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70
Art.
Indian
III.?The
Osmond
Travels
account
in
have fellow
his materials
as friend, as Hawkesworth
much
assume
that
and
India,
tho
in a
ho
has
only
state.
completo
has
Tyancusis,
note-book
indeed
an
given
of
he
to
Damis, Apollonius's to havo edited that
professes the journals wo may of Cook, account of and authontic original
edited an
given that
ono
Esq.
to India; and as ho professes
tho
from
By
of Tyana.
1859.]
Apollonius
visit
and
traveller
note-book
world
of
lifo
of that philosopher's
drawn
fairly
his
Piuaulx,
19thFebruary,
[Read PniLosTiiATUS,
of Apollonius
Db Beauvoir
como
has
as
Again,
us
to
down
was
Apollonius
from tho
tho
only
olden Grcok
who up to this timo had visited India for other purposes than those of war, negotiation, or commerce; as ho visited it to mako himself with
acquainted unincumbered with
Damis,
Damis
with
its rites, and doctrines; and as ho travelled discipline, a retinue, and was welcomed and was, by by its kings, for four months tho guest its Brahmans of ; ho, and of familiar intercourse with him, had every opportunity
all classes of its population, on
information
Philostratus's a
and of thus acquiring much and accurate tho
beyond
reach
of
account, then, is full of promise;
condensed
authority
matters
translation and
of
it,
aud
travellers.
ordinary
and I propose to givo to
afterwards
examine
into
its
value.
Towards tho close of tho first half century of our era, Apollonius being then upwards of 40 years of ago1 and resident at Antioch, set out to visit India, its Brahmans and Sramans (Wppavcs). Ho took with
him
arrived
two only at Nineveh,
slaves, family ho met with
of the place, who recommended knowledge
of
tho
Persian, Armenian,
road
to
to act and
himself
Babylon,
and Cadusian
apparently wras joined and
as his
secretaries2; a nativo
by Damis,
to his notico by a practical an
languages.
acquaintance
Together
with
tho
thoy journey
1Yet he irpoaijKtiv yap vupavtipi speaks of himself as a young man, airoHnptiv I. B. HI c. I presume this from their qualifications; tho one is a good, tho other a cpiiclc o ptv ?c r?x??tf Svoiv Otpavrovroiv, fara otntp nvrtp vrarptKio nornv, penman:
?
ypafoji;
6 o" f Ka\\oc,~ib.
INDIAN TRAVELS OF APOLLONIUS OF TYANA. on to Babylon, but warned by a Cassia and thoso Eretrians, whom settled there, and whom they find they heard, using Greek letters1, and so
Herodotus
fountain
turn aside
dream first Darius, 500 still speaking still dwelling
7l to visit
years before, had Greek, and still, as near that wondrous
described.
carefully
At Babylon, Apollonius and his friend and attendants remain 18 months ; and thon, in tho beginning of summer, proceed for India on camels, and with a guide furnished by tho Parthian king Bardanos. Gf their routo wo know only that it lay through a rich and pleasant and country, to and supply
that
tho
their
villages thoy passed wants ; for a gold
to do
hurried plate
on
their
them leading
honour camel
announced them guests of the king. Wo now hear of them enjoying tho perfumed air2 at tho foot of Caucasus, the Iliiidu-kuh, which, whilo it separates India from Media, extends by ono of its branches to tho Rod Sea3. Gf this mountain, they heard from the barbarians They wero told of Prometheus and myths like thoso of the Greek. not
the
others
to
Hercules, cavern,
it is not
J lis memory
of two
tho mountain's
place whcro Prometheus made
aud
Thcban,
tho
eagle
peaks,
; somo a stadium
apart,
a
to
pointed as
tho
was bound, and his chains, though of what
to guess4, easy too is still dear
still to
Damis hung, tho mountaineers,
from tho rocks. says, for his who sake
still pursue- tho caglo with hate; and now lay snares for it, and now with fiery javelins destroy its nest5. On tho mountain ihey find the 1 Tho Cerumns tho Viccntino, and (lerniuns;
of
in the sixth century whom Theodoric located aro known as tho "Sctto Communi,"
and who
iu the mountains arc to this day who settled at
after the Edict the French of Nantes, refugees arc still French; in Hesse then that these Krctrians Ilomhurg, is nothing should during so many years have retained their language and customs that from the day of their expulsion But is it not strange vary extraordinary. their voice has never heen heard wivo in these pages of I'liilostratus ? from Creeeo
Friodrichsdorf
so near to Babylon, the notice of incredible, they escaped that, though who the ono so signally punished, and the other so and his historians, of tho perfidious and self-exiled Branchidfe ?? carefully recorded tlu> punishment Straho I. xi. xii. c. 49. " 2 So Burnes the plain of I'cshawar, descrihea the thyme and violets perfumed sweet "a At Muehnco ii. smell was exhaled aromatic from 7?.) air," (Cahool, tho grass and plants," (ih. 101). " 3 Wilford or tho Red Sea.*' (As. the Indian ocean is called Arunoda, says lies. viii. p. 310) 4 K?i rnv dtopa o Aa/nc axnjtpOai riou nerpiov X?y?i, ov paSia rrvpfiaWuv B. 3 c. v\)jv.?U. r'Tho same tale is in Arrian and Straho. Wilford thus accounts for it : not far from Banyam is the den of Garuda, the bird-god ; he devoured some servants of Malta Deva, and this drew upon him tho resentment of that irascihle deity, whoso servants are called Pramat'haa. ? As. Res. viii. 259. and almost
Alexander
INDIAN TRAVELS OF APOLLONIUS OF TYANA.
72
on people already inclined to black1, and tho men four cubits high: men On their Indus fivo cubits2. reached tho the other side tho way to the river, as they wero going along in tho bright moonshine-, an Empusa
met
them,
who
now
in
this
form
now
in that,
pursued
them
;
but Apollonius, and his companions at his instigation, railed at it, tho ouly safeguard against it, till it fled away jabbering3. As they approached tho summit of tho mountain,?the dwelling found tho road so steep of the Gods as their guido told thorn,?they that they wero obliged to go on foot. Ou tho othor side, in the country botween Caucasus and tho Cophcn4, thoy met men riding ou others on elephants, but they wore only elephant herdsmen; can a run 1000 stadia in day without rest6. Hero dromedaries, which an Indian on a dromedary rodo up to them and asked their guide whither they wero going; and when ho heard tho object of their to journey ho told tho herdsmen, who shouted for joy, called to them como near, and gave them wiuo and honey, both got from tho palm; and also slices of lion and panther flesh, just killed0. They accepted an easterly direction. everything but the flesh, aud rodo onward in courso in tho of to dine; sat down and, thoy had met Indians that observed many thoy 'Apollonius that with and drunk and rolling about, palin-wiuo7, dancing, singing, was and of orichalcum tho Indian Indian, moucy bronze?purely At
a
fountain
conversation,
and
not
stamped
like
tho Roman
and Median
coins8.
i Strabo xv. 8 Oncsicritus
1. c. ?13. Iiulica, c. vi. Arrian, Lord Oornwallis p. 55, ? 25. (Corres Frag. Hist. Alex. Didot., Sir C. Napier remarks on the great height of the Bengal Sepoys; (Life) pondence) two inches below them, but cover moro ground. Tall thinks our infantry average men therefore; but five cubits ! 3 " At the foot of the Indus and Cabool river . . . nn ignis fatuus shows itself II., p. fill. every evening.'*?Humes, * roclc mountain, the bright the Cabool. Caucasus GrAvaliAsas, Cophen, I. p. 12. "Das Alte Indien," Bohlen, " 3 . . . had of tho Knja of Bilcanccr An elderly minister ICIphinstouc says on a camel 175 miles in three days. Introduction, p. 230, I. v.) (Caubul, just conic a inarch of 110 or !)() miles Sir C. Napier mentions by his camel corps without a halt (" Life of Sir Ch. Napier," II., 4111), and has no doubt with riding camels in 411 hours.*?III., 200 miles of marching 7H. f' : "Siropayoi 5e . . . . Ivoot of a remark of Arrian's, An exaggeration probably etmv, <j(Totye/u/0(>?ioi avnov' ovroi $t ra O^ma Kpta oiriovra. ? 5) ("Indica,"xvH. else they can get (ElphiuBtone ib. llcsli and anything of Cauliristaun, e.g. "bears' d.'lO. II., 431), "they all eat llesh half raw,"?M. " " 7 Of the. Bamo mountaineers, Elphinstone: (ib.) they drink wine to excess " wine: Rclimtos the of ,/Elian, I. 61, speaks of the Indian drinking bouts; Pliny " vinum ut Indos pahnis cxprimoro vi, 112). Tbo Vishnu Piirmia of (Hist. Nat., wine from tbo Kadamba tree,? p. 571, nolo 2. s The Indian money the is: i?\?; K?fco/o//n?/m?i/, metal refined, prepared:
INDIAN TRAVELS OF APOLLONIUS OF TYANA.
73
or deep, themselves Thoy crossed the Cophcn, hero not very broad in boats,
their
king.
Tmolus1 mado
on
camels
Hero
saw
thoy
and
now
On
Nysa;
its summit
a
entered it
It is cultivated,
in Lydia.
practicable.
foot,
Mount
rises
its ascent
and
thoy
subject country to a up peak,
a moderate
found
to a like
has thus been sized
teinplo
of Bacchus; this tomplo was a circular plot of ground, enclosed by it bedgorow of laurels, vines, and ivy3, all of which had been planted so Bacchus and and intertwined their branches had himself, grown by as
together
to form
a roof
and
Avails
to tho wind
impervious
and
rain.
In tho interior Bacchus had placed his own statue?in form an Indian youth, but of white stone. About and around it lay crooked knives, in gold and silver, as if ready for tho vintage. baskets, wine-vats at the foot of tho mountain hear and join in his and tho cities Ayo, and itself orgies, quakes with them. Nysa About Bacchus3, Philostratus goes on to say?whether speaking in bis
own
Hindus
or from person aro not agreed;
tho journal of Damis for tho former assert
I know that
and
not?Greeks tho Theban
Bacchus
with his bacchanals conquered and overran India, and they cite, among other proofs, a discus of Indian silver in tho treasury at Delphi, with this inscription : " Bacchus, Jove and Scmelc's son, from India to tho But of the latter, tho Indians of the Caucasus Delphian Apollo." believe
him
that
ho was
his
ho was
that
with
disciple
of
an Assyrian
Thebes tho
ami
sou
; whilo of
imitator,
the
stranger, thoso of tho
Indus', though
and ho
that called
not Indus
unacquainted and Ganges
the Theban himself
the
however declare
Bacchus son
of
was Jove,
Roman
Iu Menu's time gold and silver coins were Ktxapaypivti stamped. probably " for ho gives (viii, 131,) the name of copper, silver, and gold weights used among men:" YAo Ktnop-^/tvpipt) probably ; but when Apollonius commonly visited India wo know that money, gold and silver coins wore current, issued by tho " Indo-Greck and Indo-Scythic Baktrischc Lassen, kings,?vide passim. Konige,'* 1 to the south of Mem Nishadha, Arrian (Vishnu FurAna, probably, 107) (Exped. Alex. v. 1.) similarly connects Tmolus with Nysa 2 Laurels and finds on Meru; vines, ivy Alexander too, by implication (Arrian tho vines are so plentiful that the Expcd. v. ii. (j?). BurncM says that iu Cabool in tho year to cattle grapes aro given for three months (ut sup. ii. 131. See also unknown,
Wilson's Arlana Antiq. p. 193.) 3 Chares Alex.," p. 117, ?13) ("Hist. which speaks of an Indian god SopoaSetoc,
ono
of tho historians of Alexander, in Greek means tho wine oivowoiog, Suradevas hut the Vishnu knows of no Purana Sanscrit, maker, (von Bohlen), wine god, only of a wine goddess (vide p. 7tl). In general, however, Bacchus may be identified with Siva, and Hercules with Vishnu and Krishna. 1For the Indo-Bacchus it with hesitation; myth sec Arrian, v. 1, who receives and Straho, xv. lud. Alt. II. 1113; von Bohlen, 1, 9, who rejects it; Lassen, " I. 112 ; and Schwanbcck on II. 420, Didot. utsup., Mcgasthcncs, Frag. Hist.,"
INDIAN TKAVKLS OP APOLLONIUS OF TYANA.
71
and pretended to havo been born of hie thigh (/xupoj), from Mcros, a mountain near to Nysa. They add, that in honour of tho Indian And Uaochus, ho planted Nysa with vines brought from Thebes. celebrated his orgies; here, according to his historians, Alcxandor his lovo of while, according to the mountaineers, notwithstanding never but and of ascended the ho satisfied mountain1, antiquity, glory himself with prayer and sacrifice at its foot: ho so feared lest tho to sight of tho vines should raise iu his soldiers, long accustomed water,
a
says
caso
the
for wino and longing rock Aomus,2 though as it was ho did not visit,
and
no
at
Tho
great somewhat
of home.
pleasures distanco out
from
their
of
Dam
Nysa, He
way.
is
heard,
and was fifteen stadia however, that it had been taken by Alexander; in height; and that it was called Aomus, not becauso no bird could fly over
but
it,
a
was
there
becauso
on
chasm
its
which
summit
drew
down to it all birds, much like tho Parthenon at Athens, and several places in Phrygia and Lydia. Ou their way to tho Indus, they fell in with a lad about thirteen years old, riding an elephant and urging him on with a crooked rod, which
ho
itself
they
thrust
were
huntsmen
an anchor. On tho like elephant whom of about troop thirty elephants, and Apollonius tho sagacity admired pursuing3;
Indus
tho
into
somo
a
watched
they
displayed in crossing tho river, for tho smallest and lightest of them led the way, then followed tho mothers holding up their cubs with their
tusks
and
trunks,
whilo
tho
1lo spoke of their docility; would as he
cat had
out seen
of his among
hand tho
like
them
up
brought
coax open
him wide
with
their
their
mouths
tho
how
lovo for their keeper,
dogs,
nomads,
of
largest
their
they and,
trunks, for
rear.
to
him
thrust his head down their throats. He told too, how during tho night thoy would bowail their slavery, not with their usual roar but with
piteous
moans;
his approach ready
obedienco
stay moro
and
how,
out
their wailing; to
their
own
of
respect
for man,
they
self-command
and
tractablo
at
would
and ho referred their docility
and
nature,
than to the skill or power of their guido and rider. From tho pooplo thoy heard that elophants wero found in tho marsh, the mountain, and tho plain. According to the Indians, tho 1 that Alcxnndor to Arrian, tttsup* and II. 5, it was Mcru ascended, According to Bacchus. that he feasted and sacrificed and on Meru 3 a Stockade.?Wilson Ariana Antiqua., Awara, Awaraua, p. 192; Aornus; to Lassen, to v. Bohlcn, Indischo and ltani-garh but Benaa according according : 140, note 7. Alterthunis 3 Just in tho same locality first sees a IV. xxx. 7) Alexander (sec Arrian, and afterwards joins in an elephant hunt. troop of elephants,
INDIAN TRAVELS OF APOLLONIUS OF TYANA.
75
marsh olophunt is stupid and icllo ; its teeth aro few and black, and often porous or knotted, and will not bear tho knife. Tho mountain aro
elephants
treacherous
and
savo
and,
malignant,
for
own
their
oiids, littlo <attached to man; their teeth are small, but tolerably Tho elephants of the plain are useful white, and not hard to work. animals, tractablo and imitativo; they maybe taught to writo, and to dance and jump to the sound of tho pipe; their teeth aro very long and white, and tho ivory-cutter can do with them just what bo Tho Indians uso the elephant in war; they fight from it in pleases. turrets,
large
for
enough
ton or fifteen
or
archors
and
spearmen;
they
say that it will itself join iu tho fight, holding and throwing tho spear with its trunk as with a hand. Tho Indian elephant is of a largo horse.
as much
size, It
than
larger a great
to
lives
age,
as tho Libyan and Apollonius
than
this
saw
tho Nisiean
one
in Taxiln
which had fought against Alexander about 350 years before, and which Alexander had honoured with tho namo of Ajax. On its tusks weio golden bracelets, with this inscription: "Ajax to tho sun, from Jovo's
Alexander, with
son."
and
unguents, When about
The
ornament
to cross
tho
wero accustomed peoplo it with garlands1. their Indus, Babylonian
to anoint
guide,
it
was
who
unacquainted with the river, presented to tho Satrap of tho Indus a letter from Bardancs. And tho Satrap, out of regard to the king, though selves,
no ollieor boats
for
of
his,
their
wroto to his sovereign, and
truly Where
divino they
crossed,
tho
takes its riso in tho Caucasus3; (fieifw
avroOiv)
than
any
and
a
with
guido
his own barge to tho Hydraotis.
for
them
He
also
to beg him that, in his treatment of this Greek, ho would
man,
them
supplied
camels,
other
emulate Indus
was
tho generosity stadia forty
of Bardancs. in breadth3.
and, from its very fountain, river
in Asia4.
In
its courso
It
is larger it receives
1 as the elephant he Pliny (viii. v.) describes crossing rivers in the same way; " of their wonderful minis self-respect, pudor,*' and of one called Ajax; c. 14 and 15) of their lo Arrian(lndica, grief at being captured, of their attachment their love of music, and thoir their keepers, though to but 2?'0 long life extending 500 years.?Strabo, yi'.liun xv.); years'(Onesicritus gives them .'100, and sometimes (xiii. ?0), aud Pliny (viii.), stato that they earry three warriors only, and are much Tho division into marsh I suspect, is and plain, &c., larger than tho African. from .luba. 2 Ctesias is 40 stadia whcro narrowest. Sec Lassen, (5R ?) snys tho Indus ul supra, II. 6:J7. who accounts for Ctesias* (bis reasons do not apply exaggeration to Dainis), and Wilson's Notes on the Iiidiea of Ctesias, who excuses it (p. VI). a " .... in jugo Caucus! montis Indus .... effusus .... undeviginti accipit ainucs .... latior quinquarjinla Hist. Nat., vi. 2.3. nusquum stadiis."?Pliny 4 So so Ibn Jlatuta : "The Sciudo is the greatest river in the world, Ctesias, aud overllows during the hot weather just as the Nile docs; and at this time they speaks
INDIAN TRAVELS OF APOLLONIUS OF TYANA.
76
many navigable rivers. Like tho Nilo it overflows tho country, and deposits a mud ; and thus, as in Egypt, prepares tho land for tho It abounds, liko the Nile, with sea-horses and croco husbandman. as themselves witnessed in crossing it (Kopi(optvoi 6Vbia rov diles1, they too and it tho same flowers. In India the winter is Ivhov); produces summer the but tho heat, providentially, is moderated warm, stifling; The rains. told season for natives that tho when him, by frequent the rise of the river was at hand, tho king sacrifices on its banks black bulls and horses (black, among thorn, becauso of their com plexion being tho nobler colour), and, after tbe sacrifice, throws into a
river
tho
themselves abundant
but
not; or
harvest,
a
liko
measure,
gold know
for
com
measure,?why,
as
probably, Apollonius such a moderate2 rise
of
tho
peoplo for an conjectured, tho river as would
benefit tho land. Tho Indus passed, their new guide led them straight to Taxila, whero was tho palaco of tho Indian king. Tho peoplo now woro cotton, tho produco of tho country, and sandals made of the fibro of tho papyrus3 (yno&tjpnra(3v(3\ov)} and a leather cap when it rained. The
wero
classes
better
byssus
on a
grows
like the willow; Taxila4 ami
was
was
liko
it is exported the of
tho residenco
which
Apollonius,
colour iu his dress, was much pleased.
tree,
about
a stufT with
in byssus,
clad
who a fleeted a yellowish
size a
tho
poplar
into Egypt of Ninovoh, who
sovoreign
in
its
but
stem,
This
with
leaves
for sacred uses. walled ruled
a Greek
liko over
what
of
city, old was
Just outside tho Avails5was a tcmplo of near the kingdom of Porus. a hundred feet, of porphyry6 (X?0ovKoyvuXeorou),and in it a shrino, sow the land.'*
Burnes,
I think, shows
that
it carries
a greater
body of water
than
tho Ganges. 1 lCratosthcncs
as tho Nile, tho sea-horse. it tho same animals except gives the sea-horse also; Strabo, xv. 1, 13. Oncsicritus 2 Sir C. a fever which prostrated his army and the natives, attributed Napier riso of the Indus.?Quarterly to an extraordinary ltevicw, Oct. 1858, j>. 401). 3 Arrian*s dress is of cotton, their sandals of leather;" "Their but Indica: II. JI7. the Egyptian iWotfmim fivfiXiva, Herodotus priests gives 4Wilford and its ruins; Wilson iden (As. lies. viii. 1149), speaks of Tacshaila iu of the Hindus between the Indus and Hydaspes, tifies Tuxila with Taksha-sila l!)o\ Arrian its sizo and wealth celebrates Ant., the vicinity of Manikyala.?Ar. V. II c. Hxped. Alex. tho Indus and the Hydaspes. the largest city between * Ham of the Hindus, and p. 2,) of tho temples of Vishnu Knz, (Architecture the village. (I. 151) Siva, eays, that the latter should be without HioucmThsang and speaks of a stupa and convent outside the walls, built by Asoka. describes Taxila, 6 Tho described is 100 feet iu circuni* by Elphinstone, tope of Manikyala, (II. 514 and 1151) speaks of tbo fcrence, and 10 feet high (Ari. Ant. .'II). Lassen influence
of Greek
art
on
Indian
architecture;
but
adds,
that
tho Indians
built
INDIAN TRAVELS OF APOLLONIUS OF TYANA. small,
size
the
considering
still very beautiful. representing tho elephants, a mosaic1 of orichalcum, spears,
horses,
and
and and
gold, in iron
but
columns,
hung pictures on copper
Alexander
soldiers,
swords
its many
and
temple
of
silver,
and
javelins,
all worked
tho
tho shrino wero
feats
tho
tablets,
tablets
tho
of
Round
7/
tinted ; but
copper tho
several
theso
In
Porus. were
armour,
in
portrayed
;
xaA*a>) (^Aaw wero metals
into one another with so nice a gradation of tints, that the
of of expression? in correctness drawing, vivacity they formed, one of tho of and truthfulness of perspective2, reminded productions too of noblo tho told and Zcuxis, Euphranor. Polygnotus Thoy of Porus, character not of Alexander for it was tho death till after pictures
that ho placed thorn iu tho temple,?and as
Alexander
a
and
conqueror,
this, though they represented as
himself
conquered
and
wounded,
and receiving from Alexander the kingdom of India. In this templo they wait until the king can bo apprised of their whiles away Apollonius of which in the course
arrival. painting,
tho he
time
a
with
remarks
that
conversation
upon neces
is not
colour
sary to a picture; that an Indian drawn in chalk would be known as an Indian, and black of colour, by his somewhat flat nose, his crisp hair, bis largo jaws, and wild eyes3. Whilo they are thus talking, a and
messenger
from
arrive
interpreter
tho
kiug,
with
a
for
permit
them to enter tho city, and to stay in it threo days, beyond which no
time
are
strangers
allowed
in Taxila.
They ore taken to tho palace. narrow the
streets,
streets,
woll-urranged, tho houses seemed
and of
They found the city divided
them of Athens. reminding one all but they only story,
by
From had
an
underground floor4. They saw tho Temple of tho Sun, and in it statues of Alexander
and
of red marble, of pearls5,
having,
Porus,
in gold,
but glittering as
is usual
with with
and
silver,
gold; tho
copper;
its walls
were
tho imago of tho god was
barbarians
in sacred
things,
a
symbolical meaning. with
brick. have faced their buildings with stone ; and the They may, however, or red marble, used in tho XtOoij Koy\v\x(iro<j may have been of that porphyry, tombs at Tattah.?Life iv. .'18. of Sir C. Napier, 1 Lassen were skilled that the Hindus (5UI-4) states, ou Singhalese authority, and (II. 420-7) he describes a casket tho figures on which he supposes in mosaics; were of a mosaic of precious stones. 2 To f uo-x'ni', to tfinvovv, icai to tiatxnv Tt, Kal i%i\ov. 3 note 4, p. 100, Indica vi., and compare with it Vishnu Arrinn, Purana, races of India. where is a description of the barbarous 1 ttt sup. 514. The underground Lassen, says, even the poor floor, Elphinstone have at Pcshawur.?Caubul, Introduc, p. 74. r>" 1c soled la face rouge . . ? . scs membres On rcprcscnte
sont
prononce^,
il
INDIAN TRAVELS OF APOLLONIUS OP TYANA.
78
The palace was distinguished by no extraordinary magnificence, aud was just like the house of any citizen of the better class. Thoro wero no sentinels or body guards, aud but fow servants about, and to talk with tho perhaps threo or four persons who were waiting samo was The in the observable courts, halls, king. simplicity waiting and inner rooms ; and it pleased Apollonius moro than all the pomp of Babylon. When admitted to tho king's presence, -Apol lonius, through tho interpreter, addressed tho king as it philosopher, aud complimented him on his moderation. Tho king, Phraotcs, in said
answer,
he was
that
and
friends,
from
them
his othor
and
few,
in doing good to his
he employed his wealth
in subsidizing the barbarians, or themselves ravaging, allowing
wore
his wants
becauso
modcrato
that as ho was wealthy,
to
prevent to ravage
neighbours, barbarians
his territories. Here ono of his courtiers offered to crown him with a jewelled mitre, but ho refused it, as well because all pomp was hateful to him,
as because
of Apollonius's
presence.
now
Apollonius
enquired
into his modo of life. The king told him that he drank but little wine, as much as ho usually poured out iu libation to tho sun ; that ho
for
hunted
and
exercise1,
gavo
himself, he lived on vegetables the With
palm, this
and
fruits
other of
account
his
he
what
away
for
that,
killed;
and herbs, and tho head and fruit of
which
ho
kingly
tastes
with
cultivated and
own
his
hands.2
Apollonius
occupations
was delighted, and he frequently looked at Damis. Thoy then talked a to about tho road the timo Brahinans; and wlton they long together had done, the king ordered the Babylonian guide to bo treated with the hospitality wont to be shown to travellers from Babylon, and the satrap guide to bo sent back homo with tho usual travelling allowance; and then taking Apollouius by the baud, and ordering the interpreter to leave them, he asked him, in Greek, to receive him, tho lung, as a table companion. Apollonius, surprised, enquired why ho had not " ?'I from first. the Greek Because," answered the king, spoken would not seem bold, or to forget that I am, after all, only a barbarian; tako in my tho plcasuro and but your kindness, you no 1 can of mo, and conceal tho better longer got
And how I became you
at
large."
myself
front
thus acquainted with Greek I will presently
"But
why,"
inviting me, did you beg me
ngain
asked
to invito you
of
"Becauso,"
lui descend consider
you.
show
"instead
Apollonius,
to dinner?"
a bcs orcilles. Un collier de pcrlcs des pendants ? sur Flnde, Mdm. p. 121. Reinaud, poitrine.'1" let tho king Drinking, dice, women nud hunting, vii. 50. vices."?Menu, pernicious 11$. Arrian, Indica, xi. c, porfo
havo
conversation,
du cou sur
as the four most
In
INDIAN TRAVELS OF APOLLONIUS OF TYANA. said tho king, " I look on you abovo him
to
as tho better man ; for wisdom
(ro yap fiaaikiKoncpov royalty where he avus tho placo
a garden,
a stadium
about
79
aocjna
So
saying, This bathe.2
ey**1). to
accustomed
a swimming
long, with
is led
ho
was
of cold
bath
on each of it, and water in the middle sido an exercising running and the javelin, the discus Greek Hero bo practised fashion3, ground. himself tho water, and and exercised into tired, jumped then, when
with swimming. After tho bath they went to dinner, crowned with as is usual with the Indians when they feast in the king's garlands4, palace.
Of tho dinner Damis has given a detailed account. The king, and about five of his family with him, lay on a low couch ; the other on
sat
guests
stools.
Tho
was
table
liko
an
as
about
altar,
as a
high
man's knee ; it was in tho middlo of tho room, round, and as largo as would bo a circlo formed by thirty people with joined hands up
standing myrtlo
from
It was
to dance, which
tho
over
strewed
Indians
prepare
with
their
and
laurel,
a'sort was
and
unguents,
of set
out with fish and birds, tho carcases of lions and goats and sows, and with tiger loins5?tho only part of tho tiger they cat, and this because thoy Each
guest,
at
that
suppose
as a bit
it raises
its birth
ho wanted
anything, off
sun. rising the table; to his returned
to its fore-paws went and up got
the
to
a slice of that, he with his meat. bread eating always ono each had had enough, bowls, gold and silver largo wero and from theso in, guests, brought they drank, and
seat
liko
taking ami ato
his
cattle.
which
In
required at tho up, and over heels whilo
of
this,
cutting
When
till,
tho meanwhile, skill
considerable same in tho
time air,
a
they and
wore courage:
stooping by various
amused a
leaped boy upward, in such a way but that
for
enough
javelin and ho
was
down feats thrown
tumbled
passed
javolin as it fell, and Avith the certainty of being wounded
they ten
bend over
ihe
if he did
1 Tho old Stoic maxim : " Solus sapiens rex." Olearius in Philost. 2 Iiioucn I. tho nice cleanliness of tho Indians, hut 7L describes 7<), Thsang, before meat to the bands. confines tho washing " 3 Menu of the kingly duties: consulted with his ministers .... Having exercise a and having bathed, used let the king enter at warrior, having becoming noon his private for the purpose of taking food" Hut (vii. 210). apartments Strabo (xv. I. 51) says, the Indians use friction rather than gymnastic exercises. 4 " Lo roi et sen ministrcs orncut leurs totes do guirlandes do flours."?Hioiien p. 70, I. v. Thsang, 5 better describes the Indians, at least he describes Strabo, quoting Nearebus, them as we at this day find them : /*?/?**y"p voguvc. tivat irnWag Sta rtjr Xiror/;r? r))(j (Wom/e Kdi T))v ainviav oiw%ai> po^yr/ji', rice (xv. 1, 45), their food principally curry or porridge
???511.
INDIANTUAVELSOF APOLLONIUS OF TYANA.
SO
not properly and
round,
timo his somersault; tho
tested
guests
its
indeed tho weapon
was
man
also
One
sharpness.
carried so
was
sure of his aim, that he set up his own son against a board, and then threw darts at the board, so aiming them that, fixed in tho board, they
traced
out
son's
his
outlino1.
Damis and tho others wero much amused with theso entertain ments; but Apollonius, who was at tho king's table, paid littlo attention to them; and, turning to tho King, asked him, how ho camo to know Tho king, smiling, Greek, and whero ho acquired his philosophy. " a In old times into Avhon answered, port, tho people used to ship put ask
its crew
if
wrere
they
you
question
Greeks
pirates2,
was
piracy
then
is God's most precious gift
now, though philosophy put
to a
even
stranger,
of
so
common.
toman, tho
lowest
But
tho first rabble,
is 'Are you a philosopher?' And in very truth with you Greeks, I speak not of you, Apollonius, is much tho same us philosophy an ill-fitting garment for it to who is liko the it, many piracy, profess which they havo stolen, and in which they strut about awkwardly, And liko thieves, on whom tho fear trailing it on tho ground. of justice presses, they hurry to enjoy the present hour, and givo to themselves up gluttony, for while laws wonder, your no of tho authors cognizance
bis
one
to
inquire
study into
it, avo first his for
progenitors,
three
no
and
effeminacy; bad money,
tako
they
Here,
philosophy.
is a high honour, and beforo wo allow sond
charactor
of
of a falso
uttcrers
and
on the other hand, philosophy any who
and
debauchery, coiners punish
him
and
generations,
to
tho
parentage. have
homo
of
been
the
must
Ho
Brahmans, that sIicav
without
stain
or
reproach, and that he himself is of pure morals and of a retentive intellect. Tho character of his progenitors," the king wont on to say, "if of living men, was ascertained from Avitnesscs; and if of dead, avus
known
from
the
public
records3.
For
avIicu
an
Indian
died,
a
legally appointed oflicor repaired to his house, and inquired into, and set down in Avritiug his modo of life, and truly, under tho penalty of being declared incapablo of holding any public office. As to tho youth himself, they judged him worthy or othcrwiso from his oyes, cyc-broAvs, aud cheeks, which as in a mirror reflect tho mind and disposition. 1 A Chinese tho same feat iu London. juggler lately performed 2 Allusion to Thncydides, I. 3 Strabo of the Indian city rcdiles says a part took note of tho births and deaths, tiu> m that the birth or death of good or bad meii may be known s /u; aQavuc Kal xetP0VC- yovat Ka\ Oavaroi from Megastheiics, Kptiroi'tc (xv. 1, 51); Frag. II. p. 431, ? 37, ami consult Bardcsanestoa* iu account of the ^apavmoi Hist., 1. iv. c. 17 of Porphyry dc Abstinent!A.
INDIAN TRAVELS OF APOLLONIUS OP TYANA.
81
The king then told how his father, the son of a king, had been two left very young an orphan; and how during his minority of
his
relatives
and
them,
to
according
so little
with
regard them
slow
to as
Indian
custom
acted
as
were
they
to
sacrificing
the
but
regents,
law, that some nobles conspired
against
Indus,
aud
on this his father, then sixteen seized upon the government;?how a greater of fled tho to years age, king beyond tho Hydaspes, king than himself, who received him kindly, and offered either to adopt him, or to replace him on his throno; and how, declining and how the this offer, ho requested to bo sent to tho Brahmans; in he married the daughter timo Brahmans educated him ; and how seven with her and of tho Hydaspian received villages as king, pin-money
(vvi)v),
(ch
and
had
issue
one
Phraotes.
son,?himself,
Phraotcs told of himself, that ho was educated by his father in tho Greek fashion till the ago of twelve; that ho was then sent to tho " Brahmans, and treated by them as a son, for he observed, They especially lovo thoso who know and speak Greek, as akin to them in mind and disposition;" that his parents died; and that in his nine teenth year, just as, by tho advico of tho Brahmans, ho was beginning to
tako
into
his
own
tho management
hands
of
his
ho was
estates,
deprived of them by tho king, his uncle; and was supported with four servants by willing contributions from his mother's freedmen And
(an \tvOcpu)v).
now,
as
he
was
ono
day
reading
tho
cliche, ho hears from a friend of his father's, that if ho will ho may Tho
recover
tragedy
the
ho was
of
kingdom reading
ho
but ho must family, as an omen, and accepts his
be goes
Hera
return, quick. ou to
?" say : When I crossed tho Hydraotis, I heard that, of tho usurpers, one was already dead, and tho other besieged in this very palace; so I hurried on, proclaiming to tho villages I passed through who I was, and what wero my rights : and tho people received me gladly; and declaring I was tho very picturo of my father and grandfather, they with swords and bows, and our of them armed me, many accompanied wo this reached tho inhabi and when increased numbers ; city, daily
tants, with torches lit at tho altar of the Sun, and singing tho praises of my father and grandfather, came out and wolcomed me, and brought me hither. But they built up tho drone within, though I begged a so to him death." cruel to not them put Apollonius then enquired whether tho Sophoi of Alexander and The king told him they were theso Brahmans wero tho same people. wero tho Alexander's that Oxydrnca)1, a free and warliko not; Sophoi 1 identifies them with Burncs them with the Malli. Straho, xv. I. 33, connects the people of Ooch, tho Malli with those of Mooltan.?Ut sup. I., p. 09. G VOL. XVII.
82
INDIAN TRAVELS OF APOLLONIUS OF TYANA.
that tho race, but rather dabblers in philosophy than philosophers1; Brahman country lay between tho Hypbasis and tho Ganges; and that Alexander iieA-cr iiiA'adcd it?not through fear, but dissuaded by tbe appearance of tho sacrificial victims. " A ud though," said Phraotcs, " it is true ho might havo crossed the Hypbasis and occupied tho neigh bouring lands, yet tho stronghold of the Brahman ho never could havo taken?
not
no,
Achilles.
though theso
For
man
every sacred
in his
and
had
army
men
God-loved
an
been would
or an
Ajax havo
driven
him back?not Avith human weapons, but with thunders and light and tempests, as they had routed tho Egyptian Hercules and nings, who Bacchus, thought with united arms to have stormed their fort; and so routed them, that Hercules it is said threw away bis golden shield,
because
which,
of
its
renown
owner's
own
its
and
emboss
ments2, they then set up as an offering in their temple/' While thoy wero thus conversing, music and a song wero introduced, on which Apollonius enquired what the festal procession meant. Tho king explained to him that itwas usual with tho Indians to sing to tho king, beforo ho retired to rest, songs of good counsel, wishing him and
good
dreams,
wise
counsellor
The
next
that
morning,
the king displays rate-?tho
king
ho may
riso
for his people9.
in
tho
And
discourses
Apollonius
upon
his knoAvledgo of Greek
to transact
tho
business
a
morning
good
man
so talking, they went
of
sleep
legends. his
kingdom
and
and
a
to bed.
dreams,
and
They then sepa and
to decide
some faAv-suits?Apollonius to oiler his prayers to the Sun. When they tells the that tho stato of the victims had meet, king Apollonius again not permitted the Court to sit on that day, and ho lays before him a case
in dispute?ono
of
treasure
troA'O,
and
in
land
Avhich
has
just
changed hands, tho buyer and seller both claiming tho treasure. Tho king is in much perplexity, and states tho reasons on both sides; and the suit might havo been drawn out to tho same length, and bcconio us celebrated as that of tho ass and shadoAVat Abdorn, hail not Apol Ho inquires into tho life and character lonius conio to his assistance. of tho litigants; finds that tho seller is a bad, and the purchaser a good man : and to the last thcrcforo awards tho treasure. When tho thrco days of their sojourn havo expired, and tho king 1 Social' 2 These
oiittv xpi;<rroi> dboraq.?Philost. de ptraxtiQioaoOai, II. c. 33. tho king goes on to say, Hercules embossments represented, setting up and driving back tho ocean?proof, he assorts, that it was tbo his pillars at Gadcs, who was at Gadcs. and not tho Thcban, Hercules Kgyptiau, 3 the vices tho king is to shun, names dancing aud instrumental Menu, among " advises that, music in tho inmost recesses of his mansion, (vii. 47), but afterwards 224-5 j strains, ho should take rest early."?vii. by musical having been recreated ix. p. 7'?. see, however, As. Res.,
INDIAN TttAVKLS OP APOLLONIUS OF TYANA.
63
loams that their camels from Babylon aro worn out, ho orders that of his white camels1 on the Indus, four shall bo sent to Bardanes, and four others given to Apollonius with provisions, and a guide to tho Ho offers him besides gold and jewels and linen gar Brahmans. ments ; but Apollonius accepts only tho linen garments, and this, becauso they are like the old genuine Attic cloak, and ono jewel, of
becauso for
and divine mystic to this effect:?"Tho
its
larchas2,
larchas
men
tho wise
and
him,
a
also to
Phraotcs
King
with
receives
He
properties.
letter
Master
tho
a
greeting:?Apollonius,
very
wise man, thinks you wiser than himself, and has travelled hither to learn your doctrine. Send him back knowing all you know. Your lessons will not bo lost, for ho speaks better, and has a better memory than any man I ever knew. Shew him, Father larchas, the throno on which I sat when you gave me the kingdom. His followers are worthy of all praise, if only for submitting to such a man. Farewell." leave
They
Taxi
a
there
la, and
camo
two
upon Poms
and
tho
Apollo;" halted."
Alexander
may
down,
alternate
a
up ridges
its very of rock
which render its navigation the
later,
tho pcoplo tho brido sidered 1 3
largest obtain and
complete,
Elphinutonc iVobahly,
Providenco
from
stadia
the
through the
with
source, impede
impossible.
and
tho
river,
this
without
to Venus.
Olympian
Indian
Sun,
and
inscription:?"Here
Philostratus pillar the return homeward and
and
Minerva and
of our European rivers. an unguent with which bridegroom, or pleasing
on Alexander, of submission.
their way,
they pursued
pillar
this
ill joy at tho Hyphasis to
was attitude
Thirty
in a
of Alexander
little farther on, they
A
in an
Cabiri
bronze
And
by tho Indians to In roforenco sail
tho
to
and
raised
vessels
place
had built there "To Father Amnion
Sauio-Thracian
the
statue
of which
other
Hyphasis.
Hercules;
and
Brother
one
tho
saluting,
to
nations4,
;
2
on
arches,
ono
passed tho Hydraotis3,
Brother
Jovo
tho
reach
journey,
to a
pediment
saw tho altars Alexander
they
days'
like that on tho Issus.
other
; the
Having different
the
arch,
triumphal
four-horse chariot, other
two
after
is said to havo fought with Por us ; and they saw
where Alexander
its marvels, iu a plain its course,
conjectures of Alexander. wo
are
; but and
told that,
cause
was
that lower eddies
It is about as broad as the From
the
trees
on
marriage-guests no which marriage To Venus, indeed,
its banks besprinkle is con its groves
(ut supra, I. 40) speaks of white camels as rare. u corruption from Rac'hyas.?As. ix. 41. Res., suggests Wilford, Sanskrit in Strabo llyarotis, Iravati; Hypbasis, Vipasa.?Vishnu
Ilydraotis, Purana, p. 1111. 4 Strabo gives
their number
as nine.?xv,
I. 3, 33.
G 2
INDIAN TRAVELS OF APOLLONIUS OF TYANA.
84 aro
as
dedicated,
also
its
fish,
confinod
ono
to
tho
sort,
so
peacock,
called from their cerulean crest, their spotted scales, and golden tails, Avhich they can open out at pleasure. In this river is also found a sort of white worm, the property of the king, which ismelted into an oil so inflammable, that nothing but glass Avill hold it. This oil is used in sieges, and when throAvn on tho battlements, it burns so fiercely, that its fire, so far as yot knoAvn, is inextinguishable1. In
the marshes,
Avild
aro
asses
Avith a horn
caught,
on
fore
their
heads2, with which they fight, bull-fashion! From this horn is made a cup, of such virtue that if any ono drinks out of it, ho need for that fear
day
no
nor
sickness,
nor
wounds,
fire,
nor
It
poison.
is
tho
to himself tho right of hunting tho ass. king's, avIio also saAV tho animal, and admired it; but AvhcnDamis asked Apollonius him if he could believe all that avus said of the virtue of tho cup, ho reserves
" Yes,
answered,
when
I
see
any
Indian
king
immortal."
Hero they met with a woman black to her breasts, Avhito from her breasts downwards. Sho was sacred to the Indian Vonus, and to this women are sacred from their birth, as Apis among tho goddess piebald Thence
Egyptians.
down plants, vine your
towards
they
crossed
tho Red Sea;
that
part
of Caucasus
it Avns full of all
Avhich
stretches
sorts of aromatic
a shrub very liko a young cinnamon8, produced so if to hold that it iu and you goats, grateful (vcoiff kXijpaat), liko after Avhiuo will and follow you hands, dogs. you, they Tho
Ou tbe dills pepper-trees.
headlands
grow the tall and all other sorts of frankincense, The
pepper-tree
resembles
tho Xyvos
both
iu its
and leaves
and the clustered form of its fruit. It groAvs on precipices inaccessible to man, but frequented by apes, which, as they gather for them tho arms and pepper-fruit, tho Indians mako much of, and protect with tho in for for will wait lion the lio apo, and eat dogs against tho lion; its flesh as medicine when ho is sick, and as food when he is old and no longer able to bunt the stag and wild boar. Tho popper harvest is under tho cliffs whero tho peppers gathered in this Avny:?Directly small tho trenches, into Avhich they throw as some grow, people dig 1This
worm it in tho and described but he places is mentioned by Ctesiae, Ctcs. Ed. Didot, 27, p. 05. Indus.?Frng. c This ass and its horn, with somo slight ditTeronco, aro also hi Ctesias (ib., ' sees in this borncd ass two animals rolled into one,*' thegorkhar, p. 25). Wilson or wild
and the rhinoceros, whoso horn bus horsn, found north of the Hiudu-Koh, on Ctesias, as an antidote.?Notes 03 to this day, in the East, a high reputation and If). * it is indigenous^to I believe Strabo, xv. I. 22, but iu the south of India. aud is not found in India at all. Ceylon,
INDIAN TRAVELS OF APOLLONIUS OF TYANA.
85
thing worthless tho fruit of tho neighbouring trees1. The monkeys from tho heights Avatch them, and as soon as it is night, begin like to tear
them,
the
clustered
from
fruits
the
and
pepper,
them
liko
to
In tho morning tho peoplo come back and fling it into tho trenches. carry off tho pepper, which they thus obtain without any labour. tho other
On
sido
of
avus a
tho mountain
largo
plain?tho
largest
in India, being fifteen days'journey to the Ganges, and eighteen days' to the Red Sea. It Avas intersected with dykes running in different and
directions,
tho
with
communicating
and
Ganges,
tho
serving
double purpose of landmarks and canals for irrigation. The laud here is tho best in India, black and very productive; its wheat-stalks aro its like reeds2, and its beans three times as largo as the Egyptian; sesame
and
thoso
are
millet
for
which
nuts,
also their
extraordinarily and size rarity
often found as offerings in Greek hoAvever,
are
able
gathered A opov rw anorpvyav.)
like small, so soon as
bouquet
uvOoapiiis
too,
Here, a
as
sort
of
groAv Avonder
The grapes of tho country,
temples.
tho Lydian
fine. are,
and with and Maonian, be opnfoovs.nonpovs
(r?? is also tree
hero
found
like
an
agree r< Km
the
laurel
but Avitha fruit liko a largo pomegranate, within the husk of which is an applo of tho colour of a fine hyacinth, and tho very best flavoured fruit
thoy
ever
ato3.
camo
As
thoy its marshes,
India,
down
tho
plains,
mountain, and
theso they toll us that tho marsh-dragon without
and
SpaKaivais
a o/ioiot).
the
crest; Its
back
male
they
very is black,
a
Avitnessed aro
mountains
full
of
dragon-hunt. dragons4.
Of
is thirty cubits long, sluggish, liko and
tho
female
it has
fewer
uvm (oXV scales
too; than
1 Strabo
tho people a similar trick, by means of which (ib., ? 29) describes in tho text, Waterton has With tho monkeys. regard to that described never throws, only lets fall. that tbo monkey observed, 2 tells only of saiubbills, this bank of the Hyphasis, Elphinstone, describing catch
of rue. Of tho right bank, little bushes and hard clay, and tufts of grass, mid " Thcro were so many throughout largo and deep watercourses however, he says: the journey, that, judging from them alone, tho country must be highly cultivated." " : The crops arc good, aud the wheat of Balkh ?Introd. 15urnes, too, observes as and do not present the stunted stubble of India." high as in England, II., 200. such as it might bo described by those wbo this bo tho purplo mangostecn, only knew of it from hearsay ? 4 Almost all that is here said of serpents will be found in Pliny (viii., II, 13); is noticed by Oncsi their size, though scarcely so largo as those of Philostratus, ; tbeir benrd.s by eritus nud Ncarcbus p. 00 and 10,*>,Didot.) (Prg. Hist. Alex., ./Elian (xi., c. 20); the beard and tbo stono in their heads, with some difference from Poscidippu?,?CliiL, vii., 0511, 009 ; (tin; btoncs arc avroyXvjuu,) by Tzetzes tho nutgic power of their eyes by Lucnn (vii. 0'?7)?
stalks ?
grow
Utsup., 3 Can
INDIAN TRAVELS OF APOLLONIUS OP TYANA.
Sti
the other kinds. Homer, avIiou ho speaks of tho dragon at tho fount in Aulis as of blood-red back, describes tho marsh-dragon hotter than the
other
you
Avill The
inar<h
who
poets,
find
hardly
any
and
plain kind.
tho Nemaian
make
marsh-dragon. aro
hill-dragons movo along Thoy
and
to,
superior
more
than
swiftly
for
crested;
dragon
tho
crested
tho than, largor swiftest rivers,
and nothing can cscapo them. They aro crested; ami though in the young tho crest is small (pirpiov), avIich they aro full-grown, it a
to
reaches serrated
backs,
height. conspicuous and their boarded;
aro
They necks
a
of
fiery and erect,
aro
colour, thoir
Avith scales
shine liko silver. Tho pupils of their eyes aro a fiory stono of wonder ful and mystic properties. They aro hunted for the sake of their eyes, skin, and teeth. A dragon of this kind will sometimes attack an " elephant; both then porish, and aro a find'* for the huntsmen. They resemble tho largest fish, but aro moro litho and active; their teeth are
as
hard
those
of
tho
Avhalo.
The mountain dragons aro largor than those of tho plain, and with a fiercer look; their scales are golden, their beard too, which hangs in clusters; crests
they glide throw out a
on light
the
earth
than
brighter
as of
a sound
with
that
of
a
their
brass; torch.
They
fiery over
power tho elephant, but becoino tbcmsolves tho prey of tho Indian. They aro killed in this fashion :?tho Indians spread out before tho sorpent's hiding-place a scarlet carpet, Avith golden characters which, Avhcii the dragon rests his head upon them, charm him to sleep. Thoy then, with incantations1, call him out of his hole; and, if everything goes Avell?for often he gets tho hotter of them and thoir "grainary" ?as soon as, with outstretched neck, ho is lulled in magic sleep, they rush on him with hatchets and cutoff his head, and extract from it stones,
bright-coloured
flashiug
with
every
huo,
and
of
poAvcrs
avoii
derful as those of Gygos' ring. Theso dragons aro also found in tho mountains bordering tho Red Sea. They aro said to live an incrcdiblo age, but of this nothing certain is knoAvn. At tho foot of tho mountain was situated Paraka, a vory largo Its inhabitants aro, from thoir youth, trained to hunt tho city. heads of dragons. Thoy dragon, and it is full of thcir*trophics?tho cat
the hearts
himself2,
and
livers,
as
by
this moans,
as was
proved
by Apollonius
they acquire a knoAvlodge of tho languago and thoughts of
animals. 1The
snake charmer still exists in India, flochart (Miorozo., in ancient authors bearing ou the subject. gives all the passages e At his knowledge Epheaus (L. iv., c. 3), whcro he displayed of sparrows.
cvi.
III.,
II. v.)
of tho languago
INDIAN TRAVELS OF APOLLONIUS Otf TYANA.
thorn
keep
our
onwards,
Proceeding for
thoir
Thence,
milk2, a
after
travellers
hear
see a herd of white
pipo1, and presently
four
days'
very
shepherd's
Tho Indians
nourishing. fortile and
a
through
journey
a
of
stags grazing.
is considered
which
sound
tho
87
well
cultivated country, they approached tho stronghold of the Sophoi; and liow thoir guido ordered his camel to kneel, and leapt down, sweating with fear. Then Apollonius knew whero they were, and laughed at tho Indian, and bade him again mount his camel. Tho fact is, tho near neighbourhood of the Sophoi frightened him; and, indeed, tho pcoplo fear them moro than tho king; for the king as ho would
them
consults advico
aud
an
and
oracle,
docs
their
without
nothing
concurrence3.
When thoy had reached a village, not tho eighth of a mile from tho hill of tho Sophoi, and were preparing to put up there, they a man young Indian thoy had his brows, much
perceived blackest between
yet such
seen,
their
as
which,
them.
a
spot, the
bright
as Monon,
holding
fast,
was
Ho
had iu his youth. of
symbolical
with
a mark
child of tho sophist Herod, anchor
towards
running
very
crescent-shaped, foster Ethiopian
bore a golden
He
tho
tho
Indians
havo
made
caducous.
When
tho messenger
ho
when
all
at Damis,
said,
Apollonius but Apollonius, men wo "Tho
by who,
name, now como
have
in Greek,
Apollonius
thoy wero not much
addressed
astonishment,
addressed
up
coming
as the villagers also spoko Greek,
wero
surprised; struck
they full of confidence, aro wise to visit
but with
looking, indeed;
they know the future:" and then turningjto tho Indian, ho asked him what he should do, for ho wished to converse with tho Sophoi imme you,
you
justas
"
man
Tho
diately.
to Apollonius
answered, so aro, they
Leave
(avroi)
qui to Pythagorean,
your request."
pcoplo This
and he followed
here, "they"
but
come seemed
tho messenger
rejoicing. Tho lull of tho Sophoi4 roso sheer up from tho plain, and was It was besides fortified by about as high as the Acropolis at Athens. a
belt
goodly
hoofs,
and
of
beards,
rock, and
on which faces,
traco the of impressions might what sconicd of falling tho backs
you and
1 Strabo
besides cymbals, instruments (ut sup.,c. 22) says, they have no musical drums, and KporuXm (rattles, castanets ?). 2 " The milk of any forest boast, oxecpttho butfalo, must be carefully shunned." v. 11. ?Menu, 3 Vide Hist. and Bardesanes on Frag. IL, 43H, on a fragment of MonuMhones In Porphyry, de Abstinent., Brahmans and SumaneeaiiH L. iv., 17 c., ad calcem. 1Ctesias tells of a sacred place in an uninhabited part of the country, which the
Imlians
honour
from tho Surdian
in the name of tho sun and the moon; it is fifteen days* journey uonvr ri/c,Sapvovc,, ? 8, p. 81.
mountains?too
INDIAN TRAVELS OP APOLLONIUS OP TYANA.
88
men. And they heard that when Bacchus and Hercules attempted tho place, Bacchus ordered his Pans, ns able to shako it to its founda tion (havovs rrpbsrov aaapov), to storm it, but thunderstruck by tho Sophoi, they fell headlong ono upon the other, and so loft theso marks upon the stones. They said also, that about and around this hill a cloud hung within which the Sophoi dwell, visiblo and invisible at will, but that there wero no gates to their stronghold, so that ono could not call it cither cnclosod or open. Apollonius and his guido ascended tho hill ou tho south side. Ho saw a well four fathoms deep, and over its mouth a dark vapour rising1 with tho heat, aud giving out at midday all tho colours of Ho was told that hero tho subsoil was cinnabar tho rainbow. ytj), and that the water of tho well was sacred, and novcr (o*ni>8fi/m\o'i/ and that all the pcoplo about sworo by it. Near this was a used, which
crater,
a
out
threw
lead-coloured
smell
flamo without
or
smoko,
and which bubbled up with a volcanic matter that rose to its brim, but never overflowed: hero tho Indians purified themselves from all involuntary sins. Tho well, the Sophoi called the well of the test; tho the
crater, stone?the or
shut
casks as Hero
wind.
fire of
pardon2. of the winds
too
and or
is wanted
rain
the
found
they
were
Hero
statues
also
scon
two
casks
of
black
tho
ono
is oponod
othorwiso; similarly of tho most ancient
tho
other,
of
tho
rain3;
and
Greek
as
gods,
of tho Polian Minerva, and of and worshipped in tho Greek manner; Tho Sophoi look and and of tho Delian Bacchus, Ainychoau Apollo4. as of navel India. tho their very upon Thoy horo worship stronghold firo
obtained
from
tho
sun's
rays,
and
daily
hymn
its
praises
at
midday. Apollonius, in an address to tho Egyptians, somewhat enigmatically I have 80011,**ho says, " Brahmans describes tho life of the Sophoi:?" who dwell on tho earth, and yet not on the earth; in places fortified, 1 (l In the from tho wells till tho vapours or clouds of smoke ascended morning, was sufficiently to hide it," between heated the Ravi and the Chcnub. atmosphere ? Humes, II., 38. With the well of tho text comparo the test fountain ita water inCtcsias; into a chccsc-liko into a powder and mixed with hardens which, rubbed substance, to suspected administered criminals makes them tell all they ever did water, With tho firo (? 14, p. U2); also tho water of probation mentioned by Porphyry. of pardon compare that other water, in some cave tcinplo seemingly, Avhich puri fied from voluntary and involuntary offences de Stygc). (Porphyry 3 h. 1., suggests that these may havo been barometers; and then Olcarius, like the astronomer in Rasselas, the power of foretelling confounds Damis, merely with the power of producing. 4 12 <Y i)v Ivdot Otovv, EWnviKovg Havpaarne. Qt\o<ro$uiet trpooKWovai.'? Plutarch
do Portund
Alex.
Op. Var..
I. p. 580.
INDIAN TRAVELS OP APOLLONIUS OP TYANA.
89
and yet without walls; and who possess nothing, and yet all things." According to Damis they used tho earth as a couch, but first strewed it with choico grasses : thoy walked, too, tho air1?Damis himself saw them,
and
not
this
to
wonder?ail
excite
ostontatiou
to
is abhorrent
in imitation of and as a moro fitting service to tho thoir nature,?but sun. Ho saw, too, tho firo which they drew down from the sun's rays, ?not flaming on an altar, nor kept on a hearth though it is material, but flickering in mid-air3; and whilo in tho day time they worship tho sun, beseeching him to order tho seasons for India's benefit, in tho night thoy worship this firo, lest oppressed by the darkness it should lcavo them. And in this way is to bo understood Apollonius's first assertion: " Tho Brahmans livo on the earth, and yet not on tho earth." they
Damis second, over themselves
His draw
penetrate
His
Bacchanals
when
which Well notico
may without
and
that
pleasure,
say, can
Apollonius preparation on
of covoring which and
thoir
earth
the
clouds no
and
that
who
get
men,
whatever
and
them,
to others
they
at
which can
rain
up for his
bubblo
and givo
themselves drink
nothing and yet all things3. Macedonians,
to
shakes
Bacchus
thorcforo and
at
to those fountains which
third,
the Indians
refers
from
to drink. a moment's
want,
possess
They wear thoir hair long4, like tho old head
a whito
mitre6.
They
go
bare-foot;
and their coats havo no sleeves, and are of wild cotton, of au oily nature, and whito as Pamphylian wool, but softer6. Of this cotton 1 A7ro r)jc y?/c iQ 7T>fXnc Svo (Philos. III., c. 15), two cubits from the ground, no great height, but co n'cst quo le premier pouce qui couto. 2 " Sir C. Napier On reaching tho top, where we remained says, of Trukkce, had a bright flamo ou the point. A like during tho night, every man's bayonet had also been observed going from Ooch to Shapoor."?Life, appearanec III,, 272. not the night light of the Sophoi bo referred to sonic similar phenomenon ? 3 with of which Calanus these fountains those of milk, wine, &c, Compare in his interview with Onesicritus (Straho, ut sup., ? 01); and that happy speaks which Dio Ohrysostom iu India, a real pays dc Cocagnc, ironically describes
May
Cohenis Phrygiio Orat., xxxv., IL, p. 70. 1 Eastern Monaehisin seem it would that the Hardy, (p. 112), by which wear Brahmans long hair; tho Buddhist priest, on tho other hand, shaves his head; ho also Bardcsanes c"fmo tho newly-elccted describes Sainan.'ean: Zvpaptvog airuai rt irpog Xapavaiovg,? ut outparog ra 7nrnrra \upfiavu aro\i\v Porphyry, supra, 6 Still worn tribes about Cabool. by some of tho mountain says Elphinstone of tho Bikanecrs, turban "they wear looso clothes of whito cotton, and a remarkable Avhich rises high over tho head."?Cabool, L, III. 6 Hicroelcs as made from a soft and hairy speaks of the Brahman garments filaments from stones obtained iv. p. '130. Hist., (Sippariobij) (asbestos).?Frag. " Barnes of Cabool, ho produced some asbestos, hcrq called says of tho Nawab found near Jclalabud" cotton-Btonc, (ii. Lib1).
90
INDIAN TltAVBLS OP APOLLONIUS OP TV/ANA.
fho
sacred
any but wear a
aro
vestments themselves both
ring,
of
and
on a raised
throne
earth it.
gather
to
rofuscs carry
They
it up if give a stick1, and
power.
magic
seated on brazen stools;
found tho Sophoi
Apollonius larchas,
to
attempt infinite
tho
and
made;
of bronze,
with
ornamented
thoir chiof,
golden
images.
They saluted him with their hands, but larchas welcomed him in Greek, asked him for tho King's letter, and added, that it wanted a 6\ As soon as ho had read it, ho asked Apollonius, "What do you think of us 1" " Oh P said Apollonius, " tho very journey I havo undertaken ?and
am
tho
that
question."
I
answers
first
of
my
countrymen
"In
what,
then,"
who
has
enquired
undertaken
it? "do
larchas,
you
think us wiser than you ?" " I think your views wisor, more divine/* answered Apollonius; "and should I find that you know no moro than I havo nothing moro to I, this at least I shall havo learned?that learn." "Well," said the Indian, "other pcoplo usually ask of thoso who
visit
proof
so
of
them, our
come and who but wo, as a first they they aro; wo show that know them ;" and strangers
whence knowledge,
who his father was, who his mother, all
saying, ho told Apollonius
that
happened
to him
at yftgm,
and
how Damis
joined
him,
and
all
they
had said and done in the journey; and this so distinctly and fluently, that ho might have been a companion of their routo. Apollonius, greatly astonished, asked him how ho know all this. "In this know ledge,"
ho
answered,
are deficient we will secret
what
aro
"you
not
instruct you2,
is so worthy
of
being
wholly
wanting,
for wo think known,
especially
and
whcro
it not well from
you,
you
to keep ApoL
" 1 " The three firRt classes i. 45. Tho priest's ought to carry staves."?Menu, 40. should reach to his hair."?lb., 2When to Apollonius, of languages Damis speaks of his knowledge Apollonius observes all languages, and that without having that he himself understands merely learned them ; and more?that he knows not only what men speak, but their secret But as in India ho is accompanied (L. I., cxix.) thoughts by, and frequently makes use of an interpreter of his has, from the timo of Eusebius ; this pretension been ridiculed as an idlo boast. Philostratus xiv.), (in Hicroclem, frequently to havo left his hero open to such a however wa9 too practised a writer charge. His facts and statements too often, and with a His faults arc of another kind. certain oir of design, confirm and illustrate each other s thus, with regard to this observe that he professes not to speak, but to very power claimed by Apollonius, and men's dilferenco know all languages to all who aro thoughts?a intolligiblc and look at him in his first inter familiar with tho alleged facts of mesmerism; view with Phraotes; watch him listening tho talk of tho to, and understanding to interpret for him when ho king and the sages, and only then asking Iarchas also that Iarchas admits only to a certain extent himself Observo speak. and remember his surprise when he finds that Phraotes the power of Apollonius, knows and speaks (Irock.
would
INDIAN TRAVELS OF APOLLONIUS OP TYANA. man
lonius,?a
know
excellent
soul,
vory
let
us
to our
how do you
"But
"see
ho answered, a thousand
by
into
also
you
as
But
signs.
in which
devotions,
must
you
memory,
honour.
"Wo"
Apollonius. its qualities
out
tracing
approaches1,
midday
And
memory.
tho ono wo most
asked
nature?"
my
tho
of most
is of tho Gods
know,
91
may,
if you will, tako part." They then adjourned to tho bath, a spring liko that of Dircio, in Boootia, as Damis, who afterwards saw it, says. They first took off thoir clothes, and anointed their heads with an which
unguent,
into
jumped
their
mado
tho water,
run
bodies
and
down
washed,
having
with put
they
and
sweat,
then
on
garlands
their
heads and proceeded to tho temple, intent on thoir hymn. And standing round in a circle, with larchas as their leader, they beat tho ground with thoir staves, till bellying liko a wave it sent them up into the air
two
about
conio
down
Thoro
cubits.
to tho
and
companions;
a
When their
performed
liko
very
hymn,
sacred
of
in a shorter
he,
of
space
timo
than
was
bado him question men
who
now
on
seated
know
all
But
themselves?"
without
selves.
That,
could
bo admitted
to undergo,
things.
becauso
ho
and, further 1"
of Phraotcs,
throne
ho pleased,
and
quite
now
asked,
tho most diflicult, "Whether answered
larchas
for ho was
therefore
Apollonius
larchas
with assented
this
10 their
asked,
moro
to this,
were good they ho heard when
first
and
elementary
as
the Sophoi
contrary
to
especially
as he
no
knowledge,
philosophy. Apollonius, and the examination they
Phraotcs
observation in himself. themselves?" and was soul,
swiftest
his
that thoy knew all things, because they first knew them
expectation,
conversation
tho
them on any matter
though it was of all knowledgo know
the
I have taken
them.*'
Apollonius
among
larchas
duties,
birds, was gone and was back again, and told larchas,?" care
tho Pjcan
they had again
the anchor, and bado him take care of Apollo
called the youth with nius's
had
and
earth
sung
they
to /Esculapius.
sung at Athens
of Sophocles
felt
one
bin remembering had been obliged the
truth
of
tho
then asked "What opinion they held of told, "that they held themselves to be gods, Ho
men."
whether,
Apollonius held
that
they as
Pythagoras
then about enquired tho opinions of Pythagoras, remembered himself
tho
as
At sunrise, at noon, and at sunset, let the Brahman go to tho waters and vi. 22. "Sunrise and sunset are the hours when, bathe."?Menu, having made his the text which he ought to repeat."?II., 222. From ablution, he repeats the it seems the Itichas shine in the Vishnu the prayers of Purana, however, morning, at noon, and portions of tho Saman in the the Yajush 235. Harde afternoon.?p. saucH, ut supra, tov roivvv \povov rip; >//4t(>?<;Kt tijc vvktov. rov TrXtiorov ne vnvuvc Toty 0({t)p amvttpav $ ivxue,
OF TYANA. INDIANTRAVELSOP APOLLONIUS
92
Euphorbus, so Iarchas could speak of somo ono of his previous as Greek
cither
or
or
Trojan,
any
man
other
?
Iarchas,
lives,
first
im
proving tho Greeks for their rcverenco for Trojan heroes and for Achilles as tho greatest of them, to tho neglect of better men, Greek, Egyptian, and Indian, related how years long ago ho had been ono then Ganges, king of tho Indian people, of whom tho Ethiopians, a Iioav ten this formed in cubits stature and tho Indians, part; Ganges, most comely of men, built many cities, and drove back tho Scythians who invaded his territories; and Iioav, though robbed of his Avifo by the then king of Phraotcs's country, ho had unliko Achilles kept Kicrcd his allianco with him; how too ho had rondered his father, the Ganges1 river, propitious to India, by inducing it to keep within its banks, and to divert its courso to the lied Sea2; bow, notliAvith stumliiig all this, tho Ethiopians murdered him, and were driven by tbe bate of the Indians, and tho now sterilo earth, and tho abortive births of thoir wives, to lcavo thoir nativo land; and Iioav,pursued by his ghost, and still sudoring tho samo ills, they Avandorcd from place to place, till having at length punishod his murderers they nettled too,
how
ground
in that Ganges in somo
of Africa from them called Ho part Ethiopia. told, seven had thrust swords adamantine into tho deep unknown Avhich when tho oracles declared it spot,
sacred, he then a child of four years old immediately But ceasing to speak of himself, bo directed Apollonius's
pointed out. attontion to
a
describod
in
youth
patient sophy,
tho
of
company
about
tAventy,
Avhoiu
under all suffering, and by nature especially but
beyond
measure
averse
to it;
and
whoso
ho
as
fitted for philo aversion
was
tho
consequence of tho ill-treatment and injustice ho had received from a Ulysses and Homer in former life. He had been Palamedcs. were thus talking, a messenger came from tho While they king to announce his approach, and that ho would bo Avith them towards Iarchas answered that ho evening, to consult on his private affairs. should be Avelcomo, and that he Avould leavo them a bettor man for Ho then resumed bis conversation with having known this Greek. him to toll something of his previous oxistencc. asked and Apollonius, Apollonius care didn't
excuses
hiinsolf,
to remember
it.
becauso "
But
as surely,"
it
avus observed
undistinguished Iarchas,
ho "
to bo
the pilot of an Egyptian ship is no such ignoble occupation, and such I sco you onco Avcrc." "True," replied Apollonius, "but a position 1 The Pin ana. is a goddess.?Vishnu Ganges " 2Wilford who led the refers this to tho legend of Bhagiratha, to the Ganges his two the wheels of ehariot with ocean, tracing furrows, which wero to be the limits of her encroachments."?As. lies., viii. 290.
INDIAN TRAVELS OP APOLLONIUS OF TYANA.
93
which should stand on a par with that of tho statesman or tho general has by tho fault of sailors themselves, become contemptible and Besides tho best of my acts in that lifo no ono then degraded. " But what thought worthy even of praise." great deed did you then " ?" asked larchas. I don't speak of doubling with slackened perform sail Malea and Sunium, or of carefully observing tho course of tho winds, or of carrying your ship over tho reefs aud swell of tho " " if Eubo)cn coast." Well," said Apollonius, you will compel me to of an sailor act of to initio listen in it which seems to my life, speak mo
a
one.
right
In
those
the Phomician
infested
pirates
days
Sea.
And somo of their spies, seeing that my ship was richly freighted, camo to me and sounded me, aud asked me what would bo my share of the freight. I told them a thousand drachmas, for wo wore four rA hut 'And what sort of a home have you ?' they asked. pilots. l on Pharos, whcro Proteus used to live,' I answered. Well,* they a went on, 'would you liko to change the sea for land?a hut for and,
house,
while
ten
rcceivo
you
times
the
to
expect,
you
profit
rid
yourself at the same time of tho thousand ills of the tempestuous sea V 'Aye, that I would,* I said. So they told mo who they were, and promised mo ton thousand drachmas, and that neither myself nor any of my crow should sudor injury, if I gavo thorn an opportunity of taking my ship. It was then agreed that I should set sail in the but lie-to tho under night, wero on tho other at anchor
and
promontory; should side,
that come
then
tho out
who pirates, seize my and
ship and cargo. As all this took placo in a temple, 1 made them swear to fulfil their promises; and I agreed, on my part, to do as But they wished. and so escaped."
"
of justice?" tho
lives a
above
of my bribe,
larchas
instead
Yes,"
this,"
lying-to, observed
said Apollonius
men,
and
I made
for
sail
larchas,
"you
; "and of humanity
tho
sea, open an act
think
; for to save
to lo and of my property employers, a I of virtues." hold to bo sailor, many proof " seem to think that remarked: You, Greeks,
and a
though
smiled,
of
"And
the
not to do wrong is to be just. Only the other day, an Egyptian told us of tho Roman proconsuls; how, without knowing the people, they entered their provinces with naked axes; and of tho people, how they praised dealers
their who,
governors to vaunt
if their
they wares,
only wore warrant
not
venal,
that
their
slave like just aro not Carians
thieves I Your poets, too, scarcely allow you to bo just and goo<l. For Minos, tho most cruel of men, and who with his fleets reduced his neighbours to slavery, they honour with tho sceptre of justice, and as tho judgo of tho dead. But Tantalus, a good man, who made his friends partakers of immortality, they deprivo of food and drink.1'
INDIANTRAVELSOF APOLLONIUS OP TYANA.
04
It was And he pointed to a statue on tho loft inscribed " Tantalus." four cubits high, and of a man of about fifty, dressed in tho Argolic He Avas drinking from a cup as fashion, with a Thessalian chlamys. ns a would for suffice largo thirsty man, and a pure draught bubbled in it without up OArerflowing. Their
occasioned
interrupted
and Iarchas angrily
not tho mysteries Phraotcs, no seeing preparations, inquired
Apollonius,
tumult
and
noiso
tho
by
by tho king's arrival;
it been
"Had
observed, quiet."
Avas hero
conversation
in the village
been
had
Avhothor
more they
intended ottering the king a banquet? "Ayo, and a rich ono, for wo have plenty of everything here," they said, "and ho is a and
The this
king,
ivIIoav no
ns India
such
fruits,
avo
But
feeder.
gross
with
glittering
animal season
tho
gold
was
Damis
intervieAv
and
not
food,
only
afford.
roots,
sweetmeats, But
comes."
ho
hero
and joavoIs, now approached.
At
tho wholo
of
present,
for
ho
spent
this day in tho villago, but Apollonius gave him au account of it, and he Avrote it in his diary. Ho says then that tho king approached with outstretched hands as a supplicant, and that the sages from their seats nodded, as if granting bis petition, at Avhich he rejoiced greatly, as at the oracle of a god; but of his son and brother they took no. more
than
notice
rose
?and asked
of
tho
him
if
who
slaves
accompanied eat. Tho king
Avould
he
Iarchas
him. assented,
and
then four
tripods, like those in Homer's Olympus, rolled themselves in, fol lowed by bronze cup-bearers, Tho earth strewed itself Avith gross, than
softer
SAvccts
and
couch;
any
and
fruits
broad,
and
vegetables,
nil excellently avcII prepared, moved up and doAvn in order beforo the guests. Of tho tripods, two flowed Avith Avine, two with Avater, hot and cold. The cups, each largo enough for four thirsty souls, and tho so Avero each of a in Greece and of a stono stone, Avinc-coolcrs, singlo as to bo set in Tho necklaces. bronze and cup-bearers rings precious, as usual iu drink out tho wine and water in due proportions, poured
They all lay down
ing-bouts. for no plaeo
avus
of honour
to tho feast,
assigned
tho king with
tho rest,
him.
In the courso of tho dinner Iarchas said to tho king, " I pledge you the health of this man," pointing to Apollonius, and with his hand a On this tho king signifying that he Avas just and divine man. "
observed, the
villago,
Iarchas, pursuits "Worthless
I understand are
"
for
friends even
?" asked guest
hero tho
ho
king. worthless
from becoming a man
somo others Avho havo put up in " You understand said rightly," " is Phraotcs* But Avhat aro his guest." " of Phraotcs," ansAvered Thoso Iarchas. even Phraotcs prcvont pursuits, they
that he, of Phraotcs."
and
indeed," said tho king.
"
Speak moro modestly
IMDIAN TRAVELS OF APOLLONIUS OF TYANA. of not
and
philosophy become
your
I possess
"That
a
all
The
philosopher."
sophor, tell us what you am
a
so
man,
good
: " You "
am
I am
a
ono
with
tho
sun,"
Avould not think thus if you
philosopher."
philo
: " That
Apollonius Tho
a
are
as you
friend,
Well,
think of yourself."
as
long
:
king
inquired
from not being a philo
and
virtue,
does
language
larchas,
through
ho derived
Apollonius
this
larchas,?"
Apollonius,
advantage
answered tho king. wero
Here
ago."
of tho king " what sopher?"
observed
Phraotcs,"
95
"
:
king
I tho
By
"Thank heaven, sun,you como hero full of Phraotcs." Apollonius: then, that I have not travelled in vain ; and if you could seo Phraotcs, you would say he was full of me ; and indeed ho wished to to
writo
about
you
but when
me,
mo
told
ho
that
a
were
you
good
man, I bade him not take that trouble, for I had brought no letter to him.'* When tho king heard that Phraotcs had spoken well of him, ho was pacified, and forgot his suspicions ; and in a gcntlo tone said : best
"Welcome,
" What
one just arrived." "Tho
and
Gods
" Welcome
friend."
thoso wise
Apollonius,
you,"said
arc
"you
like
brought you to this place ?" asked the king. "
answered
men,"
Apollonius.
But,
"
stranger,
what do the Greeks say of mo?M inquired the king. Just what you "But that is just nothing," the king say of them," said Apollonius. "
I will
replied.
them
toll
said Apollonius; fool to himself
games," drunken
ho, and then
: but
they
turning tell me
crown
will to
you at tin; Olympic " : Let us leave this
larchas
to bin pay no attention why you " to your them table V* Because," " ono answered and them larchas, rule, they may day by slighting wo teach others." them not to slight then that Apollonius remarking was to larchas of the Sophoi the number it was not that 18, observed sou
and
brother,
and
a squnro
number,
nor
larchas
in answer,
but
not
a number
him
at
all
of
they paid added that tho
eighty-seven
or
honoured
that
; he
only it, consisted
entered
admit
indeed told
virtue
esteemed
father
do
no
distinguished, to number,
attention
when
college,
Sophoi,
and
that
his grand his grand
father then found himself its youngest, and eventually in the ono hundred and thirtieth1 year of his ago its only surviving, member ; that no eligible candidato having iu all that timo offered himself for ho
admission, ho
then
occupying with
the
romainod from
received
1
Ibn
years
the
small
number
of
without
Egyptians
the scat of wisdom,
blame tho Elians,
at Cabul
four
a
colleague;
and
that
when
on
his
alone
congratulations
he begged them not to reproach India
its wise
men.
larchas
then
went
in that as he had heard from tho Egyptians,
lhitiita speaks of Hindus Humes 120, l.'iO, and MO years of age. of 114, apparently with all his faculties about bun.?II., lOf).
on
to
they of one
INDIAN TRAVELS OF APOLLONIUS OP TYANA;
96
elected the Olympic diknsts by lot, and thus left to chanco what should bo tho reward of merit; and that they always elected the samo never
more,
number,?never
less;
and
that
thus
they
ex
somotimes
cluded good men and sometimes Avcro obliged to chooso bad ones. Better, bo said, it had been if tho Elians had alloAved tho number of tho dikasts to vary Avith circumstances, but had always required in them
tho
same
qualifications.
The king hero rudely interrupted them, ami expressed his disliko of tho Greeks, and spoke of tho Athenians as tho slaves of Xerxes ; Apollonius, turning to him, asked if ho had any slaves of his oavh ? "Twenty
"and
ho answered,
thousand,"
in my
born
" Well,
houso1."
then," said Apollonius (always through Iarchas), "as they run UAvay from you, not you from them, so Xerxes, conquered at Salamis, fled liko a Avorthlcss slave from before tho Athenians." "But surely," observed the king, "Xerxes, with his own hands set fire to Athens?" "Yes," " but how fearful avus his said Apollonius, punishment 1 Ho became a fugitive before those whom he had hoped to destroy; and in that flight Avasmost unhappy, for had ho died by tho hands of tho Greeks, Avhat a tomb would they not havo built for him?what games not instituted in his memory!?as knoAving that they honoured themselves Avhcn whom they had subdued." On this tho king those honoured they burst into tears, and excused himself, and attributed his prejudices against tho Greeks to the tales and falsehoods of Egyptian travellers, avIio, whilo
they
boasted
of
their
nation
as wise
and
and
holy,
author
of thoso laAvs relating to sacrifices and mysteries which obtain in Greece, described the Greeks as men of unsoilnd judgment, the scum of
men,
mongers, but able,
insolent
avyickvbac, poor, as an
and
and thoir
parading excuse for theft.
laAvless, poverty?not But now,
romancers,
and
miracle*
as
ho
honour something Avent on to say, that
I
knoAv them to bo full of goodness and honour, I hold them as my friends, and as my friends praise them, and Avlsh them all tho good I Iarchas can, and I wilt no longer givo credit to those Egyptians. hero observed that he had long perceived that tho Egyptians had got tho car of the king, but that ho said nothing, Avaiting till tho king But uoav that you should meet with such a counsellor as Apollonius. are better taught, let us, bo said, drink together tho loving-cup of Tantalus
; and
then
to
sleep,
for
avc havo
business
to transact
to-night.
I will however, as occasion offers, indoctrinate you in Greek wisdom, tho fullest in the Avorld. And so stooping to tho cup, he drank first, 1
uvai fo ? rode ptya tv ry Ivdtov yy iravrag to Mcgasthenes, According xi. ovh Indica, Ii-tfoie aXXof tfovXoc tan. li??oi?c uvai tXtvOtpovc;.?Arrinn ut sup., ? 51. limits this to the subjects of Musicanus.?Slrabo, Onesicritus
INDIAN TRAVELS OP APOLLONIUS OP TYANA.
97
and then handed it to the other guests ; and there was enough for all, for it bubbled up as if from a fountain. They lay down to rest, and at midnight thoy rose, and aloft in tho air hymned the praises of tho sun's ray; the Sophoi then gavo private audience to tho king. Next morning early, after the sacred rites, the to visit him retired to tho king having vainly pressed Apollonius village; for by law ho could not remain more than one day at tho college. The Sophoi now sent for Damis, whom they admitted as a Tho
guest.
conversation
tho world;
how
it is
then
and
commenced, of five
composed
larchas
elements?water,
on
discoursed fire,
air,
earth,
and mther1; and how they aro all co-ordinate,
but that from sethcr the
are from air mortals, Gods, an animal, and hermaphrodite;
moreover
how
generated; and how
as
the
world
is
it reproduces
hermaphrodite
by itself and of itself all creatures; and how as intelligent it provides for their wants, and with scorching heats punishes their wrong-doing. And this world larchas further likened to ono of thoso Egyptian ships' which navigate the Red Sea. By an old law, no galley is allowed there ; but only vessels round fore and aft (oroyyuXoi), fitted for trade. Well, theso vessels the Egyptians havo enlarged by build ing up their sides, and fitting them with several decks ; and they have manned
them
with
aud
sails;
for and the masts ; seamen prow and over ami the barbarians; against in the the rest. rules and directs So,
at pilots as a guard who pilot,
tho
above
marines, them all, ono
world,
there is the first God, its creator;
its several
parts?sung above
streams;
gods
perchance terrible
by the
tho earth,
next him, the gods who rulo
as
poets, and
gods
gods
of
rivers,
under
too there is below the earth, but distinct
and
deadly."
Here,
unable
to
contain
tho
groves,
and
earth;
and,
from it, a placo
himself,
Damis
cried
" Never could I have believed that any Indian out, iu admiration: was so thoroughly conversant with tho Greek language, and could speak it with such fluency and eloquence 1" A messenger now announced and introduced several Indian sup child possessed, a lame and bliud man, &c.,?all of whom plicants?a wero
cured.
1 Mcgasthcncs the Brahnmuical
(Strabo, ut supra, ? 59) gives pretty nearly tho same account of that the world has a beginning, and will have an end ; doctrines, there is that God, its ruler and creator, pervades it; that besides the four elements was a disciple of a fifth, tothcr; and Alexander asserts that Pythagoras Polyhistor cethcr as one of tho Brahmans} III. ? 138, p. 239, and p. 241 mentions Frg. Hist., tho Pythagorean elements. 2 Tho As, boat among tho Hindus is one of the types of the earth.?Wilford had to prove this passage that tho Hindus lies., viii. 274; Von Bohlcn quotes of ono God.?-Das tho knowlcdgo Alto Indien. I. 152. VOL. XVII.
H
INDIAN TRAVELS OF APOLLONIUS OF TYANA.
98
Iarchas further initiated Apollonius, but not Damis, in astrology aud divination, and in those sacrifices and invocations in which tho gods delight. Ho spoko of tbe divining power, as raising a man to an equality Avith the Delphian Apollo, aud as requiring a pure heart and a stainless life, and as therefore readily apprehensible by the rothcrial soul of Apollonius. He extolled it as a source of immense good to and
maukind,
discovered
tho
Then "
ho
to
referred
it
tho son of Apollo?
pius
said,
several in a ne\rcr
"Yes,
by
pleasaut foresee Jove,"
was
art?for
physician's
not
-/Escula
it not through his oracles
for diseases,
remedies
turning, do you
a man?"
tho
and was Avay,
for
herbs
that ho &c?
Avounds,
to Damis,?"And
you,
Assyrian." of such
the
companion "matters that
anything?you, answered Damis,
concern
mj'self; for Avlicn I first met with this Apollonius, he seemed to mo a man full of wisdom and gravity und modesty and patience; and when I saw his memory and great learning aud lovo of learning, I looked upon him as a sort of Dtcinon; and I thought if I kept Avithhim, that instead of a simple and ignorant man, I should be thought Aviso, instead of a barbarian; and that if I followed him and ?learned, studied
Avith
him,
I
should
see
tho
and
Indians,
see
and
you;
that
As to through his means 1 should mix Avith tho Greeks, a Greek. you then you aro occupied Avithgreat things, and think Delphi and or
Dodona
what
you
As
will.
for
when
me,
Damis
bo
predicts,
predicts for himself only, liko an old witch." At theso Avoids all tho Sophoi laughed. Apollonius inquired about tho Martichora1, an animal tho size of a lion, four-footed, Avith tho head of man, its tail long Avith thorns for at it out shoots those which who tho golden hairs, pursue it;?about fountain2 too; and the men who uso their feet for umbrellas, tho scia Iarchas had never pods3. Of tho golden fountain and Martichora, beard; but ho told Apollonius of tbe Pcntarbu, and showed him tho stone
and
its effects.
It
is a wonderful
gem,
about
tho
of a man's
sizo
thumb-nail, and is found in tho earth at a depth of four fathoms; but though it makes the ground to swell and crack, it can only bo got at by colour
use
the
and
of of
a stream
into
certain
ceremonies
extraordinary it draws to
and
brilliancy, it and clusters
It
incantations. and
of such round
is of that
power, it all precious
a fiery thrown stones
1
Ctesias, p. 80, ? 71 Didot. 2 Notes Id., p. 73. ? 4. Wilsou, myths. 3
Id.,
by Wilford, Scianodas Sciapods
on Ctesias,
explains
and
accounts
for
theso
104 aud 84. the people of India, from Hindu Among authority quoted " are the Ecapada, oue-footed. Monosccli eosdeiuquo singulis ciuiibus, from Pliny (ib.) and tho From Wilson's the oue-footcd vocari," Notes, should bo two different races. ?
OP APOLLONIUS OP TYANA. INDIANTRAVELS within a certain considerable tho other side of the Ganges wero
Longheads
mere
99
on range1. The pigmies, ho said, lived and under ground; but the Sciapods and of
inventions
He
Soylax.
described
also
tho
gold-digging griffins; that they were sacred to the Suu (his chariot is represented as drawn by them2), about the size of lions3, but stronger becauso
that
winged;
their
wings
a reddish
were
and
and
dragons;
that
tho
of
because
alone,
tiger
and
membrane,
their flight was low and spiral; that thoy overpowered
hence
lions, elephants,
his
was
swiftness,
their equal in fight. He told of tho Phomix, the ono of his kind, born of the sun*s rays, and shining with gold, and that his .000 years of life wore- spent in India; and ho confirmed the Egyptian account of this bird?that singing his own dirgo ho consumed himself in his aro matic nest, at tho fountains of the Nile. Similarly also swans, it is said, sing thcnisolves to death, and havo been heard by thoso who aro very quick of ear. Thoy remained four months with the Sophoi; and larchas gavo seven
Apollonius afterwards
woro,
seven
tho
after named rings, in its turn, on each
its
planets,
which When
name-day.
ho they
ever took
thoir departure, tho Sophoi provided them with camels and a guide, and accompanied them on tho road; and, prophesying that Apollonius would oven during his life attain tho honours of divinity, they took lcavo of him: and many times looking back, as in grief at parting with his left
a man,
such
companions, travelled (sic), ou
and
their
lions, panthers that faced, what
frequent and like
factory,
road
larchas
and And Apollonius on their tho Hyphasis a ten days' journey, wild
oxen,
and tigers, and a species of ape different the
popper-groves, men. And
little
reached they they saw, and passage-boats of
dark colour. to
to their collcgo. on their tho Ganges right, the sea-coast, down towards saw many birds aud they returned
with
Horo Apollonius
for so the
were
they
conversing, whcro coast,
a Tuscan
build,
sent back
asses
aud
from thoso
and dog black, hairy, as their custom of was, a small found they tho sea of a very and
tho camels, with
this letter
:-?
1 Strabo from them. also mentions Ctesias JVIogasthonos, lb., ? 50. " Tho seven 2 Iu tho Vishnu of Purana: horses of the sun's car arc the metres or tho Vcdas," p. 218. Sculptured painted horses always. 3 has shown (Ariana Ant'upia) p. 112, ? 12, and p. 95, ? 70. Wilson Ctesias, " Those triLc s foundation. that this story has au Indian from tho Mahabhaiata, thnt gold in lumps of a drona weight, Mandura between Meruand verily presented * called and which is therefore Avhich is dug up by Pippilikas Pippilika (ants), sec A Journey to Lako Mfmasarovarn, and by 135, note); (p. ant-gold,*" iu the gold country which Schwanbeek who speaks of a sort of marmot Mooicroft, suppoies
to bo tho original
of this ant.?As.
lies.,
xii.
442.
Yl'i
INDIANTRAVELSOP APOLLONIUS OP TYANA.
100
"To larchas and the other Sophoi from Apollonius, greeting: I came to you by land; through you I can now return by sea. You have communicated to me your wisdom, aud through you I can now walk the air. I shall not forget theso things oven among the Grcoks, unless, indeed, I have vainly drunk of the cup of Tantalus. Farewell, yo best philosophers." then embarked, and set sail with a fair and gentle Apollonius breeze. He admired the Hyphasis, which at its mouth narrow and rocky hurries, through beetling cliffs, into the sea, with some danger to those who hug tho land. He saw too the mouth of tho Indus, and Patala, a city built on an island formed by the Indus, whcro Alexander collected his fleet. And Damis confirms what Orthagoras lias related of the Red Sea?that the Great Bear is not thoro visible; that at noon there is no shadow; aud that the stars hold a different positiou in the heavens. He speaks of Byblus with its large mussels, and of Pagala of the Oritm where tho rocks and the sands are of copper; of the Ichthyo phagi and their city Stobera, where the people clothe themselves iu and
fish-skins,
feed
their
cattlo
on
of
fish;
tho
an
Carman,
Indian
race and civilized, who of tho fish thoy catch keep only what they can cat, and throw tho rest, back into the sea; and of Balara, living, where they anchored, a mart for myrrh and palms. Ho tolls too of the mode in which tho people get their pearls. Iu this sea, which is very deep, tho oyster of a white shell is fat, but naturally produces no
pearls.
When
however
the
weather
is very
calm
and
tho
sea
smooth, and made still smoother by pouring oil upon it, tho Indian diver, equipped as a sponge-cutter, with the addition of an iron pinto and a box of myrrh, goes down to hunt for As soon as ho oysters. has found one, he seats himself beside it, and with his myrrh stupefies it and makes it open its shell. Tho moment it does this, ho strikes it with a skewer, and receives on his iron plato cut into shapes tho ichor which is discharged from its wound. In theso shapes the ichor hardens, and the pearls thus made differ in nothing from real pearl.1 This sea, he adds, is full of moustcrs, from which tho sailors protect themselves by bells at the poop and prow. Thus sailing, thoy at last reach the Euphrates, and so up to Babylou, and again meet Bardancs. In reviewing this account of India, our first enquiry is into tho authority on which it rests. Damis was the companion of Apollonius, 1 Is
this
au
indistiuct
and
garbled
account
of
pearls described iu a lato Journal of the Society T
tho Chinese
modo
of uinldng
OF APOLLONIUS OF TYANA. INDIANTRAVELS so Philostratus Avroto a as
journal, as capablo
101
and not improbably publio rumour affirmed. no
and, though man of any
was
scholar,
correctly
Damis
to Philostratus according down and Avhat ho saw
noting
hoard1. But Damis died, and his journal, if journal ho kept, lay buried with him for upwards of a century, till ono of his family pre sented it to the Empress Julia Domna, the wife of Severus, curious in no additions in what state??untouched??with such matters?But to suit tho Empress's taste? Who shall tell? Again, tho Empress did not ordor this journal to bo published, but ga\re it to Philostratus, a sophist and a rhetorician, Avith instructions to re-write and edit it; and so rc-Avrittcn and edited ho at length published it, but not till after tho death of his patroness, tho Empress. VVoigliing then theso all
circumstances,
to grave
open
every
suspicion,
one must
that
admit
tho journal of Damis gives no authority to Philostratus's work; but that this last, and more especially the books which relate to India, may givo authority to tho journal and history. By their contents then they must be judged. should pay little attention That Apollonius to, and not very external
describe,
accurately
objects,
be
might
ono
without
tho Hindu-kush
remark
on
its
snow-covered
plaint on tho difficulties and dangers of its ascent8. these bad
descriptions ? If you
lengthy oxistonco
credulous
and
eager
can
Ono
expected.
that, occupied with the soul and the gods, ho should toil up
understand
of animals
and
forward
Damis?of
put listener,
wonders
that
never
the to
still
have
you
natural
peaks?one
But how explain
earth, earthy?an show how it is, that
these descriptions so exactly tally with those of Ctesias and the histo Iioav it is they aro never original, except to add to rians of Alexandor; our
list
of
errors,
or
of
bears
has
and
Prometheus, to tell
errors
to oxaggerato
Caucasus, more fortunate of Bacchus
but
already
sees and
his his
chains.
climbs
Ho
orgies,?now
no
longer
on
Thus,
existing.
than tho soldiers of Alexander,
ho not only Mount tho
Nysa, inventions
did not Damis of flattery as Eratosthenes so shrowdly suspected,?for terms Seleucus there find his temple and his statue??In general Nicator and Onesicritus had vaunted tho long life of elephants; but in Taxila, Damis admired tho elephant of Poni3, and on its golden bracolots read its name and ago. Copying Ctesias, he speaks of tho 1
xtavoc. ^ o,ri i)kovoiv w utitv ayarv7rw<rai*?tr^ofym avaynaxpai, Aiarpi/3jji> tovto apiara avOpiamov.?-L, c. 19. ui>, i?, tirtribivt * was indifferent to ; but Apollouius's not even Hioueu-Thsaug which Dangers " wo may account for by an observation In India, qui of Cicero: indifference sapientcs pcrforunt
tetatcm agunt, et audi habenlur, L. v. sino doIore."?Tusc. Quoost.,
Caucasi
nives
hyenialemcme
vim
OF TYANA; INDIANTRAVELSOF APOLLONIUS
102
Indus, forty stadia broad whoro narrowest1; of giant Indians, fiA'Ocubits high; of worms, with an inoxtinguishablo oil; of winged gritting, but instead of large as avoIvcs, ho makes them large as lions ; and of tho swift one-horned ass, and the joAvel Pantarbas, both of which ho and saw. Similarly of two serpents or dragons, 80 and 140 Apollonius cubits respectively, pets of Aposoisares, Oncsicritus had hoard, but Damis was present at a dragon-hunt, and had seen dragons' heads Suroly such informa hanging as trophies iu tho streets of Paraka. not
tion,
forward
put
as
inero
but
reports,
solomnly
vouched
can
for,
never ha\re como from a man avIio has really visitod India, or thoy camo from ono of as littlo authority as Monctojs Pinto, Avhon ho gives nn account of his expedition to and a description of tho imperial tombs of China. But, it will bo said, these Avondcrs Avero tho common stock in trado of
Indian
as much examine the
travellers;
to India
went
and
as
his
Damis
porphyry
man avIio iu thoni, and cvory man bolioved ovcry of India, was at least wroto of not soeiug ashamed then theso prcdocossors. Leaving common-places,
whero tomplo
ho and
or so. To nearly at Taxila; mosaics
is original, tho metal
Ave oavo
him to
that
him,
spur of Caucasus, stretching down from the Indian sido of tho to him, its popper-forests, and its to tho Indian Ocean; Hypbasis so in tho useful gathering popper-harvests. Through him monkeys, we
knoAv
of
tho groves
crater-fire
of pardon,
to Venus,
sacred
to au Indian marriage.
Ho
its rain-cask,
and
the
so
unguent
necessary
tells of tho wondrous
alono and
its
bill;
of Tantalus;
its brimming-cup
aud though of casks of tho winds, and of self-acting tripods, Homer had already written; and though of a avcB of tho test, Ctesias had vaguely heard, and its qualities Bardasaues had described, to Damis belongs this merit, ho gavo them local habitation, mado them facts. With the Sophoi he lived four months in closest intimacy, and yet from his description of them, who shall say, avIioand what they avcre ? To tho poAvers he ascribes to them both Buddhists and Brahmans But whilo thoir modo of election, determined by ancestral pretend. and personal character, points them out as Buddhists, thoir naino, their But
their hair, worship long or Brahman, at Buddhist
Apollonius
sits a disciplo,
of thoir
and
tho foot
sun, after
doolaro a
long
they instruct him?in
thorn
Brahmans2.
aud woury
doctrines
travel
and
1 Philostratus to yap avrov roaovrov, its breadth vr\mpov scarcely so strong, at the ferry where pcoplo usually cross.?II., 17 and 10. 7 who knew of Brahmans and Buddhists Bardasancs, only from report, has a very clear and intelligible account of both. I have already referred to it. given ? iv. 17. Porphyry,
INDIAN TRAVELS OP APOLLONIUS OF TTANA.
103
In tho very heart of India ho opinions which wore current at Athens. finds its sages, though "inland far they be,** well acquainted with Greok geography and the navigation of the Grecian seas, worshipping Greek than Greek gods, speaking Greek, thinking Greek,?more Indian. Absurd and impossible as this description seems to us, our Damis, if I judge him rightly, was not the man to advance what tho Greek mind was wholly unprepared to receive. Accordingly, long had announced au ago Clitarchus aud tho historians of Alexander, to him, Mcgasthcnes added a Hercules ; and, Indo-Grcok Bacchus; moro
gods1.
of such a worship wero not improbably current; moroly tioned
Nicolaus Similarly, in connexion with languago
confirmed
authority, rumours
Vague
and Damis's Ho
India.
journal
first men
Damascenus2
them.
tho Greek
on what
not
I know had proclaimed, Plutarch recently, wore of tho Greek the Indians worshippers
that
that
states,
when at Antioch Epidaphne (20 n.c), ho met with some Indian am bassadors on their way to Augustus Cucsar. They were three in number whom ho saw, and had originally been more, as their letters showed, but tho greater part had perished on tho road. Their letter and
parclunont,
written
It declared that Porus,
iu Greek. valued
on
was
of crodenco
the
and was
of Augustus,
friendship
was
tenor
the
of in tho chargo of a youth sisted at tho shoulders3?a vipers,
a snake
partridgo was that escape
eight whoso
Indian
letter.
naked
to open
ready
his
kingdom
it wero presents accompanying in girdles con well and anointed, a child, ho was had been cut off
Tho
slaves when
arms,
and
Porus,
of Hermes, whom Strabo saw?somo himself a river of four tortoise cubits and cubits, Jong, than a vulture. the ambassadors larger Among sort
ten
somewhat
from
of tho
of
lord over GOOkings, much
him and them all duo assistance.
to him and his people, and give Such
namo
in the
though
who
present
at Athens,
himself
burned evils,
but
because
as
not hitherto
having
some
do,
a
to in
succeeded
every thing, ho feared lest any longer lifo should bring him misery and disappointment; and so, joyous and well-anointed, he leaped into tho manos
burning
pilo.
Chcgan4,
This inscription of Bargosa, who,
gavo himself immortality.'*
is on
his
according
Plutarch
tomb to
his
:~~"Hero country's
(end of tho 1st century)
lies
Zar
custom,
though
1 Vide supra, noto 4, in page till. 2 ?91, p. 419. Frag. Hist., 3 Tho words aro : urot Ct ra culpa rov Tt"V.npav otto roa> toptov n^mnjfuxov bv $t iiftag ucnpiv. ik viyrrtov rovg fipaxiovac, Lassen has translated this a statue the arms of which had been broken off at the shoulders To of Hermes, by a boy. which such a translation would imply, of construction say nothing of the harshness as a youth. u passage from Dio Cassius speaks of this Ilenncs 4 Cramaua iii. 60. teacher of tho Cramans.?Lassen, Karja,
104
INDIAN TRAVELS OF APOLLONIUS OP TYANA.
ho docs not name the Indians iu enumerating the great deeds of Alex ander, narrates that by his means Asia was civilised and Homer read there, and that tho children1 of Porsians, Susians, and Gedrosians Dio Chrysostom2, sang tho tragedies of Euripides and Sophocles. a friend of with and in a pane Plutarch, (cotemporary Apollonius), insists his Homer, upon upon wide-spread reputation; that ho gyric lived in the memory, not only of Greeks, but of many of tho barbarians; "for his poems, it is said, aro sung by tho Indians, who havo trans lated them into their own language; bo that a pcoplo who do not con template
tho
same
stars
is not visible,?are tears and wailings Achilles
and
as
whoso
ourselves,?in
our
heaven
polar
star
not unacquainted with the grief of Priam, and tho of Hecuba and Andromacho, and tho courago of
Hector."
/Elian,
of
about
the
samo
age
as Philostratus,
tells us that not only the Indians, but the kings of Persia also, have translated aud sung tho poems of Homer, if ono can credit thoso who On such vague authority, coupled doubtless write on these matters*." with the fact that an Indo-Greek kingdom had formerly existed, and had at one timo extended to the Jumna, and that barbaric kings so honoured Greece,
that
on
their
coins
thoy
entitled
themselves
Philhelleno*,
Damis
built up this part of his romance, which flattered Greek prejudices and soothed Greek vanity, and was willingly received by that influential and educated class to whom itwas addressed, and who wore struggling to give new life aud energy to the perishing religion of Greece. Of Damis*s geography, I can only say that it reminds me of a soon as ho leaves tho well-known scono of Alexander's fairy talo. As to crosses unknown mountains ho any map, and then describes exploits, an immense plain of fifteen days* journey to tho Ganges, and eighteen himself travels over in fourteen days to the lted Sea, but which ho hill of tho Sophoi, and thence, reaches tho ho four in for days days; Who shall in ten days, arrives at tho ono mouth of tho Hyphasis. for theso mistakes, and f\x locali explain these discrepancies, account ties thus vaguely described ? it seems to mo that tho wholo work of Philostratus, Reviewing to havo travelled through, and made Apollonius certainly protended some stay in India, but that very possibly ho did not really visit it; and that if ho did visit it, our Damis never accompanied him; but, if we may
judge
from
the
cinnamon
and
pepper-trees,
the mangosteen,
1 Km $ Vidptoouov naxdig rag Evpnritioo #t Sovaianov Utpatov n<W, ut supra, Tpaytonag II. Reisko. De Homero 277} p. Oratio, LIIL, J Varirc L. xii., c. 48. Hist., * Hist., p. 117. Bayer Reg. Grcec. Bactriaui
tho
^ 2v$oic\tovg
INDIAN TRAVELS OF APOLLONIUS OF TYANA.
105
in pearls, and tho frequent reference to Egypt and Egyptian travellers, fabricated this journal perhaps from books Avritton upon India, and tales1 current about India, which he easily collected at that great mart for Indian commodities, and resort for Indian mer trade
chants?Alexandria.
1
to tho same
sources
as those from which
Dio Chrysostom obtained ho speaks of to tho people of Alexandria, and a few Indians Bactrians, (Ivowv rivog), as frequenting Persians, Scythians, for his Indian talc to the Cclicni, he gives: and as authority their city (lb. I, p. 072); '(vikiv. riprg ipnopiag rivig riov afiKvovptvMv iQaoav' a<pacvovprat St ov iro\\ot tariv IpSwp to yivog, rovro fa aripop bvroi 6t i7rip*yvvvrai rotg npng 0a\arr\j' o\ re aXXot tyiyovoip 72, p. 3. avrovg,?II., Traceable
his stories
about
India.
In his oration