Anna Bonus Kingsford - The Perfect Way in Diet, 1885 by gnosisclassics

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THE

PERFECT WAY IN DIET

THE

PERFECT WAY IN DIET A TREATISE ADVOCATING A RETURN TO

THE NATURAL AND ANCIENT FOOD OF OUR RACE

ANNA KINGSFORD DOCTOR OF MEDICINE OF THE FACULTY OF PARIS

SECOND EDITION

LONDON KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, &

CO.,

1S85

PATERNOSTER SQUARE

)

(

mtozÂ°\

WELLCOME

INSTITUTE

LIBRARY Coll.

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welMOmec |

Cali

No. f

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The rights of translation and of reproduction are reserved

INSCRIBED TO THE MEMBERS OF

THE VEGETARIAN SOCIETY BY

THEIR VICE-PRESIDENT

THE AUTHOR

PREFACE. The

following treatise

enlarged, of

under the

title

l’Homme,’

‘

a translation, revised and

These pour

Alimentation Wg^tale chez

de Medecine of Paris on completing

medical studies and taking

The

Doctorat,’ which,

presented in the month of July, 1880,

at the Faculte

‘

original thesis

degree.

was published

in Paris in

the French language, and subsequently translated into

German and

other additions

issued with illustrative notes

by Dr. A. Aderholdt.

and

Encouraged

by the success obtained by these two

editions,

by the favourable notices they

from various

elicited

and

foreign

scientific

and popular

present

work

English readers, confident of a

critics,

offer the

kindly welcome from the friends of the reform

advocate* and hopeful of a serious and intelligent

PREFACE.

rui

hearing from those

who

as yet are strangers to the

merits of that reform.

The French and German editions

of this treatise

include an Appendix, containing short notices and

from the works of the chief exponents

citations

and exemplars of the Pythagorean system of In the present volume this Appendix in favour of a

forthcoming

‘

diet.

suppressed

Catena of Authorities

Denunciatory or Depreciatory of the Practice of Flesh-Eating,’

by a

‘

Graduate of Cambridge

compendium

excellent and ample

reader

to which the

have dwelt chiefly on the aspects, phy-

and

social, of

subject,

and touched but

on those moral and philosophical,

lightly

;

referred.

That sical

assuredly, because

not,

regard these last as of lesser

importance, but because their abstruse and recondite

nature renders them unsuitable to a work

intended for general reading. Finally, fall,

‘

any

into

whose hands

should be inclined to think

siastic,

to stigmatise

would ask him seriously Utopia

’

this

views

book may

over-enthu‘

Utopian,’

to consider

whether

be not indeed within the realisation of

who can imagine and

love

it,

all

and whether, without

PREFACE.

enthusiasm, any great cause was ever yet

our race.

make with for

Man

what he

all

its

the master of the world, and

will.

mighty

Into his hands possibilities

happiness or misery.

for

delivered

good or

may make

evil,

it it

Nature, he

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;a

very hell

may reconvert

;

working with into Paradise.

ANNA KINGSFORD, ii

may

indeed for some gentle and tender souls

has already become

God and

it is

for

Following the monitions

and devices of the sub-human, he

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; what

won

Chapel Street Park Lane, Michaelmas, 1881.

M.D.

PROEM. The king stood in his hall of offering, On either hand the white-robed Brahmans Muttered their mantras, feeding

still

the

ranged

fire

Which roared upon the midmost altar. There From scented woods flickered bright tongues of flame, Hissing and curling as they licked the

gifts

Of ghee and spices and the Soma juice, The joy of Indra. Round about the pile

A slow,

thick, scarlet streamlet

Sucked by the sand, but ever

The blood

smoked and

rolling

of bleating victims.

A spotted goat, With munja

long-horned,

grass

its

ran,

down,

One such

lay,

head bound back

at its stretched throat the knife

;

who murmured, This, dread gods Of many yajnas, cometh as the crown From Bimbasara take ye joy to see The spirted blood, and pleasure in the scent Of rich flesh roasting ’mid the fragrant flames ; Pressed by a

priest,

‘

;

Let the king’s

And

let

the

For now *

I strike.’

Let him not

The

be laid upon this goat, consume them burning it,

sins

fire

strike, great

But Buddha softly said, and therewith loosed

king

’

none staying him, so great His presence was. Then, craving leave, he spake Of life, which all can take but none can give, Life, which all creatures love and strive to keep, Wonderful, dear, and pleasant unto each, Even to the meanest ; yea, a boon to all victim’s bonds,

PROEM. Where

pity

Soft to the

Unto

the

is, for pity makes the world weak and noble for the strong.

dumb

lips of the flock

Sad, pleading words, showing

he lent

how man, who

prays

For mercy to the gods, is merciless. Being as god to those ; albeit all life Is linked and kin, and what we slay have given Meek tribute of their milk and wool, and set Fast trust upon the hands which murder them. Also he spake of what the holy books Do surely teach, how that at death some sink To bird and beast, and these rise up to man In wanderings of the spark which grows purged flame. So were the sacrifice new sin, if so

The

fated passage of a soul

be stayed.

Nor, spake he, shall one wash his

clean

spirit

By blood nor gladden gods, being good, Nor bribe them, being evil nay, nor lay Upon the brow of innocent bound beasts One hairâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s weight of that answer all must ;

with blood

;

For

all

give

things done amiss or wrongfully,

Alone, each for himself, reckoning with that

The fixed arithmic of the universe, Which meteth good for good and ill Measure

for measure,

for

ill.

unto deeds, words, thoughts

Watchful, aware, implacable, unmoved

;

Making all futures fruits of all the pasts. Thus spake he, breathing words so piteous With such high lordliness of ruth and right, The priests drew back their garments oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;er the hands Crimsoned with slaughter, and the king came near, Standing with clasped palms reverencing Buddh While still our Lord went on, teaching how fair ;

This earth were if all living things be linked In friendliness and common use of foods, Bloodless and pure the golden grain, bright ;

fruits,

Sweet herbs which grow for all, the waters wan, Sufficient drinks and meats. Which when these heard, The might of gentleness so conquered them,

The

priests themselves scattered their altar-flames

PROEM.

xii

And And

flung

away the

steel of sacrifice

;

through the land next day passed a decree Proclaimed by criers, and in this wise graved

rock and column

‘

Thus

the king’s will is

There hath been slaughter for the

And slaying for the Shall

sacrifice

meat but henceforth none ,

of life nor taste offlesh , Seeing that knowledge grows, and life is one, spill the blood

And mercy cometh So ran

to the

merciful.’

the edict, and from those days forth

Sweet peace hath spread between all living kind, Man and the beasts which serve him, and the birds, On all those banks of Gunga where our Lord Taught with his saintly pity and soft speech. 1

1 The Light of Asia being the Life and Teaching of Gautama, Founder of Buddhism. By Edwin Arnold. ;

THE

PERFECT WAY By what

habits

attained

its

IN DIET.

and mode of life has humanity in the past and what is the method which modern science and philosophy indicate to us as highest development,

that best adapted to perfect our kind ? this vast and important inquiry, it be necessary, in the first place, to refer to natural history, and seek in the study of the comparative anatomy

In order to resolve

will

men and

other animals for information regarding the

primitive habits of mankind,

which

and the mode of living and by In short, we must inquire

indicated by their exterior conformation

the structure of their organs.

whether the human race is naturally carnivorous, herbivorous, omnivorous, or frugivorous. Without accepting definitively the theories of Lamarck, Darwin, and Haeckel, I think we may adopt, without fear of any serious objection, the classification of Linnaeus, which

This under the name of Primates,

generally admitted by scientists.

classification distinguishes,

the highest order in the class of

and

at its

head

anthropoid apes.

placed the

This

last

mammiferous animals,

human family and

that of the

contains two species, one of B

THE PERFECT WAY IN

DIET.

which, from an anatomical and physiological point of view, resembles

the Old World, (wild

man),

man very closely among which we

the

gorilla,

;

and the

mean

find

the apes of

the orang-outan

chimpanzee.

The

orang belongs to the tribe of the Simiadse, the gorilla

and the chimpanzee to the Troglodytes. We will examine as rapidly and shortly as possible the characters which attach these creatures to man, and those which separate them, as well as man, from certain other orders or genera. Next we shall inquire what mode of alimentation is proper to the animals most resembling the human family, and thus we shall be enabled to judge what ought to be, consistently with natural laws, the and diet of the latter. We will begin our task by an examination of the superior part of the skeleton, the cranium, and the organs it contains. The most superficial observation enables us to recognise on the one hand the resemblance which exists between the general conformation of the skull of man and that of the ape, and on the other hand the differences

habits

which establish a line of separation more or less marked between the human cranium and that belonging to other mammalia of no matter what order or species. Passing by these familiar and superficial features of morphology, we will devote ourselves to the study of those which present a more scientific and less common interest. The noblest and most important apparatus of the animal economy is without doubt the nervous system, which, dominating the functions of all the organs, presides over the harmony of their operations, regulates the work of all other systems and tissues, repairs their lesions, maintains their integrity, and is, as it were, preserver and The animal in which law-giver of the bodily kingdom. this system, and above all, the dominant part of this

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. system, that

to say the brain, appears to resemble the

type most closely, will therefore possess, d priori the right to be considered the most man-like among the Moreover, it is to the perfection, more or lower races.

human

less

accentuated, of the nervous system,, and in particular

to that of

its

less perfect

—that to the more or system — that are due

ganglionic centres

is,

aggregation and complete composition of the

princiwhich constitute this we might almost say exclusively, the degree of elevation of any given being in the animal scale, and the. characters which separate it more or less distinctly from; Now it is in man that we find the vegetable kingdom. the supreme degree of this aggregation and ganglionic development, and the animal which most closely imitates

parts

pally,

him

in this respect

the brain in the orang the frontal lobe the temporal

the orang-outan. is

The

height of

greater than in the chimpanzee,

more developed, the occipital smaller, horizontal: and less flattened charac-

—

which well agree with the exterior aspect of the simians. Besides, the brain convolutions, which are very rudimentary in the rodents and edentates, less simple in the carnassiers, and still less so in the ruminants and solipedes, attain their greatest development in the apes, and particularly in the orang. The disposition of the cerebral mass in the carnivorous mammals, which has been well studied by Leuret, shows only six convolu-

teristics

tions, varying in regularity

species, but

remaining in

and simplicity according all

to the

cases parallel to each other

and antero-posterior in direction-. These convolutions have been described by Professor Sappey under themame of constant or primitive convolutions.

It is not: until

reach the elephant, the lemur, and particularly the apegroup, that

find eertain

new

convolutions, or

‘

folds,

of perfectionment,’ remarkable by their volume and.

THE PERFECI WAY IN DIET.

their perpendicular direction to

M. Sappey,

‘Add,’ says

tions.

the primitive convolu‘to the antero-posterior

convolutions of the carnivora and other inferior mammals,

two or three convolutions cutting them perpendicularly in the middle, and the disposition proper to the highest

mammals,

particularly

man and

the

ape,

will

realised/

Now

in the brain of the

orang we not only find the

lengthened, curved, and anastomosed after the human type, but it is also in the encephalon of the same animal that those additional convolutions or folds of perfectionment noticed by Professor Sappey appear the most distinctly, and offer consequently antero-posterior convolutions

‘

’

the completest analogy with the disposition of the cerebral

organ in man.

Professor Mivart

the orang

and

1 ,

are thus authorised to conclude, with

that the difference between the brain of

that of the

kind, but of degree.

human

The

subject

one not of

writings of the late Professor

Broca, whose careful studies in anthropology give special

weight to his statements, confirm this opinion, and assert idse

Owen

—

differs so little

—

hominfrom that of the superior

that the brain of the archencephalous animals

gyrencephalse that the only distinctive characters observable in the latter are altogether secondary in importance.

But/ says the professor, these characters are not real and even if they were, even if the cerebral hemispheres of the apes contained neither the ancyroid cavity nor the small hippocampus of man, even if we should find their cerebrum not entirely covering the cerebellum, these differences would be but slight, almost accessory, and less important than those which we meet ‘

‘

in their nature,

with

among animals belonging 1

to the

Man and Apes,

same

p. 149.

order, so that

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

they must be held altogether insufficient for the establish-

ment of two sub-classes.â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Having thus briefly traced the points of resemblance between the human and the simian brain, and their

common

divergence from the type presented by other

races, we pass to the examination of the buccal which ought to furnish us with valuable indications respecting the mode of life of the subject under

and lower cavity,

observation.

In the anthropoid animals the mouth according to the

human

type.

The

disposed

known

lateral sacks,

as cheek-pouches, are absent in this species

;

the two

excretory canals of the sub -maxillary glands (Whartonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ducts) open singly on the sides of the frsenum of the

tongue

;

the tongue itself resembles that of

man

in the

;

orang the circumvallate papillae present the V-shaped

human type, their arrangement slightly chimpanzee and assuming the form of a T. The dental morphology and formula of the apes of the disposition of the differing in the

old world (catarrhines) are identical with those of

man

;

however, longer, especially in the males, and the wisdom teeth appear at an earlier age than in the their cuspids are,

human

subject.

The apes

rhines) differ from

man by

of the

New World

(platyr-

the absence of one molar in

each half-jaw, the place of this tooth being occupied by an extra bicuspid. The surface of the molar teeth in the human subject is characterised by the presence of an irregular ramified depression dividing distinct tubercules.

the orang, the chimpanzee,

and the

Among no

into four or five

races,

quite

met with

gorilla, as also is th$

superficial disposition of the enamel,

the herbivorous

The same formation

which substance,

otherwise

distributed.

the latter, pachydermata, ruminants (which have

incisors in the

upper jaw), and rodents, the molar

THE PERFECT WAY IN DIET.

teeth

composed

are

alternate

layers

of dentine,

enamel, and cement, which penetrate into the interior of the tooth, so that a transverse section of

it,

instead

an homogeneous substance surrounded by a simple enamel stratum, as in man and the quadrumana, exhibits several undulating composite folds, the dentine of which, being much less durable than the enamel, wears down rapidly, and the tooth thus acquires a rough unequal surface fitted to triturate the woody substances which form part of the alimentation of of presenting

these

animals.

the other

hand, the carnassiers

possess organs of mastication, which, according to Kiiss, are

hardly properly called teeth, but rather spike-like

instruments destined to tear in fragments the meat on

which they

number

feed.

Their

incisives, six instead

in each jaw, are small, pointed,

of four in

and uneven

;

the

surface of the molar teeth exhibits the appearance of a

saw, last

and there usually

exists but

one on each

side, the

bicuspid or carnassial tooth being especially charac-

This tooth, well developed in the tiger kind,

teristic.

composed of

strong uneven prominences,

three sharp

placed one behind the other and connected by jutting ridges,

the anterior prominence

being doubled by an Nothing of this sort is observable in the races which stand nearest to him. By the

accessory spine.

man

or in

side of the exclusively predatory

mammals we

place the

omnivorous types, such as the Alpine bear, the North American bear ( ursus arctos ), the wild boar, and the hog In the bear (sus scrofa sus tibetanus and sus ibericus). ,

the surface of the molars

number

six as

flattened, but the

blunter and less accentuated teeth of the

incisives

in the true carnivora, although they are

latter.

The

than the corresponding

cuspids are very long and

curved, and between them and the bicuspids a remark-

ANATOMY AND able interval generally exists.

PHYSIOLOGY.

This character of dentition

resembles the carnivorous rather than the herbivorous type, and, except that the enamel is superficially placed upon the cheek teeth, has nothing in common with the human and frugivorous morphology. The incisive teeth of the wild boar and the hog are elongated, and project forward in the direction of the axe of the maxillary bone ;

the cuspids, particularly those of the superior jaw, assume

a special character, and develop themselves in the shape of tusks; in the lower jaw these teeth projecting outwards

The same interval cross the direction of the upper pair. between the cuspids and the premolars, which we noted in the bear, exists also in the boar and pig species. Let us now pass to an examination of the zygomatic arch and temporal region in the various orders of the mammalia. This region is important to our subject, because its disposition and aspect serve to indicate the kind of food proper to the animal. It is to be remarked that in man and in the apes the zygomatic arch is comparatively frail, slightly curved so as to present an upper concave surface, and that the temporal and masseter muscles are but little developed ; while in the ruminants, although the temporal muscle does not attain any important dimensions, the masseter on the contrary manifests considerable development, and, passing beyond the zygomatic arcn, attaches itself to nearly the whole of the lateral surface of the superior maxillary. Moreover, the inferior jaw of these latter animals possesses a lateral movement, which is quite characteristic, and to produce it the condyles are flattened and enabled to slide sideways in their cavity of reception. Another type of condyle is that of the rodents, which exhibits an increased diameter in the antero-posterior sense,

similarly hollowed.

and has a glenoid

cavity

;

THE PERFECT WAY IN DIET.

But

it is

pre-eminently

among

the carnivorous quad-

rupeds that we meet with the most striking variation

from the human type in respect to the characters of the temporal arch. The zygomatic arch in the flesh-eating animals is extremely large, and is increased in strength by its decided curve, the direction of which is the reverse

we have noted

of that which concavity

in the frugivora

inferior in position

;

for the

and the upper surface

strongly convex, the curve increasing with the ferocity of

The

the species.

dimensions, as well as the peculiar

and

outward projection from the in the direction most required, and augment enormously the tearing power. Besides, the masseter and temporal muscles are strongly

form, of this bone, give

skull,

strength

its

precisely

developed, the thickness of the latter entirely large

space between the

temporal bone of

the

external

skull.

;

while in height

the other

pterygoidian

the

filling

zygomatic process and the it

attains the

hand the

upper limit

and

internal

muscles are very small, because

these quadrupeds possess no lateral mobility of the jaw.

This movement indeed

rendered impossible by the cavity, the great depth of which prevents any change of position other than perdisposition

of the glenoid

pendicular opening and shutting.

The omnivora

differ

but very slightly from the carnassiers in these respects

and it is only among the apes and above all the simians and troglodytes that we find a disposition and aspect of this articulation and muscular region perfectly analogous to those observable in man.

The

classification wfiiich

we have

thus seen indicated

in regard to the brain, the buccal cavity, the teeth

and

the temporo-maxillary articulation, will be confirmed by

a study of the digestive canal, The human stomach is simple, consisting, that

is,

ANATOMY AND of a single receptacle, as

PHYSIOLOGY. that of all

Professor Broca kindly allowed

the

primates.

to see in his an-

some drawings and anatomical

thropological laboratory,

preparations which demonstrated

manner the

which

identity of configuration

a most

striking

exists

between

man and that of the superior Indeed it is at first sight barely possible to distinguish between the two, though a close comparison will show the human stomach to be smaller than that of As for the intestine, the anthropoids do not the ape. differ from man in this respect their caecum, deprived of mesentery, is fixed in the right iliac fossa by the peritoneum, the vermiform appendix exists in all animals of the tribe, and the length of the entire tract accords with

the digestive apparatus of apes.

;

the

human

type.

The liver of the orang (and gibbon) is man in the chimpanzee this organ

as simple as that of

seems

less

;

developed, for

its

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;

lobule of Spigel

â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

smaller

and the fissure of the inferior vena cava is reduced to a mere depression. We may note that with regard to the liver, as in some other respects, the anthropoids differ considerably from the last three families of the primates,

and do not

differ in

gall-bladder

other

mammals

rhinoceri,

;

The among

absent in the cetacea,

sloths,

any sensible degree from man.

always present in it

all

the primates

elephants, camels, horses,

and

tapirs.

The

peritoneum and the omenta of the orang are almost identical in arrangement with the same membranes in

man, and we must remember that the peritoneal folds have considerable importance, for their connexions and complicated dispositions are the consequence of certain alterations of position undergone by the abdominal viscera during embryonic evolution. In one small detail the chimpanzee differs from man in this respect the omentum of the former is attached to the upper part ;

THE PERFECT

V IN DIET.

iVA

of the ascending colon for a very limited distance.

and the orang, the ascending colon, and the superior part of the caecum are fixed by the peritoneum to the side of the vertebral column in the same manner as in the human subject The stomach of the carnivorous quadrupeds differs from the same organ in man in regard not only to its this animal, as in the gorilla

relative dimensions, but

form.

its

Instead of being

subdivided, as in the frugivorous races, into cardiac and pyloric portions, the carnivorous stomach

formed

simple bag, elongated slightly in a transversal sense, and is

The

throughout of the same capacity.

digestive canal,

compared with

length of the

that of the

whole body,

varies in the carnivorous races from three to six for one,

while in the apes and

seven to ten for one.

The

man

the proportion

in respect of general conformation,

cated division than the

human

from

much more

compli-

composed of usually no caecum ;

organ, being

There is which it exists

six distinct lobes or parts.

in those instances in

liver of the carnivora presents,

always rudi-

mentary.

the other hand, the stomach of the herb-eaters, es-

pecially that of the ruminants, possesses a very complicated

and even when a comparatively simple organ exists, caecum and colon present an advanced development which seems calculated to compensate for the want of complexity presented by the stomach. form,

as in the horse, the

find in the ruminants four distinct receptacles

rumen plies,

or paunch, the reticulum, the psalterium or

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the

many-

and the abomasum or rennet; and the length

the digestive canal, compared with that of the whole body, varies 1

from twelve to twenty-seven

for one.

Not

Broca, 'Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ordre des Primates,â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Bulletins de la Socidte

pologic, vol.

iv.

omit

d' Anthro-

ANATOMY AND the omnivorous quadrupeds,

PHYSIOLOGY. we

will take the

hog

as a

specimen of the class. In this animal we find the cardiac fundus dilated into a pouch, unlike the human type, while two parallel folds conduct from the oesophagus

fair

to the pylorus.

The

celebrated experiments of Dr.

Beaumont upon

Alexis Saint Martin have demonstrated that the peristaltic

movements of

human stomach

the

sense of a complete revolution tion of the alimentary

;

take place in the

in other words, that por-

mass which

any given moment

occupies the greater curvature, moves to the right towards the pylorus, while that portion of the mass which occupies

moves

the lesser curvature

There

to the left towards the cardia.

then a continuous peristaltic

side of the greater curvature,

ment on the

Now

and an

movement on

anti-peristaltic

the

move-

side of the lesser curvature.

appears to be established that

it is

thus the

movements of the stomach are produced in bivorous animals, and without doubt it is thus also digestive

they take place in himself belongs

;

mammals

of the order to which

herthat

man

but in the carnivora there exists only a

left to right and from right does not appear that any opportunity has arisen of observing these movements in omnivorous

simple action to-and-fro from to left

animals,

but analogy leads to the belief that no

dif-

ference in this respect would be found between the latter

and the true carnassiers. With regard to the comparative analysis of the different digestive juices of the eccnomy, it is advisable to make a few comments, i. The opportunities which present themselves for the study of their composition in the physiological, that

is,

in the healthy state,

subject, are exceedingly rare 1

;

m the human

and the same may be said

B^clard and Schultz.

THE PERFECT WAV IN DIET.

in the case of other animals

;

for the preliminary opera-

tions necessary for the creation of fistula, etc., complicate

so greatly the conditions under which these juices are obtained, that

it is

hardly possible to regard as conclusive

the results which their analysis affords.

It is

highly pro

bable that in the greater number of such cases, the secre-

some time before the operator can succeed in isolating the constituent elements.

tions are altered

The

secretions of the

of the alimentation, and

economy vary with

the nature

seems probable that were it possible to compare the digestive juices of a person habitually kreophagist with those of another habitually vegetarian, a chemical difference would be distinctly noticeable.

It is in

fact

well

known

that the functions

and secretions of the organism accommodate themselves with more or less ease and rapidity to the habits of life and food of the individual. Thus, in the carnivorous animal, the quantity of saliva produced during a repast is proportionately much less than in the herb-feeder, and But the kreophagist man secretes relatively but little. the same man, it appears, after becoming vegetarian, experiences a notable increase in the secretion of his

which thus adapt their function to the new regimen ; and although it is unfortunate that we cannot refer to any comparative analysis in such cases, one would logically be brought to suppose that the chemical properties of the digestive juices would, as readily as the mechanical process, adapt themselves salivary glands,

necessities of his

new But

conditions of subsistence.

notwithstanding

these

restrictive

the

human

saliva,

even in the

remarks,

and

others, that

ordinary

kreophagist

appears, according to Bernard, Lent,

conditions, bears a stronger resemblance to that of the

herbivorous than to that of tne carnivorous animals, tor

ANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGY.

it possesses the power of saccharification, which has not been discovered in the corresponding secretion of any of the carnivora, the action assigned to

like the former

the saliva in these latter bearing exclusive relation to the

mechanics of mastication and deglutition. It has also been demonstrated by the studies of Frerichs and GorupBesanez 1 that the human bile presents the same composition as that of the herbivora.

In terminating

this portion of

our work,

we may

just

glance at the difference which exists with regard to the

and extent of the sudoriparous glands between on the one hand and the anthropoids and herbivora on the other, the alimentation of these last giving rise naturally to the formation of an excess of heat, and demanding therefore a more extensive disposition

the carnassiers

apparatus for

its

resembles the

fruit

Man

elimination.

and herb

we have consecrated

in this respect also

eaters.

to this sketch of comparative

anatomy and physiology a paragraph which may seem a

wearisome in

little

detail,

because

appears

necessary to combat certain erroneous impressions affecting the structure of

man which

in the vulgar world,

but even

persons.

How many

obtain credence, not only

among

otherwise instructed

times, for instance, have

we not

heard people speak with all the authority of conviction about the 4 canine teeth and * simple stomach of man, 5

’

as certain evidence of his natural adaptation for a flesh diet

least

we have demonstrated one

fact

;

that

such arguments are valid, they apply with even greater force to the anthropoid apes whose ‘ canine teeth are

—

much

longer and more powerful than those of

the scientists must 1

make

man

—and

haste therefore to announce a

Etudes sur des Suppliers.

— THE PERFECT WAY IN

DIET.

Animal Kingand their proxithose animals which now make up the

rectification of their present division of the

dom

in order to class with the carnivora

mate

species, all

And yet,

order of Primates. of man, there

with the solitary exception

not one of these

natural condition absolutely

M. Pouchet observes 2 gestive

apparatus

constitute

— an

‘

which does not in a 1 to feed on flesh l

of the

that all the details

man, as well as

many

last

refuse

of his

proofs

di-

dentition,

his

frugivorous

ori-

Owen, who remarks that the anthropoids and all the quadrumana derive their alimentation from fruits, grains, and other succulent and nutritive vegetable substances, and that the gin’

opinion shared by

analogy which exists between the structure of these

strict

man

animals and that of

This

vorous nature.

Linnaeus, Professor

The

last

named

after the following

Man

clearly demonstrates his frugi-

also the view taken

Lawrence

Flourens, and a great

‘

Professor

4 ,

Charles Bell

by Cuvier 5 ,

number of other eminent

writers.

scientist gives expression to his

manner

3 ,

Gassendi,

views

neither carnivorous nor herbivorous.

Lie

has neither the teeth of the cud-chewers, nor their four If we consider these we must conclude him to be by nature

stomachs, nor their intestines.

organs in man,

and

origin frugivorous, as It

may

the ape.’

possibly be objected that since, according to

and propensities, man is a fruit and seed he ought not to partake of those leguminous plants and roots which belong rather to the dietary of the herbeaters, whose organisation we have shown to differ in so natural structure eater,

Broca, Mivart, Owen, etc. Plurality de la race humaine, p. 39. Rt^ne animal. Diseases of the Teeth.

Lectures on Physiology.

COOKERY.

from that of man. It may be urged that wasted in proving to what order man belongs by nature, since with him, alone of all animals, Art has superseded Nature, and has enabled him by means of fire,

many

details

trouble

condiments, and disguise, to eat and digest without gust,

and even with

relish, the

food of the

tiger,

dis-

the wolf,

and the hyena. Such objections are not without an air of reason ; and I shall meet them first by the frank statement that the most excellent and proper aliments of which our race can make use consist of tree-fruits and seeds 1 and not of the But through plants themselves, whether foliage or roots. a combination of natural and artificial causes, this best mode of subsistence has become impossible to the majority of persons in certain parts of the globe, and it seems therefore wise and consistent that they should increase the variety and range of their food by recourse to cookery. Fire can, however, be only used legitimately by man for ,

the preparation of those

vegetables, herbaceous plants,

and hard fruits, which he cannot properly masticate when raw, and for the digestion of which, in that condition, the anatomy and physiology of his system are not adapted. The true frugivora, of which he is a member, do not refuse to eat produce of this kind when thus prepared, even in countries where fruits are procurable and it is well known that in the Jardin des Plantes (Paris) and other menageries, the daily rations of the monkeys are composed of bread, cooked potatoes, salad, and apples dietary derived, therefore, from cereals, tubers, herbs, and fruit. Such substances as these are not distasteful to fruon the contrary, their odours and their givorous feeders aspect are alike inviting to the palate, and even in their unprepared state they are agreeable to sight, smell, and roots,

;

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

;

And

these uncooked.

THE PERFECT WA V IN DIET

idea. But for man, the choice between Nature and Art, between the garden and the slaughter-house, involves far larger issues and far deeper- reaching considerations than can be held to touch the mere anthropoid. The culture,

and preparation of all vegetable produce are harmony with the interests of morality, of individual and of public health, of social and private economy, and of that love of beauty, virtue, and consistent philosophy which dominates the nature of all gentle and civilised humanity. Each one of these interests, on the contrary, is wounded, and that violently, as I am about to show, by harvesting,

alike in

the abuse of the art of cookery in the hands of the

who degrades himself by

means

its

man

to the level of the

beast of prey.

Thus we have shown that mankind are naturally frugiand we know that they can also become both ; omnivorous and carnivorous. Let us proceed to inquire vorous

therefore whether, from any point of view, such transfor-

mations of their nature are attended with advantage to the race or individual.

Now

man an organisation common than is mean the opinion that

the idea that attributes to

which he does not possess

another belief equally false

;

not more I

and and endowed with muscular

flesh-food contains the elements of physical force,

that to be strong, robust,

energy,

This

it is

belief,

among

necessary to partake largely of animal food. like

the former, finds partisans not only

the general public, but in the world of medical

teachers and practitioners, who, for the most part, have

adopted the opinions and

faith

of the vulgar upon the

strength, not of scientific examination, but of accepted

Nevertheless, we daily see in our fields and our ample evidence that the strongest, the usefullest, and the most capable workers among the animals are

custom. streets

PHYSICAL FORCE.

precisely those which never taste flesh-meat.

Their force endurance are invincible, and surpass beyond comparison that of their beef-fed masters. All the labour of the world is performed by the herbivora horses, oxen, mules, elephants, camels ; by these our fields are ploughed, our cities built, our battles fought, our journeys accomplished, and to these is man largely indebted for the existence of civilisation, commerce, and national wealth. No carnivorous animal can boast the enormous

and

their

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

power of the herb-fed rhinoceros, who breaks with scarce an effort trunks of trees, and grinds whole branches to powder like so many wisps of hay ; no carnassier exhibits the endurance and stay of the horse, who toils with hardly any rest from morning to night under the weight of immense burdens, and whose strength has Du Chaillu reports that he saw passed into a proverb. a gorilla, nourished with simple fruits and nuts, break in his hands, with no apparent effort, the gun accidentally dropped by one of his pursuers and an eminent naturalist, Dr. Duncan, F.R.S., assures us that this animal in his native wilds is more than a match for the African lion. ;

The

buffalo, the bison, the

hippopotamus, the

bull,

the zebra, the stag, are types of physical power and vast bulk, or of splendid development of limb, built up, not

mediately from the flesh and blood of fellow organisms,

but from the original sources of strength plants and fruit and herb of the field.

The

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the wild

itself

carnivora indeed possess one salient and terrible

quality, ferocity, allied to thirst for

endurance, courage, -and intelligent

blood

;

but power,

capacity for

toil,

belong to those animals who alone, since the world had a history, have been associated with the fortunes, the conquests, and the achievements of men.

And

here

will take

occasion to observe that the c

THE PERFECT WAY

who have

nations

left

to us the

IN'

DIET.

most superb monuments,

the most glorious records, the profoundest and the purest thought, were not kreophagist nations.

chapters of the

which

Egyptian,

great people

world

Hebrew book

— held

plainly declare

—mother of

all

The opening

of Genesis, the origin of

what tradition

this

the arts and sciences in the

with regard to the nature of man, and

of his food in the perfect

And we

state.

are informed

by investigators of antiquarian records that the habits and primitive religion of ancient Egypt, and of Ethiopia

— perhaps

the oldest of

all

human

forbade the use of animal meats

What would our

colonies

—absolutely

1 .

athletes of to-day say to the

regimen

of the Grecian wrestlers and pugilists of antiquity, whose

shadows they are? In the gymnasia or academies of the athletic profession, where persons destined to the acquirement of the art were trained from early youth, the masters subjected their neophytes to those methods which they judged the most efficacious for the production and augmentation of degenerated

palestrae,

and power of

physical

strength

And one

of the means employed for accomplishing this

resistance to

fatigue.

and frugal and maize 2 In the palmy days of Greece and bread, without wine Rome, before intemperance and licentious living had robbed those kingdoms of their glory and greatness, their object was the enforcement of a very severe dietary,

composed only of

figs,

nuts, cheese,

who were not only soldiers but heroes, subsisted on simple vegetable food, rye meal, fruits, and milk. The chief food of the Roman gladiator was barley cakes sons,

and

oil

fitted to

;

and

this diet,

Hippocrates says, is eminently and endurance. The

give muscular strength 1

See Samuel Sharpe’s History of Egypt. Rollin’ s Ancient History vol. i. ,

;

NATIONAL HABITS Roman

daily rations of the

one pound of

soldier were

ounces of oil, and a pint of thin wine. It was no regimen of flesh that inspired the magnificent courage of the Spartan patriots who defended the defiles of Thermopylae, or that filled with indomitable valour and enthusiasm the conquerors of Salamis and Marathon. barley, three

And

even in these days

must not be forgotten that the little more than a quarter

kreophagist nations constitute

human

race, and it is precisely among this fourth mankind that the greatest amount of misery, crime, and disease is found. The Hindoos are divided into several castes or dis-

of the

part of

tinct orders, a

antiquity.

division

which dates from the remotest

these orders the highest, which

the Brahmins, attributes

its

Creator, while the lowest

feet.

The

their religious precepts forbidden the

use of animal meats

Hindoo mind,

;

for the practice of

first

essential of sanctity.

that this venerable

kreophagy

is,

associated with ideas of pollution

and degradation, and a pure vegetable as the

that of

three superior castes, Brahmins, Kshattriyas,

and Vaisyas, are by in the

head of the figured as issuing from his origin to the

diet

regarded

And we must remember

and important race possesses a

cultus,

which many authors deem to be of higher antiquity than those even of Egypt and that consequently the national laws of Hindostan reflect the true image of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s early instincts, and of the primitive manners of the first civilised communities, before the advent of that vital and moral decline which, in later ages, luxury imported into the habits of our great commercial centres.

literature,

The

and a

religious system

larger part of the population of

consists of Buddhists, to those of the

whose

Brahmins.

China and Japan

traditions

are analogous

Buddha Sakyamouni,

the

— THE PERFECT WAY IN

condemned the use

Christ of their faith, absolutely flesh-food

among

the elect

;

DIET. of

and the pious Buddhist not

only avoids killing animals, but believes he performs a meritorious act in succouring them or in showing kindness.

The murder

of a

cow

them

punished by scourging,

and imprisonment during two months

;

a repetition of

Conceive the horror which would be felt by a Brahmin or Buddhist educated in such sentiments and accustomed to such modes of thought as these, were he to be brought face to face with the offence entails banishment.

the spectacles which every

moment

confront us in our

and markets ; imagine his astonishment at the phenomenon presented by a religion whose principal holy days are celebrated by the massacre of untold multitudes of beasts and birds of every kind, and by bloody repasts in which the most fervent devotees and Christian streets

the priests themselves take eager part

The following brief resume of facts collected from many various sources will enable the reader to see at a glance how wide a range of climate and of race the vegetarian question embraces, and how high under this regimen has been and is the standard of human health and physical

strength.

Edwin de Leon,

Egypt.

in a

work

entitled

The

Khedive’s Egypt,’ 1877, writing of the Egyptian fellah or peasant proprietor, says His living expenses are mira4

culously small.

water his drink.’

Bread and vegetables are 4

111

diet of the peasantry

his food, Nile

Egypt,’ says another writer,

and labouring people

much

the

They use fish as a kind of relish as in China. condiment, but their nourishment is derived from

same or

vegetable

substances.

coarse bread

made

Their food chiefly consists of

of wheat, millet, or maize, together

with cucumbers, melons, gourds, onions, leeks, beans,

— NATIONAL HABITS. cliickpease, lupins, lentils, dates,

vegetables they eat in a raw 4

It is

poor

state.’

Most of these

etc. 1

indeed surprising to observe

how

simple and

the diet of the Egyptian peasantry, and yet

robust and healthy most of them are, and

The boatmen

the labour they undergo.

how

severe

of the Nile are

mostly strong, muscular men, rowing, poling, and towing but very cheerful, and often the most so

continually

;

when most

occupied, for then they amuse themselves by

singing.’ 4

The Egyptian

cultivators of the soil,

coarse wheaten bread, Indian bread,

who

productions of the vegetable kingdom, are finest

people

I 4

India.

have ever

From

food of nearly

not, however, so

formerly,

called ragi.’ 4

The

among

all

rice,

which

is still

the most com-

the hottest countries in Asia.

much used

in the south of

Hindostan

and has been replaced by another grain

principal food of the people of

Hindostan

wheat, and in the Deckan, jo war and bajra general article of subsistence,

;

rice, as

round the coast of the peninsula. a luxury.

confined to Bengal and

part of Behar, with the low country along the sea

it is

the

seen.’ 3

the earliest period the most general

food in India has been

mon

live on and other

lentils,

all

In most parts of India

In the southern part of the tableland of

the Deckan, the

body of the people

poor grain called

ragi.

also largely eaten.’

live

Pulse, roots,

on a small and and fruits are

In Sir John Sinclair’s time (1818), before modern had obviated the necessity of employing pedes-

facilities

and Farinacea.

Smith’s Fruits

Catherwood.

Elphinstone’s History of India.

Lane's Egypt.

Buckle’s History of Civilisation.

—

THE PERFECT WAY IN DIET.

Pattamar Hindoos, occupied in

trian messengers, the

carrying

letters

and

despatches

land,

performed

journeys almost incredible in the time allotted.

from Calcutta to

Bombay

Thus

twenty-five days were allowed

(about sixty-two miles a day), from Madras to Bombay,

from Surat to Bombay, three days and a ; ‘These men/ says Sir John, ‘are generally tall, being from five feet ten inches to six feet high. They subsist on a little boiled rice.’ Mexico. The usual food of the labouring classes, eighteen days

half.

—

‘

throughout such states as

I visited, is the thin cake of have described under the name remarkable that, notwithstanding the

crushed maize, which

and it is ; abundance of cattle in many places, die traveller can rarely obtain meat in the little huts which he finds on his road. Chilis are eaten abundantly with the tortillas, being stewed in a kind of sauce, into which the cakes are dipped/ of

tortilla

great

‘

The

Indians of

new Spain

generally attain

They are accustomed to uniadvanced age. form nourishment of an almost entirely vegetable nature, that of their maize and cereal gramina.’ 2

pretty

Chili. to

Chili

—

It is usual for the

‘

carry loads

of ore

copper-miners of Central of two

hundred pounds

weight up eighty perpendicular yards twelve times a day.

When

they reach the mouth of the pit they are in a state

of apparent fearful exhaustion, yet, after briefly resting,

they descend again.

Their diet

entirely vegetable

and small loaves of bread ; dinner, supper, roasted wheat 3 boiled beans The Spaniards of Rio Salada in Rio Salada. breakfast

figs

.’

;

‘

Lyon’s Residence in Mexico 1828.

Taylor’s Selections from Humboldt' s

3 Sir Francis

Works on Mexico 1824. Head, also Dr. Lyon Playfair and Darwin. ,

NAT/OJVAL HABITS.

—

South America who come down from the are employed in transporting goods overland

and

interior

—

live

wholly

on vegetable food. They are very robust and strong, and bear prodigious burdens on their backs, such as require three or four men to place upon them, in knapsacks made of green hides, travelling with a speed which few men can equal without any encumbrance 1 Brazil, Rio Janeiro, Laguayra. The Brazil slaves are a very strong and robust class of men, and of .’

—

‘

Their food consists of

temperate habits.

rice,

fruits,

and the farrenia root. They endure great hardships, and carry enormous burdens on and bread of coarse their

flour

heads a distance of a mile without

common

thing to

see

them

resting.

in droves

It is

companies,

moving on

at a brisk trot, stimulated by the sound of a hands of the leader, each man bearing upon his head a bag of coffee weighing a hundred and eighty pounds, apparently as if it were a light burden. They are seldom known to have a fever or any other bell in the

The Congo slaves of Rio Janeiro subsist on vegetable food, and are among the finest-looking men sickness.

in the world.

They

are six feet high, every

way

well

The labourers an uncommonly healthy

proportioned, and remarkably athletic.

of Laguayra eat no

flesh, and are and hardy race. A single man will take a barrel of beef or pork on his shoulders and walk with it from the landing to the custom-house, which is situated on the

top of a riages.

hill,

the ascent of which

and are remarkably fine-looking men.’ Similar facts are Indians,

too steep for car-

Their soldiers likewise subsist on vegetable food,

Kroomen,

related of the Peruvians,

natives of the

New

and Farinacea

Smith’s Fruits

Graham’s Lectures.

Tobaso

Hebrides, Sand-

1850.

—

THE PERFECT WAY IN DIET.

wich Islands, coast clans of the Wamrima, Affghans, Japanese,

etc. etc.

was extraordinary to see the result of a beans and barley bread in the persons of the monks of Trooditissa, who very seldom indulge in flesh. The actual head of the monastery is a handCyprus.

life-long diet of

some man of

seventy, perfectly erect in figure, as though from military drill, and as strong as most men at fifty. The younger priests were all good-looking, active, healthy men, who thought nothing of a morning’s walk over the fatiguing rocky paths to Troodos and back twelve miles to be refreshed on their return by an afterfresh

—

noon’s work in their gardens.’

‘Under the mouldering walls in the recesses of sacred Moslem cultivates his onion, sugar cane, and fig These dwellers in the plain are good for more than growing pomegranates and smoking in the courts, the

Brave, sober, faithful, they have the virtues of a Free of the sword and saddle from their cradles, they are easily turned into good cavalry. No English

shade.

camp.

officer, I am told by experts, would desire a better company before him when he moved into line.’ 3 The people in Cyprus fast more than a third of the year rigorously, only eating bread and vegetables, no ‘

milk or oil even. ... A house is considered extravagant where cooking is done more than once in about eight days. Meat and fish are looked upon as rare luxuries. The people look healthy and well, and seem to find enough subsistence in the fruit and herbs that this island produces so plentifully.’ 4 John Sinclair, Graham, Pope, Cook, Burton, and Buckingham. Samuel Baker’s Cyprus in 1879. Hepworth Dixon on the Island of Cyprus. Standard, Article on Cyprus.

Sir

3 4

— NATIONAL HABITS.

—‘Few

people surpass the Arabs for lonand power of endurance. Yet they subsist on dates and milk, and for months the Bedouin Arabs consume nothing else. The Soumanlies, who inhabit the country in the neighbourhood of Cape Guardafui and Berberah, when on the war path, in which they pass half their lives, live entirely on milk.’ Bolivia. The troopers of this country are fed on maize corn, cocoa, and water. Their strength is surprisThey will perform marches of ing and well known. eighteen, twenty, and twenty-five leagues a day, encumbered with their baggage and without distress.’ 2

Arabia.

gevity, agility,

—

Canary

‘

Islands.

— ‘Mr.

Jewett, of Portland,

Maine, says that one of his schooners

came

into Port-

and ; by while the cargo was being discharged, and saw four stout American labourers attempt, in vain, to lift one of the masses of barilla which the captain and mate both solemnly affirmed was brought from the storehouse to the vessel by a single man a native labourer where they freighted; and he subsisted entirely on coarse vegetable food and fruit.’ 3 land laden with barilla from the Canary Islands that he stood

—

Italy.

‘

The

peasants here are a splendid hardy

living almost entirely

upon cakes and porridge

set,

of chest-

flour, a little wheat bread, and, at this season, on The bread made of the gran turco (Indian corn). country wine is not very plentiful in these parts, and during the last two years the poverty has been too great

nut

any drink but water for many families.’ 4 The ordinary diet of the people consists of Ceylon. rice seasoned with salt, the chief condiment of the East, to admit

—

‘

Lieutenant C. R. Low in the Food Journal, 1873. 3 Smith’s Fruits and Farinacea Panama Star and Herald .

Private letter from Lucca.

THE PERFECT WAY IN

DIET.

and a few vegetables, flavoured with lemon pepper, from which they will

...

meal.

It is

make

juice and any time a hearty

considered anything but a reproach to

be sparing in diet.’ 1 ‘The Japanese not only abstain from Japan. animal food, but even from milk and its productions. One of the laws which they most religiously observe is,

—

not to

kill,

nor to eat anything that

killed.

Their

and herbs, but mostly rice, which they have in great plenty and perfection and dress in so many different ways, and give to it such variety of tastes, flavour, and colour, that a stranger would hardly know what he was eating.’ 2 chief food consists of rice, pulse,

fruits, roots,

;

Hot

‘

and

rice cakes are the standard food of the Japanese,

are kept ready at

all

the inns, to be presented to the

moment he arrives, with The Japanese rice-beer.

traveller the

sacki or

robust, well made, lived

and

extract,

‘

and occasionally

are represented as

active,

remarkably healthy, long-

Some

writers, as in the following

observe that the Japanese eat

crepancy caste, or

and

intelligent.’ 3

tea,

fish.

This

dis-

probably owing to difference of religion, of

perhaps of

locality.

Fish and rice are the staple articles of Japanese

The

and apparently vegetables grow Sweet potatoes, ordinary potatoes, turnips, carrots, squashes or pumpkins, egg-plants, and peas are grown, but do not enter largely into the people’s diet. Beans are an important article, and from these is manufactured tofee literally bean-cheese, an article largely used by the poorer classes. Radishes are also grown, and some varieties are very large and not unlike diet.

soil is fertile,

well here.

—

Pridham’s Ceylon, 1849. Mod. Univer. Hist., also Smith’s Fruits and Farinacea. Smith.

NATIONAL HABITS. beets.

The young bamboo is also eaten, and a mushrooms is used in making sauces and Cakes and unleavened bread of various made from rice flour. ... Of fruits, oranges,

variety of relishes.

kinds are

peaches, pears, apricots, plums, persimmons, raspberries, mulberries, and currants are indigenous here apples The moisture and strawberries have been introduced. keeps the vegetation constantly green and beautiful Sierra Leone. The natives, who live in a climate said to be the worst on earth, are very temperate ; they subsist entirely on small quantities of boiled rice, with occasional supplies of fruit, and drink only water in consequence they are' strong and healthy, and live as long as men in the most propitious climates .’ 2 Greece. ‘The Greek boatmen are seen in great numbers about the harbours, seeking employment. They .

—

.’ 1

‘

;

—

are exceedingly abstemious their food always consists of a small quantity of black bread, made of unbolted rye or wheat-meal, generally rye ; and a bunch of grapes or ;

raisins, or

some

They

figs.

are, nevertheless, astonish-

and powerful ; and the most nimble, active, graceful, cheerful, and even merry people in the world. At all hours they are singing blithesome, jovial, and ingly athletic

;

full

of hilarity.

The

labourers in the ship-yards live in

the same abstemious and simple manner, and are equally vigorous

and

active.

They

breakfast

and dine on a

small quantity of their coarse bread, and raisins.

Their supper,

they take any,

figs,

grapes, or

still

lighter,

though they more frequently take no supper, and eat nothing from dinner to breakfast .’ 3 Malta. The Maltese peasant at his best is a model

—

‘

New York World, 1P77. Judge Woodruff of Connecticut.

Monthly Magazine,

1815.

THE PERFECT

to assist

himself a hireling, his condition

and

Y IN DIET.

Whether he rents a few acres and hires a few him in cultivating it, or whether he is

thrift.

hands

IVA

about the same.

his family are astir before daybreak,

and have not

only attended mass, but have also got through two or three hours of hard

work

cool of the morning,

in the

they think about breaking their

before

Then

fast.

and then an afternoon siesta, followed by another turn in the fields and another frugal meal. The system of farming is old-fashioned and oriental, everything being done by handwork, but the another spell of work

;

each year three crops. The people be strong and hardy on their scanty fare of black bread and coarse macaroni, eked out by such garden stuff as they cannot profitably dispose of in the market, and only washed down on Sundays and saints’ days by a draught of the common Sicilian wine, for which they pay twopence a pint. The children who are too young to do rougher work pick the weeds, and these soil generally yields

manage

are saved for the goat that supplies

Turkey.

—

‘

stantinople, that the

who

them with milk .’

boatmen or rowers of the

Con-

observed, on a late journey to

caiques,

perhaps the best rowers in the world, drink nothing but water ; and they drink that profusely during are

the hot months of the summer. opinion, the finest

men

development, and they are

may

take a

bread

;

there

;

now and then

One and

water-drinkers

Their diet

;

a cucumber, with cherries,

little fish .’

All, also Dietetic Reformer, 1880.

William

they

chiefly figs,

or other fruits which are abundant

now and then

2 fcir

all

sherbet at times.

dates, mulberries,

Europe, as regards their phy-

sical

little

The boatmen and

Constantinople are decidedly, in

water-carriers of

l'airbairn’s

Report on Sanitary Conditions.

NATIONAL HABITS.

From the day of his irruption into Europe the Turk has always proved himself to be endowed with singularly strong vitality and energy. As a member of a warlike ‘

race,

without equal in Europe in health and hardi-

ness.

nationality

can

live

would

simple habits, his

and

his

when soldiers of any other His excellent physique, his abstinence from intoxicating liquors, and

fight

starve.

normal vegetarian

enable him to support

diet,

the greatest hardships, and to exist on the scantiest and

simplest food .’

Low stature is the exception in the Ottoman army. These men of herculean form are endowed with fabulous sobriety ; they drink no intoxicating drinks, and seldom touch meat 2 ‘Some of the men among the Turkish excavators were remarkably adroit in throwing up the sand, which they would cast up even as high as twelve feet. Their food was of the simplest kind ; coarse bread and a little salt fish or olives, black raisins and some fruit occasionally, accompanied by copious draughts of the best water they could obtain, constituted their breakfast and dinner. To their supper, as being the most sumptuous meal, some delicacy, such as thistle-broth, boiled thistlestalks, snail-soup, dandelion, and other wild vegetables, were often added. With this frugal diet their strength was unusually great, as the fatigues which they endured, in spite of the unhealthy climate, and the great weights which they carried in their arms or on their backs, suffi‘

.’

ciently proved.

The Turkish

porters in

carry from four hundred to six hundred

their backs,

one of 1

his

Smyrna

often

pounds weight

and a merchant one day pointed out to assured me, had carried an

men who, he

Standard, 187 7.

Daily News, 18 77.

THE PERFECT

IVA

Y IN DIET.

enormous bale of merchandise weighing eight hundred pounds up an incline into an upper warehouse.’ 1 In Smyrna, where there are no carts or wheel-carriages, the carrying business falls upon the shoulders of the porters, who are seen in great numbers about the wharves and docks and in the streets near the water-side, where they are employed in lading and unlading vessels. They are stout, robust men, of great muscular strength, and carry at one load, upon a pad fitted to their backs, from four hundred to eight hundred pounds. Mr. Langdon, an American merchant residing there, pointed me to one of them in his service, and told me that a short time before, he carried at one load, from the warehouse to the wharf, about twenty-five rods, a box of sugar weighing four hundred pounds, and two sacks of coffee weighing each two hundred pounds, and that, after walking a few rods with a quick step, he stopped and requested that another sack of coffee might be added to his load but Mr. Langdon, apprehending danger from so great an ‘

;

exertion, refused his request.’

—

China. The perfection of the art of cooking is nowhere more observable than in the monasteries of the Buddhists. They have but the simplest elements of food to deal with. No meat, no fish, no poultry are No eggs, no lard, no butter, no allowed at their tables. milk must be introduced into their confectionery. Vegetables alone are permitted, and yet by means of these a dinner of surprising variety is served, and if the guest judged only by appearances he would suppose that the worthy abbot had forgotten the rigid rules of his monastic establishment, and was about to break his vow by partaking of most heretical viands.’ 3 ‘

Discoveries at Ephesus, by F. T.

Judge Woodruff.

3 Pictures

Wood,

F.S.A., 1877.

of the Chinese, by the Rev. R. H. Cobbold, M.A.

NATIONAL HABITS. Palestine.

— ‘The

Damascene

or handi-

artisan’s

oil, and and Moslem is their food is of the most primistrictly vegetarian, barley or pea bread, with fruit and tive kind,

craftsman’s diet consists of

bread.

The

vegetables .’ ‘

The

food

vegetables, rice,

diet of both Christian .

fruit,

Fellahin, or

modern Canaanites,

live

on simple

they rarely touch meat, but live on unleavened

;

bread dipped in Sarepta,

— or

oil,

—reminding one of the poor widow of

rice, olives, dibs

(grape treacle),

bers, or, in times of scarcity, the

cooked

some milk

scum

(clari-

melons, marrows, and cucum-

fied butter), with gourds,

oil.

kobberzah or mallow, this frugal diet is

due

probably the whiteness of their teeth, the strength of their constitutions, heal.’ 2

Algiers.

and the

—

‘

rapidity with

which their wounds

was a good beginning

have

barefooted Arab to shoulder our baggage from

stately,

the port, and wonderful to see the load he carried unassisted.

steep

As he winds

his

slippery streets

way through the narrow and

well to see

how nobly our

Arab bears his load, how beautifully balanced is his lithe figure, and with what grace and ease he walks along. It is generally admitted, we believe, that “ a vegetable diet will not produce heroes,” and there is certainly a prejudice in England about the value of beef for navvies and others who put muscular power into their work. It is an interesting fact to note, and one which we think speaks volumes for the climate of Algeria, that this gentleman lives almost entirely on fruit, rice, and Indian corn .’

Report of Acting Consul. Tentwork in Palestine, by C. R. Conder, R.E., 1878. Artists and Arabs by Henry Blackburne, 1868.

Official

— THE PERFECT WAY IN DIET.

African Coast. African coast, at this season

— The causeway ‘

at Suakin,

on the and

the great highway to the interior,

is it

daily threaded

stately camels, with stalwart

by long

Hadendoa

cannot wish to see stouter or better-made

strings

drivers.

men

You

than these

whose glossy skins and well-filled forms show that their diet of dura or sorghum and milk agrees well with them. These two elements compose the food of the whole country side. Milk is in plenty; and of a forenoon in the outskirts of the town one is always meeting a donkey laden with skins of it. The dura, which is brought down from the more fertile inland, is not ground in the mill, but by rubbing-stones/ Poland. ‘Our Polish Upper-Silesians are a very A mason who goes to work in the town, frugal people. distant five to eight English miles or more, must rise in the morning by three o’clock if he will be punctual. His diet for the whole day is the bread which he takes from home in his pocket. ... So with the field labourer. As a soldier he is very enduring, and the Polish regiments can always make long marches. The main articles of diet of our Polish peasantry are bread and potatoes 2 Russia. ‘Eggs, black bread, milk, and tea these formed my ordinary articles of food during all my wanfellows,

—

.’

—

derings in Northern Russia. Occasionally potatoes could be had, and afforded the possibility of varying the bill

The

of fare.

favourite

materials

employed in the and kvass

native cookery are sour cabbage, cucumbers,

a kind of very small beer made from black bread .’ 3 The people of Russia generally subsist on coarse ‘

black rye-bread and garlics.

Red

...

have often hired

E. Wellshaenser.

Dr. Mackenzie Wallace’s Russia.

the

Sea, Professor Robertson Smith.

men

NATIONAL HABITS. to labour for

which they would do from

in Russia,

sixteen to eighteen hours for eight cents,

They would come on board

a day.

morning with a piece of their black bread weighing about a pound, and a bunch of garlics as big as one’s fist. This was all their nourishment for the day of sixteen or eighteen hours’ labour. They were astonishingly powerful and active, and endured severe and protracted labour far beyond any of my men. Some of these men were eighty and even ninety years old, and yet these old men would do more work than any of the middle-aged men belonging In handling and stowing away iron, and in to my ship. stowing away hemp with the jack-screw, they exhibited most astonishing power. They were full of agility, viva1 city, and even hilarity, singing as they laboured.’ *

food.

in the

The Russian peasant is satisfied with the plainest ... The diet consists of pickled cucumbers, cab-

bages, mushrooms, with a piece of black

bread.

Unless in the largest towns, butcher’s meat would appear Even in such places as Toula to be very little used. and Zaraisk a butcher’s shop is never seen. ... Vege-

and milk compose a great part of the diet in the we have now reached.’ 2 Here were about 6oo irregulars (Russian cavalry), besides militia and regulars, all, especially the irregulars, The extraordinary thing was that the fine-looking men. resources of the country did not seem in any way overtasked to support them ; there was no scarcity of anything. As an officer who had served in the French army observed, there was not enough in the place in the way of meat to satisfy two companies of English soldiers, yet here were 3,000 to 4,000 men, many of them of the

tables

districts ‘

Capt. C. S. Howland, of New Bedford, Mass. Bremner’s Excursions in the Interior of Russia.

— THE PERFECT WAY IN DIET

upper classes. With a little millet boiled into a pudding or “ pasta,” some goat’s milk, cheese, and onions, and a goblet of “ vin

du pays,” even the

tented, while their retainers

chiefs are quite con-

make good cheer over cake

of Indian corn flour, some curds, a piece of dried or a strip of tough beef sian soldier glass of

among

happy with

his

lump of black bread and

whisky or tumbler of weak

evening, perhaps, a basin of

tea,

with, in the

weak soup, something

the “black broth” of the Spartans .’

Norway.

fish,

The Rus-

half-a-dozen.

The

general food of the Norwegians is and cheese. As a particular luxury, sharke which are thin slices of salt hung‘

rye-bread, milk,

peasants eat

meat, dried in the wind, but this indulgence in animal is very rare indeed. A common treat on high days and holy days consists of a thick hasty-pudding or porridge of oatmeal or ryemeal, seasoned by two or three

food

pickled herrings or salted mackerel.

All the travellers

have consulted agree in representing the people as thriving on this fare, and in no part of the world are there I

instances of extreme longevity than in Norway.’

‘Notwithstanding the poor fare of the inhabitants, they are remarkably robust and healthy. Though in

many

Norway animal food

is quite unknown, and good-looking, with a manly openness of manner and countenance, which increased

parts of

they are generally

tall

From this hardy way of accustomed to climb the mountains, they may be said to be in a constant state of training, and their activity is so great that they keep up with ease by the side of your carriage at full speed for the

the farther north I proceeded. living,

and being

daily

distance of ten or twelve miles .’ 2 1

War

Correspondent of the Daily News, 1878. Brooke and Mr. Twining.

* Dr. Capell

NATIONAL HABITS. Spain.

— ‘With

respect to

the

Moorish porters

Spain, I have witnessed the exceedingly large loads they

and have been struck with

are in the habit of carrying,

astonishment at their muscular powers.

Others of the

who

are in the habit

labouring class, particularly those

of working on board of ships, and called “ stevedores/' are also very powerful

men stow

off a full

men.

have seen two of these it was

cargo of wine in casks, after

hoisted on board and lowered into the hold, with ease.

They brought

on board with them brown wheat bread and grapes.’

their food

sisted of coarse,

;

con-

Those who have penetrated into Spain have probably witnessed to what a distance a Spanish attendant will ‘

accompany on and

bread.’

France.

mule or carriage, doing a day on his fare of only raw onions

foot a traveller’s

forty or fifty miles 2

—

The way of

French peasant’s soup, that soup which Cobden praised as the source of French prosperity. It is cheap enough to make. For twelve people two house is

this

‘

living in a

men eat

In the morning the

handfuls of dry beans or peas, a few potatoes, a few ounces of fried bacon to give

The

bread, and the soup

a taste, a good deal of hot water.

twelve basins are then

little

milk,

the soup

filled

insufficient,

the peasant finishes

with a piece of dry bread.

composed

with thin slices of brown

poured on it. Boiled rice, with sometimes taken instead of soup. If is

The meal

invariably of potatoes, followed

his at

meal

noon

by a second

which is either a pancake made with a great deal of and water and few eggs, or a salad, or clotted milk. No wine or meat is allowed except during the great labours of haymaking and harvest.. At these times a dish,

flour

Capt. C. F. Chase. Smith’s Fruits and. Farinacea.

—

;

THE PERFECT WAY IN DIET.

wine

little

and a

given round with the water drunk at dinner,

piece of salted pork.

little

It is stated in

a work published by Bertillon in 1874

that the vine gatherers of the department of Nievre, of

Burgundy,

etc.,

tural labourers

only eat meat once a year, the agriculof the Maine department eat

twice a

weavers of Sarthe on ftte days only, and the Auvergnese about six times a year. The Breton labourers

year, the

never eat it

and even

it,

rich people in this province take

only on fete days.

Switzerland. very

—

They

frugal.

‘

The

rarely

fare of the

Swiss

taste flesh,

workmen

their food being

principally bread, cheese, potatoes, vegetables,

and

fruit

towns the consumption of meat is somewhat greater. The middle classes fare pretty much as the working classes, all consuming large quantities of milk, though

in the

and drinking

coffee

mixed with chicory and milk twice a

day.’

upon the alimentation of

report

agricultural

la-

bourers in Europe, taken by the order of the English

Government, and cited

in the

‘

Anthropological Review

’

1872, gives the following table of dietaries in use

for

among

the working populations of various countries Belgium. Coffee, brown bread, vegetables, salted bacon. A great number live on potatoes, bread, and :

—

chicory plant.

—

Pomerania. Meat (flesh) three times a week. Prussia (Rhenish.) Milk, soup, dry peas, potatoes, meat on fete days. Saxony. Bread, butter, cheese, soup, vegetables, coffee, meat on fete days. Bavaria. Soup made of flour and butter, milk,

—

— —

cabbage, potatoes. 1

Hamerton’s Round

House, 1875.

Leisure Hour, 1873.

NATIONAL HABITS. Italy.

Low

— Macaroni, bread,

Countries.

— Black

fruit,

vegetables, wine.

bread, butter, vegetables,

fish, coffee.

— — luxury. Sweden. — Potatoes,

Russia. Rye-bread, cabbage, mushroom soup, buckwheat baked with milk, oil. Spain. Bread, vegetables, chick peas ; meat is a rye, oats, barley,

milk, salted herrings, beer

Switzerland.

;

abundance of

never any meat.

— Cheese,

milk,

soups, wine, rarely any meat.

coffee,

vegetables,

They work about

thirteen

hours a day.

—Oatmeal bread, potatoes, milk, Ireland. — Oatmeal, potatoes, milk, a A whisky taken. England. — Beef, pork, bacon, potatoes, vegetables,

Scotland. coffee, tea,

butter,

bacon, rarely other meat.

little lard.

little

also

cheese, tea, beer, cider

1 .

by these examples, that even in our and the agriculturists are almost wholly vegetarians in practice, if not by In fact, it is only in England profession and principle. see,

then,

own

quarter of the globe, the peasantry

that

find animal food forming part of the regular ali-

Add

to the above, that

many

communities For instance,

religious

systematically abstain from flesh-meats.

in all climates S. Benedict’s

quadrupeds to all except the feeble and sick. The rule of S. Francis of Paula is severely vegetarian, forbidding even The Trappist monks, the religious of S. Dominic’s eggs and milk.

rule prohibits the flesh of

and of S. Basil’s order, are all vegetarian and women, the rule of lile of the Poor Clares is Apart from religion, there exist also numerous bodies professsimilar. To instance one or two of these only, the ing Pythagoreanism. Vegetarian Society of England, established in 1846, numbers over 3,000 members the Food Reform Society of London has a large following, and there are several vegetarian restaurants in the metropolis. Vegetarian societies exist also in Paris, Switzerland, Germany, America, etc., etc.

order

(friar

among

preachers),

the orders of

;

— THE PERFECT WAY

IiY

DIET.

mentation of the lower classes. It must not, however, be thought that, even in England, the common use of a

mixed

diet

equally prevalent in

counties.

all

Mr.

Brindley, canal engineer in this country, informs us that in the various works in which he has been engaged where the workmen, being paid by the piece, exerted themselves to earn as much as possible men from the north of Lancashire and Yorkshire, who adhered to their customary diet of oat-cake and hasty-pudding, with water for their drink, sustained more labour and made larger wages than those who lived on bacon, cheese, and beer ‘

—

We are, howaware that the superiority of the English navvies over their French comrades is frequently cited as evidence of the sustaining value of the beef and beer diet of the general diet of labourers in the south .’

ever,

the former, a

among

more meagre

the Frenchmen.

fare being,

it is

said, in

use

But, supposing the statement to

be in all respects correct, it does not appear to involve any anomaly in natural law, for its explanation lies in the fact that the Saxon workmen belong to a sturdier, a hardier, and a more staying race than the Celts whose most remarkable exploits are generally accomplished under the influence of passing emotion or enthusiasm. The Frenchman excels, not in physical power or muscular development, but in agility and elan ; he is concentrated in

performance but quickly exhausted

;

the Englishman,

on the contrary, is dogged, tenacious, and enduring. It is much more likely that the English navvy owes his superior working power to the hereditary gifts of his race than to an accidental use of certain comestibles to which, by the bye, his forefathers were strangers. But it is not contended that stimulating substances, such as alcohol and flesh, may not temporarily give rise to a display of ex1

Smith’s Fruits

and Farinacea

NATIONAL HABITS. cessive energy,

and

that

under

man may

their influence a

not perform feats which would be well-nigh impossible to

him

an unexcited condition

—as a person pursued by a

bull will leap a five-barred gate which, in cooler

moments,

he would be forced to climb. And if any man affirm that beef and beer enable him to accomplish labour otherwise beyond his strength, the fact may be attributed, not to increase of muscular force, or development of stamina, but to quickened nervous action, or stimulation. Formerly, indeed, the diet of the country labouring classes was almost wholly innocent of flesh-meats and strong drinks, and it must be borne in mind that it is to this sober and temperate ancestry that the working powers of the present generation are owing. The use of flesh as daily food dates from hardly

century

among

more than a quarter of a and

the peasantry of most rural districts,

already they are beginning to degenerate.

The

children

have neither the health nor the constitution of their fathers, nor their immunity from suffering. In Mr. Smiles’s t Life of George Moore/ we read that in old times even the well-to-do country classes were strangers to the taste of flesh, and that stalwart sons and comely maidens were brought up on porridge, oatcakes, bannocks, will

‘

potato-pot and milk.’

native of

Maine (France) informs me

that in his

grandfather’s time the peasants of that department en-

joyed

far

longer

life

present generation

and more robust health than the

who have exchanged

the simple sus-

tenance of former years for a dietary consisting largely of stimulating drinks and animal food. this

kind are not

far

Examples of

seek and might be indefinitely

multiplied, whether with regard to races, communities, or families.

from national generalities we pass to the considera-

THE PERFECT WAY IN DIET.

tion of individual experience of the Pythagorean system,

are met by such an enormous mass of evidence as would require volumes to chronicle it. Let a few inthe limits of this stances, chosen from thousands, suffice little treatise preclude more numerous citations. The celebrated Lord Heathfield, who defended the foitress of Gibraltar with consummate skill and persevering fortitude, was well known for his hardy habits of ;

‘

military

discipline.

drank wine

and

;

neither

ate

his constant diet being

animal food nor

bread and vegetables,

his drink, water.’

‘My

health/ says Mr. Jackson, a distinguished surgeon

army, has been tried in all ways and and by the aid of temperance and hard work, I have worn out two campaigns and probably could wear I eat no animal food, drink no wine, malt out another. I wear no flannel, and liquors, nor spirits of any kind. regard neither wind nor rain, heat nor cold.’ Professor Lawrence knew a lady who, having adopted a vegetarian mode of life, was remarkable for her activity and strength. She made nothing of walking ten miles, and could with ease walk twenty. She had two children, and nursed them for about twelve months each, during which time she took only vegetables and fruit, with distilled Both children were fine and healthy.’ water as drink. ‘Another lady (the wife of one of the founders of the Vegetarian Society in England) abstained from flesh and all intoxicants for thirty years, and during that time, gave

the

British

climates

‘

;

‘

birth to fifteen children, fourteen of herself,

The

and yet remained young and

whom

she nursed

active.’ 1

celebrated reformer of the eighteenth' century, to the Bishop of London in 1747, advice of Dr. Cheyne, he had given up

John Wesley, wrote that, following the

Smith.

CHEMISTRY.

the use of flesh-meat and wine, and that from that time, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;

tha iks to

God/ he had been

delivered from

all

physical

ills.

In the month of October, 1878, a Jewish rabbi named Hirsch Guttman, died at Gross-Strehlitz at the advanced age of 108 years. He had been a vegetarian for half a century. Rabbi Guttman was presented to the Emperor of Germany, who, after a long conversation with the old man, respectfully received his blessing. 1 Since, then,

find that the exterior structure of

manand

kind, their internal organism, their natural instincts

the habits of the greatest ancient races, as well as the

modern experience of so many nations and communities in every part of the globe,

alimentation

all

plead in favour of an

derived immediately from the

fruits

and

seeds of the earth as the most nutritious and proper to

humanity,

would indeed be anomalous

the results

of chemical analysis were to show themselves less favourable to the

same conclusion.

Let us

see,

then,

what

chemistry has to say on the subject. All the various alimentary substances divide them-

two groups, organic and inorganic,

selves naturally into

the organic group being subdivided into substances con-

and those which do not contain it. These last again divide themselves into fatty bodies, composed of carbon and hydrogen, combined with a very small proportion only of oxygen ; and into carbohydrates, which are also constituted by carbon united to hydrogen and oxygen, but in which the two latter elements always exist in the same proportion as they do in water (H 10 O ). Such are the polymeric bodies, gum, cellulose, dextrine, starch, etc. Glucose, which taining nitrogen,

Dietetic Reformer.

THE PERFECT WAY IN DIET.

forms the solid and crystallisable part of honey, and

which

number of dried fruits, on the forms efflorescences, is represented

exists in the greater

surface of which

by the formula,

H 0 + H O — that

to say,

it is

the ultimate product of the transformation of cellulose,

of starch. One molecule of two molecules of water, gives two molecules of glucose. Levulose, which is found in a

and, more particularly, dextrine, in absorbing

great

number

glucose its

;

fruits,

and

galactose, are isomeric with

the formula of saccharose or cane-sugar and of

isomeric body, lactose, or sugar of milk,

represented

by two molecules of glucose, less one of water. There exist, however, some few substances which do not find a place in this classification, such as alcohol, pectine,

and the vegetable

Alcohol occupies an

acids.

intermediate rank between the fatty bodies carbo-hydrates, while are

still

the

and

the

other substances mentioned

more highly oxydised than the carbo-hydrates.

Some

chemists class together

substances,

i.e.

all

the non-nitrogenised

bodies and hydrates of carbon, under

fatty

name

of hydro-carbons but although this may, from certain points of view, have the merit of convenience, it is wanting in clearness and pre-

the general

;

classification

All the carbo-hydrates

cision.

are

vegetable and

fruit

milk

and muscle-sugar

(lactine),

produce, but,

group belong to healthy animal

present

largely

we except

(inosite),

tissue.

sugar of

none of the

the contrary,

the true hydro-carbons consisting of a fatty acid in combina,

tion with a radical, occur equally in animal

matter.

these fatty bodies, that

and in vegetable

known

peculiar to animal substances, while both rich in

palmatine

’

and

‘

stearine

oleine/ the latter, as fluid

1 being, however, chiefly present in vegetable products.

Pavy.

’

kingdoms are fat,

CHEMISTRY. It

was formerly taught by Liebig that the destiny of economy was quite

nitrogenised principles in the animal

from that of the non- nitrogenised principles. According to this theory the first contributed to the growth and nutrition of the elements of the animal economy, and to the production of muscular and nervous distinct

force, while the last served only as fabricants of heat,

were accordingly named

now known

It is

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;

respiratory

that in

making

Liebig erred, and that neither

and

elements of food. this classification

the action of nitro-

genised principles exclusively limited to nutrition, nor that of fatty matters to the production of heat.

the

latter,

In fact

although particularly heat producers, take their

part also in the

work of

nutrition, and, far

from being

so restricted in their operation as was supposed,

proved that the physical force,

fatty

and

it is

now

bodies constitute the true source of that they

generators of motor power

may be

fairly styled

the

while to the nitrogenised

;

principles appears to be reserved the function of giving birth to those elements

which make part of the composi-

tion of the animal organism

itself.

Now,

certain recent

and numerous experiments made, not on the lower animals, but on man himself, and having therefore considerable force

value,

demonstrate

that

the

production of

not due to the oxydation of the nitrogenised

element of the living tissues of the organism, as was who thought with Liebig, but, on the contrary, to the oxydation of hydro-carbonated Therefore the production of mechanical substances.

formerly believed by those

force, like that of heat, is the result of the

the elements of carbon and hydrogen free

by chemical action manifesting

of mechanical force 1

The

;

itself

oxydation of

the energy set

under the form

1 .

following observations occur in the works of Dr. Flint, Pro-

THE PERFECT WAY IN

The

fatty bodies, properly so called

DIET.

—

stearine,

palma-

—

and oleine fulfil, then, equally the part of forceproducers and that which Liebig assigned exclusively to them, of producers of caloric. Now, the capacity to produce heat depends on the quantity of carbon and hydrogen not already oxydised, which exists in any given substance, and this condition is, in a special degree, tine,

realised in the composition of fatty bodies. this point of

view that

tween the hydro-carbons

—

It is

from

necessary to distinguish befatty bodies

—and

fessor of Physiology at the hospital of Bellevue,

the carbo-

New York

(

Experi-

ments and Reflections upon Animal Heat, 1879). He remarks that the calorific value of any article of food may be expressed by a definite number of unities of caloric. Of these unities a certain proportion is converted into force, which divides itself into muscular force and respiratory

and

circulatory force. Professor Foster ( Text-book of Physiology, 1877) has calculated that a fifth or sixth part of the total value of any aliment is employed under the form of muscular force, the other four-fifths or Now, according to five-sixths which remain being converted into heat. Joule, the unity of caloric (i.e. the quantity necessary to raise one degree Fahrenheit a pound weight of water) equals the force neccjsary to raise one foot in height 772 pounds (‘Mechanical Equivalent cf Heat,’ Philosophical Transactions, 1850). Therefore, muscular force results from the transformation of the heat produced in the organism after the appropriation of a quantity of caloric sufficient for the maintenance of the constant animal temperature. The oxydation of the elements of carbon and hydrogen is a much more important factor of calorification than that of nitrogen, for

it is certain that the calorific value of the oxydation of the first two, and the quantity of heat thus produced, are much more considerable than in the case of the oxydaIt is probable, according to Dr. Flint (who does not, tion of nitrogen.

however, altogether accept the conclusions of his authors), that a production of caloric is always going on in the living organism, even in the absence of any alimentation. The heat thus produced would be, according to his experiments, the result of the oxydation of the hydrogen forming water with the oxygen inspired into the lungs. Of this oxygen, eighty-six parts in

a hundred combine with carbon

form carbonic

value of the caloric thus obtained must be added to the calorics obtained by the ingestion of food in order to arrive at a just calculation of the quantity of heat and dynamic force which the organism

acid.

The

has at

its

disposal,

under such or such conditions.

— CHE MIS TR P.

—

hydrates— starchy and sugary bodies because these last contain a proportion of oxygen sufficient in itself to oxydise all the hydrogen contained in them, leaving the carbon only unoxydised ; while in the fatty bodies, not only the carbon, but the larger part of the hydrogen also, remain unoxydised.

regards the utilisation of the carbo-hydrates,

under the ultimate form of sugar that they

it is

all finally

It may be said that while the saliva enter the economy. and the pancreatic juice play the first part in the con-

version of starch into sugar,

the liver that takes the

of the sugar, and this action

initiative in the assimilation

apparently gives birth to the amyloid, colloid, or nondiffusible

which

or fatty matter. It

is,

starchy

known

substance turn

itself in its

glycogen,

substance

converted into hydro-carbonated

then, under the final form of fatty matter that

and sugary substances

as heat producers.

act

probably attained by a giving off of carbonic acid and oxygen, which process would leave of the composition of a carbo-hydrate the chemical formula

This transformation

only of a fatty

body

C It

sugar,

H O — C0 20 = C n H 10

must be borne in mind that, as producers of force, and its anterior forms, such as dextrine, gum, and

starch, possess only the value of the quantity of oxydisable

and non-oxydised substance which they contain.

Coming to we find

the

ciples,

that

consideration

vegetable articles of food, their

origin

the

cereals,

and

that,

they are

nature,

Vegetable albumen

of nitrogenised prin-

they exist equally in animal and

whichever

may be

absolutely identical.

obtained most abundantly from

smaller quantities from nuts and 1

Pavy.

THE PERFECT WAY IN DIET.

leguminous plants vegetable fibrine is obtained by washing the flour of the cereals, in which it forms part of the substance known as crude gluten, and is separable from the pure gluten by treatment with boiling alcohol. ;

It exists also in

minous

plants.

quantity in is

all

grape juice, and in the majority of legu-

Vegetable caseine

found in great

kinds of beans, peas, and other seeds, and

often spoken of as legumine.

It is

present also with

albumen in almonds and other oily grains. There remain yet two organic nitrogen ised substances, the source of which is exclusively animal, and which form a separate group, readily distinguishable from that

by the fact that they do not give proteine by the action of heat and an alkali, as do the albumiThese prinnous, fibrinous, and caseinous substances. ciples, gelatine and chondrine, are derived from bone and fibrous animal tissues, cartilage, ligamentous and tendonous material, and by them is constituted the jelly of flesh-meat soups. 1 Their nutritive value has been greatly disputed, and was the subject of a special inquiry instituted by the Academy of Sciences of Paris, forty The conclusions arrived at by the commisyears ago. sion appointed to examine the question, tended to demonstrate that the food-value of gelatinous compounds, if not absolutely nil, was at least extremely doubtful. Bischoff and Voit, however, more lately (1874) have given an opinion that these substances may cover proteid waste, and to some slight extent form a substitute, by

just described,

admixture, for other plastic matter. The special action of the proteinous nitrogenised principles first for

is '

is,

we have

already seen, to furnish elements,

the development, and, secondly, for the renewal,

1 Fruit and vegetable jelly is formed by pectine and pectic acirl, and therefore of a totally different nature from that yielded by bone

stock.â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

CHEMISTR Y.

These proteinous

of the tissues of the animal organism.

principles serve also in the production of the secretions

of the economy; and as the amount of the secretions it is easy

bears proportional relation to the vital activity, to

understand

how

animal functions

necessary to the integrity of the

the ingestion of such principles.

complete our sketch of the nature and destiny of

the elements which enter into alimentary compounds,

remains to say a few words on their inorganic constituents. These, under the form of mineral salts and water, are indispensable to the nutrition of living beings.

these substances the principal are the combinations

of lime, magnesia, potash, soda, iron, the chlorides, and phosphoric, carbonic, and sulphuric acid, lime and the

phosphates being,

perhaps,

essential.

The

by water and

saline

the most

part taken in the animal organism

matters appears to consist chiefly in contributing to establish the conditions necessary to the production of the

chemical action, by the aid of which proteid and other substances are assimilated, and in forming the liquid

(The serum or water of the liquid, amounts in the human body to about three litres in quantity.) Salts do not appear to be themselves capable of acting as force producers, but they form an essential part in the composition of all the humours and secretions, and exist in

part of the bodily humours.

blood,

a slightly albuminous

combination with the organic principles

The

tissue.

every animal

various salts necessary to complete alimen-

and in flesh. In kingdom the largest proportion of phoschlorides, and potash is met with in the cereals ;

tation are present alike in vegetables

the vegetable phates,

and

it is

worthy of remark that these

nitrogenised

elements,

are

present

salts,

as well as the

principally

the

tegument or exterior part of the grain, and, consequently, ordinary white bread contains but a comparatively small

—

THE PERFECT WAY IN DIET.

In order to obtain the

proportion of them. flour,

should be eaten unbolted

— that

full

value of

to say, the

meal

should be used entire, and not deprived, by dressing, of its

tegumentary

parts.

Water furnishes us with chloride of sodium, carbonate of lime, and silex iron is largely present in peas, haricots, and lentils the herbs and leguminous vegetables are rich ;

;

phosphates

By means

of lime.

the composition of

of the following table,

the various alimentary substances most in use, of both

vegetable and animal origin, and their comparative nutritive values,

The

may be

readily perceived

analyses given are

those

and understood.

of Fresenius,

Pavy, Church, Wolff, Knop, and Payen

Letheby,

In ioo Parts.

Lean beef Fat beef . Lean mutton Fat mutton . Veal Fat pork . Dried ham .

White

Red

13-2

fish

18*1 16*1

(salmon)

14*010 11*72 20*4 i6*o

Oysters Mussels

White of egg Yolk of egg Cow’s milk (Lactine Cream ,, ( .

Butter

12*4 16*5 9-8 8-8

fish

Hydrocarbonate

* 9*3 14-8

Tripe

Nitro-

genous Matter

5*2) 2'8)

4-1 2*7

Gruyere cheese Roquefort ,,

Dutch

Chester

Parmesan Cheddar

31 -5 26*52

29*43 25 *99 44*08 28*4

Matter

3*6 29*8 4*9 31*1 15-8 48*9 73*3 16*4 2*9

4*4 4*8 3*5 4*7 2*3 2*9 2*4 1*0

1*4

5*5 i* 5

Saline

Matter

2*42

2*695 2*73 1

30*7 3*9 26*7 83*0 24*0 3 °*H

27*54 26*34

i *3

Water

72*0 51*0 72*0

53 *o 63 *o 39*0 15*0

68*o 78*0 77*0 80*385

7574 78*0 52*0

o*8

860

i*8

66*o

2*0 3*0 5 *o 7

15*95

4*16 5*72

3 i*i

4*5

15*0

40*0 34*55 36*10 35*92 27*56 36 0

. .

CHEMISTRY.

In ioo Parts.

Beans

White

haricots

Dried peas

Lentils

Potatoes

Black

Carrots Sea-kale

Turnips

Cabbage Garden beet

Tomato .

Dry southern wheat Dry common wheat Oat-meal Barley-meal

Matter

55-86 55’7 58-7 56-0 21-9

30-8 25-5 23-8 25-2 2-50 8-775

2 0

(?)i 9 -o

Walnuts (peeled)

8-9

Filberts

1-50

17 I5-25 12-6

6 S -9 65*3

0-560

6 ’3 8-o 12-50 7-55 13-10 20-0

9 0 6-i

6-6

4-820

125 8-4

-26

2-070 0-458 i-o (?)3

o-6

0-5

(?)i-o

i-4

2275

Dried figs Dates Bananas

2-3

i-i

77-05 63-8 74-3

56-80 74-0

2-6

Oil

67-112

6490

2-1

i-3

Buckwheat Quinoa-meal Dhoora-meal

3-65 3-2

2-4 2'0

73 71-55 89-65

2-8

0796

13-5

Saline

2*1

4-680

7*2 5-8

Rye-meal

Dry maize Dry rice

Matter

6-o 26-25 3-2 82-0

Sweet potato Arrow-root

carbonate

3 -o 14-5 2-8

Water -cress

Hydro-

genous Matter

16 0

truffles

Mushrooms

Nitro-

Carbohydrates

(?)

...

2-6l 1-95 5-6 2-4 2-0

8-8o o-8o 3 -o 5-o 2-6

-8

2-60

•30 (?)

-7

Water

8-40 9'9 8-3 11 -5

74 -o 72-0 91-010 83-0 93’3 91 -o 91-0 82-2

89 -8 67-50 93-i 18 0

3 '02

275 3 -o 2-0

15-0 15-0

i-8 1-25

150

0-90 2-50 (?)i-o

2-3 2-3

0-9 0-2 i-6 0-632 0791 31-6 (?)i -7 28-5 (?)i'5

13-0 15-0 17*5

20-8 73'9°o 44-5

48 -o

Ground-nuts (peeled)

(peeled)

Locust bean Cocoa-nibs Chocolate

24-5

50-0

(?)i ’8

7*5

8-i

5-5

35 9

(?)i-o

46-6

42-7 67-9

3-o

2-5

(?)i-8

49 '2

I -I

(?)2- 9

14-6

50-0

120

Cocoa-nut Fresh chestnuts .

IIIO

21-20

}

THE PERFECT WA Y IN

5°

Fresh classes

fruits

DIET.

of the drupaceous, baccate, and pomaceous

— gooseberries, oranges, apples, pears, —contain a very large proportion of carbo-hyplums, peaches, olives, cherries, grapes, currants,

cranberries,

citrons,

etc., etc.

drates, vegetable acids, salts,

have

it,

and water.

then, clearly demonstrated

by the

fore-

going analysis, that not only do vegetable substances contain all the

elements necessary to nutrition and to the

production of force and heat, but that they contain proportionately even

more of these elements than

are found

For instance, peas, beans, lentils, and haricots contain from 23 to 30 per cent, of proteid matter, 55 to 58 of starch, and about 3 of saline matter, while animal food contains from 8 to 19 of proteid matter, and no carbo-hydrates at all. Fatty matter, is, however, present to a larger extent in flesh meats than in ordinary vegetable and grain produce, but the use of seed and nut We oils abundantly compensates for this deficiency. have it shown also, that not only are the nutritive and dynamic values of vegetable foods, taken in their totality, in

animal substances.

greater than those of animal foods, taken in their totality,

but that the former contain, besides, a whole class

which do not exist in the composition of the These are the carbo-hydrates, the relative place

principles latter.

of which in

And

human

alimentation

shall presently see.

produce proper, are added certain other aliments, which, though of animal origin, may, without inconsistency, be introduced into a Pythagorean regi-

men

to vegetable

—such

have

as milk, eggs, cream, butter,

at our disposition the entire

stances which, of in nitrogen

all

aliments

known

and hydro-carbons.

and cheese

—we

range of the very subto

say

‘

man, are

richest

without inconsis-

tency,’ because (1), all animals of the order to which man himself belongs, are nourished during their infancy by

—

— CHEMISTRY.

•

of which cannot therefore be regarded as improper to their or his nutrition ; (2), because milk, the derivatives

all

and

these substances, especially cheese

curds, habit-

formed part of the diet of the ancient phytivorous peoples ; (3), because morality is in nowise outraged by ually

their use is

;

(4),

because, as

we shall see further

on, their use

not excluded by economical considerations.

As regards the proportional quantity of each principle which should enter into the daily alimentation of man, it

varies according to sex, circumstances,

habit.

moderate

and personal

the average, in a state of repose

exercise, the proportion should

or with

be Oz.

Nitrogenous matter

Hydro-carbons

•

i'397

18-690

0-714

Carbo-hydrates Salts

4*215

During active exercise and prolonged work, as with manual labourers, soldiers engaged in war, etc., the proportion should be Oz.

Nitrogenous matter

541

Hydro-carbons

•

2-41

Carbo-hydrates

17-92

Salts

o-6&

Let it be noticed that these dietaries, which are quoted from Dr. Playfair, contain a large proportion of carbohydrates substances which, as we have seen, do not exist in the food of carnivorous animals, for no animal tissues in the healthy state contain them ; the few traces of inosite in muscular fibre not being worth mention. They are found principally in fresh fruits. The carbo-hydrates

—

human alimentation ; they take the place which would, otherwise he occupied are absolutely necessary to proper

— THE PERFECT WA Y IN

and

fatty matter,

their use prevents fatigue of the

Moreover,

digestive organs.

DIET.

fruit

acids possess certain

proper qualities which appear to exercise on the economy

—

a special influence purifying, cooling, refreshing, correcsuch as no other substances are able to tive, regulatory

—

supply.

But,

if it

indisputably demonstrable that the

ali-

more efficacious, and dynamic principles

mentation afforded by a vegetable diet

more varied, richer in nutritive and more fitted to the requirements of man than meats, the superiority of which, from view, has been so long maintained,

adduce evidence of

facts

tem

;

it is

flesh-

these points of also possible to

tending to prove that the use of

animal viands produces an alcohol

all

that they stimulate

effect

and

that they rapidly waste

its

analogous to that of

excite the nervous sys-

elements, as also those of

and that they thus indirectly diminish And though vital resistance and the term of natural life. it might be deemed exaggeration to say that the use of flesh-meats induces premature death, it is certainly true that it hastens the arrival of old age, and the manifestation of diseases and diatheses, as much by its directly baneful effects on the system, as by the habits it engenders, such as alcoholism, unchastity, and excesses of all kinds. Referring to the immediate effects on the nervous system of the ingestion of flesh-meats, Dr. Pavy says Animal food exerts a greater stimulating effect upon Accounts are related of the system than vegetable fare. all

the organism

;

‘

the stimulant properties of animal food having sufficed, in those accustomed only to a vegetable diet, to produce a state resembling intoxication.

Dr.

Dundas Thompson

quotes a narrative of the effects of a repast of meat on some 1

Experimental Researches on

the

Food of Animals.

STIMULATING EFFECTS OF FLESH-FOOD. native Indians,

whose customary

fare, as is

usual amongst

the tribe, had consisted only of vegetable food.

They

dined most luxuriously, stuffing themselves as if they were never to eat again. After an hour or two, to his great surprise and amusement, the expression of their countenances, their jabbering and gesticulations, showed clearly that the feast

had produced the same

cating spirit or drug.

the same

The second

any intoxiwas attended with

effect as

treat

result.’

Dr. Druitt, also, 1 describing the properties of a liquid

essence of beef prepared according to his instructions,

speaks of

as exerting a rapid

and remarkable

ing power over the brain, and introduces auxiliary to,

and

stimulat-

to notice as

partial substitute for, brandy, in all cases

of exhaustion or weakness, attended with cerebral depression or despondency.

Correspondingly stimulating pro-

have been claimed as the effect of other similar compounds. I myself once knew a young lady of nervous temperament, who but very seldom ventured to partake of more than a single plate of animal viands at the same meal, for fear of becoming surexcited. One day, being very hungry, she transgressed her rule and ate two mutton chops, and, as I happened to be seated beside her, I witnessed the result of this excess, which soon avenged perties

itself in

the shape of a

fit

of actual intoxication.

certain that the conduct even of beasts

by the character of

their food.

In the

may be ‘

Lancet

It is

modified ’

Liebig

maintains that the ingestion of flesh produces in the carnivorous races the ferocious and quarrelsome disposition which distinguishes them from the herb-eaters. A bear, kept at the Anatomical Museum of Giessen, showed a quiet gentle nature so long as he was fed exclusively on 1

Transactions of the Obstetrical Society, 1861.

Vol,

1869.

THE PERFECT

IVA

Y IN DIET.

bread, but a few days’ feeding on meat made him vicious and even quite dangerous. It is well known that swine grow irascible by having flesh-food given them, and under such conditions will attack men ; and that dogs kept for the purpose of protecting houses and other premises are often fed upon flesh expressly to render them ferocious and combative, and dangerous therefore to burglars. Blood-hounds, fox-hounds, and indeed all animals used for pursuit or attack are similarly fed, while the

domestic

he is to be gentle and sweet both physically and morally, must be nourished on a biscuit and bread-and-milk diet. Examples of this kind are ot skye-terrier or pug, if

the is

‘

commonest experience

;

’

rather than multiply

them

preferable to occupy ourselves with their explanation.

Dulong

asserts that the quantity of

ing respiration

bonic acid

—

— that

is,

oxygen

‘

lost

’

dur-

the quantity not replaced by car-

constitutes in the herbivora about a tenth part

of the volume of the quantity utilised and replaced by

carbonic acid

;

and

in the carnivora

the quantity of oxygen thus

‘

lost

he has found that from a fifth to

varies

’

And Drs. Fife and Spalding have demonstrated by experiment that in the same individual, a mixed diet necessitates a greater consumption of oxygen than a vegetable diet, the respiratory movements being more frequent in the former than in the latter case. half the whole quantity.

These facts prove, Dr. Craigie thinks 1 that flesh-food gives rise to more violent and laborious pulmonary action than alimentation by vegetable diet. Again, in his * Animal Chemistry/ Liebig calls attention to the restlessness and incessant movements of carnivorous animals, lions, tigers, hyenas, etc., in the menageries, and observes that men who are habitually kreophagist manifest similar irritability and want of re,

Elements of the Practice of Physic,

vol.

ii.

STIMULATING EFFECTS OF FLESH-FOOD. This condition of high pressure in the

pose.

vital pro-

cesses ought, doubtless, to be referred to the particular

manner

which the absorption of the elements of fleshwe have seen, comIn fact, the work ol digestion prising no carbo-hydrates. and assimilation appears to be much more rapid in the case of animal alimentation, and consequently, as has been already said, a proportional vital exhaustion and in

food takes place, these elements, as

break-up of organic tissue ensues. flesh takes place principally in the

Now, the

digestion of

stomach, while that of

the principles dominating in vegetable products occurs to Therefore, digestion and more complex and less rapid processes in the latter case, and the function of absorption is, so to speak, more extended and generalised than it is when

a great extent in the intestine. assimilation are

dealing with animal food, which taxes the stomach almost exclusively.

It is chiefly to this rapid

and precocious ab-

sorption of the nitrogenised principles predominant in flesh, as well as to

the lack of the moderating

tory effect of the carbo-hydrates, that I

and

regula-

disposed to

attribute that exciting influence of animal alimentation

which has been already mentioned ; an excitation, which, like that produced by the ingestion 01 alcohol, passes quickly away and impels to a renewal of the sensation so soon as the stomach is emptied of its contents. Let us be careful to distinguish between this condition of functional excitement and true invigoration. How many persons deceive themselves in this respect, and think they are

strengthened and reinforced lated

Who

when they

are only stimu-

has not witnessed, particularly during the

convalescence following typhoid fever, the

known

phenomenon

an ephemeral fever which shows itself after the first flesh-meat meal administered to a patient recovering from serious illness, and which is someas febris carnis

THE PERFECT

IVA

times the occasion of a relapse

Y IN DIET. This phenomenon

is,

probably, due at least in great part to the rapid ab-

of the proteinous

sorption

may

principles

of animal food,

though

this

bance

but in the present state of our chemical knowledge

it is

;

not be the exclusive cause of the distur-

not possible to affirm that these principles them-

selves

— globuline, myosine, syntonine,

etc.

—may be taken

some subtle evanescent element capable of explaining more completely the stimulating and intoxicating effects to which attention has been called. However to contain

this

may

be,

certainly to the absence of this sensa-

tion of stimulation habitual to flesh-eaters, that

attributed the

which

first

must be

sinking/ the languor, the weakness even,

the majority of cases

during the diet.

‘

experienced by them

few days following a change to vegetable

Symptoms,

precisely similar, are witnessed in per-

when deprived of their and in both cases, the sensations described disappear more or less rapidly, according to circumstances and individuals, under persistent treatment. But many persons, misled by this passing feebleness, and

sons addicted to alcoholism, spirituous drinks

mistaking

and

its

;

nature, fancy that they are losing strength,

after three or four days’ abstinence

from

flesh, return

In order to avoid this factitious strongly urged on kreophagists, as well as

to their former habits.

weakness,

it is

on alcohol-drinkers who desire to change their mode of life, to wean themselves from it gradually and by progressive steps, until little by little they arrive at the adoption of an absolutely reformed regimen. Allusion has already been made to the deplorable indirect effects of flesh-eating.

these alcoholism

one of the commonest.

An American

more than

occupied himself in lecturing on

forty years has

reformer,

the subject of dipsomania, and who, since the

who

for

commence-

ALCOHOLISM. ment of

his career, has carefully

noted the causes of

this

immense number of persons of all classes in the many various countries and climates he has visited, avers without reserve, that the use of flesh-foods, by the excitation which it exercises on the nervous system, prepares the way for habits of intemperance in drink, and that, other things being equal, the more flesh is consumed disease in an

the greater

the temptation to

make use

gent drinks, and the more serious firmed alcoholism.

made

Many

of strong pun-

the danger of con-

experienced physicians have

and wisely act on them in

similar observations,

treatment of dipsomaniacs

their

1 .

Dr. Austin Flint, of Harvard Medical College,

opinion that the use of flesh-meat ought always to be

bidden

in all cases of

acute or chronic

gastritis,

for-

because

the stimulating properties of flesh are invariably ill-sup-

ported by a diseased and enfeebled stomach.

know

Now we

that chronic gastritis always, sooner or later, ac-

companies alcoholism, and that one of its symptoms is excessive thirst, which in aggravated cases becomes wellnigh continuous. There is in this state of things a reguAnimal viands keep up lar circle of cause and effect. the gastritis by over-stimulation and taxation of the affected organ ; the gastritis excites thirst ; thirst perpetAnd, since we know that the domiuates drunkenness. nant principles of flesh are precisely those the digestion of

which stood

effected in the stomach,

how

will

easily

be under-

injurious to a diseased or ailing organ, already

degenerated or enfeebled, must be the prolonged and exclusive labour imposed upon it by a highly nitrogenised regimen. Dr. Jackson, senior physician of an asylum for in1

Vegetarianism the Radical Cure for Intemperance, H. B. Fowler.

New York.

;

THE PERFECT WAY IN DIET. ebriates at Dansville (United States), observes that

always found

impossible to benefit his patients per-

manently so long as they were permitted animal food, the use of which he regards as an absolute barrier to a radical cure. It is evident, he thinks, that flesh contains

some extra-alimentary principles, which excite

the nervous system to such a degree that it ends by exhausting and degenerating it so as to deprive it of all vital power.

This condition of exhaustion, he adds, gives

paroxysm of craving

rise to

abnormal stimulus, and the desire for alcohol is thus renewed and sustained. Every patient who places himself under Dr. Jacksonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s care is therefore required to conform to the rules of the asylum, and to abstain entirely from animal viands of all kinds, Under these as well as from tea, coffee, and tobacco. conditions, says Dr. Jackson, a man cannot help becoming sober and regenerate, it being impossible for him to live six months exclusively on unbolted meal bread, vegetables, and ripe fruit, such as apples, pears, apricots, peaches,

etc.,

for

without entirely ridding himself of the fever

Such a regimen completely renovates

of alcoholism.

the system and destroys the appetite for strong drinks

evidence of which facts, continues Dr. Jackson, may be witnessed at any time in the establishment of which he has charge, the treatment there pursued excluding entirely the

use of drugs, and relying solely on the regu-

lation of diet

and the use of baths.

Next, in regard to other allied excesses, it is certainly not difficult to understand that the stimulation

and

produced

irritation

in the

constant ingestion of highly

nervous centres by the

nitrogenised and exciting

meats, influences the genital functions in a powerful degree,

Not

and

up a condition of pressing insatiability. on the details of this part of our subject,

sets

to dwell

— SLA UGHTER-HOUSES. let it suffice to

observe, in passing, that the deepest, truest,

and most general causes of prostitution in all great cities must be looked for in the luxurious and intemperate habits of eating and drinking prevalent among the rich and well-to-do. The chief element of this luxury is the use of flesh and alcohol, which mistaken notions of hygiene and therapeutics tend to press more and more upon all classes of men and women. Abolish kreophagy and its companion vice, alcoholism, and more, a thousandfold, will be done to abolish prostitution than can be achieved by any other means soever as long as these two The young man of the present evil influences flourish. day, accustomed from childhood to frequent and copious meals of flesh, and from early youth to the use of all manner of fermented beverages and liqueurs, carries about with him and fosters an increasingly disordered appetite, which not infrequently assumes the character of true disease, destroying all capacity for the duties and the higher pleasures of intellectual and refined life. And now, as belonging to the same class of evils indirectly due to flesh-eating, we shall speak of the very serious inconvenience and impediments to civilisation caused by the existence of Slaughter-Houses. These

when submitted to regular surveilbecome sources of sickness and epidemic complaints, particularly when they are placed in the neighbourhood of large towns and during the hot seaIn the ‘Times’ of July n, 1874, a correspondent son. Mr. Samuel A. Barnett thus describes the dangers and horrors of these disgusting institutions It is impossible for any but those who live and work establishments, even

lance, are apt to

—

‘

near here to understand

all

the suffering which

the

Whitechapel and Aldgate slaughter-houses entail. To reach these houses the cattle have to be driven along a

— THE PERFECT WA Y IN DIET

street

The

crowded with trams, omnibuses, and general

traffic.

drivers are almost of necessity cruel, as they hasten

the brutes through such a thoroughfare

;

excited by shouts and blows, frequently

and endanger the

rushes,

From

lives

the animals,

make

frantic

of the foot-passengers.

these slaughter-houses, too, the blood flows across

the pavement, and there arises a close smell which seems to thicken the air

know

that

power

freshing

many

and make breathing a

here

life

;

not vigorous

and we

;

pain.

are well able to understand

resort to drink.

the air has no re-

why

Dr. Liddle, our medical officer,

has spoken and written strongly on the harm done to the health of our neighbourhood

The medical

officers of the

by means of these houses. Health Association have,

unanimously on the injurious effect of the Those who crowd our courts, the passers through

think, agreed trade.

our

streets,

who

the

children

little

who

see the cruelty, the

a voice to tell their needs. It is out of my power to do more than ask your help. By your means the House of Lords may learn the meancattle

suffer,

all -want

ing of an Act which establishes slaughter-houses in the City.

trust

we may not have a law directly injurious by a Government whose motto is sanitas

to health passed

sanitatum .’

Mr. Brooke Lambert, chapel, followed

roborative statements 4

late

Vicar of St. Mark’s, White-

up the preceding

letter

with these cor-

any one wishes

know whether

the nuisance be

him turn out of the Whitechapel Road at the entrance to the London and North-Western goods station, and pass down the streets leading thence to Man-

real, let

sell Street. is.

And

will

then

know what

the smell of blood

yet he will probably often boldly encounter the

smell of blood in preference to the worse sights he will

— SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS. risk

inr

The

Whitechapel Road.

carts laden with fresh

blood and brains, are sights to which a long experience does not harden one.’ Another correspondent, with a dash of keener insight skins, the pails full of

than the others seem to possess, writes ‘

quite convinced that

all

these disgusting sights

and sounds, from which no care can secure our poor children, are inseparable from the thing itself.’ With this last expression of opinion all logicallyminded persons must concur. In whatever locality the slaughter-house may be erected, there the noxious odours, the revolting cruelty, the degrading sights, the unwhole-

some atmosphere, the pathetic cries, the perpetual bloodand all the attendant accumulation of sickening horrors will inevitably abound. Nor have men of culture and education any right to raise an outcry against the shed,

conduct of a trade while daily sustaining themselves on produce. Picture the writer of any one of the foregoing protests, after having despatched his letter to the ‘Times’ office, sitting down complacently to enjoy his its

slice of sirloin or

And

here

of saddle of mutton

we come

face to face with a

momentous

question, supremely interesting from the point of view of

human Is

rights. it

morally lawful for cultivated and refined perupon a whole class of the population a

sons to impose disgusting,

brutalising,

and

unwholesome occupation,

which is scientifically and experimentally demonstrable to be not merely entirely needless, but absolutely inimical to the best interests of the

human

race

Butchers are the Pariahs of the western world ; the very name itself of their trade has become a synonym for barbarity,

and

used as a term of reproach in speaking

of persons notorious for brutality, coarseness, or love of

— THE PERFECT

The common

bloodshed. is

—

So-and-so

WAY

‘ What a butcher such men, betrays the

exclamation,

in reference to

’ !

IN DIET.

horror and reprobation with which are instinctively regarded the followers of a trade created and patronised chiefly

by the

refined

Leeds Mercury

occurs ‘

’

classes

’

In the report of a

diseased meat

March

case given in the

1880, the ensuing passage

Mr.

J. Ellis,

President of the Leeds Butchers’ Asso-

was no disease about the lungs Blood had probably been forced into them by some person jumping on the animal’s body after it had been felled. Mr. Bruce Is it a common practice when a beast is dying for a person to jump upon it to force the blood out of it ? Witness Yes.’ In the course of the celebrated Tichborne case a certain metropolitan butcher was called to testify to the claimant’s identity. This man averred that employes ciation, stated that there

of the animal at

all.

‘

in slaughter-houses habitually

make

use of clogs to avoid

soaking their feet in the pools of blood which continually

inundate the pavements of these places. Really, when one thinks of these unfortunate and brutalised men, Heaven save thus condemned by modern civilisation ‘

the

and

mark

—to pass

their

practices so foul

’

—

days in the midst of spectacles

and loathsome, taking part daily and living only to take away life,

in wholesale massacres, it is

impossible not to conclude that such

men

are de-

chance of becoming themselves civilised, and are consequently disinherited of their human rights, and defrauded of their human dignity. And not only the slaughterers themselves, but all those who are directly or indirectly associated with this abominable traffic

prived of

all

cattle-drivers

and

dealers, meat-salesmen, their appren-

SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS.

—

tices

and clerks

sive,

contact with practices

all

most hideous kind

;

these live in familiar,

all

and

these

not exclu-

sights of the vilest

and

condemned

the

are

degradation or suppression of the most characteristic fea-

Humanity. With people in general the very look and touch of raw flesh excite a disgust which only a special education can overcome. So that in the butcher and cook persons are condemned to work which their employers deem

tures of

repulsive. It is absurd to suppose that if kreophagy were really natural to mankind, the sentiments in regard to butchers and their trade, to which allusion has been made, would find such spontaneous

altogether

and universal expression among us. The true carnivora and omnivora have no horror of dead bodies ; the sight of blood, the smell of raw flesh, inspires them with no manner of disgust. If all of us, men and women alike, were compelled to dispense with the offices of a paid slaughterer and to immolate our victims with our own hands, the pejichant for flesh would not long survive in polite society. It would be indeed hard to find a man or woman of the upper or middle classes who would willingly consent to undertake the butcher’s duties, and go to the cattle-yard armed with pole-axe or knife to fell an ox or to slit the throat of a sheep or lamb, or even of a rabbit, for the morrow’s repast. On the other hand, there is no one, however delicately bred or refined, who would not readily take a basket and gather apples in an orchard or peaches in a garden, or who, if need should arise, would object to make a cake or an omelette. It would, alas require many long pages to cite the innumerable cruelties and sufferings which the gluttony and luxury of flesh-eating man impose on the innocent !

herb-feeders

—

sufferings which,

whatever

may be

said to

THE PERFECT WAY IN DIET.

the contrary, are absolutely inevitable and inseparable from

modern European

habits of diet.

by sea and and by road,

Sufferings

land, in transit from different ports,

rail

sufferings in the live-stock markets, in the

pens of the

slaughter-houses while waiting their turn for death, sufferings

thirst, starvation, sickness,

overcrowding, cold,

heat, mutilation, blows, terror, apprehension, exhaustion,

neglect, to say nothing of the

wanton barbarity

which

they are too often subjected, such, under the present hateful

and unnatural system,

gentle, laborious creatures fields,

and yielding

us,

milk and wool and the

the woful lot of the patient,

who should be ploughing our

not their flesh and blood, but

fruits

of their willing

toil.

See these details, taken from the report of the Veterinary Department of the Privy Council for the year The reporter draws attention to the enormous 1879. losses of

American

cattle

caused by the miseries of the

Transatlantic passage, and the same complaint

re-

iterated in the report for last year.

In 1879, 157 cargoes of Canadian cattle were shipped Glasgow, Liverpool, and London, in which

for Bristol,

were 25,185 oxen, 73,913 sheep, and 3,663 this number 154 oxen, 1,623 sheep, and thrown pigs were into the sea during the passage ; 21 249 oxen, 226 sheep, and 3 pigs were landed dead ; and 4 oxen and 61 sheep were so wounded and suffering on arriving that they had to be slaughtered on the spot. In the same year there were shipped from the United States for the ports of Bristol, Cardiff, Glasgow, Grimsby, Hartlepool, Hull, Leith, Liverpool, London, Newcastleon-Tyne, South Shields, and Southampton 535 cargoes of animals, of which 76,117 were oxen, 119,350 sheep, total there

pigs.

Out of

and 15,180 pigs. sheep, and 2,943

Out of

this

number 3,140 oxen, 5,915

pigs were cast into the sea during the

— SUFFERINGS OF CATTLE.

221 oxen, 386 sheep, and 392 pigs arrived dead and 93 oxen, 167 sheep, and 130 pigs were so mutilated that they had to be sacrificed on transit

;

at the place of landing,

the spot.

In resume 14,024 animals were thrown into ,

the sea, 1,240 were landed dead, and 455 were slaughtered on the quay to save them from dying of their wounds

and

sufferings.

clergyman writes

that being on board a vessel

bound from Madagascar with 160 cattle on deck and the same number in the hold, a storm came on, and the deck was cleared by throwing the animals into the sea. Sharks crowded round, tearing the bullocks limb from limb. The poor creatures charged the vessel in their efforts to escape, and clambered as far as they were able up the ship’s side, only to fall back again bellowing and panting into the waves. The sea was red with blood, and the sight awful to witness. The hatches were battened down, and all the cattle in the hold were suffocated. Everyone on board was ill from the stench caused by the corpses. A friend to whom I told this,’ says the writer, ‘informed me that once coming from Hamburg on a ship with 220 sheep on board, 200 were thrown into the sea, and the remaining twenty were landed more dead than alive.’ ‘

A recent

paragraph in the ‘ Daily Telegraph says rumours respecting the intolerable sufferings to which horned cattle are subjected during their transport from America to this country be founded on fact, it is high time that the Board of Trade turn its serious *

’

If certain

attention to obtaining official protection for the unfortu-

doomed to the horrors of a long sea voyage with the shambles as its goal, in order that English tables may be plentifully supplied with fresh beef. nate creatures

Dietetic

Reformer June 1880. F

— THE PERFECT WAY IN DIET

Under

favourable weather conditions a bullock passes

its

time on board ship in a chronic condition of fear and misery

but

;

when

the winds blow

heavily, the agonies

and the

contemplation might melt a heart of stone. torture

vessel rolls

mere

are such that their

suffers

That

wilful

should be permitted to aggravate the already

unbearable torments to which a severe gale condemns yet we have been assured that expedients of such dire cruelty that we forbear from shocking the public by describing them,

these wretched beasts appears incredible

;

are mercilessly put in practice in order to compel oxen

maddened by sheer physical pain the

movement of

the vessel

to leap

overboard

so violent as to preclude

the possibility of their being dealt with by the crew. is

when It

a significant fact that, within the last few days, a vessel

which

the shores of America with a cargo of 594 in the port of London with only

left

live bullocks arrived

its horned passengers, the other 549 having perished consequence of heavy weather And, of the land transit of cattle, Mr. Street, agent

45 of in

’

of the American 1

The

panies

official

prove

stations dead,

Humane reports

that

Association, writes

of the different railway com-

thousands

and thousands more

animals

arrive

in a crippled

tortured condition, with broken limbs

and horns.

and

have seen ten or twelve drays from morning to noon hauling away the dead and maimed victims at a single The hogs that have broken backs or limbs are station. dragged by their ears and tails to be “loaded” upon The cattle trucks and hauled to the slaughter-houses. in the cars,

which cannot

rise

to their feet, yet are

still

upon the platform until they are sold to men who buy dead and injured animals. I have travelled more than 18,000 miles, and alive, are

pulled out and

left

to lie

— SUFFERINGS OF CATTLE.

1,340 local stations where cattle are coland shipped. I saw at the Kansas station large fine-looking oxen which the owner expected to sell for exportation, that had been confined in small pens for three days and nights continuously exposed to the hot The man in sun, and the cold, without food or water. charge said that he was instructed by the owner to give them no food or water, as -he expected, when they reached St Louis, to get one hundred pounds or more of

have

visited

lected

water large

each before they were sold

i?ito

number of the

and

shippers told us

that

weighed.

they never

allowed their cattle to have food or water for at least twenty-four hours before putting

them

in the cars, be-

cause cattle kept hungry and thirsty did not incline to

In the torment of hunger and

down.

lie

thirst,

however,

and the smaller fall death by their fellows.’

the larger beasts often turn restive,

down and are trampled to Edward Byron Nicholson, M.A., principal Librarian and Superintendent of the London Institution,

lie

Mr.

has very lately published an the following passage occurs

There

Essay on Ethics,’

which

no need to see whether the slaughter of a and painless or not. But I have watched the slaughter of oxen and sheep. The animals were kept waiting some time in a slaughter-house round which (at least in the case of the sheep) were hung carcases and ‘

pig

swift

skins of their fellows, so

that they could hardly have helped seeing what lay in store for them. The oxen had to be hauled about with ropes fastened to their heads to

them

fit position. Each animal was then a poleaxe, which did not take away its feeling, and, while it lay groaning , a piece of wood was worked round in its brain. I think the sheep’s throats were cut

get

into the

felled with

without their being

felled.

Other sheep were standing

THE PERFECT WAY IN

DIET.

outside in the yard, seeing, and hearing through the wide-

open door the bleats of not at

all

picked cases

dying mates. These are saw them in the slaughter-

their :

house of one of the largest butchers in a good-sized town within thirty miles of London.’ Lastly, to terminate evidence which might be almost indefinitely multiplied, let the reader study the following

extract from the letter of a

appeared

‘Journeyman Butcher’ which June 17,

in the ‘Staffordshire Daily Sentinel’ of

1879 ‘

The

first

lessons a butcher’s apprentice generally

from the journeyman is how to torture the animals which are to be slaughtered ; and they are frequently allowed to use the axe before they are well able to lift it, to the indescribable agony of the poor beast. Again, when a slaughterman is in a hurry to get away he receives

not particular about skinning the animal before

it is

where there has been a large amount of work to be done. I have seen slaughtermen make bets which would first have five or ten sheep (as the case might be) killed, skinned, and hung up. You may depend they were not particular about them being dead before they commenced to skin. I have seen cows knocked down and their heads severed from the body almost immediately, while the muscles and the flesh have been quivering. When an animal is dead.

This

have seen occur

daily,

being driven into the slaughter-house

it is

generally very

consequence of the blood, etc., it sees about. Then it has to undergo a large amount of kicking on the legs, tail- twisting, and stands a chailce of getting a horn

restive, in

knocked

off.

I have seen

their eyes burst

and

their tails

There is another Animals are frespecies of cruelty of a different kind. quently brought from a distance and put in the “ clemm-

sawn

before they could be got inside.

—

SUFFERINGS OF CATTLE.

ing ” house for perhaps a cotiple of days without water or

...

food.

could mention other

the public what

The

are

that

cruelties

enough

frequently practised, but I think this

show

daily occurring in our slaughter-houses.

society with a long

name (Royal

Society for the

’

and the police are almost powerless, as a deal of slaughtering is done very early in the morning, and with closed doors, particularly

Prevention of Cruelty to Animals)

‘

in the winter.’

The editor of the Sentinel adds by way of commentary on this naive and rugged epistle Habit blunts the sensibilities of men who are not naturally cruel ; and, besides, there are many people who never realise the fact that “ brute beasts ” can be made People who would look with horror at to suffer at all. the torture of a man, complacently behold the sufferings of his poor relations. We are afraid that the pleasures of the table would be greatly impaired if the guests knew the whole history of the manner in which the 4

’

‘

steaming joint or the daintily-served chicken even, had

been prepared

No wonder

’Tis

for their use.

tarians of us all

even to think of

enough

make

vege-

it.’

we have recounted

that with the facts

before his eyes, Dr. Richardson, of hygienic fame, at a

recent public congress, expressed his

‘

sincere

hope

that

before the close of the century, not only would slaughter-

houses be abolished, but that

all

would be absolutely abandoned .’

And

again,

use of flesh as food

a paper read at a meeting of the same well-known lecturer, describ-

Sanitary Congress, the

ing

his

said (

Utopian country,

‘

Salut-land,’

‘

Hygeia,’

In the midst of the towns the eye 1

Dundee Advertiser 1879

struck with the

— THE PERFECT WA V IN DIET.

The towns

cultivation of fruit-trees that prevails.

Salut-land might be called, as

ancient Norwich

once was called, the towns or cities of orchards. Throughout all the country the land is under cultivation of the most perfect kind for cereal produce and fruit and vegetables. ... A man, woman, or child who for wanton pleasure should hunt down or torture one of the inferior creatures would be cast out of society, while the idea of having dumb animals killed and hung up in open shops to bleed and be quartered and cooked for human beings to live on, would be treated with disgust.’ And a 1 Parish Parson,’ in a letter which appeared in a serial publication for February 1881, sums up the butcher and slaughter-house question very

fairly

and con-

words ‘The moral considerations press us on two sides with

cisely in these

The

irresistible force.

the cause of the table

nothing for

aggregate of animal suffering in

simply appalling, and there

but to shut our eyes and ears.

The

life

of an ox from the pasture to the butcher’s shop will not

bear

telling.

enough

One

night on a cattle-steamer would be

most of

for

us.

degrades a multitude of shuns.

... To

The table brutalises and men whom society employs and .

the craftsman, the

tiller,

the

market-

any intelligence and virtue is possible. One might live in a worse place than Covent Garden, and the booksellers do not seem out of place there, nor children in the way of much moral hurt. But the “ meat market ” And so all our ideas of life and its dignity and significance suffer, and our relations to the animals keep, and must keep, a depressed level. Of course, if dealer

all this

inevitable,

is.

all

this suffering

and de-

praving are essential to health and happiness, they must

go on.

But of

this

creed believers dwindle and sceptics

DANGERS OF FLESH-EATING. The “good dinner” seems

multiply.

the “scientific frontier” of the

comes

to that

And now

let

will

be at

likely to

last

and when

question,

be the beginning of the end.’

us quit this subject, so briefly glanced

at,

of the indirect evils of kreophagy, to examine some of those direct deplorable effects of the custom, which present themselves under the form of various diseases

and

cachectic bodily conditions.

These, in the

first

due

to a

Now

flesh

place, are

of the flesh-tissue consumed.

dered bad, and dangerous to the ence

eater, (i)

may be by the

renexist-

of parasitic disease; (2) by other diseases having affected the animal from which it is taken ;

in it

during

bad condition

life

(3) by poisons ingested by the animal during life; (4) by decomposition of the flesh after death. Flesh infested by parasites infects the eater of it

almost invariably.

The

constitutes perhaps the

of infection.

cysticercus celluloses of the pig

commonest example of

this

appears to be very widespread

Irish swine, for, according to Professor

Gamgee,

kind

among 1

from

three to five per cent, of these animals are found to be infected with this particular malady.

of the bullock and calf

and more

difficult to

The

cysticercus

smaller than that of the pig,

Flesh thus affected can-

discern.

not be rendered safe food by any process of salting or

smoking; and even the temperature of boiling water, although particle

kills

the parasite,

only effective

of the tissue throughout

been submitted to an equal organs of the

man who

its

when every

entire thickness has

heat.

In the

digestive

has the misfortune to eat meat

thus infected, the cysticerci develop into the large tapelike intestinal 1

worms known

as taenia.

The

cysticercus

Fifth Report of the Medical Officer to the Privy Council.

THE PERFECT WAY IN

of the pig produces the tamia solium

DIET. that of the

ox and

the calf the tamia mcdio-canellata.

Yet another form of

parasitic

common

pork than in the

known as is more

disease,

and

trichina spiralis, exists in butcherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s meat,

of other animals.

flesh

This terrible malady was in 1863 the cause of a disastrous event in Helstadt, Prussia. A hundred and three persons, having at one meal partaken of a dish of sausages

made

of infected pork, were attacked with trichinosis, and more than twenty of the sufferers died within a

month. pork

Trichinosis

or smoked. least

largely eaten,

212 0 (Fah.)

penetrate every

not

felt in

needed, and

atom of the

where

eaten salted

it is

this heat, of course,

flesh-fibre.

first

The

must

manifesta-

similar to those of typhoid

make themselves

subsequently atrocious pains

;

in countries

where

destroy trichinae a temperature of at is

tions of the disease are at

fever

uncommon

especially

every muscle of the body

;

the patient lies

moaning

constantly and unable to extend the limbs on account of the agony caused by the least

movement

;

and death

occurs in the midst of symptoms resembling those of cholera, disorder. if

or of

pneumonia or some other inflammatory case

known

of a radical cure,

the unfortunate sufferer escape death,

for,

even

the parasites

encyst themselves, and thus remain indefinitely imprisoned in calcareous envelopes in the muscular tissue.

Besides parasitical diseases, cattle

may be

affected

by acute malignant diseases, such as rinderpest, pleuropneumonia, anthrax, and simpler inflammatory disorders. Professor Gamgeeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s statistics in the report already cited show that a fifth of the total quantity of flesh-meat consumed is derived from animals killed in a state of disease, malignant or chronic. It

has been affirmed that

little

danger attends the

DANGERS OF FLESH-EATING.

ingestion of the flesh of such diseased beasts, but a re-

markable case adduced by Mr. Simon in the report to the Privy Council proves this assertion to be ill-founded. A heifer on a farm in Aberdeenshire, being somewhat out of health, was slaughtered by a

ploughman and a black-

Part of the animal’s flesh was cooked next day

smith.

for the dinner of the family, consisting of eleven persons.

Nine of these partook of the meat, and were all soon symptoms of poisoning that a medical man was at once called in. Two of the patients A few days later both the ploughman and the died. blacksmith were admitted to the Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, suffering from phlegmonous erysipelas of the arm. The offal of the slaughtered heifer had been cast on a dung-heap, to which two swine had access. They ate freely of it, and both were seized with sickness and

seized with such alarming

died.

January 1878, and was West Kent. On the 31st of that month a bullock belonging to a farmer at Addington was observed lying down, apparently ill, in its stall. The animal’s throat was cut immediately, and a butcher named Bell, assisted by another man, dressed the carcase. Some days afterwards Bell complained of pain in his right arm, which was considerably swollen, and Dr. Booth, of Beckenham, pronounced the symptoms to be those of blood poisoning. Bell gradually became worse, and died on February 12. It appeared similar case occurred in

the subject of a coroner’s inquiry in

had two one on the hand, the other on the arm. It was supposed that the bullock had been suffering from cattle disease, and that the abrasions of his skin had

that at the time of dressing the carcase Bell slight scratches,

allowed some of the animal’s vitiated blood! to enter his system.

The

bailiff

who

cut the bullock’s throat,

and

— THE PERFECT WAY IN DIET.

doing so got some of

blood sprinkled over him, was

its

attacked about the same time as Bell with similar symptoms, but in his case medical treatment proved success-

The man who had

ful.

assisted Bell in flaying the car-

case was also affected with pain and indisposition. About

a week afterwards, a pig which had been in the farmit is thought it may have been by eating the offal or blood of the dead bullock. Mr. Hill, the owner of the animal, and his bailiff denied that previously to the bullock’s death there had been any indication whatever of disease among the cattle on the farm. Sir Robert Christison, M.D., asserts positively that the flesh and secretions (milk included) of animals affected

yard was found dead, and

killed

with carbuncular disease analogous to anthrax, are so

poisonous that those alike

who handle and who

partake

of them are apt to suffer severely, the disease taking the

form either of inflammation of the digestive canal, or of an eruption of one or more large carbuncles. Dr. Livingstone also, in his Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa,’ speaks of malignant carbuncle anthrax ‘

—

occurring as a result

of eating the

flesh

of diseased

animals.

In the spring of 1841, four members of a family,

after

having partaken of a sheep affected with an ordinary cattle disorder,

were attacked with symptoms of severe

irritant poisoning,

hours.

and one of them died in less than three Horsham and two of his children

A labourer at

died in June 1844 from eating flesh similarly vitiated. During the month of April 1879, a Zurich tribunal was

occupied for three days with a case in which a butcher and an innkeeper were charged with the sale of veal from The meat was consumed by calves suffering with typhus. the

members

of a choral society, six of 1

Daily Telegraph.

whom

died, while

DANGERS OF FLESH-EATING. six

hundred

and

forty-three

suffered

or less

severely.

Dr. A. Carpenter, speaking before the Sanitary Con-

had heard an agent Meat Market, per cent, of the flesh meat

gress already mentioned, said that he

of the police, Inspector of the Metropolitan assert

upon

oath, that eighty

London market is affected with tubercular and he added that to exclude such meat from the trade would leave the public without a meat supply Again, ruminants, and still more often rabbits and hares, may during life consume some vegetable or other substance of a poisonous nature, and their flesh may thus be rendered dangerous as food for man. It is worthy of remark that certain animals may themselves eat with impunity herbs or fruits, and yet after death set up symptoms of poisoning of a violent character in the human consumer of their flesh. In the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal (July 1844) it is observed, that ‘in America sent to the

disease

;

‘

there

are certain regions extending for

many

length and breadth, on the herbage of which,

mal

feeds,

its

an animilk and flesh acquire poisonous properties,

yet itself enjoying tolerable health.’

fed

miles in if

The flesh of rodents

upon belladonna, or rhododendron chrysanthemum,

which these animals eat without injury to themselves, is undoubtedly dangerous to the life of the consumer. We come next to the disastrous effects produced by the ingestion of flesh-meat in a tainted or partly

decom-

which are frequently observed and therefore well-known. Their symptomatology is that of gastro-enteritis (inflammation of the stomach and intestine), often accompanied by fever and sometimes very severe. Death not infrequently terminates these cases. posed condition

;

effects

In the brief space of a fortnight, occurring in the month 1

Christison.

THE PERFECT WAY IN

DIET.

of October 1879, the quantity of putrefied butcher’s meat seized by the police in the London Central Meat Market

amounted

to seven and a half tons, besides three tons of hams, bacon, and tongues also declared unfit for human ‘

food.’

If this

be the

state

of affairs in one particular

market, the quantity of putrid flesh which finds

hands of consumers

into the strict

supervision

and

be something enormous.’

‘

common

this subject are

its

way

where no such

maintained, must/ says the

burgh Evening News/ tics

in places

‘

Edin-

Statis-

in all the daily papers,

not worth while to crowd these pages by repro-

it is

ducing them.

Animal-meat may thus directly engender many painloathsome, and fatal disorders. Nor is it less demonstrable that it is also in a less direct manner, the origin of a vast number of maladies and pathological diatheses. ful,

Scrofula

itself,

that fecund source of suffering, deformity,

and death, not improbably owes habits.

its

origin to kreophagite

It is curious that the root of the

word

scrofula

scrofa— a sow. To say that a person is scrofulous is then We know how comto say that he has the swings evil. mon is the use of pork among all classes of our populaBacon, sausages, tion, and especially among the poor.

and

lard are

components of almost every meal of the

lower and middle classes, both in town and country. 1

Of all

the ultimate manifestations of the strumous or

scrofulous diathesis

— of

which almost everybody in our some form tubercular

part of the world bears traces in

—

once the commonest and the deadliest. Dr. Buchan observes that this malady, so prevalent in England, appears to be due to the excessive use of animal

phthisis

1 The Jews, according to Dr. Richardson, appear to enjoy remarkably fine and regular health the duration of life among them exceeds by a fourth or fifth that of every European nation. ;

— TREATMENT OF

DISEASE.

and advises that when there is a tendency to consumption in the young, it should be counteracted by strictly adhering to a diet of the farinacea and ripe fruits. Animal food and fermented liquors ought to be rigidly

food,

‘

prohibited.’

Dr.

This opinion coincides exactly with that of his own views in almost identical

Lamb, who expresses

terms.

and Pemberton and all of milk, farinacea, and

Drs. Bannister (United States)

are also partisans cf the treatment of scrofula,

strumous manifestations, by a diet strict

exclusion of

The

all flesh-foods.

recorded by Dr. Knight, of Truro

Two

‘

following case

years ago I was applied to by Mrs.

affected with scrofulous ulceration of the left breast.

ulcer

was then the

size

much

The

of a half-dollar, and discharging a

The

axillary

enlarged, and, doubting the

practic-

considerable quantity of imperfect pus.

glands were

ability of operating with the knife in

such cases, I told her

and ordered her to subsist upon bread and milk and fruit, to drink water, and keep the body of as uniform a temperature as possible. I ordered the sore to be kept clean by ablutions of tepid water. In less than three months the ulcer was healed, and her the danger of her complaint,

general health still

much

improved.

The

axillary glands are

enlarged, though less so than formerly

;

she

still

lives

simply and enjoys good health, but tells me that if she takes flesh-meat, it produces “ twinging ” in the old sore.’

In the ‘Lancet’ for

May

14, 1842, is

recorded the

fol-

lowing case of complete cure of severe strumous ulcera-

by Mr. Rowbotham of son of Mr. Fielding of that town had been ill eighteen months. He was covered from head to foot with ulcers ; his eyes, nose, ears, mouth, and, in fact, his whole head and face, were involved in one complete mass of fetid running sores and ulcers ; and

tion in a child three years of age,

Stockport

—

‘

The

little

THE PERFECT WAY IN DIET.

body was in a similar condition, so Seemed almost separating from the body. For more than twelve months the boy had been quite blind and had never been able to sit down, even on a pillow, but stood, and leaned with his elbow on his nurse, except at times when he was able to kneel on a pillow ; he had scarcely been able to lie in bed for the same period. Eight of the most eminent medical men had declared the case hopeless, and some thought that it was the lower part of his that the thighs

;

not even capable of amelioration.

“

From

certain views

which I held on the origin of disease,” says Mr. Rowbotham, “I was induced to recommend a diet consisting almost entirely of ripe treacle.

The

child

fruits,

commenced

and honey, sugar, or on September mixed with sugar or

this diet

13, 1841 ; he had stewed fruits, honey, at all his meals, and was allowed frequently to eat

grapes, cherries, plums, apples, pears,

as could be obtained.

and such other

fruits

the 16th, the sores on his

back were beginning to heal on the 23rd he was sensibly improved ; on the 30th one half of his face was clear ; the lower parts of his body were much better, and he He concould sit in a chair and lie comfortably in bed. ;

tinued daily to improve,

they were at

first

till

at last his eyes

opened, but

very weak, and he could scarcely see

anything; his sight however, gradually improved.

1842, not a single ulcer remained on his body;

January

the skin

became remarkably

tures

that

—which,

for twelve

appearance.” 1

the

and

fair

;

and the

fea-

state

was impossible to do more than guess at the posiand eyes were restored to their wonted

tion of the nose

gave

clear

months, had been in such a

—

Dr. Abernethy, the celebrated Scotch surgeon of the last century, it

all animal substances become changed in a putrid, abominable, and acrid stimulus.’ Whether

as his opinion that

economy

into

‘

TREATMENT OF

DISEASE.

Pavy 1 thinks that a regimen rich in carbohydrates would be the most suitable in cases of tubercular diathesis, and observes that the want of these substances is probably a main cause of the development Dr.

Now, we know

of tubercle.

that the carbo-hydrates are

contained solely in the products of the vegetable kingdom,

and particularly in fruits. With regard to the action of hydro -carbons (fatty bodies) in scrofula, Dr. Pavy inclines Since to look on them as absolutely indispensable. experience shows the beneficial effects of these substances, systematically employed, in scrofulous and tubercular diathesis,

only reasonable to

infer, says

Dr. Pavy, that a measure which proves efficacious in

removing an unhealthy condition would also tend to prevent

its

development.

Notwithstanding the plain

inference of such wise observation,

and often

hospitals,

undergoing

patients â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;

see daily in our

disgusting

and

tuberculous

unwholesome

other kind of food.

what

practice,

by raw meat on the pretext that this submore easily and rapidly assimilated than any

treatment

stance

private

the

It is true that this is

the case

;

but

reason and what the effect of this rapid

assimilation ?

The

reason

that the dissolution of flesh takes place

wholly in the stomach, and consequently

soon accomplished

;

the effect

its

digestion

the production of that

view be scientifically correct or not, it is incontestable that excrements resulting from the ordinary mixed diet have a highly offensive fostor which, in the case of a purely vegetable alimentation, becomes a hardly perceptible odour. It may be added that the strength of this effluvium increases with the amount of animal food ingested. The same remark, other things being equal, applies to the breath. How often have I immediately diagnosed a great eater of flesh by no other sign than the odour of the exhalation of his lungs

this

Treatise on Food.

)

THE PERFECT WAY IN

condition of stimulants, to

these pages

general

excitation

DIET.

peculiar to

diffusible

which attention has already been called in an excitation whose ultimate result can

—

only be to precipitate the manifestation of the hectic fever which

the

chief characteristic

of tuberculous

and which the physician ought, on the contrary, to combat as determinedly and as long as possible. Besides, in such cases, as Dr. Pavy well remarks, a highly nitrogenised alimentation, once assimilated and passed into the organism, becomes even more injurious from another point of view. It gives rise, in fact, as we shall presently see, to the formation of products which require for their elimination a very considerable amount of labour on the part of the kidneys labour which ought, cachexia,

—

in cases of inflammatory disease, to

be avoided.

The

carbo-hydrates and the fatty substances, on the contrary,

impose no work on these organs ; the products of their utilisation, consisting of water and carbonic acid, leave The now well-known the organism by other channels. experiments of Lehmann on himself, and of Messrs.

Lawes and Gilbert upon

cattle,

of urea in the urine

in direct ratio to the quantity of

show

that the proportion

nitrogenised food consumed.

While

Lehmann

subsisting

exclusively

animal

eliminated in twenty-four hours 53*2

(820 grains) of urea

;

diet,

grammes

on an exclusively vegetable

diet,

grammes (347 grains) of urea were eliminated; on a mixed diet, 32*5 grammes (501 grains); and, finally, upon a diet composed solely of non-nitrogenous sub2

’5

Dr. Austin Flint [Experiments and Reflections upon Animal Heat if the excessive heat of fever be partly due to excessive oxydation of hydrogen, the exhaustion and loss of substance thus caused 1

thinks that

might be moderated by the ingestion of hydrogen under the form of fatty, starchy,

and sugary matters.

TREATMENT OF stances

—hydro-carbons

grammes (237

and starchy matter

grains) of urea

twenty-four hours.

DISEASE.

These

— only

were eliminated

15-4

figures are calculated

an average of twelve observations

mann

in each case.

the

upon Leh-

affirms that five-sixths of the nitrogen contained in

ingested aliments pass into the urine under the form of urea.

For instance, having absorbed 30-16 grammes of

nitrogen a day, 25 grammes of it were excreted in urea during the twenty-four hours. According to these data

must undergo metamorphoses of which urea That these metamorrepresents the ultimate result. it

follows that ingested nitrogenous matter

in the

economy

certain

phoses take place with great rapidity

demonstrated not

only by Lehmann’s experience, but by analogous experi-

upon two

ments conducted by Dr. Parkes

Lehmann

soldiers.

asserts further, that animal food raises the pro-

portion of fibrine contained in the blood, and

we know

that during inflammatory processes this element exists in to a large extent, especially in acute rheumatism and pneumonia, ten parts of fibrine per thousand having been found in the blood in cases of the former, and six or nine per thousand in cases of the latter malady the normal proportion being three per thousand parts. And whenever, in the course of a disorder of another nature, an inflammatory process is set up in any organ, the same it

—

phenomenon

observable. 1

It may perhaps be objected that as the residue of a hydro-carbonaceous and carbo-hydraceous alimentation

(the ultimate action of the last being identically the

as that of the fatty substances)

same

eliminated chiefly by

the skin, such a dietary might, by increasing the pathological sweats, prove injurious in phthisical cases. it

Let be observed in reply that these sweatings are really due 1

Andral and Gavarret.

THE PERFECT

IVA

Y IN DIET.

to the ingestion, not of hydro-carbons, but of nitrogenised

matter, for these last, assimilation

by the rapidity with which

accomplished, and by the

action they set up, kindle

and

their

stimulating

accelerate feverish action,

that the febrile access ceases as soon as the sweats

appear, for by their agency Nature relieves herself of the It is then by the skin that the fever is and a sweat not provoked by feverish process

toxic element.

eliminated,

cannot be dangerous to the consumptive patient, but might rather, for rationale and mode of action, though in

far

milder degree, be compared to the Turkish

which in cases of tuberbeen borne. These facts explain also why the ordinary mixed food is less suitable than a milk and vegetable diet to the bath, to the beneficial effect of

cular diathesis frequent testimony has

treatment of chronic

?iephritis.

In the case of a mixed alimentation the greater poris composed of the nitrogenised products of the flesh-substances ingested. Now, when any particular organ of the body

tion of the solid matter contained in the urine

is ailing, it

appears reasonable to diminish as

much

amount of work imposed on it, and, adoptview, we may hope, by the use of a vegetable

possible the

ing this

regimen, avoiding of course

aceous food as beans, lating a

wise

lentils,

all

such strongly proteinsucceed in formu-

etc., to

dietary treatment

Bright’s

disease.

malady and advises an exclusively fecuBesides, and from another point of view, lent regimen bearing in mind the relation between certain alimentary compounds and the production of urea, we ought also in Semola, a physician of Naples, proscribes in

this

all nitrogenous aliments, 1

Bright’s disease to guard against the ingestion of nitrogenous and quickly assimilable substances, which, by 1

Dr. Rendu’s Etudes dcs Nephrites Chroniques, 1880.

TREATMENT OF giving rise to copious

DISEASE.

and rapid formation of

urea,

may

hasten the manifestation of uraemia.

There is yet another diathesis, the most appropriate and complete treatment of which consists in the prohibition

One

flesh-meats.

all

speak of gouty diathesis.

of the effects of animal alimentation

provoke

a condition of acidity of the urine, while the use of vegetable diet renders

human

urine

and

the normal reaction, because

among

ordinary reaction

customary to call this that which is met with

it is

on a But the reaction becomes neutral or alkawhen the use of animal food is abandoned, and with

almost exclusively

mixed line

The

alkaline.

acid,

populations nourished

diet.

the acidity disappear also

accumulating, constitute

the concretions,

lithiasis .

The

which, in

quality of the

enormous influence on the producand we know that uric acid, the presence

ingesta has then an tion of gravel

;

of which in excess constitutes the essential character of uric lithiasis

and of gout,

results

from

the imperfect

combustion of nitrogenous matters, for these, being incompletely oxydised, form uric acid instead of the urea which would be normally produced. We must then expect to find in persons addicted to the ingestion of large quantities of animal food, an excess of uric acid,

and consequently a tendency phretic colic.

to gout, calculi,

and ne-

In order, therefore, to escape the develop-

ment of these disorders, so often hereditary, as well as to treat them when already manifested, a vegetable diet is distinctly indicated 1

2 .

Claude Bernardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s experiments on himself. Dr. Prout goes still further he likens the ;

.of scrofula,

and

lithiac diathesis to that

alleges that both are the expression of the presence in

excess, or of the lack of

power to

assimilate, the nitrogenous element.

According to him, gouty concretions are but a modification of phthisic tubercle.

THE PERFECT WA Y IN DIET. Dr.

and

rice

milk,

Craigie,

Physic,’ says

—

‘

his

‘Elements of the Practice of of bread and milk or

A diet consisting

milk, or

the flour

farinaceous

seeds and

quite adequate to prevent the formation of the

gouty diathesis, and to extinguish that diathesis, ready formed.

Such

diet

if al-

also adequate to prevent the

its irregular form, and affecting membranes, or the heart and lungs. If further arguments were required in proof of the position that milk and grain diet (not in large quantity), or diet of boiled vegetables and milk, while both necessary and adequate to the cure of gout, is perfectly safe, and

disease from appearing in

the brain and

its

much less injurious than diet of animal food, they may be found in the facts observed in the physiological relation between the stomach on the one hand and the lungs on the

other.’

entertains the same opinion and Dr. Cheyne informs us that the Prince of Conde was cured of obstinate gout by the adoption of a regimen excluding all forms of fish, flesh, and wine.

Dr. Cullen

;

According to Dr. Cullen, not only gout, but rheumashould properly be treated by the same method, for he adds that the cure of this latter malady requires in the first place an antiphlogistic regimen, and particua statement larly total abstinence from animal food which seems reasonable enough when viewed in connection with the facts noted by Lehmann in regard to the increase in the quantity of fibrine in the blood under an animal regimen, for we have seen that this element tends to augment enormously in rheumatism. tism,

—

Diabetes mellitus

become

a disease in the

treatment of

an almost exclusively flesh-meat diet, as being the only one which conBut it must be remembered tains no carbo-hydrates. which

has

classic to prescribe

TREATMENT OF DISEASE

that,

may be

whatever regimen

adopted, the urine of the

diabetic patient will continue to contain sugar

which in

sugar in the urine its

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;a

fact

prove that the presence of but a symptom of a disease having to

suffices

itself

cause in a morbid condition which probably existed

In what then did its manifestation. morbid condition consist ? Here is a problem which has never yet been satisfactorily solved. The origin of diabetes has been thought to be associated with a degenerescence, or an organic or functional alteration of the pneumogastric nerves ; and it appears from observations made on diabetic patients that the first manifestation of the disease is preceded by gastric phenomena indicating a pathological condition of the stomach, and a long time before this

default or alteration of

we have

its

Now,

digestive secretion.

and

dyspepsia

seen,

gastritis

constitute

and highly and it is probable that the adoption of treatment directed on this principle in the early stage of the morbid condition, would suffice, particularly in cases indication for the suspension of a stimulative

nitrogenous diet

;

not hereditary in origin, to prevent serious

though

results,

al-

could not be hoped by such means to cure the

But when already sugar

disease in an advanced state.

can a cure be expected by means of the exclusive use of flesh-food? exists in large quantities

;

whatever

will die of his

may be

in the urine,

the course adopted, the patient

complaint sooner or

later.

Diabetes, once

passed into the cachectic stage, resembles cachectic conditions, and

only in the

all

other

initial stages

of organic disease that science can really efficaciously interfere.

To prevent

or to arrest

before

the manifestation of the diathesis,

becomes cachexia, these are the

real functions of medicine.

powerless to arrest a pro-

cess of death already half accomplished.

But,

called

;

THE PERFECT WAY IN

upon too

symptoms

late to treat the preliminary

aid be sought

food and

when

fruits

DIET.

;

our

already the ingestion of farinaceous

would be injurious and even

directly dan-

gerous, ought we, from a purely medical point of view, to advise the use of lean flesh-meat, after the old classic

example

way

again, for only recently

a more excellent

has been provided by the researches and experience

of Dr. Donkin, and by others

and

The

practice.

who have

followed his theory

diabetic patient dies of inanition

he must therefore be nourished by some form of food which is able to resist the morbid action of the liver. This desideratum appears to have been found by Dr.

Donkin, and

consists of

skimmed

milk.

reports

by means of its exclusive use, in a few of which the disease had already made no inconsiderable progress. Dr. Donkin demonseveral cases of recovery obtained

strates that fatty

albuminous matters are always incapable

of being assimilated in advanced diabetes, but that lactose

and the caseine of milk deprived of

are not subject to pathological alteration.

creamy part Repeated ex-

its

him by conclusive proof under a regimen of skimmed milk totally disappeared from the urine, will show itself afresh immediately after the ingestion of either flesh-meat perience, he says, has convinced

that

the

sugar, having,

or cream. lactose

and

The

nutritive principles of

caseine.

skimmed milk

are

Caseine, itself a nitrogenised sub-

stance, is much less apt to be converted into sugar than any other aliment of the same nature. Lactose never lends itself to the action of diabetes. Those who, with Dr. Davy, think that lactose must be injurious to diabetic patients, because it constitutes a form of sugar, are not aware of its real characteristics. The chemical properties and physiological relations of lactose differ entirely from diabetic sugar, and from every other form of glu-

TREATMENT OF DISEASE cose.

its lactic

does not undergo alcoholic fermentation

;

but

fermentation takes place in the stomach in the

presence of caseine.

The

restoration of the forces,

amelioration of the health, the

and the

fact that the sugar dis-

appears from the urine under Dr. suffice to

Donkin’s

regimen,

prove that the constituent elements of skimmed

by diabetic patients. The symptoms and the weakness begin to pass away almost directly after the institution of the treatment ; and milk

are well assimilated

painful

in ordinary cases the sugar disappears after

from the urine

about two weeks’ observance of Dr. Donkin’s regi-

men and in more refractory cases, ;

after

about six weeks’.

Abstinence from flesh-food has also been found an extremely successful measure in dealing with the terrible epilepsy. Many theories have from time been suggested in explanation of the source and rationale of epileptic seizures, and of these the most seductive appears to be the recently formulated hypothesis of Dr. Hughlings- Jackson, who regards the attack as the result of nervous irritability suddenly exploded, so to speak, by an agency acting either from within or without the system, and, as by an instantaneous electric discharge, occasioning the cry, the fall, and accompanying characteristic phenomena of the disease. The fact that no lesion of other than accidental nature is found in the brains of epileptic patients, even when they have succumbed in the midst of an attack, seems evidence that the disease is of a functional and not of an organic nature ; and experience has amply demonstrated that

complaint called

to time

the nervous disturbance

liable to

any exciting or stimulating action gard for actual 1

the

facts, as well as

the Relation between Diabetes

occur as the result of in the system.

Re-

inductive reasoning, leads

and Food, and

its

application to

Treatment of the Disease by Arthur ScQtt Donkin, M.D., 1875.

— THE PERFECT WAY IN DIET.

to the conviction that epilepsy,

and

its

kindred disorders

usually classed under the wide-reaching term

ought to be treated by an absolute privation of lating foods

and

‘

hysteria/

all

stimu-

and a persistent dietary of the and the more easily digestible

drinks,

farinacea, milk, fruits,

‘

vegetables, avoiding those of the

stringy

or fibrous

order.

Dr. North (U.S.) relates the case of a brother phy-

who, being subject to severe attacks of epilepsy, adopted a regimen excluding all fish, flesh, and fowl for two years and a half, and during that time remained free from any attack. Dr. Hayward (U.S.) gives, in his sician,

young man who, suffering habitufrom severe epilepsy, was persuaded to try a vegetable diet, and was very shortly relieved of his malady. Sortie time afterwards he ate freely of flesh-meat at a convivial lectures, the case of a

ally

and was immediately thrown

dinner,

strict

from

into a violent attack. adherence to a mild diet again brought immunity

seizures.

Dr.

Cheyne

also records a remarkable cure of epilepsy

in the case of Dr. Taylor, fully afflicted

who was

with this complaint.

for a long time dread-

consulted

all

the

most eminent of his medical confreres in and about London, but obtained no relief. At last it occurred to him to discontinue the use of all animal meats, and in the course of a year or two he was, by this regimen, completely cured of the disorder.

Only last year the following interesting observations on cases of the same complaint were published by Dr. George Lade Miss A aged twenty-three, had suffered for nearly two years from slight epileptic attacks, accompanied by some uterine and hysterical symptoms, when The epileptic she was brought to me for advice. :

TREATMENT OF

DISEASE.

once a week, sometimes oftener, I prescribed such remedies as appeared to me to be indicated, and changed them from time to time as occasion, or as disappointment at their inaction, demanded ; but eighteen monthsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; persistent pursuance of the treatment failed to effect any seizures occurred about

mostly in the early part of the day.

notable impression upon the features

then decided to abandon

all

of the case.

medicines, and to try what

would do. I advised the and animal food, and to live entirely upon fruits and vegetables, with a moderate allowance of butter, eggs, and milk. For breakfast I suggested fruit, oatmeal porridge, bread and milk; for dinner, vegetables, fruit, brown bread, and farinaceous puddings ; for supper a similar fare to that of breakfast ; no beverage but water or milk-and-water. A very decided improvement was manifested in a few weeks, and went on steadily until the patient was conThe dietetic treatment was adopted sidered cured. in October 1876, and at this date, November 10, 1877, a complete change of

diet

patient to discontinue the use of fish

assured that the patient has continued free from

epileptic

symptoms

for nearly five

months.

all

Whether

she continues to enjoy immunity from her late trouble,

and

improve in her general health, remains be the result what it may, she declares ; fully resolved to adhere to the plain and unstimudietary, which she finds both agreeable and satis-

still

further

to be seen

she

lating

but,

fying. â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;

I lately placed

a young man, suffering in a similar

way, upon a vegetable

diet, and six weeks afterwards was informed that the attacks were less frequent.â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Before quitting this part of our subject a few words should be said with regard to the disastrous influence exercised directly and indirectly

by the use of animal

THE PERFECT WAY IN

food on

all

commoner

forms of disease of the

DIET. Nothing

liver.

cr active liver congestion, in great meat-eaters

know

to witness than attacks of catarrhal icterus, ;

and we

that catarrh of the biliary passages brings about

hepatic colics by directly causing decomposition of the cholate of soda contained in the bile, cipitating the cholesterine,

of the pathologic concretions

more or

less

known

many Europeans much to

suffer

pre-

as gall-stones.

The

from which so in India, China, etc., are due

grave affections of the

quite as

and thereby

which forms the greater part

the stimulating

liver,

and over-nitrogenised

character of their diet, as to the influence of climate. It is

necessary to allude only to the treatment of scurvy.

Strabo

the

first

author

who mentions

'which appears to have broken out for the

knowledge during the significative.

The

Roman decadence

this disease,

first

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;a

time in his

fact in itself

classic treatment in all cases of scor-

butic manifestations, whether sporadic or epidemic, consists,

as everybody knows, in the administration of fresh

fruits

and vegetables. would be a never-ending task

stances at

my command

to cite all the in-

of various cases of cure or of

and morbid diatheses of all kinds by the use of a vegetable and milk regimen. Perhaps, in concluding this portion of my work it may be well to inform my readers that I present in my own person a sufficiently striking example of the beneficial effects of the Pythagorean system of diet, to which, indeed, I doubt not that I owe my life, my health, and the vital force I continue to enjoy. While occupied in a laborious six yearsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; amelioration of disease

study of

my profession

at the ftcole de Medecine of Paris, I

overcame many obstacles and trials, physical and moral, rendered specially hard by the artificial disabilities of my sex, and by a variety of personal circumstances. Indeed,

— TREATMENT. OF DISEASE

the difficulties in my case were such as would, I believe, have proved insurmountable to most persons even of robust health and physique. I, moreover, am not only burdened with an hereditary tendency to phthisis, but have

been actually treated

for

a somewhat severe manifestation

of the disease, and am, besides, of an extremely sensi-

and nervous temperament.

tive

That under

all

adverse conditions I have been enabled to attain factorily the

end of

student’s course, I

great part to the simple, pure,

these satis-

owe probably

and unexciting diet which

for

a period of ten years I have uninterruptedly maintained.

In the ‘Univers Illustre’ of March 26, 1876, Dr. Decaisne, writing on the subject of Lenten abstinence, affirms that

many

maladies are attributable to the abuse

of flesh-food, and to the deplorable habits of diet to

which parents usually accustom their children. Quoting Pe're Debreyne, physician to La Grande-Trappe, he states that the regimen of the Trappist monks, erroneously believed to be detrimental to health and longevity, is, on the contrary, most beneficial in its effects. During a period of twenty-seven years, he has not, in this community, met with a single case of apoplexy, aneurism, dropsy, gout, gravel, or cancer. Cholera has never entered any house of the Order, even when the disease was making great ravages in the immediate vicinity of the monastery. It is notorious that no epidemic ever crosses the Trappist threshold. ... Is not this calm and peaceful life,’ continues Dr. Decaisne, a most striking condemnation of our sensuality, of our intemperance, our disorders, and our passions, which destroy in us so often ‘

the very principles of

And

on the same subject Are not our peasants of Corre'ze and Bretagne, Py-

as follows, 1

life ?

the hygienist Fonssagrives, of Montpellier, writes :

— THE PERFECT WAY IN DIET.

thagoreans, of necessity, though not of conviction their health less robust than that of their

triots, .

‘

And

town compa-

who, close by, gorge themselves with flesh-meat? I have studied the effects of this Pythagorean

method of life upon the Trappists, and found them to enjoy good health and uncommon length of life.’ With regard to epidemic infection, innumerable sta1

tistics exist to

prove the immunity from such visitations

enjoyed by habitual abstainers from

accompaniment,

invariable

many

similar examples,

flesh

and

its

almost

Among

fermented drink.

find the case of Dr. Rush,

‘Medical and Surgical Journal of EdinThis gentleman, during a frightful epidemic of

cited in the

burgh.

’

yellow fever in Philadelphia, preserved his health and

energy unimpaired by confining himself to diet consisting of vegetables, grain, and milk, excluding animal flesh in

every shape.

Nothing

more remarkable, from

this point of view,

than the experience of the famous hygienist Sylvester

Graham, who, during the

New York

visitation of cholera

in the year 1832, persuaded a considerable citizens

—

in direct opposition to general

to abstain rigorously from all flesh-meats

and

drinks, diet.

of all

‘

and

alcoholic

Mr. Graham,

‘

an important

fact that

followed the prescribed regimen, not one

victim to

of the

to restrict themselves entirely to a vegetable

It is/ says

who

number

medical advice

fell

the disease, and very few had the slightest

symptoms of an

attack.’

and Tappan, who also, during the same epidemic, prescribed a similar dietary for their clients, had the satisfaction to see all of them, without Drs. Pollard, Rees,

exception, preserve excellent health in the midst of the universal suffering 1

Diet.

and death which surrounded them. 2 2

Smith’s Fruits

and Farinacea.

— ECONOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS.

We now

approach a new aspect of our many-sided an aspect certainly not less interesting than those already examined, and affecting on one hand the Nation, subject,

on the other the Let us see

Individual.

first

how

speak of Economy.

affects the Nation.

In the face of the ever rapidly increasing tide of its numbers every no questions can be of greater interest to

population, a population which doubles fifty-six years,

the political economist than those relating to the nature

and cost of the national food-supply. Mr. Greg in his Enigmas of Life makes the following observations, which, 1

’

although involving the extreme hypothesis of a wholly carnivorous diet as opposed to one wholly graminivorous,

are nevertheless

purpose ‘

thoroughly sensible and to the

There

one mode in which the amount of human on a given area, and therefore

existence sustainable

throughout the chief portion of the habitable globe,

may

be almost indefinitely increased, i.e. by a substitutio?i of A given acreage of wheat will vegetable for animalfood.

many men as the same acreage employed in growing mutton. It is usually calculated that the consumption of wheat by an adult is about one quarter per annum, and we know that good land produces four quarters. Let us even assume that a man living on grain would require two quarters a year ; still one acre would support two men. But a man living on (flesh) meat would need three pounds a day, and it is considered a liberal calculation if an acre spent in grazing sheep and cattle yields in mutton or beef more than fifty pounds on an average the best farmer in Norfolk having averaged ninety pounds ; but a great majority of feed at least ten times as

—

farms in Great Britain only reach twenty pounds. On these data, it would require twenty- two acres of pasture

— THE PERFECT WAY IN

DIET.

land to sustain one adult person living on meat (alone). It is obvious that in view of the adoption of vegetable diet, there lies

the indication of a vast possible increase in

the population sustainable

on a given

area.’

Reflections such as these had begun to press on the

minds of

politicians more than a century ago, about which time we find the well-known theological essayist Dr.

Paley, writing thus in his tical

Philosophy

‘

Principles of Moral

and

Poli-

* :

governed and is no single cause that affects it so powerfully as the kind and quality of food which chance or usage hath introduced into a country. In England, notwithstanding the produce of the soil has been of late considerably increased by the ‘

far as

the state

of population

by the quantity of provision, perhaps there

limited

enclosure of wastes, and the adoption, in many places, of a more successful husbandry, yet we do not observe a

corresponding addition to the number of inhabitants, the reason of which appears to me to be the more general consumption of animal food amongst us. Many ranks of people whose ordinary diet was, in the last century, prepared almost entirely from milk, roots, and vegetables, now require every day a considerable portion of the flesh of animals. Hence a great part of the richest lands of the

Much

country are converted to pasturage.

also of the

bread-corn, which went directly to the nourishment of

human flesh

sions

bodies,

now only

contributes to

by fattening the

The mass and volume of proviare hereby diminished ; and what is gained in the

of sheep and oxen.

amelioration of the soil

produce.

lost

the

quality

This consideration teaches us that

object of national care and encouragement,

of the

tillage, as is

universally

preferable to pasturage, because the kind of provision

which

yields goes

much

farther in the sustentation of

—

ECONOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS. human

Tillage

life.

also

recommended by

this addi-

a much more numerous peasantry. ... If we measure the quantity of provision by the number of human bodies it will support in due health and vigour, this quantity, the extent and quality of the soil from which it is raised being given, will depend greatly upon the kind. For instance, a piece of ground capable of supplying animal food sufficient for the subsistence of ten persons, woidd sustain at least the double of that number with grain, rootsy tional

advantage, that

affords employment to

and milk

A paper entitled ‘ Food Thrift/ from the pen of Dr. Richardson in Modern Thought for July 1880, contains ;

‘

the following words ‘

Under a mere extreme

bagatelle of pressure, less than such

pressure

above

suggested

(hostile

blockade), England would in a short time be convulsed politically,

not from actual deficiency of supply, but from

on the part of the consumers by stores of supply. A sharp demand, a panic, the few rich would practically buy up the multitudinous poor, and then, when the multitude hungered, or even fancied it hungered, would come the crash. ... If produce be shared unequally and savagely, some must die of want by Shared equally and with love, none need die necessity. of want anywhere, neither in the coldest nor most unfruitful region, except by accident or self-disregard.’ It is the Speaking of emigration, Dr. Richardson adds fittest for work and for earning who leave our shores the difference of ability to lay

—

‘

—

the unfittest for work, the luxurious,

and the

least powerful

Thus the drain on the first processes of national permanent prosperity is that which is opened by emigra tion, and is that which is exhausting the heart of the remain.

•

Commonwealth.

really

ought to consider the

— THE PERFECT WAY IN

question of

utilising,

on a

large

DIET.

scale, all

vegetables

which, in nutrient value, stand above animal products.

have also to learn, as a

we go to we go to

oftener oftener

truth, the truth that the

first

the vegetable world for our food, the the

first,

and, therefore, to the cheapest

The commonly accepted animal flesh we are eating food

source of supply.

notion that

when we

at its

eat

prime

source cannot be too speedily dissipated, or too speedily replaced by the knowledge that there

form of food world

—albuminous,

itself,

and

it,

and

no primitive

—

in the animal

that all the processes of catching an

inferior animal, or of breeding

dressing

starchy, osseous

selling

it,

rearing

it,

keeping

mean no more nor

less

it,

than

entirely additional expenditure throughout for bringing

into what we have been taught to consider an acceptable form of food the veritable food which the animal itself found, without any such preparation, in the vegetable world/ Addressing the electors of Salford on February 20, 1879, Mr. Arthur Arnold said :

‘The green

Nature to draw over

couraged

the

depopulation of

now advancing from the west towards the east England. Where the ploughman was wont to whistle

Ireland

curtain which our land system has en-

over agriculture, the beast grazes, requiring nearly three acres of pasture to produce the quantity of

one acre would yield

meat which

to suitable tillage/

The old saying, Where God sends mouths he sends food/ is no mere superstitious pretext for recklessness. By obeying the wholesome dictates of Nature, and lead‘

ing in

all

particulars natural lives,

shall find the earth

abundance of all we require for the sustenance of our offspring. Each child means not only a life to be supported, but also a pair of hands to till the ground,

yielding an

— E CONOMICA L CONSIDERA TIONS. and each pair of hands can produce needed for the owner’s support.

in grain

more than

It is thus that in

better distribution of the soil rather than in the practice

ought to from siding with the chilling and sordid doctrines advocated under this name, there is surely something noble in that faith in Nature’s capacity which prompts our race to increase and multiply upon the earth, trusting to the response which that earth is ready to yield to industrious toil. The essential selfishness of Malthusianism is one of the strongest objections that can be urged against its practice. By restricting the production of offspring in the most highly developed of

‘

Malthusianism/ the desired reformation

be sought.

races, or in

the most highly cultivated families of any

far

is virtually abandoned to and these would thus be enabled before long completely to outnumber and suppress the higher. The energy which prompts us to multiply is but part of the same vis viva which leads us to appropriate and

race, the future

of the world

the lowest types,

colonise every available spot of the earth’s surface.

Had

the doctrines of Malthus been adopted by Britons during

the last three centuries, the whole continent of America this moment have been in the hands of people such as that now occupying its central States, a people which must be reckoned among the least worthy of those

might at

claiming to be civilised. Professor says 4

Newman,

writing in

‘

Fraser’s

Magazine/

That by

living

on vegetable food, a larger popular Malthus was aware. It does

tion might be supported,

not seem to have occurred to him to remark, that only

by consenting to become chiefly vegetarian has any nation become populous ; that while the population is sparse, nations have been comparatively barbarous ; and

THE PERFECT

AY IN

DIET.

that the adoption of vegetarian diet has

and power.

dition of civilisation

been one con-

It is calculated, that to

produce the same quantity of human food (on a low average) as a cultivated acre will yield, three or four acres of grazing land are needed for flesh-meat

most

be selected

profitable crop

seven acres

England

nearer the truth.

over-peopled

;

ask, “

and

;

What

are told that

the proof?

“

There is constant pressing distress.” wonderful that this seems to any one a satisfactory If the population were at once cut down to what It is replied,

when Malthus’s

first

edition appeared,

there would be no such distress

the

comparison, six or

for

”

It is

reply. it

was

cerain that

Nay, there was then

such poverty that he assumed the country over-peopled.

Mere want and

however constant, can never much population to assume that it does is a perpetual fallacy of our economists. Too much vice too much bad law causing waste and disease, will infallibly produce suffering and pauperism, whatever the natural abundance and natural advantages for crops. In 1871 it was computed that the yearly destruction of grain to produce beer and spirits was such as would produce prove that there

suffering,

is too

;

four-pound loaves;

1,050 million

besides

this

61, 792

acres of the best land are used for growing hops.

Thus,

by ceasing

drink beer and

great increase to the available

spirits,

human

there

would be a

food, to say nothing

of the vast over-eating and waste almost universal in our rich towns. 1

What

more important

vice of drunkenness were cut

off,

still

—

if this

one

a prodigious mass of

misery would be removed, out of which spring pauperism

and new vice 1

;

the greater part of violent crime would

We have already

to speak, inseparable other.

observed that kreophagy and alcoholism are, so companions, whose steps keep pace one with the

— ECONOMICAL CONSIDERA TIONS.

and the vast waste of labour occasioned would be saved. No doubt when the people are kept

vanish,

from the land, they cannot get food out of

but for

that very reason, the question “ Is the land over-peopled

has never been put to any real test at

”

all.’

According to Lance, Middleton, Rawson, Breton, and other authorities, the estimated produce of an acre of

land in various kinds (excluding of course special considerations with regard

the following

soil,

climate, season,

etc.) is

Per Year

Produce

Per

Day |

Mutton Beef

....

228 182*

Peas Beans Indian Rice

com

1,680 1,800 2,300 1,650 1,800 3,120 4 65 20, 160

(maize)

Yams j

4* 5

4i 5

Potatoes Parsnips Carrots

IO 8 lbs.

..... ...... ...... ...... ..... ..... ..... ...... .....

Wheat 2 Barley Oats

oz.

lbs.

I2 I

55 74

26,880 33,600 40,000 56,000 75,000

Turnips Beets i

If we suppose a third of the

92 110 154 205

whole extent of land

our disposal consecrated to the production of the cereals,

and of such leguminous plants as peas, beans,

etc.

third to that of potatoes, beets, turnips (tubers

and

and the remaining third to the culture of fruits,

forests,

;

roots),

and

These are Middleton’s statements. In England the estimate of Mr. Greg less than one half the above is probably more correct. 2 Good land, especially under spade husbandry, will produce a great 1

—

deal more.

— THE PERFECT WAY IN

DIET.

etc., whose and wool would be utilised, we should, under such conditions, be able to support, on the same area, a

pasturage for the rearing of oxen, cows, sheep, labour, milk,

population

There

many

times greater than the present.

a branch of farming which, in this country,

does not receive half the attention

deserves.

I refer to

and fruit-gardens. If the land in England were cultivated more like a garden, our population would be fully and profitably employed, and we should want but little emigration and foreign supplies.

the cultivation of orchards

Many

clay soils which are not remunerative under a corn

crop, would be useful to their owners,

the country,

and valuable

planted with apple, pear, or plum

And, with regard

and

to the cost of building pits

houses for the rearing of less hardy

fruits

trees.

forcing-

— a proceeding

which the exigencies of our climate would necessitate the original outlay requisite on such structures and stocking would not exceed, if indeed it would equal, the sums of money risked annually upon the purchase and breeding of cattle, constantly subject to

and

diseases.

Moreover,

all

may

manner of epidemics

not be generally known,

on the plea of assisting food supply, Parliament has been pleased to help private individuals at the public exIn 1 86 1 inspectors were appointed to aid in the pense. promotion and extension of the Scotch salmon fisheries, and this aid, originally enacted for three years, has been annually renewed to the fishery owners by successive Governments. Why should not Parliament be equally kind to fruit-growers and market-gardeners on the ground

that,

of concern for the national food supply

‘

In the face of

Nottingham Evening Post/ farmers might very advantageously direct

the present agricultural depression/ says the

‘

their attention to planting waste pieces of land with fruit trees.

Though

the return for

money expenditure

in that

ECONOMICAL CONSIDERA TIONS. way

done.

not immediate,

There

no doubt

sure, if the

that were

work

IOT

more public

properly attention

directed to this question, a great impetus would be given to the cultivation of fruit

;

not only would there be more

trees planted, but the extra yield

would be more than

proportionately increased, owing to improved methods of cultivation.

The home food supply would be

consider-

ably greater, and the increase would be of that kind of

food which has an especially beneficial effect on the

human

frame. The true wealth of our country would be augmented, and the condition of those engaged in the most wholesome and primary of English home industries would be improved. Local flower and horticultural shows

do much towards the encouragement of fruit culture,

horticulture

and

but they have a very different effect from that

which would follow the appointment of a public inspector. He who competes at a show aims at producing fine fruit and vegetables, and it is for these that he has prizes No direct encouragement is thus offered to offered him. the occupier of waste plots of ground and hedge-rows to plant them with fruit trees. There would be a far better chance of such a desirable end being brought about if Government were to take the matter in hand. This is not a political matter, but an economical one. It is one which must in time receive more public attention ; and, in the meantime, those who believe with us will do well to exert themselves individually to

promote the

fruit-

growing capacities of the country.’

With regard to the utilisation of land lying waste and and about towns or hamlets, it has been suggested

idle in

that the

‘

labour test

with useful results,

’

might be applied in

and

this direction

that paupers, in return for the re-

afforded them out of the public rates, might be employed advantageously in many districts as drainers, tillers,

lief

THE PERFECT WA Y IN

102

and

agriculturists

;

DIET.

a measure which would not only lead

would conduce also in no small degree to sanitary improvement, by draining off stagnant pools, appropriating to purposes of manure innumerable rubbish heaps, rendering the general atmosphere purer, and ridding the country of to increase in the value of the wastes so utilised, but

some of its worst

nomical question us

now

nuisances.

have seen, thus inquire

how

what manner the ecoLet

briefly, in

affects the

country and the nation.

affects the Individual.

According to Dr. Lyon

Playfair, F.R.S., C.B.,

who for

several years directed a series of official investigations

the subject of military rations in England, France, Prussia,

and Austria, an adult man

good health requires daily and at least ten of dynamic substances (hydroin

four ounces of proteinaceous substances,

and a half ounces daily carbons and carbo-hydrates).

In order to obtain

proportion of proteinaceous matter to

consume weekly

—

this

would be necessary Price (about) s.

147 ounces of butcher’s meat or 93 cheese

^341

or 175 or 127

•

ordinary white bread

oatmeal

dried peas

In order to obtain the necessary proportion of dynait would be necessary to

mic or caloric-forming substance, consume weekly

—

Price (about) s.

416 ounces of butcher’s meat cheese or 224 „ ordinary bread or 298 ,,

7 2

9 10

or 6 16

potatoes

or 221

dried peas

or 183

oatmeal

•

—

ECONO MICA L CONSIDERA TIONS.

103

It will be seen, according to these tables, that the same elements of nutrition are furnished by bread, cheese, oat-

meal,

and peas

at a price invariably less than half that of

butcher’s meat, and that, difference of cost

Edward Smith,

Dr.

the cheese be excepted, the

u much more

remarkable.

F.R.S., who, in 1864, under the

direction of the Government, conducted certain inquiries into the kind

poor

classes,

penny as unit

and quantity of food in use among the showed that at the same price taking a

—

—a man

may have 1

Grains of Carbon

[

Grains ot Nitrogen

Bread

1-450 2*500

Barley

Oatmeal

I-5I3 1-330 1*380

Wheatmeal 1

Rice Maize Peas Milk Beef

2*800 I ,

Mutton Pork

Ham

*820

873 320 415 483 510

66 93 75 60 35 12 F 170 87

20 18 12

have then in favour of a vegetable dietary a

quadruple economy.

In a paper read before the Manchester

Statistical

by Mr. W. Hoyle, the waste caused by the predietetic habits of the population was thus epito-

Society, vailing

mised ‘There :

agriculture

is not only much loss and waste by defective and by waste of sewage, but also by an inju-

dicious use of food. ... It is proved that a shilling’s worth of flour or oatmeal, as well as fruit and other vegetable goods, will give as much nourishment as five shil-

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; THE PERFECT WAY

104

lingsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

worth of

flesh

;

and

IN' DIET.

we assume

that,

the average, the six million families of the United King-

dom

reduced their consumption of animal food by only one pound a week, it would give a saving of ten or twelve million pounds sterling per annum.â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Elsewhere the same statistician observes that it is possible to buy in vegetable food five times the quantity of nutritive matter obtainable for the same price in animal food, and that the sum necessary to support yearly a single person living on the ordinary mixed fare would suffice to sustain at least three or four vegetarians.

The average results of all these calculations, which it would be easy but useless to multiply by further references, and the examination of the comparative value of animal and vegetable products, whether wholesale or retail, may be thus resumed :

given area of ground, consecrated to the culture

of corn, vegetables, and to

fruit, and to pasturage sufficient meet the needs of a non-flesh-eating people, would yield

provision capable of sustaining a population about six

times greater than

the

same area

present

dis-

tributed. 2.

vegetable dietary, to which even cheese, butter,

and milk less

are added, costs per head three or four times

than a mixed dietary of flesh and vegetables.

Hence the economy of land the economy of expense, and consequently both national and private wealth and prosperity would be enormously increased by a return to the dietetic habits indicated as natural to man by his And inphysical structure and by his moral instincts. deed we feel it impossible to insist too strongly on the value and importance of these economical considerations when we reflect on the misery and suffering which ,

exist everywhere, especially in great cities.

The

extent

— OVER-BREEDING.

io 5

and grossness of the ignorance of the poor on the subof the physiological relation and chemical value of foods cannot be gauged it is equalled only by their general obstinacy and unwillingness to be instructed on the subject. Yet there lies before them a Way to Paradise, simple enough and straight enough for all to take a way by following which the poor might all attain health, happiness, ease, and the comfort of rearing children

ject

;

without dread of famine, vice, or slavery. If

animals ?

What then is to become of we not be overrun by them

be asked, Shall

‘

all

the

answer to such questions is not far to seek. Cease to breed beasts for purposes of food. Nature will know how to right herself and recover the equilibrium which man

The breeding

of cattle and game is far in These creatures are multiplied intentionally by human intervention, by selection, by importation, and by all imaginable contrivances. It must, however, be borne in mind that, with the increase of culture and tillage which is advocated by the reformed system, a large number of oxen would be required to aid in agricultural labour their ancient and legitimate As for rabbits, hares, and feathered game, service. everyone knows that these animals are maintained in excessive numbers for purposes of sport .’ That, for

has violated.

excess of nature.

—

‘

the time being,

artificial

habits have disturbed rhe just

is proved by the fact that those creawhich are not used for food by man do not increase to any appreciable, still less to any injurious, extent. Do we risk being devoured or overrun by badgers,

balance of nature tures

beavers, squirrels, hedgehogs, donkeys, horses

Not long ago rabbits were reported to have become so scarce in Denmark that an agent of that country was comm ssioned to import 1

50,000 of these animals from France to recruit the Danish warrens.

PERFECT WA V IN DIET.

TI1E

io6

home by

being pecked out of house and lings, or goldfinches ?

in obtaining horses

Have we

robins, star-

not even great difficulty

and other beasts of burden

at reason-

able prices, although these creatures are never killed for food, save by a few eccentrics in Paris?

man

unless

Nature indeed,

wilfully disarrange her laws, so regulates the

mutual relation of things as to prevent the undue multiany one kind of animal.

plication of

Again,

system

will

mand

its

present habits to a purer

be other than very gradual.

now

creatures which are

ample time

improbable that the

in the last degree

conversion of the world from

artificially

to decrease gradually in

for their flesh gradually

animals, too,

let

Therefore those

increased will have

number as the deMost of these

lessens.

us recollect, are not indigenous to our

climate, but have been at

a remote

period

imported

from distant parts of the globe ; the ox probably from Among our Oriental countries, the sheep from Africa. captive descendants of the wild kine there have been so many changes wrought by the hand of man as strangely to

Those enfeebled,

modify nature.

animals which

indolent, sad-faced

see in our fields and streets are a de-

generate race, shaped by art and propagated merely to

pamper vicious appetites. Stand awhile in any pasture and observe the sheep. He is a mere mass of flesh, supported on four small straight legs, ill-fitted for carryHis movements are awkward and ing such a burden. slothful, he is easily fatigued, and frequently sinks under the weight of his

own

corpulence.

And

in proportion to

the degree of the transformation to which human device has subjected him and his ancestry, the creature becomes

helpless, inert,

batten upon very

and

fertile

Oxen and sheep which become fat and feeble to

stupid.

lands

an extraordinary degree, those that lack horns being the

— THE LEATHER QUESTION. dullest

and

heaviest, while those

finest are

most subject

whose

107

fleeces are longest

to disease.

In short, whatever changes have been wrought in these

doomed and

unfortunate brutes by man, are en-

bring them under the same curse of

tirely calculated to

as that which man has brought For the truth is, as has been said by the poet Shelley, himself one of the apostles of our doctrine Man, and the other animals whom he has depraved by his dominion, are alone diseased. Wild creatures are exempt from malady, and die either by accident or from mature old age. But the domestic hog, sheep, cow, and dog are subject to an incredible variety of distempers, and, like the corruptors of their nature, have physicians who thrive upon their miseries. The supereminence of man is the supereminence of pain/ But, while on questions of economy, distribution, and commerce, it is proper to say a word on some other points which occur in connection with the traffic in and consumption of flesh, the chief of which concern the interests of the leather and fur trades, the use of animal manure, and the practices of sport and trapping. With regard to the first two considerations, we may safely rely on the time-proven axiom of commerce, that demand creates supply. If, for instance, any large section of the public should insist on having vegetable leather, the article before long would be plentiful in the market, and improvements in its manufacture would continuously be announced. That already, even in the absence of any great demand, it is in the market, is evident from the following, taken from the Leather Merchants’ Almanac

disease

upon

and degradation

himself.

‘

’

(1877) ‘

Under

the

of “ Improvements in the ManufacLeather” a patent has recently been

title

ture of Vegetable

;

THE PERFECT WAY IN DIET.

io8

obtained in this country for an invention which promises

and cheap products. Fucus of and laminaria are well known sea-weeds, on the sea coast as grass in the fields, and

to utilise certain waste

several species,

as plentiful

waste textile materials of vegetable origin are in sufficient

abundance

employment

to find profitable

in the

manu-

Sheets of carded wadding are

facture of this leather.

manufactured from cotton waste or from cotton

itself,

according to the quality required, of uniform thickness,

and width.

length,

These sheets are then placed on

polished zinc or other metal plates, and coated with a

concentrated decoction of fucus crispus or pearl moss, or other fucus or mucilaginous lichen, or with any similar substance.

The metal

plates require to be kept hot in

order to allow the decoction to penetrate thoroughly into

The

the filaments of the cotton.

sheet

then dried

quickly, thus giving to the surface applied to the metal plate

a glazed or polished appearance, resembling the gloss of ordinary leather, and, thus prepared, it is passed between two heated cylinders or rollers perfectly polished, having a space between them according to the thickness reGreat pressure is needed to press all the filaquired. ments of cotton thoroughly together, and to render the thickness uniform. oil,

and dried

in the

It is

open

then coated with boiled linseed air,

or by

wax

dry, a coat of thin vegetable

sheet it is

artificial heat. is

applied,

When

and the

softened by passing through heated fluted rollers

then passed through other polished

rollers

according

to the quality required, either plain, morocco, embossed, glazed, or otherwise,

and

next bronzed, varnished, and

finished like ordinary leather.

It is

waterproof and easily

stamped.â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

similar

leather

has been

recently into French commerce.

introduced

still

CRUELTY OF THE EUR- TRADE.

log

As for the furs, they are worn rather as a luxury and ornament than as a necessity, and may easily be dispensed with, even by the most delicate, and in our northern climate, as I myself know by personal experience. Let the following short sketch of some of the horrors of the fur trade suffice to give a faint idea of the price

we pay

blood and suffering for the

decorate our women, and what cost to

which no gold can compensate, to the careless â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;

Man

whims of

furs

human

which nature,

involved by obedience

fashion.

desires hides, horns, feathers, ivory

siders himself fully justified

;

and con-

in satisfying these desires,

however extreme or whimsical, by the destruction of life. The savage, in need of clothing and unable to manufacture woollen garments, may indeed plead the necessity of wrapping himself in furs ; but can civilised man, who is well acquainted with the art of producing artificial coverings, equal if not superior to furs, advance the same plea ? He must urge in justification of his killing and torturing in order to obtain furs and feathers, not his necessities, but his luxuries, whims, and caprices. It may be useful to glance at the sealskin trade as an instance in point.

Unfortunately for the seal and

for.

humanity, a method has been discovered of converting the greyish hue of

its

fur into

a rich lustrous brown.

Forthwith sealskins have become the rage, and find a ready sale at high prices. To obtain them extensive hunting expeditions are organised and conducted with

an amount of cruelty which in all the dealings of

man

perhaps without parallel

towards the lower animals.

most readily captured at the time when they have young cubs not yet capable of following their mothers through the water. At this time they may be Seals are

found upon the shores of certain Arctic regions in great

— THE PERFECT WAY IN DIET.

IIO

numbers, and here accordingly they are attacked. The mother seals are stunned with blows from clubs and then flayed, often before dead, it being considered that the fur is

thus obtained in a

The

lustrous condition.

little

and hunger. The frightful be more fully understood if

seals are left to perish of cold

atrocity of this system will

we remember animal

and a

that the seal stands high in the scale of

and possesses a

life,

large well -developed brain

delicate nervous system.

All this cruelty

fore perpetrated for the sake of “ fashion,”

wearers of sealskin jackets It is true that

system, and mitigate is

make themselves

continues,

the

manner we have

The time chosen for

intents

all

demand

obtained

sketched.’

for

sub-

on the same

very period that of

Except

supply will be

Daily Telegraph,’ in an article

subject, says 1

accessory.

horrors by legislative enactments, but there

its

there-

some voices have been raised against this some attempts have been made to

stantially in the

The

that

every reason to fear that as long as the

sealskin

all

and

for the all

hunting

unfortunately the

others ought to be kept close.

a very short part of the year the seal lives to sea. But the female,

and purposes on the open

when about

to bring forth, seeks the shelter of the shore,

where she suckles and watches her cubs until they are At this time, wherold enough to shift for themselves. ever there are seals along the coast, herds of them will be found from a quarter to half a mile inland. The proportions are very much those of a drove of deer. The main body will consist of females, each with one or two helpless little ones, while the males keep about the outskirts of the flock. ... As soon as a herd of this kind is spied, the boats are manned, and the whole vessel’s 1

American Journal

1877.

CRUELTY OF THE FUR- TRADE.

crew, armed with bludgeons and axes, starts upon a “ cutting-out expedition, ” at the horrors of which hu-

manity may well shudder.

The

only

way

a seal with completeness and despatch

to effectually

by a heavy blow with a bludgeon, or a deep cut with an axe, so as either to crush or sever the nasal bones ; and when the boats’ crews have got ashore, an indiscriminate slaughter is commenced, the whole herd being often butchered before a single one can reach the water’s edge. The kill

adult quarry

skinned with

often as not with the

life

still

all

possible haste,

The

it.

cubs,

and

who

as lie

moaning and whinnying by the side of their dams, are knocked on the head if big enough to give their fur any value, and if too small to be worth the skinning are left without even the mercy of a coup de grace. Old sealhunters tell us and we can well believe it— that it takes a man some time to get used to such cruel butchery, and

—

that the half-human wailing of the

little

seals, as

they

about the mangled carcase of their mother, a sound that, until he is hardened to the work will make

climb and

roll

a man’s sleep uneasy at nignt.’

Yet one more quotation on this subject, the ethics of which are so homely, and so important to women, who should be, above all things, merciful. ‘If there be a specially unpleasant sight,’ says the ‘

Birmingham Town

Crier,’ ‘it is to see

a group of dirty

rascals prowling along the hedge-rows, intent

sacre of small birds.

The

on the mas-

birds are the heralds of a better

and dirty some dismal future, dead, admiration impossible, and

time, but their low-bred

assassins

the heralds of

seem to be which joy shall be gratitude unknown. Vastly different are the dainty ladies who trip up arid down our streets and turn their gloom into gaiety. These are nicely dressed, have smiling faces, wear fair colours,

THE PERFECT WA Y TV DIET

112

and are pleasant to see. And yet there is one little bond of union between the fellow lurking behind the hedge-row, and the dainty lady who has just stepped out of some handsome carriage. The man has just wrung the neck of a wounded thrush, and stuffed it into his pocket to join the last shot blackbird and the woman has a birdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bright wing stuck on one side of her pretty hat and on the other side a tiny humming bird, all gold, and bronze, and green, and scarlet, nods at each movement of its wearer. Yes, and we are authoritatively told that these adornments .

;

women are torn from the birds while yet alive, that may have its full brilliancy. Now women ought to know that they have literally

of our

the plumage â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;

no excuse for indulging in these barbarities. They have worn almost every object that can possibly be fastened to human dress. As a rule, whatever women wear seems to become them, and they have no excuse for seeking out strange devices, least of

all for

encouraging bird slaughter,

out of the mere idleness of vanity, and for the sake of fashion.

who

There

not one

man on

the face of this earth,

who will admire any woman has some slaughtered birdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s pluWe know that those things are

not a knave or a

fool,

more because she mage in her bonnet. mere ornament. They do not

the

do not comand they are literally to be ranked amongst the most brutal adornments that the depravity of bad taste has ever hung about human creafort

;

their sole office

protect, they

to adorn,

No woman who

wears these things can know the can ever have watched them in ; the long spring days, or have listened to them as daylight lingers, and the air is heavy with fragrance, and glad with music. The dainty goldfinch, clad in a livery which seems tures.

beauty of living birds

as to

had been designed to unite grace with gaiety, and show how great glory can dwell with the smallest of if it

— THE MANURE QUESTION.

His but a few thistle seeds to live on. ways are charming, his colours are delightful, his music is heavenly, and he is fast disappearing that women’s hats may be stuck over with wings torn from his living body. So we might go through the catalogue, for no bird is sacred from the harpies who in the secret dens of fashion idols as of old dress out their dolls and paint their idols, that crave for life, and are as of old to be satisfied only

this earth, asks

—

with living sacrifices. ‘

the

little

thought only is wanted

hand of the

hideous trade ended. Or too strong for us

;

a little

reflection,

and

would be stayed, and his ” the example of our “ highest

bird-assassin

who

are in lowly places

Has the taint

of Hurlingham spread over the whole nation ?

too

conscience of an outraged humanity to rise

late for the

against that tyranny of fashion which daily seeks to stain its

more deeply with blood, and

sports

women

with the spoils of cruelty and pain

adorn

its

’

Next, with regard to the question sometimes asked,

how

the soil

to be

manured

any considernumbers of our

for crops, if

able decrease should take place in the

Professor Laws, who has made the study of manures the work of his life, and who is the recognised authority on this question all over the world, has written cattle.

as follows

cases where artificial food is employed, or where the consumption of food is not attended with profit, it is better to restore the superabundance of green crops

‘In

all

directly to the soil for the after-growth of corn, than to

pass

through the stomachs of animals.

There

magical property in the black mass called dung which does not exist in the food, and the passage of straw or turnips

through the viscera of an animal, so 1

far

from adding to

— THE PERFECT WAY IN

114

DIET.

the value of these substances used as manure, abstracts a large proportion of their valuable elements.’ ‘

may be

of the tract,

‘

further pointed out,’ says a correspondent

commenting on the above

Dietetic Reformer,’

ex-

that Mr. Smith, the successful farmer of Woolston,

has never put a barrowful of manure on his land in his life.

air to

manure the ground during the

ploughs deeply in the autumn, and allows the winter, before sow-

ing in the spring.’

closely connected with the rationale of kreophagy are the ethics, traditions, and achievements of sport.’ In his highest development man is not a hunter, but a Still

systematic

‘

The

gardener.

intellectual,

and

the desire to for

mere

kill

of the Garden

spirit

that of the Chase,

and the

incompatible with

inevitable tendency of moral,

aesthetic progress is to eradicate in

and

The

to torment.

life

and cannot

be,

destruction’s sake has never been,

a source of pleasure to any civilised

where such destruction

jungle-lands and other

poisonous

reptiles,

man

destruction of

human being

;

and,

necessary, as in the clearing of

infested by carnivora, and vermin, the work of extermination districts

should be undertaken rather as a duty than as a pastime, precisely as righteous

war

undertaken by the hero,

being neither shunned for selfish motives, nor compromised with for convenience or comfort’s sake, but intrepidly

and conscientiously performed in the spirit of For the true man is the redeemer, not the

the redeemer.

tyrant of the earth.

Moved, perhaps, by such sentiments

as these,

Mon-

French essayist of the sixteenth century, who has aptly been called the modern Plutarch,’ expresses himself thus on the subject of the chase, in his taigne, the celebrated

‘

days as popular as

now

‘

sport:

115

been able to see, without and defenceless animal, from we receive no offence or harm, pursued and

For

part I have never

displeasure, an innocent

whom

And when

slaughtered.

a deer, as

commonly happens,

and strength, without other resource, throws herself down and surrenders, as it were, to her pursuers, begging for mercy by her tears,

finding herself without breath

Questuque cruentus Atque imploranti similis , 1

has always appeared to me a very sad spectacle.’ Yet so little way with the mass of people has been made by the generous and manly spirit thus expressed, during a period of more than two centuries, that week after week in the sporting season our newspapers rethis

’

‘

cord the wholesale slaughter of hares, pheasants, grouse, and other animals in the preserves of some illustrious

member

of the

Upper House

learning that his

and it ; Royal Highness or

‘bagged,’ like any poulterer, so

written for our

his

ducal grace

many head

of game.

At Hurlingham and elsewhere, where the ‘ nobility (save the mark !) of the country accustom themselves to do butcher’s work on an incredible number of tame and de* fenceless pigeons, it is forbidden by the laws of sport to aim twice at the same bird. If, therefore, the shooter should not be sufficiently dexterous to kill his victim at first fire, the wretched bird falls wounded on the grass, and pants away its life as best it may. And while the poor dead and dying doves drop bleeding at their feet, creatures with the forms and the faces of women sit by in gala attire, laughing, chattering, and smiling their sweetest on the slaughterers. ’

With

plaintive cries, all covered with blood,

of a suppliant.’

—

Virgil’s yEneis

viii.

and

in the attitude

THE PERFECT WAY IN

DIET.

Then we have the battues, which are perhaps even more horrible and savage in their details than the pigeon sport/ and these, too, are attended by ladies. Long since the voice of this country condemned bearBut baiting, bull-fighting, and the sport of the cockpit. the spirit of these barbarous games still survives at Hurlingham and in the park-preserves of many a noble peer. One word in conclusion on the subject of trapping. ‘

Farmers, owners of rabbit-warrens, gardeners,

bailiffs

and others are in the daily habit of using for the destruction of ground vermin, gins so ingeniously and hideously cruel that one can hardly read These gins the description of them without a shudder. are constructed with a spring which snaps violently on the animal’s leg, bruising, cutting, and often breaking it, and very often completely separating the softer parts of All the rabbits I have seen the limb from the bone. taken from these traps had the feet more than half severed, and the wounds inflamed by a struggle of many

large properties,

hours’ duration

for the creatures are generally

;

the gins overnight,

and throughout

the

caught in

long interval

keeper makes his morning

which supervenes rounds, they hang

until the

teeth of the vice,

beating and rending their wounds in

their frantic efforts to escape.

as is

the

‘

Lancet

inflicted with

’

and

torn, lacerated,

It is

well observes,

‘

terrified

a grim reflection,’

that all this suffering

sufficient object.

The

only rational

explanation of the cruelty seems to be that those traps of this class in

their

extent to which such engines tures caught in them.

for the bird-traps,

who

set

grounds are unaware of the

maim and

would

exaggerate the suffering they

on the

agonise the crea-

in truth

difficult to

entail.’

the captive taken in these

seized generally by the feet

and hangs head downwards

RECAPITULA Tioy. for four or five days,

till it

it;

dies of starvation or exhaustion

from struggling.

These are matters which might be separately and by the Legislature. They are named here only because they bear a family relation and likeness to that class of barbarisms, wastes, and blunders, of which the shambles, the chase, the battue, and the vivisector’s laboratory are characteristic types, and whose directly dealt with

spirit

inherently antagonistic to the needs, intuition,

and progress of civilised humanity. It

has

sufficiently

now been shown

—what

— briefly

indeed, but

I trust

support for the system advocated in

these pages is derived from the facts of comparative anatomy, physiology, history, chemistry, and political and social economy ; what corroboration for its doctrines is

furnished by the actual experience of

and

modern nations

communities, by the testimony of experimental

medicine, and by the consideration of the moral duties

we owe

own kind and

to the races below us. In must be remembered, no social or philosophical system is scientific and complete which omits from its definition of humanity the moral nature, since it is precisely the development of the sentiments honour, love, justice, generosity which distinto our

regard to this last point,

—

guishes the

human being from

the brute, the civilised

man from the savage and the criminal. And if, for the vindication of the

views advanced be necessary or helpful to adduce authority, they have as advocates such a mighty array of names ancient and modern as no other school which the world has yet seen can boast. To these illustrious names of men who have thought as I think, and whose disciple no one need be ashamed to be, I make appeal ; to Pythain these

pages

1 1

THE PERFECT WA Y

IN. DIET.

Gautama Buddha, to Socrates, Seneca, and and Apollonius of Tyana, to Origen, Chrysostom, and Francis Assisi, to Gassendi, in short, to all the most serious Gleizes, and Shelley and luminous minds of the ancient and modern world. goras and

to Porphyry,

Plutarch,

—

For with

these the

all

essential step towards per-

first

fectionment, whether of the individual or of the com-

munity, was so to regulate

life

that

its

sustenance should

involve no shock to the moral conscience.

The

modern school of Magi who initiated of the Therapeuts, who drew their origin and

doctrine, which

that of the

abstainers from flesh, was that of the

Daniel

;

knowledge from Egyptian adepts ; of the Buddhists, an expression of whose beautiful teaching is prefixed to their

this essay

their

of the Nazarites,

;

number

;

and companion, John Recluses

who eye

the Baptist

;

of the Ebionites and

of the exponents of the Christian

;

Gnosis,’

kept alive and bequeathed to us through the Neo-

Platonists ’

who counted Jesus among who produced his friend

of the Essenes,

and

ness to

that 4

spirit

hearing ear

men

understanding,

that

of pure heart and

life,

imitate the illuminati

seeing

life.

In extolling this pure heart, in advocating

and blameless

‘

possible only in their complete-

’

indicating this

all

ages.

this clean

perfect way,

May

those

as yet unable wholly to endorse their practice

who

and

we are

ours,

pardon at least the love which inspires a project of emancipation from the tyranny of disease, luxury, injustice, poverty, and melancholy, which, under the present system, have attained such a height as to render existence well-nigh insupportable

Thus, in the recoil from a pseudo-civilisation, the mind reverts for the principles of a true civilisation to times long past ; and this treatise, whose opening pages

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

;

CONCLUSION.

recount a passage in the ministry of Buddha, the

redeemer, cannot be more

fitly

Hindu

closed than by the appeal

ascribed by Ovid to Pythagoras, the Samian sage.

O mortals, to taint your bodies with forbidden Com have we the boughs bend under a load of fruit Forbear,

food

;

Our

vines

abound

in swelling grapes

;

our fields with wholesome

herbs,

Whereof those of a cruder kind may be softened and mellowed by fire.

Nor

Earth

milk denied us, nor honey smelling of the fragrant thyme lavish of her riches, and teems with kindly stores,

;

Providing without slaughter or bloodshed for

all

manner of delights.

beasts indeed allay their hunger with flesh,

The savage

flocks, the kine, subsist on grass and ravenous nature Bears, wolves, Armenian tigers, and the angry brood of lions These delight in meats reeking with the red tide of life.

But the wild horse, the

They only of a

O impious

custom, to bury entrails in entrails, to fatten a craving

body with the Maintaining the another Is

fierce

flesh of its fellow,

life

of one creature by the murderous death of

possible indeed that amidst the plenty

which

earth, the best of

parents, so bountifully bestows,

Nothing can delight you but to tear wounded flesh, and to renew the barbarous Cyclopean feasts ? Cannot the desires of your ravenous and unrighteous appetite be appeased Save by the destruction of the life of your fellows ? But they of ancient times, justly called the Age of Gold, Content with the fruit of their trees and the herbs of earth, stained not their lips with blood

Then might

;

the birds in safety traverse the airy expanse and the

hare rove fearless over field and moor,

Nor were even

the credulous fish beguiled

by the

deceitful

hook

;

Snares and treachery were unknown, no dread of fraud disturbed the mind, all things were full of peace.

Then

arose that impious contriver of innovations,

man

his innocent repasts,

who

first

envied

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

;

THE PERFECT WAY IN DIET.

120

And, gorging

his

lustful

appetite with flesh, opened a door for

cruelty.

What

have you merited to born to bless and serve !

Whose

sheep

placid, inoffensive race,

udders yield sweet milk, whose fleeces clothe us with

full

soft

die, us,

raiment,

Comforting us more by your lives than by your deaths ? you, O oxen guileless and docile, mild and innocent, made

And

man,

to labour for

lie indeed

unmindful of your services, and

all

unworthy the

gifts

of Ceres,

Who, having

but now unyoked his gentle labourer from the plough, can harden himself to shed his blood smite with an axe that neck worn in his service with toil, which !

so often has renewed his else unfruitful

fields,

many rich and welcome harvest Nor is it enough that men commit such crimes as these, They ascribe to the Gods their own wickedness, and pretend Bringing him so

that

even the Divine Powers delight in innocent blood victim without spot and of surpassing beauty (as if to be perfect were to deserve death) :

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

Such an one, adorned with garlands and with gold, they lead

to the

votive altar

knowing what

hears the prayer of the priest, not

And

sees the corn

he helped to produce,

laid

it means, between the horns on

his forehead,

Then, struck by the

sacrificial knife,

he dyes with his lifeblood

the blade

Whose gleam perchance he beheld

in the transparent fountain at

his feet.

Straightway the priest tears the entrails from his panting bosom,

Seeking

to learn

from these the mind of the high Gods

Whence have men this lust for unlawful How, O mortal race, can you endure to Refrain, I beseech you

And, when you would Know and reflect that stroy

give heed to

feast it is

food

eat of

? it ?

precepts

on the limbs of the dismembered ox, the tiller of your fields you would de-

CONCLUSION.

How

unholy a custom,

how

easy a

way

121

human murder he makes

for himself

Who And

and hears unmoved

cuts the innocent throat of the calf,

mournful plaints slaughters the

little

kid,

whose cry

like the cry of a child,

Or devours the birds of the air which his own hands have Ah, how little is wanting to fill the cup of his wickedness What unrighteous deed is he not ready to commit Suffer the

its

to plough,

and impute

his death to age

fed

and Natureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

hand,

Let the sheep continue to yield us sheltering wool, and the goats the produce of their loaded udders,

Banish from among you nets and snares and painful Conspire no longer against the birds, nor scare the hide with fraud the crooked hook

Make war on But

let

noxious creatures, and

artifices,

meek

deer, nor

;

kill

them

only,

your mouths be empty of blood, and satisfied with pure and

natural repasts

* !

Metam.,

tONDON SPOTTISWOODE AND

lib.

xy.

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