2,000 to 3,000of each speciesdistributedover at leastfive separateprotectedareas. eachof whichshouldbe capableof accommodating a minimumof 100rhino,preferably more. lt is highlydesirableto havetwo or more protectedareaswith populationsof 400500 rhinoeach. The long-termtargetfor Javanrhinoconservationin Indonesiais thereforeto have 1,000 animalsin one population of 400-500animals,two to threepopulations of at least100 animalsandtwoto threepopulations of lessthan100animals. Basedon a potential annualgrowthrateof 3%4,the immediate targetsfor the numberof Javanrhinosareas follows: Until 2007 By 2015 By 2025 By 2035 By 2045 By 2055 py 2065 By 2075

3.2

Stable population of50-60 70 - 80 100- 120 140- 190 200- 290 280 - 450 390 - 700 550- 1,100

Ujung.Kulon NationalPark(onebite) As above+ oneadditional site(twosites+ onesanctuarys) As above(twosites+ one sanctuary) As above+ oneadditional site(threesites+ onesanctuary) As above(threesites+ one sanctuary) As above+ one additionalsite (foursites+ two sanctuaries) As above+ one additionalsite ifive sites+ two sanctuariesj As above+ oneadditional site(sixsites+ two sanctuaries)

Goal and Objectives

The ultimategoal of the RhinocenturyProgramstrategyand actionplan is lo creale conditionscondtrciveto and then to actually develop viabtepopulationsof Javan rhinos in the wild. In the shortterm (2007-2012)the folloyringobjectiveswill be pursuedto contribute towardsfulfillino the lonq-term ooal: TheJavanrhinopopulation of ujung KulonNP grewat about7o/o I yearin the period1967- 19g1(25 to 63 animals).The White Rhinocerospopulationin SouthAfricahas grownat about6oloafter recorrering from about50 animalsin 1900to 1,700in 2000.similarly,the Indianrhinopopulation grewat about6%) yearwhenrecovering fromabout100animalsin the early1gOO,s to about3,000nowad;ys. Sancfuary in the contextof thisdocumentmeansa verylargeenclosedareaof naturalhabitatthatmav servemultiplefunctionsfor rhinoconservation, including(1) a transitionandassessment areafor rhinosthat.aretobe translocated; (2) a studyareato expandknowledge of the ecologyandbehaviourof thesestilllittleknownspecies,and/or(3) to produceoffspringin a secureandmanagedsituationfor eventualreleaseintothe wild.

1. Maintainand than expandby 20oklhe wild population in UjungKulonNational Park. 2 . Establishone additionalwild populationelsewherethrouqhtranslocations after identifying andsecuringadequate(> 400,000ha)additional habitat. Establish oneJavanrhinosanctuary to backuOthe rn-srtu conservalton Drooram.

STRATEGY ANDACTIONPLANFORTHECONSERVATION OF RHINOSIN INDONESIA

i \

' 1 . Maintainand than expandby 20% the wild population in UjungKulonNational Park. elsewherethroughtranslocations 2 . Establishone additionalwild population after andsecuringadequate(> 400,000ha)additional identifying habitat. ? program. Establishone Javanrhinosanctuaryto backup the rn-sltuconservation g.2.1 Maintainand then expandby 2O'/.lhewild population in UjungKulonNational Park. The highestpriorityof the RhinoCenturyProgramis to maintainthe population of Javan securityand othermeansspecifiedin rhinosin UjungKulonNationalPark.By providing the ActionPlanbelow,the numberof rhinosin UjungKulonmustfirstbe maintained at currentlevels.Additionalhabitatin the Park has beenearmarkedto be securedand (primarily is to be undertaken throughdiminishing activemanagement areaswithArenga Palm and suppressing the numberof banteng).In this mannerit may be possibleto achievea smallincreasein numbersinsideUjungKulonto a totalof about70 animals But,a furtherincreaseinsidethe.Parkis unlikelyto be pobqible as its carryingcapacity for rhinos is already nearly saturated.Expansionof the populationbeyond the of UjungKulonNP is not possibleas the neighboring boundaries areasare completely occupiedby humans. 3.2.2 Estabtishone additionalwild population elsewherethroughtranslocations after identifying andsecuringadequate,su itable(> 400,000ha)additional habitat. The entirepopulation of Javanrhinoslive in an isolatedprotected area,surrounded by areasheavilyused by humans.The only way to expandthe numberof Javanrhinos is throughtranslocations and reintroductions significantly to securehabitatswithinthe historicrangeof the species(i.e.,the islandsof Javaand Sumatra). Translocation and reintroduction has to be very carefullyplannedto maximizethe chanceof success,because,asidefromthe considerable costsinvolved, it is notwithout risksfor the animalsinvolvedand will alwaysentaila lossof animalsfromthe source population.In piinciple,only animalsthat are in a hopelesssituationand cannotbe conservedin the wild, or animalsfrom healthyand safe populations that are able to programs sustainthe loss of a numberof animals,shouldbe usedfor reintroduction population Withan estimated of 50 to 60 animalsin UjungKulon,the numberof animals programis very small indeed.However,not that can be used for a reintroduction attemptingto establisha second populationwhile the Ujung-Kulon NationalPark population continuesto declinewill surelyresultin the extinction" of the species.lt can not be stressed enough that the conservationstatus of Javan rhinocerosis very risks,needto be takenif the species desperate and thatdrasticsteps,and concomitant is to survive.Therefore, the RhinoCenturyProgramproposesthe captureof a number animalsand placementin a temporaryholdingfacilityin or near UjungKulonNational Park.There.theirreproductive caoacitvwillbe assessed andtheirfeeclino and breedino

The species will be extinct locally in Indonesiaand probablyglobally as well because it is doubtfulthat the onlv other known DoDulationof maximum 5-7 animals in Cat Tien NationalPark will survive.

PROGRAM CENTURY RHINO

the have been identified, behaviorstudied.After animalssuitablefor a translocation to a newsitewithadeouateand securehabitat. animalswillbe transferred Especially on the islandof Sumatra,thereis adequatesuitablehabitatavailablewithin existingProtectedAreas.However,securehabitatis in shortsupply.The RhinoCentury Programproposesa stepwiseprocessto identifyan emlogicallysuitablesecondJavan population siteandto providethe necessary securityfor sucha site.

of one Javan rhino sanctuaryas insurancefor the ln-sltu 3.2.3 Establishment program conservation earlierin (-60 rhinos),andotherrisksdescribed Dueto verysmallnumberof population is highlypossible.lt is this document, the extinction of the wild Javanrhinopopulation 'insured',and an ex-stlu importantthat any speciesfacing such a precariousfuture be programprovidessuch an insurancepolicy.Therefore,the Rhino CenturyProgram of Javanrhinos. Since recommends establishing a backupex-slfu(captive)population isolatedfor a longtime in and demographically the Javanrhinohas beengeographically wherethe rhinoscan UjungKulonNationalPark,the sanctuaryshouldbe established still live in a naturalhabitatwhile and be under intensivemanagementin order to maintain the soecies'existence.

: \

PROGRAM RHINOCENTURY

ACTIONPLANFORJAVANRHINOCEROS CONSERVATION (2007-2017)

The ConservationAction Plan for Javan Rhinocerospresentsmore detailedresults(or outputs)to be achieved in the period 2007 to 2017. These contributetowards the achievementof the targets,goal and objectivesdefined in the Strategyabove. The differentresultsare groupedas follows:protectionof Javanrhinos,habitatmanagement, populationmanagement,co-existenceof Javan rhinos.with humans (community generating development and Javanrhinoconservation benefitsand awareness-raising) research. Theseare outlinedbelow. A summarytableof the Javanrhinostrategyand actionplan,definingthe principalpartnersand estimatedminimalbudgetrequirements, can befoundin Table2 on thefollowinooaoes.

Photo8. A JavanRhinoat the estuaryof CigenterRiver,UjungKulonNationalPark. (Photoby Alain Compost) a

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PROGRAM RHINOCENTURY

F t F. I,

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4.1

Protection of Javan Rhinos

4.1.1 Rhinopatrolsimproved by coveringareasoutsidethe standardpatrolroutesfrom 2007onwards. Mostpatrolsappearto use fixed routes.In orderto providebeftersecurity,it is important that patrolsvary their routineand ventureoff the normaltrails as well. The Action Plan calls to improvepatrolprotocolsand foreseesimproveddocumentationof patrolroutes using GPS and GlS, as well as capturingstandardeffort parameters(distiancesand time). Twiceannually,reportswillbe storedin the lRlS. 4.1.2 ThreeRhinoProtection Units(RPUS)equipped, trainedanddeployedthroughout period the implementation of RhinoCenturyProgram Since2001,threeRPUs,comprised of Parkrangersand trainedmembersof the local community, havebeenoperational in UiungKulonNationalPark.The mix of the teams providesa balance between staff with law enforcementpowers and local people's knowledgeof the terrainand providesa good link with neighboring from communities which Unit membersoriginate.Overthe years,the RPUshave provento be effectivein deterringrhinopoachersas well as enhancingthe presenceof Park personnelin the fieldandthusdeterotherillegalactivities suchas birdpoaching, fishingand logging.The Action Plan foreseesmntinuationof existingRPUS,arid if deemednecessary,the additionof one moreUnit.

4.1.3 Two MarinePatrolUnitsare equippedandfieldedthroughout the implementation periodof RhinoCenturyProgram

With a longand remoteshoreline,UjungKulonNationalParkis easilyaccessible from the sea. To deter poachersfrom enteringthe Parkfrom the sea, MarinePatrolUnits (MPUs)have beenfieldedsince2001.Each MPU has a boatand is mannedby Park staff.Overthis periodof operation,numerousincidentsinvolvingpeopleattempting to enter the Park from the sea have been reportedand stopped,demonstrating the protectionvalue of these teams. The boats also are used to ferry larger numbersof ranoersand RPUsbetweendifferentsiteswithinthe Park.

t L

t 4.2

th F

I I

F ,

, t , ,

Javan Rhino Habitat Management

StandSof Arengapalm on at least4,000 ha in UjungKulonNationalPark eradicated by 2010to providemorespacefor rhinofoodplants WhereverArengapalmgrows,it over-shadesrhino(and other species')food plants.An estimated18,000ha of the UjungKulon*peninsula now is occupiedby the palm.Since 2003,studieshavebeenunderwayto find an effectiveway of controlling this invasive species.Directinjections withRoundUpherbicide haveprovento effectively killthe palm without leavingharmfulchemicaltraces in the soil. As a next step, a larger area of Arenga palm will be destroyedto in order to study the successionof rhinofood plant species. Effectiveness of newgrowthof food plantsand whetherrhinosuse thesenew feedingareaswillbe determined. Eradication of Arengapalmwillbe accomplished either manuallyor usingRoundup.One concernis that localcommunities will not understand thatArengapalmis beingeliminated whileat the sametime logging'isforbiddenin the Park. Therefore,an awarenesscampaignwill be launched,explainingthe need for intensivehabitatmanagementto local communities and also to local Government officials. 4.2.1

STRATEGY ANDACTION PLANFORTHECONSERVATION OFRHINOS ININDONESIA a This initiativemust be well-documented via publiclyavailabletechnicalreportsand, if (i.e.,rhinosdo usethe newlyavailable successful feedinghabitat),replicated on an area equalto aboutone{hirdof the currentArengapalmstand. Priorto undertaking this effort,any legalobstacles to removalof Arengapalmfrom the Parkmustbe addressed.A submission to the Ministrvof Forestrvis the firststeoin the ActionPlan. 4.2.2 Adive managementof grasslandsand suppressionof Javan banteng populations undertakenby 2008 so that competition for food betweenJavan rhinosand bantengin UjungKulonNationalpark reduced Althoughit is not well-documented that bantengcompetewith rhinofor food in Uiung Kulon,it is advisableto use the precautionary principlelo. In order to reducsth6 likelihoodof such competition, existingbantengfeedinggrounds(open grasslands) shouldbe maintained so thatovergrowing withbushesis prevented. Establishing two or threeadditional grasslandareasshouldbe considered. with an estimatedg00 banteng in the NationalPark,removing a one{uarterto one-third of the population (i.e.,maintain the Bantengpopulationat about 500-600animalsand at maximumthe numberof bantengwhichwas presentduringthe timeof rapidJavanpopulation growthduringthe 1970's)will not harm the bantengpopulationand may benefitthe rhino populition throughan increased supplyof food.As mentioned earlier,b detailedplanthattakesinto accountthe threatened statusand needfor intensivemanagement of the bantengas wellneedsto be formulated, agreedupon,and implementeo. 4,3

Javan Rhino Population Management

4.3.1 A siteto establish a secondwildJavanrhinopopulation selectedby 2008. Preparations to selectand then securea site for establishing a secondJavanrhino population needto beginimmediately. with accelerating pressures on all naturalhabitats in.lndonesia, suitableJavanrhinohabitatis decreasing and may not be availablewhen the time comesto actuallyrelocaterhinos.A new site withinthe historicalJavanrhino rangein Javaand sumatraneedsto be identified and securedunderthe ausoicesof the RhinoTaskForce. 1o The precautiona-ry principleis a moral and politicalpinciple which states that if an actbn or policy might causesevereorirreversible harm to the public,in the absenceof ascientificconsensusthatharm would ;ot ensue, the burden of proof falls on those who wo.uldadvocatetaking the action. This principleis usually applied in the context of the impact of human actio-nsongqEplgIjygtqlls where the consequencesof actions may be unpredictable. to

Sanduary in the context of this document means a very largâ&#x201A;Ź enclosed area of nalural habitat that may serve multiple functions for rhino mnservation, including (1) a transitionand assessment area for rhinos that are to be translocated;(2) a study area to expand knowledgeof the ecology and behaviourof these still little known species, and/or (3) to produce offspring in a secure and managed situation for eventual release inlo the wild.

(

i I

I ; \

RHINO CENTURY PROGMM a

The RhinoTask Forcewill commissionan assessmentteamto objectivelyevaluatesites on their suitabilityto hold Javan rhinos in the future. The Action plan foreseesthat severalsitesmaybe provisionally listedseveralsites,including GunungHalimun,Tesso Nilo, BerbakNationalParksandthe Harapanforest. criteriafor finalsiteselectionwereidentified in the 1g93Indonesian Rhinoconservation strategyand the reportand recommendations of the 1997Javan Rhinocolloouium. Sitesmust: 1. Be withinthe historicrangeof the species. 2. Havea carryingcapacityof at least100animals(assuming a needof 15 km2per rhino).Forthe purposesof testingmanagement protocols, small smallnumbers of translocated animalsmuld be establishedin an area where no minimum viable populationcan be supported. However,this approachmay lead to problems of animalswandering awayfromareaswheretheyare protected. 3. Containsufficientfood resources(both in terms of speciesand abundance)to meet dietaryrequirements. 4. Be withinthe historicJavanrhinorange. 5. Containadequatewater,wallows,saltlicks,and otheressentialhabitatfeatures. 6. Havelowadjacenthumanpopulation densities. 7. Havea low riskof predation on young. 8. Havea minimallegalstatusas a NationalParkor NatureReservewiththe level of protectionof a NationalPark. 9. Not have domesticlivestockpresent(to avoiddiseasetransmission), and no hunting,logging,or firewoodcollection can be permitted in thearea. 10.Have the capacity to reach pre-determinedlevels of security before any deliberate capturestartsor any isolatedanimalis movedthere. 11.Demonstrate well-established extension effortswithlocalcommunities , withthe projectproviding re-introduction employment if possible. 12.Show minimalthreatsto the release,e.g., loss of habitatto forestry,pollution from the outside,etc. 13.Havegoodcommunications andaccess. 4.3.2 A-verylargesite (400,000ha) for a secondJavanrhinopopulation securedby 2011 once the siteisselected,securityhasto be established. The minimumstandards are to have the site clearly demarcatedin the field, the consentof local govemmentsand communitiesobtained,and staffedwith an adequateforce of trained. A conservation education campaignis required to buildpositiverelationships withlocalconstituencies. 4.3.3 A temporary holdingand assessment facilityestablished by 2010 Insideor nearUjungKulonNationalPark,a temporary facilitywillbe construc,ted. In this facility,capturedJavan rhinoswill be heldto assesstheir reproductive capacityas soon as they haveadjustedto the new mnditions,and to studytheirfeedingand breeding behavior.Animalswhichappearnot to be suitablefor breedingwill be returnedand releasedin UjungKulonNationalPark immediately. captureeperationsand breeding capacityassessmentprotocolswill be formulatedunderthe auspicesof the RhinoTask Force.as willthe siteselection andfacilitvdesion. The temporaryholdingfacility,whichwill functionas a transition facility,shouldbe big enoughfor capturedrhinosto expresstheir naturalbehavioralrepertoire.All effortswil-l be madeto preventhabituation to humans;animalsmustas wild as possible.welltrained and experiencedstaff and adequate faculties must be in place to allow nominallv-invasive assessments of the animals'healthand reDroductive status.

PLANFORTHECONSERVATION OFRHINOS ININDONESIA ANDACTION STMTEGY lf animalsshow clear signs of breedingbehavior,they will be movedto the Protected (see 1.4.2),and released.lf is to be established Area in whichthe secondpopulation animalsdo not demonstratea proclivityto reproduce,they will be returnedto UjunE KulonNationalParkfor releaseintothe wild.All founderanimalsand theirprogenywill in the wildelsewherein Indonesia.No Javan be usedto establisha secondpopulation permanent in captivity in zoos. rhinosshallremain of Vietnamto allowone maleJavanrhinoto be brought A requestfromthe Govemment to Vietnam'sCat Tien NationalPark is also one possiplescenariothat shouldbe considered.Cat Tien has an estimatedthree to seven Javan rhinos (the only other on the world),of whichone is definitelya female.lf no signsof Javanrhinopopulation in Vietnammay makea breedingare dismveredin the very nearfuture,the authorities breeding requestto the GOltosend one maleto Vietnamfor an intensively-managed program.Thisis a lastresortoptionto maintain the Cat TienNationalParkpopulation. lf such a requestis broughtforuard, the RhinoTask Forcewill prepareadvisorynotesfor basisfor a decision. to providea scientific the Government

studyconcerning to establisha Javanrhinosanctuarymmpletedby 4.3.4 Feasibility 2010 of Javanrhinos,maintained in a sefni-natural sanctuary, muld be An ex-situpopulation genetic Javanrhino diversityand availability in the longterm, importantin maintaining giventhe uncertainties particularly facedby the in-slfupopulation frompoaching, habitat destruction and naturaldisasters.A feasibilitystudyand businessplanto developa rangeof the Javanrhino,including at the mostappropriate sitein the historical sanctuary UjungKulonNationalPark,willbe conducted. 4.4

{

Co-Existence of Javan Rhinos with People

conducted by 2008- 2009 4.4.1 Awareness campaigntargetinglocalgovernments for local Government An awarenesscampaignwill be designedand implemented for responsibilityof managementof naturalresourcesto officials.With decentralization (as it is am essentialto highlightUjungKulon'sglobalsignificance localgovernments, reflectedin the Park's UNESCO'sWorld HeritageStatus)to Districtand Provincia policyand decisionmakers.Thiscampaignaimsto provideinformation on the statusof Javanrhinosand UjungKulonNationalParkin orderto receivemoresupportfromand local "ownership"by local governmentsfor conservationmeasurestaken by the Park authorities.The campaignalsowill informand engagelocaldecision-makers aboutthe plans population (e.g., (Arenga habitat management needsand to conductactive and palm eradication and Javan bantengpopulationmanagement) activitiesto ensurea and support. broadbasisof understanding

I 4.4.2 Awarcness campaignamongstlocalcommunities conducted by 2008

in 1.5.1,localcommunities willalso haveto be informedregarding As mentioned Ujung Kulon NationalPark's intentionsto eradicateArenga palm, to ieduceJavanbanteng numbersand to captureJavan rhinosfor translocationto establisha.secondpopulation Broad-basedknowledgeand understanding of the issuesfaced by the NationalParkand is criticalto enoenderino the Javanrhinooooulation. oublicsuooortfor the Park'swork.

t t

, I I' t

RHINO CENTURY PROGRAM 4.4.3 A continuous outreachprogramundeMaytargetinglocalschoolchildren in the vicinityof UjungKulonNationalPark Buildingunderstanding of the Park'sbiodiversity and management objectives amongits neighborsis essentialto gain the support from local communities.Differenttaiqet audiences require. specific media and approachesand incorporatingpark staff in conservationeducationwork muld substantiallyboost the park,s image and relationshipswith those audiences. This result proposesthe mass produltion of educationmaterialsfor all schoolchildren in the vicinity.ofthe park so that future generations are instilled "ownership" withconservation knowledge, of theirrichbiological heritaqe. anddevelooa lifelonoconservation ethos. 4.4.4 Appropriatecommunitydevelopmentactivitieswith a directconservationbenefir designedand implemented throughout the lifespanof RhinoCenturyprogram In order to establishand maintaingood relationshipswith neighboring local communities, it is importantthat ujung KulonNationalpark be involvedwith heloino peopleto establishstablelivelihoods. The assumption is that if peoplehaveproductiv6 and sufficientlivelihoods, they are less likelyto enter the Nationalpark to collect resources.For this assumptionto be true, it is crucialthat livelihoodsupportactivities targetpeoplewho are or are likelyto negativelyimpacton the park's resources.These couldbe fishermen, poachers orihe verypoorpeopleliving'inthe vicinityof the park. A feasibilitystudy of the costs and benefitsof potentialalternativelivelihoodsthat can provideconservationbenefitsand/orreducepressureson the park's resourcesneedsto be undertaken.

I t-. I L. I

4.5

Researchon JavanRhino

Researchplans and study resultshave to be made availableto a wide audience, includingrelevantauthorities and the generalpublic,in the form of technicalreports, publications seminars, scientific andfileson theworldwideweb. The Indonesian Rhino Information System(lRls) shouldbe providedcopiesof plansand reports,and will act as the clearinghouseof knowledgegatheringregardingboth Javan and sumatran rhinosin lndonesia.lRls is housedin the Directorate GeneralForestprotectionand Natureconservation (PHKA)of the Ministryof Forestryand is supervised by the Rhino Task Force. Informationgatheredunderthis researchprogramwill informand guideother elements of Rhino century Program,most notahlythe Javan rhino captuie, translocationand establishment of a se@ndDooulation Droqram @mponents. 4.5.1 The Javanrhinopopulation in UjungKulonNationalpark monitored throughbiannuatcensuses since 1967,UjungKulonNationalParkhas executedstandardized censusesof its rhino populationusingfoot printmeasurements (see Figure4). Althoughthesesurveysdo not provideabsoluterhinonumbers(dueto theirlimitations in spaceancltime),theydo providevaluableindexdata whichallowestimatesof populationtrends.Thesetensuses willbe continued throughout the implementation periodof Rhinocenturyprogram.prior to the nextcensus,an expertteamwill reviewthe methodology usedand adviseon possibleimprovements. The revised,standardized censusprotocolis to be usedfor both. JavanandSumatranrhinomonitorino ourDoses.

ININDONESIA PLANFORTHECONSERVATION OFRHINOS STRATEGYANDACTION 4.5.2 Sex anil age structure of Javan Rhinocerospopulationmonitoredthrough cameratraPPing Sinc92003,WWF has used infra-redtriggeredcameratrapsin UjungKulonNational informationon the population'ssex and age structureand Pzik to providehard-to-obtain possiblyto allowidentification of individUal rhinos.This work is basedon earlierwork conductedby Grifltths(1993).A few picturesof young animalswere taken in 2002, was reproducing. lt is important that,at least5 yearsago,the population demonstrating good population trap activities in order to secure to continue with these camera activities- These data can estimates,and to documentthe population'sreproductive' provide "earlywarnings"for possibleunforeseen criseswith the rhinosin the Park. Resultsof ongoingand future cameratrap studiesneed to be carefullyanalfzed and publications. published technicalreportsandi or scientific in publiclyavailable

-i

Along similarlines, InstitutPertanianBogor has indicatedits desireto start using automaticvideocamerasto capturefootageof Javanrhinos. population studiedby 2008 of the JavanRhinoceros 4.5.3 Thegeneticcomposition (NewYork- USA)attempted to identifyindividual animals In 2001,ColumbiaUniversity from fecal DNA. DNA fingerprintingcould potentiqllyprovide the most reliable populationdata possible- Initialresults,however,were rlot conclusive(Fernandoand problemswithsamples Melnick,2004),butthis may havebeenrelatedto contamination the Indianrhino primerused in the 2001 surveymust be collected. Additionally, is underway througha replacedwitha primerfromJavanrhino.To this end,an initiative (PKBI), (LlPl), program Indonesia YABI lRF, WWF Lembaga llmu Pengetahuan of ioint primer (Canada) rhino from museum skins. to extract Javan and QueensUniversity primers and otherinterestec needto be madeavailableto ColumbiaUniversity These partiesfor research.ColumbiaUniversitywill continueits researchin the coming2 years,and resultsare eagerlyawaited.The RhinoCenturyProgramurgesand CITES and other licensingauthoritiesto providefull cooperationfor these initiatives.lt also is essentialthat resultsof ongoingand future researchis documentedin timelyanc oubliclvavailabletechnicalreoortsand/orscientificDublications.

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RHINOCENTURY PROGRAIV

P f'

CONSERVATION STATUSOF SUMATRANRHINOCEROS

5.1

Numbersand Trends

There are two sub-speciesof Sumatranrhinocerosin Indonesia:Dicerorhinus sumafrensissumatrensison the islandof Sumatraand D- s. harfissoniinKalimantanon the islandof Borneo.

Figure7: PopulationEstimatesof SumatranRhinos.inIndonesia

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Datafromreportsandpersonal communications fromRpUs Compared to 1993(250-390;Indonesian RhinoConservation Strategy,1993;Soemarna et a/. 1993),the numberof sumatranrhinoshas dramatically decreasedin the lasttwo decades(147-220;see Figure7). Manyrhinoswerelostto poachingin theearlyto mid 1990s,and almostall rhinos have disappeared from Kerinciseblat Nationalpark. poaching However, thereis greatreasonfor optimism. largelyhas beenbroughtunder control.At the moment,sumatranrhinopopulations are only knownto occurin Leuser NationalPark (60-80 animalswith an additional10-15 animalselsewherein Aceh Province),Bukit BarisanSelatanNationalPark (60-80 animals)and Wav Kambas NationalPark (15-25 animals).After initial,dramaticdecreasesin theseareas,these populations appearto be slowlyexpanding in numberand rangein recentyears.Thisis mainlydue to inlensiveanti-poaching measuresimplemented by Rhinoprotectionunits solelydedicated to providesecuritywithinrhinoranges. No reliableinformation - onlya few existson sumahanrhinossurvivingin Kalimantan are believedto occuron the borderbetw@nSabahand Malavsia.

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5.2

DistributionandVulnerability

All sumatranrhinosin Indonesiaare foundwithinNationalparks.Sometimes, rhinos wanderintoagricultural landsadjacentto the protectedAreas.Thishasespecially been the casein BukitBarisanselatan,wheretheforestcontained in the AndatuHpH logging concession is of vitalimportance to rhinos.Maps4, 5 and 6 providean overviewofthe ranoesusedbv Sumatranrhinosin thedifferentNationalparr<s.

STRATEGYAAIDACNON PI.ANFOR THE @NSEFVANON OF RHINOSIN INOONESIA

Map4: SumabanRhinoRangein GunungLeuserNationalPark

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+ With so few Sumatranrhinossurvivingin Indonesia, eachpopulation mustbe regarded as vitalto the viabilityandsurvivalof the species,and it alsomustbe recognized thatfor a varietyof differentas well as overlappingreasons,each populationis e)dremely vulnerable to extinction.

5.3

SecuritySituation

In the 1980s 5hd 1990s,Sumatranrhino numbersin Indonesiahave drastically decreased(Figure7). Significant numbersof rhinoswerepoached,evenfrom relatively inaccessible mountainous areassuchas in KerinciSeblatNationalPark. Thisdramatic trendappearsto have beencurtailedduringthe lastfew yearsof the last decade.No poachingincidentshavebeenreportedsince2002,when rhinoswere beingsnaredin BukitBarisanSelatanNationalPark(MohdKhanet a|.,2002). Althoughthe GOI has substantial staff in all the NationalParkswhichhold Sumatran rhinos,theylackadequate financialand logistical Areasalso resources. TheseProtected are so laroethateffectivecontrolof theseNationalParkshardlvexists.

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STRATEGY ANDACTION PLANFORTHECONSERVATION OFRHINOS ININDONESIA

Muchof the successin stoppingfurthersumatranrhinolossescan be attributed to the activitiesof RhinoProtectionUnits (RpUs),which are forcesdedicatedto providing activesecurityto rhinos.RPUScurrently are deployedin BukitBarisanselatanandwav KambasNationalParks.and formerlyin Kerinciseblat.Rpus are comprised of regular Parkrangersand localcommunity membersand are managedjoinflyby the respeitive NationalParksand YayasanBadaklndonesia(yABl).yABt/pKBl). Rpus withtechnical andfinancialsupportfromthe International RhinoFoundation, the US Fishand wildlife Service,and WWF.GunungLeuserNationalpark has a similararrangement managed by the LeuserInternational Foundation. CurrentSumatranrhino rangesin BukitBarisanSelatan,Way Kambasand Gunung LeuserNationalParkscan be considered secure.However, additional securehabitatii neededto permitrhinonumbersto increaseto viablepopulationlevels.The National Parksin whichSumatranrhinosoccurhave,withthe exception of Way Kambas,,more than enoughhabitatavailableto be ableto expandrhinonumbers.However.priorto expansion, additionalsecuritymust be providedin all protectedAreaswith sumatran rhinosremaining (Table3). Table 3: Secure Sumatran Rhino Habitat Available and Required

Location GunungLeuserNational Park BukitBarisanSelatanNational Park Way KambasNationalPark KerinciSeblatNationalPark BukitTigapuluh National Parr Kalimantan

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A veryhighpriorityis to securehabitatin the northernsectorof BukitBarisanselatanto pr911i!e spacefor the expandingpopulation in its southernsector.similarly,significant additionalhabitatmust be securedin GunungLeuserNationalpark. Furthlrmore, habitatmustbe securedin Kerinciseblatand BukitrigapuluhNationalparksso that in thefuturetheseareascan be re-stocked withSumatranrhinos.

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5.4

EcologicalInteractions

The areasin whichSumatranrhinoscurreny surviveare of criticalimportance to other large and endangeredmammalsas sumatrantigers (panfheraf/gnssumafrae),Asian elephant (Elephas maximus sumafrens,gand Malayan.tapir ( Iapirus indicus) conservation of sumatranrhinosthereforebenefitsthe conservaticin of thesespecies, and vice-versa. unlikethe caseof bantengand Javanihinosin UjungKulonNiational Park.thereis no indication thatothersDecies comDete withSumatranrhinos.

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RHINOCENTURY PROGRAM

CONSERVATION STRATEGYFORSUMATRAN RHINOCEROS 6.1

Targets

The principlesof conservationbiologyand especiallythe processof Populationand HabitatViabilityAnalyses(PHVA)on all five rhinospeciesprovideguidelinesfor the (forfitnessand minimumnumbersand distribution of rhinoto ensuregendticvariability populations guidelines global of arguefor adaptability) anddemographic security.These 2,000 to 3,000of each speciesdistributedover at leastfive separateProtectedAreas. eachof whichshouldbe capableof accommodating a minimumof 100rhino,preferably more. lt is highlydesirableto have two or more ProtectedAreas with populationsof 400-500rhinoeach. The longtermtargetfor Sumatranrhinoconservationin Indonesiais thereforeto have: o 1,200Westem Sumatranrhinos(Dicerorfiinussumatrensissumatrensr's) in two populations populations least 100; and of 400-500andtwoto three of at . 600 Eastem Sumatranrhinos (D. s. harissonii).in one populationof 400-500 animalsandtwo populations of at least100animals, Based on a potential annual growth rate of 3%, the more immediate targets for the number of Sumatran rhinos are:

Until 2007 By 2017 Bv 2O27 By 2O37 By 2O47 By 2057

6.2

+ Wa! Stablepopulation GunungLeuser,BukitBarisan5"1s166 -200 KambasNationalParks(threesites)+ one of sanctuary(SRS) 290- 310 Above(foursites:+ KerinciSeblatNational Park+ one sanctuary) 400 480 Above+ (foursites+ one sanctuary) (fivesites+ two 560 740 As above+ Kalimantan sanctuaries) site(sixsites+ two 790- 1,150 As above+ oneadditional sanctuaries) As above+ one additional site(sevensites+ two sanctuaries)

Goal and Objectives

The uftimategoal of this Strategyis to create conditionsconduciveto and then to actuallvdevelopviablepopulationsof Sumatranrhinos in the wild. fn the short term (20O7-2012)the followingobjectiveswill be purcuedto contributeto the long{ermgoal: 1. Expandthe wild population in Leuser,BukitBarisanSelatanand Way Kambas NationalParksby at least30%, 2. Secureadequatehabitatfor viablewild populations in KerinciSeblatNational (500,000 Park ha), BukitBarisanSelatanNationalPark (100,000ha), Gunung (500,000ha) LeuserNationalPark(700,000ha)and in Kalimantan ourooses. 3. Successfullv breedSumatranrhinosin sanctuaries for reintroduction

6.2.1 Expandthe wild population in Leuser,BukitBarisanSelatanand Wav Kambas NationalParkwithat least30% The paramount priorityof the Rhinocenturyprogramis to sustainall currentSumatran populations. rhino By providingsecurityand othermeansspecifiedin the Actionplan below,the numberof sumatranrhinos must first be maintainedat currentlevels, Additionalhabitatin the currentProtectedAreasalso hasto be secured.In this mannerit may be possibleto achievea smallincreasein numbersinsidethe Nationalpark to a totalof about250animals.

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6.2.2 secureadequatehabitatfor viablewild populations in Kerinciseblat National Park (500,000ha), BukitBarisanSelatanNationalpark (150,000ha), Gunung LeuserNationalPark(700,000ha)and in Kalimantan (500,000ha) The secondpriorityof the RhinocenturyProgramis to ensurethat additional habitatis securedwithin existingProtectedAreas (Kerinciseblat, Bukit Barisanselatan and GunungLeuserNationalParksand in Kalimantan) so thatpopulations areableto further increase. . Anotheroptionis to securehabitatin suitableprotectedAreaswherethere currently are no Sumatranrhinosoccursuchas in BukitTigapuluh Nationalpark. 6.2.3 Successfully breedsumalranrhinosin sanctuaries purposes tor reintroduction RhinocenturyProgramsupportsthe continuation of the managedbreedingprogramfor sumatranrhinosin the sumatranRhinosanctuary(sRs) in wiy KambasNationalpark as part of the globaleffortto establisha viablecaptivepropagation programfor this specEs. since 1998,attemptsto developa managedor captivebreedingprogramfor sumatran rhinos has been undeMay in way KambasNationalpark. Ths sumatran Rhino sanctuary(sRS) is managedby YABI with the supportfrom the international zoo community throughthe Intemational RhinoFoundation. The sRS currenflyholdsthree femaleplustwo malesumatranrhinos;two of thesefemaleswerebroughtintothe SRS in late 2005.Theseare animalswho becametame in BukitBarisanS-elatan and wav KambasNationalParksfor whichsecurityin the wildcouldnot longerbe guaranteed by the NationalParksand the RPUs.To date, no calveshave been born in ttre sRs. Extensiveinvestigation of the problemhas revealedpossibleproblemswith both the originalmaleand femalewiththe mostlikelycausebeingsub-fertility or infertility of the male. Howeverihopes are high that the two recenfly-alrived females will be able to produceoffspring.with the arrivalof Andalas,the firstsumatranrhinobredin captivity in 112years(cincinnatizoo),at the sRS is February2007,the facitityis we -poisedto propagatethe species. Andalashas alreadybeen iniroducedto these successfully females vouno and is showinqaoorooriate behavior for a vounomate.

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CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN (2005- 2015) RHTNOCEROS

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SUMATRAN

The ConservationAction Plan for SumatranRhinocerospresentsmore detailedresults (or outputs)to be achievedin the period2007 to 2012. These contributetowardsthe achievement of the'targets,goal and objectivesdefinedin the Strategyabove.The different results are grouped as follows: protection of Sumatran rhinos, habitat populationmanagement, management, co-existence of Sumatranrhinoswith humans (communitydevelopmentgeneratingSumatran rhino 6onservationbenefits and awareness raising)and research. Theseareoutlinedbelowwhilea summarytableof the Sumatranrhinostrategyand actionplan,definingthe principalpartnersand estimated minimalbudoetreouirements. can be foundin Table4.

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RHINOCENTURY PROGRAM

7.1 Protection of Sumatran Rhinos The RhinoCenturyProgramwill ensurethe adequateequippingand trainingof Park rangersso that ProtectedAreas can be bettersecuredagainstpoachingthreats.In total, the Action Plan entails sustainingthe existing 19 Rhino ProtectionUnits, deployedin Bukit BarisanSelatan(eight Units),Way Kambas(five Units)and GunungLeuserNationalParks(sixUnits)andAcehProvince. TheseUnitsconsistof speciallytrainedPark rangersand membersof nearbycommunities. They will be deployedover an area whichis to expandin time (seeSection7.3). Indeed,it is recommended that anotherten Unitsbe addedover the next 5 yearsin BukitBarisan Selatan (three), Gunung Leuser (five), and Kerinci Seblat (two) National Park. Experiencewith RPUsdeployedin BukitBarisanSelatanand Way KambasNational Parksis that theseunitsare essentialto suppresspoaching. The RhinoCenturyProgramalso callsfor improvedcommunication betweenNational Parks and surroundingcommunities.Good relationshipswith neighboring communitiesare essentialto improvesupportfor the Parksand conservationfrom the generalpublic,which,in turn, is neededto interceptpotentialpoachers.

7.2

Sumatran Rhino HabitatManagemeni

7.2.1 BukitBarisanSelatanNationalPark BukitBarisanSelatanNationalPark has a rich biodiversityof whichthe presenceof rareandendangered mammalian speciessuchas Sumatranrhino(withan estimated 60 to 80 animals- one of the two largestpopulations in the world),as wellas other speciessuch as Asianelephant,Sumatrantiger,Malayantapir and Westemtarsier.. The oddly-shapedPark, narrow (20-40 km) and long (-250 km), straddlesthe watershedof the southeast- orth west orientedBukitBarisanmountainrange. The Park'sshapeand largearea makeit hardto manageand very vulnerableto a suiteof threatswhichincludeencroachment, road@nstruction, mining,and poaching. The RhinoCenturyProgramenvisionsin a numberof activities whichaim to secure additionalhabitatin BukitBarisanSelatanNationalParkso that additional soacefor Sumatranrhinosis obtained.The highestprioritywill be given to furtherhalting encroachmentintothe NationalPark,followedby effortsto reversethis trendand get peopleto agreeto vacateillegally-occupied landwithinthe Parkboundaries. (e.9., road butfding)and economicdevelopment Similarly,infrastructure activities (e.9.,mining)withinthe Parkhaveto be stoppedimmediately. Suchactivitiesin the Park's buffer zone should require adequatecoordinationwith the NationalPark authoritiesso that conservationneeds of the Park are not furthercompromisedby unilateraldecisions made bv District and ProvincialAuthoritiesin an effort to generaterevenue. Additionalhabitatis to be securedin the northemsectorof the Park whichcontains few rhinos.Securingthe mrridor on bothsidesof the Liwa-Kruiroadand to the west of the DanauRanauarea is of criticalimportance. Ari adjacentex-HPHlogging concession(Andatu)shall get a conservationagendato be negotiatedwith the local communities, to safequard the Sumatranrhinosusinqthisarea.

7.2.2 KerinciSeblatNationalpark Kerinciseblat NationalParkhas suffereda dramaticdeclinein its sumatranrhino population. lt is believedthatonlya few (< 5) animalsremainin the park.The park has,however,vastexpansesof habitatsuitablefor sumatranrhinos.lf the sDeciesis to survivein lndonesia, largetracksof securehabitatare needed.securingKerinci Seblatwill be (ey for all conseryation effortsunderthe RhinoCenturyFrogram. Thereafter,the action plan advocatesthat securityin this Nationalpark is achieved by trainingand equipping the rangerforceand by deployingRpus to ensuresecurity to thefew remaining rhinosandto rhinoswhichmaybe translocated to Kerinciseblat fromelsewhere in thefuture. 7.2.3 GunungLeuserNationalPark GunungLeuserNationalParkcontainsone of theworld'stwo largestsumatranrhino population (estimated to be 60-80animals;BukitBarisanselatancontainsthe other). The expanseof GunungLeuserNational^park is vast (-9, O0Okm2),but Sumatran rhinosare concentrated in just 800 km2.with increasingpressureon the park mounting, it is criticalto ensurea swiftexpansion of securehabitatto accommodate a growingrhino population.strengthening of the Rhino protectionunit force in LeuserNationalParkis thereforeof utmostimportance. The Rhinocenturyproqram proposes doublingthe securefrabitatin GunungLeusefto about1,600km2.

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7.2.4 Way KambasNationalPark A populationof 15-25rhinossurvivesin Way Kambas. The populationwas re_ discovered in 1993and may havebeenlargerbeforethe catastrophic firesof 1997. The lowlandforestsof way KambasNationalpark are underseverepressurefrom local communities lookingfor suitableagricultural lands. For example,peripheral partsof the Parkhave beenconvertedinto bananaand cassavaplantations.The Rhinocentury Programwill imprementmeasuresto reversecunentand prevent furtherencroachment into the Park. An encroachedarea of 5,700 ha is to be reforested.Unfortunately,expansionof securehabitatis probablynot possible becausethe Parkis situatedin isolation amidlargestretches of agriculiural lands.

7.2.5 Otherpossiblepopulations and habitaton Sumatra occasionalreportsof sumatranrhinossurvivingin the northernmostareasof Aceh Province(e.g',Mammas)needto be confirmed witha fieldsurvey.

on the islandof sumatra,thereareconsiderable expansesof forestwheresumatran rhinosonce occurred.some of these'forestsshouldbe safeguardedwith the view of re-populating them with sumatran ihinos in the future.bne examoleis Bukit TigapuluhNationalParkwhereTiger protectionunits are alreadyprovidinga firm securitybasefor the ecosystem. 7.2.6 Kalimantan At present, there are no indicationsof Eastern sumatran.rhino (Dicerorhinus sumalrenslsharrissonii)survivingon the Indonesianpart of Kalimanian.A small number(20-30) of this subspeciessurvivesin remnantforests.insabah on the Malaysiansideof the island.while workingon the recoveryof the sub-species, an adequate amount of habitat for future d. s. harriss;onii' populationshas to' be sbfeguardedand securednow. The Rhino century programseeks to identifyand earmarkat least500,000ha in Kalimantan

1 i.

RHINOCENTURY PROGRAM

7.3

Sumatran Rhino Population Management

7.3.1 /n-slfuSumatranrhinopopulation management one of the most importantn-slfu populationmanagementactivitiesfor Sumatran rhinosis the translocation of animalsfromthe southernpartsof BukitBarisanselatan NationalPark(whichhas a relatively denserhinopopulation), to its relatively empty northernsections.The movement of rhinoswilloccurwhensecuritvis assuredin ihe northernareas(seeSection7.2.'1). In the longerterm, beyondthe time-frame of this Actionplan,sumatranrhinoswill haveto be rnovedinto Kerinciseblat Nationalpark possiblyinto Bukitrigapuluh NationalPark and into the securedareas in Kalimantan. For the latterpurpose, arrangementshave to be made betweenthe Govemmentsof lndonesiaand Malaysia duringthe implementation periodof thisActionplan. 7.3.2 Ex-situSumatranrhinopopulation management captive breedingof sumatranrhinoswill be continuedin the sumatranRhino Sanctuary(SRS) in Way KambasNationalpark. Recenfly,two femaleSumatran rhinoshavebeenbroughtintothe sRS fromBukitBarisanselatanandwav Kambas NationalParks,and a malebornat the Cincinnati Zoo (USA)was movedto tne SRS in February 2007to enhancechancesof reproduction. The ultimateaim for the captivebreedingprogramis to re-establish populations in the wild.wherl breedingof sumatranrhinosin captivitybecomesuccessful, the establishment of additional sanctuaries canbe contemplated in the distantfuture. 7.4

Go-Existenceof Sumatran Rhinos with people

The Rhinocentury Programproposesthat protectedAreaswhichhold Sumatran rhinos work hard to build and continuegood relationshipswith surrounding cornmunities. To alleviatepovertyissues,eachof the protectedAreasshouldplayi catalyticrole in attractingcommunitydevelopmentinitiativesfrom the Gol ind international donors.The aim of suchactivities shouldultimately be the reduction of pressureon the biodiversity resources of the protectedAreas.Similarlv, eachof the ProtectedAreas should activelyengagewith local communitiesin conservation educationand awarenessraisingactivities. .Theseshoqldaim at explaining the -rhino general importanceof biodiversity, the protected.Areas and Sumatran conservation needs. The traditional Asianmedicinemarketwillbe targetedfor educationprograms on the importanceof Asian rhino conservation, the lack of scientificevidencefor the medicinaleffectiveness of rhinoparts,as well as laws govemingthe protectionof Asianrhinos. 7.5

Research on Sumatran Rhinos

Varioustypes of researchare neededfor the conservation of simatran rhinos. Photo-trap surveys,fecal DNA analysesand perhapsotherhigher-tech monitoring measurescould assist in better assessingsize, structureand distributiono] sumatranrhinopopulations. Trackingsumatranrhinos(especially outsideprotected Areas)usingradiotelemetrymayalsobe useful. A surveyneedsto be conductedin Kalimantanto confirmcurrentstatusof sumatran rhinoson the Indonesian sideof the islandand possibleinteraction with sumatran rhinosin Malavsia.

STMTEGYANDACTIONPLANFORTHE CONSERVATION OF RHINOSIN INDONESIA

REFERENCES Fernando,P. and Don J. Melnick2004. GeneticAnalysisof the Javan Rhinocerosin relation to its management.Report submiftedto the Unites States Fish and WildlifeService,Rhinoceros andTigerConservation Fund(unpublished report) Foose, T.J..and Nico van Strien (editors).1997. Asian Rhinos- StatusSurvey and Conseruation ActionPlan.IUCN,Gland,Switzerland& Cambridge,UK Griffiths,M. 1993. TheJavan Rhinoof Ujung Kuton:an investigation of its population and ecologythroughcameratrapping.PHPAMWF,Jakarta,Indonesia PHKA. 1993. lndonesianRhino ConservationStrategy.PHKA,YMR, lWF, IUCNand WWF. Jakarta.lndonesia. IUCN(2007)2007 IUCN Red List of ThreatenedSpecies.IUCN,Gland,Switzerland& iucnredlist.org] Cambridge, UK [http://www. Mohd Khan,M. K, Foose,T.J., and Strien,N. 2002.: Asian RhinoSpecialistGroup Report. Pachyderm33: . .15-17 Polet,G.,TranVan Mui,NguyenXuanDang,BuiHuuManhand MikeBaltzer1999.The Javan Rhinoceros,Rhinocerossondalcusannamiticus,of Cat Tien National Park,Vietnam:Currentstatusand managementimplications.in'.PachydermNo 27, pp.3448. Schenkef,R and L. Schenkel-Hulliger. 1969. The Javan Rhinoceros(Rhinoceros sondaicusDesmarest,1822)in UdjungKulonNatureReserve,it's Ecologyand (1969). BehaviorFieldStudy1967and 1968.ActaTropikaSeporatum Vo1.26,2 Komar,Tilson,R., Ramono,W., Sinaga,D., Sukumar,R., Foose,T. J., Soemarna, Traylor-Holzer, C., and Seal,U. 1993. SumatranRhinoin lndonesia:Population & HabitatViabilityAnalysisReport IUCN/SSCCBSG,AppleValley,MN.- USA Strien, N. and Foose, T.J. (ChairsJavan Rhino ColloquiumEditorialCommittee) 1997.Repoft and Recommendationsfrom the Javan Rhino Colloquium. IUCN/SSC AsianRhinoSDecialist Grouo.Booor.- Indonesia

r 7

List of participants workshopon Evaluationandupdatingof the Indonesian Rhinoconservationstrategy wo*shop EvaluasiDanMempebaharuistratqi Kon*rvasi BadaklndonesiaTerdii'Dari 27& 28 February2006,HotetAfletCenturypark,Jakana,Indonesia 't. Direktorat JenderalPHKAdan Litbanghut: - DirekturKKH,Adi Susmianto

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SekditjenPHKA

KasubditLembagaKonservasidan perburuan KasubditKonservasiJenisdan Genetik

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KasubdittertibPeredaran

KasubditKonvensi KaSubditKPA

AntongHartadi Faustinalda

KepalaSeksiPelestariandan Pemanfaatan KepalaSeksiPembinaan Populasi -

KepalaSeksiLembagaKonservasi KepalaSeksiPerburuan

Wahyuning Hanurawati

Penelitidari Litbang KepalaTamanNasionaland BalaiKSDAdan pemda - PujaUtama,UjungKulonNp -

L , L. L I

Suwartono,Kerinci-Seblat Np TamenSitorus,BBSNP

MegaHaryanto,Way KambasNp

Wiratno,LeuserNP KepalaBKSDABengkulu-

KepalaBKSDALampung BKSDASumsel

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HadiAlikodra

WidodoRamono

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EffendySumardja

JansenManansang

TonySumampau

SukiantoLusli

MarcellusAdi

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Kusworo

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TirtaMaskey

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Rashid

7. DWC- Sabah - PatricAndau -

LaurentiusAmbo

(lRF) 8. International RhinoFoundation - Tom Foose 9. InstitutPertanian Bogor(lPB) HarniosArief -

HariniMuntasib

M.Agil

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(LlPl) lndonesia 10.LembagallmuPengetahuan - KapuslitBiologi -

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11. ProgramKonservasiBadakIndonesia(PKBI) - Waladilsnan -

DadanDaniSubrata

M SYamsudin

12.WWFIntemational - ChristyWilliams -

Gert Polet

13.LIF/Leuser Management Unit(LMU) - MikeGriffith RudyPutra 14.USFWSRTCF - Fred Bagley 15.USZoos - RobinRadcliffe -

SteveRomo

16.Malaysian RhinoFoundation - MohdKhan 17.SOSRhino - NanSchaffer -

EdwinBosi

18.AsianRhinoProject(ARP) - KerryCrosbie 19.SirmatranTigerProject(STP) - WaldemarHasiholan -

NeilFranklini PhilipWells

20. ConservationIntemational(Cl)

JatnaSupriatna .; 21.WildlifeConservation Society(WCS) -

NoviarAndayani

(FFl) 22. FtoraFaunaInternational - DebbieMartyr 23.YayasanWahanaLestari(YWL) - AlainCompost

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24.YayasanMihaRhino(YMR/SuakaRhinoSumatera(SRS) Juss Rus[andi -

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A.A. l{utabarat

HaerudinR. Sajuddin

Susunan Panitia Pengarah

: DireKurKKH Sekditjen PHKA

Pelaksana Kefua

: Drs.HerryDlrkoSusilo,MSc WakilKetua : lr. JussRustandi Sekretaris : lr. Sunandar, Drs.'Antong Hartadi, Sectiono$, S. nut Persidangan : Drh.Faustina lda,MSc,lr.Waladilsnan,Drh.Marcellus Adi,Nunung, Akomodasi : lr. lzal danRusdianto, And. Hut Notulen : Wahyuning Hanurawati

FrontCover Photografer Location CoverDesign

: SumatranRhino(Dicerorhinussumafrens,ls) : CyrilRuoso : SRSWayKambas,Lampung : Drs.HerryDjokoSusilo,Msc

Back Cover Photografer Location

: Javan Rhino (Dicerorhinussondaicus) : AlainComDost : CigenterRiver,UjungKulonNationalPark

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