Undergraduate Architectural Thesis Report by Dipannita Saha

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY A THESIS REPORT ON

DISASTER RESISTANT STRUCTURES AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNITY AND TOURISM AT JHARKHALI ISLAND, SUNDARBAN, WEST BENGAL. DIPANNITA SAHA | 2MB12AT006 | MSIAA | VIJAYAPURA

THESIS REPORT ON DISASTER RESISTANT STRUCTURES AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNITY AND TOURISM AT JHARKHALI ISLAND, SUNDERBAN AREA, WEST BENGAL.

Certificate

Declaration

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all I would like to thank the Almighty God. My Mummy, Bapi, Dadamoni and Boumimi for the encouragement and continuous support throughout my life. Tamal Biswas for the initial encouragement for the project. Ar. Avinash Bhave for the strength and guiding me throughout the project. Also to the Ar. Irshad Ahmed Pukekar and Ar. Rajesh Katti for overviewing my design and its concept and their direction. Ar. Sridevi for the guidance in doing case studies. Also I would like to thank Mr. Dilip Sarkar, Panchayat Pradhan of Basanti block, Jharkhali Island, for giving me his valuable time for discussion and providing me the necessary data required and also for the help in selection of site. My friends for the continuous encouragement and helping me pushing up my ideas and concluding it at a proper level, without these pattis it wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have been possible. Love you all.

CONTENTS TOPICS

PAGE NO.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

PROJECT BACKGROUND

PROJECT RATIONAL

SYNOPSIS

05 -08

INTRODUCTION DISASTER FLOOD CYCLONE EARTHQUAKE MIGRATION

09 -11 12 - 17 18 - 22 23 - 27 28 – 31

GOVERNMENT PROPOSALS

32 - 33

REPORT

34 - 36

CONTEXTUAL STUDY

37 - 41

SUNDARBANS INTRODUCTION TOURISM

42 – 45

LITERATURE REVIEW RURAL ARCHITECTURE

46 - 47

SURVEY OF JHARKHALI ISLAND

48 - 53

RESEARCH REVIEW VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE BAMBOO

54 – 57 58 - 62

CONTENTS TOPICS

PAGE NO.

DESIGN CONSIDARATION CLIMATIC FACTOR DISASTER RESISTANT

63 - 65 66 - 77

LIVE CASE STUDY CASE STUDY I CASE STUDY II

78 - 82 83 -87

LITERATURE CASE STUDY CASE STUDY I CASE STUDY II CASE STUDY III CASE STUDY IV

88 - 90 91 - 93 94 - 97 98 -99

SITE ANALYSIS

100 - 105

CONCEPT & DESIGN PHOLOSOPHIES

106 -107

SITE STUDY

108 - 110

PROGRAMME AREA ANALYSIS

111 - 115

DESIGN EVOLUTION

116 - 117

DESIGN OVERVIEW

118 - 128

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ABSTRACT Environmental concern is an integral part of human society which can be traced to the practices of the old civilization. In old civilization it was believed that the existence of human race is inseparably linked with the grace of surrounding environment. Industrial revolution gradually brought a change in this perception. Advanced technological knowledge, man started to think that he can modify the environment according to his command. Now, need based development of the pre-industrial era have been replaced by greed based development which is marked by the thoughtless consumption of resources by the society. This resulted in ugly and degraded environment. This is crucial moment where in one hand man is making rapid progress in technological progress whereas in the other hand environment is left to degrade at an alarming rate. Nature has been vanquished at the cost of human progress, thereby putting the very existence of human society at stake. Forests have become the most vulnerable area on the earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface because of human trespassing in terms of sustainable forest exploitation, clearing the forest for various types of crops, mining, industrial development, construction of dams etc. The largest inter-tidal mangrove forest in the world and the home of the majestic Royal Bengal Tiger, Sundarban is also no exception from this lunatic destruction. This region criss-crossed by innumerable water channels or rivers. Natural calamities are a part of this region and for this cause the development is almost zero. Now the disasters like cyclone storms, floods , earthquake has reached at the high peak. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s high time to conserve this fragile ecosystem of Sundarban. The local community which depended entirely on the forest is now in utter poverty. Their sustenance will be at stake if conservation steps fail to create alternative employment for the local people. These intend to resolve the various serious problems related to the local community, conservation of natural resources and recognition of the strong ethical dimensions and survival spirit of the local community in a changing world, where a sustainable approach through giving knowledge and training to local people to stand against disasters and to employee themselves through tourism and handicrafts can prove life supporting apparatus as it works at local scale incorporate landscape and people-scape in particular. This research emphasizes on the disaster resistant and resilient approach, migration due to occupation issues , tourism, different issues related to promote local economy, sociocultural changes and life style of the people settled in and around the tourist locations as well its impact on development of socio economic condition of the socially challenged regions.

INTRODUCTION â&#x20AC;&#x201C;TOPIC

PROJECT BACKGROUND The need to promote local technology with local resources comes from the desire to make long term sustainable development by holding onto our culture. Also to promote the resistant and resilient structures to absorb the natural calamities. In order to develop sustainable strategies it is important to take account of, and learn from, what local people already know and accomplish. To promote local culture and to strengthen the economic condition the best solution is the introduction cottage industries, where people can learn and to hand crafted work which supports their economic stability and also encourages people to work and develop their own culture. This efforts also reduces migration problem. The idea is to develop a settlement which will promote • Disaster resistant and resilient structures to stand against Storms like topical cyclones, Floods and also to earthquakes. • The project would increase artisans in a rural area by training local people about handicrafts and also for traditional knowledge. This will enhanced community selfreliance , gives an economic stability and also reduces migration. • The project also helps in increase of tourism and helps in developing. The poor rural people are the ones who need most knowledge about utilizing their local materials and resources . Technology is referred as "the systematic application of knowledge put to some practical use". So local technology is the technology used for an area by using traditional knowledge, methods and materials. Resources can be defined as something that can be used for support or help. And natural resource is "material source of wealth, such as timber, water, mineral deposit that occur in a natural state and has economic value.” But local technologies should modifies according to the needs, since the area is very much prone to natural disaster, the disaster resistant structural systems should develop in order to achieve life of the structures and also to promote modern technologies for a sustainable development.

INTRODUCTION – TOPIC

PROJECT RATIONALE Architecture is a form of art and an architect can be the artist or the person who enhances the need of art in different social levels. This project is chosen on the basis of systematic structural needs for disaster prone area and also to develop their knowledge and skills to promote the local culture for their economic stability , also to generate revenue through tourism. Architecture is more significant when one sees the practical use and its positive effects on people, specially people who really need it. That is the sole reason behind choosing this project. Because people living in rural areas are the ones who need knowledge about making their own house which can stay against disasters, they don't need a designer to build their house. They are people who make home with aspirations and dreams but those dreams get washed away because of lack of knowledge. Basically, this project is derived from the realization of need to promote architecture in rural sectors, not only as an architect but also as a social activist to create a greater impact on the rural areas of the country.

INTRODUCTION â&#x20AC;&#x201C; TOPIC

SYNOPSIS

INTRODUCTION Disasters are common happening now days. Every year, millions of people are affected by both human-caused and natural disasters. People may lose home, possessions, and community. It decreases population, and creates environmental and social impact on human health. Such stressors place people at risk for emotional and physical health problems. Disasters may be explosions, tsunamis, earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, tornados, or fires. In a disaster, a person faces the danger of death or physical injury. THE HUMAN IMPACT OF NATURAL DISASTER Displaced Populations One of the most immediate effects of natural disasters is population displacement. When countries are ravaged by earthquakes or other powerful forces of nature, many people have to abandon their homes and seek shelter in other regions. A large influx of refugees can disrupt accessibility of health care and education, as well as food supplies and clean water. Health Risks Aside from the obvious immediate danger that natural disasters present, the secondary effects can be just as damaging. Severe flooding can result in stagnant water that allows breeding of waterborne bacteria and malaria-carrying mosquitoes. Without emergency relief from international aid organizations and others, death tolls can rise even after the immediate danger has passed. Food Scarcity After natural disasters, food often becomes scarce. Thousands of people around the world go hungry as a result of destroyed crops and loss of agricultural supplies, whether it happens suddenly in a storm or gradually in a drought. As a result, food prices rise, reducing familiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; purchasing power and increasing the risk of severe malnutrition or worse. The impacts of hunger following an earthquake, typhoon or hurricane can be tremendous, causing lifelong damage to childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s development. Emotional Aftershocks Natural disasters can be particularly traumatic for young children. Confronted with scenes of destruction and the deaths of friends and loved ones, many children develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a serious psychological condition resulting from extreme trauma. Left untreated, children suffering from PTSD can be prone to lasting psychological damage and emotional distress. UNEMPLOYMENT The state of being jobless when a particular place cannot give people employment. Unemployment effects on economy of a place. Because of the same people started migrated from a particular area to get jobs. Effects 1. Loss of Human Resources 2. Increase in Poverty 3. Social Problems

SYNOPSIS

PUBLICATIONS TIMES OF INDIA Jun 27, 2014 Over the next couple of years, a large number of tourist spots will be developed in Bengal and efforts will be made to aggressively market these places. Twelve new tourism circuits are waiting to be unveiled and work is in full swing to revamp the infrastructure, for tourists from the rest of the country and abroad. State tourism minister Bratya Basu said this at the assembly on Thursday. we have started work in Gajoldoba of Jalpaiguri, Lamahata of Darjeeling, Jharkhali, Sajnekhali, Sandeshkhali and Henry Island of South 24-Parganas. Tourism needs a lot of innovative publicity and marketing which we are planning now," Basu said. From setting up tourist lodges and transport facilities to renovating existing infrastructure, a lot of work is afoot. "We are trying to showcase local art and craft of a place. INFLUENCE In 2009, when a cyclone aila hits India, at least 149 people were killed, two by electrocution, and hundreds others were left homeless as torrential rains led to flooding. High winds uprooted numerous trees, blocking roads throughout the region. More than 15,000 people in eight villages were reportedly isolated from relief crews by severe flooding. At least 18 of the 45 fatalities in West Bengal were in Kolkata, the region where Aila made landfall. All transit systems in the city of Kolkata were halted and daily life was at a standstill due to the storm.The areas and districts affected by the cyclone in West Bengal include East Midnapore, Howrah, Hooghly, Burdwan, South 24 Parganas and Kolkata. In the West Bengal state, more than 100,000 people were left homeless as a result of Aila. LOCATION OF THE PROJECT Jharkhali Island, Basanti block, Dist. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 24 Parganas (N), Sunderbans, West Bengal. PROBLEMS The whole of the Sunderbans experience frequent storms and floods and also experience earthquakes sometimes. The islands have very little resources and man-power to cope. Additionally, the size of these islands means that already fragile economies, usually agriculturebased, can be totally devastated by a natural disaster. In 2009, cyclone Aila had affected the southern part of west Bengal specially the islands of Sunderbans. So many people died and thousands of people left homeless. Every year floods are very much common in Sunderbans.

SYNOPSIS

NEED OF THE PROJECT It is very much needed to give protection from the disasters by making disaster proof buildings which will decrease the loss and trauma which people will face during disaster or what they had faced from previous ones and also to give a solution for the problems which people are facing. The local government body (Gramin Panchayat) have been looking for a project which will gives employment and reduce migration. So building the following Employment centre which includes Art and crafts training to train local people to showcase their talents which improves the economy of that place. This helps to minimise the unemployment and migration. Disaster resistant buildings (huts and cottages) which includes the lodging for the tourists. This will give a brief knowledge about how the buildings should be to withstand disaster. At the time of disaster this can be act as a relief centre which will accommodate people of Jharkhali. HOW IT WILL BE BENEFICIAL TO LOCAL PEOPLE The local people who are not having any jobs/work this employment centre will provide training and job opportunity to the particular region and will improve the economy and will reduce the need to leave their place by searching for jobs It also helps to develop tourism by exhibiting the local arts and crafts OBJECTIVES To give the best development solution for the problems which people are facing to increase tourism, economy and reduce unemployment. To give a clear knowledge and show the approach for the disaster resistant structures. At the time of emergency the site will act as a relief centre. To give the solution for unemployment. METHODOLOGY Providing resilient structure so that it can bear effects of disaster and can sustain for future. Construction of buildings will be considering natural disaster effect which are likely to happen in that site since the area is prone to floods, cyclone and earthquake. By training the local people about handicrafts will gives the solution for unemployment. SCOPE Is to develop a space to create a example for disaster resistant structure and also to highlight the efficiency of local people by creating crafts centre there. The whole project will develop economy, invites more tourist and gives solution for workless people. FUNDING Since local government body is looking for this kind of a project for reduce unemployment and migration and state government declares to improve tourism of jharkhali island so the fund for the project will comes from the government side.

SYNOPSIS

INTRODUCTION DISASTER

What is Disaster ? A sudden accident or a natural catastrophe that causes great damage or loss of life. The term disaster owes its origin to the French word “ Desastre ” which is a combination of two words ‘des’ meaning bad and ‘aster’ meaning star. Thus the term refers to ‘Bad or Evil star’. A disaster can be defined as “A serious disruption in the functioning of the community or a society causing wide spread material, economic , social or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using its own resources”.

What is Hazard ? Hazard may be defined as “a dangerous condition or event, that threat or have the potential for causing injury to life or damage to property or the environment.” The word ‘hazard’ owes its origin to the word ‘ hasard ’ in old French and ‘ az-zahr ’ in Arabic meaning ‘chance’ or ‘luck’.

Types of Disaster

INTRODUCTION - DISASTER

DISASTER RESISTANCE Implies the ability to: • Resist the onset and impact of a disaster • Continue to function at close to normal capacity and capability • Resume normal operations with minimal disruption • Defeat the impact of the event

DISASTER RESILIENCE Implies the ability to: • Absorb the impact of a disaster • Gracefully degrade under the impact • In such a way that we can return to normal operations with the least possible delay and the least possible dysfunction • Limit the impact of the event

Resistance and resilience are complimentary • Impact – resist vs. absorb • Function – continue vs. gracefully degrade • Resume operations – minimal delay vs. least possible • Defeat vs. limit No community can be resistant or resilient to all hazards. May be resistant to some hazards. May be resilient when faced with other hazards. May be vulnerable to still others. Resistance and resilience are achieved in differing programmatic phases Resistance – mitigation, preparedness and recovery Resilience – preparedness, response and recovery The more resistant and resilient a community is: The less the damage from a bad event. The cheaper the disaster costs (balanced against increased emergency management costs). The more rapid the return to normal. The lower the rate of dysfunction in the community post disaster.

INTRODUCTION - DISASTER

FLOOD

What is Flood ? “Flood is an overflow of water, an expanse of water submerging land” (Wikipedia) “An overflowing of water onto land that is normally dry” (Oxford Dictionary) “A general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of two or more acre of normally dry land area” (National flood insurance agency, USA) “A relatively high flow of water that overtops the natural or artificial banks and comes in conflict with man” ( Jha , R. 1993)

Flood – Introduction : The degree of a flood hazard is dependent on the factors such as depth and velocity of water, the duration of flood, and the load (sediment, salts, sewage, and chemicals) carried. The vulnerable landscapes for flood include the low-lying parts of floodplains, lowlying coasts and deltas, small basins subject to flash floods, areas below unsafe or inadequate dams, and alluvial fan. Floods may be of two types: 1) River flood resulting from rainfall, snowmelt, ice-jam, landslide, dam failure, etc. 2) Coastal flood resulting from storm surges and tsunami. FLOOD TYPES (OCCURRENCE DUE TO HEAVY RAINFALL) : • Flash floods associated with violent, convection storms of a short duration. Result of heavy rainfall of short duration falling over a small area known to wash away roads and bridges, damage houses. • Riverine floods occurs in the valley of a large river with tributaries. • Flooding develops from rainfall lasting for hrs, sometimes days and covering wide area of watershed. In summer due to cyclones & slow moving depressions. Multiple event flood Heavy rainfall by successive weather disturbances follow each other e.g . floods in the Indo- Gangetic plains & Central India regions. Floods- Primary Causes : Environmental Topography , soil characteristics, vegetation cover, impervious covered area Inadequate drainage system and lack of their maintenance Flat river gradients Meteorological Cloud bursts Short duration intense rainfall Cyclonic storms- heavy downpour with very high wind velocities Climate change Increase in extreme rainfall events High snow and glacier melt Breach of the embankments, dams etc. Floods- Secondary Causes : High tides Siltation in river channels Increased urbanisation due to migration of people to urban areas Encroachment of flood plains Haphazard and unplanned growth of urban areas

NATURAL DISASTER - FLOOD

CAUSES OF FLOOD IN WEST BENGAL : Sudden release of water from the reservoirs located in Jharkhand Heavy rainfall in the upper catchments of the rivers originating in Sikkim, Bhutan and coming through Bihar Shallow river bed Synchronization of tide with discharge of flood water Spilling of Bhagirathi, Ajay & Damodar due to inadequate capacity of rivers and tidal effects. RIVER BASINS : Three river basins - Ganga , Brammhaputra & Subarnarekha. The area-wise distribution of the above basins in the State : 1. Brahmaputra Basin 11,860 Sq. Km. 2. Ganga Basin including Sundarban Area 74,732 Sq. Km. 3. Subarnarekha Basin 2,160 Sq. Km. These three main river basins are divided into Subbasins having individual catchment of their own.

NATURAL DISASTER - FLOOD

Records of LARGE FLOODS in West Bengal : Records of large FLOODS in West Bengal Period Description 1978 Major flood; • Affected 235 blocks in Midnapore , Howrah Hooghly Murshidabad , Nadia, 24 Parganas , Bankura , Burdwan , Birbhum , Malda , Puruliya , • Human Life lost: 1370, • House Damaged 1361338 Flooding due to monsoonal rains 10/1999 – 11/1999 Tropical cyclones caused • destruction of an estimated number of 1500 villages. • Population Affected: 156.25 lakhs Records of large FLOODS in West Bengal Period Description 08/2000 – 10/2000 Besides flash floods triggered by incessant torrential storms, disaster is also accredited to the opening of sluice gates of dams. The fatalities counted to the tune of 1262, besides affecting millions of people 21/06/2002–28/08/2002 Flooding in and Jalpaiguri in north due to monsoonal rains. Flash floods swamped ten villages, causing four deaths and 11,000 displacements 11/06/2003–10/10/2003 Monsoonal rains caused floods affecting the regions of , Jalpaiguri , Malda and Murshidabad Records of large FLOODS in West Bengal Period Description 09/2006 – 10/2006 Monsoonal rains and tropical cyclone-driven storms in the hit and recorded • Human Life lost: 50 , 300 were injured • House Damaged : 30,000 mud houses destroyed. Records of large FLOODS in West Bengal Period Description 07/2007 – 09/2007 Heavy rains left large parts of Kolkata city under water; subsequently 2000 people were evacuated from the city. The hazard affected Kolkata and several other districts. • Human Life lost: 83, and millions of people were marooned in 3000 villages in coastal areas of the state. Heavy rain from tropical depression in the caused flooding leading • Human Life lost: 51 deaths, and affecting 3.2 million people

NATURAL DISASTER - FLOOD

Flood Management: Some measures can be to reduce the impact of the flood hazard adopted are as follows: Adoption of sustainable flood management techniques : Sustainable flood management provides the maximum possible social and economic resilience against flooding, by protecting and working with the environment, in a way which is fair and affordable both now and in the future.

Flood Mitigation : Flood forecasting : With reliable advance information/warning about impending floods loss can be reduced to a considerable extent Flood inundation mapping & land use planning: Satellite R. S. is extremely useful in monitoring the dynamics of water spread Flood plain zoning: Means categorization based on admin. , Legislations for planning & dev. of flood plains for various purposes. Flood insurance: Scheme of charging insurance premiums based on nature & location of establishment in flood plains Decision support system for real time flood warning & management: based on database linked to math. Models based on hydro-meteorological information Increase in the provision for flood hazard management in the Five Year Plans and their equitable distribution among people irrespective of caste, religion, political colour etc. â&#x20AC;˘ Implementation of proper land use planning, generating forest cover and reducing surface run-off, and imposing restrictions on improper land uses. Arrest desertification and deforestation to reduce flash flood. Speedy constructions of concrete embankments along the coast to arrest the ingress of storm surge water Recommendations : Flood mitigation approach should be adopted during the planning & design stage. Policy instruments e.g. guidelines for flood prevention criteria should be in public domain. Training of officials, builders, planners & architects on urban flood management. Measures to improve & maintain drainage channels & water storage areas by RWH (Rain water Harvesting) must be considered in increased population growth.

NATURAL DISASTER - FLOOD

NATURAL DISASTER â&#x20AC;&#x201C; FLOOD ZONE MAPPING

CYCLONE

What is a Cyclone? Cyclones are rotating, intense low pressure systems that develop in the oceanic area surrounding Indian Sub- continent. Tropical cyclones are the bane of the warm oceans. Cyclones occur due to a combination of warm sea temperature, high relative humidity and atmospheric instability . In the northern hemisphere it will rotate clockwise and in the southern hemisphere is will rotate counter-clockwise. International Classifications of Storms: International Classifications of Storms Low Pressure systems Wind Speed in Kms. per hour • Depression 36 – 55 • Deep Depression 56 – 66 • Cyclone 67 – 96 • Severe Cyclone 96 – 117 • Super Cyclone > 117 Some General Know How : Between 80 to 100 tropical cyclones occur around the world every year. Cyclones vary on frequency in various parts of the world. The 7516.6 kms long Indian coastline is the earth’s most cyclone battered stretch of the world. The state which are affected by cyclones in the Bay of Bengal are : West Bengal, Orissa, AP, Tamil Nadu. Along the Arabian sea coast are: Gujarat, Maharastra , Goa, Karnataka and Kerela About 2/3 of the cyclones that occur in the Indian coastline occur in the Bay of Bengal. Stages of a cyclone: The development of a tropical cyclone can be divided into three stages Formation and Initial development stage Full maturity and Modification or Decay Depending on their tracks over the warm tropical seas and proximity to land, they may last for less than 24 hours to more than three weeks (the average duration is around six days)

NATURAL DISASTER - CYCLONE

Formation of a cyclone Four atmospheric and oceanic conditions are necessary for the development of a cyclonic storm:: A warm sea temperature in excess of 26 degree centigrade, to a depth of 60 m, which provides abundant water vapour in the air by evaporation. High Relative humidity (degree to which the air is saturated by water vapor) of the atmosphere to a height of about 7000 m facilitates condensation of water vapor into water droplets and clouds, releases heat energy and induces drop into pressure Atmospheric instability (an above average decrease of temperature with altitude) encourages considerable vertical cumulus cloud convection when condensation of rising air occurs. A location of at least 4-5 latitude degrees from the Equator allow the influence of the force due to the earth’s rotation ( Coriolis force) to take effect in inducing cyclonic wind circulation around low pressure centers. “Eye” of a Cyclone : : “Eye” of a Cyclone : The most striking feature of a cyclone is its ' eye ' . The eye can be seen clearly in satellite pictures in the case of a well-developed cyclone. The eye is small and almost circular; it coincides with the area of lowest pressure and has a diameter ranging from 8 km to 50 km. The eye is warmer than the rest of the storm area. The more violent the storm, the warmer the eye. The winds are very light in the eye, usually not more than 25 to 30 km/hr and rain is practically absent. In contrast, the strongest winds and the heaviest rain occur just outside this central eye. WIND & CYCLONE ZONES of WEST BENGAL: WIND & CYCLONE ZONES of WEST BENGAL West Bengal has two cyclone seasons : Pre-monsoon- April-May, Post-monsoon- Nov-Dec, Pre-monsoon cyclones are less dangerous compared to post-monsoon cyclones Average number of depressions formed over the Bay of Bengal every year resulting into cyclone: Pre-monsoon-11 Post-monsoon-28 West Bengal has three wind & cyclone zones : very high wind & cyclone risk zone ( Vb = 50m/s) high wind & cyclone risk zone ( Vb = 47m/s) moderate wind & cyclone risk zone ( Vb = 39m/s)

NATURAL DISASTER - CYCLONE

IMPACT AREA OF CYCLONE : WHOLE OF WEST BENGAL, SEVERELY AFFECTED AREAS ARE Coastal districts: South 24 Parganas , North 24 Parganas , Purba Medinipur and Paschim Medinipur , Riparian districts: Howrah, Hooghly and Murshidabad , Hinterland districts: Nadia, Burdwan and Kolkata metropolis. PHYSICAL & DEMOGRAPHIC VULNERABILITY TO CYCLONE: Total Area (Sq. Kms ) No. of districts No. of mouzas Population 49,211.00 10 24,190 5.9 Crores (app.) EFFECTS OF CYCLONE AND HIGH VELOCITY WIND : Storms surge is the most destructive phenomena associated with a cyclone, particularly in the coastal and riparian areas, Uprooting of trees, telegraphic poles, communication towers, disruption of transport linkages, Loss of life - both human and livestock, Damage of public and private property, river and coastal embankments, etc., Agricultural damage : standing crop, orchards, salination of agricultural land.

NATURAL DISASTER - CYCLONE

NATURAL DISASTER â&#x20AC;&#x201C; CYCLONE ZONE MAPPING

EARTHQUAKE

What is an earthquake? An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the perceptible shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can be violent enough to toss people around and destroy whole cities. The seismicity or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time. What Causes an Earthquake? Earthquakes happen deep underground along tectonic plate boundaries. Tectonic plates are what make up the earth's crust, its outermost layer. These plates fit together like puzzle pieces but they don't stay in one place. They're always moving because the part of the earth underneath them is like a fluid. And because the plates are sitting on top of this fluid like ice on top of a pond, they are not locked in place and are sort of floating about. However, each plate is lined up pretty well with the other plates around it. So as they move, they create tension and pressure as they slide past and bump into each other, sometimes even sticking together. And though the plate boundary is stuck, the plate itself keeps moving and pulling the rest of the plate with it. Eventually, the pulling becomes too much and the plates suddenly break free from each other, causing an earthquake. Earthquakes are one of the most dangerous natural disasters on Earth. All that shaking comes from deep underground, but the surface shakes a lot too, which is where all the damage occurs. Buildings fall down, roads and bridges collapse, and land and mud come sliding down from hillsides.

Types of Earthquake fault There are three main types of fault, all of which may cause an interplate earthquake: 1. Normal, 2. Reverse (thrust) and 3. Strike-slip. Normal faulting is a example of dip-slip, where the displacement along the fault is in the direction of dip and movement on them involves a vertical component. Normal faults occur mainly in areas where the crust is being extended such as a divergent boundary. Normal faults are generally less than magnitude 7. Reverse faults is a example of dip-slip, which occur in areas where the crust is being shortened such as at a convergent boundaries which are associated with the most powerful earthquakes, megathrust earthquakes, including almost all of those of magnitude 8 or more. Strike-slip faults are steep structures where the two sides of the fault slip horizontally past each other; transform boundaries are a particular type of strike-slip fault. These can produce major earthquakes up to about magnitude 8. Many earthquakes are caused by movement on faults that have components of both dip-slip and strike-slip; this is known as oblique slip. NATURAL DISASTER - EARTHQUAKE

What are the Effects of earthquakes? The effects of earthquakes include, but are not limited to, the following: Shaking and ground rupture Shaking and ground rupture are the main effects created by earthquakes, principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings and other rigid structures. The severity of the local effects depends on the complex combination of the earthquake magnitude, the distance from the epicenter, and the local geological and geomorphological conditions, which may amplify or reduce wave propagation. Landslides and avalanches Earthquakes, along with severe storms, volcanic activity, coastal wave attack, and wildfires, can produce slope instability leading to landslides, a major geological hazard. Landslide danger may persist while emergency personnel are attempting rescue. Fires Earthquakes can cause fires by damaging electrical power or gas lines. In the event of water mains rupturing and a loss of pressure, it may also become difficult to stop the spread of a fire once it has started. Soil liquefaction Soil liquefaction occurs when, because of the shaking, water-saturated granular material (such as sand) temporarily loses its strength and transforms from a solid to a liquid. Soil liquefaction may cause rigid structures, like buildings and bridges, to tilt or sink into the liquefied deposits Tsunami Tsunamis are long-wavelength, long-period sea waves produced by the sudden or abrupt movement of large volumes of water. In the open ocean the distance between wave crests can surpass 100 kilometers (62 mi), and the wave periods can vary from five minutes to one hour. Such tsunamis travel 600-800 kilometers per hour (373â&#x20AC;&#x201C;497 miles per hour), depending on water depth. Floods A flood is an overflow of any amount of water that reaches land. Floods may be secondary effects of earthquakes, if dams are damaged. Earthquakes may cause landslips to dam rivers, which collapse and cause floods. Human impacts An earthquake may cause injury and loss of life, road and bridge damage, general property damage, and collapse or destabilization of buildings. The aftermath may bring disease, lack of basic necessities, mental consequences such as panic attacks, depression to survivors, and higher insurance premiums.

NATURAL DISASTER - EARTHQUAKE

Earthquake clusters Most earthquakes form part of a sequence, related to each other in terms of location and time. Aftershocks An aftershock is an earthquake that occurs after a previous earthquake, the mainshock. An aftershock is in the same region of the main shock but always of a smaller magnitude. If an aftershock is larger than the main shock, the aftershock is redesignated as the main shock and the original main shock is redesignated as a foreshock. Earthquake swarms Earthquake swarms are sequences of earthquakes striking in a specific area within a short period of time. They are different from earthquakes followed by a series of aftershocks by the fact that no single earthquake in the sequence is obviously the main shock, therefore none have notable higher magnitudes than the other.

NATURAL DISASTER - EARTHQUAKE

NATURAL DISASTER â&#x20AC;&#x201C; EARTHQUAKE ZONNING MAP

MIGRATION

What is Migration? Migration is movement from one part of something to another or to a far place . Human migration is the movement by people from one place to another with the intentions of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. The movement is often over long distances and from one country to another, but internal migration is also possible; indeed, this is the dominant form globally. What are the Types of Migration? Migration can be permanent, temporary, voluntary or forced. It can be international or internal. Permanent migration is when someone moves from one place to another and has no plans to return to their original home. Temporary migration is limited by time.

EXISTING SCENARIO - MIGRATION

What are the Causes of Migration? Natural Calamities Frequent floods, tropical cyclones and storm surges have had a colossal impact on coastal population. Shrinkage of land area, river bank erosion and intrusion of saline waters into the agricultural fields have pushed farmers in search of new lands. These are causing widespread landlessness, unemployment, income disparities and degradation of human habitat. No rehabilitation programmes exist and there is extremely poor participation of the majority of the people in decisions that affect their lives. After 2009 Aila, its impossible to get back to the mainstream, fields are not yet fit for cultivation. The yield of fish has come down too. So in order to survive, most of the male members have either migrated alone to other parts of the country or with his entire family. Rising water level Sea levels are rising more than twice as fast as the global average in the Sunderbans, a low-lying delta region comprising 200 small islands in the Bay of Bengal and inhabited by around 13 million impoverished Indians and Bangladeshis. "The chance of a mass migration, is actually pretty high. India is not recognizing it for whatever reason,'' said Anurag Danda, who leads the World Wildlife Fund's climate change adaptation programme in the Sunderbans. It's a crisis which is happening. We are just one event away from seeing large-scale displacement and turning a large number of people into destitutes. Thousands have already been left homeless. However, most of the residents who have been living on the land since the early 1800s are reluctant to leave. Worsening job prospects Secure jobs are one of the casualties of the changes. The share of workers with regular income and employment has declined dramatically in the last decades, from 49.63% in 1991 to just 22% in 2011, according to the Indian census data. Meanwhile, marginal workers â&#x20AC;&#x201C; who in 1991 represented 10% of the workforce, now account for 40% of those working, according to 2011 figures. There is very lesser land left to cultivate. Fishing and aquaculture also have been destroyed due to topical cyclones and floods. Since there are almost no jobs and people have to survive somehow, the entire work-age population has migrated to other states like Kerala to work in a construction industry as unskilled labours. Some of them are also in search of some dignity jobs to secure their families, for that they moved to places like Kolkata, Siliguri, Durgapur, Asansol and also to the other states.

EXISTING SCENARIO - MIGRATION

Security from wildlife Since the whole delta region is nearby the wildlife, the chances of animal attacks are very common. For the occupation Fishing and honey collection they the likely to be attack from tigers, snacks or other animals and finally they loss their life. The region has around 200 tigers and tiger attacks have been on the rise. Effects of Migration Lacks of manpower in emigrants place, thus weaken the strength of that place. But in the other hand provides stability for future, also gives safety and better health.

EXISTING SCENARIO - MIGRATION

GOVERNMENT PROPOSALS

Jharkhali and Gajoldoba are West Bengal’s new tourist circuit August 11, 2013 According to Managing Director West Bengal Tourism Development Corporation (WBTDC) Bhishmadeb Dasgupta, “We shall be adding two major destinations to our tourist circuit, one is Jharkhali in Sundarban and Gajoldoba near Siliguri, which shall be developed as multi tasking tourism hubs. “The two ambitious projects are expected to attract investments up to Rs 5,000 crore. Land and infrastructure will be provided by the Government” he said.

Rs 400-crore project to develop Sundarbans infrastructure Dec 8, 2014 SUNDARBANS: The West Bengal government is working on a Rs 400-crore project to develop tourism infrastructure in the Sundarbans on a public-private partnership model. "We are launching a Rs 400-crore project at Jharkhali on a PPP model where we will construct hotels, an eco-tourism park for the development of Sundarbans," Chief MinisterMamata Banerjee said today. Banerjee, who is on a three-day tour to the mangrove islands, said they are also going to build the first-ever zoo in the world's largest delta at a 100-acre plot in Jharkhali. A 20member delegation of leading industrialists including Harsh Neotia, Sanjay Budhia, Sanjay Agarwal and Utsav Parekh are also accompanying her on the trip. Stating that they want to conserve the endangered flora and fauna of the region, she said just like Digha and Ganga Sagar islands, they will build a gateway to Sunderbans also. To augment infrastructure, the government is allotting Rs 90 crore for building roads and bridges in Jharkhali area, Banerjee said. "People here have to face the crocodiles and tigers to survive. Sundarbans has been a neglected region as no one thought about it," Banerjee said. Tourism department officials said the Tourism hub would have five star resorts, budget hotels, cottages, swimming pool, lake, club house, among others. The resort would also have folk art performances by local artists. "We will beautify Sundarbans. Foreigners will also come here," the chief minister said.

NEWS REPORT - GOVERNMENTAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN

REPORT DISASTER MANAGEMENT DEPT.

42 AILA REPORT

43 AILA REPORT

CONTEXTUAL STUDY OF LOCATION

DOCUMENTARY STUDY OF LOCATION

SUNDARBAN INTRODUCTION & TOURISM

About Sunderbans mangrove forest The Sunderbans are a part of the world's largest delta, formed by the mighty rivers Ganga, Brahmaputra and Meghna. Situated on the lower end of Gangetic West Bengal, the Sunderbans is criss-crossed by hundreds of creeks and tributaries. It is one of the most attractive and alluring places remaining on earth, a truly undiscovered paradise. The Sunderbans is the largest single block of tidal, halophytic mangrove forests in the world. The name can be literally translated as beautiful jungle. The name may have been derived from the Sundari trees that are found in the Sunderbans. The Sunderbans is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is spans a vast area covering 4.264 sq. km in India alone. It is the largest Tiger Reserve and National Park in India. Wildlife of Sunderbans The Sunderbans forest is home to more than 250 tigers. The Royal Bengal Tigers have adapted themselves very well to the saline and aqua environs and are extremely good swimmers. Entering to the adventurous wild land of the Sunderbans, you will be thrilled to see the chital deer and rhesus monkey. The aqua fauna of Sunderbans include a variety of fish, red fiddler crabs, and hermit crabs. There are crocodiles, which can be often seen along the mud banks. Sunderbans National Park is also noted for its conservation of the Ridley Sea Turtle. An incredible variety of reptiles is also found in Sunderbans â&#x20AC;&#x201C; these include king cobra, the rock python and the water monitor. Impact of Local Economic Conditions on Ecology The Sunderbans are a very remote and underdeveloped area. The people use the natural resources like paddy straw, mud and wood to build their houses. Electricity, sanitation and communication are non existing, but slowly the situation is improving. For example the footpaths, which are very muddy during the rainy season, have now been paved. But still important infrastructure is lacking in many places, medical treatment for example still mostly is provided by herbal doctors. Traditional Livelihood-Threat For Ecosystem The traditional livelihood of the local people is mainly fishing or prawn catching. The Sunderbans are the main source of fishery products for Eastern India. Agriculture yields only one crop per year due to saline conditions. Thus people are depending directly on the forest or forest based resources, what means severe threats for the fragile ecosystem.

EXISTING SCENARIO â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SUNDARBANS WILDLIFE, ECOSYSTEM

Efforts to develop Tourism The effort is not just to develop a tourism destination but to allow villagers an alternative source of income so that intrusion into the forest declines. It will have a direct impact on the forest as well as local villagers will turn protectors rather than poach. Visitors to this destination will have the opportunity to experience this unique forest with its rich diversity of life. This will also help preserve local culture. Here villagers will be the owners who will manage their property. The management of Sunderbans Tiger Reserve has confirmed to give permission from the adjoining Bidya Range office to set up a jetty, a sweet water source. A manual boat will also be provided to venture into creeks to see wildlife. Jungle Camps This is one of the best places to stay in Sunderban. Generally a package is offered to the customers which include transport, stay, all meals, boat safari to the mangrove forest, village walk and birding, cultural performance, entry fee, camera charges, guide charges, naturalist (on demand) charges etc.

EXISTING SCENARIO â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SUNDARBANS TOURISM

TOURISM AS SOURCE OF INCOME Livelihood Generation For Local People Through Camps Tourism is a seasonal activity in Sunderban. The local communities cannot solely depend on tourism as the only livelihood option. The income from tourism for the local people is mostly from working as cooks and guides. Apart from this, local people also get 25% of the revenue collected from tourists as the entry fees to the National Park. Tourist Satisfaction The success of any tourist destination lies in the satisfaction of the tourist after visiting the place. This is manifested in the number of tourists visiting the place, their feedback, duration of stay as well their desire to make repeat visits. The number of tourists visiting Sundarban is increasing on a year on year basis. Positive Effect of tourism • The local people strongly supporting the need of ecotourism in this region. • Status of Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Site of Sundarban. • Good number of domestic and foreign tourists visiting this destination. • Unique culture of the local people. • Already existing tourism infrastructure. •Proper ecotourism package development involving local people in decision making and planning so that there is a larger involvement of the local people. • Diversification of ecotourism products like stay in country boats, trail walks etc. which will help in retaining majority of the income generated with the local people. Negative Effect of tourism • Lack of coordination among local people. • Low involvement of local people in tourism. • Little incentive for the local people from tourism in terms of income generation. • Migration of extremely poor landless people to Kolkata in search of job opportunities.

EXISTING SCENARIO – SUNDARBANS TOURISM

REVIEW RURAL ARCHITECTURE OF BENGAL

LITERATURE REVIEW Rural architecture is the informal, functional architecture of structures, often in rural areas built of local materials and designed to meet the needs of the local people. It is estimated that worldwide close to 90% of all building is vernacular, meaning that it is for daily use for ordinary, local people and built by local craftsmen. Vernacular architecture is a term used to categorize methods of construction which use locally available resources and traditions to address local needs. It tends to evolve over time to reflect the environmental, cultural and historical context in which it exists. Frank Lloyd Wright described vernacular architecture as; "Folk building growing in response to actual needs, fitted into environment by people who knew no better than to fit them with native feeling". Rural Structures that are being constructed by a group of craftsman without having formal knowledge. These structures evolve through trial and error procedures guided by emotions and family needs. Usually such construction is being conditioned by its immediate environment and economic ability. Use of "Appropriate Technology" is very rare in such cases. In architectural terms, appropriate technology comprises, two interdependent aspects: techniques and knowledge. “Techniques” include the use of materials, energy, climate control and construction techniques. “Knowledge” is the historical dimension, the theory of settlement development including land use and typologies, socio-cultural needs, contextual considerations, and the creative use of space and form. It is frequently documented that sundarban region is one of the most vulnerable area for future changes to both our climate and our depletion of natural resources and ecosystem. This is increase to vulnerability to hazards, there is a great need to build stronger, more resilient rural housing. A rural Bengali house was traditionally described as a grouping of rectangular huts around a courtyard, with the periphery of this courtyard surrounded either by vegetation, or screen of jute sticks or bamboo. Most houses are non-engineered and built by their owners and usually made up of indigenous local materials such as bamboo, earth and timber. Corrugated Iron (CI) Sheets are also now common, being introduced by the British during the colonial period (1757-1945), along with brick that has been used for approximately the last 40 years.

LITERATURE OVERVIEW – RURAL ARCHITECTURE

SURVEY OF JHARKHALI ISLAND

LANDUSE / LANDCOVER CHANGE STUDY OF JHARKHALI ISLAND SUNDARBANS, WEST BENGAL USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS ABSTRACT Jharkhali, an island in the Sundarbans, is situated between two mighty rivers, Matla (on the west) and Bidya (on the east) covering an area of about 161 sq.km (2009). The landuse / landcover maps of the Jharkhali island have been prepared from the satellite data and field checking. The time series analysis of land use / land cover changes of this area for the period 1986-2009 reveals a virtual disappearance of the mangroves of Namkhana Reserve Forest. A forest area of 12.400 sq.km has been found to be converted into aquaculture farms or agricultural fields. Others changes involve conversion of small water bodies and marginal erosion of the western blank of the island. A further conversion of 34.152 sq.km agricultural land into settlements is attributed to the growing population pressure in this Biosphere reserve area, World heritage site, and proposed Ramsar Site.

LOCATION â&#x20AC;&#x201C; JHARKHALI ISLAND LAND USE PATTERN

LOCATION â&#x20AC;&#x201C; JHARKHALI ISLAND LAND USE TRANSFORMATION

LOCATION â&#x20AC;&#x201C; JHARKHALI ISLAND POPULATION DENSITY TRANSFORMATION

LOCATION â&#x20AC;&#x201C; JHARKHALI ISLAND TRANSFORMATION OF VARIOUS FACTORS OVER TIME

RESEARCH REVIEW VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

Design With Nature Living in the humid tropical area should teach that nature is a gift. True comfort comes from breezes which we cannot control, and the shade of a multitude of plants. The best locations are often hill tops with shallower or fragile soils. Construction in hot and humid areas needs to cooperate with nature to use the available materials, breezes, soils, and plants. Electricity for fans or air conditioning is unreliable and condensation from humidity causes more problems than the heat. Opening to the breezes is much more effective. Peoples of hot, humid Regions can define buildings as roofs with spaces blending from indoors to out through screens instead of walls, allowing breezes in. A sense of security and enclosure may come more from people or a compound or courtyard wall than the building walls themselves. Traditional settlements in humid regions developed from farmers who built scattered houses. In the densest jungles these were transient settlements in small openings. The roof was more important than walls, and the encircling forest provided shade and protection. Water and Soil An important side benefit of preserving existing plants is that rain will soak into land. Try to leave some flatter damp spots below your buildings and roads. Natural wet area shave special soils and soak water up and release its low lying to the soil and streams. When people through out a regional drain wetlands, the average temperature in an area can go up, and the amount of rainfall can decrease. Lightweight Building Materials A building should last long and be comfortable. This can be difficult in the tropics, where termites or ants even emerge through concrete floors to eat furniture and walls. Paints and metals exposed to the sun and rain breakdown quickly. But it may be as important to find out how comfortable materials will be in a building. One of the most important goals is to build of â&#x20AC;&#x153;light weight and low heat-storing materials â&#x20AC;? so there won't be much heat radiated towards the inside. Traditional building materials like wood, grass, palm, and bamboo are cheaper as well as cooler than masonry. But because they rot easily or are eaten by insects, they must be used carefully. Often they are only used on second stories or in buildings raised up above the ground on some sort of piers

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR NATURE AND CONTEXT

Comparing types of masonry to built People want houses that last, don't burn, and keeps insects, rodents, and thieves out. Stone and brick walls have been used for beautiful buildings worldwide. Many people build with concrete now, because these buildings seem modern, last a long time, and are cheaper and easier to build than brick or stone. The majority of permanent buildings through out history have been built of earth. It doesn't burn, Keeps pests and thieves out, is inexpensive and widely available. This flexible and beautiful material is recently being revived and becoming more generally accepted and understood. Earth buildings last well when maintained, and are less subject to overheating and dampness than stone or concrete. Earth walls don't get hot or cool very quickly because earth insulates better than concrete. There are other ways to use earth, Buildings can be made of raw earth with cob walls or mud block, or compressed soil in rammed earth walls or compressed earth blocks(CEBs). The compressed earth can have some lime or cement or bitumen added to preserve it in the rain. Raw earth buildings need to be protected from rain and flooding to work well in humid Climates. In rainy areas damaging moisture can creep from the soil up walls, even through concrete. Buildings raised 50 cm above the ground with a good vapour barrier are drier.

Materials are comfortable in hot, damp weather if they don't hold much heat or if they are Very well insulated. This is how common building materials compare at holding heat or cold, and insulating -

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR NATURE AND CONTEXT

LOCAL ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Traditional Houses represent the heritage of a country and also reflects traditional forms and values, fundamental to the culture of the people of that country. It possesses distinct characteristics as regards planning, use of materials and location. As rural west bengal housing typologies varies depending on available materials, the choice of the construction approach is dependent on the owners particular circumstances and preference. The choice of materials available is largely cost driven. Kutcha materials such as earth and bamboo construction with Thatch, Clay tiles being the most affordable, Semi-pucca or pucca brick and timber are more expensive, although these materials hold more cultural prestige and deemed as much more durable. Bamboo is used extensively â&#x20AC;&#x201C; as structural members (fastened with jute ropes/string), or flattened for wall panelling, or simply woven together to act as screens.

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

RESEARCH REVIEW BAMBOO TREATMENT

The role of bamboo in house construction has been substantial everywhere of the country where it grows naturally. It has strength, flexibility and versatility and therefore it is a suitable material for practically every part of the house – when treated and used properly. The advantages of using bamboo for construction do not end with technical advantages only. It is very economical because it is a local product and therefore amongst the cheapest building materials. Moreover, bamboo can be used as a substitute for timber in many applications, and compared to the trees used for that timber, bamboo grows substantially faster. One major disadvantage of bamboo is its poor resistance to fungi and bacteria. Without preservative treatment and proper use, the material has a very short life. With the rise of the more durable brick and concrete, bamboo became inferior to those construction materials and its social status is considered very low. In fact, as soon as they can afford to, people tend to replace their bamboo buildings with masonry or concrete. With new technologies of constructing with bamboo, more durable constructions can be achieved as well as better appearance of the house - making it more socially acceptable. The technologies stem from family tradition and bamboo needs replacing every other year or so. Research into the subject of bamboo has been restricted to botanical issues rather than applications in for example housing. In order to improve the durability and performance, bamboo are treated with or without the use of chemicals. Treatment is intended to: • Extend durability and lengthen useful life. • Capture and delay degradation. • Preserve dimensional stability and retain strength. • Impart properties like fire resistance, luster, etc. • Improve aesthetic qualities Selection of the treatment method depends on many factors: • State of bamboo - green or dry • Form - round bamboo, splits or bamboo products. • End applications - in ground contact, exposed to atmosphere, • undercover, structural/non-structural. • Scale - quantity to be treated and time available. • Potential causes of decay - biotic (fungus/insects) and abiotic

LITERATURE OVERVIEW – RURAL ARCHITECTURE

Traditional bamboo treatment: It is cheaper compared to chemical preservative methods, but less effective. It can be done easily in rural areas without special equipment. Therefore such bamboo treatment is needed to be promoted where such practice is declining. 1. Soaking in Water (“Pynot”) - Most Common Practice • The culms should be placed in water for around two weeks. • Then they are to be dried for a week (in the shade). • By leaching, this process eliminates the nutrients (starch) sought after by bamboo borers. • Does not retard termite infestation. 2. Clump Curing • Cut bamboo should be stacked vertically for a few weeks after felling, with branches and leaves intact. • Such bamboo continues to live off its reserves and hence reduces starch content and thereby insect attack. • Does not hold back termite infestation. 3. Seasoning • This should be done by drying bamboo in the open, under cover, with as much air movement as possible. • It can take a couple of months. Chemical Preservative Treatment Methods: 1. Diffusion Method Round bamboo, splits and slivers can be treated by keeping them submerged in water-borne preservative solution. The preservative moves into the bamboo due to concentration gradient and the cell sap moves out due to osmotic pressure. The method of diffusion can be varied by increasing the concentration of preservative to reduce treatment time, using two salts to increase fixation and filling the lacuna of the culms with solution by puncturing the nodes to fasten the diffusion process. Method I. Prepare the water-borne solution of preservative in a tank. A tank with an outlet at the base is required for draining of solution and cleaning. II. For round bamboo, puncture the diaphragm with a long rod to improve penetration. III. Bundle the material and submerge using sinker load. IV. Cover the tank to reduce water loss through evaporation. V. Sludge may form after a few days especially in fixed type preservatives. Do not stir to disperse the sludge as this may facilitate deposition of particles on the bamboo surface and hinder penetration. VI. Keep the material immersed for 15-20 days for round bamboo, and 7-10 days for splits and slivers. Thin walled culms may require less time. VII. Drain and remove the treated material. VIII. Stack horizontally to facilitate further diffusion and air dry under cover. IX. Check the solution regularly with a hydrometer. Top solution daily to replace uptake. X. Clean tank periodically (4 - 8 weeks) depending on use. Remove sludge and mix it with chromic acid solution to retrieve preservatives. Filter in muslin cloth and reuse solution. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BAMBOO TREATMENT

Preservatives 5-8% Boric Borax for indoor use 4-10% CCA for exterior use 3-5% CCB for indoor use 5-12% CCB for exterior use

By increasing the solution concentration, soaking time can be reduced considerably. Also, in this way, there will be no contamination of the solution with cell sap and large-scale treatment is possible. This method is not suitable for round bamboo. I. Dip material for 10 minutes in high concentration solution (15-20% CCB) or 10% Boric acid: Borax at 500C - CCB/ CCA should never be heated II. Remove and stack the material under cover. The material should be packed tightly to minimize gaps in between III. Cover the stack with a polyethylene film to prevent drying. IV. Store for 10-20 days to allow diffusion. V. Air dry 2. Internodal Injection Method Treatment method applicable for green or dry culms used for making members exposed to occasional wetting, such as bamboo posts. I. 6 mm hole should be drilled in each internodes of a whole bamboo culms and 20-50 ml creosote (tar oil/molten bitumen) combined with kerosene/ sump oil/ Mobil/ diesel should be injected with a large syringe. II. Paraffin wax (or putty, if available) should be used to plug the holes. III. The culms should be rolled 2-3 times a day for 7-10 days to distribute the IV. preservative and complete the treatment.

LITERATURE OVERVIEW â&#x20AC;&#x201C; BAMBOO TREATMENT

3. Hot and Cold Method It is based on the principle that on heating, air from the cells will expand and partially escape. During cooling a slight vacuum is created due to contraction of the residual air and causes the entry of preservative into the cell. Scale: Large quantities can be treated at one time. Method I. For round bamboo - make two holes on opposite walls of each internodes near the node or rupture the nodal diaphragm. II. Air dry the material. III. An open tank fitted with steam coils or other alternate heating arrangement is required. IV. Load culms into tank. V. Fill tank with hot oil - creosote oil or mixed with furnace oil (50:50). VI. Heat to 900 C and maintain for 2-3 hrs. VII. Allow to cool to ambient temperature VIII. Drain excess preservative. Preservatives Creosote for exterior uses (can be heated to 900 C) Boric acid-Borax (should be heated to 500 C) Feasibility of treated bamboo: Cost of a untreated bamboo house with thatch roof (around 200 square feet) = Tk 5,000 Cost of a treated bamboo house of same dimension = Tk 6,250 Cost increase due to preservative treatment = Tk 1,250 Cost of treatment = 25 % of the cost of untreated house Service life of conventional untreated bamboo house = 7 years Minimum expected service life of treated bamboo house = 15 years LITERATURE OVERVIEW â&#x20AC;&#x201C; BAMBOO TREATMENT

DESIGN CONSIDERATION CLIMATIC FACTOR

Planning for Comfort Buildings in hot-humid climates need to be different from those in hot-dry climates. Buildings In humid climates are also subject to more intense attack by insects, and materials rust and Decay much more quickly than in other environments. Hot-humid inland areas of the world have high Humidity and temperatures that rise and falls lightly everyday. In the warm and humid zone of central Africa, southern Asia, and northern South America Temperatures go from75- 908F, and the humidity maybe frequentlybetween90 and100%. Breezes also replace indoor air with fresh, keeping Humidity levels from building up as people exhale both moisture and heat. But when the temperature of air is higher than skin temperature, the “cooling effect by evaporation is notpossible even though the relative humidityis less than100%” Buildings that rely on natural qualities for comfort need to be thought fully planned. Their location, orientation, and plants nearby matter. They also need to be shaped to avoid direct Sunlight and catch breezes. Buildings that use the following strategies can be comfortable VENTILATION: ➔ Catch the breeze: Locate on a hill or raise above the ground, at a 20- 408 angle to the prevailing breezes. ➔ Don't block the breeze: Spaces buildings out, and add breezeways in them. Build 18 m downwind from a 3 m height building to allow breezes in. ➔ Make rooms breezy: Each room needs 2 exterior walls, with many windows or vents, including low openings. Verandahs with outside stairs obstruct breezes much less than interior halls. ➔ Make outdoor areas breezy: Keep them open to warmer season breezes, and if possible protected from storm and cool season winds.

Wing-walls can direct wind.

Large openings ventilate adjacent rooms.

➔ Screen porches or verandahs to allow openings to unscreened windows in the center of the building. ➔ Pull breezes in with wing-walls, and shutters or casement windows that open outward. Although jalousie windows allow ventilation by keeping rain out while they are open, casements under an overhang can be helpful to catch breezes. A sturdy adjustable shutter that pivots vertically in the center of the window sill may be able to secure a building and catch breezes too. DESIGN CONSIDERATION FOR CLIMATIC COMFORT

SHADING: ➔ Keep sunlight off of building walls: After aiming the building to catch the breeze, try to face the long sides (with most of the windows) towards thesouth and north so the roof overhang shades walls and windows in themiddle of the day.

Roofs shade walls in the middle of the day Less shade afternoon sun ➔ Shade in the afternoon: Keep west and east sides short to let less of the hot, low angle morning and afternoon sun heat up walls, especially during the hottest season. Be sure you are considering whether the sun is in the northern or southern sky at this time of year.

PLANTINGS: ➔ Let plants cool you. Tall trees can shade roofs and reduce temperatures .Trees, shrubs and vines that shade the ground or buildings in the afternoo nreduce the local temperature. Plants cool by evaporating moisture as well as by shading, like natural air conditioners. Use trees like palms that are open underneath on the breezy side. ➔ Don't make sun traps of heavy walls around sunny paved areas. Locate plantings between walls and other paved areas when possible. ➔ Use green walls for breezy west walls. Vines block breezes and will grow over openings. A green wall of low-growing plants can lower the wall temperature. Plants can be planted into concrete vent blocks filled with soil after construction. The wall itself should be waterproof, because the wall may need some irrigation. ➔ Funnel breezes with building walls or plants: Breezes are slowed by friction. If buildings must be close together, use them to aim and speed up the breeze.

Nearby buildings can squeeze breezes into a narrower path speed them up DESIGN CONSIDERATION FOR CLIMATIC COMFORT

DESIGN CONSIDARATION FOR DISASTER RESISTANT

DESIGN CONSIDERATION FOR WIND, STORM, CYCLONE

FOUNDATION TO BUILDING RESISTANT TO EARTH QUAKES For the purpose of making a building truly earthquake resistant, it will be necessary to choose an appropriate foundation type for it. • Since loads from typical low height buildings will be light, providing the required bearing area will not usually be a problem. • The depth of footing in the soil should go below the zone of deep freezing •For choosing the type of footing from the earthquake angle, the soils may be grouped as Firm and Soft avoiding the weak soil unless compacted and brought to Soft or Firm condition. WALLS RESISTANT TO EARTHQUAKE •The walls must be effectively tied together to avoid separation at vertical joints due to ground shaking. • Shear walls must be present along both axes of the building. • A shear wall must be capable of resisting all horizontal forces due to its own mass and those transmitted to it. • Roof or floor elements must be tied together and be capable of exhibiting diaphragm action. • Trusses must be anchored to the supporting walls and have an arrangement for transferring their inertia force to the end walls. OPENINGS •Door and window openings in walls reduce their lateral load resistance and hence, should preferably be small and more centrally located. •Openings in any storey shall preferably have their top at the same level so that a continuous band could be provided over them, including the lintels throughout the building. •If a window or ventilator is to be projected out, the projection shall be in reinforced masonry or concrete and well anchored.

WATER TANKS  

Supply of drinking water is essential immediately after destructive earthquakes. Without assured water supply, the uncontrolled fires subsequent to major earthquakes may cause more damage than the earthquakes themselves. So the water supply system should be designed as seismic resistant and seismic performance of water tanks draws special significance in the design.

DESIGN CONSIDERATION FOR EARTHQUAKE

MAGNITUDE OF EARTHQUAKE Earthquake intensity varies. Some are so minor that they can only be felt at the epicentre. Other earthquakes are so strong that it shakes hundreds of thousands of square miles. 6.0–6.9 Strong Damage to many buildings in populated areas. Earthquake-resistant structures survive with slight to moderate damage. Poorly-designed structures receive moderate to severe damage. Felt in wider areas; up to hundreds of miles/ kilometres from the epicentre. Damage can be caused far from the epicentre. Strong to violent shaking in epicentral area. Death toll ranges from none to 25,000. 7.0–7.9 Major Causes damage to most buildings, some to partially or completely collapse or receive severe damage. Well-designed structures are likely to receive damage. 8.0–9.9 Great Severe damage to all or most buildings with massive destruction. Damage and shaking extends to distant locations. Permanent changes in ground topography. 10.0 or greater Epic/Massive Total devastation; damage extends to distant areas. Landscape and elevation changes permanently. Death toll usually over 100,000. EARTHQUAKE DAMPING TECHNIQUES •There are many earthquake damping techniques used in building high-rise structures in earthquake-prone areas. • The two damping techniques studied were cross-bracing and tuned mass dampers. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS OF ELEVATED WATER TANKS IN EARTHQUAKE REGIONS Supply of drinking water is essential immediately after destructive earthquakes. Without assured water supply, the uncontrolled fires subsequent to major earthquakes may cause more damage than the earthquakes themselves. • So the water supply system should be designed as seismic resistant and seismic performance of water tanks draws special significance in the design. • The reduction in design forces specified by various codes on account of inelastic behaviour or ductility is significantly smaller for elevated tank structure compared to building structure. • The frame support of elevated water tank should have an adequate strength to resist axial loads, moment and shear force due to lateral loads. • These forces depend upon total weight of the structure, which varies with the amount of water present in the tank container. • Supporting structure, especially the staging of an elevated water tank does not have much redundancy. • This lack of redundancy is extremely serious in circular shaft type staging where lateral stability depends only on the shaft. • The tanks located in a fault region are found to be vulnerable under near fault pulses with a large duration compared to the natural period of tank.

DESIGN CONSIDERATION FOR EARTHQUAKE

LIVE CASE STUDY - I POST-DISASTAR RESISTANT SETTLEMENT IN THARANGAMBADI, TAMIL NADU

DISASTER RESISTANT SETTLEMENT AT THARANGAMBADI, TN

LIVE CASE STUDY - II POST-DISASTAR RESISTANT SETTLEMENT IN CHINNANGUDI, TAMIL NADU

DISASTER RESISTANT SETTLEMENT AT CHINNANGUDI, TN

LITERATURE CASE STUDY - I DISASTAR RISK REDUCTION SETTLEMENTS AT ODISHA & WEST BENGAL

CASE STUDY OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION SHELTER

LITERATURE CASE STUDY - II TRADITIONAL STILT HOUSES OF WEST BENGAL AND NORTH EAST INDIA

CASE STUDY OF TRADITIONAL STILT HOUSES

100

LITERATURE CASE STUDY - III RURAL BASED RESPONSIVE TOURIST RESORT AT WEST BENGAL

101

CASE STUDY OF RURAL BASED SUSTAINABLE TOURIST RESORT

102

CASE STUDY OF RURAL BASED SUSTAINABLE TOURIST RESORT

103

CASE STUDY OF RURAL BASED SUSTAINABLE TOURIST RESORT

104

LITERATURE CASE STUDY - IV EARTH ARCHITECTURE & EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES AT AUROVILLA

105

CASE STUDY OF DISASTER RESISTANT EARTH ARCHITECTURE , AUROVILLA

106

SITE ANALYSIS

107

ANALYTICAL STUDY OF SITE

108

ANALYTICAL STUDY OF SITE

109

ANALYTICAL STUDY OF SITE

110

ANALYTICAL STUDY OF SITE

111

ANALYTICAL STUDY OF SITE

112

CONCEPT & DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES

113

KEY FACTORS

114

SITE STUDY ZONING

115

NOISE ZONING

HEAT AND WIND ZONING

ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED SITE

116

CLIMATIC ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED SITE

117

PROGRAMME AREA ANALYSIS

118

WEAVERS STUDIO (TRAINING AND WORKSHOP) SPACE

SPACE REQUIRED PER PERSON (SQM.)

NO. OF USERS

TOTAL AREA(SQ.M.)

GROUND FLOOR ENTRANCE FOYER AND CIRCULATION INCLUDING STAIR

58.6

HANDICRAFTS OF BAMBOO

34.5

HAND FAN MAKING

37.4

PAINTING ON PAPER

37.4

PAINTING ON POTTERIES

37.4

JEWELLERY AND DECORATIVE ITEMS FROM PADDY

34.5

FIRST FLOOR

CIRCULATION AREA INCLUDING STAIR

36.3

HAND EMBROIDERY

40.3

KANTHA STITCH

APPLIQUE WORKS

40.3

HAND BLOCK PRINTING

ALL

34.5

DRYING AND STORAGE TOTAL AREA

AREA ANALYSIS

509.2

119

ACCOMODATION (SHELTER) FOR HOST (VILLAGARS) AND FOR GUEST (TOURISTS) SPACE

NO. OF HUTS / UNITS

NO. OF USERS

STAYING HUTS (INCLUDING TOILET)

CIRCULATION DECK AROUND HUTS

TOTAL AREA(SQ.M.)

FOR TOURISTS 36.09 31.01

FOR VILLAGERS STAYING HUTS

CIRCULATION DECK AROUND HUTS

TOILET BLOCK FOR HOSTS

7+8 = 15

2/3

29.09 29.41

TOTAL AREA

3914

KITCHEN (FOR HOST AND STAYING TOURISTS) SPACE

NO. OF STORAGE UNITS

TOTAL AREA(SQ.M.)

MANAGERS ROOM

STORAGE AREAS

52.4

POT WASHING

6.3

CROCKERY WASHING AND STORAGE

8.3

WASTE DUMPING

2.1

PREPARATION AREA

15.5

COOKING AREA

24.5

FINAL PREPARATION AREA BEFORE SERVING

CIRCULATION

106.6

TOTAL AREA

187.7

AREA ANALYSIS

120

RESTAURANT (FOR STAYING TOURISTS) SPACE DINING AREA

SPACE REQUIRED PER PERSON (SQ.M.) 1.5

NO. OF USERS 90

TOTAL AREA(SQ.M.) 135

CIRCULATION AREA

370

BILLING COUNTER

TOTAL AREA

525

ADMINSTRATION BLOCK SPACE

SPACE REQUIRED PER PERSON (SQ.M.)

NO. OF USERS

TOTAL AREA(SQ.M.)

OFFICE

14.03

ACCOUNTS

9.04

DIRECTOR

13.5

ASSISTANT DIRECTOR

13.5

SALES EXECUTING

13.5

WORKSHOP EXECUTIVE

13.5

TOILET BLOCK

19.4

ENTRANCE FOYER WITH CIRCULATION

75.03

TOTAL AREA

181.5

AREA ANALYSIS

121

RESTING AND VIEWING GALLERY WITH CAFE (FOR TOURISTS) SPACE

TOTAL AREA(SQ.M.)

CAFE AREA

SERVICE AREA

BILLING COUNTER

SITTING SPACE

1065

TOTAL AREA

1131

EXHIBITION AREA AND SALES AREA SPACE

TOTAL AREA(SQ.M.)

SALES BLOCK

317.3

EXHIBITION BLOCK

475.3

KNOWLEDGE CENTRE

317.3

TOTAL AREA

1109.9

DISASTER EMERGENCY SERVICES SPACE

TOTAL AREA(SQ.M.)

STORAGE OF MEDICINE

317.3

STORAGE OF FUEL

475.3

KNOWLEDGE CENTRE

317.3

TOTAL AREA

1109.9

AREA ANALYSIS

122

DESIGN EVOLUTION

123

SITE ZONING

124

DESIGN OVERVIEW

125

OVERVIEW OF DESIGN - PLANNING

126

OVERVIEW OF DESIGN PLANNING

127

OVERVIEW OF DESIGN - PLANNING

128

OVERVIEW OF DESIGN - PLANNING

129

OVERVIEW OF DESIGN PLANNING

130

OVERVIEW OF DESIGN - PLANNING

131

OVERVIEW OF DESIGN - PLANNING

132

OVERVIEW OF DESIGN - PLANNING

133

DESIGN SOLUTIONS Sustainable consideration is started with permeable retaining structures for the site. • Wooden platform on concrete footing, . • Bamboo structure with curved roof made with corrugated bamboo sheets. • Wooden trails for ease of access. • Power generation through solar photovoltaic cells. • Eco-friendly composting toilet. • Rainwater harvesting.

RAINWATER HARVESTING

COMPOSTING TOILET

OVERVIEW OF DESIGN - SERVICES

134

OVERVIEW OF DESIGN â&#x20AC;&#x201C; MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION METHOLOGY

135

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BIBLIOGRAPHY https://www.wikipedia.org http://www.skat.ch/activities/prarticle.2005-09-20.1264594682/skatactivity.2007-1204.6746075660 http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/withstandingcyclones-the-traditional-way/article6000138.ece http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-02http://www.bamboo-earth-architecture-construction.com/wattle-anddaub/07/news/58902668_1_sundarbans-tourism-activities-tourism-department http://www.simplydecoded.com/2013/10/21/india-disaster-profile-and-management/ https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/forecast/modelclimate/22.038N88.680E http://permaculturenews.org/2013/04/26/bamboo-wattle-and-daub-structures/ http://jng_chef.tripod.com/Bengali_Culture.htm#History http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Suvajit29-1479536-flood-cyclone-causemitigation-measures/ http://contextbd.com/ http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/713/carbon-footprint http://www.fao.org/docrep/ARTICLE/WFC/XII/0435-A2.HTM http://archinomy.com/case-studies/280/designing-for-earthquake-proof-buildings http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/702/lessons-from-vernacular-buildingtraditions-in-india http://weaversstudio.in/centre-for-arts/about-us/ https://www.google.co.in/maps/ Google books Pinterest Quora

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