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THE REPUBLIC OF PLATO
Classical Series.
THE
REPUBLIC OF PLATO. BOOKS
^YITB
I.-V.
INTRODUCTION AND NOTES
BY T.
HERBERT WARREN,
PRESIDENT OF
ST.
MARY MAGDALEN
1,'
a
ni 0n
M.A.,
COLLEGE, OXFORD
:
MACMILLAN AND AND NEW YOKE. 1892.
All rights reserved.
CO,
First Edition, 18S8.
Reprinted, 1892.
^^1
TO
TEE REVEREND JOHN PERCIVAL Late
Preside7it
M.A, LL.D.
of Trinity College, Oxford
Headmaster sometime of Clifton College
and now of Rugby School who first taught me the chai^m
of Plato
and the value these
of ideals
pages
are with grateful
ajffection
inscribed.
Q
o
636348
pvv
dyj
del
irvKViqv cppevoL kolI ^LXodrjfjLOP iyeLpetv
ere
(ppovTid' eirLdTajxivTjv
KOLvy
yap iw evrvxlonaLv
'epx^Tai briixov
yvd)/JLr)s iirivoLa,
iro\iT7}v
eirayXaiovaoL
IxvpiaicFLv (hcpeXiaiaL ^lov, di]-
\ov(T 6 TL irep dvvarcLL.
pos 5e. prjfjLaros
delraL ij
yap
ttoXls
/cai-
tl crocpov tlvos e^ev-
7]/ulu)v.
—Aristophanes, Eccle&iazu&ae^
€K€Lvos ixev (filXri
Alos
(prjcri^
ttoXl
(piX-rj
KeKpoiros, av be ovk epets,
— Marcus Aurelius,
;
Co
571,
ttoXl
iv. 23.
" The fair fantastic commonwealth, too fair For earth, wherein the wise alone hare rule, So wise that oftentimes
the sage
Shows duller than the fool '
himself
;
And
that white soul, clothed icith a satyr's form. Which shone beneath the laurels day by day, And fired with burning faith in God and Right
.
Doubted men's doubts aicay."
— Lewis Morris, Songs of Tic o
Worlds. — Tht
Wanderer
CONTENTS. I'AGK
Preface,
------------
Introduction,
Text, Notes,
-
-
-
-
v xiii
1
153
PREFACE This little book, slight as it is, has been, I am afraid, somewhat slow in making its appearance. I hope that on the whole it has gained more than lost by the delay. It has been written in the scanty leisure which has formed the occasional interruption of six or seven much preoccupied years, and again and again I have had to lay it aside for weeks, or even months. My own knowledge has grown within this period, and my views have both sensibly and insensibly altered, I hope for the better and truer, but I am not without fears that this very advance has introduced somewhat of inconsistency and un evenness into these pages. Personally, I should have liked to keep it somewhat longer yet upon the stocks, in the hope of removing these and other blemishes, but I have trespassed too much on the long-suffering patience and never-failing courtesy of my publisher and printer, and perhaps it
my work should now be compelled venture Such as it is, it can claim, unless I am mistaken, to be the first commentary in English on so many as five books of the Eepublic. Plato, so much written about in antiquity, has found, as a whole, few editors, still fewer commentators^ in modern times. The great is
just as well that
to
make
its
V
Preface.
vi
editions of the Renaissance, the Aldine Princeps, the two Basle editions, and that of Stephanus, with the
archetypal version of Ficino, and one or two littlepartial commentators, in themselves or as reproduced, sufficed for the needs of Europe for two centuries ; and I find, for example, that my penultimate predecessor. Dr. Routh, writing about a hundred years ago, still founds himself directly upon these, and knows hardly any other aid. In the case of the Republic, a solitary edition by a Bachelor of Arts of Trinity College, Cambridge, Edmund Massey, in 1713, interrupts this long neglect. Unfortunately its date is its only interest. It is a pity that a far more competent and famous Cantabrigian did not undertake the task in which Massey failed. The post Gray, equally at home in art and philosophy, "perhaps the most learned man in Europe of his time," and the nicest critic, a little later than Massey, compiled for his own use a body of notes on Plato, which, in their matter, and still more their method, show what he might have done as a professed scholar, and cause us to regret that we have not an edition of the Republic by the author of the Elegy. As it was, no new commentary on the Republic appeared in Europe until the early j^ears of our own century, when Ast published his three successive editions, modifying and advancing himself in the last, by aid of the critical labours of Bekker. In 1829-30 came the first edition of Stallbaum, in 1830-33 that of Schneider. Finally, in 1858-9 appeared Stallbaum's revised and improved edition. This old-fashioned Latin work, dating from thirty years ago, and long since out of print, still remains the best and fullest in some senses the only complete For its painstaking and edition of the Republic.
known and
—
Preface.
vii
various miscellany I have an affection of long stand-
have made, as will be seen, large and Indeed, at one time I proposed it. to myself little more than a handy English redaction ing,
and
I
constant use of
of
it.
Schneider's I have found an excellent commentary, but if more discriminating he is less impersonally fair and catholic than Stallbaum. Of older notes, those which have helped me most have been the lectures, to call them by their real name, upon the first two books of the Kepublic, by Muretus, delivered in Italy in the sixteenth century, an interesting monument of the scholarship of that age and country, to which later commentators, like Stallbaum, owe more than they acknowledge ; of newer, those appended to an anonymous text and translation published in 1881 by Engelmann, by whose name, in default of any other, I have been obliged to cite it. The notes on such portions of the Eepublic as appear in the charming little Clarendon Press " Selec-
from Plato" may be specially commended to younger students. If the Master of Balliol has been even more than usually happy in the preface to this volume, the judgment and learning of my old friend and tutor Mr. Purves appear no less conspicuously in the commentary. I have used, as far as they go, the brief notes of Mr. Hardy on the first book; and I have consulted an edition covering the whole ten books by C. Schmelzer in the well-known Weidmann series, but am not conscious of owing anj^thing to it. On the other hand, every word written by Professor Schanz on Plato is of value, and I have drawn more than will appear from his Prolegomena, and latterly tions
-
Preface.
viii
from his admirable school editions of the Euthyphro and Onto. I have also been helped by a little French edition of the Eighth Book by M. Espinas, of Bordeaux, the introduction to which, especially is brightly and suggestively written. I should like, too, to pay a compliment, though rather a general one, to the sister University and the illustrious band of Cambridge Platonists of our own day, especially to Mr. Archer Hind, whose Phaedo gave me much jDleasure and one or two hints, and of whose Timaeus I hope to make more use hereafter. If Plato has had few editors, he has found many translators. The well-known renderings of the Republic by Davies and Vaughan and by Jowett are of real help, the first more to the understanding of the letter of Plato, the second to the appreciation of his spirit and soul. Beside these, I have been aided by Engelmann's version, and by the older German rendering with notes of Fahse, and amused by an anonymous French version of 1765. Other and special debts will be found acknowledged as they arise, nor will I write a preface after the recipe of the wittiest ever written, that to Don Quixote, and append a list of the obvious aids of the Platonic scholar from Timaeus and Proclus to Ast and Eiddell, or of the mass of monographs, theses, school-programmes, and congratulatory epistles which elucidate or obscure the Eepublic. I will only add that I wish I had become acquainted earlier with the brilliant if bold criticism of Teichm tiller's Literarische Fehden, Breslau, 1881, and 1884; that for a general account of Plato I think Chaignet's La Vie et les Ecrits de Platon, Paris, 1871, deserves to be better known, for it has peculiarly '
^
'
Preface.
IX
the French charm of being readable while didactic and learned without heaviness ; and that lastly, I have been much interested in two little brochures by a Dutch preacher, w^hich, unless my eye is deceived by the refraction of an imperfect knowledge of the language, contain some of the prettiest and most appreciative criticism of the prose poetry De Dichter en of Plato which has recently appeared zijne Vaterstad by H. Was, Predikant te Kruisland, Leiden, 1881, and Plato's Politeia by the same as Predikant te St. Oedenrode, Arnhem, 1885.
—
The
series to
which
this
book belongs
is
for the use of senior scholars at schools
intended
and junior
These, so far as my exscholars at the universities. perience goes, have not as a rule the time to use many books beside the commentary in hand. I have therefore
aimed
at
making
this
commentary
sufficient in
or as supplemented by ordinary books of reference. At the same time such students as will read the Eepublic at all will I think be interested by having some indication given them of a fuller treatment. It is often instructive to know that evidence exists and where it might be found, though time does not allow itself,
of
its
my
being verified at
first
Schanz,
who
I
am
glad to find
says, in his preface to his School
mentary on the Euthyphro sich
hand.
view confirmed by the precept and example of
ausdrucJdich
Kruger
als
Com-
Selhst eine Ansgale, die
Schidausgabe
hivstellt^
soil,
wie
richtig bemerkt, keine Schiilemusgahe sein.^^
Having such students in view, and dealing only with the first five books of the Eepublic, I have moreover taken Plato rather as a man of letters than as a philosopher. The connexion of these earlier books with the philosophical ideas of the later, still more the philosophical synthesis of the Eepublic as a whole,
X
Preface.
with
its
relation historical or logical, to the Platonic questions I have avoided or perhaps
system, are postponed.
have also purposely not given an analysis. I most profitably made by the student for himself but if he seek one to his hand he has an ample choice in those of Jowett, Day, Hoole, and.Davies and Vaughan. To offer a new text to the world we should have first determined the relative value of all the mss. of our author, and in any given passage should further have learned to be able to assess the weight of the ruling of the usage within themselves of the mss. it is decided on previous grounds to call in evidence. This I cannot profess to be able to do. To correct de suo a passage here and a passage there without such continuous consideration has always seemed to me a presumptuous and haphazard enterprise, and although good luck and sympathetic ingenuity have occasionI
believe such analyses are ;
ally divined the truth
more frequent
by a
species of sortilege, the
result has been to multiply the confu-
sion of idle printed variants.
have therefore, though not altogether approving of adopted bodily a text presumably consistently compiled, merel}^ removing a few misprints and, probably, introducing a few others. It is that of Baiter's Fourtii Edition, described by him in his preface dated July 24, I
it,
1874.
It
is
chiefly
as embodying the therefore a highl}^ of Madvig's introductions,
noticeable
emendations of Madvig, and
corrected text. As to many with some of those of other
is
illustrious
scholars,
adopted by Baiter, I am myself very sceptical. I believe that we should preserve more of Plato
more of the text of the great Paris But the few hours of an amateur which I
in preserving
ms.
Preface.
xi
have spent over that famous document would not me in doing more than stating my own intuition, the value of which it would take long study Meanwhile the effect of Madvig's corto establish. rections is to give us language as I believe less Platonic, but certainly more regular, grammatical, and easily intelligible. For a school text this has its Ere long it is to be hoped the first living advantages.
justify
authority, Schanz, who has already indicated the lines on which a new text of the Eepublic should be prepared, will apply the results of his unsparing study,
and great experience, and
his
own
sure and sanative
touch to Plato's masterpiece.
There is left to me the privilege of a preface, to thank those friends who have assisted me in putting The part of my work in which together these pages. I feel most confidence is what I owe to them. First and foremost should come my old companion of school and college, Mr. E. N. P. Moor of Clifton. He has kindly been at the pains of reading through the whole of my manuscript and most of the proofs, and there is I think no page of the notes which does not owe something, most owe much, to his sound and graceful scholarship, literary sense, and cultivated educational tact, invaluable alike in correction and suggestion, in the counsels both of omission and insertion.
With such a helper I am peculiarly fortunate to have been able to associate another scholar and schoolmaster Mr. F. Haverfield of Lancing College. Mr.
—
Haverfield has revised for
Commentary.
me
the latter half of the
His keen eye, singular critical faculty, his encyclopaedic and methodical knowledge, and especially his wonderful working acquaintance with the bibliography and apparatus of scholarship, could
Preface.
xii
not
fail
to be of great assistance in
whatever measure
only regret in my own interest and that of my readers that the first half of the book was already stereotyped before I called in his effective aid. I am also indebted to a Fellow of my own college, the Rev. H. R. Bramley, for reading over the text and comparing it with the Ziirich original. I must not omit to mention too my friend Mr, Thomas Case, Fellow and Tutor of Corpus Christi College, who has placed at my service a body of annotatio.is made by him in connexion with his
employed
;
and
I
college lectures, full of his
own
sagacious insight and
practicality.
Mr. John Addington Symonds will perhaps have do not forget, the valuable and fruitful hints and help he gave me some years ago at Davos for the Introduction. In my fiist book I cannot forego the pleasure of recording the name of one to whom I owe so much. Finally, I have to thank for a far larger and more constant debt than the very large one which will appear on every page to my old Master and friend, the first and most Platonic of English Platonists, whose beautiful version and no less beautiful Introductions have done so much to make Plato a delight of the unlearned as well as of the scholar, and an ornament once more not only of a dead but of a Hving forgotten, but I
literature.
ERRATA AND ADDENDA. Introduction, 'page xv.
,
To
iiote 3.
Literarische Fehden, esp.
i.
the authorities
I
14. 15.
must
confess
remains a very great
La
Cp. Chaignet,
difficulty.
I have
been
much shaken
The date of the Eccleaiazusae
though not quite convhiced by his arguments.
1).
quoted add Teichmiiller
Vie
et les
Merits de Plo.ton
361, with note 2.
was
Ibid, line 6, for
P. xix., note
sufficiently, read
1, last line,
P. xxviii., note line 14,
for
2,
were
for 444 d, read 445
Comic
sufficiently. D.
Attic, read Comic.
Attic.
/or light, read flight.
P.
li.,
P.
Ixviii., line 13,
P. Ixxi., note,
add see also Teichmiiller, Lit. Fehd. i. 33. add see also Teichmiiller, Lit. Fehd. ii. 359.
P. Ixxii. note, line
'1,
ff.
for past Platonic, read post-Platonic.
—
Notts
P. 159, line
31,,
/or clxxxix, read Ixxxix. Bekk, read Beck.
Ibid, line 32, for
P.
17t5,
P. 182,
line 24, for liiie
Pausanias, read Polydamas.
20, for irpoax<^/^^J^OL,
read irpoaxp^lJ-^^OL.
" that, read " P. 187, line VI, for "it is obvious
Ibid. 20, for
obvious that,
etc.
for illusion, read allusion.
P. 203, line
24:,
P. 204,
16, for
li7ie
it is
unable to act, read unable to act."
metapor, read metaphor.
P. 213, line 11, biOiKaSeLV^ etc.,
add Schanz, note on Euthyphro,
15
P. 221, line 'S5,for Morti, read Morte. P. 227, line 5, for atomies, read anatomies. P. 253, line SO, for ''P.
255, line 2, for
mun. read num.
when one has
P. 259, line 6, Tpayo:8o7roLOL. P. 261, line 32,
CLKpoxo^OL.
living, read when living.' Add Schanz, Prolegg. ad Symp. Add Schanz, Prolegg. ad Gorg. § 1. .
P. 287, line 15, for oteX/ceiJ/, read
'
.
duXKetv.
.
.
§ 2.
i).
INTRODUCTION. A,
The
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Name and Aim of remains of
artistic
the Bepublic,
classical antiquity
which have
been preserved to us are for the most part gems without their setting, statues torn from their shrine and pedestal, bare books without
contemporary comment
or introduction, or any external hint to
why
or
how
About such books questions, of
tell
when
or
they were written.
which
it
it
is
possible
to
you must not expect When and why were these books their author produce them in youth prime or in the decay of his powers ? to ask them, but
many
ask
has been well said, "It
is
right
an answer.'' written
Did
1
or age, in the
Had they any
special reference, purpose, or occasion, at the time be-
yond the general meaning they seem as
to have
now 1
And
then there are yet further previous questions,
they
may be
called,
which
it is
How
easy to ask.
do we know that these books are the work of their reputed author at all ? May they not be clever forgeries,
and
there not
many
if
not altogether, yet in part
Are
?
incongruities, inconsistencies, impossi-
contained in them? Such doubts have a fascination.
bilities
They
easy to raise, often very hard to lay.
are ghosts
For
in
all
Introduction.
xiv
questions of history and
still
more
of language there
from the nature of the case a very large element of uncertainty, and so-called internal evidence is peculiarly is
And
ambiguous.
made
the more minutely the inquiry
is
the greater usually will the uncertainty appear.
For doubt seems to multiply with subdivision. A day is more difficult to fix upon than a year, a tense or a and a difficulty once case than a word or phrase raised, it becomes necessary to establish the certainty ;
of each link in a long chain.
Fortunately the scope of this series and work does not admit of our so increasing our
own
perplexities.
*'Non ego cuncta meis complecti versibus opto." "
Non
Atque per ambages
Our business
is
hie te carmine ficto et longa exorsa tenebo."
to take the Eepublic as
we
find
it,
undoubtedly one of the greatest monuments of the ancient world, perhaps the greatest single prose book
of any age
;
for
our purpose, undoubtedly Plato's
masterpiece in style and thought.
We
venture to assume the authenticity and the
We may be permitted to
unity of the Eepublic. ^
Das Werk ist im kleinen eine Darstellung des gesammten
Entwickelung'sganges von Platon."
"There
Plat. Lit. p. 20.
which is not represented vol.
leave
ii.
p. 195.
is
Teutfel, Uebersicht der
no kind
of Platonic excellence
in the Eepublic."
Mahaffy, Gk.
Lit.
See the whole account of Plato, an admir-
able specimen of compendious yet duly proportioned and forcible criticism.
XV
Introduction.
Hermann^ even
a little
summarily on one side when
he asks us to consider whether the
book does not
first
belong to the same era as the Lysis and Charmides, while the other books were written at various intervals,
and not
in the present order of sequence.
We may
be allowed to refuse
to
Schleiermacher whether the tenth book
unnecessary and superfluous
;
^
with
discuss is
or
is
not
or with Morgenstern,
whether the Eepublic was a reply to the Ecclesiazusae ^
It is true that there are breaks
in the structure
^
and apparent inconsistencies At the same time, the
of the Republic.
How
general artistic unity can hardly be denied.
in Plato's
what period of his life it rounded to a perfect whole," is what we do not know. L ike the Aeneid it may have been worked at piecemeal, mind
or
manner
of composition, or within
,
2
Hermann, Geschichte der
3
Morgenstern,
Comm.
I.
Plat. Phil.
Epimetron
production of the Ecclesiazusae stern puts
it
is itself
I.
about the beginning of the 97th
What the Ecclesiazusae
The date
of the
Morgen-
uncertain. 01., i.e.,
391 B.C.
show is that the ideas of ** ladies in Parliament," and of a community of goods, and even of a community of wives, was sufficiently notorious and popular at Athens to form the subject of a comedy, and were probably not confined to Plato or any one philosopher, but were in the air at the time. It must be admitted that the idea that the Ecclesiazusae was a critique on Plato is supported by the great names of Boeckh, Wolff, and Meineke. The fullest support of it is that attempted by Krohn, der Plat. Staat, chap.
iii.
He
cannot be said to bring
and 457b with quoted on our
does
notes.
much
proof.
The passage from the
fly-leaf, is striking
but general.
Cp. 452b
Ecclesiazusae,
Introduction.
xvi
of Aristophanes, or the Ecclesiazusae a critique
upon
the Eepublic.
We may be content to state a few broad truths and fixed facts which do not solve the question as to when and how the RepubHc was written, but with which every solution must harmonize. Such are these: The
How
internal evidence of style can tell us very
the Republic was published,
posed, whether all at
one
jet^
we cannot
it
it
little.
was com-
was actually written continuously
or whether bit
say.
how
We
by
bit at different times,
have no evidence.
We
cannot
was the work of Plato's prime, except in the sense that whenever Plato wrote the Republic he must have been in his prime. For great authors have written, or, at any rate, given to the world great works under every variety of circumstance. Paradise Lost, as well as Paradise Regained, was the work of an old man, or rather it was the work both of youth and age. It was composed after fifty, but was conceived at thirty-two. ^ So again the two parts of Faust were produced at a wide interval of time. The pretty story about the opening words of the even say with Orelli that
it
Republic, even taken with the general statement of
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, only goes to prove that Plato was fastidious and careful in composition, and raises a
presumption that the Republic,
Plato's writings,
Again, the
was kept long on the
division
See Pattison's Milton, on this head. ^
into
books
p. 173, for
is
like
most of
stocks.
certainly
not
some excellent remarks
Introduction. Platonic, 1
xvii
and probably dates from the Alexandrine
Age, and Aristophanes of Byzantium. evidence proves anything
it
If internal
assuredly proves that
first two books, ^ as we have them, nor any others can be separated from each other or from
neither the
the Republic generally.^ iCp. Christ. Plat. Stud.,
S. 22; Birt. Antike Buchw., 447. Such ingenious discoveries are not the peculiar achieveAulus Gellius, N.A. xiv. 3, ment of modern scholarship. 2
them in the story that Xenophon being very insincere friends, or indeed covert enemies, when Plato had given to the world the first two books of the Republic, not necessarily the first two (lectis ex eo duobus fere libris, qui primi in vulgus exierant) Xenophon preserves an ancient anticipation of
Plato and
wrote the Cyropaedeia to refute them, to which hit Plato afterwards replied by saying that Cyrus was an energetic, vigorous character who had been badly educated. Krohn, however, naturally adopts this story as probable, der Plat. Staat, p. 73. Cp. p. 384. But even Hermann has called it a stupid story,
and Cobet indirectly expresses the same condemnation. Prosop. Xen. p. 28. Cp.note by the poet Gray, vol. iv. (Gosse) p. 241. ^ We cannot, for instance, admit with Krohn (die Platonische Frage, Sendschreiben an Herrn Prof. Dr. E. Zeller, Halle, 1878) that the whole present arrangement is an absurdity in itself, and that the probable order is bks. i.-iv. viii. -X., V. -vii., though we may admit that these are natural divisions if there be any of the Republic. The same critic considers
the Republic Plato's earliest important work.
Tennemann on the contrary says, **Die Biicher von der Republik und den Gesetzen sind die letzten Arbeiten des Plato.
Hievon haben wir ausdriickliche Zeugnisse."
Plat. Phil., vol.
i.
p.
116-125.
cp. Schneider, Pref. xiv.
On
Syst.
the general indivisibility
Introduction.
xviii
We
know
for a fact that the Republic
was written
with two other dialogues, the Timaeus and the Critias, with which it would form a Trilogy in connection
or artistic whole.
Again, the Republic cannot have been written after the
Laws/
which moreover a certain
in
senility
of
the mention
of
style is generally recognized.
An
instance
of a fixed fact
Ismenias of Thebes
(p.
336
A.
is
See note ad he), who,
we know from Xenophon, was killed B.C. 382. The Republic, or this part of it, cannot have been as
finally
and probably was not The mention of victory in 408 B.C., and
given to the world,
written, until
after
that
who won his who died probably about 413
Polydamas, Perdiccas,
date.
B.C.,
may also
be noticed.
Of
own
we know very
little, and of and that part especially which might throw light on this question, rests on dubious evidence, the evidence of the Seventh of the Letters which go by the name of Plato.
this
If ^
Plato's
little
a good
we may
life
deal,
believe this Epistle VII. to be genuine,
Aristotle in fact says as much.
Ar. Pol.
ii.
6.
1264b.
any of the Platonic Letters are genuine, the seventh is most probably so, and critics like Morgenstern, Commentationis I., Epimetron, have pronounced this to be certainly genuine. It can, however, hardly be separated from the rest. 2
If
See Jowett, Preface to second edition, pp. xix., xx. Curiously enough, while Jowett quotes Bentley in condemnation of ancient epistles generall}^ Bentley himself admitted the
Introduction. it
XIX
would, to some extent, confirm the presumptior
by the point
raised
the
le tter
ingly resemble s
just
that
o_f
mind
which most
strji-
E epublic itself, that"^ which bro ught home
tlie
was the d eath of S ocrate s to his^
Th^ writer
adduced.
in _ la nguag e
says,
the conviction that
all
the Greek States
were hopeless ly c orrupt, and tliat there could be no (;h ance of r eform u ntil the rulers should learn the true ])
hilosophy, until the phi losopHer should belling. i
The death of Socrates took
place in B.C.
^
3^, and^
next few years Plato was apparently traveland did not settle down as a teacher at Athens some four or perhaps twelve years later.
for the ling, 2
until
Platonic Epistles.
Remarks on a Late Discourse
thinking, vol. v. of Randolph's
of Free-
Encheiridion Theologicum,
For a favourable opinion see Grote on the other Comm. Crit. de Plat, quae feruntur epistolis. The fact that this seventh letter is quoted by Cicero, Tusc, Disp. V. 35, puts it in quite a different category from such 253.
p.
;
side Karsten,
late forgeries as the letters of Phalaris. ^
rj
ovv
Ka/ccDi/
<pL\oao(pQj^ roju
OX)
Xrj^eiv
ra avOpdoinva
opdQs ye Kai dXrjdCos yevos
els
yeurjy
dpxas
irplv
hv
t)
to tCov
iXdrj rets ttoXltlkcls
rah Trokeciv â&#x201A;ŹK tlvos fjLoipas OeLas ovrojs Epp. vii. 336a. B. Cp. Republic, 473d. the resemblance may of course cut both
bvvaarevbvTiijv ev
(pLXoao^-qar),
Plat.
The closeness of ways and be held
to argue a forgery.
Jowett, Preface,
iii.
6.
very next paragraph of the letter 326b contains another coincidence with the language of the See note on Rep. 444d. Republic. It is noticeable that the
2
The whole question
travels
is
of the extent
hopelessly complicated.
and the dates of Plato's
XX
Introduction.
On
we may be
the whole, then,
content to believe
that the Eepublic was not published
that
is,
when
Plato was in middle
till
after
life,
382
B.C.
although the
ground idea of the philosopher-king may have come mind with the death of his great master
into his
some
fifteen years before. ^
Quite distinct from the real date of the Republic, the date,
ie.
of
its
composition,
is
what may be
called
the ideal or dramatic date, the time at which the
imaginary dialogue
supposed to have taken
place.
facts that of course this
must
is
Beyond the general
be supposed to have been during the
lifetime
of
and that the brothers of Plato, Glaucon and Adeimantus, are spoken of as being quite young, veavlai or vâ&#x201A;Źavl(TKoi, we have perhaps no indications. But, indeed, as Jowett well remarks, it is not necessary to discuss the question, for Plato aimed only at such general probability as may guard a Socrates,
writer
of fiction
glaring inaccuracy or in-
against
and cared as little whether the persons of his drama could have met in the flesh, as whether they did actually so meet.^ consistency
^
artistically
jarring,
Morgenstern, Epimetron, on the whole, puts the date at
about the end of the 97th Olympiad, 2
Cephalus died about 444
^
Jowett, In trod.
2
p.
6.
i.e.
389
B.C.
b. c.
We
need not, with Hermann,
convert Plato's brothers, Glaucon and Adeimantus, into his uncles of the same name.
It
is
a question whether the
Introduction. It is for us, it
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the
the
XXI
we
then, to take the Republic as
greatest of Plato's dialogues, because
most Platonic,
because
it
exhibits
find
^
is
it
the
best
peculiar merit of Plato, adequacy of style to subject,
manner
of
because, while the matter
to matter;
is
and varied, the artistic handling, both as a whole and in detail, does not sink under this difficulty and variety, is not overlaid or embarrassed by it, but rises to it, is equal to it, and expresses and conveys it with the grace and ease profoundly
difficult
^
of complete mastery.
The
naatter of the Republic is great.
iiOthiÂťg less than the_w hole o f
life
and
Its scope is its
surround-
ings_in_this world, aye, and in the other, beginnin g
be fore t he cradle, and extending beyond
^ow^placed^s we
are, shall
we
t he
grave
live best
?
,
How ^
Glaucon and Adeimantus of the Parmenides are the same. The mention of its
Gr. V. Prinsterer thinks they are, p. 211.
being the
first
occasion of the celebration of the Bendideia,
327a, tells us hardly anything, nor the fact that
heat of summer, 350d.
*
it
was
in the
Fictive Zeit des Gesprachs wahr-
Munk, nach der Glaukons Gruppe die Kephalosgruppe spriiche eher fiir Z. 430.' K. F. Hermann. *Lag aber Platon ferner, und konnte leichter
scheinlich 410 v. Chr. Boeckh. Vater, :
anacronistisch gehalten werden.'
Teuffel, Uebersicht, p. 20.
van Prinsterer, Prosopographia Plat. p. 112, discussing the point whether the Cephalus of the Republic * is the same as that of the Parmenides, says, Cum in So, too, Gr.
temporum notatione Plato Cp.
ihld, p. 212.
soleat
non diligentissime
versari.'
\y
Introduction.
xxii
we to make the best of one or of both worlds ? Whatjsjight to do 1 What s the most perfect state of hum an society a nd life we can imagine if our dreams^c ould come true ? are
i
This, under its involves,
is
many
forms, and with
the grand question that
all
that
it
asked in the
is
Republic as a practical question, and answered as a practical question, or if partly in dreaming, then with
such dreams as are the inspiration of waking moments,
when Tasks in hours of insight willed Can be through hours of gloom fulfilled.
For
he
this is the secret of Plato, that
b ut a dreamer who has
is
also a
known men and
cities,
man
is
a d reamer,
of the world
who
kings and coun cils, and
peop les.
And
so
he answers the question not simply or in
the abstract, nor
by
formula what
the whole duty
is
telling us in a cut
and dried
of man, but by
g iving a picture of a citv, which is at first a c itv of and thpn hp^p^^iT^Pg fVÂťP nM.y nf q-od,^ is af. first a.
nipn^
possible
Greek
seems to
city^
skieSj^or rather
earth, built as <^
To
and then
like that of the
myth
above the ground and fade into the
rise
hang
in a haze
between heaven and
it is
Tnnsic, thp-rpfn re
A nd
never bujlt^at
therefore built for ever,
Speaking more
precisely, the
all .
"
exact terms of the
Introduction.
xxiii
question and answer have been subjected from very ancient times to a good deal of discussion.
What we
is
the
name and aim
of the Republic
Are
?
to^all the honlFth e RepubKc, or rather the dis-
cu ssion of Justice
%
The great manuscript of the Republic, the Paris A, has this inscription X
nAATONOC
id
est,
X
HnEPIAIKAIOY
nOAITEIAI
IIAaTOjvos TroAtretat,
r)
SiKatov.
7re/)t
name is the right one 1 Are both right 1 The ancients^ themselves, from Aristotle
Which to
the
Fathers, spoke of the Dialogues as IIoAtTetat, and do
not mention the
On first
title Trepl SiKaiov,
the other hand Socrates distinctly states in the
book, and
it
virtually reasserted
is
once, th at the question to be
of search
is,
eo-KOTTOV/JLev,
what
is
more than
answerÂŁdâ&#x20AC;&#x17E;and4he-ob4^ct
the nature ofjustice
TO StKaiov 6 Tt TTor kariv,
?
p to irpwrov
354b.
The great German scholars then have gone into hostile camps over the issue whether the defining
two
of Justice or the founding of an Ideal State
is
the
real subject of the Republic.
And his ^
they were anticipated, as Proclus in
in this
commentary
tells us,
Aristotle speaks of
pupil,
and Dionysius
Lactantius call
it
it
by the
ancients.
as TroXtreta, so do Theophrastus his
of Halicarnassus.
Eespublica.
In Latin, Cicero and
^
xxiv
Introduction.
" I seem to hear," says Proclus, " many disputing and supj)orting their own views." The whole discussion which follows is extremely interesting, as showing how fully on such questions the ancient scholars anticipated modern methods of inquiry and reasoning.^
Space only permits us to give a brief summary of the arguments.
Those who say the subject is Trc/ot SLKaLoo-vvrjs allege (1) That the first inquiry in the work, and the points with which Cephalus and Polemarchus and Thrasymachus are concerned
(2)
we may be (2)
is,
what is J ustice, and who is the Just Man ? That the consideration of the Polity is introduced for the sake of Justice, and that able to inspect
it
writ large.
That Socrates is himself a witness, for he cries again and again that the object is the nature of Justice, and finally at the end he bids us practise Justice.
On
the other hand those
who
take the other side
have just as strong and convincing proofs that
it is
the Republic. (1)
They admit
that the
first
to Justice,
but that
is
a plausible
and
inquiry
is
directed
only because
attractive
way
ning.
See note at end of this section.
of
it
is
begin-
XXV
Introduction. the inscription, which
They adduce
(2)
and not
old say,
his
calls
and
Republic, Plato's
For
spurious.
Theophrastus.
so
of three
biades or Phaedo
;
Symposium
from the matter, as
logue the Republic
(1)
ck
like the Alci-
(2) Ik Tre/Dto-raTtKtui/,
the circumstances, like the TTpayfiatLKat,
they
Further,
kinds,
from the characters,
Trpoa-wTTwv,
very
epitome the epitome of the are
titles
is
Aristotle,
this
from ;
(3)
Dia-
is.
Finally, they adduce the testimony of Plato himself, for (1) in the
Laws, book
of wives and children,
that of the
Laws
i.e.,
itself
5,
he
calls
the community
the Republic, the
first polity,
and
(2) in the
the second
;
Timaeus, Socrates in his recapitulation only enumerates the TOTTOt
TToAtretW]/.
may be said to Morgenstern and Schleiermacher, so Proclus
In the sum, just as these disputants anticipate
himself anticipates Professor Jowett in choosing a via media.
Such are the contentions of the
parties.
"I," says
Proclus, " admit the arguments of both, and hold that
there
is
no
th e object
essential difference is
nature of justice,
h owever, for that is " 776/0 1
We
between them, b ut that
â&#x20AC;˘
both the nature of the state and th e
n ot that there are two imp ossible.
shall say then,"
TToAtretas is quite
objects,
he concludes, " that the
title
consonant with the inquiry
into the nature of justice.
*'
^
xxvi
Introduction.
Cicero, incidentally, takes exactly the same view, for he remarks that Plato was seeking mores optimos et optimum reipublicae statiim^y implying that the two are
synonymous.
With Jowett,
these two ancient authorities then, and with
w e may
admit that the
two,;
the quest after
justice and_b he founding of the ide aLstate^_are not
but _one^for justice
s ubjects
is
two
o rder of the state,
the
and.~i[ia_state is the visi ble em.lxuii ment_ of justice,
undeiLthe outlines of Plato
man
insists, as
society/^
to his natural condition, before he will answer
the question, what Conduct,'^ a s life/
human
Jowett well remarks, on restoring
^nd
is
justice
we now
?
at
all.
know,
''is
three-fourths of
of co nduct and_ duty, three-fourths
what
is
a^am
is
and when Plato answers the justice? what sarighjb^ct^^^^ he
dutyjbo our neighbou r question,
all
is j;^;jj21gLPjllX-?%^^^
y
;
natural]y;_and_philosophic-
ally^-a&-well as in---aooordajiceujmiJuthe sequence of
Greekideas. in beginnin g with the state and going on
But
it
should further be noticed that, as the second
set of disputants in Proclus say,
most plausible and attractive method is the artistic rather does not begin by asking the what is justice ? or, what is
way
"Plato chooses the of beginning.
than the
scientific.
His
He
cut and dried question,
an ideal state
?
On
the
contrary, he seems to begin in a perfectly casual way^
and to be led by the haphazard turn of the argument.
Introduction. blowing
like a
xxvii
wind whithersoever
listeth," to
it
consider the definition of justice.
For
justice first appears, apparently quite incident-
ally, in
Kol
Cephalus' account of a good
ocTLios
careless
Tov jSlov SiaydyTj^ 331 A.
SiKaim
09 av
This apparently
and incidental manner of introduction must
not, however, blind us to the
introduced. art,
life,
Plato
and the same
is
is
importance of the point
a master in the art of concealing
his
method, when he, apparently
quite carelessly, changes the venue from the individual to the state,
and equally carelessly introduces the
great and cardinal question of education.
For the
rest,
the conception of an ideal state, a city
of God, a city of the saints, a
new Jerusalem, an
Utopia, or even a model colony or community,
is
one
which has, since Plato's time, fascinated many minds, which has had an incalculable effect on the enthusiasm of mankind, and has been, perhaps, one of the most fruitful springs of moral progress. It is true that Plato, like other inventors,
been, perhaps, anticipated in his idea.^
Greek genius had, even before
may have
The
restless
his days, tried various
experiments in the organization of society upon a 'new model.' ^
Diog. Laert.
iii.
toxenus, that almost
37, preserves a all
statement of one Aris-
the Republic had been written in the
"Contradictions" of Protagoras. But the statement is unStallbaum shows us, as it stands, is very ambiguous. Stallbaum, Pref. xlix. verifiable, and, as
y
Introduction.
xxviii
Sparta was a living and, in Plato's time, an apparently only too successful example
of a community
founded and maintained on ideas, and that the Spartan system suggested mucli to Plato is obvious.^
may have borrowed from
Something, too, he
the
semi-monastic and theocratic communities of greater
Greece which ranged themselves under the mystic
name of Pythagoras. The historian, Theopompus, according to Athenaeus, drawn a
actually accused Plato of having
508,
xi.
large
number
of his dialogues from one Bryson
of
Heraclea, and Stobaeus in his Florilegium, Ixxxv. 15, presents us with a fragment under the son,
name
on the interdependence of human
which is decidedly Platonic in tone.^ Archytas of Tarentum, born about 440
of Bry-
activities,
B.C.,
and
thus a somewhat older contemporary of Plato, and
1
Cf. Mahafify,
tells
Gk.
Lit.
ii.
us facts which show
pp. 197, 199,
how
et seqq.,
Plutarch
easy the adoption of Plato's
scheme might have been at Sparta. " With this compare the language of Rousseau, " Quand on veut renvoyer au pays des chimeres on nomme I'institution de Platon. Si Lycurgue n'etit
mit la sienne que par
chim^rique.
Platon n'a
Lycurgue
denature."
I'a
I'Esprit des Lois,
ne sont que 2
1.
fait
^crit, je la trouverais
Emile,
vii. ch. 16,
la perfection
bien plus
qu'epurer le coeur de I'homme **
1.
i.
;
Cp. Montesquieu de
Platon dont
les institutions
des lois de Lycurgue."
Cp. the very curious fragment of the comic poet Ephippus.
Comic 'Attic' Fragg., Kock,
257, quoted m/ra, p. Ixv.
xxix
Introduction.
his, may, perhaps, also lay claim some measure of anticipation of, or participation
an acquaintance of to
in Plato's
communistic
ideas.
(See the fragments pre-
served by Stobaeus under his name.)
A
more important personage, however, than The fragments of his two is Hippodamus. writings given by Stobaeus, Flor. 43, 92, 93, 94, 98, etc., may or may not be genuine. But we know him, on the undoubted testimony of Aristotle, to have been a publicist and political economist of the first order, i He was the Haussmann of the Piraeus, ^ the Wakefield of the model colony of Thurii, sent out by Athens to Italy, and he afterwards built Rhodes. He was the first, says Aristotle, twv firj TroXLTevofievojv, to set himself to describe an ideal constitution, and his far
these
ideas are strangely coincident with those of the Ee-
His State was to comprise 10,000 citizens; was to be divided into three parts the artisans, the husbandmen, and the military guardians, to TrpoTToXefjiovv Kal ra owXa e^^ov. The land was also public.
—
it
to be divided into three parts
and the private
—the
first
—the sacred, the public,
devoted to the maintenance
of religion, the second to the support of the military ^
M. Espinas defends them,
with
effect.
as against Schneider, briefly but
Republique de Platon, livre
viii.,
par Alfred
Espinas, Paris, 1881. 2
Aristotle, Pol.
ii.
objections should be totle's criticisms
on
The whole account and Aristotle's 8. compared with the Republic and Aris-
that.
e
XXX
Introduction.
class,
the third alone to be the property of the hus-
bandmen. Besides these theorists in politics, Aristotle implies there were
many more,
and, indeed, dwells at some
length on the ideas of Phaleas of Chalcedon, the
first
to propose an equalization of property. ^
Thus the Eepublic of Plato may have seemed at its writing to be by no means without precedent or parallel, and to be even in its entirety far more a practical possibility than it has often been deemed since. That time was one, it should be remembered, for the time of
desperate remedies
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;a
time such as to give even a
pathetic interest to Plato's proposals,
them to have been For Plato's lot was collapse of Athens.
too
much
seriously
and
if
we imagine
practically meant.
cast in the days of the political It is possible
we may
exaggerate
the consciousness of the Athenians in the
early half of the fourth century, of the downfall which had already overtaken their city, and of the long and slow decline of life and freedom which lay before her. But after Sicily and Aegospotami, after the Four Hundred, the Thirty, and the Ten, when half the friends of his youth had found death sharp and swift in the agony of the Great Harbour or the crimson eddies of the Assinarus, or slow and lingering in the stone quarries of Syracuse, and half of those that still re^
We do not,
however,
a forerunner of Plato.
know enough
of Phaleas to call
him
Introduction.
xxxi
fallen in civil war or proscription, when own adored master had been made the victim of brutal spite and judicial murder, when justice seemed to have fled the earth, Plato himself, and many with
mained had his
him, must have
felt
that the times were out of joints
and that Society was only to be rehabilitated by an entire reconstitution,
good fortune.
by heroic treatment, and divine
^
Did Plato then
mean
really
practical solution of the
him
1
tion
?
Did he intend and, further,
it
is it
his ideal State as a
should be capable of realizaso in point of fact
The answer naturally turns on
Up
some points, but not Greek cities. be a Greek
It is to
most
is,
Greek
and
Tt Se
city.
8y]
;
from other rjv o-v
ecl^rj,
Aei y avrrjv^
•
spoken
is
city, differing in
vitally or in kind,
OLKL^€iSy ov)(^ *^^XXr)vls ecrrat
be within the Hellenic comity
It is to
1
a question of degree.
to a certain point Plato's State as practicable, as indeed a
of,
he saw around
difficulties
;
ecj^r].
ttoXlv
470
E.
what is supremacy
it is,
significant, to recognize the spiritual
of Delphi.
Nor ^
is
there at
first
any
difficulty
about
this.
Compare the famous passage already alluded
to,
The
from the
seventh of the Platonic Epistles, which, whether Platonic or not, feels acutely
Ep.
7,
325
iroKLreiJOVTaL
and expresses aptly the situation
D.F., (at
vvp
dvLCLTCJS '^xovrd ecriv
326
a.,
iroXets)
esp.
the
ra yap
last,
rCov
KaKQs
vS/ulcju
of Plato. a-vfjLirda-aL
avrCjv
ax^^ov
&v€v TrapaaKevrjs Oavixaarris tlvos /uerd t}jxV^
^
Introduction.
XXXll
foundation of classes or castes, the equal education of
both sexes, the military training and functions assigned to
women,
these,
we have
seen,
would not
insuperable objection to a Greek mind.
does not think
it
necessary to offer
offer
And
any
so Plato
much apology
for
and they are received by Glaucon and Adeimantus as they would be received by openminded contemporaries, with a playful affectation of surprise and some criticism, but not with incredulity their introduction,
or astonishment.
^^t
when
the two great social revolutions, the two communism, the community of property and the community of wives, are proposed that the real is
points of
difficulty begins.
Here Plato himself finds it necessary to apologize ^ and these are the points on which all critics, beginning ;
with Aristotle,^ have fastened.
Did Plato then practical proposal
really intend this
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;a
communism as a for human
practical panacea
ills?
Aristotle seems to have understood
and he himself seems At
to speak of his
him
own
to do so
state in its
the same time, more suo, he introduces it apparently most casual way, making it grow out of an apparently haphazard quotation of kolvol ra rCov (piXcov. 2 Or perhaps we ought to say, beginning with Plato himself, in the Laws (see esp. p. 739), where he makes a jactura of the community of wives, and the government by philosophers, as too purely ideal and impossible of realization here below. See also Jowett's Introduction to the Laws, part v. ^
in the
Introduction. and furthest development
fullest
only very distantly
His
attitude
is
xxxiii
as possible,
though
so.
at
first
that
which he himself day dreamers,
describes as the attitude of those lazy
who would
rather not tire themselves about possi-
but assume that what they desire
bilities,
is
already
and delight in detailing what they are going to do when their wish has come theirs,
and pursue their
true (p. 458).
change
plan,
Then, he says,
is possible,
it
which change
is is
possible, if
one
indeed possible,
though not a slight or easy one. It is possible if the philosopher-king (p.
47 3).
in that
the
should arise
And this he repeats with even more emphasis
most beautiful passage in the sixth book.
Whenever and wherever in the countless ages of past, or even now, in some foreign clime beyond
our ken, the philosopher has been, or even now,
is
king, there is our state realized.''
There of
is
no impossibility in
it is
not denied
But
Plato's last
all this.
The
difficulty
(p. 499).
word
is
more ambiguous and puts
the question in another aspect, or, as Jowett most beautifully has
it,
"The
higher light of philosophy
breaks through the regularity of the Hellenic temple, last fades away into the heavens." *^^^hether our state exists," says Plato, " or evet
which at
no matter. In heaven there is laid up a pattern of it, which he who desires may behold, and beholding may set his house in order. He who will exist in fact, is
^
xxxiv
Introduction.
lives aright will live after
the
manner
having nothing to do with any other
The kingdom of God Jerusalem
is
is
"
of that city,
(p.
592b).
within you
the
;
New
a city in the heavens.
So Plato leaves
us,
gazing into the skies, our eyes
on ^'vacant forms of light." What, we ask, returning to the world and to ourselves, has he taught us ? What is Plato's contribution in the Eepublic to the science and practice of politics, to the knowledge and the morality of mankind ? The answer is in his own language, that he has, if we have fixed
listened to him, " converted us," converted the eye of
our souls. Plato did
Athens.
He
not regenerate
Syracuse, or
his
own
does not appear to have been wanting
in the courage or the will to do as well as to think
but he cannot be said to have succeeded in
He
where other brave and wise men more ignominiously than many. failed
Not
action.
failed,
and
to despair of the state, to use existing institu-
and weapons, to fight a good fight for freedom, and, failing,to die in harness, this is the glory of Demosthenes and not of Plato. His title to immortality is very It is to have declared not to Athens only, ^different. but to all ages and countries a secret of political and tions
social regeneration, the value of ideals.
The Eepublic was never
realized.
It
never became
To make it such been attempted except by dreamers and never has
a working model, a living
city.
XXXV
Introduction.
somnambulists at second hand in an age of mystic-
ism and
social disintegration.
To some
of
its
ideas
it
^
may be
said that in the
made
course of ages approximation has been
may
others
:
"one or two thousand years hence," be
yet,
realized.
But, meanwhile, the idealism of Plato has once and
again renewed the youth of the world.
There
is,
of course, a
But equally does
of theory."
constant revision, or
The world
is
it
right use of ideal
rate,
an ounce of practice
to be told that
Mr. Bagehot
wrong and a
Englishmen, at any
speculation.
all
is
do not require worth a pound
practice
require
degenerates into routine.
The wonder
steeped in custom.
tells us, first,
is,
that primitive society should
ever have attained custom; but next, that having attained custom,
men
should ever break from
Nor did they break from
it
to think of the long process of
what may be 1
We
for ages.
human
it
again.
have only
history during
called the period of recorded or semi-
Porphyry, in his
life
of Plotinus,
c. 12,
says that Plotinus,
being a favourite with the Emperor Gallienus and his wife,
used his influence to obtain a concession of a certain city in
Campania which had once been founded as a sophers but was now in ruins, along with
He
city of philoits
adjoining
under the name of Platonopolis, and that its inhabitants should adopt the laws of Plato. The experiment, however, was apparently not made, though it would not, perhaps, have been more physically impossible than Salt Lake City or Oneida Creek. territory.
proposed to restore
it
Introduction.
xxxvi
recorded civilization it
may
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; a short time, a very short time we
be to the geologist, but long enough,
might imagine, to have changed human nature far more than it has been changed. We ourselves are
The
living in peculiar times. the entire revolution
command scope
great material changes,
which our enormously enlarged
of physical forces, as well as the expanded
of our scientific vision
and imagination has
have reacted on our whole mental and moral attitude. Yet, even into our day,
worked
for
us,
how much, how
these
large a part of the tradition and
custom of antiquity has lasted education,
in
prescription,
religion,
and prejudice
To young minds, often,
and perhaps
versal questioning after
life,
how
on.
In
slowly
die.
indeed, entering
usually,
art, in law, in
do convention,
upon
life
there
comes a period when uni-
and revision
is
natural.
But
in
the weeds, which are the cares of the world,
Immersed in routine, busy and every moment in working some established system, most men have neither time nor choke this seed of youth. every hour
superfluous energy to ask the previous question
whether such a system
much
less to
travel
is
the best, or
beyond
their
is
own
good
at
sphere,
all,
and
reconsider the bases of society, or the wide relations
man to men, or to God. Yet something of our youth we should always struggle to retain we should keep the freshness, the fancy, the generous enthusiasm, which is ready to
of
:
Introduction. receive
We
Nowhere shall we
and consider new ideas.
a stronger stimulus to
this,
xxxvii
a truer
elixir,
find
than in Plato.
should each of us build an ideal city of our
own, and frame some outline of a perfect society.
What, we should
ask, are the chief faults of our
own
time and country, of society at large around us, of ourselves
?
How
could they be removed
What
we can imagine ?
the best state
is
?
What
is
our ideal of
a city, a church, a college, a school, a family, a profession, a life,
Much seems
and how are they to be realized
there
quite
may be
in
impracticable,
fancy of a dreamer,
much
of
Plato's
the
?
speculation
that
extravagance,
the
sweet impossible coun-
if we have learned, if we are stimulated by him only to ask these questions, we shall have learned half the lesson of Plato and the Ee-
sels,"
but
reading
and a half perhaps greater than the whole. may, however, if we will, learn the whole The question which is asked in the Eepublic too. is answered, though not perhaps in the way we should expect. Do we still inquire what in so many words is justice, what is duty, what is the great secret on which society is to be reorganized, by which the ideal Plato has state is to be founded and maintained ? an answer for us, although it is not some grand or great thing, but something very simple, at first sight public,
We
it
may be "
We
disappointingly simple.
have had our eyes fixed on the far horizon,
expecting justice to
dawn
in the distant skies,
and
all
Introduction.
xxxviii
the while she has lain
We
(432d).
our
lips,
tumbling about at our feet
*
" '
had her in our hands and on
have
our ears have heard the sound of her, but
we
have missed her. What is she then 1 What is the answer to the question with which we started, to StKaiov 6 tI ttot' ka-TLv ? Simply this That _each mari should
mind
own
his
and
business,
not meddle with
"This, or something like this, is of another, justiceâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; that each man should perform some one that
single task of those required in social
one for which his nature Justice
"
is
olKecoTrpayia
One man, one
;
Injustice
trade," as
Plato's principle in Political cal
Economy, not only
sometimes wears, but in
life,
namely, the
most fitted" (433a).
is
is TroXvirpayfxocrvvrj,
we may paraphrase it, is Economy and in Politi;
in the its
sense
restricted
truest
it
and widest mean-
whole economy or ordering of the state (See 369b and D, and 444c, and of the individual.
ing, that of the
with notes.)
That
all
life,
in proportion to its civilization,
Plato does not take to
ing
And
it,
but
only
of giving
herein indeed
trifling
matter
we
is
it
lies his real
true secret of the Eepublic.
the application,
is
no new discovery. himself the credit of mak-
based on a division of labour
a
new
application.
achievement and the
For,
if
we
follow out
shall find that, like that
of which he
speaks,
(to
other
<jyavXov
rovTo, 522c), the little matter of distinguishing one,
two, three, so this too stretches from earth to heaven.
xxxix
Introduction.
and embraces things human and divine. The prinIt ciple of Order is as far-reaching as that of Number. It gives the is both destructive and constructive. contradiction to not a few famous theories of morals
and
politics.
Men
are not born equal, whatever ma}'-
be asserted by philosophic and political documents of
high and sounding name.
That
is
to say, they
are not born equal in the sense of being born alike.
and they become, and ought more and more so. But they are equal in that they all have their place and part in the whole.
They
are born diverse,
to become,
No one, if society is rightl y organiz ed, toanother.
can be indifferent
How is it then to be rightly organized By ?
Justice, is Plato's answer.
That
is
by order ; that is,
must be organized not as a dead level, but as a not as a mob, but as a body politic. This, ; and this alone, is the principle by which society will Tried by it, tyrant and find its true equilibrium. It alone can reconcile leveller are alike condemned. hero worship and the passion for freedom the conflicting divine rights of king and people. It alone can combine and supersede oligarchy and democracy in a higher and better constitution. For the best constitution is that which is most united, and the most united is that which is most sympathetically it
hierarchy
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
interdependent
"The
eye cannot say unto the hand, I have no
need of thee. together, that,
.
God hath tempered the body whether one member suffer, all the .
.
Introduction.
xl
members suffer with it or one member be honoured, the members rejoice with it" (Ep. ad Cor. 1. xii. ;
all
21 and 24). " That city
is
best governed which comes nearest to
where,
when for instance,
a single individual
;
of us, a finger
hurt, the
as in one whole community, which extends through the body up to the soul, and forms one constitution under the ruling principle, feels the is
hurt, and when a part is affected, the ;r pathizes " (Eepublic 463d).
It
is
not a mere coincidence that the language of
Plato, as to the secret of an ideal society,
with that of us,
whole sym-
St.
Paul
;
for the truth
is,
is
identical
as Plato
shows
that one principle extends throughout the whole uni-
The homely saw ne sutor supra crejDidam is but maxim Order is heaven's first law;^ or, as one of our own poets also can sing addressing Duty verse.
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
a special application of the wider
* *
Thou dost preserve the
And
Stars from
wrong
,
the Eternal Heavens, through thee, are fresh and strong."
(s^he law of the physical and industrial world is the law of the political and moral, and also of the intelThis is the sum and the sublectual and spiritual.
stance of the Republic. 1
443c.
Introduction.
xli
Proclus.
The passage in Proclus' commentaries of which I have given an analysis is taken from the 'TTrofivrjfJLara UpdKXov eis ttjv ItoXiTeiap appended to the famous Basle Plato, pub. 1534, p. It is very much to be wished that a complete 349 et seqq. and uniform edition of these unequal but often very valuable commentaries of Proclus on the Eepublic should be underThe recent volume of Rudolf Schoell, Procli Comtaken.
mentariorum
in
Berlin,
is
1886,
Rempublicam Platonis a promising instalment.
Partes
Ineditae,
Should time ever
permit, and should not (what I would rather see) some learned and leisured scholar anticipate, I should hope myself some day to fill this gap. It is interesting to me to discover and to repeat that the Basle editor of these fragments states in his preface that he was indebted for the use of the MSS. which contained them to the ** great humanity" of a predecessor of mine, John Claymond, President and Benefactor of my own college, and first President of its distinguished colony the college of Corpus Christi.
Introduction.
xlii
B.
— The System of Education in
the Republic}
" Voulez vous prendre une idee de FMucation puhlique? Lisez la Republique de Flaton.
de politique que
par
comme
leur
litres.
Ce
n^est
point un ouvrage
pensenf ceux qui ne jugent des
le
C^est le
livres
plus beau traitd d^Hucation
qvHon a jamais fait.^^
These positive
striking
and
words,
striking
alike
in
their
their negative dogmatism, occur in the
opening pages of one of the most famous and wouldbe original of modern works on education
—the Emile
of Eousseau. It is a remarkable testimony to the permanent power and recurrent influence of the Greek classics
that the " return to nature " in education
— such —should for
Rousseau professed to be his secret and aim
^ On the subject of Greek education generally, even the most indolent beginner or general reader should consult Professor MahafFy's volume in the Educational Series, perhaps the most lively and readable of his many readable and lively books. Professor Mahaffy is specially happy, as he is specially qualified to be, on the subject both of yvixvacFTLKr] and of
fiovo-LKTi
A
in the sense of music.
really useful
compendium
will
be found in an Oxford
Prize Essay by Mr. Walter Hobhouse, of Hertford College, Chancellor's English Essay, 1883, on the of
Theory and Practice
Education.
Of the education in the Republic viewed rather in the with Plato's Philosophy, the fullest and best treatment is that in Mr. R. L. Nettleship's essay in the volume Hellenica. light of its connexion
Introduction.
mean a return
Plato. Whether, however, the which the tribute of imitation is
to
actual terms in
would have
offered
master,
may
been
be doubted.
2000 years
eccentric genius,
the Eepublic the written,
might
xliii
agreeable
and
original
after his day, should call
finest treatise
flatter
the great
to
That an
the shade
on education ever even of the calm
and all existence." But when same authority went on to say that the best of educational treatises was not a work on politics, Plato would reply that this is impossible, for that the two are inseparable. "the Republic is, first and foremost, a work on Politics, but it is also an educational treatise just as it is an ethical treatise, because it is political in the fullest, in the true Greek sense, because it treats of civilized and educated life and of such life as it is " spectator of all time
the
alone possible, that
JTo Plato as to day, the
in a society or TroAt?.
minds, especially at the present
hope of the world seems to hang on educa-
J[n practical politics, says Plato,
tion. is
is,
many
possible,
little
s^overnment by the majority
is
reform
the rule
and the majority, that arch-sophist, corrupts us ^Jashion sways everything.
/How
to ''educate" fashion, to create will
make men
resist
are
we
;
all.
to change,
an inner law which
her dictates
?
^nly by
on the child in his tender years when his soul
seizing is
fresh
and unsophisticated, generous, and open to impression,
^hen,
if
you can
sufficiently
imbue him with
ideals,
Introduction.
xliy
some chance that in the world he will resist and by resisting her create new standards. Jit follows that an ideal state must have its basis in an ideal education, and Plato has no sooner started his state as a civilized community, and not a mere city of two-legged swine, than he turns to consider the questhere
is
fashion,
tion of education.
The
transition is made, it is true, more Platonico, an apparently unintentional and haphazard way, being introduced by the casual comparison of the
in
<f)vXa^ to
the (TKvka^, of the guardian to the well-
trained watch-dog
;
but this mode of the transition
must not disguise from us
With regard
its vital
education thus introducedj falls
importance.^
to the actual character of the ideal
naturally into
two
we should remark
that
ly to the condition of things in Greece at Plato's
time.
it
divisions corresponding curious-
own
Then, as now, two rival systems of education
were recognized
:
the one, old-fashioned, simple, con-
ventional, " liberal
and
classical "
advanced, philosophical,
The
first,
TratSeta, as it
parts, fjLovGrcK'^
;
the other, modern,
scientific.
the old Greek education, the iyK-vKXios
was afterwards called, consisted of two and fjiovo-iKi^, or more strictly
yvfjLvacrTLKrj
in the narrower sense of music, together with
ypdfjLfjLara
or letters
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
it
was, in other words, the train-
ing which in good old-fashioned days English parents
gave their boys,
classics ^
and
athletics, together
Cp. supra, p. xxi.
with
Introduction.
xlv
and deport-
that which they gave their girls, music
ment.
What
is chiefly
noticeable about
it is
that
it
was a
much as of the mind, a training in accomplishments as much as in knowledge, and that it was, as we have called it, a liberal and classical training of the
education
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
body
as
essentially liberal in that
it
was not
in-
tended that any one should get a living by it, and that it
contemplated no profession except that of a gentle-
man who might be office,
called
on perhaps to take public
or to become a soldier
:
and essentially
in that it trained the intellect
mainly in
classical,
literature,
and that literature a selection from old sources. What in the best days it was really like may best be gathered from the
well-known
picture
in
the
Clouds of Aristophanes, where in contrast to the
musty laboratory and fusty professors of the new learning, is given us the never-to-be-forgotten glimpse
of the gardens of the
of the
Academe, those " playing
fields
"
Athenian boy, where, as people of the old school
fondly told, the victory of Marathon was won.^
Such was the old Athenian education, and such books of the Eepublic is that which
in the earlier
Plato
gives
his
ideal
state.
He
practically
adds
nothing, indeed he rather takes away, for he would
expurgate both his classics and his music. '^yVhat then shall he our education? or invent
a
letter 1
is it
hard
to
than has been discovered by the wisdom of Ar. Nub. 986 and 1005
et seqq.
d (
Introduction.
xlvi ages^
I mean
and music for
the
education of gymnastic for the body,
the
soul?" Eep. 376e.
Enlarging from
this beginning, Plato developes his first
and simpler
system of education in the early books of the Eepublic. rPlato^s edjication too
only professions
it
is
liberal
and
classical; the
contemplates are those of the
statesman, the soldier, and the gentleman.
than the old Greek education
it is
EveiTmore
addressed rather
to the heart than to the head, to developing character
much
as
as talent. Its central point is what may be by an extension of Plato's own language, the jSordvrj,^ the sweet and wholesome pasture, with
called,
KaXrj ^
iu KaKrj ^oTOiPr) (401 c).
The English fields of
of
may be reminded of the playing we have already hinted, the meads
educationalist
Eton, at which
Winchester, the close of Rugby, the ' wholesome and pleaAn of many another of our public schools.
sant pastures
'
Oxford man may perhaps recall the truly Platonic language of Mr. Matthew Arnold in the preface to the Essays in Criticism which by her ineffable on his own Academe, that Oxford charm keeps ever calling us nearer to the true goal of all of us, to the ideal, to perfection, to beauty in a word, which is only truth seen from another side, nearer perhaps than all the *
'
science of Tubingen."
A
striking recognition of the
same element
in
English
education at Oxford and Cambridge will be found in a remark-
by Germany's greatest man of science, HelmDie akademische Freiheit der deutschen Universitaten (Berlin, 1878) Zweitens sorgen die englischen Univer-
able lecture, holtz,
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
wie ihre Schulen, viel besser fiir das korperliche Wohl ihrer Studirenden" u.s.w. (p. 13). On the point of the connexion of the mens sana with the sitaten,
Introduction. its
xlvii
paradisal air of good influences, the waft of which
steals health-laden
wins
it
and to (401b,
upon the tender youthful
and
soul,
imperceptibly to love and be conformed
harmony with all the beauty For this, he says more soberly,
live in etc.).
to,
of reason, is
advantage of the musical education, not that
the real it
gives
any knowledge or teaches any new facts, but that it touches the heart, and 'penetrates into the recesses of the soul and fills it with harmony and moulds it to grace,
and gives to the young character an
instinctive
unreasoning love for the good and beautiful, before the later on,
with
boy can reason about such
when reason comes, he
whom
corpus
even
things, so that
salutes her as a friend
knowledge has long made him familiar/
sanum
it
may
further be noted that Plato would
appear to have given special attention to the relation of gymnastic and medicine. It is not generally
known how
close
is
Plato's accord with,
and how great therefore probably his debt to that
still
im-
perfectly appreciated genius Hippocrates.
Plato's language
about the relation of training to health
as Galen in his
work on the same subject tion of Hippocrates 'iTTiroKpaTovs
says, little
SrjXos ovv
CLKpLpQs
<l>v\dTT(x}v
t6 riXos early
Tex^rjs TavT7]Sf
i]
is,
more than a reproduc-
airavriav 6 TlkaTiov 'ianv ttjv ypLo/JLrjv
tCjv
virep
Trjs
yvfxvaa-TtKrjs
ddXrjrQp eve^ia (Galen,
irepl
iaTpLK7]S Kal yvfivaaTLKTjs, v. p. 875).
The whole subject Hippocrates
is
of the relation of Plato's ideas to those of
treated in a modest and useful monograph.
Die Platonischen
Dialoge
Hippocratischen Schriften
:
in
ihrem
Verhiiltnisse
zu den
Poschenrieder, Landshut, 1882.
Introduction.
xlviii
The is
principle
which pervades
thus broadly stated,
is
by Plato
two
saw, of
object everywhere.
is its
of gymnastic Plato dwells not so
moral effects.
its
It
In treating
much on is
body
because
it
and apt
active
keeps
it
its
purely
recommended not
merely, and indeed not so much, because
the
we
It consists,
gymnastic and music.
parts,
physical as on
into all the
Character, and not
details of his earlier education.
knowledge,
and which
this passage,
carried
it
renders
for physical exercise,
in health, as because
it
or
produces a
type of character, brave, enduring, and hard, and
is
the
complement to the enervating influence of music used alone or injudiciously.
Music again, in both or literature,
Following Plato's first,
we
senses,
whether music proper
to be considered in the
is
same way.
own order and considering literature,
find that his principle appears in the relation
he defines
between
fact
and
fiction,
and in the
treatment of theology, into which he diverges. Plato does not prefer fact to the good
;
what
is
fiction.
The
not good cannot be true.
not be true in theology; and were
it
true
is
It can-
ever so true in
must be suppressed, it must not be taught. In this point modern feelings and tendencies seem The to be in strong contrast with the ideas of Plato. scientific spirit invading the nursery and the schoolhistary
it
room proclaims that
fact is everything.
Fairy tales
are pretty, but there are no such things as fairies; and
the history of our childhood, Alfred and the Cakes,
Introduction.
xlix
Canute and the Sea Waves, William
Arnold
Tell,
Winkelried, the history of Ivanhoe, and the
von
history of Shakespeare's plays fires childish or boyish
imagination and enthusiasm, but
away, for
it is
In
place.
its
it
must be swept
not true, and nothing like
it
ever took
must be put a history embodying the newest views, the most correct
stead
the latest lights, spelling.^
The Greeks of Plato's day, as Thucydides himself body of exact history lying behind them. The traditions of the past were inseparable from mythology, and from a mythology which had not itsaw, had no
become
self
*
Much
fixed,
dogmatic and
official,
but which
of this pedagogic pedantry supposes itself derived
Germany, and plumes itself on what says the greatest of Germans ? He from
its derivation. is
But
singularly in accord
with Plato. " Till lately the world believed in the heroism of a Lucretia, of a
Mucins Scaevola, and sufi'ered itself by this belief to be inspired. But now comes your historical criticism,
warmed and
and says that
these persons never lived, but are to be regarded as fables and fiction divined by the great mind of the
Romans.
What
are
we
to do with so pitiful a truth
Ivomans were great enough to invent such at least be great enough to believe them."
stories,
?
If the
we
should
Eckermann, Con-
versations of Goethe, p. 270, Oxenford's transl.
**Here again," continued Goethe, **the Greeks were so great that they regarded fidelity to historic facts less than the
treatment of them by the poet."
Some
beautiful remarks on the
Ibid, p. 353.
same subject
found in Sir Philip Sidney's Defense of Poesy.
will also be
Introduction.
1
lent itself naturally to the genius of the race that
created and might
still
words, which was
create
still
poets might choose to
it
;
very largely what the Greek
make
it.
Plato could therefore treat history, and religion,
from
its
had
a mythology, in other
historical side in
still
more
a very different
way from what is now possible. If history is a men have agreed to believe," the Greeks had not far agreed to believe
one
the circumstances of the
lie
lie
lie
so
about the past, or else
were not so many and so
plausible that they could not equally well agree to
believe another
And so
fiction is
not so
much put on
a par with fact by Plato as preferred before
may
it.
What
be called poetic truth,i like poetic justice, ideal
truth that
is
to say,
is
Truth which
Plato^s aim.
not poetic, truth in detail which
is
is
in conflict with
and broad truth, or seems to be so, is to Plato any rate not the truth for children, or for education. It is more true, he would say, that God is good and can never be at all bad than that any fact in the Hellenic Hagiology ever had a historic existence. ^' Those who go about telling stories, however well vouched for by priests or sacred writings, which show the gods doing or becoming anything mean or base or sinful, should beware lest they blaspheme against great
at
^
Cp. the well-known language of Aristotle, Poetics, 1451,
h, dib Tj
iikv
Kal
yap
(l)Cko(TO(p(JoTâ&#x201A;Źpov 7roir}(Tis
koI crirovdaLOTepou
fiaXKov ra Ka66\ov,
rj
5'
ttoltjo-ls
icTTOplas iarlv.
icTopia ra KaO* '^Kaarov
\ Introduction.
.
heaven and at the same time make cowards of
theii
children."
With music proper the
principle
not any consideration of " art scientifically correct,
the few
who can
is
the same
for art's sake," not the
not the esoteric appreciation of
distinguish intervals inaudible to the
multitude, not the dictum of the specialists
is
to give
the law to us, but rather the plain broad consideration,
what music produces a healthy moral
fibre,
a harmon-
ized strength of character,^ music like that of which
the poet sings, that raised
To highth of noblest temper heroes old Arming to battle, and, instead of rage, Deliberate valour breathed, firm and unmoved
By dread
of death, to light or foul retreat.
Par. Lost,
This
is
then the
550.
secret, the justification, of Plato's
entire treatment both of science
The
i.
and of
art.
censorship he proposes to exercise over either
and
narrow and cramping to mind which more than any other in ancient times, perhaps in any age, combined the artistic with the scientific sensibility, propose to put these fetters upon genius ? The answer is, that in Plato's eyes neither art nor seems
artificial
a degree.
^
How,
Aristotle,
Politics
same
arbitrary,
it is
asked, can a
whose sketch of a System more than a redaction
is little
thing,
ttolol
nves ra
ijdrj
yuy vo/ULcOa
bk. V. ch. 5, the whole passage.
of
Education
in the
of Plato's, says the Sl
avrrjSf
1340.
See
Introduction.
lii
acience is to
be considered apart from the whole of
humanity.
may be
that the world is best served nowadays them as though they were ; it may be that in this enormous complexity of knowledge and recorded fact which surrounds us to-day, truth in It
by
treating
exhaustive accuracy alone can enable us to rise
detail,
to the higher height, the truer truth, the
more
real
good, to which Plato endeavoured by an apparently shorter cut to lead his
But
at least
we
own
age.
should take care to keep the con-
and in educaany rate where selection has to be made, the only real principle of proportion is to be found here and if our alphabet of knowledge, if our everyday child's curriculum are to Plato's as twenty to one, the crown and cope of all must be worthy of the base so ception of the whole before our minds,
tion at
;
many To
times multiplied and enlarged.
what
is
return, however, to Plato's earlier education,
most striking in
it
is
apparently childish simplicity.
its
marvellous,
What
standard,
its
we
can imagine a modern school board inspector inquiring,
what
What little
standard
will
Plato's
children attain?
does he actually teach his children to
reading,
some pretty
stories
know 1
little poetry for repetition, a few tunes, the rest good manners, gymnastics, and play.
a
We hear living or
A
with a good moral, is
nothing at present of foreign languages,
dead
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the fortunate Greek had none between
Introduction.
liii
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
him and literature,^ nothing of history, nothing of grammar, of geography, of mathematics, of natural science.
So far the " finest educational treatise the world has seen " says nothing of either technical or scientific education, those
two great names which are
The second
with the education of to-day. indeed to be supplied farther on
;
shadow is over
much
but as to the
namely, technical education, Plato remains
modern times
so
defect
is
first,
In
silent.
and even classical education may be said to have become partially technical, complicated as it is with the vast system of its
all,
money prizes.
competition for
Bread-studies,
as they are
sometimes
called, are
not the concern Plato seems to think of a legislator.
They
If you want to would probably say, school, but by actual
will take care of themselves.
learn a useful mechanical art, he
must be learned not
it
at
experience and apprenticeship.
and
A
all
This
is
other handicraftsmen are trained
scientific
how potters (p.
467a).
education Plato does to some extent
provide for later on.
And
herein his later system
corresponds to that second phase of actual Greek edu-
which we alluded just now. For the want more scientific education had almost a generation before Plato's time come to be recog-
cation to
of a further and
^
The example
of
Greek education and Greek
literature is
so far in favour of a greater use in teaching of our
language.
own
Introduction.
liv
nized
Indeed,
Greece.
in
was the main
effort
ceding Plato, the age, as
"^he
name
of
Sophist,
supply
to
it is called,
in
its
this
of the Sophists,
origin
term
a
admiration, had like that of Professor, the title
which most nearly covers the same
common
want
immediately pre-
age
of the
of
modern area,
in
acceptance been unfairly identified with
its
most unfortunate associations; but was in truth a word of very varied meaning and application, denoting at different times every grade between a savant and a quack, and being bestowed equally for good and for
bad upon poets, lawgivers, rhetoricians and philosophers, and professors of mathematics and of medicine.
In the nature of things,
hand than
it
included more second-
first-hand thinkers,
applied to those
who
who made new
and was
especially
popularized rather than to those
discoveries.
Sophists " was a genuine age of
But the
new
age of the
learning,
and the
work of the majority of the Sophists was
to introduce
Men
as different
this
new
learning into education.
and Protagoras, Meton and Hippocrates, Anaxagoras and Socrates himself, contributed in different ways to a common
as Euripides
result,
and
Isocrates, Gorgias
and, as so often happens, the paradoxes of one
generation became the text-books of the next, and
when the storm of
resistance
and indignation which
the novelty of these ideas even in the best hands, as well as the crudity
and shallowness of the travesty
Introduction.
Iv
and misuse of them by inferior and mercenary teachers, aroused in Athens, had at length subsided,
when
the
comedy of the Clouds and the tragedy of the Apology had both been played out and both become historic, the influence of the Sophists remained in the wider
curriculum of Greek education. ^
>And
it
remained in Plato, who, though he made the byword and gibbets Thrasymachus
style of Sophist a
owed an immense debt to For Plato recognizes the prin-
in the dialogue before us,
the Sophists himself.
preached by the Sophists that for public
ciple first
some further training is necessary than poetry for repetition, a few tunes, and some gymnastic exercises, and, indeed, that more than this is needed even for a really liberal education which is to develope all the life
powers of the mind. This further education, however, technical eivai
(p.
acre yap
:
522).
here again,
we
shall
if
is
not to be at
re-x^vac jSdvavcroL ttov airacrai
It is to
we come
be
strictly scientific.
to Plato with
perhaps be disappointed.
cation with Plato does not
modern
and anatomy, geology and botany.
Scientific educa-
Such applied or
him
con-
very secondary importance, and indeed
as largely base, mechanical, ^
Yet
notions,
mean primarily chemistry
material science Socrates and Plato after siders as of
all
eSo^av
and
technical.
and instructive on this head to an interval So^to-rw*', and the ire pi ^AvTiddaeujs,
It is especially interesting
compare the two speeches of 35 years, the
/caret
of Isocrates. written at
Introduction.
Ivi
Plato's scientific education
is,
as
he
says, at first
sight a very little thing, to </>avAov tovto, 61/
Si'
lyw, to
Te Kal Ta 3vo Koi ra rpla SiayiyviocKeLv (522c), in
words Mathematics and Pure Mathematics, Geometry and Pure Geometry, with perhaps some
other
study of Harmonics.
Nj^nally, these studies are
which
to
really
is
to be ancillary to the
all
agent, the
great educational
science or pursuit of
liberalize
the
mind,
namely.
Dialectic.
To
explain what
is
really
meant by
Dialectic
would
involve a somewhat lengthy discussion, and belongs to a consideration of the last rather than the first
books of the Kepublic.
five
It
may
suffice to
quote the admirable words of
Professor Jowett's Introduction
"There seem sophy of Plato, to
to be
first
two great aims
According
connect them.
in the philo-
to realize abstractions, secondly, to
him, the
true
which draws men from becoming to being, and to a comprehensive survey of education
is
that
all being."
Yet
it
may be
feared that this enigmatical defini-
tion will prove rather a hard saying to
adays
who would
seek in Plato the
many now-
finest educa-
tional treatise the world has seen.''
In Dialectic then Plato's curriculum culminates. Beginning with stories told to children, <5omprehensive survey of
all
being.
it
ends in a
Introduction. It
Ivii
remains to say a word as to the order and con-
nexion in time
which
in
this curriculum is to
be
followed.
Plato, as his fashion
very hard and fast
is,
does not set this out in a
way.
It has to
be gathered
generally from general remarks and incidental allu-
As a
sions.
rule,
in early youth,
intervals of
" Those
he
says,
philosophy
studied
money-making or house-keeping (p. 498). it do but make an approach to
who study
the most difficult branch of the subject,
perhaps in quite a
now
is
perhaps carried on for a time in the
after-life as
i.e.,
dialectic,
a very fine thing to do, being
work of supererogation
(irdpepyov
olofxevoL
avTo Selv Trpdrreiv), they drop in to hear a discussion at a friend^s,
but by and by they don't care even to
do that, their sun goes out, not^ as science
tells
of the
orb of day, to be excited again to fresh activity, but
an absolute
in
eclipse,
never to be relumed."
JShe real course ought to be
just the
opposite.
Childhood and youth are not the seasons for the .
and
serious for a
At
study of philosophy, but only
difficult
beginning of
it fitted
for childhood
and youth.
this period their bodies rather should be
care
Ib^n
of,
to be the
as the
taken
servants
of philosophy.
young man advances
to maturity he
future
should increase the gymnastics of the soul. J)Finally,
when let
their strength
fails,
our citizens range at
and they are past duty, and let them do noth-
will,
ing else except as by-play, for
we
intend them to
Introduction.
Iviii
happily here, and, this
live
over, to
life
have similar
happiness in another.
Such is the general sketch of the plan of education and intellectual life in the sixth book. Next follows as a necessary prolegomenon an account of the nature of knowledge which addresses itself to showing what this dialectic really is in which education is to culminate.
The general plan
is
then
sists, this
parable
Education really con-
tells us, in
conversion, in bringing
the soul up to light, and teaching
they really
He who
are.
however remain
is
by the famous
ratified
figure or parable of the cave.
it
to see things as
thus converted must not
for ever in the light, fancying that
he has reached heaven on earth, he must go down again awhile into the cave which
is
the world and
teach and preach to the spirits there imprisoned, and
only after his period of ministry begin for himself that
life
which
is
part of eternity.
Finally, the poetic parable once
into prose,
and Plato gives us
more
resolves itself
his last
word on
a
systematized education. It is to
begin with music, gymnastics, and the
elements of science, calculation and geometry, that is
to say, these are
be given to the child, but
to
not forced upon him, for a free free
man
man
should be a
in the acquisition of knowledge,
education should be a
comes the second
sort
stage
of
and early
of amusement.
Then
necessary gymnastics,
Introduction. during which, whether they
last
nothing else can be done.
And,
third of dialectic, which
Such
is
is
lix
two or three finally,
there
years, is
the
to last twice as long.
Two more
Plato's system of education.
points only are to be noted, that
system to be enforced by the
it
is
state,
a compulsory
and that
it is
be applied to women, without any distinction
to
from men.
With the system
of the Eepublic should of course
be compared that given in the prosaic,
and
For the
Laws
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;a
seems very conservative.
rest Plato
system seems on the whole a very simple conflict
of
studies,
the problem of
scarcely appear in his pages.
main
distinctly
curriculum
later,
more
practical scheme.
is
He
is
affair.
His
The
specialization,
content to re-
behind modern requirements, and his
indeed singularly in accord with that
which obtained in our
fathers'
days in our old uni-
and schools. The Dialectic of Oxford, the Pure Mathematics of Cambridge, the Classical
versities
old
literary rather than as now aping the methods of the material sciences, of both, and of Winchester, and Eton, and Westminster, the athletic games and field sports of the old-fashioned English boy, with the music, and deportment of the oldfashioned English girl, with these, with pretty much all that has been weighed and found wanting by reformers of our day both within and without the edutraining,
cational profession, Plato seems
more than
content.
Introduction.
Ix
The machinery of modern life is a thousand times more complex than that of the Greek TroAts. The battle of life may not be more severe, but certainly the numbers engaged are larger, and the weapons more Our
circumstances,
it is true,
are not Plato's.
and barely to hold his own in the struggle a man requires a more elaborate education to-day precise,
in
London than
of old in Athens.
Moreover, there are some things which Plato himself
would recognize
of his
own
as
merely a legitimate extension
educational principles.
The simple laws
of health for instance should be taught as part of
The very
gymnastic.
soldier (526d), or for
little
calculation needed for a
husbandry or navigation (527d),
has grown into a great deal.
we must remember, was
Plato too,
a privileged class.
legislating for
His education, like that provided
fathers, was intended merely for an aristoand was therefore naturally different from that of an essentially industrial and democratic community. It is therefore not to be wondered at that Plato's simple rules and slender curriculum should seem an inadequate answer to those who ask, as so many are asking around us, how we are
by our cracy,
to educate a nation.
^et
in his
main
principles, that education should
extend equally to both sexes, and should continue
through
life
;
that the
body should be trained equally its servant and not
with the mind, yet so as to be
Introduction. its
Ixi
master; that of moral education the secret
lies
in giving to the child pure and none but pure sur-
roundings, and a healthy atmosphere in his early years
;
rather that
of mental,
and,
than to acquire
is
only
now
in
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;in
perhaps,
teaching
him
all this
there
when
to think
much
is
education has be-
come the question of the day, beginning to be fully understood, and much that requires to be repeated to every
new
generation.
For every generation
will
education the same, ^*not to
find
the problem of
make
giants,
but to
elevate the race at once," not to breed genius, for
that
must come
in
rvxo^ and having come, will
and do not what it can, but what must, nor to make a. few men rich and preeminent
take care of it
Oeia
special
itself,
professions,^but to produce a society of
})ersons healthy,
happy, sane, intelligent, good
and good guides of themselves and their
citizens,
fellows.
Introduction.
Ixii
C.
so
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; The Dramatis Personae of
The dialogues of Plato, it has many dramas.^ They speak
^The
the
RepuUic}
often been said, are to the eye
and ear
account of the characters of the Platonicstill an old book, and one written in Latin^ the
fullest
Dialogues
is
Prosopographia Platonica of Groen van Prinsterer, being his exercise for the degree of Doctor at Leyden in the year 1823. It is a careful
work, and
many
and
of its citations
obiter dicta
not absolutely exhaustive, and has neither the completeness nor the force of expression of the are very good, but
is
it
of a younger Dutch scholar, to whom it has the honour having furnished a model, the Prosopographia Xenophontea of Gabriel Cobet, published also at Leyden in 1836. The leading characters of the Republic are admirabl}^
work of
sketched and summarized by Professor Jowett. 2 Sane Dialogus Platonis habet fere justi magnitudinem Dramatis,
partes,
digressiones,
descriptionem,
exitum
:
habet
ingressum,
interrogandi
progressum,
respondendique
vices ita probabiles ut ex ipsa humana natura expressae videantur nil de industria quaesitum appareat; habet sensum
afFectumque, jocandi viam urbanam, venustam, verecundam.
Wyttenbach, Ep. ad Heusdium, opusc (quotus quisque fuerit
!)
who
II. p. 21.
The reader
will take the trouble to read
Wyttenbach's letter to v. Heusde will be delighted with the enthusiasm of this old scholar for Plato, and the justness of his remarks.
An
made to arrange Drama in set acts and
ingenious attempt has actually been
the whole of the Pepublic as a Prose scenes.
The
effort is of course fanciful,
but
it
serves to bring
out the dramatic character and the wonderful underlying art, composition, and proportion of this marvellous dialogue.
Dramatische
Composition
der Platonischen Republik.
und
Rhetorisohe
Disposition
Th. E. Bacher, Augsburg.
Introduction. as well as to the mind.
of Socrates
and
Ixiii
They purport to be the talk and in them Plato, with
his friends,
the magic of the artist, has arrested and preserved
some echo of the living
for us
voice,
some colours
of
the time and place.
As we read them we seem
to step
back into the
We
very streets of Athens as once they were.^ along
and
we turn
;
see,
circle
a corner or
we
what have we here ?
of old and young,
move
enter some open door
A little knot, or gathered
men and
keen, beautiful, as our fancy paints
boys, grave, sage, ;
a
hum
of conver-
sation as they stand about or pass on together, in the
centre always the familiar figure, with its rolling bulllike gait
and the grotesque ugliness of
its
features,
the snub-nose, and the grim yet kindly penetration of
the large prominent eyes. in the
throng
;
it
may
be
We too we
step
link our
up
;
arm
we mingle in that of
some frank-faced bystander of familiar name, and become hearers ourselves too of the discourse, and are carried away into the world of ideas and ideals, of imagination and speculation and philosophy. ^ ^
Van Heusde
says
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Ad
illustrius
is
less incisive
cognoscendos theatrum,
but equally devoted.
He
Graecorum mores nullum exstat
quam unusquisque
Platonis
Dialogus.
Spec. Grit, in Plat. p. xvi. ^ A charming reproduction of such a scene in the medium most happy for a Greek subject will be found in Mr. Harry Bates' beautiful prize composition, "Socrates teaching in the Agora," now enshrined in the Council Room of the Owens
College
at. Manchester.
Introduction.
The the
illusion is the
Platonic
more easy and complete because
dialogues
not merely ideal
are
imaginary Athenian dramas.
Athens
"
In this
we meet many whom we
with the central figure
:
we
or of
at once recognize
Especially
as old historic friends.
" School
is
this the case
are quite accustomed to
supplement the Socrates of Plato by the Socrates of Aristophanes and Xenophon, and to picture to ourselves the chief disputant of the Eepublic or Protagoras,
fighting in the ranks of Potidaea or Delium, or
opposing the same obstinate personality to the civium ardor prava jubentium at the trial of the generals after
Arginusae.
We
do
not,
however, always apply the same process
to all the figures
by whom he
is
surrounded, or realize
that they were all living persons
who had
their place
Athenian or Greek society yet it is well worth while to do so, and if we follow the fortunes of the in
;
Platonic characters,
we
shall find that the dialogues
gain a personal and at times a pathetic interest.
Those bright boys, those young men of genius, who life, as in Plato's pages, were the hearers and pupils of the Master, Alcibiades and Charmides, Critias and Agathon, Xenophon and Lysias, Polemarchus and Isocrates, to what different destinies, to what strange scenes, to what altered relations with
in real
one another were they called
The
!
fate of Socrates himself is a
the evil days
came not
byword.
for Socrates alone.
But Well,
Introduction. indeed, for sensational affect did Plato choose the
drama of the Republic. That happy home, the house of Cephalus, as we see scene and the actors for the
it
in the opening pages of the dialogue, with
its
serene and sunny atmosphere of content and affection
and unobtrusive
piety,
where the
little
group of
family and friends draw round the old man, pausing still
crowned in the interval of
was
in actual history the witness of a
and rites, sombre tragedy,
his prayers
the dark shadows of which throw up
all
the more by
contrast the bright lights of the ideal.
The old man, Cephalus, happy indeed in his white was taken away from the evil to come. Of the little company that formed in circle round him, two hairs,
besides Socrates himself were called on to drink the
hemlock
at the
hands of an unjust judge, and a third
scarcely escaped with his bare
The
story of
life
what happened
is
to tell the tale.
told us
by one
of
the very dramatis personae of the Republic himself,
by the orator Lysias, with the feeling of a brother, skill of the most graphic while the most simple of Greek writers. In the well-known speech where it will be found, the /caret 'E/Darocr^ei/ovs, Lysias begins by giving a hint told
and the
of the character of their family
life,
which
is
inci-
dentally a striking confirmation in sober prose of the
somewhat "
My
poetic sketch of Plato.
was persuaded by and lived there for thirty
father Cephalus, he says,
Pericles to
come
to Athens,
Ixvi
Introduction.
and during all that time none of our family ; ever entered a law court either as plaintiff or defend-
years
ant,
but
we
that
we
neither
treated
how
so lived under a popular
government wronged others nor were unjustly
by them." In a later paragraph he describes had borne all the burdens and dis-
his family
charged to the
full all
the duties of Athenian citizens.
After Cephalus' death, his sons succeeded to his wealth. The house in the Piraeus was occupied by Lysias, while Polemarchus lived at Athens. Together they carried on a shield manufactory, employing
some 120
slaves,
and were known
to be of solid
and
substantial wealth.
When
the Thirty came into power in 409
B.C.,
one
of their acts of violence
was to make a raid upon the resident ahens, Lysias and his brother among the number. With an audacity which seems almost incredible, they arrested
and pillaged them in cold
Lysias was seized, but by presence of mind and good luck escaped with his bare life. Polemarchus, blood.
less fortunate,
was
retained.
He
received from the
Thirty, says his brother, the regulation eWLcrfJ^evov
TrapdyyeXfia Triveiv Kcjveiov
messageâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; to
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;to
drink the hemlock, and was hurried out of the world without a hearing or a trial, and even without the common decencies of the death-bed and the grave, less fortunate in this than the more illustrious victim with
whose name associated.
his
own
is
in
the Eepublic for ever
Introduction. Such in the irony of
fate
Ixvii
was the fortune of that J ustice was
hospitable roof under which the Nature of
discussed and decided, such Polemarchus' experience of the practical application of the sophist's doctrine of
^
the interest of the stronger.'
What more
it is
needful for the illustration of the
Kepublic to say about the family of Cephalus
is
soon
told.
Cephalus, then, cally
he
was not an Athenian born.
may be compared perhaps
to that formerly of one of
those great Jewish families
own
Histori-
a type of the resident alien, and his position
is
or other
modern
who have
settled in our
countries.
In the pages of the Eepublic, he
is
the type of an
and simple morality and religion whose rule can hardly be better expressed than in the words to do justice and love mercy, and to walk humbly with; God. The good old man of the good old time, he; belongs to the Aeschylean age of Athens, an age^ early
simple and unscientific, but an age, as said of
of heroic and
it,
Of his
its
supporters
memorable achievements.
three sons
is of course the most famous, and is well-! known, but in the Republic he appears only by name,j nor would it be in place to digress into a general
Lysias
account of his
of Lysias of
which
life.
He
appears again in the Platonic
In the Phaedrus an imaginary discourse
dialogues. is is
the starting point of the dialogue, cast in the
much
form of a criticism upon both
;
Introduction.
Ixviii
thoughts and his
his
Lysias
is also
style,
and
it is
supposed that
intended in the attack on the rhetori-
cian in the Euthydemus.^
Folemarchus, on the contrary,
drus
(p.
noted in the Phae-
is
257) as having been a special student of
while from the Eepublic itself we see was a student of poetry. Indeed in his
philosophy, that he
quotation of Simonides he
is
representative of the
second stage of thought and morality, the age of
'gnomic' or proverbial philosophy.
Of his brother Euthydemus we know nothing beyond the fact of his being also a member of the family of Cephalus. The name is a somewhat com<
mon
one.
The other
characters of the drama are "Niceratus, Thrasymachus and his two followers or shadows, Glaucon and Adeimantus, the brothers of Plato, and of
course Socrates himself. Niceratus,
though a minor and
without interest. general TraTTTTO),
Nicias,
He and
is
like
for Nicias' father
We know
the
silent figure, is not
son of the celebrated
Cephalus,
had
also
o/xwvv/xos
tw
been a Niceratus.
from Xenophon that he was a
special
student of Homer, ^ and indeed he has achieved
liter-
ary immortality as the witness to the possibility of ^
is
Compare the passage
in the Phaedrus, 266,
where Lysias
included in the same category with Thrasymachus. ^
Xen. Symp.
III. ยง 5,
Kat vvv
dvvaiixriv
&v 'I\io5a
6\'i]v
Kal
Introduction.
Ixix
of the Homeric whose private integrity and piety were well-known, seems to have taken great pains
the oral and memorial tradition
His
poems.
father,
He made him the pupil of the Damon, and endeavoured more induce Socrates himself to take him
with his education.
celebrated musician,
than once to under his tuition.
His
own
character was good and amiable,
(Diod
iirietK^js
but this could not save him any more than Polemarchus from the Kal c[>LXdvOpoj7ros
Sicul. xiv. 5),
merciless cupidity of the Thirty to terror he too
fell
Thrasymachus
a victim
is
perhaps a
Platonic character,
who
whose reign
of
(ibid,),
is
still
better instance of a
also a historic personage,
and although Plato has doubtless taken an artist's license, yet his picture in the main would seem to be
drawn from the
The very manner
life.
in
which he
appears in the Eepublic with his devoted followers
would show him to be a person of importance, and the notices we have of him, though few, confirm this idea.
The (p.
own
chief of these
is
Plato's
267c), where he
is
touched
in the
Phaedrus
the
Chalce-
off as
donian Giant," the greatest master in Socrates' eyes of 1
Pl^to, Laches, 180
and
200.
As Niceratus has the good fortune to be mentioned in the Symposium of Xenophon, we have an exhaustive account of him by the master hand of Cobet^ in his Prosopographia Xenophontea.
Ixx
Introduction.
the art of playing on the passions of men,
them by
his
and moving
melodrama, either to anger or
tears, or of
inventing or rebutting an accusation, possessed moreover of a singular and powerful personality, and exercising that very
mesmeric power or fascination, eVaSov
(Phaedr. 267c.) to which he
KTjXelv
is
himself subjected
by the superior force of Socrates (Eep. 358b.). He was moreover a regular professional rhetorician, and a chief contributor^ to the great rhetorical movement which dominated the thought and literature of His name
Greece at this time.
is
thus associated with
those of Gorgias,^ and Prodicus, and Protagoras, and
Cicero
tells
us he was ever over-artificial in the
structure of his periods.
Eminently professional, he was then
historically,
good and for bad, the very type of the so-called sophist;^ and there can be no doubt that it is with deliberate intention that Plato, in his picture of Thrasymachus, brings out these characteristics which
for
he has made a standing charge against the class notably their mercenary and professional character ^
Quintil. ix. 4, 87.
2
Quintil.
xii. 39, xiii. '
He
Paros,
is
iii.
10; Cic. de Orat.
1, §
40,
Iii.
called Qpaa^fxaxos 6
who
32, § 128; eiusd. Orat.
iii.
175. (TO(f>La-Trjs
by Neoptolemus
of
gives his epitaph, a curious one, in quaint tomb-
stone style Touvoyua dijray
pG),
dX0a,
irarph XaXKrjdojPy
i}
(jav, v, jjSjy
5e rex^r)
dX0a,
cro<piTj.
%?, ou, cdv.
—Athenaeus
x. 454f..
Introduction. and their desire
to
Ixxi
"orate" rather than follow the
method of question and answer. For the rest it is no unkind dehneation, and
Socratic
the bubble of his braggadocio confidence
summarily pricked, and his
self-satisfaction
if
rather
is
a
little
wounded in the process, he has never been a real enemy and remains a friend (498c). Oddly enough, if Thrasymachus is made fun of b}^ Plato, he was not unavenged. The comic poets made no
distinction
fine
between
another, bu.t jibed at
all
one
equally.
and
philosopher
Aristophanes
re-
presented Socrates as the very prince of sophists, taking pay, and proving black white, and making the worse appear the better cause;
and the
later
comedian Ephippus equally unites Plato and Thrasy-
machus as alike mercenary teachers of intellectual and personal follies and fopperies. The passage is so curious that
we quote
it
in extenso
—
dvao-rds €V(tto\os veavias
€7reLT
^AKaSrjfxetas rt? vtto ITAarcova Kal
TWi/
^[ipvdoivo dpacrvjxayeioXri iJ/LKepiJidTCJV TrXrjyels dvdyKrj^ Xrjxj/iXoyofJLLo-Oco re^^vrj (TVV(ov Tt9,
OVK d<TK€7rTa Svvdfjievo^ Aeyetv,
€v
fjL€v
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8'
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€v
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iv TreSt Ao) 7ro8a
ixa^aipa ^vcrr* e^iov TpLyjudpLara^
Kvr]fxri<i lfxdvT(j)V ^
nOel^
vtto ^vpov^
[(TOfxerpoi^ lAty/xacrti/,
For Bryson, see supra,
p. xxii.
Introduction.
Ixxii oy/co) T€
^AavtSos
TeOwpaKLcrfxivos^
d^L6xpeii)v iiTLKaOel^ /SaKrrjpLo.
orxrjfi^
dXXoTpLOVf OVK OLKeLOVf eXe^ev
^
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rrjs
Ephippus, Nai;ayds, ap. Athen.
The appropriateness
€/JLol
SoKCt
AOrjvatiov x9ov6s.^
^
of his
509c.
ii.
name
to his character
seems to have been already noted in antiquity, for Herodicus punned upon
been known to Plato At, Ehet.
el
He
has,
ii.
as
it
in
words which may have
— w Qpao-vixa^e,
del QpacrvfJiaxos
23. 19.
we
two followers and
said,
pupils,
Clitophon, the son of Aristonymus, and Charmantides.
Their devotion to him
when he '
ne
is
specially indicated
by Plato
allows Clitophon to break the dramatic rule,
quarta
loqui persona
laboret,^
and cut
into the
dialogue, p. 340.
This momentary interposition has served to give Clitophon a factitious interest, for ever ready forger of antiquity
it
has afforded the
his opportunity
to
append to Plato the dialogue which goes by Clitophon's name. This
trifling
defended
performance has been
as, at least,
ingeniously
an alternative sketch of the open-
ing of the Eepublic, but
is
now condemned by all good
scholars.! !
K\€LTo<f)coj^,
" a rhetorical school exercise on the basis of
Platonic and past Platonic writings." Plat. Lit. p. 39, etc., etc.
Teuffel, Uebersicht der
Introduction.
Of Charmantides which
style,
tells
is
his
name and deme
us that he belonged to the
afterwards famous as the is
we know
that
all
Ixxiii
home
of Demosthenes.
He
TlaLavUvs.
remains to notice the real supporters of the
It
dialogue
through
which the
first
the nine constructive books to
serves as a negative introduction.
Glaucon and Adeimantus brothers of Plato, nor, as
are doubtless the historic
^
we
said,
need we
satisfy
an impossible consistency by making them his uncles. Their
characters
affectionate hand,
are drawn by Plato with an and with even more than his usual
Hghtness and grace of touch.
They
are brothers,
as brothers
and
and have a family
sisters
likeness, but,
should do^ resemble each other
with a difference.
Both are thoughtful, both are brave, both are of fine
mind, both are attractive, but in different ways.
Adeimantus is the deeper nature, Glaucon the more practical ; Adeimantus more grave, Glaucon more gay. They may be compared to Sir Walter Scott's pair of sisters, Minna and Brenda, whose contrasted affinity is so charming in his novel the Pirate; or we might say of them, in the language of another famous portrayer of character, that one excels in sense, the other in sensibility.
The ^
details of their respective traits
They
therefore
have been most
are called sons of Ariston, 368a, and their mother
would be
Perictione.
Introduction.
Ixxiv
drawn out
appreciatively
at
length by Professor
Jowett in his longer introduction, nor to repeat again
will
we attempt
more clumsily what he has done
excellently.
For the all is their
rest,
their
most winning
youth, and what
generosity,
sits
characteristic of
so well on youth, their
innocent intellectual
their
and
moral
ardour and unsophisticated enthusiasm, to which the
manner of Thrasymachus form an admirable foil. Of Socrates, in his historic, or even in his generally
blustering airs and professional
â&#x20AC;˘Platonic It is his
character,
enough
this is
to say
that
stock role of the plain
and has not the learning
not the place to speak.
he
appears
man who
is
at
first
no
scholar,
of the sophists, but is
in
more
than a master for the best of them at intellectual chess
by his fatal questions reduces Thrasymachus to impotence, to perspiring, and even to blushing, and at last to silence. After the first book, however, he gives up both the negative attitude and the elenchic method, and holds forth like a veritable playing, and
sophist himself.
This
new
departure seems to be
necessitated by the character of the Republic, which,
of
all
the great dialogues,
Such then
in its scene
is
the most constructive.
and characters is the Eepublic,
eminently Platonic, eminently Greek,
scientific, philo-
sophic, but also picturesque, or rather sculpturesque,
the soul of philosophy, thinking and speaking and
Introduction. moving that
*
ma
body of
chiselled
art,
Ixxv
and wearing a form
austerity/
that
*
full of
primal symmetry
^
^which ennobles the greatest creations of a race which did not need the famous modern motto, in that to it
the True seemed always even visibly united with
the Beautiful in the perfect and absolute Whole.
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327a. KaT€pT]v
—
On Plato's method of introducing celebraverunt. " Stallb. his subject, the artistic rather than the scientific, see Introduction, Name and Aim of Bepublic. The story goes that after Plato's death, among his remains a tablet was found with these, the four opening words of the Republic, written in a variety of different orders. Dion. Hal. de Comp, Verb., vol. v. p. 209 (Reiske). *0 de UXdriov Tovs eavrov dtaXdyovs Krevi^wv kol poarpvxf-^^^ t-oil irdvTa rpdirov dvair\€KO)v ov dieXLTrev oydorjKOPTa ^eYOJ^cbs errj, yvdopiaixa be TovTov rd re dXXa Acat dr] Kai rd irepl rriv deXrov TeXevTrjaavros aTUTOv XeyovdLP evpedijpaL, ttolkLXcos fxeraKeLfjiAvrjv rr)P dpxw "^V^ UoXLTcias '^xovaav Trjvde Karepyjp x^es eis Iletpaia /uerd TXaiJKcopos TOV 'ApL(TT(s)POS. The story is repeated by Quintilian, Inst. viii. 6. 64, in a " Nec aliud potest passage which is worth quoting entire.
facere numerosum quam opportuna ordinis permutatio, neque alio ceris Platonis inventa sunt quattuor ilia verba quibus in illo pulcherrimo operum in Piraeum se descendere significat plurimis modis scripta, quam quod eum quoque maxime facere experiretur. " It is also quoted in the miscellaneous compiler Diogenes Laertius, iii. 37, on the authority of Euphorion and Panaetius. It is found, however, in no earlier or better authority than Dionysius, though possibly known to Cicero, v, De Sen. v. 13, quoted below. Like many other such stories about the great personages of antiquity, it may or may not be true, but it is certainly "well found," and may fairly be used, as Dionysius himself
sermonem
I5.S
The Republic of employs
Plato.
[BOOK K
to point the criticism that Plato's superexcellent
it,
i
style was not attained without conscious trouble, but that he was a most laborious and fastidious composer. That the ancients, masters as they were of style, did not believe in felicitous scribbling, is confirmed by many such stories, both in Greek and Latin, e.g.^ Sophocles' accounts of his attainment of his own third period of "golden mediocrity'' (Plut. de Prof. Virt. Sent., p. 79 b); and the wellknown story of Demosthenes transcribing Thucydides eight
i
i
!
|
|
|
times (Lucian adv. Indoct., c. 4) ; in Latin, Horace's criticism upon Lucilius, Satt. i. 4. 9 et seqq., i. 10. 9, etc.; and his own precepts in the Ars Poet. v. 388 etc.; or the account of Virgil's laborious method in the Suetonian life ยง 22, ed. Nettleship. Cp. Quintil. x. 3. 8, and Aul. Gell. 17. 10. In modern days we have the instances of Pope and Gray, to mention no others, in our own language, and we may remember, with Carlyle, Goethe's remark about himself, that he " had nothing sent him in his sleep, no page of his but he knew well how it came there"; or Sheridan's famous, if unparliamentary, dictum about easy writing. Cp. Carlyle, Misc,
Walter
*
Sir
To found any argument on the statement
which Plato wrote the Republic, is obviously beside the mark. It is sufficiently interesting that he lived till eighty or more, and wrote to the last. Cp. also Sen. Ep. 58, 31, where the story is improved, and makes him die on his eighty-first birthday;
Augustin,
Civ. Dei. viii. 11, etc.
The dialogue is represented as being repeated by xOes. Socrates, the day after it actually took place at the house of Cephalus, to the same company, with one more added, who afterwards conduct the dialogue of the Timaeus, that is to say, to Timaeus, Hermocrates, Critias, and another unnamed hearer. have then (1) the actual day of the Bendideia; (2) the day occupied in repeating the dialogue of the Republic; (3) the day consumed in the dialogue of the Timaeus. The actual date of this Bendideia is perhaps not very important. Proclus, who professes to fix it, introduces a sad confusion, for in his commentaries on the Timaeus, after giving a clear account of the three days, Eis Tl/jloloi^ A. 3e,
We
i
j
j
|
j
|
!
i
|
Scott,' vol. vi. p. 74, People's Edition. in Dion. Hal., oydorjKovTa ^rrj, also found in Cicero, * * uno et octogesimo anno scribens est mortuus," De Sen, v. 13, as to the time of life at
Essays,
|
i
i
j
j
i
'
|
;
'
i
i
j
|
j
j
\
155
Notes.
327.]
which, indeed, anyone cannot fail to extract from the Timaeus and Bepiiblic, and saying distinctly, "they therefore meet to listen and talk {i.e., for the Timaeus dialogue) on this day, the third from the meeting in the Peiraeiis," he goes on in ch. 9b to say that all are agreed that the Bendideia took place on the 19th Thargelion, therefore the Timaeus viroKeoLTo Kv rr} elKadi, rod avrov /jltjvos, the next day, not the next day but one, an obvious and gross error. Later on, 27a, he makes confusion worse confounded by saying, That the Panathejiaea in any case followed upon the Bendideia the commentators tell us, and Aristoteles the Rhodian testifies, that the Bendideia in the Peiraeus were performed on the 20th Thargelion, and that the feast of Athene followed, which would put the Timaeus, not on the 20th or 21st, but on the 22nd. And, as if this was not bad enough, he introduces the question whether the Panathenaea, on the day of which the Timaeus is supposed to be held, are the greater Panathenaea or the lesser. The Scholiast here, agreeing with Proclus' "commentaAnd this day, tors," gives the 19th Thargelion as the day. if we want any, we may be content to accept. d dr] (ra Jlavoid7]vaLa) tols
€KOLvd)vovv, avTTj
eirel
rLfjLOJfjLei^T)
^evdibeioLS KaXov/mevoLS eLireTo, rovrcov 5e QpoKes BepSls irap' avToTs i] "Apre/HLS KaXeTraL, /cat
Kal
KOLvrj Trap' dficpoip.
ravra de
ireXe'iro QapryyjXLicvos
evvdrrj eirl deKa. jj.€Td
rXavKtovos Tov *Api(rTa>vcs.
See note on the Dramatis
Per son ae. T\ 0€(S. What goddess ? There can be no reasonable doubt that ^Mls (or Bej/S??), that is to say Artemis under her Thracian name, is meant, although various interpreters have understood the words to refer to Athene. "Perperam scholiastes aliique Pallada mtelligunt" Stallb. But the Scholiast is saved by the ambiguity of his language, which speaks of the feast as the Panathenaea, but afterwards goes on to speak of the Bevdideta separately. That the feast was the ^evbibeLa is shown by the passage at the end of this book
—
354)
ravra
8r) aoL €<p7) elarLaadu) ev roTs BeudLdeiois. ^e^dts several sources to have been a Thracian name for Artemis. 1. The Scholiast quoted above. 2. Hesychius, Beudcs 7]" ApreiJLLs. 3. Lucian, lup. Tragoed. 8 mentions the name Bei'Sts as that of a barbarian goddess. 4. Timaeus, Ruhnken, In an inscription, Corp. Inscr- 2034, we get the name p. 62.
(p.
we know from
The Republic of
156
Plato.
[book
i.
of a victor Bevdidcxjpos. So C. I. 496, Bepdidibpa, corresponding There seems to have been to the better known 'Aprefjuddopa. a temple of Bendis, as well as one of Artemis, at Munychium,
Xen. HelL
4.
ii.
11.
When the Bendideia actually did come in from Thrace to Athens, we have no evidence to sliow. Bergk, Attic. Comoed. Rell. pp. 76, 81, attempts to fix the date about 01. 84. 1, i.e., 444 B.C., or 01. 83. 1. Here again we cannot argue at all as to the date of the Republic, d.T€
vvv TTpcarov Hyovres.
ISee Introduction.
actual or ideal.
A
solemn procession, a pageant, especially religious (such as that depicted on the frieze of the Parthenon, IIojjnrTj.
p.).
Athens had for a long time considerable relations ©paK€s. wdth Thrace. Amphipolis was founded 437 B.C., and about B.C. 430 they were drawn closer than usual by the alliance with Sitalces. See Thuc. ii. 29. But there was probably always a considerable resident Thracian population at Athens. It is noticeable, too, that the Xa/uLirddLov, or torch, of the torch race, appears on the reverse of the coins of Amphipolis, the great Athenian centre in Thrace. 7rpoo-€v|d[JL€voL Se
B.
Duas causas ponit
Kal Gcwprjo-avTCs.
suae in Piraeum profectionis, pietatem et religionem, et studium spectandi, utraque philosopho convenit. Muretus. irpbs TO dcTTv, *(back) to town.' Regular expression for Athens the old town as distinguished from the Piraeus. Cp. Symp. 172 a, etc. It is also used (1) for Athens as town opposed to Attica as country, e.g., Ar. Nub. 47, etc., and (2) for Athens generally, as town opposed to irbXis, the old city,
—
citadel, or aKpoiroKis, e.g.,
Thuc.
ii.
15.
Xapop.€vos Tov l|xaTCov, not, of my cloak, but, of cloak, (^p. Madvig, Gk. Synt., 57. Rem.
jjiov
my
me by
The regular expression used by folavTos. 'His master. lowers of their chieftains, slaves of their masters, wives of husbands, children of parents, also by pupils of their teacher, '
e.g.,
Ar. Nub.
ST.
v,
MAO. It
is
218.
<p€p€ TLS
avros;
yap odros 'Z.
ovirl rijs Kpefxadpas dvrjp
rls avrds;
MAO.
the Ipse of the well-known Ipse
;
'ZojKpdrTjs.
dixit, avrbs ^<pa,
the
Notes.
327-328.]
watchword
&
L.
of
the
Pythagoreans.
157 For
full
account
oOtos.
*
Yonder he is coming up behind.' dXXd irepLp.evovjJLcv. A playful and
dWd ircpiiicvcTe,
repetition of the actual words. be pleased to wait." c. IIoX€p.apxos matis Personae.
ws
see
S.
OLTTO
TTjs
Kttl
*A8€Cp.avTos, k.t.X. See Introd.
TTOfJiirfis.
realistic
" Be pleased to wait, we will
'Evidently coming
on i)m-
away from the
pageant.' 6<roi
€<rjjL€V.
OvKovv in
*You see " our do you.' Well then there remains strength "
still a All the editions give thus ovkovv. But it seems almost more natural to put the stress on the ou/c, The fact is that OVKOVV Is there not still a third course ? the meaning of the combination ovk odp must always be determined by the context. Elmsley even proposed to give up the distinction and write ovk ovv divisim always V. Elms. Heracl. 256, and cp. Paley's Greek Particles, p. 58. On
€v X€iir€Tat.
third course.
—
—
ellipse of apodosis, v. this passage.
Goodwin, M, T.
§ 53, 2, for
comment on
«s Toivw
dKo\j<rop.€va)v, o^rta 8iavo€io-0€. Consider then that shan't listen, literally, since then (as you must know) we shall not hear, so make up your minds. V. Goodwin, M. T., (The negative /x?7 rather than ov depends on § 113, note 10c. the imperative form of the sentence. ) In 470e we have ov.
we
328a. Xap-irds, literally a torch, hence a torch-race, Fackelrennen, also called more fully Xa/uLTradovxia, \a/uL7radr}(popLa, Xa/jiOf this sport there seem to have been both a iradodpofjLLa. simple form, in which three foot runners, each with a torch,
contended, and a more complicated form in which perhaps more than one series of runners or horsemen, as here, contended. The more complicated form has supplied to literature a splendid simile for the race of life. Cp. Plato Legg. vi. 776b, yevvCouTas re Kal eKrpecpovras iraldas, Kaddirep XafiTrdda rbv ^Lov TrapabibovTas olXXols &XXu)v, with Lucretius' better known imitation, the felicitous motto of Dr. Whewell's Inductive ScknceSy
'*Inque brevi spatio mutantur saecla animantum, Et quasi cursores vitai lampada tradunt." Lucr.
ii.
78.
a
'
The Republic of
158
The diminutive,
XafJwrdSia.
iravwx^Sa
'
Plato.
[book l
Little torches.
Will hold a watch night.' iravi'vxis, Lat. pervigilium, vigilia. They were generally held in honour of the mystic Chthonian deities, Demeter, Dionysus, etc., to which Artemis Bendis belocged (En. ). 7roLirj<rov(ri.
dXXws
irotciTe.
regular expression. again 369b.
*
Cp.
This
A-uo-Cav.
B.
Introd. on
*
is
Don't say us nay, don't refuse
m/m,
338a,
jjJr]
odv
dWus
iroiei,
course the orator Lysias.
of
'
—
and See
Dramaiis Personae.
0pacrv(xaxov. See Introd. on Dramatis Personae, The words Kai 8ri Kat (*and we ought not to admit') indicate the important part he is to play.
Charmantides and Clitophon are umbrae Thrasymachus, his "tail." Clitophon cuts in {uxoXajm^di^eL)
XapfxavTiSiiv. of
once, p. 340. K€(f>a\os.
See Introd. on Dramatis Personae.
8td xpdvov, literally, 'at an interval of time. ' *Twas some time since I had seen him.' So of space, Slcl d^Ka eTraX^ewu TTijpyoL r}(jav, Thuc, iii. 21, 2, at every ten battlements. c.
IcopaKT]. This form of the first person of the pluperfect is given by the first hand of Par. A. Both forms in -q and eiv are found in the mss. of Plato, but the latter is almost certainly a late introduction of the copyists, for the better the ms. is acknowledged to be, the more frequently do the "The forms known to late forms in t) occur in its pages. Greek were those which now rule in our texts, and it is to the pestilent habit which late transcribers had of altering texts to suit their own age, that this wholesale corruption of our manuscripts is to be ascribed." Rutherford, New Phrynlchus, p. 229. See the whole excellent and lively account Eustathius speaks of the matter there, especially pp. 234, 5. UapadidojaL yap distinctly of the first person (1946, 22)
—
:
'Hpa/cXet^Tys ort 'AttlkoI roi)s toloijtovs virepavureXLKOvs (pluperfects) €V
TCp
Tjra
eireTroLrjKr)'
UXdrcjuL,
fibvLp
Kat
cprjcrl
Xeyoures Kai epeporjKT], Kal rfdr} UavaLrLOS ^xetj/ rds ypa(pas irapa
also,
Ruth. N, P. 235.
irepaTOvcnv,
ovtcj
So Photius
This was usual in sacrificing ("quod et ex Engelmann antiquis marmoribus videre est." Muretus). €o-T€<|)ava)jjL€vos.
—
159
Notes.
328.]
quotes Athen. xv. 674e cos evavdiarepov yap irapayy^WeL, :
/cat
KCxapi-cr/J^evov
fjLoXXop TOLS deots
7rpoo-K€<|)dXaiov, as its derivation obviously shows, meant originally a cushion or pillow for the head, e.g., At. Plut. 542, avrl 8e irpoaKecpaKaiov \ldov evfxeyidii) irpbs rfj KecpaXrj, but came later to mean any cushion or pillow, so for sitting on, Cratin. ^^2p. 18, quoted Pollux. especially a boat cushion. \
X.
40.
dicppos
Here
it
means a cushion placed upon the bare
for Cephalus to sit upon.
A
1. general word for a seat or chair. 8L<j>pos. 2. seat, couch. or standing board of a chariot.
The
seat
A
A square open space surrounded with pillars in the avXfj. middle of the Greek house. In the centre of it stood the altar of Zei)s ep/cetos, where Cephalus had been sacrificing. All round were the chambers, the entrance to which was through the colonnade. A large Greek house had two such peristyles, in the front the dvdpwpLTLs, in the back the yvvaLKojptTLS. Engelm. It corresponded then to the impluvium of the Roman house. See Vitruv. vi. 10. Trap' avTov, after eKade^ofieOa, in which motion to is implied. We sat down, so as to be by him. kvkXo). There seems to have been a special part of the house where seats were arranged in a semicircle. Cic. Lael. i. § 2, memini eum in hemicyclio sedentem in eum sermonem incidisse." But at the same time the position is a natural one anywhere. " O bliss when all in circle drawn About him, heart and ear were fed, To hear him, as he lay and read The Tuscan poets on the lawn." In emoy^iaw,, clxxxix. Cf. Latin circulus^ for a company. See Bekk. Gall. p. 262, Exedrae.
M
ov 8^ 6a^{£€is. See Nitsch. ad Odyss. vol. ii. p. 18. Par. has ovU, which Stallb. keeps, interpreting, ne ventitas quidem ad nos, hoc est, raro sane domum nostram frequentas; and Engelm., Du kommst auch gar nicht oft zu uns. And this seems the sense required, You don't come at all often," "It's very seldom you come." It would be very well given by ovTL, the word used in the Homeric formula, appearing in Hephaestus' address to Thetis, and in Calypso's speech to
A
,
The Republic of
160
[book
Plato.
i. j
Hermes, which Plato may have had
in his mind, wapos ye
/ulcv \
ov TL
6a/jLL^€Ls,
M.
T. § 112.
ov8^v dv
xviiL 385,
II.
posed to read
oii
On
tl.
6,
Od,
dafxi^eis
v. 88.
Ast. therefore pro-
Kara^aipuju,
v.
Goodwin,
!
"
2.
cr€
^8€i.
Stallb.
has a long note to justify
dv.
But surely none is needed. For if I were still in strength come to the city, there would have been no need for you come here.' At the same time it is true, and perhaps '
to to
noteworthy, that av is generally omitted in such expressions, V, Madvig, G. S. 118a. D.
i
The vulgate reading kept by the and Engelm. But Stallb. gives veavlaKois
TOLO-Se Tois v€avCais.
Zurich editions
from a number of second-rate mss. and Stobaeus, and this seems more elegant and forcible. 'These young people '(?'.
my
i
!
sons).
a phrase found repeatedly in Homer and the early epic poetry. //. xxii. 60, xxiv. 487, Od. xv. 246, cf. also Herod, iii. 14. 12, Hymn^ in Aphrod. 106, Hesiod, Op, 329. The Scholiast explains on IL xxii. 60, iirl rrj rod yr}p(i)s €^68u), at the portal of exit, hence, on the threshold in act to leave, and so it must be understood. E. Iirl YTjpaos ov8cp,
This periphrastic expression with the genitive, an improvement upon the simple xaXeTrot^, is perfectly easy to understand, though perhaps a little hard to explain. It is found both with the singular and the plural of the adjective, d/uirfxavov av etr) evdaL/jLOPtas, Apol. p. 41c (which shows that Ast.'s curious view that the adjective is masculine droira aury KaratpaiveraL tt]s (TfiLKpoXoyLaSy is untenable). The well-known dvok^a povXevfidTOju, Soph. Tkeaet. p. 175a. Nimirum neutrum abAnt. 1265. Stallbaum's explanation, solute dictum est pro xaXeTroi' rt qui usus et longe frequentissimus," seems the best if we want any. " Does it seem to you a hard bit of life ? " " Does it seem hard, hard in the way cf having to live it, that's to say." Schneider ingeniously conThis part of life, do you think nects the genitive with touto. Render, "Is it hard to live, difficult in the living, it hard? XaXeirbv tov pCov.
or
how do you
report of
j
;
j
j
;
,
.:
\
j
;
;
'I
>
'
it ? " ;
ijXiKa repirei, Ar. 329a. t^|v TraXaidv irapoiiiCav, scil. Bhet. i. 11, a form of the more general "birds of a feather flock together," or " like to like," an old and universal maxim, found, e.g.f in Homer, Od. xvii. 218, tos alei rbv o/ulolov dyei debs
j
I
1
]
i iS
Notes.
329.]
ojs
TOP
i^dvet,
ofioiov.
K.r.X.
IGi
rrju KoXoids irorl koXoiov iraXaidv irapoi|x£av. Cicero reproduces this passage, De Principium libri de senectute e primo Platonis
— Schol. 1,
Senectute, in.
'
'
prope ad verbum conversum esse, nemo paulum modo humanior nescit." Muret. Var. Led. vii. 15. Cicero translated a good deal from Plato, especially the Timaeus, iro\LT€LC)v
—
the Protagoras, and several portions of the Republic and Fhaedrus. Jowett praises the rendering of the Tlmaem (note at end of Jowett's Introd. to Timaeus^ vol. iii. p. 597) as being "very faithful and a remarkable monument of Cicero's skill in managing the difficult and untractable Greek." The Greek here is not difficult or untractable, but Cicero's Those who care for style skill in style is equally displayed. will consult the passages for themselves. * Getting together.' 8o mss. Ast., and after Stallb., thinks it necessary to correct to the obvious ^vvovTes, when they are together." But surely Plato might
JwiovTes.
him
say either, especially as he has just said awepx^/J^eda. B.
TOLs
Twv oIkcCwv
TTpoTniXaKCo-cis,
double genitive.
'The
taunts of their friends (aimed) at old age. i»(xvovo-iv.
*They are ever harping upon.'
eircTTovGr].
corrector has
So Par. A, in the first hand, original text; a added etp in the margin. See note on ewpd/cr;,
p. 328. So(|>okX€i. This story of Sophocles is repeated with some slight variations in Athenaeus xii. 510, in the same form as that here in Plutarch, Moralia, pp. 788d, 525a and elsewhere. It is translated by Cicero, Be ^Seu. c. xiv. It is a story which is quite in keeping with the traditional character of Sophocles, and also with the other stories told of him by Athenaeus and others. It may very well be true, though un verifiable. See Lessing's Leben Sophocl. 154. ;
ai l-iriOvixiai. So Par. A. The introduction of yap yap) from inferior mss. makes the construction much simpler, and it may very well have dropped out. But the reading of Par. without the yap is quite intelligible if we make two parallel apodoses. *For all find great peace when all realize the experience of Sophocles.* c. eirciSdv
[eTreidav
A
iravo-oDVTai KaTaTctvovcrai Kai xaXdorwo'i.
and slacken.' Intransitively.
So
L
Stallb.
'Cease to strain,
and L. & S
.
Muretus
"
The Republic of
162
Plato.
[book
; '
i.
and Ast. would make xaXdcrwcri transitive, cease to strain us and set us loose.' The word is used in both ways, though the For intrans. cp. Eur. Ion. 6^57, eUeLv trans, more common. '
Soph. O. C. 203, c5 rXd/uLuy ore vvv xaXas ; absol., xaXdcec 6 irayerbs^ Hipjp, Aer. 285.
X(i\(iovTa TOLS KaKLOKTLv
and
[^cttl] is certainly superfluous, and hardly grammatical, yet not so impossible as to be condemned with absolute certainty.
D.
Twv
Trpbs Tovs oIkcCovs.
*
The
difficulties
with
relatives.
whose typical epithet was evKoXos (Sophocles the bonhomme, the Goethe of antiquity, ohne Hast und ohne Rast). 6 5' evKoXos jmh €v6dd' eijKoXos 5' 6/ce?, Ar. Ban. 82. The original meaning is €VKo\os, eupeptic. The comic poet Anaxandrides has almost 'Easy tempered,'
ei;KoXoi.
Sophocles,'
like
;
reproduced Plato's language here.
F^ ag. Inc. 53 (Kock).
avTov Ikivow. I introduced Aristotle's doctrine in his art of poetry of the Kddapcns rCov Tradrj/jLaToov, the purging But how are the of the passions, as the purpose of tragedy. passions to be purged by terror and pity? said I, with an ^Ti X€7€iv
' *
assumed air of ignorance, to incite him to talk, for which it was often necessary to employ some address. Johnson. Why, sir, you are to consider what is the meaning of purging in the
—
original sense." E.
TOLS
7dp
Boswell, Johnson, aetat. 69.
irXovQ-LOis iroXXa irapaixvOia.
ously points out that this rots irXovaLoLs ttoW ^<ttl rd anything like it, is found.
Muretus
ingeni-
may
very well have been a verse, irapafxvdLa, but no such verse, nor
The Seriphian in the story. 2e/)60os, now a rocky barren islet in the group of the Cyclades. It gained an evil notoriety in later classical days, as a place So J uv. vi. 564. of banishment for imperial victims. Tc3 2€pi4>La).
Seripho,
is
" Cui vix in Cyclada mitti contigit et parva tandem caruisse Seripho.
and
X. 170.
Aestuat infelix angusto limite mundi ut Gyarae clausus scopulis parvaque Seripho." This same story about Themistocles is Cf. Tac. A. iv. 21. told by Herod, viii. 125, and by Pint. Themist. 18, dundi Moralia Herod, tells it of an inhabitant not of Seriphus but p. 185. of an islet, Belbina, in the Saronic Gulf, a still more infini'
'
tesimal and insignificant birthplace.
Notes.
329, 330.]
330b. Ilot'
lircKT'po-djjL'iiv.
What
163 have
I
fully to bring out the irony,* Added? Why, added ?' Compare use of 6 ttolos, to ttolov.
added? what is
or, it I
more have
Avo-avtas. Groen van Prinsterer very ingeniously suggests the leaving out one syllable of this name, making it Avalas. In this way the grandfather's name would be repeated in the grandson, Auo-ms, the orator. As is well-known, for the " TTctTTTros to be ofxdopvjuLos,^^ was common in Greece, e.g.,
But
Niceratus Nicias Niceratus
Lysis
Xanthippus
Nicomachus.
Democritus
Pericles
Aristoteles.
Lysis
Xanthippus
Nicomachus.
AvaavLCLs
the ms. reading.
is
c. SiirXfi ^ oi dXXoi...Kai Kard ri\v xp^iav. With this reading we must understand the words, not in the ordinary loose sense of *' twice as much," but strictly in a double, that is, in a second way beyond the others. Plato- goes on to explain they love their money as parents love their children and They are keen about it, I say, in this poets their poems. way {ravTii 8r] cnrov8d^ov(TLv), as about a product of their orwn, and also, secondly, in view of its use {/card ttjv xpem?/), the way in which others love it {inrep oi dXXot). Led away by the interpretation of dLirXy natural at first sight, viz. twice as much, the inferior mss. have inserted an * They love it twice as much, for just Oil, ov Kara rr]v xp^tcti'. as poets love their poems, etc., in this (double) way they love And it, and not merely for its use as ordinary people do.' this reading and rendering has been adopted by many scholars from Ficinus and Cornarius, to Bekker, Davies and Vaughan. But the reading without ov is just one of those readings at first sight more difficult, to which Griesbach's canon applies. Praeferatur aliis lectio cui subest sensus apparenter falsus qui vero re penitus examinata verus esse deprehenditur. The general idea about love of off'spring, physical or mental, is, of course, very trite. Perhaps the most striking expressions of it are those which all commentators quote de eXvai doKov<Tiv iXevOepubrepoL from Aristotle's Eth. Nic. iv. 1, *
'
''
,
dXXd irapaKa^ovres r7]v ovaiav, direLpoi re yap dyairQcrL /xdWov rd avrCov ^pya (bairep oi yoveXs Kai iroLriTai. Ibid, ix. 7, 3, vTrepayairuxjL yap ovtol {oi TroLrjTal) rd oUeia rroL'qixaTa arepyovres Coairep r^Kua ; also ix. oi
fJLTj
rrjs
KTrjcd/xevoL
evdeias, /cat iravTes
7o 7.
The Republic of
164
something like
But surely
it.
'
this is
'
or fier' unnecessary.
jSpaxe?,
ircpl wv, i.e., ire pi
i.
Engelm. thinks to die. die," and therefore that oKiyov has dropped out before
That he is going must mean *'that he will
D. TcXevTifjo-eiv. TekevT-fiaeLv
[book
Plato.
totutw
ire pi S)v.
*Here and there,' regular Greek expression Cp. Aristophanes' line about for "this world and the next." Sophocles quoted supra, 329d. Anyhow he certainly becomes full ii7ro\|/Las 8' oSv k.t.X. There is no need either to omit of suspicion and fear.' 5' or correct into the almost synonymous, but much more common, 7' odu or yovu. The fact is 5' odu and yovvy 7' oSy, E. IvOdSc, €K€i.
*
should be considered together.
Paley,
V,
Gk. Particles,
pp. 55, 57. jACToi KttKfjs cXirCSos. The converse phrase occurs in the beautiful passage about **The good man in a wicked world," p. 496e. rou re ivddde ^lov ^icoj-eraL Kai ttju diraWayrjv avrou
fxerd Ka\7js eXTridos
l'\ec6s
re
/cat
ev^aeuijs
dTraXXd^erat, k.t.X., the
which forms a pretty pendant to this. The word on which the whole 331a. SiKaCws (Kal ocrtws).
whole
of
Republic turns, bLKaiocrvvr), is thus here introduced apparently quite casually. The first definition is given and rejected in an equally incidental way a little below, p. 33 Id, of the
ouK dpoL ovTos Xa^t)
TLs
opos
dirobLbovoLL.
'4(JTL
diKaL0(Tvvf]<5
dXTjdrj
See Introduction,
re
XeyeLv Kal
d du
Name and Aim
of
RepuhUc.
" For that is a charming saying of 7XvK€id 01 KapStav, etc. that whoso leads his life in justice and holiness, sweet hope cherishing his heart, nurse of age, is his fere, hope that best pilot to the wayward mood of man. Yes, there is a marvellous beauty in his words." The passage is from some lost work of Pindar. Some editors endeavour to arrange it metrically, the most recent and approved attempt being that his,
of
Hartung. onjvaop€L, dira^ Xeybixevov
from
avwrjopos,
criuv
deipw
=
accom-
panies.
&KovTa. 'For that a man should neither deceive or cheat any, nor again should owe either to God some sacrifice or to man money, and so thereupon (eireLTa) depart to the other world in fear, to (the B. TO yap unwittingly
fiT]8^
—
Notes.
330, 331.]
1(>5
realization of) this end, the possession of wealth contributes in a very large measure.'
dXXd 7€ €V dv9' Ivds. * Putting or weighing one thing against another, 'more loosely, " but one thing with another." Stallb. transposes ye dXX' ev ye, following Stobaeus, and perhaps rightly, as the collocation dXXd ye does not appear to be found. N.B. Socrates' objections to Cephalus. His first objection seems rather quibbling, and so indeed do many of Socrates' Partly this is to be set down to the dramatic objections. display of Socrates' skill in intellectual fence (the ireTreLa of Plato), cp. infra; partly we have to remember the stage of thought to which such objections belong. Logic in its beginning was mixed with puzzles such as those of Achilles and the tortoise, dialectic with quibbles, morals with casuistry. The essential had not disengaged itself from the non-essential.
—
—
First definition of justice. See supra. the truth, and give back what one has received. 2. Slightly altered, Simonides' definition. Insuflicient. To render to each man what is owing to him, also insufficient. c.
1.
T^jv SiKaiocrwTiv.
To
tell
ndvv
7€, fj 8' 6s. 'That he is, said he, laughing.' yeXdaas, not with past sense, regular tense in such expressions. Cephalus here retires gracefully, leaving the argument to be On this graceful retirement carried on by Polemarchus. Cicero remarks, Epp. ad Att. iv. 16. He is defending his own practice in the conduct of his own dialogue, de Hepublica, by quoting the example of Plato. "Quod in iis libris quos laudas, personam desideras Scaevolae, non eam temere dimovi, sed feci idem, quod in TroXtrem deus ille nokter Plato... Credo Platonem vix putasse satis consonum fore si hominem id aetatis in tam longo sermone diutius retinuisset. " (The whole passage is most prettily expressed and should be read. ) But There is Cicero's explanation is perhaps hardly the whole. beside the mere physical consideration of his years, an innate propriety in making Cephalus withdraw to his devotions, when discussion and doubt come in, and not "confuse with shadowed hint, a life that leads melodious days." To alter one word we may say. Maxima debetur senibus
D.
aorist,
reverentia. E. 2i|io>vCSt]v. This is of course the Solomon of Greek proverbial philosophy, the well-known Simonides of Ceos, one of
The Republic of
166
[book
Plato.
i. j
the chief of Gnomic poets, the same a text in the Protagoras, 359, etc. 6€ios dvTjp.
There
reading of best mss.,
is
supplies Plato with j
\
here a minute textual question,
6 dvrjp of inferior,
and others. But dvrjp made must be explained.
Stallb. if
who
is
dprip,
dvrjp
compromise
The
good enough.
of
'
332a. cLTraiTOL with oiroTe, of indef. frequency (despite rdre), " then whenever he may demand it. " Madvig corrects dTraire?, but Zurich edition, for a wonder, does not adopt. We might ask why not diraLTolT], but so supra^ ei jmaveis diraToi. On the general question, see Rutherford's iV^. P. pp. 442, 443, etc. Madvig's corr. avoids both difficulties. B.
'Spoke in riddles as poets
tjvtlaTo.
\
correction
!
j '
-
\
Spoke in a
use.'
parable, J. aiviTToixai, aiPLy/xa, apparently from alvos, a tale, a story, so especially a dark tale or saying. aivLacreadaL 'iirea, Hdt. V. 56, to speak riddling verses. Cp. "the words of the wise and their dark sayings," Prow. i. 6.
TO 7rpoarT]KOV iKcto-TO) diro8i8ovat. The ro with dirobLdbvaL. Ast. restored (?) from Cod. Reg. to to irpocrriKov it is hardly necessary to say such a collocation is avoided by good C.
!
i
I
1
\
,
.
writers. -i
dWd
Ti o'Ui
;
"E<|)T].
'^n irpbs Aios.
Madvig's corwe must adopt his
This
is
rection adopted by Baiter. With it explanation. But, what do you think ? He said, Yes (affirmavit, Mdvg.), making '4(^7} a separate sentence. Par. has dXXd tI ol€l ; ^(p-q ^^12 irpos, and so Stallb. with a stop at e0?7, Why, what else do you think, said he, i.e., you agree of course. Engelm. more simply, Aber was meinst du dazu, sprach er. What's your opinion, said he. J. and D. V. are rather paraphrastic. Ast. simplifies by excision, dXXd Tt olet irpos At6s, rjv 5' iyih. If we are to treat the passage thus, why not go farther and read, dXXd tl ol€l yju 5' iyd), el ovv TLS avTov ijpeTO. may perhaps Upos Aios, c5 ^Lfxcovidr) ? notice that it is just the subtleties of Platonic style, especially the play of the particles, which seem to give the copyists most
\
A
We
trouble. E.
€v T(3 TTpoo-TToXejJi.civ Kttl €v
Tw
|vjjLjjLax€iv.
'
In offensive
warfare, and in fighting with allies.' eu tQ irpoiroXeixelv kuI ^v/xfjiaxetp, a natural variant, has found favour with some
^
\
j
j
\
j
J
167
Notes.
332, 333.]
Stephanus and Ast. It is obviously wrong, for defensive warfare is quite out of place. But the repetition of the article is necessary with irpoairoXeixe'lv, for the two verbs scholars,
must be kept
distinct.
333a. IIcttwv. ILerreia included a variety of ^ames, like our draughts, chess, fox and geese, the foreign Miihle. Gobang, etc. the main principles being the same, but the complexity different. In some form, probably simple, it was a very old game. It appears in the Odyssey, i. 107, oi fieu eireiTa\ire(jcroiaL ,
TTpoTrdpoLde dvpdojv dvfxbv 'irepirov, K.r.\., and on the Egyptian monuments. In the classical days of Greece there were at 1. The irevreypaixiia ireaad, in which each least two forms. side had five lines with a piece on each, between being a centre line called iepd {ypafijULr}), and corresponding in importance to our back line. So klv€lp tov kef) Upas meant to be
reduced to extremities, to take a desperate move cp. Theocr. vi. 18, Kal TOV (XTTo ypafx/mds KLvel \Ldov, with Fritzsche's note. ;
The
locus classicus is Pollux, On. 91. 97,
cities or iroXeis.
(J.v.
2.
The game
of
The board was
called ifKivdiov, either side of it being the ttoKls of either player. The pieces which were called Kvves, or dogs, were of two difierent colours {scil. white and black), and the art of the game was for two pieces of one colour to take one piece of the other, Pollux At Rome similar games were the ludus latruncidorum, the game of robbers, and duodedm scriptorum, of the twelve lines. See Bekker's Gallus, excursus ii. sc. x. p. 502. Muretus quotes a passage of Cicero, in which he translates Trerreta into duodecim scriptorum. Cicero, Hortens (ap. Non MarcelL), *'Itaque tibi concedo, quod in duodecim scriptis solemus, ut calculum reducas, si te alicuius dati paenitet," being a translation of Plato, Hipparch., 'AXXa /j,r]v Kal Cbairep ireTTevcou, edeXco aoi kv tols epyoLS dvadecrdaL 6 ^ovXec tCov 'iva fJLT] otVj e^aTrardadaL. Perhaps no one now is €(prifjL€vcop, likely to make the mistake of Marsilius Ficinus, and confuse weTTOL with darpdyaXoL, dice or dibs, kolv cjv rj/mara might seem to imply that ireTreia admitted of more than one player on a side, cp. four-handed chess. But Koivibv-qixa has a wider mean-
n
ing than partnership, and means any communication, mutual transaction between man and man, and that seems to be the meaning implied lower down, 333c. C.
Srav irapaKaraOeo-Gai Kal o"wv dvox,
scil.
dirj
dpyvpLov,
"
The Republic of
168
TrapaKaTarLdeadaL or entrust ; so
'
that
it
should be
is
Plato.
[book
i.
only used in middle, as deponent, to deposit it is necessary to deposit money, and
when
safe.*
Sv TVYXO'Vci, by a natural Platonic construction ad sensum xRV^^i-f^op 6v is substituted for xp?7(ri/xos odaa. Baiter unnecessarily writes xRV^^f-f^ov jjlovov 6v. E. \ipi\a-\.^ov
XaO€iv oStos SeivdraTos cixiroiTjo-as. Reading thus there is of course no difficulty. Surely, then, whoever is clever at guarding against a disease, he too will be most clever at concealment in engendering it, i.e., at engendering or introducing it secretly or by stealth.' Unfortunately, however, the best mss. give, not e/xiroLTjaas, but ejuLTroLrjcraL, Can anything then be made oi quite a different matter. Schneider boldly considers it equivalent to ifjLiroLrja-aL^ 1. \ad(j)j/ ifiiroLTjcraL or \adelv €fjLTroL7}(Tas, but surely this is hardly Greek. 2. lioeckh. very ingeniously proposes to take \adelv closely with (pvXa^aadaL, thus (pvKd^aadai kol Xadetv, and interpret, to guard against and to elude or shirk a disease Cavere sibi a morbo morbumque fallere, devitare and this has found favour with many scholars, e.g., D. V., and J. iraSelv from the inferior mss., but 3. Bekker introduces this has hardly any recommendation, and is doubtless either a conjecture or a gloss. 4. Muretus cuts Xadelv out altogether. But it introduces the idea of K\4\f/ai, KXeirrTjs just below. The correction efM-rroLrjcras is very obvious, but not more than fairly Editors then need hardly quarrel over the satisfactory. " Emendationem, etiam a credit of having suggested it. probatam, falso sibi vindicavit Stallbaumius. Madvigio
Kal
*
efjLiroLTjcras
—
—
Adnotatio
Critica.
—Zurich Ed.
twv ttoXcjiCwv KX€\(/ai Kal Pov\€vp.aTa Kal rds dXXas Quasi furari hostium consilia, 'to steal the designs irpd^eis. of the enemy.' The general effect of this punning use of Kkiypai is very well given by J., "To steal a march on the enemy." Engelmann pointing out that the notions of stealing, cozening, and deceiving are united in KX^irreLu, quotes Xenophon, Ilipparch. v. 2, XPV firjxcLyrjTLKOP eXvai rou 334a.
tol
/jltj
TCL TU)u TToKefjiiojv fiovov
use of
KXoirrj,
kX^tttclu eiriaTaadaL.
surprise of a post, Xen. An.
Cp. also military iv. 6. 16.
AvrdXvKos, the very wolf, the type of crafty greed and So Homer, Od. xix. 394, makes him the overreaching. grandfather, on the mother's side, of the crafty Odysseus, B.
Notes.
333-335.]
169
and the darling of the god of thieves, Hermes. i. 8. 16, and Ovid, Metam. xi. 313—
Cp. ApoUodor.
Alipedis de stirpe dei, versuta propago nascitur Autolycus, furtum ingeniosus ad omne qui facere assuerat, patriae non degener artis,
:
Candida de nigris et de candentibus atra.
We may
be inclined to ask where Shakespeare, with little "My father named Latin and less Greek, got Autolycus. me Autolycus, who being as I am littered under Mercury, was likewise a snapper-up of unconsidered trifles" The Winter^s Tale.
avTov irdvTas dvOpwirovs K€Kd<r0at. Od, xix. 395, are
The words
in Horn.
MTyrpos e^s wartp' iadXbv 6s dvdpdjirovs eKeKaaro debs de oi avrbs ^dcoKev.
KXeirroarjur] 0^ BpKco re*
The best
A
mss., Par. etc., give avrbv irdvTas, correctly following the Homeric construction of KCKdadaL, but the inferior mss give some of them virep irdvras, others eis wavras, and some even KeKpdadat. These are obviously the corrections of persons who did not understand the construction of /ce/cdcrOaL. The error then is a very typical one, showing how mss. became corrupted.
The sequence is not <o<|>6X€tv |X€V rovs <j>iXovs T| SiKaioo-vvT]. absolutely grammatical, we must repeat 5o/ce? with dj(pe\eXy. Not so, he said, but I don't know now what I said. This, however, I still think I think that justice aids its friends and injures its foes.
—
D. |XT]8a|icos implies forbid, Socrates.' E.
an imperative or
its
equivalent. *Heaven
7dp a-uTots cicriv. *For they have bad friends.' and several others after him render, For in their
irovT]pol
Stallb.
eyes {Ipsorum judicio) they are bad, but this
is
beside the
mark. 335a. 7rpoor0€ivai tw SiKaCu) <os to irpwrov €X€7op.€v. 'You would have us make an addition to justice as we proposed.' So Madvig with Faesi and Ast. But the ms. reading is rep diKaicp rj ws, which must be rendered, with a question. Would you have us make an addition, or shall we say as we said before? understanding Xiyeiv after KeXeijeis. This seems well enough and obviates the necessity of departing from the mss.
'
The Republic of
170 TovTO 86
E.
vo€i ttvTw.
8t|
*
And
[book
Plato.
if this
means
i.
to him.
Tavra clircov. The imperfect here is used idiomatically. The idiom is thus stated by Goodwin, M. and J'. § 11. Note 6 "The imperfect sometimes expresses a fact which is either the result of a discussion, or one just recognized as a fact, having been previously denied, overlooked, or misunderstood." Cp. Madvig, Greek Syntax, 118. 3. Here o^K
^jv o-o<))bs
6
—
I
|
He is not after all wise.' (It is now seen that all the time he was not wise. ) The usage is found as early as Homer. Goodwin quotes Od. xiii. 209then,
'
ovK dpa irdura vorjixoves
oi'Se diKaLOL
I
^
rjaav ^ul^kcop 7]yy}T0pes.
They 280,
are not after all as I thought they were
Ov
;
and Ar.
A
v.
;
(TV jULOPOS dp^ ijcrd^ '^Tro\p.
Biavra. Bi-as of Priene, one of the seven sages. He "flourished" about the earlier part of the sixth century. Diog. Laert. gives a collection of his gnomic sayings, D. i.
82-88. !
IIiTTaKos of Mitylene, another of the seven sages, b. 652, d. 569 B.C. He was distinguished in many ways as a soldier, statesman, philosopher, and poet. After assisting in overthrowing the tyrants of Mitylene, he became aiavfjLPrjrrjs, the chosen man of the people, but in this office wa& himself represented as a tyrant, and is specially famous as being the butt of perhaps the oldest political ballad in existence, an iirLjuLvXtos ihdTj, of which the famous fragment is still preserved, "AXet juLvXa, dXer /cat yap Ilirra/cos dXet, fxeyaXas MvTLKdpas paaiXevwp. Bergk, Anthol. 538. 43.
Or any other sage and Ast. ,' happy because dead before these evil days of their traducers.' Stallb. simply, 'felicitous,' 'clever.' /xd/cap and its derivatives ixaKapLos, /jLaKapia, /jLaKapLrrjs very often connote the idea of bliss after death, the blessed dead. But the word originally meant only blessed. (1) In Homer the constant epithet of the gods, ^ad/capes deot passim, usually in plural. (2) Blessed, felix, cD fiaKap 'ArpeLdrj, II. iii. 182, cp. xxiv. 377. So Find. fxaKaipa Qrj^a. (3) Especially in the phrase fjLaKapoop pijcroL, the isles of the blessed dead, first in Hes. Op. 169, then Pindar, 0. ii. 128. So fxaKapia, bliss, a comic euphemism for is KopaKas, diray^ is jxaKapiap, " to glory," <ro<(>cov
saint.'
T€ Kai [JLaKapLwv dvSpcov.
fjiaKapLcop.
j
i
]
;
!
'
'
\
*
^
i
:
'
j '
,
Notes.
335, 336.]
171
more often has the snxiple sense of but also occasionally of well to do, or dead. fxaKapLrrjs, on the other hand, usually of the happy dead, like /j.dKap 3, Aesch. Fers. 633, and in late writers a regular expression for lately dead ; the French feu. 6 /maKapLrris aov TTCLTrjp, Luc. d. Meretr. vi. 1, your late father. Theocr. ii. a QevxcipiScL Qpaacra Tpo<p6s d /xaKaplrLS (though 70 /cat Fritzsche Ma/capirts). With ^oLKap etc., compare Latin beatus. Ar. Eq. 1151.
happy, like
juaKapLos
yad/cap
2,
,
(1) (2)
Rich, well to do. Blessed, or dead.
"NoU Am.
nobilibus, noli conferre beatis."
xxv.
3.
2,
*'quam cum beatum
Sallustius respondisset, intellexit occisum." It is noticeable that Cicero, ap. Aug. Trin. xiv. 9, renders fxaKdpb)v vijaoL by heatorum insulae. Beatulus, Pers. iii. 103, seems to allude to both meanings. Beatae memoriae y of blessed memory, Hier. Ep. ad Marc. 24. fuisse
Periander, the well-known tyrant of The typical despot of the age of despots. succeeded Cypselus at Corinth about 625 B.C. He also usually finds a place among the seven sages, and is said by Diog. Laert. to have written a long didactic or gnomic poem, 336a. UcpiavSpo-u. early Greek story.
He
consisting of
what were
called virodrjKaL.
Needs no comment. Ilâ&#x201A;ŹpSiKKo-u. There are three kings of Macedonia of this name, but the most famous, to whom doubtless allusion is S^'pI'HS-
here made, is the second, the father of Archelaus. He died about 413 B.C.; the date of the commencement of his reign is
unknown. 'I<rjJiT]VLOv.
Ismenias the Theban, a notorious Theban traitor
Xenophon, of the age just after the Peloponnesian war. Hell. iii. 5. 1, tells us that he took a bribe of fifty talents from Tithraustes, successor of Tissaphernes, to excite sedition against the Lacedaemonians (perhaps .a pardonable This was in 01. 96. 1, or 396 B.C. At Coronea he crime). was a general on the Boeotian side. He was finally put to death 01. 99. 3, or 382 B.C., by the Lacedaemonians at the era of their occupation of the Cadmea, v. Xen. Hell. v. 2. 36. Plato then mentions him as a rich, powerful, but unprincipled leader of the recent past, putting him with the despots of history, as we might say, Borgia, or Frederick, or the Czar Nicolas, or Napoleon III. He must have been dead some short time at any rate before he could be so mentioned^
The Republic of
172
[book
Plato.
i.
i
so that these
words could hardly have been written before
It should be noted that 382 B.C. See Introduction. Boeckh., who puts the imaginary date of the Republic about 410 B.C., has to pronounce the mention of Ismenias an anachronism.
,
j
:
!
I
dvTi\a|JiP(iv€(rOai tot) Xoyov.
B.
stead
of,
or against us.
'
To grab the argument,
in
j
' ;
Crouching for a spring, kavrov wo-irep 0T]piov. gathering himself up, " se colligens," Vergil, A. xii. 491, like Liie lion in Horn. II. xx. 168, eakrj re x^^^^iocnrep rd drjpia (Tva-Tp^xpavTa eavra fxax^rai Demetrius de Eloc. § 8 <r\)o-Tp€\|;as
;
\
'
—
(Schn.).
from ^kw.
flKev,
xviii. 340,
'He made at
Imperfect.
SeCcravTcs SicirTOTjOiiixcv, in a fright and a flutter.
us.
'
i
were scared and startled, were all 5ie7r. a poetical word, found in Od.
and Eur. Bacch.
304.
,
TO p.€(rov ^Bc^Jafjicvos. 'Roaring at the company generally. Schrie mitten in uns hinein und rief Eng. So Herm., omnes simul increpans." €ts
'
—
'
'
c.
'Play the
€vTi0iS€ore€.
'
j
j
^
fool.'
woKaraKXivoficvoi, "knocking under," J., lit. succumbing to, originally of a wrestler allowing himself to be beaten,
'
]
Plut.
ii.
58f. !
{ijjLiv
avTois, as
<|>iXoTi}jLoi)
we
should say,
k\iy\(av,
(piXoT.
"on
purpose."
\
in this sense usually with in-
but the meaning is probably be so keen about confuting.
•finitive,
much
Don't
the same.
!
:
\
D. ^TTws
known
jJLoi
elliptic
ixf)
ep€is.
use of
'
Mind you
SircjSy
see
don't say
'
Goodwin, M.
For
this wellT. % 45. 7a, or
i
any good grammar. |
•OOXovs TOLOvTovs.
'
Such twaddle, such babblements.'
The
word would appear etymologically to mean talk, gossip, from v84w, connected with {j/jlvos. The expression ypaQv vdXos, old wives' fables, Tlieaet. 176b, €l
|J.'f|
irpoTcpos cwpcLKT] olvtov
is 4^
<
!
:
well-known. €K€ivos
€(JL€.
The
allusiou
amusingly introduced here, is to the popular superstition that a man meeting a wolf, and not seeing the wolf before he
1
|
;
himself Nicl.
173
Notes.
336, 337.] is
seen by
It is
it, is
struck dumb, Geopon. xv. ix. 53
1.
p. 1380,
found of course in Verg. Ed.
Vox quoque Moerim lam which
is
fugit ipsa, lupi
Moerim videre
priores
;
again an echo of Theocr. xiv. 22 ov (pOcy^rj
;
\vKOV
elSes, ^irai^^ ris.
Explained by Pliny, N. H. viii. 34. Engelmann thinks the idea has survived in the modern superstition of the evil eye. The allusion in Ter. Adelph. 537 is not the same, " Lupus in fabula" = wolf will eat you. For form ecopaKT}, given by best mss., see supra, 328'c. E. ol'ov ye crv. 'Think, my friend (that we're most keen), but, I take it, we want the ability.' This reading is fairly The best mss.. Par. A., Vat. 6., Ven. II., etc., howsimple. ever agree in giving olov re cnj. The correction of re to ye, involving the infinitesimal change of two similar letters, There can be little doubt we are justified T. r, is Bekker's.
Stallb. however adopts a reading olov av, in adopting it. from Par. DK and Mon., and for a wonder he is followed hy olov supra. Jowett. This is probably merely a repetition of Stallb. indeed defends it on this very ground, saying that Plato having written, *'For pray don't think that if we had been seeking gold, we should have willingly knocked under to each other in the search, but that it is because we are merely seeking justice, a treasure more precious than gold, we thus idiotically give in to one another, and are not keen above all things that it should be discovered," would then continue, *' Don't think so, I say," not Do think so, I say." But there is an ellipse after olov. N.B. The renderings of D. V. and J. are both very loose here. A simplification would be to read ol'et. You do think so, but I imagine it's /ultj
fjir)
—
impossible."
337a. dv€Ka"yx*°'^ [laKa o-ap8dviov. *He laughed aloud, a bitter or mocking (sardonic) laugh,' dvaKayxo-^^i-v, to laugh out aloud. Cp. Euthyd. 300d, ^leya irdvv dvaKayxdaas. Kayxd^^LP, Lat. cachinnari, to laugh aloud, especially scornfully or mockingly. Cp. Kayxd^dw. The true Attic form is Kaxd^eLu, and as Par. (e collatione mea) gives dvcKaxaae, it is difficult to see why the sticklers for exact mss. spelling who write ewpdKv etc., do not edit dveKdxao-e here. See Dind. on Soph. Aj, 199, and cp. Kaxdafios, Rav. ms., Ar. Nub. 1073.
A
The Republic of
174
Plato.
[BOOK
I.
o-apSdviov. The expression is first found in Horn. Od. xx. 302. fjL€L87](T€ de dvjuLc^ aapbdviov fidXa tolov. He smiled in his heart ever so bitterly. Evidently a proverbial expression, though whence derived is doubtful. The notion of bitterness seems to have been attached to it, and a *' canting" derivation from Sd/)5w was natural. Hence later writers speak of l^apbovLos yeXcoSy and suppose a bitter plant of Sardinia craphovLov, Virgil, more sito, unites the two in his \
Sardoniis amarior herbis," Ed. vii. 41. But whether the original phrase was aapbdvLov or aapddvLov is not clear. La Roche on Od. xx. 302, says it is uncertain which the Alexandrians preferred aapdcbvLos and aaphavos, probably an error, are also found. After Homer and Plato ;
the expression
is
not found until tI fidraia y€\g.s
rdx^
fivx^i^^i-s,
ttou
late, e.g.,
Kal
Anthol. Pal. v. 179,
(TLfxa (rearjpCds
aapddvLOP yeXdacLS.
Cp. Anthol. Plan. 86, y^Xaabv (TLveadai,
/ult]
jxe* rd 5' eijKrjXos ire^vXa^o Kai aapbdvLOv yeXdcrris,
Polybius xvii. 7, virofxeidLduas crapddvLov. Cicero Ad Fam. vii. Ridere 7e\coTa (rapbovLov.^^ luMcmn Jup. Tr. 16, tov
25, has
'
*
If we eTTLixwjxevujv. Asin. 24, aapbdovLov yeXQvres. are to attempt to derive the word, the connection with aaipco Phot, and (T€ar)pa, is most probable. Cf. aapKd^u), crapKaa/Jios. Suid. say there is also aapM^eiv = fxerd iriKpias yeXdv, Muretus collects a number of testimonies equally futile and worthless, except to prove the solidarite, that is to say, the inveterate mechanical plagiarism of ancient commentators. The scholia on this passage are long, full, amusing, and mostly worthless. They preserve some extraordinarily irrelevant nonsensical tales about the Sardinians burying their fathers alive. Each man takes a stick and beats his own father and drives him into the pit prepared for him, till the old men welcome death [The sardonic smile" as the lesser of two evils. with a general interpretation, however, of the Scholiast is, roughly speaking, perhaps correct, irapoLfMia iiri tQ)v eir^ dXeOpcp rep (T(pQp avrOiv yeXdovTwy, but does not quite fit the earlier (Tapdu)VLOu
uses.
— E.]
337a. ovk
Goodwin, M.
c0€\Tj<rois,
T., % 74.
elpwvcvo-oio. 1.
For the optative vide
Notes.
337.]
175
B. diroKpivoiTO, future optat. after secondary tense, representing future indicative of direct discourse. Goodwin M, 2\, airoKptvoiTo therefore wrong. l.L c. EIcv, ^<j>T]. ws 8^1 5[jLOLov TovTo cK€Lva). 'Bah, said he, how Ironical use of Cjs dy. Cp. Gorg. 468e, like the cases are.' de^ato e^elvai aoL TroLelv 6 tl 8ok€l ojs drj (TV, & 'ZdoKpares, ovk ' unwilling you would be, (TOL €v rfj irbXeL julclWov tj fjirj, Socrates, to accept (if it were offered you) the power of doing just what you liked in the city. Cp. use of ol'a drj, are drj,
How
'
diroKpivei for vulgate oLTroKpivij, the better form restored from the better mss. It is more likely that the mss. varied, and became corrupted later in points like this, than that Plato
used both forms. Therefore adopt this form. Cp. note on
we
should, probably, supra.
always
eCopuKT},
The judicial formula was rt d^ids elfu ; the one referring to bodily penalty, the other to payment of a fine, Apol. Socr. 36b, (N.B., the diroTLcraL in dTTOTiaoif infra). So here, What sentence do you think you deserve ? What ought to be your sentence ? D.
tI d|iOLS iraOctv
iradetv
7}
airorlaaL,
OvKovv €7r€t8dv fJLOi yivtyrox. ' I will when I have any.' Madvig explains this as being literally, shall it not be when? iireLddv, exactly the Scotch Whenever as soon as.
=
We
have here 'We'll contribute,' cp. eiacpopd. of course a side hit at that well-known sin of the professional sophist, that he took paj^ for teaching. Cp. vi. 493a. Aristoph. in Clouds brings the accusation against Socrates himself J^ub. 98, dpyvpLou iju tls dcdcp. For some shrewd, if unconventional remarks on Socrates' Quixotry in this matter, see Essays and Phantasies, James Thomson, p. 224. €t(roi<ro[j.€v.
E.
dir€ipT|[i€vov
avTw
[el't]].
may possibly be extracted from
€ltj /jlt)
requires an eiddbs.
'
el
In the
before, which first place, he
not knowing ( = if he did not know) ; and, secondly, if it were forbidden him.' But it may have been introduced by some one who did not understand direLprjfjLepov alone. As a matter of fact, direLprifievov alone, accusative absolute, is simple "It having been forbidden him." enough. Stallb. says efT? ought plainly to be cut out, "Delendum esse plane persuasum habemus." He does not, however, cut out but retains
it.
'
The Republic of Plato
176 338a.
fiXXcDs iroUi.
See supra, 328a, note.
7rpocr€7roL6iTo <|>i\ovtK€iv Trpjs TO k[Li €tvai, etc.
to be keen for c.
also
me
*
He pretended
to be the answerer, the one to answer.'
TO Tov KpeiTTovos
|v(JL<t>6pov.
found in the Laws,
known
[book l
iv. p.
This definition of justice is and was perhaps a well-
714c,
one.
A famous Thessalian athlete, victor at OlymThe name according to Stallb. is l.=408 B.C. Thessalian in form, but this is the form in which it occurs in novXvSdjJLas.
pia, 01. 93.
Homer's/^, xxii. 100, UovXvddfxas [xol irpCoros iXeyx^ii^p dvadrjaeL. The best note on UovXvddjULas Cp. UovXvTLCjv, Eryx. 394b. is the Greek one of the Scholiast, odros 6 UovXvdd/jias diro ^KOTo^aarjs rjv TroXecjs QeacraXiaSj dLacrrjjULdraTOS ir ay kpar Laarifs, virepixeyedris, 6s €v IUpcraLS Trap' "^XV y^voixevos rtj /SacrtXei Xiovras He is mentioned dv€2X€ Kal CjirXiaixivovs yvjxvos KaryiyuiviaaTo.
by Plutarch, Suidas, Photius, and other compilers, while Pausanias tells us, vii. 27. 6, that in his day a statute was still to be seen at Olympia with the inscription <h Tpo(p^ UovXvddThis statue, according to Lucian, Concil. Dear. 12, was considered to have the miraculous power What is more interesting to us is that it is of curing fevers. It appears quite possible that a possibly still in existence. bronze statue of an athlete discovered at Rome on Feb. 8, 1885, is the Pausanias of Lysippus. fxavros dvLKarov XKOToeaaa.
•Tra7KpaTLa<rTT|s, a practiser of the irayKpdrLov, that is, the complete contest or combination of boxing and wrestling. 6
irayKpdrLov dyujvL^bfxevos' 'dan 8^ tovto dyd)v Schol. dreXovs irvyixT)S (JvyKeijxevos.
—
TrdXr)S /cat
D.
tls
dreXovs
€l, « 2(GKpaT€s. ' That's a dirty trick, pdeXvpos, a dirty beast, a brute (der. from (Bdicj), a strong coarse word, suitable to the lips of Thrasymachus,
BScXvpos 7ap
Socrates.'
very
as here depicted. KaKovp7T|<rais.
*
Damage, play the mischief with.
hi\ avToOi to tov Kpe^TTovos. However 339a. irpocrecrri there is, of course, the addition there of the words *'of the stronger," avToOc in your reply.
o-pKpd 7€ IVws.
*
A very small addition
doubtless.'
Said
ironically. B. |vp.<(>€pov yi ri dvai. to ^vfi(p€pov €v ye tl.
D.
ci
Cobet thinks
(TV X€7€is, ^[xoi7€ SoKCd.
it
Scil. XeyeLu.
necessary to correct
Notes.
338-341.]
177
&pa
t6t€, ovk dva^Kaiov o~u|jLpaLV€iv avro ovtcocI SiKaiov 8 o-i) Xc'^eis ; Is it not a necessity then, Thrasymachus, that this (you speak of) should turn out so, that it is right to do the very opposite of what you say ? So Stallb. , and after him D. and V. and Engelmann. Jowett E.
etvai TTOieiv TovvavTiov
very paraphrastic.
is
(TVfJL^aLV€LP
sit
into
Madvig thinks it necessary to correct " Nonne consequitur ut necessarium
crvfjL^aLveL.
ipsum contrarium quam quod tu
340a. phon.
To 7dp
dicis
iustum facere."
These are the words of
TO. KeXcvd|j.€va.
Clito-
The construction here is c. TovTo f)v 8 €povXov X€7€iv, etc. not the most direct possible, but sufficiently Platonic, nor need we adopt Bonitz' transposition. (See Zeitsch. f. d. Ost. Gym.
1865, Heft.
647f.)
9. S.
B. X€70}JL€V TU) pT|p.aTi o{;t(i)s. say in common parlance.'
*
We're by way
of saying
;
we
341a. Elcv, ^jv 8' €7«, <S 0. eiev, particle specially used in good passing on to the next point. German Gut, our Good, illustration of meaning of elev will be found infra, p. 350e.
A
jj.€V
think
oSv oI8a.
Good
so).'
ovS^v yi
you
*
You
shan't get anything
by
it.'
irXeov.
' XaOa)v p(.do-ao-9ai tw Xo7(p 8i)vaio. You shall a damage secretly (at unawares), XaOcb^, nor be able with open violence to coerce me by your argu-
o{»T€
jx-^i
neither do will
*
<roi irXcov ^o-rai.
Regular use of B.
Nay, I'm quite sure of it (I don't merely instance of force of ^^ev odv.
me
ment.' So D. and V., "to overpower me by open argument," and Eng., **noch dilrftest du offen durch die Rede mich iiberwaltigen konnen." Scholars as early as Ficinus and Stephanus have impatiently corrected fxr) into firju, or excised it altogether. **Sed putide.'' ' Tov ws ^iros €lir€iv ^ tov aKpi^ei Xoyta. The ruler roughly speaking, or in the strict sense of the word.' '12s ^Vos eiireLv, 1. as they say. So to speak 2. So to speak = approximately.
=
ovhiv orov
I ask no mercy or quarter. TraplrjfjLL, concede ; middle^ to get let go, to Cp. Eur. Med. 892, irapLefxeada Kal (pdfxev /ca/ccDs
irapicfJiai.
*
'
active, to let go, to forgive,
get forgiven.
M
The Republic of
178 '
<f>pov€Lv,
We
[BOOK
Plato.
ask forgiveness ; but the construction is apparently unparalleled. '
T.
is rare,
and the genitive here
;
;
For general construction of ov see C. ov JIT] Olds t' -ps. any good grammar. It may be noticed that the construction with the present tense is very rare. /jlt),
A natural proverb,
gvpctv Xeovra.
so Lat. JRadere or tondere
"beard the lion in his den." Curiously enough does not occur often in Greek lit., the parallels quoted being from Lucian, Cynic 14, and Aristid. Or. Plat. ii. 143, where the writer has this passage in his mind, opa jult] X^ovra leonem, our it
^vpeiv iiTLX^LpojfJLev ov QpaavjiMaxov avKocpavrelv iTTLX^Lpovvres, d\Xa It is often quoted by the late ParoemioK03ixo)hetv tlepLKkea,
The
graphi.
Schol. explains Hapoifxia
eavrCov tl
eiri tCov Aca^'
^
\
|
I
I
i
;
i
i
\
!
i
ddtjuara Troielv einx'^LpovvTOJV Xeyofieur].
Tavra. Though you were no good at that too.' commonly used in the sense of "and that too," "moreover," to heighten what has been said, e.g., infra 420a, ovSev wv
Kttl
*
Kal ravra is val
5'
Tjv
eyCo,
Kal ravrd 7' eincrLTLOL.
in which Kal ravra paralleled.
342 A. Tl 8^
8t)
J
This
j
j
\
however, almost un-
orcier,
comes quite at the end
is
:
avT*?!
t|
larpiKirj
Io-tl
dWr]
iroviipd,
tis
^0-0' 6 TL TrpocScLTaC TLvos dpcTfis. * How then ? Is medicine itself defective, or (with) any other art is there any respect in which it is wanting in a certain additional So St., D. and V., and E. Steph., however, thought virtue ? Kal iad^ fit to punctuate and read thus, ij dWrj rts r^x^rj on Trpoabeiraiy and Jowett, for a wonder, seems to follow him. But is the art of medicine or any other art, faulty or deficient in any quality, in the same way that the eye may be deficient in sight, etc.
T€XVT]
\
\ '
j
'
;
^ ^ir' avTois. Bei ihnen,^ 'with them,' *as far as they are concerned.' For the use of eirl here, cp. infra v. 447b, eTrt t^j ovn, covering the field of being.'
B. its
,
!
•
avTT]s irovqpLav to |v[x<|)6pov (tkottclv* ' As against the last words vice, that is, to consider its interest '
Iirl T^iv
own
,
!
—
being epexegetic.
i
* But it is itself pure apXap-fis Kal oiKcpaLos, /c.r.X. and undefiled as a true art, so long, that is to say, as it is in each case in all exactness and entirety true to its real nature,
avT-f) %\
lit., is
exactly and wholly
what
it is.'
j
j
Notes.
341-343.]
343a.
TowavTiov
€ls
179 *
irepieicrTViKei.
Had come
right round
Treptto the very opposite, had been completely reversed.' LO-racrdaL, to come round, to turn out, especially for the worse. is tovto wepLicrrr) t) tuxv, See L. Thuc. iv. 12.
and
S.
tC Si, ^jv 8'
and
Stallb. gives
€7c6.
colloquial Attic form,
*
why
{ri)
ever
dai,
the more familiar
?
Sti Toi. TOL from to, originally demonstrative, restricts and excludes by individualizing ere tol ere Kpivu), Soph. El. 1445. Hence specially frequent in gnomes, maxims, reflections, sure enough Kapra tol (piXoLKTLaTou yuvq, Aj, bll,
KopvJwvTa. 'Drivelling.' 'She permits you to drivel.' Scilicet, jULv^a, ^\ivva, Xi/uLcpos, stuporis indicium habebatur...et quis non meminit Horatiani illius de Lucil., Satir. 1. 4. 8, Emunctae naris, durus componere versus ? Stallb. Kopv^a,
—
Because you cannot distinguish for her shepavrfj, ethic dat. but D. and V. go too far in rendering, " In consequence of her neglect."
6s 76 avrfj. herd and sheep.
B.
6ti
*
,
'
8^1 Tt fjidXio-Ta.
d
'
Why particularly,
said I
?
So far out are you with regard Herwerden doubts this construction with iroppw. It to.' is not paralleled, but seems as possible in Greek as in c.
oi;T(o TToppo)
*
irepl.
English. * 5ti t| p.€v 8iKaio<riivTi, etc. That justice and what is just are, in reality, our neighbour's advantage ; but our own, that is to say, the subordinate and servant's hurt.'
D.
Iv Tots irpbs
' In contracts with dWi^iXovs J^fJipoXaiois. man enters into partnership with
one another, where the just the unjust.'
The elcrcpopd was not an ordinary regular tax, but, income tax in its first intention, a special contribution levied for an emergency, particularly the emergency of war. See Boeckh. (Ec. Ath, i. 653. ci(r(j>opaC.
like our
dirb
Twv
i'o-wv.
When
'
On an
equal amount of property.'
anything to receive. According to Engel., not merely special contributions, such as (TLrodoaiaL, X-^lil/cts.
there
is
BewpiKov, TjXLacTLKOP , dLKaaTLKSv, iKKXTjaiaarLKoi/, but also kind of disbursement from the public treasury.
every
The Republic of
180 E.
jioxfi'HpoTepws.
not uncommon.
This form
Stallb.
may be
gives a
[book
Plato.
i. ]
j
called irregular, but is of examples, evde-
number
j
€(TTepu}s, aypLOTepooSf fxaXdaKoorepcos, dypoLKorepcos, fxeL^ovuis, etc.
who would
344a. tovs dSiKfjo-ai ovk dv eGeXovras. * Those not be willing to commit an injury if they could.'
;
'ia-Ti 8€ TovTo Tvpavvis. Unlike the regular Latin idiom, which makes the pronoun agree with the noun in apposition. Est haec tyrannis. But both constructions are found in both
languages.
Soph. Aj. 114,
eTreidr] Tepxj/LS ijde croc
ro bpav,
sanctioned by the divine law, hence (1) holy, sacred, ra 6'cria koI SiKaLa, things of divine and human ordinance ; (2) permitted or sanctioned, hence opp. kpd /cat ocria, as here, things sacred and to iepdf profane, profane. See L. and S. The Schol. explains, oVta rd ^e^rfKa, eidL^vai. ...6crLa xpi^^ara rd fjJr) iepd. ets a ecTTLv
Upd Kal
5<ria.
;
i
I
oo-tos,
'
I
i
'
\
Those who commit these B. 01 Kard [i^pT] d8iKo€vT€S. several offences, these offences severally, or singly, opposed Kara [xipoSy to ^v\\r)^87)v supra, and ttjp oXrjv ddiKlav infra. originally part by part, i.e., by turns, e.g., y) Kard fx^pos /card hereditary right, Ar. Pol. iii. 15. 2. yeuos, by turn or by So here, singillatim, severally, one by one, first one and then the Kara fjApos is, of other, as the Schol. explains, ro e^rjs ovtlos. course, also sometimes used as opposed to ro KadSXou, Ar. Bhet, ro Kara fxipos, a particular proposition, but D. and V. i. 2. 15. Partial offenders in this class are hardly right in rendering, of crimes."
I
\
j
\
I
j
*
'
€ir€L8dy Se tis 8ov\cSo"r]Tai, K€KXT]VTaL.
A
'
Platonic consecu-
tion, ad sensum. As usual, a correction has been proposed to make everything duly regular and grammatical evdaifiovos ;
Kal fjLaKapLov KiKK-qraL, but this is too gross
to
have found
;
favour. Uaviios 717VOJJL6VT1.
*
Sufficiently developed.' \
D. dOpdov Kal iroXvv. 'The continuous and copious drench of his argument, 'literally, his argument in a continuous and
copious drench; the adjectives being, of course, predicative. ddpoos, originally, in a crowd or heap, altogether, continuous, incessant, unbroken. Kar-qpLirev dSpbos, he fell all of a heap. ddpbov irLveiv, to drink at a draught. olov e^Pa\a)v Xo-yov. you have shot into us. '
'What a
argument is this There can be little doubt that Plato shaft of
I
!
J
Notes.
344, 345.]
means
this
181
It is one he affects. Cp. Theaet, ireXraarLKos dvrip juLLaOocpSpos ev Xoyots epofxepos TO OLKOTueiv .ifKeyx^v hv eirex^v Kai ovk dvLels.
metaphor here
165d, a eXkox^v ...€fxfia\Cov kv ets
.
.
Symp. 189b, (3a\d)P ye oUi cKcpejj^eadaL ; Jowett, however, appears to take it in the derived sense of "inspiring," for he renders, Thrasymachus, I said to him, excellent man, how suggestive are your words " This would be somewhat like the Homeric ijUL^aXeiv t/mepov, fj^vos, but Homer has too ifjLjSaXecp pcTkos, and * * Acriter vel acute dicta of course e/uLjSaXeiv vrji Kipavvov, etc. Protag. 342e,
(poLPaL
(3
^
aKovTiaTTjs.
(bairep deivbs
kpL(TT6(f)aves
!
eleganter
cum
telis
'Eyw 7dp,
comparantur. "
For do
— Stallb.
Thrasymachus, that the matter is not so? You would appear to think so, or else not to care at all for us, nor to take any heed whether we shall live the better or the worse for being ignorant of what you say you know. This gives the most natural and strongest sense to -^rot, making it balance an understood alternative. ^ o'ieadai tovto dXXojs e'xei?/. E.
etc.
I think, said
ijToi emphasizes the more probable alternative, You either think so or rather (or certainly) you care very little." The old punctuaCp. the well-known instance, Thuc. ii. 40. ''For I do not agree tion was without a question at ^x^lp with you," and so J., and D. and V. ' *
—
345a. oiJTOi KaKcos croi Kda-^rai, You will find it no bad Dictio proverbialis, ''a good turn is money well investment. laid out." Cp. Thuc. i. 129, KeLaeraL aoi evepyeaia ev Tj/uerepcp oLKij)
— Stallb.
elaael dvdypairTos.
' Tov \6yov. Shall I take and thrust my argument into your soul ? Put the proof bodily into your soul. J.
B.
€is T-^jv
+vx'^v
<|>€pwv €v0a)
'
—
c.
<|>\)Xd|ai oiKpiPtos.
'
Adhere
[leXXovra €o-Tido-€o-9ai.
TO diroSoo-Gai wo-irep xp. money maker.' D. ov Stjiro-u. cares only, etc' oi^Tco
mss.
and
h\ ^^t\v. dr],
is
which
*
*
rigidly to.
Intending to have a '
To the
(Whereas) I take
adopted by
them
like a
the true shepherd's art
the reading of the oldest and best of course, much easier, is also found, Ast., Stallb., Engel. With de, for
di is is,
it,
feast.
selling of
—
;
'
The Republic of
182
this reason then I thought agree. E.
I'm
it
[BOOK
Plato.
necessary just
Ma
Al' oijK, scil. oL/jLai. *I don't think certain.' Cp. snjrra 341.
it,
now
I.
for us to
I tell you,
but
<os ovyX avrola-iv a)<j)6XLav €(rofievt]v. Considering that it is not they themselves but the ruled who will be benefited by the rule.' Accusative absolute. t65' Cp. Soph. 0. T. 101, alyua xei,ad^ov ttoXlv, and Eur. Phoen. 1460. The construction is more frequently with the future as here. Cp. Mad\ag G. *S'. '
183, R.
1.
346a. errel TocovSe clire. For tell us thus much.' For this idiomatic use of kirel, cp. Soph. 0. T. 390, eirel <p€p' eXire ttov av '
fiavTLS el
cra(p'rjs
Trapd Sojav. Contrary to your (real) opinion, Gegen deine Ansicht, Eng. Cp. 3o0e infra, irapa do^av usually means, of course, contrary to opinion generally, or expectation. '
8id TO
B.
and
Ju|j.4>€p6tv.
so Stallb.
The best mss. give olol The meaning is, of
elvat.
scil.
to ^vfj.cpepov^ course, the
same. c.
KOLvf] Tivl Tcp
avTw
TTpocTXwficvoL.
'
From
their
common
use in addition of some one and the same thing.' 4)a|i€v Se
-ye.
'
And we
hold that the craftsmen being bene-
by their earning wages, results to them (the craftsmen) from their additional use of the art of wages.' Literally and following the Greek order, That their being benefited, the fited
craftsmen, that E.
literally,
347a. oeiv,
is
jj.€Tax€LpL^€cr0ai
as
'
by way
(av 8t|
dvopGovvra.
^v€Ka»
[alo-Bov
Sclv.
it
correct,'
Cjs
^olkc,
editors
but simply
ov.
eoi/ce.
And for this reason, Platonic looseness of writing. seems, they who are to be willing to take office must '
have some recompense pro\'ided.' calls
some
Mss.
though Plato had written not
A slight as
'To undertake to
of correcting.
it,
is
not confined to Plato.
This attraction, as Stallb. Cp. Aesch. Pers, 189, Hdt.
iv. 5, etc.
Tois fj-cXXo-uo-Lv kQik-f](r€iv &px€iv. One of the correct constructioDS of pJWco, for, according to Phrynichus, the Attic writers used only the present or future infinitive with yu^XXa;, never the aorist. Rutherford, Nevj Phryn. p. 420, et seqq.
183
Notes.
345-348.]
shows, that in comedy, this rule is found to be fairly exactly followed, the aorist being found only in about 4 per cent, of the passages. 'In the category of payments.'
€v fiLo-Gov \Up€i.
Kal <}>LXdpYDpov €Lvat. 6v€i.8os. Both here and lower down, when he says that good men will not seek office, and that it is dishonourable to accept power willingly without being compelled, Plato's language must probably
TO
B.
c))LXdTt[idv T€
not be too strictly pressed.
The sense
of public spirit, the
"the government must be carried on,'' and that it was an honour to ser\'e, varied at different times but we must not condemn Plato, who is here dramatically supporting a thesis, as being insensible to public spirit. If we do we feeling that
;
introduce a grave inconsistency into the latter part of the Republic.
avTol €K TTis cLpxTis. helping themselves to
it
Ipsi ad there ;
suum ]^
arhitTrium, Ast.,
i.e.,
no need to correct to
avTov. c.
TTjs 5€
tTiH-'^o.s
X.B. attraction, with an adjective rrjs x^P^^) Xen. Ci/r. iii. 2.
jieYLOTT].
denoting magnitude.
and Madv. G.
2,
^pXovTai.
Im
Cp. iroW-qv S. 50, R. 3.
TO 6.p\av.
'
Come
to office.'
TroTcpov atpct Kal 7roT€p<fc>s dX"r]06O'T€pa»s. After Ast. "s restoration. The mss. give Trorepus aipel /cat irbrepov Cbs. Stallb. keeps this in his text, though approving of Ast.'s reading in note. There can hardly h»e any doubt that this l? an instance of a valid correction, the words having been transposed through accident or ignorance. E.
348a. &v 8wc6p.€0d
tttq €|€-up6LV.
'If
we
can find a method.'
Literally, stretching b}^ pulling against dvTLKaTaT€tvavT€s. one another. If we contend and speak argument against '
argument.' (xKos
c.
y\
<i<i>r\.
'
It so likely. Isn't
it ?
Ironically.
'
ycvvatav cvTjGeiav. Jowett's '"sublime simplicity " very well renders the spirit of this phrase. Both words have a wide associated connotation. It may be in jjlace to review them here, yewaios, of course, from yev, yLyvop.aL. Latin /ye//, gigno, etc. In simplest sense, suitable to our birth. //. v. 253, oi- -,ap D.
fxoL
yevvoiov aXvaKOL^ovTL
^i6.x^Gdai.,
Hence
1.
Highborn, Latin
— ;
The Republic of
184
[book
Plato.
i.
generosus. 2. = generosus, in the derived sense, generous. 3. Excellent, e.g., yewata crvKa, or iiifi^a 372b, /xd^as yevvaias, very good parallel to its use here may noble puddings. be found in the yevvaiov ev tl xpevboix^vovs of 41 5b. evrjOeLa. evTjdrjs. 1. Good hearted, simple, in the sense of open, guileless. 2. Simple in the sense of silly, e.g., the well-known. KaKorjOrjs C)v rouro iravreXCbs evrjOes (^r)dr)s, Dem. 228. 26. Cp. infra, iii. p. 400d, ovx rjv avoiav ovaav viroKopi^ofxevoL KoXovixev ojs ev-qdeiav. The whole phrase then noble or generous simplicity, i.e., stupidity, folly, egregious good nature. D. and V. It is one of those epigrammatic perversions in which the sophists expressed their philosophy of life. It was one of the sins at the door of teachers like Thrasymachus that they fell in with and encouraged that cynical tendency which grew with the political downfall and disintegration of Greece
A
=
—
the tendency noted by Thucydides earlier, and Xenophon as characteristic of this age. Cp. Thuc. iii. 82, 3 (Corcyrean sedition), /cat rriv eioidvlav a^Lwcnv rCov dvofidrusv is ra 'ipya avTTjWa^av rrj biKanbaei, the whole chapter being a development of this text. Cp. infra, 83, to evrjdes ov to and also the wonyevvoLov ytterexei, KOLTayeKaadkv rjcpauiadr} derfully drawn character of Meno the Thessalian, Xenophon, Anah. ii. vi. 22, (^'ero to airXovu Kai akrjdh to avTo Tip later,
;
rjkLdlip eXvai.
A
349a. drcxvios. word much affected by Plato, (1) originally artlessly, e.g., Xen. M. iii. 11. 7; then, merely, There are two words : (2) simply, absolutely, Latin plane. OLTExv^s, as here, from dre^j'T^s, and dre^z/ws from aTex^os, — inartistically, empirically. The two are distinguished by the Scholiasts ad Aristoph. Plut. 109. Cp. Stallb. Plat. Qorg. 501a.
=
d<rT€ios, properly * witty,' from &(ttv, like urhanus (urhs) He would not be the charming pleasant, agreeable. As the Schol. remarks, here it piece of simplicity he is. though, by right, it signifies ridiculous, means obviously pvp olvtI tov yeXoiwdrjs intelligent, pleasant, and charming. 6 daT€Los KelTai, arjiULaLPeL 8^ Kai tov evaijyeTOP Kai e'uirpbaonrov Kai B.
so,
XapL€VTa.
ovcrrcach. As D. and V. remark irXeoveKTelv meaning, obviously a play upon words. to exceed, overpass the bounds of right ; 2. to overreach,
•irX€0V6KT6iv, to ovcrgct, to
there 1.
is
185
Notes.
348-350.]
cheat. Roughly speaking, for a quibble the argument clear enough, and need not be called " unintelHgible." According to Schneider, ^'Totum huuc locum D. and V. bene explicuit Proclus comm. in Alcib., vol. iii. p. 508, ed. Cousin." He who consults Proclus, however, will probably be rather disappointed. All he says is, *'The aroixelov, principle (?) of the just man is rod /mh o/ulolov irXeoveKrelv fxi) ^ovXeadaL, rod de olvojulolov. the just man does not wish to get more than the just, but only than the unjust. Therefore the just man is eTTLcrTrjfjLCtjy, and is just Slcl (ppDvrjaLv aXX' ov Sl' evrjOeiau,^^ i.e.,
is
Now
D. Ilajs 7ap ov pAA-ci. For surely he who is of such and such a character must resemble those who are of that character, while he who is not will not resemble them. Certainly. Each one of them then is really of such a character as are those whom he resembles.' Cp. infra, 350b. *
dXXd tL |X€XX.€i. what else is likely
*
to
Why, what would you have ? happen
'
literally,
?
350a. TT€pl TrdorT]s 8e 5pa, 'And consider with regard to every sort of knowledge and ignorance, whether you think that any man of knowledge whatever would be inclined to choose to do or say more than another man of knowledge, and not just exactly the same as any other man, who is like himself, the same end being in view.' c. dXXtt |j.T|v tofAoXo7ov|i€v. *Well and further surely,' or, *and then further surely, we admitted.' 'AXXa fxrjv, used as an adversative when the argument is extended and something
added
on.
V. Shilleto
ad Dem. de F. L.
§ 92.
what I never yet had seen before, Thrasymachus blushing. " Elegans usus voculae /cat sic positae de re inexpectata quo sensu nostrates dicunt werkelijk. " Herwerden. D. T0T6 Kal clSov kyoi.
Then
I actually saw,
—
You'd say
I was haranguing, Ich spielte den Volhsredner. drjfjLrjyopeLj^, to speak as a drj/mriyopos, i.e., popular good orator, so, to speak ad captandum, talk claptrap. instance of the word in derived and applied sense, Theaet. 162d, (S yevvaloL iraidh re Kal yepovres, drj/xrjyopelTe avyKade^ojuieuoL deovs re es ro fx^aov ayovres. E.
8T]p,T]'Yop€LV.
A
dfv €p(a Kal KaTav€TLJo-op.ai Kal dvav€v<ro|xau I'll say yes, yes [i.e., go on), and will nod and shake my head.' For elep '
'
The Republic of
186
see fiupra, 341a.
throw
Plato.
'
[book l
KaravevaoixaL kal dvapejjcroimaL, literally,
I'll
my
head down, in token of assent (our nodding, so also eiTLvevojy e.g. 351c), and up, in token of dissent. For the Greeks expressed dissent, not as we do by shaking the head from side to side, but by throwing it back. So too the Romans, e.g.., renuo opposed to annuo. This is said to be still the method in south Europe. Darwin has some most interesting remarks on the subject in his Expression of the Emotions, p. 273, where the negative movements are explained as a survival of throwing back, or shaking the head to reject unpleasant food. 351b. iroXiv <}>atT]s ^v. Would you say of a city, that it was unjust, and that it unjustly attempted to enslave, or actually had reduced to slavery other cities, and kept many of them in slavery and subjection to itself?* *
fjiavOdvo).
*I (begin to) see.'
And you're quite right (in doing so). 7€ o-v iroiwv. and quite right too." regular phrase for answering, The verb must be found in the context ; here scil. eu ye So infra, where the construction is aif ttolCjv exapi^ou. more ad sensum, you're quite right to admit it and avoid disagreement. Cp. Ar. Pax, 285, and dpOCos ye Xeycov av, Gorg. 451c.— Stallb. *
C.
A
dWo Ti ^0vos.
*Any other lot (of men). 'idvos, used generally of people, tribe, class, the American "crowd." So Latin natio, Cic. pro Mur. 33, 69, natio candidatorum, also in Fison. 23, 55, and Phaedrus ii. 5.
for a
'
number
ov jidWov.
'
Won't they be
all
the more able.
Will it, think you, lose its own force, surely not ? Will it not rather keep it all the same ? Let us suppose it will keep it all the same.' The effect of the somewhat curious combination, fMLoj/ fir} {(jlt) ovu [x-q), is to ask the question very strongly. Cp. infra, 505c, and v. Mad v. G, S, Appendix, § 267. Feast on your argument, Gappwv. 352b. evwxov tov and don't be afraid.' E.
|icov
diroXci.
*
*
For the explanation of this |jl€V 7dp Kal cro(|>wT€poi. For that the just are go on down to TaijTa...juLav6dpu3.
8ti ort
evidently wiser and better, and more capable, that this I understand.
is so,
187
Notes.
350-353.]
toOto \670fi€v. The construction here is someBut indeed when we speak of men as ever yet having acted vigorously in concert, in this we are not speaking quite accurately.' oUs
<(>a(JL€v,
what ad
sensiim.
*
dWd
c. 8f]Xov, etc. But it is clear that they possessed a certain justice which made them not do injustice to one another at any rate, as well as to objects of their attack a justice, in virtue of which they accomplished what they accomplished, they went, moreover, to do their unjust deeds only half villanized by injustice, since men utterly debased, and absolutely unjust, are absolutely incapable of accomplishing anything. The general sense is quite clear, the only difficulty lies in abLKiq. rjiJLLp.bxd'qpoL bvres, of which the above seems to be the best rendering. So E.. " Sie machten sich aber an das Ungerechte durch die Ungerechtigkeit halbschlechtgeworden. ^AdiKia might possibly go with (bpfx-qaav iirl ra d5i/cd. D. and V. have a curious rendering, and "it is obvious" that their injustice partly disabled them, even in the pursuit of their unjust ends, since those who are complete villains and thoroughly unjust are also thoroughly unable to act, which surely introduces a curious non sequitu?^ i.e., that their injustice made them partly good not as Plato says, "that their remnants of justice made them only partly bad." *
—
'
—
jJLirjToi Kttl dXXTjXovs 7€. The force of fjLrjTOL ye seems to be, certainly not one another at any rate,' 'at least not one another,' so render 'which made them injure at least not one another along with the objects of their attack.' An excellent and much clearer instance of its force will be found infra, 388c, juL7)T0L Oeovs ye iroielv ...ei 5' ovv Oeovs, /jltjtol tov ye ixiyiarov *
—
rCiv dewv. E.
aKovo-ais.
The
av is carried over
from hv
idoLs,
supi^a,
Cp. 382e. 353a.
p.axatpa.
A
worn by the Homeric
carving knife, a dirk or large knife heroes, in addition to and side by
side with the ^L(f)os. ^L(peos fxeya KovKeov ij ol irap fjidxciipa, aiev dupTo. Later on, a short sword. In Xen. a bent sabre, opposed to the straight ^i'0os. L. and S. must be wrong here in explaining, a knife for pruning trees the whole point being that yitdxaipa, like the c/xiX?;, is not meant for the special use of the dpeiravov, though it would be possible so to \
—
misapply
it.
The Republic of
188 o-^iXt).
a
*
chisel.'
o-fxiXr)
[book
Plato.
I.
seems to be a somewhat general
a chisel, a scooping and not 779, dye dr) TTLvaKwv ^earOiv diXroL de^aade (tjullXtjs oXko^s, the furrows or grooves of the chisel. So it means (2) a graving tool, a sculptor's chisel, Anth. F. T. 429. Later on a surgeon's knife, Poll. iv. 181 ; a shoemaker's, Plat. Ale, i. 129c ; a penknife, Anth. P. T, 67 ; and in Gorg. v. 35. 1, even a vinedresser's knife. The cr^atX?; and the ro/mevs are also shoemakers' tools. According to the Scholiast the a/iLXr} being a cutting instrument with a straight bottom, 'dpyavov rfJLTjTLKou iaoiredou ti)v ^daip ^'xo?/,
word, but in
its special
a cutting instrument.
senses:
(1)
This
shown by Ar. Thesm.
is
II
II
repLvet ttov rofjLâ&#x201A;ŹL Kal
ajilXri
Koi dXXoLS opydvois.
It
may then
here = a shoemaker's knife, but more probably has the general sense of a chisel. But obviously it does not mean a vinedresser's knife here, for some inappropriate and not approso that L. and S. are again priate instrument is implied wrong and repeat their mistake with regard to /xaxatpa. :
A
KaXXio-ra twv dXXcsJv. good passing instance of the wellidiom, found in the opening chapters of Thucy-
known Greek dides,
and passim
in
Greek
literature.
Let us go back to the same point again.' 'Cevai eiri, to address oneself to, to approach, a frequent expression in Plato's dialogues. B.
l'a>[jLâ&#x201A;Źv
8^ eirl tcl aiuTct irdXiv.
*
i
j
|
Twv ovTwv ov8' &v Ivl 7rpd|ais. The soul has a function which you could accomplish with no other single thing on earth.' D. 8 dXXo)
'
dXXcp ^
The
inferior mss. have eKeivov, which seems natural. Is there any other thing, and assign these properties to say they but the soul, we can are its (^.e., the other thing's) own peculiar possessions ? There But Par. has eKeLvTjs, which Stallb. is no other thing. ^o"0'
Stcj)
\|/\JX'n...i'8ia
CKC^VT]?.
j
|
;
\
-
'
\
A
We must then with Schneider and Madvig interpret not as *'than," but as '*or," oion quam sed an. Is there anything else (we can attribute them to), or must we by rights assign them to the soul, etc. keeps.
ij
354a. BfivSiSeioLs. virb
croi).
*
Thanks
Cp. sujpra, 327a. to you,'
j
Notes.
353, 354.]
ov
jxevToi.
but that's B.
*
my
189
However, I've not had such a very good and not yours.
feast,
fault
ot Xtxvoi.
'
Greedy
guests, greedy diners.
Each dish as it comes round, aet, Tov del 'Trapa<|>epo}i€vov. from time to time. Every passing dish. ^'HapcKp^peadaL et TraparldecrdaLy dicuntur de cibis et mensis ut Latine apponere, neque opus est ut cum Casaubono ad Ath. T. iii. 363, in irepLStallb, (l)epoix€vov corrigamus. "
—
We
TO irpwTov, etc. to S^Kaiov 6 rl ttot' cctlv. have here stated in so many words the starting point of the Republic. See Introduction, and cp. supra, 331a. irplv 8
c.
OTTOTC
jj.-?!
oI8a.
For when,
here in a causal sense. §313.
V.
since, I don't know. 6t6t€, G. S. 127, B. 1 and Appendix
^.e.,
Madv.
It will be a 'I shall be slow to learn.' crxoXfj el^o-ofjiai. long time before I know.' cxoXtJ, slowly, literally, at leisure. The history of the word <rxo\ri is interesting. Derived from So rest, <^X^> ^X^f <^xM^i originally it = a holding, a cessation. leisure, then learned leisure ; so learned discussion, a lecture, then a school. trxoX?} (1) leisurely, so, late ; (2) hardly at all, scarcely. See L. and S., sub voc. *
—
"
'
The Republic of
190
BOOK
Plato.
[BOOK
II.
II.
8' -fiv &pa. It was, as it turned out, merely the This combination occurs fre(][uently in Plato, e.g., infra, iv. 443c, Tim. 51c, Sym,]^. 198d, etc., and is also found in kclSokovu irpd^^tv KaK(os\rd d -qv ap Sophocles' Track, v. 1172. It well illustrates the force of ovdeu dWo ttXtju daveiv ifxe. both dpa and the imperfect in such idioms as ovk r}v cocfybs,
357a. to
*
prelude.'
book i. p. 335e. rXavKwv dvSpeioTaTos. T-fiv
diroppiio-iv.
The
See character of Glaucon. retirement, retreat, defaulting, best
explained in the words of Pollux
HXdnav
dirayopevaLU /cat ro dirayope^eiv dirayopeveiv, direLpy^K^vaL are all
rb
off,"
" desisting from fatigue,"
oiov
de dirop'prjcnv rrju direLireiv,
diroKafJieLv.
used in the sense of
crying
failing."
8oK€iv ireTreLKevai ^ cos dXt^Ows ireto-ai. 'To appear to or, in real truth, to persuade.' Ast., however, makes ^ than, finding a comparative force in ^oi^Xet, do prefer. you B.
have persuaded,
dpd o-oi 8oK6i Toiov8€ Tt civat ciYaOdv. The division of the kinds of good here was compared as early as Muretus, q.v., with the well-known passage in the Ethics of Aristotle, Eth. Nic.
i.
7. 4.
dpXaPets Kal fJit]8€V. So Par. A and most of the mss. The reading involves a slight want of grammatical consecution, but the meaning is plain. Such as are harmless, and nothing follows on them, instead of /cat 5t' oaas /jLrjdiv. Stallb., Khv fMTjdev yiyvTjfaLf even if, although, but the meaning is inappropriate. c.
Ti 8e
;
ciTLTrova.
'
And
*
Irksome,'
next,
is
there not a second which
we
like
?
358a. d8iKCa 8' liraivetTai. These words are wanting in Par. and in several mss., and Hermann condemns them as the manifest interpolation of a sciolist, but Stallb. keeps them, accounting for their omission by saying Error ex homoeoteleuto ortus, verba ipsa ab interpolationis suspicione
A
libera.
Notes.
357-359.]
I7W seem.
ws
Tis,
^OLK€, Svo-jxaO'^js.
'
191
I'm a poor scholar,
would
it
The power of music to charm or B. wo-ircp 6^is KT]XT]0f]vai. fascinate snakes, which may be witnessed any day in India, Cp. " They are like the was well known to the ancients. deaf adder that stoppeth her ear ; which will not listen to the voice of charmers, charming never so wisely " Psalm Iviii. 4, 5 ; Virgil's '^Frigidus in pratis cantando rumpitur anguis." Eel. viii. 71; Tibullus i. 8, 20, *'Cantus et iratae detinet
—
We
may question whether Glaucon had ever anguis iter." Those who like a fine old fruity seen a snake so charmed. comment on a curious passage will be rewarded if they will He quotes a list of consult Muretus' remarks on this place. classical authorities and then remarks, " Haec omnia contemni possent, sed obstare videtur quod scriptum est," Psalm Even the authority Iviii., which he gives from the Vulgate. * Nihilominus of Scripture does not quite convince him. tamen credo talium carminum nullam esse vim. Nam omne agens naturale agit per contactum. Praeter naturam autem solus Deus facit, qui facit mirabilia solus," etc. Perhaps the phenomenon of the wilfully deaf adder which he goes on to describe as burying one ear in the dust, and stopping the other with her tail, will hardly be supported by modern science ; but the influence of music, not on snakes only, but on other reptiles, is well known. '
Iiravavewo-oixai.
'
I will revive again,' a dTra^ Xey.
Scil. ou, but there is no cLYaOov. the participle, Goodwin, M. T., § 109, note 6. c.
ovx «s
(iroXv d[JL€Cvwv) dpa. D.
KaTaretvas epw.
E.
oLov T€.
'
*
Scil. icTTL.
As they would have
I will speak
Par.
A has
need to insert
it.
with emphasis, or rt 6V re.
Herm.
stress.
ri olov re.
•ir€<|>vK€vai 7dp Srj, /c.r.X. N.B. emphasis. For naturally they say.' For the matter of the whole of this passage, compare Gorgias, 483, Protag. 337. One great mark of the Sophists, in which they really differed from Socrates, was their moral and intellectual opportunism. " They preached all things provisional. *
*
'
*
'
359b. ovS' c.
6is
Blv kvC.
TavTov lovra
Regular phrase, '
' irapd76Tai. the honouring of equality.'
vojio) 86 Plo,
cp. 353d.
Has the same aims But law draws
as.' it
forcibly aside to
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 192
The Republic of
[BOOK
Plato.
11.
D. Tw [Fvyo-u] Tov A-uSov Trpoy6v(a. So Par. A and most of the mss. 'To the ancestor of Gyges the Lydian.' But in book X. 6r2B, the ring is spoken of as the ring of Gyges himself, eav r" exv '''o^ Tvyov daKTvXiov, and this is followed by Cicero, Herodotus in his wellde Off. iii. 9 and other writers. kno\\n account of Gyges and the wife of King Caudaules, gives another version of the same story of an adulterer comingVarious endeavours, therefore, have naturally to the throne. been made to reconcile this passage with the others, or to find 1. Schneider, Gyges, and not his ancestor, in this passage. keeping the mss. reading, supposes an older and prior Gyges.
Ast. excises to; irpoybvj:. 3. Hermann, following Wiegand, and himself followed by our editors, prefers to sacrifice But who is then 6 Au56s ? The natural use of rather Tvyov. such an epithet is as in Kvpos 6 Ueparjs. If it could be anyone it must be Croesus, but we have no evidence that he was so alluded to. 4. Stallbaum adopts from a few inferior mss. the reading Tvyr] and excises rod \vdov irpoybvo). There seems little doubt that the text requires Gyges, which we can hardly give up without an equivalent, and it is pretty clear that some confusion has been introduced. Possiblv the original readiug was the most natural TOT FTFOT TOT ATAOT. Some one thinking the dative required after yeveadai and to balance 2.
Either he forgot to alter rod Avbovy Vvyri or else the two readings became now contused, giving Then came a later Tov Ai'SoD, Gyges the son of the Lydian. corrector who knew the story, and that Gyges was the first Hence the variants, of the line, and inserted irpoyopu). Firyoi; of the best mss. and rep T&yr]. Possibly rod Avdov is merely a repetition 2^er dittographiam TOT FTFOT TOT i^T.^OT. avTols altered to rJ; Vvy\].
I'ttitov x^'^'^o^v SaKTvXiov, etc. The magic ring is perhaps the commonest "magic property of fairy tale, and specially of eastern legend. It recurs in a hundred well-known forms. The reader may like to be reminded of .
.
.
*'
'*The story oi Cambuscan bold. Of Camball and of Algarsife, And who had Canace to wife,
That o^Tied the virtuous ring and
glass
And of the wondrous horse of brass On which the Tartar king did ride."
193
Notes.
359-361.]
Cicero has re-told this story of Gyges in a pretty close trans lation, de Off.
9.
iii.
So the best ms., Par, A, TovTov 8€ dXXo |Ji^v ovSev. without the verb '^x^lv, which is necessary to the sense, and is naturally supplied in the inferior more corrected mss. Yen. Dispensing with this '^x^iv, we must IT., Par. Z>, K., etc. make the construction one ad sensum, repeating in our mind Madvig ingeniously emends, reading itXovtov for Ideiu ^ovra. E.
TOVTOU.
Drawing off. The part of the
TTCpieXdixevov.
'
ring which broadens out like the cup of a sling, technically termed the ''collet." Cicero's a-<|>ev8dvT].
pala
anuli.
360b. «s 86|€i€v. The optative appears to be by attraction. ds av fieiveceu. So adamantine that he would remain firm, Goodwin, M. T., % 65, 1. 5. optative expressing result.
A
beautiful expression of which Plato seems dSa|xdvTivos. fond. Cp. 619a, abaixavrivojs 8t] del ravrrju rrju do^av ^xoi/ra ets"Ai5ou /eVtti, or Gorg. 509a. To\|iTi<r6t€v
oLTrexccrOai.
Steel himself to abstain from.
'
*
The idiomatic use
of roXfidoj and rXdw is so well-known as not to need illustration. Cp. 503b, rovro TeroXfxrjadu eiiretvy and 39 Id in a slightly different sense. fine instance is Ep.
A
ad Rom.
v. 7.
A good to the individual.' and the unjust man. Let us bate nothing.'
c.
«s ovK d^adov IS^a ovtos.
E.
ir€pl «v.
(Jiif)8^
The
d<|>aipci)|i€v.
*
just '
dKpos. An excelling, exactly our colloquial "topping." (K-uPcpvrjTTis)
361a. Tois
fi.€v
lirixcipei.
B. Trapao-Kcvfiv <|>i\(ov
indicated
by
*
To
superior
steersman,
these he puts his hand.'
Kal ovo-tas.
Such
as that of Alcibiades
Nicias, Thuc. vi. 13.
Kar' Alo'xi'X.ov. Plato himself gives two lines quotation below. The whole passage in Aesch. Sept, 593 runs ov yap boKetv dptaros, dXX' etvat d^Xei Padeiau dXoKa 5id (ppevbs Kapiro^fxevosrd Kedvd ^XadrdveL ^ovXeijf^aTa.
N.B.
— Some writers, contrary
the Theb,
of c.
to the mss., to Plutarch,
N
and
.
"
The Republic of
194
Plato.
[book
ii.
Tzetzes, alter the word dpLaros in Aesch. to diKaios, to make conform to Plato. That this is most futile, a very slight acquaintance with Plato's habit in quotation might show. The Scholiasts, however, quote, giving dUaLos. it
V. ToiovTos €1't]. Stallb. has a long note explaining and justifying the optative here " Optativus nunc indicat cogitationem non loquentis sed illius ipsius de quo sermo est voluntatem atque studium." Madvig, au contraire, cuts out this beautiful and striking idiom, so dear to Stallbaum, altogether. If it is to be kept, the optative might possibly be explained as due to the mental retrospection to past time. "It is uncertain whether he were then. " V. Ar. Ban. 24 with Kock's note, and cp. infra, 410c.
—
T<3
(XT)
riyyea-Qai.
Because he
is
made
not wrought upon,
to flinch, literally melted, as in Tennj^son's,
"As of a prince whose manhood all was gone And molten down in mere uxoriousness,
— Geraint and Enid.
For such a metaphorical
use, cp.
Aesch. P. V. 1008,
Xeycou '4oLKa iroXKa Kal [xdr7)v epetv.
reyyet yap ovdev ovde [xakddaaei Keap.
So dreyKTos
is
used by Soph. 0. T. 336, (S5
dreyKTOs KareXeiJTrjTOS
Scholiast, Teyyea-dat] etKeiv, epdidSvai ws D.
BaPaC.
Whe-ew
(pavei.
vvV
Kal ppex^crSai.
!
wo-ircp dvSpidvTa. Sculpture, their most common art, is often used by Greeks where we should draw illustration from paintings contrast, Look on this picture and on that. Compare m/m, iv. 420c, vi. 500d, vii. 540c, etc., Dem. de Cor. 268, and the splendid and famous passage, Eur. Hec. 560. :
Wie €KKa0aip€is. * You rub up, scour, or clean thoroughly. That this, the natural meaning, is here tiichtig putzest du." *
'
'
the right one, might hardly seem to require indication. But the super subtlety of commentators has read into the word a far less direct meaning. " Expolire et ita exprimere ut sincera et perfecta alicuius rei natura emergat," Ast. and so Stallb. And to support this unnecessary subtlety they travel to Libanius, p. 173, Synes. Dion. p. 56d, or Albinus' Isagog. in Platon. §
9, p.
130.
Notes.
361, 362.]
V. supra, book
d7poiKOT€p«s.
E.
195 i.,
343e with note.
p.
So the best ms., Par. A. The cKKavG-^o-crai Ta)<|)9aX|j.w. inferior mss,, however, prefer a somewhat milder operation, and knock out rather than burn out the eyes. tKKOTr-qo-eTaL Td)(/)da\/ijnl}, and in this humanity they are naturally followed by the church fathers. Clem. Al., Strom, iv. ; Eusebius, Praep. Ev.
10
xii.
;
Theodoret, Therap.
viii. p.
602.
Cicero,
on the side of mercy, de Rep. iii. 17, " Procjue hac opinione bonus ille vir vexetur, rapiatur, manus ei denique as usual,
is
also
Ast. is of sterner stu£F. afferantur, efFodiantur oculi." He will spare the righteous neither excruciating circumstance. His eyes are to be burnt (first?) and knocked out (after?) reading eKKavdrjaeraL koI eKKOTrrjcreTaL rdxpOaXjULU). But it is
—
unlikely that Plato would have written both, even if we allow as alternative. And the reading eKKavdrjaeraL, although the actual process to the credit of the Greeks is less frequently mentioned in their writings, is here established by the passage, if genuine, infra, p. 613e, eXra arpe^XuicrovTaL /cat eKKav67](T0VTaL, and Gorgias, p. 473c, \r}(p6eis arpe^XdoraL Kal eKrefxprjTaL Kai Tovs ocpdaXfjLo^s eKKa-qrai. Moreover, as we all know, Prodi vi lectioni praestat ardua. " So to quote Stallb. " Quocirca
them
equidem arbitror eKKOTrrjaeraL in locum veteris lectionis ab iis esse invectum qui oculorum exustionem non ferrent, quoniam frequentissime oculorum effbssorum mentionem fieri meminissent." rdoc^daXfjub is, of course, accusative, as in the wellknown passage, Dem. de Cor. 246, top dcpdaX/xop eKKeKo/mjULevov, Tiqv kX€Lu Kareayora, rrjv xeZpa, ro okcXos ireir'rjpujfjuevov.
SchoL, avrl rod dvaaKoXoTna362a. dvao*xiv8vX€v0Tjo'€Tai. Some, however, interpret rather, shall be impaled. shall be crucified. Again the mss. and the Fathers, Clement of Alexandria, etc., are at variance as to the exact spelling OrjcreTaL,
and
interpretation,
(
Stallb.
F.
ad
loc.,)
and scholars have
disputed between crucifixion and impalement. note in Engelmann's edition. iroXv first
fjv
dpcL
*
Was as
it
See a long
turned out, was after all.
*
Compare
note on this book.
8id
(|>p€vbs.
Either instrumental or local.
The construction here is not The dative is a dat. commodi lower down Plato, more suo, changes
SoKOvvTt 8iKaia>. obvious on the surface. B.
^Xaardj/eL.
A little
accusative, Kepbaivovra.
quite after to an
The Republic of
196 ravra..
-TrapoL
along
Tw
of, i.e., \x.^
*
Over and above, beyond
because
is
[book
ii.
these, or possibly
of.'
Because he makes no not squeamish about, doing an injustice.'
8vo-x6paLV€LV TO d8iK€iv.
culty about,
Plato.
'
diffi-
D. ovKovv TO \€YofjL€Vov. The want of strict construction here illustrates Plato's method of writing. 'Then (to take .' the proverb) and just so do you. .
.
seems like a quotation from some poet. The words do not actually occur in Homer, but the sentiment is contained or implied in more than one passage, d8€\<t>bs
e.g.,
II.
cxcoyaez/,
dv8pl
xxi.
308,
7rap€tT]
(j)L\e
Kaaiyj^rjre,
adevos dvepos d/uL^orepoL irep
quoted by Muretus, and Od. xvi. 97.
*H
Ti KaaLyvrjTOLS iirLjuLe/JLcpeaL, olctl irep dvrjp
IxapvafXEVoLcTL ireiroLde, /cat ei jxeya veiKos oprjraL,
quoted by the Scholiast. The Scholiast, then, may further be right in saying irapTjKrai 5' lacos irapa to 'O/ultjplkov. A very similar proverb is quoted by Dem. de Fals. Leg. 415, p. 38, rb (TvyypojfjLT] ddeXcfx^ ^o-qdetv, where Shilleto remarks that in Plato here he would almost certainly read ddeXcpeos, and, indeed, there can be little doubt that would be right.
me in the dust, ' a metaphor from to floor me,' ' bowl me over.' Wells quotes aptly ix. 583b, and Ar. Nub. 1047, eiricrx^s, eWifs yap ere fxeaov e'xa; \a^Cov dcpvKTOV. KaTa-iraXaio-at.
wrestling.
Our
363a. avTo
'
To
lay
colloquial
*
Justice in its essence, a favourite Cp. avro dfioLorrjs, Parm. 130b; €7rL(TTr}fjL7)v avTo, Theaet. p. 146e. As Stallb. indicates, it is as silly to write the two as two entirely separate words avTo, bLKaiO(Tvvr)v, as it is to combine them mechanically into He however reads avrr) in the one, like avTodvdpcoTros, etc. 8iKaio(riivT]v.
and useful Platonic combination.
Parm.
1. 1.
This is of course neither an error of mss. 7C'yvT]TaL...dpxai. nor a definite schema Pmdaricmn, but only another instance of Plato's colloquial looseness of construction.
Cp. infra, 463a.
ovTa [t<3 8iKaia)]. So Par. A. Muretus introduced t(J ctSt/cy from the inferior mss. and has been followed by Hermann and Stallb. Madvig would omit the words dirb Tov €v8oKi|i€tv
,
altogether. Strictly speaking, of course, we want r^J dhlKi^, or nothing at all. But Plato does not always speak strictly, And all the results of a good name and may have written, '
'
Notes.
362, 363.]
197
which Glaucon just now dilated on
as the (seeming) just man's reward," i.e., iu ordinary parlance, though he may really not be, but only seem, just. cirl irXcov, etc. *But these folk lay even more stress on reputation (or on appearance, J. ).
The unusualness of posi<()a<ri 0€ovs 8i8<Jvai. Tots oo-Lois tion of the relative after the dative is obvious. But the equally obvious, the extreme emphasis thrown on are, they say, the peculiar gifts of heaven to the such a metathesis when needed seems no more impossible in Greek than the more frequent one with the Engelmann seems right then in genitive, tQp wdXecop 6aaL. withstanding even the great authority of Cobet, when he condemns and corrects this to the tame and ordinary d ro?s daioLs. *'Was doch Herr Cobet Alles zu wissen meint, wie schnell stellt er eine Kegel auf von welcher kein Schriftsteller des Alterthums etwas gewusst hat !" See Engelmann for Cobet's " canon " and the rest of this amusing German
reason
is
offLOLs,
which
holy.
And
explosion.
7€vvatos *H<rio86s t€
6
Kai "Ojxt^pos.
Honest, fine old
Hesiod and Homer. Hesiod, Works and Days, v. [Ji€v T€ (|>€p6iv, etc. Plato quotes more correctly than we should expect. has only altered the number, aKpas, etc.
B.
dlKpas
230.
He
6 ^Tcpos. d)OT€ T€V. 0€O'u8'^S.
resting on 2.
by C.
xix. 109.
,
Of course part of the quotation. There are, as is well-known, two interpretations
two etymologies.
1. God-like, 6€ovdr)s=6€o eLdrjs. for Oeos dFeos, with metathesis of Buttm., !Nitzsch, Passow. Hesych. interprets
God-fearing,
digamma. it
Homer, Od.
So
deovdrjs
d€ocreP'f]s.
dv€XTi<ri.
Homeric
simile.
Maintains. The subjunctives are those of the See Monro, Horn. Gram. § 283 (a.
TiKTT) 8' '^(jnr€8a p.f]Xa. "E/A7re5a is variously
Here again there are doubts.
understood.
(1.)
1.
as an adverb ^efnredop.
not supported by parallels, but seems natural an adjective, {a.) in agreement, (b.) separate 2. jULrjXa is variously taken as (1.) sheep, (2.) from firjXa, fruit, and is variously constructed as (1.) nominative, (2.) in this case, a nominative being sought accusative to tIktd
The use enough.
is
(2.) as
;
The Republic of
198
Plato.
[book n.
The combinations and in (i. ) yata, (ii. ) bevdpea. permutations of these factors yield a variety of renderings. 1. Butcher and Lang, ad Hom. Od, l.L, "The sheep bring His sheep never fail to forth and fail not, " and so J. here, bear." 2. Merry ac? Hom., " His sheep bear strong young." And so D. and V. here, "Strong are the young of his flocks." 3. L. and S., '*(The trees) bear continual fruit." 4. Ameis, "The earth bears strong sheep." No. (1.) seems most natural if we venture so to take efxireda like ^fjLirebov. If this startles us, the next most natural surely is No. (2.). and found
'
'
Controverts the idea sometimes insisted on, that the Homeric times was regarded as a pis-aller in the of diet. Cp. note on ixBvcnv earia. 404c.
Ix^^s. fish in
way
Movo-aios, as his name, and that of the personages connected with him in legend imply, is only an eponymous hero. MovaaTos (from Movcra = Mopaa, root /bLev, fxov, MAN) is represented as the son of Eumolpus {jj^okirrj, jULeXirco) or of Antiphemus. No one will now, with Aldus and the elder Scaliger, ascribe to the morning of Greek song that poem of its latest sunset, "The loves of Hero and Leander," the work of some late grammarian of genius. See Symond's Greek Poets, ii. 358. Cp. 'O/)0ei/s, the Greek form of the Indian Ribhu. v6aviKwT€pa.
Grander,
J.
" Splendidiora, magnificentiora." Stallb. 1. Simply youthful. 2. Fresh, vigor-
veavLKbs.
ous, stalwart, flourishing. 3. High-spirited, gay, generous, dashing, insouciant, glorious. 4. Then, in a bad sense, overbearing, headstrong, swashing, swaggering. Cp. Dem. de Cot. 829, ev tLcflv ovv cri) veavias Kai irrivlKa Xafxirpos ; and veavieveadai, Ar. Pol. iv. 11, 11, drjfJLOKpaTLa ij ueauLKcordrr].
goes through corresponding' grades and shades of meaning. Here the meaning seems to be glorious or V. L. and S. extravagant, render "gorgeous."
" Plena sunt his beatorum gaudiis veterum Vide Hom. Od. xi. 601 ; Pind. Nem. i. 100; 01. ii. 105; Horat. Od. iii. 3, 33; iv. 8, 27 seq.; Virg. Aen. vi. 637; Oeorg. i. 36, Stallb., who also quotes from Plutarch's Lucullus, p. 199. 7, a pretty application We might add that the of the iieBr\ aicbvLos to LucuUus. notion of a heaven of eating and drinking and sensual enjoyment is a very old and very universal one, to be traced first, €ts"At8ov, etc.
poetarum carmina."
—
Notes.
363, 364.]
199
perhaps, in the animistic practice of burying food with the dead, still practised at Pere la Chaise in the heart of Paris (see Tylor's Anthropology, ch. xiv. p. 351), and developing into these "more gorgeous notions" of the Greeks and Romans, into the Valhalla of Norse and the sensuous paradise of Mahommedan superstition, and leaving traces even in the more metaphorical language of mediaeval hymns. "Verily for the pious is a place of joy, gardens and vineyards, and Koran fair girls, their mates, and a cup brimming over." Preller, Greek Mythol. i. p. 645, ch. Ixxviii. Cp. Iv. andlvi.
—
edition
2.
Literally, stretch out to an D. [laKpoTcpo-us diroTeivovori. " Dehnen die even greater length,' i.e., extend even farther. Belohnungen noch weiter aus als diese," Eng. Stallb. here raises a somevv^hat subtle difficulty as to the exact shade of meaning "Jam fjiABr} ilia sive compotatio satis longa est, vocatur enim anhvios.^^ And what, he asks, can be longer than eternity ? He thinks it necessary, therefore, to explain and render, " longius sermone extendunt, et copiosius celebrant." It has been suggested to me that the true reading may be diroTivovaL. God-given rewards. The construction JJ.10-60VS irapd Gewv. with article would be, of course, more common, but as here without, is not uncommon. Cp. 37 8d, dea/JLoi virb vUos^ and for more parallels see Stallb. Here it is helped out by the verb '
—
diroreivovaL.
Plato no doubt has in his mind the iraiSas ^dp 7raC8wv. original passage in Hesiod, Works and Days, 280, etc., CLvdpbs 5' ivopKOV yever] /ULeroTTLadeu dfxeivojv, and the well-known story told in Herod, vi. 86, about Glaucus, son of Epicydes, and the oracle given to him from Delphi, ending with the line just quoted. The Scholiast ha& already noted this. Cp. Psalm xxxvii. especially v. 22 et seqq. €ls iTTjXov
. .
.
Kttl
Koo-Kivo) i;8wp.
Spccial allusion to Tantalus
and to the Danaids, Gorg. 493b.
For
iryiKov
cp.
Phaedo
Cicero ajp. Lact. iii. 19, 6, ^'sceleribus contaminatos p. 69c in coeno iacere docuerent " ; Ar. Ran. 146, etc. ;
364a.
15 Ivbs o-T6|xaTos.
€vx€pd)S.
Uno
ore.
" Glibly," " prompte ac parate,
facile ac libenter.'^
The Republic of
200
Plato.
[book
ii.
B. ayvftrai, especially mendicant soothsayers who go round ayeipovres "collecting." The best commentary on such is to be found in the fragment of Ennius' Telamo. Cp. also Soph.
O. 2\ 388, Aesch. Ag, 1195 and 1273.
Platonic laxity of consecution.
€l'T€...€dv T€.
C.
A
Par. kept, following on pXd\|/€iv.
has
edeXrj,
which might very well be
p\d\p€L,
'He
shall (they say).'
^Mypetv,
which, though found in at least one ms. has only the value of a correction, is preferred by the editors. Muretus conjectures pXaxpaL. If we are to correct to the infinite ^\d\p€Lv, the future is regular after dvpavrai, and so here after wapd a-(pL(TL dvpajULLS earL. See Stallb. ,
liraYw^ats.
Spells, literally 'inducing spells."
Constraining spells, defixiones magicae. In 933a, we find the form icaradeaeLs. Both mean the binding or laying of a hated enemy under a spell or charm, such as that laid by Vivien upon Merlin. The formulae of such charms were written on tablets. Specimens of such tablets are still extant. See Marquardt, Bom. Alt. iv. 135. KaraSeo-^ois.
Laws,
p.
Singing of the facilities of is interpreted in two Teaching or ways, (1.) keeping the construction as above. telling of the facilities of vice, *'tradentes sive docentes," Ast. (2.) Taking iripL with Kadas, with reference or regard to vice, attributing to it facilities, "indicio suo tribuentes," dedSadaL Xeyopres, Stallb. But neither of these seems very satisfactory, and as the correction involves a most infinitesimal change, AIAONTEC, AIAONTEC, a change of one stroke, this is probably a case where we should emend. The emendation was first suggested by Muretus. At the same time it must be noted that the use of q^dau in such a sense is rare. KaKias
vice.
'
T^|v
ircpl cvireTcias aSovrcs.
The mss. here give
(JL^v
KaKOTTiTtt.
and Days, 285-290. iv.
718e.
didoifTes,
*
which
The verses come from Hesiod, Works They are quoted again by Plato, Latvs
I\a86u, cp. **in battalions,"
Hamlet
iv. 5, 78.
D. irapa-ywYTis, diversion. The construction is a rare one, L. and S. give parallels only from Appian. Make H. the witness of, adduce the testimony of H, literally, put into the ,
witness box. jjiapTvpovrai.
After
Here again a
g,8opT€s, strictly
slight Platonic anacoluthon. speaking, a participle would follow.
201
Notes.
364.]
The verses come from Hom. 11. ix. 497. Xio-Tol 8€ T€. has, in first hand, Xicrrot 5e arpeTrroL re ; in second, Both adjectives can hardly be right. re. Xto-roi 5e aTpeirroi Par.
A
\l(ttol may be a gloss ; on the other is to go ? hand, aTpeirroi may have been introduced from a reference to the text of Homer. Anyhow we must notice that we cannot settle the text of Plato by referring to Homer, or of Homer by appealing to Plato. For an examination of Plato's quotations seriatim shows that Plato hardly ever quotes quite Small variations are not the exception, but the exactly. Crucial instances of Plato's manner of quotation will rule. be found in book iii. 389e, where two passages coming from two separate books are combined into one quotation; or again, p. 405e, where, in telling the story of the doctoring of Eurypylus, Plato confuses it with that of Machaon by Hecamede, although Plato himself quotes it again, and quite correctly, in the Ion. p. 538b. The same laxity of quotation is to be found in Thucydides, in Hippocrates, in Xenophon, in the Attic orators, in Aristotle, perhaps we may say in ancient authors generally. A notable instance are the quotations from the Old in the New Testament. The ancients probably quoted from memory, to ''verify one's references " being mechanically very difficult, or practically There were, of course, in Plato's time a variety impossible. of editions of Homer current in the Greek world, notably the private and public editions ai Kara dvdpa, ai Kara woXeis. Like the prayer books and uses of Sarum and York, there was the Homer of Marseilles, and the Homer of Chios, the Homer of Sinope, the Homer of Argos, and there were better
Which then
and worse editions ai
drj/jLOjdeTs.
—
at
xapieo-repat,
ai
probably had not
eiKaibrepaL, ai
much
KOLval,
do with the quotations which are too chronic and too incon-
Still this
to
variations of sistent to be explained by reference to these editions. Thus Aristotle possessed a famous Homer, ij ck vdpdyjKos, though his many interests and mass of knowledge apparently prevented him from quoting correctly. The quotations of Plato then may perhaps be compared to ordinary memoriter quotations from Shakespeare or the Bible, where everyone knows how difficult it is to quote absolutely correctly. In the latter case, we have a still further parallel supplied by the difference between the Bible and Prayer Book Psalms. The new version will complicate matters still further. On the question of Plato and Homer, see La Roche, Hom, Text Gritik., p. 32.
'
The Republic of
202
[book n.
Plato.
He remarks that Plato tends to Atticize him, a natural tendency.
Homer
in quoting
If a distinction is to be pressed, eyyovoi seems rather offspring, descendants, eKyovoi, sons. But see Stallb. Cp. also Shilleto ad Bern, de F. L., p. 356, § 53, where he says of the distinction, "In antiquis an obtineat parum E.
to
kyy6v(av.
mean
perspectum
est."
So mss. If we keep both, we may make either genitive qualifying. (1.) The pleasures of play or of holydaying, oblectamenta ludorum, i.e., of the games instituted on solemn, high, and holy days. Ast. So Engel. , Ergotzlichkeiten des Spieles, referring the games to the mysteries. The diffi(2.) The pastime, i.e., the enjoyment of pleasure. culty and awkwardness of the expression leads Madvig to excise rihovCov, and Lennep to insert a /cat. iraiSids
TjSovciiv.
—
365a. TeXerds.
Initiations.
tL olo[i€0a \|/vx^S iroieiv. i/'uxas might be either subject or object. do the souls of our young men do? (2.) (1.)
What
What
does
€v<f)v€is
it
make
of the souls of our
Kal iKavot.
young men?
Clever and capable.
iTTL-n-TOfjievoL. According to D. and V,, 'flitting from this to that, like birds.' J. makes the metaphor from hees, which surely suits best with crvWoycaaadaL,
"
And gathers honey all the day From every opening flower." -Dr.
iroTcpov SiKOL, etc. somewhat fuller form B.
Watts.
Bergk, Fi7id. Frag. 197, gives a
irbrepov o//ca retxos v\pLOv (JKoKlols aTrdrais dva^aivet ewLX^ovLou yevos avSpCoy St^a JULOL voos cLTpeKeiav eiireiv.
t)
0€<nr€<rios.
Unspeakable.
'
Of pleasures untold.
to 8ok€iv, <os The ao<p6s here is ot o-o<|)oi. Simonides of Ceos. Frag. 76, Bergk, ro 5ok€li/ Kal rav dXadeiav pLdrac. The words are preserved as those of Simonides by the Scholiast on Eur. Or. v. 236, but in a form worth quoting and noticing, as showing the corruption of texts. The Scholiast gives TO doKelif Kal rd jmaXa Beta ^idTaL, an instance of Prava verhorum separatio. See Madvig, Adv. Crit., Introduction. c.
eireiS-fi
.
.
.
— —
Plato's
203
Notes.
364, 365.]
words
here, of course, supply to TANAAAOEIANB.
the
emendation
TAMAAAGEIAB of
irpbdvpa, plural, by way irpoGvpa jjl6V Kal (r\r\\i.a, k.t.X. porticoes, vestibules; i.e., as a frontage to the world.
idem quod alibi irpoaxvi^^^)'' Stallb. The word *'(rX'))yaa, which means shape, form (literally, haviour, habit ^x^o, (Tx)i is used naturally enough in the sense of mere outward Thus Thuc. so show, appearance, pretence. shape, form ;
de TovTO jxev axvi^^ ttoKltlkov rod Xoyov ai'Tols, Kar' oX-qdeia. As idias §e... and Plat. Epin. 989c, ov axv/J-o-crLP 8.
89,
7]v
aW
an example from late Greek we may quote the famous and For the fashion striking irapdyeL yap to crxvf^^ Koafxov tovtov, of this world passeth away." St. Paul's Ep. ad Cor. i. '
'
—
7, 31.
A
picture, here a general word. The exact of aKiaypdcpoSy (TKcaypacpeTp, (TKiaypacpia, seems to have been, literally, to draw with shadow, so, to draw so as to produce perspective and illusion, not merely to draw in the flat, but afterwards it came to be simply to draw, to sketch Render then for frontage and outor adumbrate roughly. ward show, I must paint all around myself (in a circle) a picture of virtue. o-Kia7pa<(>Ca.
meaning
—
The fox of that T^iv Sk rov cro<()WTdTov *Apx. dXcoircKa. prince of sages Archilochus. There is evidently an illusion to some well-known passage in Archilochus' works, which would at once occur to a Platonic hearer. We, however, cannot say definitely what it was. Archilochus appears to have frequently introduced the fox in his satiric writings, and there are two fragments extant which preserve such introductions. 1. The story of the fox and the eagle, Bergk, 2. That of the fox and the ape, Bergk, 89. 86. In this latter the KepdaXerj oXdiwr}^ occurs, and this may have been the story alluded to, but the fable is not completed, and we have nothing which would explain the meaning of €\kt^ov e^binadev. may, however, perhaps say what it does not mean. (1.) The use of the phrase KepdaXerj aXdoirr]^ by Archilochus seems to show, what indeed we should expect, that the fox itself is meant, and that, therefore, Ruhnken, Ast., and Stallb., are all wrong in saying that the fox's skin is meant, dXwirr)^ dicitur pro pelle vulpina, ut Xeuv pro pelle leonina," and that the meaning is not we must trail behind us a fox's
We
"Nam
— The Republic of
204
"
Plato.
—
[book n.
and tricky." (2.) On the other hand we must equally beware of Schleiermacher, who, forcibly continuing the metaphor from irpodvpa, renders, *'But Archilochus the all wise's fox I must drag behind," i.e., must drag round, and What let in at the back door, zur Hinterthure hereinlassen f f Plato says is, The fox, to use Archilochus' phrase, must come trailing behind, meaning probably not that a physical fox is to be dragged behind, but that the foxy element, the fox in ourselves is to be kept in concealment, in the background, in the rear. Such a use is natural enough in any language, whether dkdbirr)^ here or Persius Sat v. 117, "astutam vapido servas sub pectore vulpem, " or Tennyson's skin, gainful
" Move upwards working out the brute, And let the ape and tiger die." D. TavTTj Ireov, «s ra ^x^'H '^^^ X67WV 4>ep€i. Following the track of the arguments. For the venatory metapor, cp. iv. 432c
The best comment on ^uvci>fjLoo-ias, 6Taip€Cas on)vd|o(JL€v. these secret societies and clubs is to be found in the famous chapter of Thucydides, book iii. ch. 82, roXyud yap aXoyio-ros avbpLa fjLTjdeu
(piXiraLpos ipofxio-dr), and infra, irpo^ovXevaas de Sttujs avrcbu derjaeL r?7S re eraLpias dLaXvrr]? Kal tovs evai/riovs
€KTreir\7)yiX€vos. cl ji€v jj.T| clo-lv ^ jj.T]8€V avTots Twv dvOpwirCvwv p.€\ei. These two alternative positions were adopted by many of the sophists and philosophers. The second is forcibly expressed by Ennius in the Telamo * *
Ego deum genus esse semper dixi et dicam caelitum, sed eos non curare opinor, quid agat humanum genus nam si curant bene bonis sit, male malis, quod nunc abest, " :
Ennius taking
it
doubtless from the Epicureans, one of whose Cp. Horace,
chief tenets was the "security" of the gods. Sat. i. 5. 100,
Non ego namque :
Lucretius,
Kal tion.
" Credat Judaeus Apella, deos didici securum agere aevum.
vi. 58,
Nam
bene qui didicere deos securum agere aevum."
TjiJLiv
d|jL€XT]T€ov
Par.
A
Tov XavOdv€iv. This is Baiter's correcgives Koi i]fjuu ixeXrfr^ov, which might stand, if
— 205
Notes.
365, 366.]
One ms., Par. ovkovu with a note of interrogation. D, has ou fieXrjT^ov, and several tl /cat 7)fuj^ /j^eX-qreov. These have the value of corrections, and Stallb. adopts the latter.
we read
T€
E.
Twv
ex multorum sermonibus. " V. and J.
\6yo)v. From talk, traditions, D. &
But from
Fic.
cvxwXais
Cp. supra, 364d.
d^avfio-i.
Twv dSiKiifJLdTwv. sibly however, simply,
*
dirb
366a. Kal
Out of their ill-gotten gains. upon their injustice.
'
*'Extrema verba, quae habent si jungenda sunt /cat
\io-(rop.€voi, etc.
notabilem participiorum concursum, XtaaofxevoL, ireidovres
Kal dfJLaprdvovTes.^^
—
Pos-
after,
avrovs Stallb.
d^T^fiLOL
;
diraKkd^ofxev,
virep^aivovres
Initiations (at the mysteries).
at T€\€TaC.
Svvavrai. The words f.ieya dvuavraL, curiously enough, are omitted in the best ms., Par. A, which thus leaves the The consensus of the next substantives without any verb. best 0Sn, however, seems to show that this is only an accident, proving the fallibility of Par. A. It w^ould be barely possible to render " But (there are) the initiations and absolving gods," and pronounce /jLeya dijvavTai a correction or gloss. As Stallb. points out, we need not, because Par. fails us, join with Hermann in a wild burst of emendatory invention. * Nodum in scirpo quaesivit Hermannus, qui totum locum suo Marte ita refinxit, dXX' wcpeXrjo-ova-iv dyvL^ofjUEVovs ai TeXerai /cat oi Xvctlol deoi.'^ |ji€7a
A
'
.
.
.
Releasing or absolving deities.
Intercesto whom offerings were made for the sake of expiating sin, especially those connected with the Aiuaios, an epithet of Bacchus, Pind. Fr. 248, mysteries. 61 Xvo-ioi 0€oi.
Gods
sors in heaven.
Bergk,
etc.
'
Atoning
deities,
'
Jowett.
al (JL€7t<rTai iroXcis. By their practice, by holding national festivals and services of expiation, e.g., the Athenians and
Epimenides, Grote, part B.
TTpdlofJiev
I.
Kara vow.
ch.
i.
We
;
part
ii.
ch. x., suh Jin.
shall fare to our
mind, to our
liking.
dKpwv. c.
Tts
and mfra, 405a, 459b, 499a The construction is somewhat what means is there (to get) ?
F. supra, 360e with note, H''nX*V'*i
ad sensum.
€0€X€iv TijJtdv.
What
is
to
make ?
'
'
The Republic of
206
[book
Plato.
ii.
used in a somewhat similar way with hj Herodotus. A closer parallel, Plat»
€(Ttl fjLrjxdi^rj, is
ovdefjiia oiroos
ov,
fiT]
Phaed. 72d,
TO
fjLT],
tls fxrjxo^J^V
M ovxi
;
though a man is able to prove what we have been saying false, yet still he makes and not angry with, the unjust, but is much allowance for, a)S
8t|
Tot
*
TLS.
€l'
Since, indeed,
knows that unless, etc' u}s = nam, 8r), mandi vel asseverandi vi positum, Stallb. 06ia
Cp.
<|)V(r€i.
e^aipCofxev \6yov,
nimiruniy
492e, deiop fxhroi Kara
vi.
tol,
rrjv
confir-
irapoLfxiav
and the famous Aristotelian passages, Eth.
JVic. vii. 1, etc. D.
x|/e7€i, scil. e/cacrros,
construction one) blames. E.
ad sensum.
€v ISiois XoYois.
*
supplied out of ovdeis. Here again a No one is willingly just but (every
In prose
;
in the language of private
The usage of the adjective, though natural enough, does not seem to be found elsewhere. The adverb l8La we
life.'
have already had, 363e, 367a.
idia re /cat viro ttoltjtQp,
}jL€Tao-Tp€<j)ovT€s <i)opTLKcI)S.
KarareCvas. ,snpra, 35 8d, B.
^
Ciim
Scil. 86^as.
TOLS dXT)0€is.
'
Grossly pcrvcrtiug.
contentione^''
'
The true
*with emphasis.'
Cp.
reputations. '
Twv T€
d'jroPaiv6vT(ov...TroXv Se p.dX\ov. * Saepenumero de post re infertur, ubi alterum orationis membrum plus penStallb. deris habet atque gravitatis." Cp. iii. 394c, ei^ re ry Tuju eirOiv Trorrjaet, iroWaxoO de Kal dWodL, c.
—
Genuine,' so J. 'Real and natural and not D. ^ovifJia. merely conventional goods.' L. and S. seem however to make ybvLfia govern ayoidd, all else that is productive of good things ? See sub voc. *
*But praise this in 8 avT^i 8i' avT^iv tov ^xovra 6vtvT]o"i. justice, namely how it of its own intrinsic nature benefits the possessor of acc.
it,
whereas injustice harms him.' condensed construction.
6
cognate
Kal ddiKLa ^XaTrrei,
368a.
TOV dvSpos. Sons of that best of men, with a play on the name. Stallb. with super-
6K6LVO-U
'A/OiVro;?/,'
*
subtlety insists that the words mean rather children of the philosopher," v. ad loc, and cp. Phileb. p. 36d. Evidently, however, Socrates plays on both ^kpiaruiv and Belov, ' *
Notes.
366-369.] rf|v
Mcyapoi
207
This can hardly have been the famous
H-o-X'HV-
battle mentioned by Thnc. i. 105, which took place B.C. 457, for Plato himself was not born till 429, and Glaucon and Adeimantus are his younger brothers. But on the ground of this chronological difficulty to start the theory that they were really not Plato's brothers but his uncles, or again to change evboKLfjL-qaavras into evdoKLfjufjaavTos, and make it refer to 'ApL(TTuv, thereby robbing the lines of their occasion and Athens point, is surely to indulge a most futile ingenuity. was at feud with Megara till the end of the Peloponnesian War, B.€. 404. Cp. Introduction, date of Republic.
Schleiermacher conjectures, what is of •7rat8€s ' ApLo-Tcovos. course mere conjecture, but is very probable, that the epaaTrjs who wrote these lines was Socrates' own notorious pupil, the handsome Critias, who is known to have written elegiac ,
verse.
For verily this is a divine Xen. Mem. i. 2. 30.
6€iov ireirovGaTg.
Cp. B.
VLKov Trdcrxei,
xpiia-foiLai of
aofxac of c.
'
A^
also grammatically better than xpVSee Stallb. ad Gorg. p. 521c.
is
the inferior mss.
'To cry
diraYopevctv.
trait of yours.'
off,
to faint
and
fail.'
Cf. supra,
p. 357a, TTiv dirbpp7](nv, with note, and infra^ viii. p. 568d, dirayopeijeL avrwv rj TLjuLrj ibdirep viro dadjULaros ddwarovaa
iropeveadaL.
D. oVavircp
*A
^pfxaiov.
finding.
&v d.
"Ad
oXavirep dv intell. eiroLTjo-dimeda
eadem ratione qua
omittitur
in
formula
great piece of luck.'
ibairep dv ei."
quod
— Stallb.
Hermes the god
of
See the lexicons.
E. paa>v KaTa|ia9€tv. Easier to apprehend.' This use of the active infinitive, exactly like both the English and the German idiom, is the regular one in Greek. Goodwin, M. T. § 93. 2. A good instance is A670S bwaros KarauorjaaL, a speech possible to understand. *
369a. 'YfYvofi€VT]v...7€vojj.€vov. The change of tenses has a very nice effect. 'If we were to observe a state in process of being born.' Then when it had been born, "had come into being, etc." The beautiful nicety of the Greek participles in this use is most graphically illustrated in that most affecting of passages the death of Socrates. eidofxev irivovrd re Kal '12s ireirujKbTa. Phaedo^ 11 7c.
—
'
The Republic of
208 B.
fJL'?|
dX\«s
See note on book
iroi€i.
[book n.
Plato. i.,
p.
328a.
Tiyverai toCvvv. With the account of the genesis of the state here commentators naturally compare Aristotle's account, no doubt suggested in part by it. Ar. Pol. i. 1. 2, etc., and have of course to distinguish between what may iv. 4. be called the Logical or Philosophical reason of the genesis of For the latter we must go society and the Historical reason. to the actual history of primitive man, and to such authors
We
and Lubbock, Bagehot and Maine.
as Tylor
In this irapaXafipdvcov dXXos dXXov, d^cCpavrcs, eOcfJLcOa. very Platonic sentence we have a good instance of the socalled Kominativus pendens, showing what it really is, viz., If other instances are an easily intelligible anacoluthon. wanted see Aesch. P. V. 200, and Soph. AnL 260, Eur. Bacch. 1131. 2. c.
* Is it not true that one will be D. dXXo TL -ycwp-ybs fi€v €is. a husbandman, etc. ? aXXo tl is constantly thus used per ellipsin, instead of ctXXo rt ij, the fuller construction. Cp. ^ 337c, aXXo TL ovp, Koi (ri) ovrco iroLiqaeLS ; Riddell, Digest. § 22. '
' The barest possible city. The dva^KaioTdTii irdXis. that will still be a city.' For this very expressive use of dpajKa^os, cp. Thuc. i. 90, to dvayKaLoroLTOv vxj/os, the minimum sufficient height ; and Dem. 269, 14, avrd rdvayKaiorar' eiireLv^ to give the barest statement of facts (that will suffice). have here stated in so many words the great principle of the Division of Labour, so graphically insisted on by Adam Smith as the beginning of political economy. As will appear Plato makes it the basis also of
rj
minimum
We
moral economy. 370c. matter.'
jx^i
'Not €V TrapepYov p.ep€i. p. 347a, ev ixiadov fxepei.
by way
of a secondary
Cp.
cryjdk'^v (tcov
See note at end of Book
dXXwv).
I.
Schol. (TKacpLov {i.e., dKacfyelov, a shovel?) rivks d^Lvqp €K rov erepov jxepovs dLKeXKoetdi}, an axe with one side like a spade, i.e., a mattock. o-jjuvv?].
D.
a-v\vov.
*
Crowded.
'
See note on 376d, infra.
the general word, * herdsman,' including povKoXos neatherd, iroifxriv shepherd, etc. vo|i€as.
E.
Trpbs
pofieijs,
xds
tt7a)7ds.
*
For purposes
of draught.
Notes.
369-371.]
The agent, probably connected with dLaKropos, The old derivation was one of the amusingly naive
6 SicLkovos. OLUjKu.
'
'
untenable ones, from
]>ut
209
Slol
and
kSvls.
371a. K€vbs Attcio-i. As Ast. points out *'to return emptyhanded " is a sort of proverbial phrase. He compares II. ii. 298, dXXa /cat ^/jLirrjs Aiaxpov tol drjpou re fxheiv Kevebv re vieadai. good instance is Cp. II. iv. 181, Od. X. 42, Herod, i. 73. %a;pe?»' irpoaeKdovO^ cDoe Soph. 7V. 495, Kevov yap ov SiVatd ae ||
A
||
(TVV TToXXo; (TTokCt).
wv dv SccDVTai. coj/ masc. but they must make in such quantity as may suit those of whom they stand in need, i.e., from whom they want anything. The expression however is very awkward, even if we recognize 6o-a €K€Cvois
:
them such and
what Stallb. calls its "admirabilis breviloquentia." It would be much simpler to suppose that ocra conceals iVa, and so to write either ola /cat I'cra, or possibly ola /cat ocra laa and take iKELvoLs and up as neuter. *
A
'
He'll be idle, he'll lose
currency to use as a B. v6(J.Lo-jj.a Jvp,po\ov rf[S aX\ayr\s. The nature of money, token, for the sake of exchange.' valuable as a token, apart from the intrinsic value of the metal, another of the disputed discoveries of political economy, is perfectly understood by Plato as by Aristotle, see Ethics, v. 52c. 'No/jLLafia {vofxi^co) etymologically of course means just a currency." this, dp7Tio-€L Tfjs
c.
time from his
avTov S-qjiiovpYtas. work.'
own
The well-known attitude of Greek society, dxpeioi, etc. Plato however was essentially aristocratic toward trade. capable of rising above the prejudice which he here perhaps only playfully endorses. Cp. Laws, 918. D dXXdJao-Oai, mid. to give in exchange. .
,
to get or take in exchange.
8iaXXdTT€tv,
KdiriiXot, ^fXTTopoi. The distinction here is between sedentary shop or stall-keepers and travelling traders, as also in Sophist.
223d,
Kara ttoKlv dXKayri KairrfXiKT] TrpocrayopeveraL, to de dWrju irokiv diaWarToixevov (Jourj /cat irpdaei efiiropLKrj. Sometimes the distinction is rather between the retail trader, KdirrfKos, and the wholesale, ^fiiropos, Prot. 313d, or the manufacturer, avToiroArjs, Politicus, 260c. 7}
fxkv
.
.
.
dXk7)s els
372a. 7VJIV0U
'With
coats
off.'
O
The Republic of
210
[book n.
Plato.
|
!
7€vvatas, well translated by J., 'noble puddings.' yevvatos, see note on yevvaiav eirqdeiav, 348d, supra.
B.
On
jjtdjas
;
I
irapaPaXXdfievoi. irapa^dWeadaL is specially used of flinging food to animals. Cp. ixopra^es infra, D. lirl
Kd\a{iov.
eTTLirtvovTcs.
some wine
On
*
*
cane or reed
(i.e.,
,
matting).'
!
Drinking after it, to wash it down. tov olVov, So L. & S., comparing iTnuLTTpis kv\l^, '
!
(partitive).
|
a grace cup. It is true eTniriveLv is often used of one person only and in this sense, e.g., Hom. Od. ix. 297, /cpe' '4h(jjv Kal iir' dKprjTou ydXa Trbojv, and the famous passage in the Ethics, Ar. ^th. Nic. vii. 2. 10, orav to vdccp irviyrj tl del eirLirLveLv ; but it has been suggested to me by my friend Mr. Moor that in such passages as this the force of eiri may rather be, in succession,
| '
\
i.e.,
drinking round.
Od.
xviii. 418, etc.,
also
Cp. the well-known eirdp^aadai deirdeacFL, eirLarabbv, Od. xiii. 54, xviii. 425, etc., It may be noted that Pollux states that
eiraixeLfieLv.
eTTLPLTTTpLS
aud
fxerauLTTTpLS
are synonymous. Poll. vi. 51.
€v\apovp.evoi ircv^av ^ ttoXcjiov. enough to keep up the state, but not too c.
populate 6'i|/ov.
*
Begetting children
many
so as to over-
,
(with a true Malthusianism).
it'
A
i
and
relish.
'
A dessert.
Tpayrj/jLara is
The
Scholiast says, Tpayq/xara wapa Apparently the fact is that ijfjuv rpojydXia. the older word. See L. and S., sub voc.
TpaYTifxara. AaKoxTL rd Trap'
€p€piv6a>v Kal Kva[L(av. '* This was a common dessert among the Greeks, both eaten raw or parched in the fire." Cp. Theocr. Idyll. 17. 65 [Gray]. The locus dassicus is Athenaeus, ii. 54, etc. (TiroSiovo-i.
'
They
will roast,' in the cnro86s, or ashes.
*How would you have IxopTaJcs (used advisedly). foddered the swine otherwise than this ? D.
|
'
|
E.
A fevered city.
<|)\€7(j.aCvo\Krav iroXtv.
Such is Kal 6v{j.idp.aTa Kal eratpat Kal ircjifiara. The collocaPlato's language if the mss. are to be trusted. tion is perhaps bizarre, but is probably intentionally so. Nitzsch was the first to find it so unusual as to be impossible and to require correction. En hetaeras inter suffimenta et bellaria positas. Quam rationem esse intolerabilem verissime " perspexit G. W. Nitschius Stallb. But even Stallb. thinks that Nitzsch's remedy is worse than the disease. It is to read ddyjpai. But, as Eng. points out, this is far too special a
|
373a.
*
'
—
\
j
.
i
I j
372, 373.]
Notes.
211
word, and moreover a special word specially unsuitable here. or dddpa is " wheaten porridge," in the w^ords of Engelm. quotes a number of Pollux, vi. 62, ^pos â&#x201A;ŹK irvpov. As such it would not be any passages to the same effect. very highly spiced or dainty dish, nor does it appear as such. On the contrary the doctor Dioscorides recommends it as In Ar. PhU. 673 it iracdioLS dp/uLddiov, suitable for children. appears as the food of a little old woman, ypq.d'iov, and the Scholiast there remarks, "Old women who have lost their teeth for the most part feed on dOdpa, and therefore it is that they The other dedicated an offering of dddpa to Aesculapius." dddfyr}
suggestions are equally unhappy. Madvig suggests eax'^^p^^rai, bread baked on the hearth, "panes delicati," quite out of Stallbaum himself in his Richter epala. keeping here. eagerness to correct flings grammar to the winds, '*suspicor potius legendum esse, kclI OvfiLdixara Kaierepa Tre/x/xara," Kalerepa being as he says the same as /cat aXXa. In support of this astounding statement he can only quote a passage from Hesiod. Theog. 367, Toaaot 5' av6^ ere pot TrorapLol Kavaxrida peovres, no help at all, and a passage from Demosth. 644. 17,
where we find rplrov §' erepov bLKaarrjpLov irpbs toijtols. So supported he does not hesitate to explain the Kai before Tre'yct/xara as an insertion due to mistake. But the fact is, the passage, as both the Zurich edition and Engelm. have the sense to see, requires no correction. The order of the whole is purposely confused, CA^en omitting eratpaL we pass from 6\pa to dvfjLLdfxaTa and back to irefx/jiara. Curiously enough Nitzsch suggests and Stallb. adopts, equally unnecessarily, another emendation to get rid of the same word eroupcLL in another passage in this work, p. 57Sd, koI klojulol /cat BaXeLaL Kal eroLpaL. For a general parallel see Ar. Ach. 1091.
We are here met by another textual These three w^ords are not found in Par. A, nor in some of the other better mss., and Hermann pronounced them to be *'the interpolation of a half -learned grammarian, who did not know that ^coypa<pLa could be used of garments," i.e., ornamentation of garments. Cp. Wustemann ad Theoc7\ XV. 81. Those who keep the word mostly understand it as "embroidery," as J. and Eng., but Stallb. is very subtle, and thinks he strengthens the case for iroLKCKlav by taking it "latissimo sensu," and rendering it "omnisque artis Kal Tfjv TTOLKiXCav.
difficulty.
varietas."
'
'
The Republic of
212
[book n.
Plato.
B. d OVK6TI = rovrcou d. Platonic construction ad sensum carried on into B-qpevTai. Stallb. compares a variety of passages, but there is no need to seek parallels.
0T]p€VTaL. The same sort of unwillingness or incapacity to follow Plato in his purposely haphazard and miscellaneous enumeration, which condemned eratpaL above, has led the great Platonist Ast. here into the extreme of supersubtle absurdity. •He thinks d-npevrac, hunters, is not to be taken literally, but as meaning all this, "Eos omnes qui non ipsum verum et pulchrum sectentur, sed horum simulacris quibusdam multitudinis sensibus blandiantur eiusque gratiam ac laiidem aucupentur. " Stallbaum says ponderously of this rigmarole, " Quern vocis usum vellem vir egregius similium exemplorum Plato's meaning is as plain comparatione demonstrasset. " as a pikestaff, "and hunters of all kinds," " hunters all and sundry"; as Eng. well puts it, '*alle Jager sammt und sonders ohne Ausnahme."
IpYoXdpoL. epyoXajSos,
6
'
Contractors,' a general word, as Suidas shows, tlvcov
virep
a-vv€pya^ofji€vovs
;
epyoju
fjnadov Xafx^dvcou
/cat
^x^^
'^^^^
but like "undertakers" one which came to
be usually employed in a special sense, viz., "theatrical conSee Stallb. tractors," Suid., rovs Trepl t7]v aK7]P7]u ipyoXd^ovs. on Apol. p. 26e. Cp. Engelm.
'Lady's maids.' The Scholiast has an kS/ul/ull (gum) is the name for the exudation of trees, a kind of tear {daKpvov) which oozes out moist, which the KoixfjubrpLai use for ladies' hair to prevent it spreading abroad, and to make it keep in the shape they wish. And so they get their name from this /c6yGt/xt, and their art is c.
KojJi[JLa>TpLwv.
amusing note.
called
Pie says
KOfMIULiOTLKTI.
"No fact is better fut., shall eat, is to eat. established than that '^boixai, not edovfiaL, was the Attic future of io-dLuy'^ Pv^utherford, New Phryn. p. 92. ^Serai,
374a. Tois
Ittlovo-lv.
dXX' dpa.
c.
Tr€TT€VTiKos, sec
'
'
The
But, I take
B.
'A
note on
invader. it.'
Trerreta,
333a.
But it is implied here that the element of skill in the game was large. 'If it were so, then the tools would D. TToXXov 7dp dv. KvPcDTiKos.
dicer.'
have been invaluable.
— Notes.
373-376.] E.
213
oo-ov 7' dtv 8{ivajjLis irapetKT), so far as our powers allow. of the cpvXa^ to the crKvXa^, made 7nore
The comparison
apparently quite incidentally, becomes the occasion most important analysis, and ultimately introduces the whole Platonic system of education, resting on the whole Platonic psychology. Platoiiico,
of our passing to a
wolos, expressing surprise, v. L. & S. 37oA. TO TTOLOV \iy€is sub voc. Like the German was fiir. Cp. iroV iireKrrjo-dfjLT]!/, 330b. Sometimes expresses contempt also. Riddell, Dlrjest, § 319b. ;
8iwKd9€iv.
On
these forms, see Elmsley, Eur. Med. 86.
The expresAVill he (readily) be. dv8p€tos clvai €0€\Tjo-€i. sion is more than a mere future, and edeX-qaet is more than a mere auxiliary. Still we see here how a future is formed, possibly even how the future with 6a of modern Greek (e.^., da virdyu) arj/mepoj^, I shall go to-day) was formed, if this da really represents ideXeiy. There are however, of course, rival explanations of this 6a. to
Modern
Language.
See Vincent and Dickson, Handhool'
Greek, § 68, with note, and Geldart, Modern Greek On meaning of edeXu, see in/ray note on iv. p. 436b
and 437b. c.
<r<|)ds
StoXeorai.
*
To destroy
their
own
people.'
376a. KOfJi\|/dv 7€ TO TTcLGos. * This is a charming or pretty trait in his nature.' The Scholiast has a good note here Koixxpdv viv TO (TTTOvdatov Kal dyadov, arj/JLaiveL de Kai ro iravovpyov Koi aTraTTjTLKoi/ Kai 'jn6av6v Kai rex^f-KOV Kai dareiov Kai TvepiXaXov. * B. o\|/iv. The appearance of friend or foe,' D. and V., so Erscheinung, Eng. The face, J. Like " visus " or "sight," the word oxpis has a natural ambiguity. Stallb. quotes a lexical fragment, oxjjLS Kai rj irpb(jo\pLs, Kai ij opariKr] dvva/uLLS Kai oxpLS TO 6€a6€v. For the use here cp. Thuc. 7. 44,
c.
§ 25,
<f>iX6o-o<j)os...^o-Tat.
note
'
AVill
prove to
be.'
Goodwin, M.
T.
3.
D. on^x^vov 8i€|ta>fji€v. That we mayn't pass over an important discussion or enter upon a tedious one.' We have liere a natural, but not the most common usage of avx^bs. The range of the word is interesting, avx^os, if not corrupted from avvex'ns, at least derived from a()v (L. & S.), its simplest meaning is (1) long, avxv6s xp^^os, a long time, Hdt. viii. 52, and often, /maXa avxvos Xoyos, Theaet. 1S5e, then (2) tedious, *
The Republic of
214
Plato.
[book il
(Tvxvr] 7rpayjuidT€La, Dem. 1242. 2, and here, (3a) many, and (36), like Latin frequenSy populous, e.g., 371 supra, (4) great and so difficult. But see L. & S. s. v. The settlement of tho meaning is important, as Stallb. asserts it to mean " materia disputandi densa, spissa, non distincta ideoque confusa temere
atque mixta," and the mss. are perplexed, some giving 'iva ij There is certainly a iQfiev cvx^ov \6yov ^ LKavov dLe^Lcoficv. Herwerden proposes ?) OTX difficulty about the word here. i/caNON, but the repetition is frigid. }jiv8oXo7o{)vT€s.
'
Story-telling.
Let us pass a leisure hour
in story -telling.' E.
jiovoriK-qs 8*, cIttov, tl0t]s Xo-yovs,
oiJ
;
'
And
as part of
music do you put literature or not ? elirop here is the reading (found in some mss. and Euseb.), one letter alone changed, of Ast. for €L7rd)if of the best mss. Schneider defends elirujp, rendering, " And as part of music when you said (music) do you put," etc. But on the whole it seems more likely that one half vowel has been slipped by the copyists than that Plato wrote in this way. The point is a very minute one, but interesting as an example. '
377a. dpx'H iravTos '4pyov (xe-yio-Tov, Well begun is half done. The proverb is a natural one, C'est le premier pas qui coAte. and no doubt of universal and immemorial prevalence. The
stock Greek form
is
dpxv
v/ullctv
iravrSs.
Obviously better than emaTar^oif. must supervise, have a censorship of. c.
kiriu-rarryriov.
We
A
very nice instance of 8v ji€V &v KttXbv TToiVio-axriv. Platonic construction ad semum. The word /jlvOop has to be got out of ixvdoiroLoh, but it supplies itself naturally in the train of thought.
'We must accept (in our canon), or pass in.' a regular expression for to admit after and by test. Hence e.g., iyKpLPCLv els rrju yepovaLav, to enrol in the senate. 01 iyK6KpL/jL€vo(. wcrc the classic authors, those admitted to the Alexandrine canon, stamped, so to speak, with the imprimatur. €7KptT€ov.
iyKpip€LVf
airoKpiTcov. E.
elKctt'n
*
We must
KttKws.
\kT\hkv loiKOTtt.
should not be at
*
reject or expurgate.'
Makes
ij,r)54v,
a bad representation
of.'
carrying on the supposition,
all like."
which
Notes.
376-378.]
ov KaXws and an ugly
€i|/€v<raTo.
*
It's
215
not a pretty
fiction.'
It's
a
lie
lie.
The story, barbarous enough, will be found in Ovpavos. Hesiod, Theog. 154, 178. Cp. Euthyphro, p. 5e. Various rationalizations and reconciliations of this and similar prehistoric mythical horrors have been attempted by comparative For the most recent criticisms see the sparkling philologists. On the form of the essay in Lang's Culture and Myth, p. 45. genitive, vUo$, not utou, see Rutherford, p. 142.
That as few as possible «s oXi^to-Tovs. and those only under a vow of secrecy, and after sacrificing not a (common) pig but some great and impossible sacrifice, that so as few as possible might come 378a.
8i' diroppirjTcov
should hear
to hear
'
it,
it.*
Xoipov.
A
pig was
commonly
sacrificed before initiation Cp. Ar. Pax. 374,
at the Eleusinian mysteries.
es xotpiSto;' fxoL vvv baveiaov
del
yap
fJLVTjdrjvai /ne irplv
rpeh
dpax/J-o-s,
redvrjKevaL,
and the well-known passage, Ach.
747.
*In order that so it might happen.' The peculiar usage of the secondary tenses of the indicative with the final particles iVa, cos, or ottws, belongs to cases where the attaining of the result would have conceivably depended on "the fulfilment of some conditions in the past, in point of fact never fulfilled, and now incapable of fulfilment. The most often quoted instances are perhaps the two which occur together in Soph. 0. T. 1387, et seqq., 8ir(os o-uvcPt].
ovK av iaxofJ'Tjp TO /iidiroKXrjaaL tov/jlou ddXiop defxas, tv^ 7] Tv<p\6s T€ Kal kXvcov jULTjdeP.
And
1371, TL
^KTCLvas evdvs
Cos
IM
OV \a^U)V
^8eL^a
pL-rjirore,
/c.r.X.
In both cases the opportunity of realization is gone by. See Goodwin, M. T. p. 72, § 44, 3, who says the construction is peculiar to Attic. Madvig explains the case with iva as really equivalent to in which case (I) had," which explanation however rather ignores the negative jmri, not ov.
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; The Republic of
216
[book n.
Plato.
These are hard stories. The ' hardoStoi 01 X0701 xaXc-TTOt. ness " of the old mythology was one of the first discoveries of Greek philosophy, and Plato's difficulties are anticipated by V. Ritter and Heraclitus and still more by Xenophanes. Cp. note on virbvoia, 378d. Preller, sub Xenoph. *
'
*
* Much less must they tell stories C. TToXXov 861. .ttoikiXtcov. Alluding to the famous about, or depict in embroidery.' Stallb. embroidered Peplos of the Panathenaic festival. The construction is well compares Euthyphro, p. 6b. iroWoO de? is usually followed by an very extraordinary Stallb. would understand ehaL after TroLKCkreov. infinitive. Herwerden would correct into iroWov deXj/, which he says = .
:
ovdafiws.
The XeKrea^ which is bracketed by D. Toiavra [XcKTca]. the Zurich edd., is not found in Par. A, or in some of the It may have been, as Stallb. supposes, other better mss. omitted by a slip, but it may equally well be the insertion of the inferior mss., as it is not absolutely necessary. Madvig supposes the verbal to lurk in fiaWou, perhaps (pareov more serious question is the construction and or aareov. With the punctuation of understanding of the next words. our text, which is that of Madvig, we must understand (1) Such stories rather must (be told) to our children from the very first, by old men and old women, and when they grow older the poets too must be compelled to frame fables for them close to these. (2) This avoids the difficulty of supposing the change of construction which is involved the other rendering, to our children from the first, and the same when they grow up (J.). Cp. also 380c. Stallb., it is true, ingeniously defends this rendering by noticing that we find equally X^yeiv tlv'l tl and Xeyeiv irpos rivd rc^ and quoting But the very ingenuity a good parallel from Symp. 203a. of the defence is an argument against it when it is unnecesthird course is that adopted by Eng., *'by old sary. (3) men and old women, and especially people in advanced But this is really tautology, and the translator age." only endeavours to avoid tautology by introducing an "especially," "und iiberhaupt Leute," etc., which is not in the Greek.
A
m
A
"Hpas 8^ 86orjj.ovs vTTo vUos. In Iliad xv. 18, the story is told of a binding of Hera, not by her son, but by Zeus her
—
— 217
Notes.
378.]
husband, and Zeus further^ describes how he hurled to earth any god he caught trying to unloose her. 8v de Xd^oLfjLL pLirradKov rerayCov airb ^rjXov,
ccpp'
au LKrjraL
yijv oXLyrjTreXeojv.
While in 11. i. 588, Hephaestus, using exactly similar words, describes how he himself was hurled by Zeus {piif/eLs viro Trarpos) to earth when endeavouring to aid Hera ijdrj
yap
pl\}/e,
fie /cat
dXXor^ dXe^efxevaL /JLefxaQra
irodbs rer<xyi^v^ dico ^tjXov deairecrLoLO, etc.
On
the strength of these passages, Muretus wished to correct into Atos, and make the allusion one and the same. There was, however, another story or version which told how it was that Hera had hurled Hephaestus headlong at his birth, and he in revenge had sent her a magic throne or 'Siege Perilous,' which, like the bed he made for Ares and Aphrodite, held her fast when she sat on it, and there she remained till Dionysus made Hephaestus drunk and in his drunkenness he unfastened the trap. This story is told in Pausanias i. 20. 3, but more than that, in Suidas, sub voc. "Hpa, this passage is quoted, and the correction of Muretus which had even at that time been long before anticipated, is corrected on the authority of Clemens "Upas deafxovs virb vieos, HXcltcop, lloXLreLas /5. ovrco ypairreov, vieos
irapd IlLvddpu) yap virb 'Ji(paLarov deajuLeveraL €v rep vtt^ avrov KaracTKevaad^PTL 6p6ucp, 6 rives dyvoovvres ypdcf)ov(TLV virb Atos, /cat KpaaL dedrjvat avrrju eTn^ovXevaaaai/ 'UpaKXel, /cat
Trapa
^'EtirixdpfXip
ev Kcofxaarais
KXrjjULTjs.
'H0atVrw,
'H
The
laropia
allusion
in pL\j/€LS virb irarpbs really is to Hom. II. i. 588, as is show^n rvirroixevii dfivveLv. Plato is not careful to be accurate in these matters. See note on 364d. Still where he is accurate we need not correct his text to make him
by the words
more
so.
On the difference in meaning between deafxd and deafJLOL, see Cobet, Mnem. vii. 74. becrixd "sunt vincula quibus quis constringitur, sed deapMs est in carcerem coiijectio et captivitas in vinculis," etc. 8€o-(j.oiJs.
0€OfJLaxias.
Cp. Iliad passim.
'Either by way of allegory.' Commentators naturally quote Plutarch, de aud. poet., p. 19e, rats TrciXat iiev Iv -uTTovoCais.
" Memorabilis est hie quippe qui doceat fabularum interpretationem allegori-
virovolais, dXXrjyopLaLS 8e vvv Xeyopuevats.
locus,
The Republic of
218
[book n.
Plato.
—
vam iam ilia aetate viguisse." Stallb. According to Diog. Laert. ii. 11, Anaxagoras, the rationalizing physicist, who said the sun was an incandescent lump of matter, was the first to explain Homer by allegory. Homer, the Greek Bible, and, not only Homer, but the whole mythology of Greece, was thus given a non-natural sense by interpreters in every age, down to the most famous of them all. Porphyry, who finds in the cave of Phorcys, an image of the world. Those who, like Plato, saw this to be nonsense, were driven to reject Homer and mythology. And here again Plato had been anticipated. As he says himself, *the quarrel between the philosophers and the poets is an ancient feud.' iraXaid tl7 8La<popcL (pL\o(TO(pia re Kal 7roL7)TLKy, 607b. The attitude is found equally in the early philosophers of Eastern and Western Greece, in Heraclitus, who said Homer and Hesiod ought to be thrashed oif the course, and in Xenophanes the Eleatic, the first to accuse man of making God in his own image. Ild^^ra 6eo?s dpedrjKav "OjuLrjpos 6^
Haiobbs
re,
6V(ra Trap' dvOpLOTroLcnv oveidea Kal xpoyos i(TTij Kal TrXelcTT^ i<p6ey^avro deQv dOefxiffTLa 'epya, KXeirreLV /JLOLx^veiJ/ re Kal dWrjXovs diraTeveLV,
Xenoph. ap.
Sext,
Emp.
See Ritter and Preller, HiH, PhiL
Graec. p. 132, Svo-cKviTTTd T€ Kttl able.'
ducTacTTaTa.
'Indelible
and irremov-
' 379a. ov jjiTjv avTOLS 76. They must not themselves, ever, make myths,' i.e., the oiKLcrTaL must not.
how-
* [Idv T€ €v jj-eXeo-iv]. Or if in lyric poetry.' The words are in Par. and in some other good mss. Plato's condemnation, as Stallb. sees, and as is obvious, would apply to lyric poetry as well as to epic and tragic. But that does not
A
wanting
prove that he would mention what if not mentioned is equally included. The words are found in Eusebius. They may or may not be Platonic. c.
tion Er.,
ai'TLos, iroXXwv Se dvaCrios. Compare the proclamato the souls when choosing lives in the vision of x. p. 61 7e, ahLa eXo/jLCPOv, Oebs dvalrios. ''Let no man he is tempted, I am tempted of God, for God cannot
oXCywv
made book
say when be tempted with evil, neither tempteth he any man but every man is tempted when he is drawn away of his own lust :
—
'
—
Notes.
378, 379.]
219
and enticed." Ep. St. James, i. 13. What the origin of evil is, or in what ways its existence may be reconciled with the governance of a beneficent Providence, Plato does not in this place consider. D. Soiol ir^Ooi.
'
Twin
caskets.
The passage quoted is, of KaraKeiarai €v Atbs oiiSei, etc. If we compare, course, the well-known one in 11. xxiv. 527. however, the language of our Homer yap re
Aotot
iridoL
ddopcov oca didoocTL,
KaraKeiaraL ev Aios ouoet KaKwv, erepos de idup.
repTLK^pavvos, re KaK(^ 6 ye KijperaL, dXXore 5' iadXu. (o 8^ K€ tCov XvypQv doir], Xxo^rp-bv WrjKev Koi € KaKT) poiJ^pojaTLS eiri x^om diav eXaiveiy (fyoLTq, 5' oijT€ OeotaL rerLfievos ovre ^poToicri (J /JL€v /c' dfXfjLL^as
dWore
doLT] 7i€vs
jxev
—
we
see that, though he has not introduced any difference of sentiment, Plato's memory has taken some liberties with the words. Curiously His second line is quite remodelled. enough, in the first half of the line he introduces stock epic words, KfjpCov ^fjLwXeLOL ^juLirXeLos or eviirXeios being found in the Odyssey, though not in the Iliad. In the latter half he subThe third line he turns stitutes more ordinary language. into prose with very slight change, and finally he ends by introducing a line of his own unknown to Homer; but, as Plutarch saw, not unlike Homer, Plut. de Exil., p. 600c. With regard to verse 2, La Roche thinks Plato found this reading in his Homer (L. P. II om. Text. Kritik. 36), while other scholars point to K-qp, a lot, as used in an unhomeric sense. With regard to the last line of all, Schneider ingeniously conjectures that this verse belongs to the aXKos iroirjrrjs,
—
ovT€ 'OfXTjpov 01JT6
dWov
TTOLT^Tov.
Cp. Lobcck, Aglaoph.
i.
p.
But the fact is, as we saw, Plato's quotations are not 439. to be trusted as evidence for the ipsissima verba of his author, the more so that Plato, consciously as well as unconsciously, could invent Homeric quotations with ease. See note on 36 1b, and on \l(ttol, etc., p. 364d. Wolvish hunger.' Cp. the famous /SouXt/xta of Xenophon's Anabasis, iv. 5, 7. For the prefix /3oi', like horse,
Acar' \\.L<TxvXou,
Povppwo-Tis.
p. '
horse-radish, -chestnut, -play, -laugh. Cp. poviraLS, ^ovyaXos, etc. See suggestive article by H. Nettleship, Journ, Phil. vol. V. no. 9, p. 18.
The Republic of
220
[book n.
Plato.
E. a-vy\y(riv. 'Confusionemj^ the disturbing or breaking up of the sworn truce by Pandarus, at the advice of Pallas.
See
II. iv.
380a.
70.
T€
,
'
Alo-x-uXos
!
!
Kal Kpiiriv Sid ©cfxiTOs t€ Kal Aios. Most commentators are content, with Stallb. to see a general reference to the beginning of II. xx., called in the old nomenclature deo/uLax^a, where Zeus orders Beyccis to summon the other gods, Zevs de QejULLcrra KeXevae Oeovs dyoprjj/de Kakeaaai, and then bids them rani^e themselves respectively on the Greek and Trojan side. Schlciermacher and Schneider, however, find or create difficulties. decision,' (1.) /cpiVts ought to mean but it is used for the strife which decides the quarrel, Pind. 0. vii. 80; Kpiais djuLcf)' d^OXoLS, JV. x. 23; dedXujv KpLdLS. (2.) They thereQefjLLs really does nothing except act as herald. fore think that Plato had another myth and another poet before his mind. This is possible. It is also possible he did not mean any allusion more strict than would be satisfied by //. XX. 1-30. It Qe/uLLTos is not the Homeric genitive. is found in Pindar. ^piv
060)1/
j
-.TOL
As Wyttenbach
TTjs Nidp-qs.
first
noted,
i
I
i
'
\
!
i
'
\
i
!
1
'
I
it
pretty obvious that the lines are from Aeschylus' lost play, the Niobe.' The lines are quoted but anonymously by Plut. Mor. p. 17, 6, 1065c {de and. Poet. c. 2) and Stobaeus ii. 7. Plato quotes a passage from the same play, infra, book iii, 39 lE. With the sentiment compare the famous " Quern deus vult perdere prius dementat." is
^
'
iroiirj
which ^
Is representing the sbory of the poem, contains these iambics, ''The sorrows of !Niobe."' €v ols, etc.
i
I
*
Ttt IlcXoiriScov, etc. **
|
^
!
|
I
Presenting Thebes or Pelops' Or the tale of Troy divine. "
'
line, |
That they were benefited by B. wvCvavTo KoXa^ojJLCvoi. being punished, were punished for their good.' '
This is the ordinary spelling. Stallb., howStajiaxcTeov. ever, diafxaxnT^ov, with Euseb., Theod., Ast., etc. The fact is, as Schneider points out, the mss. vary. D.
6^ €iri|3ovXT]s.
E.
olov (rw[xa, etc.
'
With '
intent to deceive.
To take the
'
instance of a body,'
\
^
i
—
'
Notes.
379-382.]
381a.
|vv06Ta
to.
pounded)
221
Manufactured
(tkcvi].
(literally,
com-
utensils.
Not
[Kal dji4>t€<rfJLaTa].
in Par. A.
For the general argument here,
cp.
Perhaps an addition.
Phaedo
78e,
c,
and
infra,
61 iB.
'This being
so.'
c.
oi;Tws ^xov'^os.
D.
06ol JcLvoicTLv €oik6t€s dWoSaiToio-L, etc.
from Od.
The words
are
xvii. 485-6.
The transformations which have 0€Ti8os. of Proteus a byword are well known, as they iv. 417, in Virgil, Georg. iv. 405, etc., appear in the Odyssey and in Ovid, Metam. viii. 730. There was also a satyric drama np(OT€a)s
Kttl
made the name
Aeschylus called Proteus. That Thetis was a female Proteus To avoid wedding Peleus she went not so well known. The loc. class, is through a variety of transformations. Pind. Nem. iii. 35, koI irovrLav Qenv KaT6fjLap\p€u eyKOJ^rjTL, with of is
Cp. Pind. Nem. iv. 60, and Apollod. iii. the scholia there. 13; Ov. Met. xi. 221, Soph. Fr. 548, ^LOJKoixevr] i] OerLS virb rod HrjXecos /xere^aWe ras fxopcpas ore jmeu eis irvp ore de els t^rjpLa. The Scholiast quotes from Sophocles, The Lovers of Achilles, tLs
yap
fxe fjLox^os
ovk iireaTpaTevero,''
\ecou dpcLKCoi^ re, irvp, vdcop.
The
story
frequently found represented on vases, PrelL,
is
M. ii. 399. Hera in disguise like a priestess "Hpav T|\Xoia)(jL6V'qv. lecting alms. The verses which follow have, after some Or.
*
'
coldis-
cussion, been traced to the Xantriai of Aeschylus. See fragment 159 Dind., who gives two lines, slightly different in his different editions Ni^/x0ais Kp7)vaiaLS KvdpaiaL deatcnv dyeipco
'Ivdxov 'ApyeLov
Some
irorajULOv Tratalu ^Lodd)poLS.
Meineke and Hartung, endeavour together a longer fragment. See Dind. ad loc. editors, e .g.
PtoSwpoLs.
'
,
As being the
to piece
children of a river.'
irepiepxovTai vvKTwp. Cp. Lucian de Morti Peregr., Gray. the well-known passage in Aristoph. Av. 1485. E.
—
and
* 382a. €K€t avTo K€KTf)o-8ai. In such a part of his nature. KvpLurdTix). With Plato's conception of the Lie in the
Sc. , ev
-
So Nauck for
hTrf.GTa.TEL.
)
The Republic of
222
Plato.
[book
Jowett compares the scriptural language about the
feoul,
against the
Holy Ghost,
may
parallel
be found in
body body body
St.
Luke
xii.
St.
Matt.
vi. 22,
—
ii.
sin
A more simple The light of the
10.
is the eye, if therefore thine eye be single, thy whole shall be full of light but if thine eye be evil, thy whole shall be full of darkness. If therefore the light that is in thee he darkness, how great is that darkness.^* Cp. also St. John ix. 41. :
The construction is very understand the genitive as partitive 'Against our enemies and those of our so-called friends, whenc.
Twv
loose.
KaX.ov[X€V(ov <))l\cov Srav.
It is best to
ever that
is,
any...'
D. iroiiiT^is &pa \|/€v8^|S €V 0€t3 ovk ^vi. 'There is no place Literally, lying poet in God for the fiction of the poet.' * Luditur autem simul ambiguitate there is none in God. '
vocabuli TroLrjrris, quod de deo ut verum omnium auctore ponitur de Rep. x. 597d, et Tim. p. 28c."— Stallb.
'But would he lie through fear of his Far from it. The hv required by strict grammar is carried on in the mind from the previous question, dcpofioiCov av xp€}j8oLTo. Cp. 352e, dKova-ais dWcp t) (haiv (Cobet cuts out \peiu8oLTo here, though he leaves the other place intact. *AWd...\|/€v8oLTo.
enemies
?
'
;
The two words, with their pleasE. oiJG' iJirap oiir' 6vap. Neither ing proverbial assonance, constantly recur together. in waking nor in sleeping vision. "Tirap suggests virvos, but may have gained its peculiar force by antithesis and differenSee note on v., p. 476c, 'ovap ^ virap. It is worth tiation. noting that the reading of here, ot-S' 6vap rather than our' ovap, gives a more pointed antithesis, Nor even in dreams,'
A
'
though
it
may
be doubted whether this
is
wanted.
383a. cos jxTiTe avTovs Yo-qTas ovras The fXT]T6 Trapd-yciv. construction here is Platonically loose and shifting, in respect of (1.) The accusative absolute ; (2.) The change from the participle to the infinitive irapiyeiv. must speak of and represent them, holding that (literally, as they being) neither are they magicians in that they transform themselves, nor do they lead us astray. .
.
.
We
Referring to the well-known T^|v Tov IvwvLov TTO^'Ki\v. passage at the beginning of the second book of the Iliad. ovh\ Alo-xvXov. *Nor (this) of Aeschylus; nor in Aeschylus.'
223
Notes.
382, 383.]
follows is of course a quotation from The lines Aesch., though from what play we do not know. F. are re-quoted by Plut., Athenagoras, Eusebius, etc. Hartung ascribes them to the lost play " the Stallb. Nereides," Schneider to the ottXwv KplaiSy a plausible guess, the quotation, though at first somewhat modified by being in oratio ohliqua, really begins at evbareladai ras eas eviratdLas. Aesch. perhaps wrote 6 5' ipedaTetro ras efxas evwaLdLas,
The passage which
A curious and difficult word only found in B. €v8aT6to-0ai. some three or four places, each of which is perhaps ambiguous, which agree. Like the simple dareLaOat, to of and no two divide, share, hence especially share a meal, devour, it probably meant originally to divide. (1.) In Aesch. Sept. 578, 8ls r' €u TeXevry tovvo[jl €v8aTOVfi€Pos\ KaXel, the name in question being Polynices, ttoAi) pcTkos, the notion of dividing seems necessary. (2.) Eur. H. F. 218, \6yovs oveibLarripas iudarov/xevos. Cp. Here, meting out or scattering, seems more suitable. bvairdpevvov Latin spargere voces. (3.) Soph. T7\ 791, ro XeKTpop evbaTovixevos. Here the most usually assigned meaning is
It
reviling, cutting up, like biaavpeLv^ or Plautus' differre verbis.
seems however probable that an etymological play on the
name
Arjl'-dpecpa,
spouse-destroying,
is
hinted at in
dvo-ird-
same as in 1, and may give us the clue to the original usage and sense of the word, which was to divide and play upon a name by division, to play upon its parts. Cp. Ben-oni, Ben-jamin. (4.) Soph. 0. T. 205, /3eXea BeKoi^^ dv dSd/xar' evdareTadaL, where the Scholiast gives as an equivalent Kara/nepi^eadaL, and many editors following render passively, "I would fain see showered," but Hermann actively, ''I would fain celebrate." (5.) This extraordinary word naturally recommended itself to the Alexandrines, but their use, which in any case could not be trusted, does not pevvov.
If so this is the
Lycophron, 6 (TKOTeivos, of course embraces so rare a bit of diction. He uses evbareLaOai in sense of "to devour," like daretadaL. Nicander, Theriaca, 509, has it passive in the same sense. have then no certain meaning which is applicable here, for to have recourse here to No. 4 is to explain obscurum per obscuriu^. may however provisionally adopt the meaning ingeniously expressed in the Latin phrase, per partes celebrare, whatever that means. "To sing of
help us.
We
We
part by part," Purves. Jowett is bold and says, "was celebrating in song." Eng., Geschildert ihren Kindersegen *
'
— The Republic of
224
'
[book
Plato.
ii.
durch und durch." The story of Apollo being present at Thetis' wedding breakfast, and giving the bride's health in a song, is referred to in 11. xxiv. 62-63, iravres
5'
yd/ULOV, h be av roTai, kukQu eTap\ aiev dinaTe.
dvrtdaade deoi
baivv' ^xwz^ (pop/JLiyya,
gvixiravTa t' e'lTTwv. (1) And at the close, when he had said So most edd., but Stallb. (2) takes ^v/miravra with 6€0<Pl\€'ls. lot was altogether dear to heaven. And saying that all.
my
He raised a glad song of triumph, the first of the above translations, we must take accus. In a song of triumph he spake well iraLLOp^ as cognate have here a good instance of the of my lot as blessed. The scholion on value of scholia in preserving readings. this passage is Traiwz^a, dXaXay/uLOP e7r' evrvxt-a, tus vvp, t) vlkt}, showing that the Scholiast read iracQp^ the accusative. The reading of some mss. and edd. is iranbv, i.e., nom., "the god The best ms., Par. A, is stated by B. and 0. of healing." to have iraLwu, but if I can trust my own eyes it really has TratcDz/' iir, and is as usual right. Aesch. himself may have very likely written iraLdv\ iraicov'
If
'
€'ir€v<|>T|p.'r]or€v.
we adopt
We
-ijXTrL^ov
civai.
'
Deemed
it
was.
'
For
this use of ekiri^eLv
see note on 451a infra.
avTos
vfxvcov,
XP?7(jas avTos rjv djULoaas tjimv,
avTos,
etc.
6 /maprvpOiv,
Cp. Aesch.
Eum.
and Xen. Anab.
iii.
798, 2.
avrhs 6 4,
avrhs,
avros deltas dovs, avros e^airaTrjaas.
c. xopov ov 8cGo-ofji£v. ''We shan't give him a chorus," we should say, " We shan't license his piece." To give a chorus, which was probably done by the Archon {v. Donaldson, Gk, Theatre, bk. iii. ch. 1, p. 215), was to approve a piece, for, as the Scholiast well says here, irapd rols 'Adrjvaiois xo/ooG ervyx^^^ov
iroLTjTal
ov irdvTes
dXX'
For the expression
ol
evdoKifiovvres
cp. Ar.
Ban.
Kai
doKLjUiacrdepres
d^ioi.
Bdrrov
fxovov
94, d <ppovda
rjv
XOpov Xd^y.
cm iraLSeLOL. Implying that contemporary pieces were so On the real ethical value of fiction see an admirable Oxford prize essay, Chancellor's Essay, 1862, An Estimate of the Value and Influence of Works of Fiction in Modern Times, by T. H. Green (afterwards White's Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of Oxford).
used.
'
BOOK 386a.
Ta
[lIv
8f|
book and the third Kttl
them
225
Notes.
383, 386.]
III.
The
irepl Gcovis.
is
division between this
obviously purely arbitrary.
oXa avTovs TroiTjo-ai. *And such language as fear death as little as possible.'
B. (OS oijr€ a\rfir\
may make
The construction here again
\iyovras.
is,
more Platonico, one ad sensum, the accusative being not grammatical after For what they now say
strictly *
neither true nor
helpful
einaTaTetv.
—the to
The
sense
language they
men who
are
is
obvious.
now to
be
hold is brave
warriors.' c.
€|a\€C\|/op.€v.
*We
shall blot out, then, said I, beginning
from this verse, all such speeches as the following.' The lines which follow are of course the fine and famous words of
A
Achilles in the '^iKVLa^ Od. xi. 488. Par. omits the last half of the second line. All we can say is, it seems more natural that Plato should have quoted the line entire. D. oUCa 8€. The passage describes the fear of 11. XX. 64. Pluto lest Poseidon should shatter earth and reveal his own subterranean realm. Gcoi TTcp. Which eke the gods hate (gods though they be). This irep seems to be connected with the root par. Gk. irepL = very in Homer, is a locative form of it. The meaning of however much," and so ''though," "although" would appear to have grown up from the use with the participle, XiXaioineuds irep odoLo, desiring very much as he did (still). So '
Oeot <a
irep, soil, edpres.
Trdiroi,
H.
xxiii. 103.
Steph. ral 8^ o-Kial dt<r<rovo-i. Od. x. 495. reads rot. The difference is of no importance, but it is worth noting as bearing on the question of Platonic quotation, that in the Meno, 100a, where these words again are quoted, the mss. are in favour of at 5^. Cp. note on p. 364a. The comparative method has thrown the same light on early prehistoric representations of death and the underworld which it has thrown on the religious and moral notions of those " ages P ol'o)
ircirvvcrGai
The Republic of
226
Plato,
[book iu.
before morality." In the striking language of a most brilliant and striking writer, Mr. F. W. H. Myers, Classical Essays, p. 18 "The descent of Odysseus to the ulider world to consult the soul of the Theban Teiresias, shows in a way which it would be hard to parallel elsewhere the possible coexistence in the same mind of the creed and practices of the lowest races with a majesty, a pathos, a power, which human genius has never yet overpassed. The eleventh Odyssey Is steeped in the animism of barbarous peoples." This is in a large part the explanation of the permanent paradox of Homer, and those moral difficulties which Plato here finds in his teaching, if it is to be taken as teaching. See the remarks which follow in Mr. Myers' Essay, and for the other side Tylor's Primitive Culture, ii. 346 ; i. 408, etc. ; also Lang, Culture and Myth, quoted above, p. 377e.
—
8'
€K.
II. xvi.
856.
dvSpoTfjTa (Kal "fipiiv). So Homeric mss. Most editors since Wolf prefer adpSrTjra, and indeed aybpor-qra, which ought to mean manliness, courage, virtus, has no appropriateness. La E-oche however reads dvdpoTTjra with the mss. in //. xvi. 857 ; xxii. 363, and xxiv. 6, v. sub loc. It should be noticed that 'avdpoTTjTa is an almost unparalleled license of prosody. Monro, Horn. Gr. § 371.
387a. \(a)x^ 8^ Kara xQov6s.
«s B.
8'
8t€ vvKT€pi8€s.
•7r€<|>oP'ri[j.€vovs.
^opovfjL€uovs, Stallb.
Choeph. 457, 731
;
Jl. xxiii.
Od. xxiv.
100.
6.
Possessed by fear of.' Kot the same a« Cp. K€K\avfjL^vos, bathed in tears, Aesch. and Soph. O. T. 1490. '
KcDKVTovs T€ Kttl Srv^tts, ctc. For this rhetorical use of plural see Longinus, xxiii. 3. Cp. also Riddell, Digest., § 320. The force of the names is best given in Milton's Par. Lost, ii. 577 et seqq. c.
—
" Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly hate. Sad Acheron of sorrow dark and deep, Cocytus named of lamentation loud. Heard on the rueful stream, fierce Phlegeton, Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with rage." €V€povs, infemals. kiterni than inferni,
According to Curtius' Grundzuge rather iv, evL ; but the
being connected with
227
Notes.
386, 387.]
two are the same, for from the same come '^vepde, iuiprepos, The Scholiast gives a somewhat different derivation, etc. more in the old matter-of-fact style, iuepovs tovs v€Kpo\jSy airo rov kv TTj ^pa (6 ian yfj) Keiadai. SSapless shades, atomies,' literally dry, moisturethe blood and sap and juice of life, d, This was an old derivation, and is given by the Xt^as. Scholiast here, by Hesych., Plut. etc. See Engelmann's long and interesting note. The opposite to this would be diepos^ curiously enough the two are juic}^, quick, living, and brought into conjunction in a fragment of Sophocles (Dind. 751) oijTTu deos eis oKLpavra ireaelv avrov (Achilles) 5tejO<^ (Hartung) irobl xp^fJ-^^ov. But the old authorities are divided as to whether it may not be a place, or even a river {scil. a dry river, like the Manzanares) in Hades, e.g., Suidas' dXi|3avTas.
less beings,
wantmg
,
Vinegar, to o^os, S. goes on ?) iroTafMos kv adov. also called dXi/Sas Trapa to /ultj Xei^ecrdaL toIs Geo?s, and the Scholiast entertains both possibilities in our passage, a\L(3auTas de tSttovs ev " Ktdov, v Kal avTOVs tovs veKpovs potjt^ov, 8ia T7]u Trjs \L^d8os dfxede^Lav. For more, see Engelmann.
dXijBas 6 veKpos
to say,
is
Kal to-ws €€ ^x€t irpbs dX\o
enough for something
ti.
*And perhaps they are well
else.'
0€pjji6T6poi. depfjLos. which of course originally means *'hot," in the derived emotional sense usually means "over hot," calidus, fervidus, something certainly i.e., rash, headlong, more akin to courage than to fear. Thus we find depjuLos Kal dvdpeios, Antiph. 119, 38 ; Aesch. Sept. 603, vavTolaL 6€pjULo7s Kal iravovpyia tlvI. It is sometimes used (like depfioTTjs) apparently of passion, Ar. Thesm. 735, cD depfAOTaTai yvvalKes. There is one passage in which the meaning may be something like excited, flurried, but hardly cowardly. ye\a de daifiujv e7r' dvdpl dep/xw, Eum., 560 At man in his heat
—
god laughs. Possibly, then, here we might give it the meaning of " more feverish," or '* nervous." I find E.'s note and Prantl's translation agree with this suggestion, which occurred independently to myself. D. and V., ingeniously,
—
"less cool." "In grosserer Fieberhitze. " Prantl. Stallb. boldly pronounces that the metaphor is from melting, and from melting iron. Hermann says from wax. Comparing 411b, €l tl dv/jLO€Ld€s eTx^u (bairep <TLdr)pov efidXa^ev, This may very well be so, but is onlv r" r r'.r' guess. For 411b is >
—
'
The Republic of
228
Plato,
[book
m.
for the use of depjmos, nor so far as I can find is any Steph. moves to introduce the important word word Oepixbrepoi so to speak, he reads ddepfjLOTepot. dOepjuLos is a dwa^ X67,, and in the material sense of "not
no parallel
discoverable. not before the
But
hot." Ast. more boldly ddvfibrepoi. the cold fit a hot fit.
Render *May have
after
*And that least of all does E. -flKio-T' dpa Kttl 68vp€(r6ai. he bewail, but he bears it most meekly.' The construction is a loose Platonic one, the infinitive being a return to the construction after Xeyo/mev five lines above.
That they whom 388a. tva Tjp.tv 8vcrx€patva)o-iv iroietv, etc. said we were rearing... may grudge to do things like to death of friends, or and the loss these.' The indifference to indeed as to death at all, is an anticipation of the Stoic may of course raise the question how far Plato attitude. would really mean it. It is of the nature of dialogue to make ex parte exaggerations, in other words to dramatize an The position that death is attitude by putting it strongly. to be welcomed as a release from life, was of course as wellknown to the tragedians as to the philosophers. To quote no more, cp. Soph. O. C. 1225 *
we
We
M77 (pvpai Tov diravra viKa \6you. to 5' eirel (pavy KeWev odeu irep t^kcl
^jjvaL
TToXv devrepou
u>s
rax'-o'Ta'
and Eurip. Cresph. Frag. (454 Dind. by Cic. Tusc. Disp, i. 47. 115—
€XPW y^P TOV TOV
7//^as
)
quoted in translation
crijWoyov TroLov/m^yovs epx^Tat KaKa,
(fyvvTa dp7)veiv els ocr' 5'
ad davbvTa
/cat irSvcov
ireiravfjAvov
XCtipovTas €V(pr}fjLodvTas eKir^pLireLV dd/mcov.
For the current Greek sentiment compare the beautiful passage ii. 44, admirably trans-
in Pericles' Funeral Oration, Thuc.
lated by Jowett, with the Greek sepulchral monuments of the time; on these see Newton, Esscn/s on Art and Archaeology, iv. p. 197 et seqq.y Overbeck, Gesch. der Gr. Plastik. i. 370, also some excellent remarks by Mahaffy, Rambles and Studies in Greece, p. 71 et seqq. Such a monument as that of Hegeso at Athens is the truest testimony to the best Attic envisagement of death.
— Notes.
387. 388.] cLXXot'
eirt
to here is
II.
229
The passage in Homer The words of Homer are
irXeupds, etc.
xxiv. 10.
aWor'
iirl
VTTTLOS,
xXei'pds KaraKeluevos^
a\\oT€ Be
rore
Trp-rjtnjs,
8'
referred
SWore 5' af re opdbs dyaaTas
(pOLLVOfjAvTj \rjdecrK6v,
Plato of course throws the whole into the accnsatiTe case But further he introduces the stock expression after TroLelp. This he may have done consciously dXos drpiyeroLo after 6lv\ to fill up the verse, or by a trick of unconscious cerebration. La Roche indeed thinks the words the insertion of a copyist. A more important difference is the substitution of the unusual TrXbjt^ovT^ for OLV€V€aK\ which would have been naturally This also may conceivably be an represented by dLvevoyr'. unconscious substitution of the memory-, but the character of the word looks more like a deliberate altera tic n, as Schneider, and Jowett, Introd. p. 422, pronounce it to be. La Eoche thinks that Plato found it in his text, which differed from ours, that of the Alexandrine tradition. All we can say is, we do not know what Plato's text of Hcmer was we do know that in quoting Homer he more often hat is our text, quotes with slight differences than exactly but we cannot erect a Platonic Homer upon these differences, for we know that sometimes they are differences of eri'or and sometimes differences of modification for a purpose, which is probably the case here. Cp. note on 3S8e infra. ;
-s^
Sailing in a frenzy-''
irXwi^ovr' oXvovt'.
—J.;
*in full sail,
and raging along.' is doubtless right, though condemned by Stallb. and Schleiermacher, and corrected by Ast. and Heyne. The latter's irpu^L^ovr. 'getting up early," is indescribably frigid, and the word irpuiLCeLv is not found before Gregoiy of Nazianzeu. jiT|8^
B.
a^4>oT€pT](rt.
Ka)Xtv86(x€vov.
wp,oi ryco. €1 8'
c.
w
relxos,
//. xviii.
otv Oeovs,
scil.
iroiroi.
n.
Plato xept
at at eycov.
//. xviii. 77.
23.
xxii. 414.
The words
54.
avdyK-q xxii.
iroielv.
16S.
*If
of Thetis.
they
m\L-<t
depict gods.'
Here our Homer gives
Suttv.
//.
xvi. 43.3.
Our Homer has
ij.ol
iyibv.
r-epii
'
The Republic of
230
[BOOK
Plato.
III.
He would be slow to think himself, D. o"XoXfi dv kavrov. being a mortal, unworthy of such conduct, or to rebuke himself. For crxoXy see last note on Book i. '
'
*But this must never be, as our argument 7€ oij\. told us, our argument which we must follow
E. 8€i 8€
but
now
until,' etc. * 6rav TLS e<j>fi lo-xvpaJ yiXiari. Whenever anyone gives way to violent laughter, such an indulgence tends to an equally (/cat) violent reaction.' For juL€Ta(3o\r}v, cp. infra, viii. 563e, els rovvavTLOv fjLeTa(3o\r)v.
€<|)Tj.
The ordinary reading
Hermann of Idioms,
is
For intrans. use
icpii.
A
Par. €(p7}p, whence see Riddell, Digest
icpuj,
of
e0t?7yat,
§ 104.
389a. iroXv 8e ^rrov. 'Kay rather stronger adversative. See Stallb. 8'
Ao-pecTTos
dp' kv&pro yi\o)s.
much
Hom. IL
i.
less.'
de
of
599.
Tois dp^ovo-i irpoo-TjKei \)/6vi8€o-0ai. Stallbaum accuses Plato of sanctioning lying, though, he admits, with every excuse. If he does sanction it he does so in a most qualified way, 7] TToXe/uLLcop t) ttoKltuv eVe/ca e7r' w^eXta rrjs iroXews. There is still one law for private and another for public and international morality, and it is only some states and some parties in those states who have any scruples about high diplomatic lying. As regards the lie in literature, there are probably few left of the good old-fashioned folk, who thought fiction bad because it was false, and whose canon for estimating a novel was, *'Is it founded on fact?" Cp. the advice of Dareius, son of Hystaspes, and his defence of lying, Herod, iii. 72. B.
D.
8T]|JiiO€p7ol ^tto-i.
Tciiv
Od.
xvii. 383.
€dv 76 liTL 7€ Xd^o) ^p^a TeXfjTai. follow on profession " D. V.
—
«s
xXifj0€i.
'
'
'
Yes,
if
performance
In a general way.
inniKdovs, etc. 'That people should be obedient to their rulers, and should also themselves be the rulers of their own pleasures ia drinking,' etc.
dpxdvTwv
fJi€v
rerra said to 11. iv. 412. E. T€TTa, o-ioDirfi fjcro. father, 8kt. tata, Celtic tad, Engl, ''dad.' It is only ill this one passage of Homer.
mean found
— Notes.
388-390.]
231
What goes with this. These words TO. TovTwv IxoK-^va. should perhaps be understood very generally. Engelmann, however, ingeniously suggests that ra tovtwv ex- means "the rest of the passage," II. iv. 412, which is not quoted here. He would then insert a kcll and correct rd to to, and this '
'
'
'
(passage) too." to-av
The
ji€V€a
first of
7rv€(ovT€s
these lines
the full line
is ol 5' dp'
'AxatoC, is
<ri7fj
SciSidrcs o-T]|jidvTopas. Iliad, iii. 8, where
from the third
taav aiy^ fievea irveiovres 'AxaioL
The
second from the fourth Iliad, verses 429-431
—
ovbi k€ <paLr)s OL 5' 6X\oL aK7]v 'iaav rbcaov \abv cireaOaL '^xovr^ ev (TrrjdeaLv avb-qv (TLyfi
Tf
—
8€l8l6t€s arjfjLCLvropas.
the mss. are to be trusted then, Plato has here combined
two tags from two
different books in one quotation. Of course it is an easy and obvious remark to say that one of interpolation, for Plato that cannot have the two lines is an been guilty of such a mongrel quotation. And this is what Hermann says, "Vix arbitror Platonem aut duos Homeri locos Iliad, iii. 8, et iv. 431, inter se ita conflasse ut alter ab altero pendere videretur, aut in priore voc. aiyy cuius summum momentum erat temere omisisse ; id ipsum tamen ne restituerem ea re impediebar, quod rd tovtqjv ixo/J^eva omnino versum respuebant, qui apud poetam non post sed ante praecedens exemplum iv. 412 legitur." But we have seen how extremely loosely Plato quotes, how a lively invention waits upon and colours his memory, and we may ask which is more likely, that Plato did quote thus loosely, or that one of the creepingly correct race of interpolators introduced de .^110 words from an entirely different place in Homer? The fact of the omission of cnyr] in the first line makes it all the more likely that Plato indistinctly remembering aiyii in connection with the passage, fitted on the second unconsciously. I am glad to find that Engelmann's editor agrees with this view of Plato's slip of memory. Cp. notes on 364d and 405e.
oivoPapes, etc. 11. i. 225. Spoken by Achilles to Agamemnon. Of course Homer, to use the name conventionally, does not intend us to approve altogether this sort of language. Except under peculiar circumstances the Homeric manners by no means license such language to a king or ruler.
390a. v€avt€vfJiaTa.
Cp. note on peavLKLorem,
ii.
364c.
The Republic of Plato
232
[book th.
B. irapairXcLai wo-i rpdirc^at. Od. ix. 8. Here slight difference. Our Homer has irapa de wXridcijaL. 8'
^ Aia, 286
et
C.
Od.
oI'ktkttov. etc.
seqq.
xii.
again a
342,
Referring to Horn. II. ii. 1 et seqq.y and xiv. The accusative Ala after aKoveLv.
ScufJicLTiov, ^.e., ddXajuLos.
*'Ap€ws Kal 'A<(>po8^T'qs
8€crp,6v.
Od.
D. cTTfjOos 8€ ir\iri|as.
Od. xx.
17.
better known tinem."
—" 0
passi graviora,
viii.
266.
Virgil's imitation is dabit deus his quoque
E. 8copa Geoos iretOct, 8cl)p' al8oLOvs Pao-tXtjas. This line according to Suidas was ascribed to Hesiod. Suid. i. 1448. quoting the verse (but with /cat for the second oQpa), adds oi /JL€U ''H.aLodeLOP oLovrac top arixov. Macar. iii. 43, duipa Kal deoifs ireLdei' 'Haibbov elval cpaaL. The proverb is alluded to Eur. Med. 964, ireideiv dQpa Kal deovs \6yos. Cp. Ov. de A. A.
653,
iii.
* '
It
may
par the
Munera crede mihi capiunt hominesque deosque,
Placatur donis Juppiter ipse datis." be remarked that Ovid's treatment
excellence
way
of
the wrong
to
the instance mythology, of
is
treat
Plato condemns.
^oCviKa AxiXXecDs '
«s
way
Swpa XaPetv. TifjLT|v
II. ix.
•Trai8a'Ya)7dv.
515.
*That he gave sound advice.'
(lerpLcos ^X€Y€.
xix. 278.
II.
Xapdvra.
II.
xxiv. 228, etc.
The next line in II. xxii. 15. 391a. ^pXa\|/ds ji' kdcpYe. Plato's quotation, jj o-' dz/ TLaaL/ut,7]v, follows after four lines' pay '). make {TLo-aL/uLrju, would you interval in Homer '
B.
irpbs iroTafiov,
tepds Tp^xas.
"ExTopos c.
Scamander.
II.
xxi. 136.
xxiii. 151.
II.
^XJeis.
Jw^p'qGevTwv
i.e.,
JL xxii. 395.
<r<j)a7ds.
o-co<()pov€<rTdTov.
II. xxiii.
175.
Peleus was the type of the discreet Cp. Ar. Nub. 1060 et seqq., especially
knight, the o-ibcppcov. The Kal Ty]v QeTLV 7' 'iyqfxe 5ta to aujcppovetp 6 UrjXevs. J 067, Cp. Pind. Schol. on Ar. says, IlrjXevs eyevero <7oj(ppoP6(TTaTos. iVem. V. 26.
"
Notes.
390, 391.]
233
TptTou ctirb Aids. Being son of Aeacus and grandson of Zeus. Cp. II. xxi. 189, HrfKevs AiaKLdrjs' 6 5' dp' Ata/cos e/c Aids
Tjev.
imo
Xcipwvi. Cp. 558d,
Tc3 <ro<j>a)TdTa)
allwise Cheiron.'
*
Under, in subjection
vibs
virb
rep irarpl
to,
his father's tutelage,' for this is Stallb. says is the force of the dative. 0Tlo-€vs...n€tpi0ovs...8€LVcLs dpiraYOLS.
the
reOpafji/juepos.
'Brought up under
what
The story was that
Theseus and Peirithous attempted a second Rape of Proserpine, endeavouring to tear her away from Pluto, and bring her back to the upper world. The allusion in Virgil is wellknown, Aen. vi. 393 et seqq., " Nec vero Alciden me sum laetatus euntem accepisse lacu, nec Thesea Pirithoumque,
Hi dominam
Ditis thalamo deducere adorti.
Cp. in/ray 618, ' '
Sedet aetemumque sedebit
Infelix Theseus."
by Apollodorus ii. 5, Propert. ii. 1, 37, Ovid. But this was not Theseus' first adventure of the sort, for he had already forcibly abducted Helen, Isocr. Enc. Hel, xviii. p. 213. These stories would, of course, form part of any Theseis, of which there were several. So Par. A. The mferior mss. naturally have aipjjLTiorev. the plural, which Stallb. adopts, saying "singularem si scriptor posuit numerum, uterque horum per se seorsum
The
story
is
told
Met. 12. 224.
intelligendum est." D.
TovT(av avTCL ^p^a.
Gr, § 469, E.
ol
We should expect ravra.
See Matth.
8.
0€cl)v
a.y\i<nTopoi, oi
ZT|vbs
kyyvs.
The passage
is
quoted by Strabo xii. 870, as from the Niobe of Aeschylus, the play quoted supra, book ii. 380a. Editors difi"er as to the exact text of the quotation here,
oi
{Zrjvbs iyyvs) is
Bekker's
insertion.
irarpwov. V.
L.
and
S.
On
the distinction between
sub voc.
TrdrpLos
and
irarpi^os,
irarpipos.
Stallb. prints Kai separate, as not part of the KoX oij irw. quotation, but introducing the line ov ttw, etc. Bekker wrote
Kod
TTCxJ.
The Republic of
234
[book
Plato,
A
hi.
' proneness (to vice ; irov-qpias) here in a bad €vx€p€iav. sense, but, like evrpaTreXia, the word is a vox media by nature. For the good sense, skill, dexterity, see 426d. It is also used absolutely in a bad sense recklessness, levity, e.g., Aesch. J^!^un. 495. '
=
392d.
i]Tot
.
j
'
by rights emphasizes the more likely is more likely., or. So here, either (as
alternative, either as
E.
'
J
ijroL
.-ii.
most often) by simple narrative, or perhaps through imitation Hence i]TOL...ij is the natural order, and or both together. indeed ij...7jT0L is sometimes condemned. But it is found, e.g., Cp. 344e. For the three kinds of poetry, cp. infra, 400c. Ar. Poet.
J
j
j
,
j
§ 2.
iii.
€v TovTO).
'
:
With
that as an instance,'
'
in that case.' j
393a. IXio-o-cTO irdvTas 'Axaiovs. give Xiaaero.
II.
i.
15.
Our
texts
I
!
ov ^dp elpii -jroi-qTiKOS. Most critics vi^ould probably allovr that although Plato may speak without metre, he is one of the greatest poets that ever wrote D.
<|)pd<ra)
8€
dv€v
|j.6Tpo\)'
j
!
in prose.
This passage enjoys the distinction E. jiT| ovK lirapKecroi. of being quoted, as Professor Goodwin notices, M. T. § 26, Note 1 (c), as an unique instance of the future optative follow"If the reading eirapK^aoL is ing fjLT) in a pure final clause. retained," he says, "it can be explained only by assuming that Plato had in his mind as the direct discourse ^ir) ovk €TrapK€a€L.
We
must remember that Plato
is
here paraphrasing \
25-28, and by no means literally." The Homeric line is, M77 vv tol ov xpatcTjO,?; crKTjTrrpou Kal cre^a/xa deoio, for fear lest. But after all is this so pure a final clause ? Does it not partly come under the head given by Goodwin just above ?
Homer,
"The
II.
j •
i.
future optative
is
seldom found with
jmri
or owojs
'
o-KfjiTTpov.
The
o-T€ji.}iaTa.
staff carried
by
priests as well as kings in
The chaplets or fillets of wool bound about the staff Cp. Homer's description of Chryses,
j
j
|
|
a
I
of the suppliant.
;
fj^rj
after secondary tenses of verbs of fearing, as here the future indicative is not common after primary tenses. E.g., 'AXXd Kal Tovs deovs hv edeiaas irapaKivbvveveLv, fxr} ovk opdQs avro ttol'^cols, ' Euthyphro, 15d." So here, for fear lest.
Homer.
|
1
1 '
//.
i.
14,
—
'
'
— 235
Notes.
391-394.]
xpuceoj ex^^ X^pc^^ €K7}^6\ov 'AttoWcovos Cp. also Soph. O. T. 3 with Jebb's notes,
'^TefJLimaT
due:
\
(TKriTTTpM.
394a. tols lircovufxias tov 0€Ov dvaKaXwv. 'Calling on the his titles.' iTrcow/uLLa, a surname, a name given after The word here is best a place, person, or thing, Hdt. i. 173. explained by the passage in Homer referred to, II. i. 37
god by
k\v6l jiiev, dpyvp6ro^\ 6s Xpvcrrjv dfJL(pL(3e^r]Kas re ^aOerjUf Tej/edoLo re l(pL dudacreLS,
KiWav
'ZfjiLvdev.
Where some €v
vawv
of the kircjvvpLiaL are given, others implied.
olKo8ojj.T)o-€(riv, etc. e'i 7)
II.
i.
irore tol xaptez/r'
el drj TTOT^ TOL
Kara
irLova
ravpwv
7j8' aiyCbv, rode piOL rLaeiap Aavaol epLa ddKpva
39
i-rrl
vr}ov epexpa,
fMrjpi^ '^KTja,
Kprjrjvoi^ (jOlctl
feXScop'
^eXeaaiv.
Tiorai. The passage just quoted shows that rlcrat has That the Achaeans should pay. proper active sense.
its
*
The pronominal adjective 6s, as Elmsley TO. cl SctKp-ua. i-emarks, is not often used by the tragedians ; Elmsley, Eur. Med. 925, and Matthiae says it is never used in prose. In this place M. rightly puts it down to the fact that Plato is Stallb. considers that in old Attic the imitating Homer. form never quite died out, appearing as it does in formulas and laws. The fact is, it is a piece of archaic language, suitable here to the semi-Homeric style of the passage. subtly yet easily the chameleon-like Attic dialect took
How
such occasional archaic colouring has been ably and amply shown by Mr. Rutherford ; see his Xeiv Phrynichns, especiallj^ the Introductory Essays. B.
TOL d^jLoipata.
C.
T|
'
The
8€ 8i' dira'YYcXtas
dialogue.
avrov tov ttoiiitov. 'Another kind, the recital of the poet in his own
the vehicle of which is person, this you will find best exemplified in difchyrambic poetry.'
TToWaxo-O he Kal dXXoOi.
For
place.' €l'
|xov
Stallb.
8e after re cp.
jiav0dv€Ls.
= " If
I
'If
ii.
*
Still
more
in
many
another
367c, with note.
you take me.'
make you understand me."
et
fioL,
Par. A,
v,
The Republic of
236 D. -1^ ovZl to imitate at
jj.i[i€io-9ai,
idcrofxevy
[book m.
or whether they're not
*
all.'
&v 6 \6yos
6irr)
sell,
Plato,
aJo-irep
irvcvfia
<|)€pT],
Tavrt) itcov.
It is of
course part of Plato's artfully concealed art to represent himself in the person of Socrates, following and not leading the argument, which blows like a wind wherever it listeth. Cp. Introduction, and also note on 374e, 6aop 7' Slv dvvafXLS. E.
wo-t'
elvaC ttov
'As IXXoYifxos. skill in it).'
far
as being noted, I
mean, goes (noted for
(
!
;
]
395a. Kcop-wSiav Kai Tpa-ytoSiav. The possibility of one poet excelling at once in comedy and tragedy is of course the question in the famous closing scene of the Symposiuiii, There the answer is that the combination is posp. 223d. The countrymen of Shakespeare will not be in much sible. doubt as to the possibility.
This passage may show us what pa\|/a)8ol Kal vrcoK^x.ra.L a very definite differentiated profession that of the rhapsode was. ovS^ {iTTOKpiTal Ka>|ia)Sot9 Kal Tpa*Ya)8ois 01 avToC. It is interesting to note that Greek practice decided against the attempts which it is probably the ambition of all modern actors to make successfully, to excel equally in tragedy and comedy. It may be doubted whether any one has excelled equally may remember Reynolds' famous *'Garrick in both. between Tragedy and Comedy." Cp. also the modest criticism of one who has himself made the experiment and certainly with no small success, Henry Irving, Preface to the Paradox Jowett takes these words quite of Acting, pp. xii. xiii. differently, But neither are actors the same as comic and tragic poets. "
We
\
i
^
|
j
J
'
^
\
:
j 1
'
'
]
^
To have been
subdivided even more minutely.' "Coined into yet smaller " Kip^a from KeLpuj = anything cut up, but especially pieces J. small coin, small change. Hermann takes ^ avra eKeiva as after the comparative, and so Engel. B.
els
o-fJLLKpoTepa
KaTaK6K€p|xaTC<r0at.
*
—
c.
* That they Tov dvai diroXavo-too-iv. come to partake of the reality.'
may
not from the
imitation
Stallb thinks a-Q/ma too wide D. Kara <r(a\i.a Kal <()a)vds. and general a word to be parallel to and go with (pcopds. He
,
3
j
i
[
I
;
'
Notes.
394-396.]
237
"Vide an scribendum proposes exni^^* This is unnecessary. (puvds.'^ u>v <|)a[i6V KT|8€<rGai
A
—
'
sit /cat
Kara cxh^^ ^al
Kal 8€iv avrovs fivSpas OLYaOovs 7€V6(r6ai. /cat ovs (pafih deiv, like the Kal derjaofxep, infra, an affectation of
loose Platonic construction for
woWov
incomplete
colloquialism. wStvovo-av. yuvaiKa Kafivovcrav ^ Iptoo-av Cp. Aristophanes' ridicule of Euripides, especially in the Thesmojihoriazusae. Cp. Mommsen on Plautus, Rom. Hist., bk. iii. ch. xiv. We may perhaps say that Plato is here exactly in so many words condemning by anticipation the practice of the Graeculus esuriens gibbeted by Juvenal, Sat. iii. 76 " Grammaticus rhetor geometres pictor aliptes .
.
.
Augur schoenobates medicus magus omnia novit Graeculus esuriens,"
And
again vv. 93
E.
et seqq.,
etc.
Natio comoeda est,"
and
iroXXov Kal 8€^<ro|X€v.
v.
100.
Soil., ivrpeireLP fjufxe^adaL.
8ovXas. .8ovXo'us. Here again Plato coincides with Aristoph. (Cp. Ar. Ban. opening lines), and especially with Aristophanes' strictures on Euripides. Plato as little considers the slave a man and brother as Aristotle. .
396a. iiaivofjivois. Like the Ajax of Sophocles, or the Hercules Furens or Orestes of Euripides.
IXavvovras Tpi^pcis.
'
Rowing
triremes.
' KcXevovras. Acting as KeKevarai or boatswains, and chanting the strain to which the rowers keep time, to&tols, for
them.' D.
tent.'
pares
IXdTTO) 8^ Kal V. Shilleto, TToXi)
-fiTTov.
'
In fewer cases, and to a
ad Dem. de
Fals. Leg. § 200. irXeLw Kal jULoXXop, 417b infra.
Srav h\ 'yC'yvTiTat Kara Ttva lavTov dvd|iov. meets with a character unworthy of himself.'
*
less ex-
He
com-
But when he
Grudging to mould and 8i><rx€paCva)v avrbv €Kp,dTT€iv, etc. adapt himself to the types of the baser, despising them as he does in his mind, except it may be for the sake of amusement '
(or
by way
of a jest).'
Kal Tfjs dXXT]s 8ni7'/j<r€<os. Both of imitation and of unimitative narration, but there will be but a small proportion of imitation in a long discourse. E.
*
'
238
The Republic of
Plato.
[BOOK
III.
397a. irdvTa t€ |j.dWov [iifj.T|o-6TaL ^ hn\yr\(r€rai. He will imitate rather than describe everything.' This statement is quite consistent with the end of the paragraph. "And the style of such an one will consist altogether of imitation by voice or gesture, or will have a very small element of narration. " But the words as they stand are not the words of the mss., but of Madvig. Par. has dLrjyrjo-eTaL alone, and so all the mss. except Monac, which gives fjufMrjo-eraL alone. This is followed by Hermann. It is quite possible that /jLL/uLrjaeTaL rj may have dropped out. The question is Can anything be made of bL-qy-qderai alone ? Hardly without inconsistency. Thus Jowett's rendering, which keeps to it, surely ends in an intolerable incongruity: Another sort of character will narrate everything ; his entire art will consist in voice and dnjyrjaeTaL gesture, and there will be very little narration.'^ then alone can hardly stand. Madvig thinks fiL^x-qaerai. cannot either, on account of fjLoXKov. *'Ferri nequit SiT^YT^crerat, sed violenter mutatur in id quod requiritur /jLL/n-qaeraL, nec ratio ulla apparet additi /j.dWov.'" But we may say that fxaXXou is justified by an rj di-qy-fja-eTaL SKhanditwrn. He will rather adopt imitation (than narration).' Further, the whole passage is against dLTjyrjo-eraL here. Plato has just said, the first man will have a style partaking of both, but in one proportion, much narration little imitation he goes on to say the other is just the opposite, much imitation little narration. The ancients did not write self- contradictory nonsense, but neither did they always express their sense in the most full, logical, *
A
:
.
.
.
.
*
;
and grammatical manner. We may perhaps then read fMLfx-r)(T€TaL, but Madvig's correction, which would account for the variants, seems better. 8id
jjLL|JLT)o-6(os
(jxovats.
"Imitatio per voces et gestus,"
Stallb.
It results to the man who B. oXCyov TTpbs TT|v avri\v. speaks correctly to speak in almost the same style and in one harmony.' '
398a. avTos T€ Kttl TO, -irotTifxaTa. 414d, /cat avTol koI tcl oirXa avrCov. Po-uXdixevos eirt86L|a(r0aL.
'
*
He and his poems.'
Cp.
Wishing to make a show.
We should fall down dv avTov ws Updv, etc. before him, do obeisance to him, as holy, and wonderful, and •irpocrKvvotfji.6v
*
Cp.
delightful.' ^cL(TL\ea].
ov8^
239
Notes.
397, 398.]
Hdt.
iii.
irpodeKvveov
86,
[tov
V. L. aiul S.
0€jjLis
€YY€V€<r0ai.
be born among having oure.
'
is it even right for him to Bekker's correction, Par. A
No, nor
ovbe
iis.'
is
After pouring myrrh fjivpov Kara Tr\^ K^^oXr\'i Karaxeavrcs. over his head and crowning him with a crown of wool.' t7Xf'i' is legitimately used witii the dative, = " pour in," /carax^w, <j(t>ojlv like most /cara- verbs, with genitive, =" pour over." *
xxiii. 'JSl. /xaXa TToWaKis vypbv ^Xaiov x*^^''"*^^*' '^''^'''^X^^'^Ruth. X.F. p. 07. There are two curious misconceptions of (I.) That this anointing is old standing about this passage. II
{'2.) That the poet thus summarily a mark of contempt. dismissed is Homer. That the anointing is really a mark of respect is stated by the Schol., jxvpov Karax^^i-v rQu tV toIs
ayLwrdroLS lepols dyaX/naTLOv Oefj-is rjUy rovTO Kara riva lepariKov voixov^ u;s 6
t'pta>
/.leyas
re arecpeiu avrd, Kal
llpOKXos
(prjcriv,
and
confirmed by the evidence of such passages as Cicero, act ii. in Verr. iv. 35, 77, describing how the Segestan women when the statue of Diana was being carried out of their city, "unxisse unguentis, coniplesse coronis et tioribus, ture odoribusque incensis usque ad agri tines prosecutas esse. " The mistake, however, is an old one, having authority as early and respectable as that of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Fp. dc Flat. t. vi. p. 756, did T7]s irpds "O/j.tjpoy ^TjXoTviriaSy 6v €k rijs e^/SdWet, (TT€<pavLbaas ^ojxevqs l'tt' ai'Tov iroXiTeias
KaraaKevaKal
/x(''pft>
adds a number of names of interpreters wlu) have understood it in this way Josephus, Minucius Felix, Maximus Tyrius, Theodoret, Aristides, and Dio Chrysostomus.
XpLcrcLS.
Stallb.
—
The
last
two add a curious touch.
They say that Plato here
treats Homer as the women used to treat swallows. Aristid. Orat. Plat III. t. 11. p. 326, "Ofxripov jxvpi^ xpL^as eKTrfV^Trei, X^Xidbvos TLfirjv Karadeis. Dio Chrys. T. ii. p. 276, Kal KeXevei fxdXa eiptovLKQs arexpavras avrbv epicp Kal fivpip Karax^avras d<f)Uva{. Trap' dXXovs. tovto 5^ ar7i'i'aiKes eTrt tQv x^^'-^^^^^ iroiovcri.
avTol 8' &v xpw|X€0a. The du dropped with d-rroTreiuTroi/ney repeated here. In this passage we have di' used with two coordinate optatives, understood with a third, and reeated again with a fourth to avoid confusion witli a ependent optative " Goodwin, ^^. T. § 42. 4.
is
—
B.
a)<J>€Xtas '^v€Kcu
"For our
soul's health "
—J.;
" for the
The Republic of Plato
240
[book m.
—
sake of our real good " D. and V. The expression seems a little odd, though not unlike oi (hvivavro KoXa^ofJcevoL, p. 380b. Is it possible we ought to change one letter and read d^eXtas or d^eXei'as ? word d0e\eta
One ms., Ven. is
The C, gives this reading. a very rare one, but dcpeXrjs is fairly common.
" Qui nobis imitaretur. " 8s iJLifJLOLTo. after the optative of Slv xpw/^te^a. See
The optative Goodwin,
follows
31. T. § 65.
I. 3 (b), who thinks it here expresses a purpose. It might be merely attracted, and = 6s fxifietraL, but the opt. seems wanted by the sense.
w8t]s Kttl p.€\cdv.
c.
'
Melody and songs.' " I fancy I'm not included
KivSwevo) Iktos twv irdvTwv €lvai. " in the term * everyone.' D.
Xoyov T€ Kal app.ovCas Kal
and the
ctpp-ovtav Kal passage quoted rrjs djuLa
pvOfjiov.
*
The words, the tune,
time.' pvGfJtbv.
by
Stallb.
These two are distinguished in a from the Laws, ii. p. 665a, tj? 5e
ad t7]s (pcjvrjs rod re d^eos Kal ^apeos avyKepavvvfjtAvwv dp^iovia '6voixa TrpocrayopedoLTo,
KLvijaeujs rd^ec pvdfjibs Svofia' rfj 5'
then, which is naturally a general word, was used by the ancients to express rather the harmony or pleasing effect of a succession of simple notes, the modern melody, than the simultaneous combined sounding of two or more notes or chords, the modern harmony. But dpfxovia has also another meaning, namely that of a **mode" or key, the Latin modus, the later technical Greek term being t6vos (lit. pitch). Of these there were perhaps originally only Then four more three, the Dorian, Phrygian, and Lydian. were distinguished, making seven, Mixolydian, Lydian, Phrygian, Dorian, Hypolydian, Hypophrygian, Hypodorian. There are said to have been in all eleven. On these modes, dp[i.ovCa,
and their educational value, see esp. Aristotle, Politics, viii. 5, to the end of the book. The whole is avowedly a commentary in extenso on the vague and apparently tentative hints given here by Plato, and is a good
The instance of Aristotle's logical consecutive treatment. whole subject of Greek music is an extremely dry and especially difficult one. The best popular introduction to it, in its connection with education, is the last chapter of Mahaffy's Rambles and Studies in Greece, p. 438 et seqq. Op. the same writer's Greeh Education, ch. vi.
241
Notes.
398, 399.]
These adE. Mi|oXv8io-Tt, cruvTovoX-uSto^i, 'laa-Ti, etc. verbial forms were the technical terms employed by musicians. The Mixolydian avPTouoXvdLaTL, called also 'TTrepXi^Sios {tovos). **morle" is said by Aristoxenus, as quoted by Plutarch dt Mus. 1136d, to be passionate, iraOvrLKT], and suited to tragedy,
and invented by Sappho, from whom tragedy borrowed it. On mode see Mr. H. T. Wharton's /S'a^j^jXo, Introd., p. 41, and on whole subject,Iwan Muller,//a7ic?6?/c7i(ie?' A7a56*. Alt. ii. G14. Heraclides Ponticus, quoted by Athenaeiis, 624c, 'lao-Tt. says that we ought not to speak of the Phrygian or Lydian harmonies, but ought to follow the great division of the Greek race into Dorians, Aeolians, and lonians, and call the
this
modfes
by these names.
differed at different times,
The
Ionian
character,
he says,
and so too did the character
of the
Thus he quotes Pratinas as speaking of rav dveijULepap /JLovaav, and goes on to say ra tQv vvv '1u)vu)v rjOr) Tpvcpepuj-
music.
\
'lacrrl
repa Kat ttoXv irapaXKaTrov to rrjs ap/jLovLas the lonians were hard, austere, proud.
9j6o$,
but at one time
In the same passage Heraclides Ponticus goes on Av8t<rTt. to say that the Lydian and Phrygian modes must be considered to have been brought into (Greece, from the barbarians, by the Phrygians and Lydians who came into Peloponnesus with Pelops. The Lydian mode was always considered soft and voluptuous. It is the highest in pitch of the three old modes. Its character is indicated in the well-known lines of Allegro, 135â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Milton,
U
And
ever against eating cares
Lap me
in soft Lydian airs Married to immortal verse Such as the melting soul may pierce In notes with many a winding bout Of linked sweetness long drawn out, " ;
etc.
Macfarren's Lectures on Harmony'^, pp. 15. 16. But Aristotle in his critique on Plato here seems to imply that the softness and high pitch of the Lydian mode really makes it good for children, being suited to their age and voice, Ar.
Cp.
Pol.
viii.
7,
XaXapai. Aristotle,
sub fin. '
Slack, relaxed,' equivalent
to
the
dvei/uLevas
of
1. 1.
The Dorian mode, or mood, the lowest of 399a. Awpto-Tt. the three old modes, had also a famous and well-defined characQ
The Republic of Plato
242
[book
m. |
ter, to 7.
8,
which many celebrated passages
Ylepi
de rrjs AcopLarl irdvres
testify.
ofioXoyovcnv
ujs
Ar. Pol.
viii.
!
aTaaLjjLOJTaTTjs |
oifcTjs fji^Xrj
Kai
exovarjs avbpelov ... <f)avepov 6tl tcl Adopta Trpiirei watdeijeadaL fidWoi^ rois veurepoLs. Plato, Laches, /ulolXlctt
yjdos
188d, in a passage which should be read in extenso, calls the Dorian the only truly Greek mode, drex^'tDs dojpLcrrL, dXX' oik tatrrt, otojULaL
icTTLu
apfxovia.
knowledge i.
de ov8^ (ppvyLcrrl ovde XydLcrri,
of
dW
jj-rrep
•
I
|
/uLoyTj'EWrjvLKr)
Milton, himself a musician, shows again his in a famous passage, Par. Lost,
Greek music
550— Anon they move In perfect phalanx to the Dorian mood Of flutes and soft recorders such as raised To highth of noblest temper heroes old '
'
;
Arming
to battle,
and instead
Deliberate valour breath 'd
With dread
of rage
Arm and unmoved
of death to flight or foul retreat," etc.
The middle mood, between the bass Dorian and ^pvYio-rC. Aristotle, Pol. viii. 7, tells a significant story treble Lydian. Philoxenos endeavoured to make a dithyramb certain that a in the Dorian mode, but .could not manage it, vtto Trjs
dW
(pvcreoos
avrijs e^^ireaeu eis rrju (ppvyLarl T7]v Trpo(T7]Kov(jav apixoviav
The
Scholiast quotes Proclus as saying that the is suitable for education as being Karaarr)' /xaTLKTiu, tranquil, sedate ; the Phrygian for sacrifices and orgies as being eKararLKTjp, excited. iraXiv.
Dorian harmony
onroTvxovTos.
*
Failing of success.'
The There is a change of construction. cuexovra. There is further accusative takes the place of the genitive. and the best mss. all a question as to the reading. Par. have eir^xovra, which the Zurich edd. follow. We do not The question is as to Mx'^lv find the phrase iir^x^'-^ eavrbv. It is certainly used absolutely in the sense of iTr^x^Lv vovv. found absolutely in the sense of "to be intent upon," and if we are to follow the best iiiss. it seems best to take eirexovra Cp. 41 L\, absolute here, and eavrbv with fxeTaireidovri. however, has L'Tr^xoj/ra, which Ven. iir^X^^ with note. Stallb. adopts, the phrase virex^iy eavrbv being found in Xeii. It may be noted tbat the difiiculty as Gyr. vii. 5. 44. between vir^x^Lv and eir^x^iv is not confined to this passage, but is fairly common. Cp. Dem. de Pais. Leg. § 67 (51) witli
^'
B.
A
Shilleto's note.
Calliniach.,
hymn,
in Del, 51.
^
1
|
-\
j
i
'\
243
Notes.
399.]
Attention should be Kal €K TovTcov TTpdlavTa Kara vovv. called to Jowett's translation of the whole of this fine passage. It is an admirable instance of the way in which he rises where Plato rises, and keeps the spirit raid the grand style of his original. Beside the splendid passage in Paradise Lost already referred to, we may quote the famous description in Thucydides, V. 70, of the advance of the Spartans (to the Dorian mood) as a fine historical commentary on this language of Plato, Kal fjLera ravra ij ^vuodos rju, 'Apyeiot ixev Kal oi ^vfi/jLaxoL (VTovoos Kal opyrj xwpoOvres, AaKedaifwuLOL de ^pade cos Kal V7rb ai'\rjru)if iroWQiv vojXLo eyKadeardoroov^ ov rod Beiov xd/)i^, dX\' 'iva irpoeXdotep Kal jult] dLadTraadeLr} o/JLoXQis fxera pvdfiov ^aivovres aiVoTs 7] rd^ts, oTrep (ptXeL ra /ULeydXa arparoTreda kv rals rrpoabboLS iroLelv.
flute.
Vi.
1.
But N.B. the Lacedaemonians did not exclude the Cp. also a very interesting description in Xen. Anah. 5-13.
Triangular harps and TpiYwvcov Kal irqKTtScDv, K.T.\. dulcimers.' Our triangle is of course quite a different instrurpiyoovou here meant triangular instrument The is a ment. with strings naturally of unequal length. For its use as a voluptuous instrument cp. Eupolis' Frag, of Baptae, 1, 6s KaXQs /J.€P rv/JLTravi^€LS Kal diaxf aWeL rptyLbpoLS, k.t.X. Cp. Plato, Com. Lacones, i. 13, KaWrju rplyLovov eldov exovaav^ elr' yoev The ir-qKris was a kind of harp irpos avTo /xeXos 'Iojvlkov tl. mostly used by the Lydians. The associations of the Avord are best convej^ed by the English dulcimer. " It was an Abyssinian maid, *
c.
\
Upon
a dulcimer she played
Singmg Cp. Ar. Pol.
of
Mount Abora."
viii, 7, 'Oyao/cos be Kal
iroWa tQp opydvuv
tC)v apxcii^jov
Kal ^dpStTOL Kal rd irpbs ijdovriu cvvTeLvovra rocs aKOVovcTL tC)v xpw/Aei^wi^, eirrdyuiva Kal rplycova Kal crafiSiKaL Kal
OLOV
TrrjKTLdes
irdvTa rd beopueva
xeipoi'/^Yi/CT^s
Sappho
eirLaTrjixrjS.
have been the
make
The
634
first of Greek poets to locus classicus is Athenaeus xiv.
is
use of the
said to tttjktls.
et seqq.
D. TToXvxopSoTaTov, "has most notes of all.'' This word has been condemned on quite insufficient grounds. It was sup" " posed that the epithet manj^-stringed could not be applied But the word is found in the secondary and to the flute. derived sense of many-toned, e.g., Eur. 31ed. 196, Tro\i''xop5oL cpdai. Its coiTectness here is undoubted, for the passage is quoted by Pollux. On. iv. 67, HXdrcov de Kal iroXvxopdov eLprjKe
The Republic of
244
Tw
av\6v.
It
is
Simonides, Fr. 46,
[book
Plato,
hl
used too exactly in the same way by 6 KaWi^oas iroXvxopdos avXos. Cp. Ar.
Av. 682.
A
cvpi-yg.
Par (lean
})
p(^
The famous story
Mapo-vo-u.
E.
of the contest of It will be
and Apollo need not be repeated.
Marsyas
found in Xen. Anab.
Apollodorus, Blbl. i. 4 § 2. Cp. Herod, vii. 26, 2. 8, as to the locale of the legend. But we may call attention to an exquisite modern rendering of this old story, the gem of gems in Mr. Lewis Morris' Epic of Hades, p. 81 i.
et seqq. vf) Tov Kvva. A favourite expression of Socrates. Apol. 21e, with Scholiast ad loc.
o-co<|>povovvT€S 7€
TjjjL€is.
Cp. notc ou eD ye
crv ttolCjv,
Cp.
35Ic.
would appear to be a somewhat general word, somewhat like our "beat" or "movement." Hesych. gives as equiv^alents, 6 pvdfxbs (from which of course it is slightly dispdo-€Ls
tinguished here), iropeta, odds. As its etymology implies jSdcrts originally belongs to dance music. Cp. Ar. Thesm. 968, irpjOTov €vkvk\ov xo/oems evtpva crrijaaL (3dcrLP. The fact is Plato probably intentionally uses his terms in a shifting general un technical way here, thus the jmeXos here is said to be made to follow the X670S, whereas above, 398d, the yuAos is the whole thing, including \6yos, dpjuopla, Kal pvdfibs. Here dpfiovia is expressed by /xeXos, what we may call in equally general "Time language the "tune"; pvOjulSs, by 7r65a, the time. and tu.ne must be adapted to words, not words to time and tune." Cp. Laics, ii. p. 669, a remarkable passage, where it should be noted that Plato disapproves of music without words, condemning by anticipation half of modern music. On all these words see Cope, Introdj. to Arist. Bhet. p. ^19 et seqq. 400a. Tpr drra €'iI8t], these are the three ratios indicated or dactyl, below, viz., (a) I 1, that of the spondee, w >^ 2 I, that of the Iambic, w ZT^, or Trochee, 3^. These ZTZ^ w (7) 3 2, that of the Paean, correspond respectively to unison, the octave, the fifth.
—
— — :
:
:
;
:
;
T6TTapa,
i.
e.
:
:
C3w
,
:
the notes of the tetrachord.
We
do not know much about Damon, but what worth recording. He was a well-known and teacher of music at Athens. The pupil of Lamprus
Ad[j.a)vos.
we do know influential
,
:
is
399, 400.]
245
Notes.
the teacher of Sophocles, Damon himself taught Pericles, And ostensibly music, but in reality politics quite as much. indeed so great was his influence supposed to be that, like Pericles' other friend and teacher, Anaxagoras, he ultimately Cp. Plut. Aristides i., also Plat. had to leave Athens. According to Diog. Laert. quoting AlexAlcibiades i. 118c. ander in siiccessionibus, Socrates was a pupil of Damon until He is made to call Damon ^rdtpos, Plat. this banishment. Laches, 197d, and to speak of him as a source of wisdom and a friend of the sophist Prodicus. And in the same dialogue the general Nicias is made to say that Socrates had introduced to him as a teacher for his own son dLbaaKokov fjLovaiKrjs, Ad/jLcoua,
dvbpQ}V
xaptecrraro?'
ov
jxovov
rrjp
fjLovcriKTjv
dWd
Kal
rSXXa, OTToaa ^ovXei, d^iov (TwdLorrpLpeLV ttjXlkovtols veavLaKOLS^ Lack. 180d. Cp. also the notice of him infra, bk. iv. 424c, It should be noted B. olfj.ai 8€ p.€ (XK'qKoevai ov cra4)(os, etc. that Plato dramatically hints that he does not intend to be very clear or precise, which may account for the well-known obscurity of the passage which follows, over which he has thrown an artistic air of confusion. The best key to the passage is that supplied by a comparison of Aristotle, Bhetoric III. viii. 4, which is so important that we quote it in extenso. TQ)v de pvdfxQVf 6 /xev i]p(^os, ce^vbs Kal ov XeKriKoSy Kai dpfjLOPlas 6 ^' tafx^os, avrrj eariv i] Xi^Ls ij rQu ttoWQv' did
deojULeyos'
pLoXLara iravrcop rCov pLerpojj/ ia/uL^eia (pd^yyovrac X^yoi^res. Aei de *0 de rpoxci'^os, KopdaKiKdorepos' aepLvoT'qTa yeveadat Kal EKarriaaL. drfXoL 8^ TCL rerpdfjL€Tpa' 'iari yap rpox^pos pvdpLos, rd rerpdpLerpa. AetTrerat 5e waidv, tp e%pcDz/ro pih dwb QpacvpLdxov dp^dpievoL' ovK elxov 5e X^yeiv, tls rju. "Ecri de rplros 6 iraidv, Kal ixoimepos rpLa yap irpbs duo earlv. tCjv eip-qpj^vojv' 'YiKeivicv 5e 6 pikvy TTpbs €v' 6 de, dvo wpbs 'iv. "Exerat 5^ rC^v Xdycov tovtcov 6 7]pll6Xlos' odros 5' icrrlv b iraidv It will be noticed that AHstotle mentions four. names of Rhythms (1.) rjptoos, (2.) tap^^os, He further (3.) rpoxcu^o^y (4.) 6 iratav also called tjplloXlos. Heroic 1:1, gives the several ratios as we indicated above. Iambic or Trochaic 2:1, Paean or Hemiolios 3 2. Plato also indicates (1.) Three etdrj, i.e., these fhree ratios, and then goes on to give five names, viz. (1.) ivoTrXtov, (2.) bdKTvXov, (3.) .
—
:
Tjp'oov, (4.) LapL^ov, (5.) Tpox^uov, but if we note that 2 and 3 are really one [i.e., the heroic hexan^eter with dactyls or spondees), and that the hoirXios is another name for the waiav, we see that w^e have exactly the same division.
— The Republic of
246
Plato,
'
[book
m.
cvoirXiov. Cp. Xen. An. vi. 1, 11, t. supra I. , tjaav iv pvdfiM Tov evoTrXiov pvdfxbv av\o{ffxevoL Kai eiraLdvLaav koI copxw^^'^^
irpbs
It
cbairep ev rais irpbs tovs Beovs TrpoaddoLS."^
monly used,
as
is
shown by Aristoph.
J}iub.
was a name com650,
tQv pvBixCov /car' itfOTrXiov, xojTroZos ad Kara bdnrvKov. Cp. infra and Cope, Introd. Arist, Bhet, 388, with note. iiratovd' ottolos €<ttl
What
the compound martial or paean rhythm exactly know. The Scholiast here says, 6 Idfx^ou Kai daKTvXov Kai ttjs TrapLa/JL^idos hoirXios ('It consists of an iamloic, a dactyl, and the pyrrhic'), and the Scholiast on Aristoph. Nub. 651, gives much the same formation, 6 5e ipoirXtos Kai irpocTodLaKos Xeybixevos viro JvvGeTov.
we do not
is,
(TUi^deTds eariv
TLVUJV avyK€LTaL Ik airopdeiov Kai irvppixtov Kai rpoxcLLOV Kai idjx^ov^
and an iambic, and goes coincides with an anapaestic tripody, or with two bases the Ionic and choriambic. Now, if we take the evoTrXios according to this description, and resolve it to terms of one short syllable, we shall find this to be the case, twelve short syllables being the equivalent alike of the enoplios, the anapaestic tripody, and these two bases, thus of a spondee, a pyrrhic, a trochee,
on to say
it
—
= = =
A. B. C.
—
The
Scholiast on Plato here then probably ought to coincide with that on Aristophanes. Further, rijs irapLa/ui^idos here must mean the same as rod irapidix^ovy the pyrrhic foot.
Making it equal up and down. and how ? The explanations given are 1. Showing that the rise and fall of the verse balance one another by resolving them into short and long syllables D. V. 2. 'Arranging so that the rise and fall of the foot were equal ^asin dactylic and anapaestic rhythms) J., prob. rightly. I'o-ov
What
dtvw Kai kcLto) tiOcvtos.
is
made
'
equal,
:
*
'
'
els
[laKpov
Ppctx^
—
—
7iYvdjJi.6Vov...|XT|KT|
8^ Kai
Ppax^T-pras
And
he attached to them lengths and shortnesses. Does this mean, he literally added on anything or merely
Trpoo-f]'irT6.
assigned the qualities or marks of length and shortness ? The sense of ppaxvrrjSi Ar. Poet. xx. 4, would seem to be that of *
The evottXio^ was
called also irpoaooLUKo^.
'
Notes.
400, 401.]
247
we should
shortness, syllabic shortness, so that probably he called them long or short.
render loosely,
*
€v\oyia dpa Kal €vapp.oo-Tia Kal
E.
fxia €vT]9€ta
iva^r\it.oa'ivr\
koi evpvB-
These delicately graded compounds
olkoXovOci.
which we have the
antithesis below, acxniJioavvr] Kal dppvdKai dvap/xoaria KaKoXoyLas Kal KaKorjdeias d5eX0d, afford an excellent instance of the resource and flexibility of Greek, as well as of the fondness of Plato for alliterative and assonant to
fjuia
epanadiplosis.
See note on
€VT|0€(a.
i.
348d.
Avoiav o^a-av iiiroKOpiJdjj.cvot KaXov[i€v cos cvrjOciav. 'Which, being really folly, we call by a mild name simplicity.* The simplicity which is a euphemism for folly. On viroKopL^oixevoL see note on v. 474e. i\v
'
'
* cl jjL^XXov<ri TO aviTwv irpoLTTciv. If they are to do their work in life.' to avrCbv irpdrTeLv is, in Plato's eyes, the whole duty of the citizen ; and this moral division of labour is the principle upon which his ideal state is based.
401b. tt|v tov d7a0ov clKova ^0ovs Ijiiroiciv. *To impress their poems the image of the noble character.' The slight alteration in the usual order seems to give a subtle additional emphasis.
upon
^
jjcf)
Trap'
Tj|jLtv
iroictv.
Or not be poets of The whole of this '
ours.'
exquisite passage, the central passage of Plato's educational system, is in may notice the repetition his most characteristic style. of TToXXd (XTTo TToWCjjf, the assonance of bpeirbpievoL re Kal veyMdirb iravrbs birodev ...dirb rwv Ka\u>p, fjievoL, the repetition of diro of TTpbs irpbs bxpLv r) wpbs dKoi^p .irpoa^dXy, as some of the more The order and contangible and separable devices of style. struction of the whole passage is most noteworthy, and may be compared with that of such striking passages as 399a and €V KaKfi
poTolvT),
ctc.
We
—
B,
—
. .
411AB.
D. c|)€povTa Tf|v €v(rxt\\Loa-vvr\v, 6 re pvdfjibs Kal dpfxovia.
*
They bringing
grace,'
i.e.,
8f| xaiptov Kal 8\)o-x.€paivcov to, |j.^v KaXa liraivot. accepting or rejecting, as he ought, will praise what is The good, and receive it into his soul and feed upon it. Zurich edd. here adopt a correction of Vermehren, the
E.
And
Kal opOcDS
—
'
The Republic of
248
Plato,
A
being dpdQs 8r] order of the words in Par. Ka\a eiraLvol Kal xaipwi/ /cat Kara bexoi^evos. KaL before xaipwi/.
ixkv
dvo-x^paLi^coif
.
.
to.
Stallb. omits
Xap€iv. *'To know the reason why." Cp. i. 344d. of \6yov didovai, or Trapacrxea/.
402a. X070V
The converse
[book m.
.
—
J.
With this beautiful sentiment (senD. kclWlo-tov dea^a. It is one of the tentia plane divina, Stb. ) cp. Timaeus^ 87d. Stallb. adds a number central sayings of Plato's philosophy. of other references. For this use of the 403b. 'irpo<roio-T€Ov...ai>TTi t| t|8ovi^. verbal, neither in agreement with nor governing the noun, cp. V. 460b.
—
Greek Gymnastics. See Introduction, B. with reference to Mahaffy, etc.
c.
Plato's
Edu-
cation, E.
8o"ov Tovs TVTTovs.
*
We shall
only
(lit.,
just so
much
as)
sketch the general types. dGXr^Tttl JJL6V YOLp ol dvSpes tov iacyictto-u d^covos. For these people are to be athletes in the most important of contests, I.e., the defence The ordinary athletic of their country.' training of Greece had no special reference to military exercise indeed, it is often stated to be opposed to, and to unlit the athletes for, what Plato calls here the "first of competitions. " While then Aristophanes tells us that it was in the playing fields of the Academy that Marathon was won, Euripides, in the famous fragment of the Autolycus (281 Dind.), represents the athlete as worse than useless for his country's defence. The whole fragment should be read as a comment on the present passage. How far Euripides is giving a genuine and not merely a dramatic opinion may be doubtful. He had himself received the athletic training when young, and perhaps been disgusted by it. Eur. Vit. Anonym. But much the same condemnation is pronounced seriously by Aristotle, Pol. viii. 4. 1. 2. Engelm. compares Plutarch, Philopoemon, c. 3, a passage much to the point o-rpaTrjyQv... TTaaav ddXrja-LU e^e^aWev, (hs ra xp7;(rt^c6Tara tCjv acofJidTOjU eis TQius dvajKaiovs dyCbvas dtx/^T^crra iroLodffav, On the whole subject, see Kr SLUse, Gymnastik, 654. '
;
Tj
TwvSe Toov
do-KTiT<Sv ^|ts.
fessional athletes.'
*
The. habit of our present pro'
-
,
249
Notes.
402-4C4.]
404a. (r<f>aXepd irpos vyCiiav. The expression as well as the idea is from Hippocrates' iu ro'icn yv/xpaarLKolaL ai iir^ dKpov eve^LUL acpaXepai. KO|i.\|/OT€pas..do-KTj(r€a)s. 'A finer regimen.' Athenaeus, 10. 413, quotes a number of instances of this gross voracity of athletes. Eur. Ant. quoted .supra implies same charge. * In a precarious state as B. dKpocr<}>aX€is...irp6s vyUiav. aKpoacpaXrjSy lit. in a state of unstable regards health.' Philop. ajy. Plutarch, equilibrium, on the point of falling. cap. 3, 1. 1., uses exactly the same expression, perhaps
borrowed from here.
diaepuXaTTovrcov
rrfv
e^Lv...aKpoa(pa\ri
irpbs jJLera^oXrju.
The remark is as old as Plutarch {de Is. Ix0vo-tv €<rTia. Osir. vii. 353d) that the Homeric heroes, so far from considering fish a delicacy, never ate it when they could help. 6 5' €/j.(pavr]s /cat Trpaxetpos {Xoyos) ovk avayKoiov ol'5' aire pie pyov bxpov d7ro(paLPU3J/ tov ix^^^i '^MP^ fiaprvpel, firjre ^diaKas rovs a^po^LOvs fjLTjre rovs ^IdaKfjaLovs dvOpduirovs vrjaLLbras ix^vat xpwfievovs TTOLOvvTL fj/qre rovs ^Odvcrcrecos eraLpovs kv ttX^j tocovtw /cat ev daXamj, irplv eis iaxoiTrju eXdelv diropLap. Quoted by Engel. who adds that in similes such as //. v. 487, xvi. 406, fish appears to have been an article of food, but among the poor. c.
et
We
might, however, point to such a passage as that quoted,
ddXaaaa
de irapexv i-X^vs, 363c.
"Eum
Homerus vocat ixByoevra, 11. ix. 360. But Stallb. does not add, as he might, that ixOvoeis Stallb." in Homer seems to mean monster- teeming, 'rather than 'abounding in fish to eat, thus confirming the view of fish indicated above. Cobet, Var, Led. p. 528, would excise, as otiose, and because 'h pro eirl visum movet.' But the words explain ewl daXaTrr}, Cp. Thuc. 2. 9. and'E\\r7(T7r6i'T:j is here used of the country. Iv'EXX'po-'irdvTa).
'
'
D.
SvpttKoo-tav Tpdircjav, SiKcXiK-fiv -rroiKiXCav 6'\|/ov. especially xii. p. 527,
Sicilians and among them the Syracusans notorious for their good living. Athen. 5'
The were 5ia-
re /cat l^vpaKoaioL, Cos Kal XpLaro(pdv7]S <p7]criv ev AaLraXevaiP dXX' ov yap '^fiaOe ravr^ ifjLov paKoaiau irefXTTOvros, dXXd /xaXXou " TriVetv, ^Tretr' adeiu KaKujs
BoTjTOi '
etVt irepl rpvcpiqv
"ZLKeXiLoraL ,
And r pdire^av^^ Hv^apLndds r' euwxt'as /cat Xtoi^ iK AaKaivdv. the phrase ^vpaKoaia rpdire^a, ^iKeXiKj] rpdwe^a became proverbial, and is used in Patristic writings as a synonym for luxury. In the famous seventh epistle, 326b, Plato says, •or is made to say, that his actual experience of the Italian
'
The Republic of
250
and Sicilian table did not please him. Horace is well known, Od. iii. 1. 1, ' '
Non
[BOOK
Plato.
The passage
III.
in
Siculae dapes
Dulcem elaborabunt saporem, Non avium citharaeque cantus
Somnum
reducent."
Cp. Gorgias, p. 518b. KopLvGCav Kop-qv. Memorat ras eraipa^ tols KopLvdiaSy Stallb. For these Corinth was only too well known, whence the proverb, ov iravTos dv8p6s is KopLudoy ^ad^ 6 ttXovs. Cp. Becker, Charicles. Some of the mss. omit the word Kop-qv, and some edd. wish to follow them. Stallb., who is quite right, is. pleased to be witty on the subject. *'Ceterum K6pr}v ne cxsulare jubeamus, ipsa verborum elegantia prohibet. Verecundius enim ac suavius dictum, quam si Kopiq abesset. Innocentem puellam eiicere ex Platonis republica voluerunt triumviri praestantissimi, Buttmannus, Morgensternius et nuperrime Astius."
'Attikwv TTCfj-fidTcov cviTaGcCas. The Attic pastry celebrated for its excellence, which it is said to have to the excellence of the well-known Attic honey. Athen. iii. p. 101 e,
was owed Cp.
dXXa irXaKovpra /jlt] Lv ttov avrhv ^XV^ eripcode, /jlcXl ^7]T7](T0v direXdwu 'Attlkov, (1)S tout '4(jtlv 6 iroLet Kelvov v^piariqv.
aivet ^Kd-qv-qcnv yeyevrj/Jiiifoy' ei 8^
Hence the Athenian bakers were famous,
e.g.,
Thearion in
the GorgiaSy 518b. E.
€K€i |X€v.
*
In the region of music.
The iarpoL of Greece, Doctor's shops. 405a. larpeia. like all but a few consulting physicians in England not so many years ago, were chemists as well as doctors, and made See Engelm. up and dispensed their own prescriptions. All larpeTov was at once a bathing establishment, an apothecary's shop, and a surgery. '
SiKaviKT)
T€
Kttl
Mnemos, N. S. ii. enim causid/corum dicit in
&pa
'
Law and medicine.' Cobet " Non would read SiKaaTLKT). sed iudicum et iudicandi artem
larpiK-ii.
p.
*
280,
artes,
honore haberi."
\L'f\.
'Can you possibly?'
Cp. fxQu
fi-q,
351e.
dKpov. €V
251
Notes.
404, 405.]
Vide note on bk.
IXcvGepu)
a-\r]\iari,
brought up in a
*
p. 360e.
ii.
Those who profess to have been
liberal behaviour.'
And that too from their want of a Kai diropia oIkciwv. home supply.' On /cat here, which causes difficulty to some edd., see Shilleto on Dem. de Fals. Leg. § 101. '
B.
* Defending and dubKcjv, prosecuting.' <j>€V7wv Kai SiwKcuv. exactly the Scotch "pursuing," which is of course simply the
form through French c.
of "prosecuting."
To wriggle off by twisting willow withy, Xiyos, v. wfra.
d'iro<rTpa<j>fjvat X'u'Yi|d|X€vos.
and twining,'
literally like a
'
Par. A alone here preserves Xvyi^ofievos. The inferior mss. all have, with the change of one letter, Xoyi^o/jLevos, by calcuThe reading of Par. A, however infinitely preferable lating. on internal grounds, is fortunately doubly confirmed by (1) the scholia ad /oc, Xvyi^ofievos, arp€(p6/j.€Pos, Ka/j.irT6/j.€vos, airb tG)v Xvyojp, Xvyos de eari (pvrbv i/iavTLodes (2) Suidas (T. ii. The reading Xoyt^ofxeuos, which p. 465) and Photius (p. 200). in itself might pass muster, aff'ords an excellent instance of the way in which mss. get corrupted by the substitution of an easier for a more unusual word, while we have indirect testimony to the value of scholia and grammarians in settling a reading. Cp. note on waLLova, p. 383b. For the phrases (TTpo(pds, Xvyi^eadaL, cp. Ar. Ban. 775, ;
OL 5' dKpOU)/JLeUOL
TLov avTLXoyiCiv /cat XvyLO-fiujv Kai arpocpLov VTrepe/JiavTjcrai',
Kavo/JLLcrav (jO(pwraTov.
W(rraXovros SiKaorrov. *A nodding vant) judge.' Eng. quotes a passage in where Bdelycleon offers his father a cock to and wake him up on the dicast's bench
drowsy, unobserAr.
Vesp.^
8*16,
an alarum,
act as
during a tedious
speech. IVa 7'
i^v
Kadevdris dwoXoyovfJievov tlvos,
abujv dvojdev e^eyeipn
tTrcTctwv
voo-7]jj.dTa)v.
'
ovroai.
cr^
Annual
diseases,' diseases belonging to the
'
or
rather
'
seasonable
time of the year.
Kai irvc-uixdrtov. Flowings and blowings." intentional, being a piece of Plato's ornate style (here used ironically), of which the whole passage from Tj 5oK€L <TOL dowH Is an excellent example. N.B. Platonic D.
pcvfidrcov
The assonance
*
is
—
The Republic of
252
and redundance
repetition
Plato,
in iraaas fxeu
[book m.
o-Tpo(pds
crrpecpeadaL
Tracjas 8e 8l€^o8ovs die^eXdiiov dirojTpa^rjvaL Xvyi^o/uLevos.
Tovs KOfji\|/oi)s Ao-KXirTTLdSas. The ingenious sons of Asclepius. Ko/jL\p6s is hard to render exactly, conveying as it does the sense of both subtle and witty. **The sons of A. with their nice wit." *
'
'
E. oi vUis €v Tpotqi EvpuTTuXo), etc. The sons of Asclepius are Podalirius and Alachaon. They are mentioned first in tlie catalogue of ships, //. ii. 732, as skilled in physic. In the eleventh Iliad Machaon himself is first wounded in the shoulder by an arrow" shot by Paris, v. 507, and Eurypylus a little later on is struck in like manner in the thigh, v. 583. Machaon immediately on being hit is conveyed by Nestor to his own tent, w^here the old hero makes him as comfortable as possible, v. 618 seq(2., and Hecamede his handmaid produces refreshments of a miscellaneous and, as Plato would say, inflammatory kind. While Machaon is enjoying this sedative, Patroclus who has been sent by Achilles comes in to know who it is that is hurt. Nestor detains him through a speech of 150 lines, but at last he is able to get away, and on his return journey meets Eurypylus limping home with the barb in his thigh, 809. At his request, Machaon being hors de combat and Podalirius fighting, Patroclus himself turns doctor, and not being an Asclepiad does not venture on an internal application of warm stimulant, but cuts out the barb, washes the wound with warm water, and then puts into it a Plato has thus bitter root, which acts as an anodyne, v. 844. confused two stories; the administering of the Pramnian wine by Hecamede, rrj dovcry TTietj/, to Machaon, and the Nor can the confusion doctoring of Eurypylus by Patroclus. be removed or explained away. Ast. himself turns Asclepiad But Plato and excises the words ovde UarpSKXco eireTLfxrjaav. has repeated the name Eurypylus below, p. 408a. There can be no doubt then that Plato, as he often misquotes the /angtiage of Homer, has here misquoted the story^ and the fact must be a warning to those who would correct such Curiously enough in another (quotations as that in 389e. dialogue Plato tells the story as it is in Homer, Ton. p. 538b.
This wine is mentioned once in Iliad xi. olvos IIpd|xv€ios. 639, 1, c. and once in the Odysffeij x. 235, both times in the same connection as being used to make a posset along with meal and honey (a sort of Athol brose ?). It was a red wine, very ,
253
Notes.
405, 406.]
It bitter and astringent, which gave it its medicinal value. came from the slopes of Mount Pramne in the Aegean island of Icaros or Icaria, the modern Nikaria. The locus classicus for
the subject
is
Athenaeus
i.
30c.
406a. rf) 8ov<r(i iruiv, i.e., Hecamede. The order of words If we mentally transpose ovk presents a Platonic perplexity. cfxcfxypavTo ttj doixnj irLe2v, and put them before YtvpvTrv\(i), all is Did not blame the maid who gave to drink to Euryclear. pylus a lot of meal sprinkled and cheese grated upon Pramnian
wine." TTttiSaYw-yiKT]
rfi
fant) diseases.' disease.' J.
—
twv
voo-tkxcltwv.
*This system which
'
This tutelage of (insaid to educate
may be
'HpdSiKOS. There were two physicians of this name, who, even in antiquity, were confused ( V, Galen. Comment, ad Hippocr.) Herodicus, brother of Gorgias, and like him from As the Scholiast Leontini and Herodicus the Selymbrian. states, the latter is here meant. 'YipobiKov top ^rfKvfjLppLavov ^r^atp ovtos rju Trap' m 6 KcDos (poLrrjaas 'iTnroKpdrrjs kcltco iavrov iarpbv.
—
6crov
(3alv€Lv
eirl
rfj
iarpLKiJ tovs
irdpras direXLireu.
He
is
also
mentioned in Plato's Protag. 316d, as a sophist ovbevbs ijTrcop, and is doubtless the Herodicus of the Pliaedrvs, p. 227d, where see scholia. Hippocrates, Eindem. vi. 3, says that he used to torture to death patients suffering from fever by a regimen of violent exercise and Turkish baths, producing sweating but Hippocrates, it must be remembered, was a For the rest the statement may be held to bear rival artist. out what Plato says here, that Herodicus was notable for having combined gymnastic with physic. The statement is repeated by Plutarch, de ser. mun. vind. ix. 554, who states that the malady with w^iich Herodicus struggled himself was :
(f)6i<TLS
B.
dv-QKenTov wddos.
dircKvaio-c.
(T'qfJiaiveL
explains
ok
'Fretted or wore away.' Mcpdeipev Cjs vvv, kul iXvirrjaev, Schol. Timaeus, Lex. Plat.
/cat eKOxpe,
it
as
/car'
oXiyou
diro^veLv
Kai
dicnrepel
lluhnken has a long comment showing that fret, away.
it
dLacpOeipeLv.
means
to tease,
'irapaKoXo\)0«v...Twv ocrr\\LarL. Literally 'keeping even pace "dogging" the disease.' "Quum labantem valetudinem sustentare conaretur " Stallb. But this can hardly be right. Purves, *humouring or accommodating himself to. But surely w^ith,
—
The Republic of
254
Plato.
[BOOK
III.
the exact meaning is following hard upon the heels of the disease' (and at each new step it takes giving some new remedy). So Engel. "Wahrend er der Krankheit in ihrem Verlauf folgte." Cp. Demosth. 519, 12, where D. says of Meidias, iraprjKoXovdrjcTe irap^ oXrju rrjv Xeirovpyiav eirrjped^ujv ifJLol *
,
He dogged my
(TwexcDs.
steps, etc.
' 8v<r9avaTwv. Dying hard. Cp. Hdt. ix. 72. This seems the natural meaning. So Eng., "langsam daher sterben." Stallb. is again wrong, "dum malam obit mortem." dvaddvaros, as a medical term, has the same force. Galen. '
—
There may 7Tjpas...7€pas, * Age, wage.' paronomasia here, though the similarity of
be an intentional words may also be
purely accidental.
This is the reading of all the best mss. D. fjLiKpdv SCaiTttv. If we can is kept by Schneider and the Zurich edd. understand and render a nice regimen,' i.e., a regimen entering into every little detail, we may keep it. But this inter-
and
*
pretation wants support, and the occurrence of the wellknown phrase Kara apuKpov down below, 407d, is hardly sufficient. The reading fxaKpav is only too obvious a correction. It is made by one ms. and adopted by Herm., Engel., D. and V. etc. As Stallb. says, * Quid jxiKpav dlaLrav significare possit, id quidem me ignorare libere confiteor." '
,
TTiXiSia. Invalids or weakly Caps, literally, of felt. persons used to wear a small cap of wool or felt. Cp. Dem. de Fats. Leg. § 285, Sli^ irLXibiov XafSojv iirl t7)v K€<pa\7]v Treptvoarris Kal e/jLoi XoLdopT], and compare also story of Solon's pretended ,
madness, Plut. Solon, cap.
raxv
etTTCV.
*
8, ttlXlov irepideixevos.
He'll say in a minute.'
The
aorist
is
gnomic.
*You don^ listen to Pho407a. ^(aKvXr8ov...ovK dKovets. cylides, when he tells us how one ought.' So the majoritj^ of Purves, however, following Schneider, ^ Did interpreters. you never hear of Phocylides' saying?' which is neat but Phocylides, the most gnomic of the Gnomic poets, doubtful. the poets of Proverbial Philosophy, was of Milesian origin, and born, according to Suidas, B.C. 560. The "gnome" alluded to here was Ai^TjadaL *
Ensue a
virtue.
'
(Slottju, dperiqv 5'
orav y pios daKclv.
and whenso thou hast a living, practise Others read orav plos -rfdrj, then whenso thou hast. livelihood,
f;
;
255
Notes.
406, 407.]
is not the emphasis upon -qdrj in any case, which Plato perhaps for his own purposes requires, when one has Jrst got a living. Horace's ii'^. i. 1, 53, "O cives, cives, quaerenda pecunia primum est, Virtus post nummos." This sentiment, however, that "the poor in a loomp are bad," and " tisn't them as has munny that breaks into houses and steals," was quite well known to the Greeks. £^.g., Alcaeus, Frag. 50, Bergk,
But there
ws yap
0aicr' ovk CLTrdXafjLuou ev 'Zirdpra \6yov ' ApLarodajuiou xp?7/^ar' dvrip, irevLXpos 5' ovdels ireKer '4a\os ovde rtpLLOs.
8r}7roT^
€Lir'r)v.
The phrase, money makes the man, xPWj^T^^ XRVf^o^r^ dvrjp, was universally proverbial, cp. Pind. Isth. ii. 11, but it may seem odd that it should have emanated from the city of Lycurgus. IXCXCTI^TCOV TOVTO.
ScU.
,
TO dpeTTJU d(TKeLU.
^ VOO-OTpO<|)ta T6KTOVtKfi...€JJL'ir<)8lOV TtJ TTpOO-e'leL TOV vov. *0r whether valetudinarianism is a hindrance to carpentry and the other arts, to the giving of the mind to them that is to Both datives after ifiTrodtov; but the first also after tv say.' B.
TTpoae^eL.
TO 8^ <i><0KvXi8ov TrapaKcXcvixa ovZkv 6jJL'n'o8L^€i. But it does not hinder the (following of) the maxim of Phocylides at all i.e., hinder the pursuit of virtue.' For, as Plato says, the maxim of Phocylides is roughly, "ensue virtue," without quibbling whether we are to get a living first or not. *
76 -ircpaiTepo) ^vfjivao-TiKfjs t| •7r€pLTTT|...l7rtp.€\€ia This excessive attention to the body, which goes beyond mere gymnastic (does do so, i.e., does hinder in this way) almost more -fj
than anything
else.
€8patovs.. dpxcLS. fixed, stable,' so L.
The meaning more appropriate here
is
and 8. in which sense it is found in Tim. " Continuous," Purves. But the other, and more (i4B. natural meaning of the word, "sedentary," cp. Xen. Lac. *
i.
3,
o:
TToXXot Tcou rds rexvois (ixovT(jiv edpaToi eiac, is possibly
the right one here too. idpaioL, properly sitting; i.e., quiet, opposed to the unsettled and moveable character of service in the field and in war, E. c.
To
he 8f| p.e7Lo-Tov.
This arrangement of the dialogue,
giving the words from here
down
to crw/xaros to Socrates,
is
The Republic of
256
Plato,
[book
m.
undoubtedly the best and most natural, though some edirun on straight, beginning Socrates' speech at o-xeSoz/ 76 Ti, or at Kal ydp; or else giving the whole speech to Glaucoii, and cutting out eUds ye, which this arrangement makes tors
superfluous. K€((>aXf]s "Racking" headaches. Galen and Siardo-CLs. Stephanus, and most editors after them prefer, (though the choice may not appear great) dLardo-ecs to dLao-rda-eLs, " splitting " headaches, which all the mss. give. It is a question between following all the mss., or preferring the regular technical word. Schneider, with the mss., prefers to split rather than rack; but the textual difference is so infinitesimal that we should probably decide, on internal evidence, in favour of the word in itself usually more likely, dLardo-eis. .
.
.
6irT| TavTT| dpeT-fj dcrK€tTai Kai 8oKi|id^6Tat. 'Wherever virtue is practised in this way, everywhere it is a hindrance.' So the best mss. Stallb., with inferior mss., ottj? avTrj, dpern
d(TKe2adaL
Kal boKLixd^eadai.
Wherever
this,
i.e.,
poaorpocpLa.
valetudinarianism is, it is always a hindrance to virtue being practised and esteemed. ' Some definite disease,' " morbum v6(rT](xa...diroK€Kpi[ji.€Vov. secretum vel separatum qui singularem aliquam corporis partem non totum corpus afliciat." See Stallb. The old interpretation is still the one which obtains, though this use of " Some local diroKeKpLfievov is scarcely sufficiently established. So Engel., "aber an einem ortlichen malady." Purves. Uebel leidenden." "Bestimmte." Schneid. "Specific." D. & V. The difficulty of the expression has led to the obvious correction diroKeKpvjuLjUiepov, concealed, hidden made as early as some of the inferior mss., and adopted by some scholars. However, a concealed malady is by no means what Plato is speaking of here but such maladies as can be expelled or excised, by drugs or by the knife, as opposed to a general subtle lurking disease which pervades the whole constitution (ra €L(7(jj did iravrbs pevocrrjKOTa crci/xara). A very ingenious suggestion has been made to me by my friend, Mr. T. Case, that poa-rjfia diroKeKpLfxevov may mean a secreted disease, a disease formed by secretion. Both the verb and the substantive, diroK peats, have this technical medical sense.
—
—
—
;
;
D.
KaraSeiJau
'Revealed.'
(The special word used of
in-
ventors of arts, cp. Ar. Ran.^ 1032. T/^tiz/
257
Notes.
407.]
Karedet^ev.
'Op^ei/s
yttei^
— Stallb.)
yap reXeras
*By evacuation and
diravrXovvra Kat €7rtX€0VTa.
infusion.'
We
are naturally €v rfj Ka9€crTT]Kvia irepioSo) lf\v. (1.) inclined to render, ' To live in the established round ; and so ]>. & v., 'to live in his regular round of duties'; and Teutfel, E.
'
In seinem angewiesenen Kreise zu leben. " The word irepiodos is used by Plato more than once in the sense of a cycle, or round of events, a cyclical order, and might easily be applied to the "trivial round." (2.) Engelmann, following Prantl, and quoting the exprpssions, KadearrjKvia rpoirr) and 0o/)d, Politic us 270d, 271b, would und erstand in a larger sense, the established order of things, the world as it is now conStallstituted,' which is possible, though not so natural. baum's Latin is prudently vague, " Constitutum a natura vitae cursum conticere," while Schneider renders, "To live and in the appointed time," whatever that may mean; Miiller, "To complete the usual length of life," which is surely quite wrong,
'
'
y
'
o{5t€ avTw ovT€ iroXei Xvo-tTeXf]. Par. A has avrto ; i.e., to the patient. If we keep this, we must understand XvaiTeXr} as Considering that such cures do not profit either the plural. patient or the city. But it is, perhaps, more natural to take XvaLTeXrj as singular, agreeing with tou /ult) dwdfievov, and to read adTLp. Considering such a man to be no use, either to himself or to the city.
Af]Xov, ^jv 8' €7w' Kal ol araiScs avrov, 6tl toio€tos "fjv, ov\ The reading of our text is that of the best ms. Putopas. ting the stop thus at eyoj, and taking the words grammatically, we must render, "This is clear, said I. And because he was such a man, do you not see how his sons, too, at Troy were good at fighting?" But it is possible we have a piece of extreme Platonic laxity, and that we ought to understand the passage /card avvecnv. The drift is clear, and we can easily so understand the passage, although we can hardly call it a constructio /card avveaiv,'' for there is an entire want of construction. "It is clear (from looking at) his children, too, that he was such; for don't you see how at Troy, too, they were seen to be good at fighting." If we think this want of construction too harsh, even for Plato, the most ingenious correction, with the least cjiange, is that of Madvig, adopted
—
*
R
The Republic of
258 by Eng.
Plato,
[book
m.
* it is clear that his sons, too, inferior codices eke out the passage by putting in btLKvvoLev dv, a very clumsy interpolation. ' very slight change would be to Would show plainly. " ij ovx opq.s k.t.X. read, ^FidrjXovif. Âť ,
ort toloutol'
?)
oi'x opds,
The
were of like metal.'
A
'
.
ot TraiScs.
408a.
Hom.
alfj.'
11.
iv.
The well-known Machaon and
Podalirius.
iKfivJ-rjcravT' lirt t' ^vria (j>dp|JiaK' ^7ra<r(rov.
From
Plato has as usual slightly changed in
218.
quoting. EvpvTTvXa).
V. supra, 405e.
KVKeu)v, the regular name. KVKcwva. The usual ingredients were cheese, meal, wine, especially Pramneian, B.
and sometimes honey. Compare II. xi. 624, with Od. x. 234 and 290. Par. A, avroh, Stallb. avTots. Cp. supra, ai)rw, v. avrw, eirl TovTois. * For such people.' Ml8ov. The name of Midas, as that of Gyges and later of Croesus, was specially associated with the fabulous wealth gorgeous East." As a matter of fact Midas was a of the common name among the Phrygian kings, and is to be found on Phrygian inscriptions. See Sayce on Herod, i. 14. For the riches of Midas cp. Tyrtaeus, xii. 5, irXovTolr) Mideu koI KtPijpeoj jhoXlov, quoted by Stallb. and others, and alluded to again by Plato, Laws, ii. 660e. KO|i.x|/os is an epithet much affected by Plato, and, as the old grammarians remarked, in a somewhat special sense. Derived spruce," ifrom KOfjAu), (1) its original meaning seems to be
elegant," gentlemanly, well-dressed, Lat. comptus ; then (2) especially of a ''fine" gentleman, e.g., Ar. Vesp. 1317, ^wt then (3) naturally, irpoo-iroLet q.v.; clvat Tw Ko/JL^s Kai KOfMxpbs ; superfine, supersubtle, e.g., Eur. Frag. 17, /XT) fxoL
ra
d\V &v
KOfjLxpa ttolkCKol
yevoiaro povXevovres
irbXei bet, /jLeydXa
eu.
(4) It is then used of things, fine or dainty, t6 drjXv toM Aristotle saw irddas ^et Ko^yporipovs, Arist. Physiog. v. 5. it is exactly the word to describe Plato's delicacy of style,
As
e.g.,
the famous critique, Ar. Pol,
ii.
6,
rb
/xbr
o^y irepLTrbv
irdpres
oi
KaLvoToiJLov Kal
TO
^Xoucrt
259
Notes.
498-410.]
tov "EcjKpdrovs \6yoL,
found in these books, 405d, with note.
Kai
to
KOfxxj^ov,
Kal to
Several idiomatic usages may be 376a and 460a. Cp. also supra,
^-qT-qTLKov .
e.g.,
Some mss. and edd. prefer So Par. A. Such a reference in the tragedians as Plato has mind is Aesch. Ag. 1022, where see the Scholiast, as
Tpa^wSoiroioC. TpayipdioiroLOL.
in his also the Scholiast
on Eur. Ale.
1.
IJivSapos, t'..^/., Pyth. iii. 54, '^Tpairev koL kclvov dydpopL paad^ Xpvaos €v xeptrtj/ (paveis dv8p^ €k OaudTov Ko/JLiaat 7j8r} dXcjKdTa, with the Scholia. \
c.
Being now at the point of death.' deadly, i.e., lethal, cp. 406b; (2) subject The second meaning suits best here (3) dead. Cp. Soph. Phil. v. 819, cD yaia, de^at davdo-t/jiov
means
to death
;
o))viously. jx
ovra.
Oavdo-LjjLov
davdatfios
|
'
(1)
oirm ^xw.
Kara rd
irpoeLpTfiieva, i.e.,
supra,
ii.
377r>
and 391d.
*For which it is not ovK |-yx.a)p€i KttK-fiv 76vo|X6VT]v. possible that it becoming base should, etc' N.B. change of E.
•§
case.
409a. dKepaiov. cvVjOcis.
*
D. o-o<|>wT€pos
Graecae
*
^
integram "
Untainted,
Simple.'
(d,
Kepdwypa).
See note above on 348d.
d[i.a0€<rT€pos.
Duplex comparativus linguae
cum Latina communis
est."
— Stallb.
See Maclvig,
Gh. Synt. § 93a, Lat. Synt. § 307. 410b. alp'/)(r€i. Will win this, namely, the dispensing with medicine except in cases of necessity.' *
Reading thus the seC. Ka6i<rTao-av, I'va. ..OcpaircvioivTo. quence of tenses is of course quite correct. Par. A, however, has KadiaTdaLv, after which we should naturally expect the subjunctive OepaireiJUPTaL. Ast. corrected into Bepairevu^vTaL in his second edition, but returned to the optative in the third. Schneider and Stallb. find an ingenious defence for the optative as following after the past idea in the mind. *'They established long ago and now keep in force," and this might stand. Cp. Goodwin, M. T. § 44. 2. 2b. Madvig's " Et res et depairetJOLVTo flagitant KadLffTaaav is then probably too strong. T).
|iaXaKcST€poi
^
(OS
KdXXiov avrots.
The second com-
—
'
'
The Republic of
260
Plato.
[book m.
parative here has set commentators to work to connect it with the first. But as Madvig, Gk. Synt. 93b, shows, the neuter of some common adjectives is used in the comparative to denote a reference to the opposite, (BeXrLOPf 'it is better,' So here, 'than as would be best for them, or it is best.' i.e., '
good for them. E.
|xa\\ov dv€9€VTos avTov.
And
'
if it
be indulged over
much.' the reading of the first hand of the best gives (pvo-r] (the margin ere), some inferior mss. have cpvcree. The true Attic form would line of appear to be in tj. See Rutherford, iV. P. 142, Aristoph. has preserved the original form, Kai irpos ye tovtols riK€Tov TTpeajSr] difo, Ar. Frag, 495, and stone records tell the same story." Meyer, O'r, § 381, says that cl for ee is the tru.e •lual. Cp. also Wecklein, Cur. Ep. 14, and Meisterhans. TO) <(>vo'6i.
ms., Par. A.
This
is
The second hand
"A
This charming passage, 411 A. ovKoOv Srav ^iv tis, etc. the beauty of which is admirably reproduced by Prof. Jowett, is a very characteristic example of Platonic style, and may be compared with such passages as 399b c or 401b c. y^.B. especially the repetitions of words, KaravKelv, /caraxetz/,
ha
tQ)v
LOTCJi^^
dta xwz^r;?, TrjKeL, iKTr)^ii,
e/creyOt?/.
' To play and pour over his soul. KaravXeiv Kal Kara^elv. Cp. 561c, rdre jutei^ fxedvujv Kal KaravKovfxevos. ' As through a funnel,' X«VTjs. x^^^V (x^^)? the Latin infundihulum^ excellent specimens of which have been found at For the metaphor cp. Ar. Thesm. 16, dLKrjv bh Pompeii.
X0dP7)S S)Ta 8L€T€Tpr]VaT0.
Warbling.' jiivvpL^wv. minuo, unde est minuta, '
s.
" Suida judice ductum est a [xivvuj, exili voce cantillare, ut h. 1."
Stallb.
Delighted. Verbum yavbuj descendit a 767avca|jL€vos. yavos splendor et laetitia, ideoque significat laetitia perfusum quasi nitere, hilaritatem vultu habituque prodere." Stallb. '
'
'
'
—
^rav 8' krciyjav jxi) dvtT| dXXd KT]Xfj, etc. The general drift here is quite obvious, but when we look closely into the words, we find difficulties which curiously enough seem to have escaped commentators and translators hitherto. Reading eirex^v the nominative to dvirj^ and KifKrj must be oxjToSy but what is the object ? The use of eirex^i-v, absolutely, in the
Notes.
410, 411.]
261
sense of eirex'^Lv [rbv vovv), is not common, but is sufficiently supported. Ar. Lys. 490, ot rats dpxah ewexopres. Cp. note on 399b. The Herodotean use in the sense of ' to intend which commentators both here and above, 399b, adduce is not really parallel. Schneider would supply top povu or rd cDra with both k'wex'^v and /ct/XtJ, and this is perhaps the best course. " But when the man does not cease to give his mind (or ears) to music, but charms them." But surely this is very harsh. If we correct kt^Xt/ to ytterd rovro into KrjXijraL /xerd tovto, or supposing the syllable rat to have been lost into KrfkriTaL to, we get rid of the difficulty. In some ways a better plan would be to read lirexovTa, making [xovatK-q the nominative, which gives at once a more usual sense to aviri, and makes the transitives, for such they must be, T?7/cet /cat Xei'/3et more 'But when music does not release one who lends natural. himself to her, but fascinates him, the next thing is that she melts and wastes him away, until she melts away, as it were, and cuts away the sinews out of his soul, and makes (of him) a soft warrior. eirexovTa would then be exactly parallel to the Reading eirexovTa we must further adopt eirexoPTa of 399b. the slight correction of Winckelmann, iroLrjcrao-a for iroL-qaas, infra. Morgenstern reads e-mx^oov, in which he is followed by '
'
Herwerden. |xaX0aKbv alxK-T'^v. â&#x201A;Źdv...<(>iuo-â&#x201A;Źt
From
dG-ufiov XdpT].
Iliad xvii. 588.
Here again an
easier sense
is
found by making [xovaLKT] the nominative. "If she have found from the first one who is by nature spiritless." Otherwise we must understand ^pvxWi "And if he have received from the first a soul naturally spiritless."
So then they become quick to anger, and c. cLKpdxoXoi. passionate instead of spirited, being full of ill-temper. The consensus of the mss. here is in favour of dKpoxoXoL, but the true Attic form of the word would appear to be dKpdxoKos. This is shown by the evidence of the poetical passage in which the word occurs, e.g., Ar. Fq. 41, dypoiKos opyrjv, KvcL/jLOTpuj^, dKpdxoXos, aud the Ionic form dKprjxoXia of Hippocrates, 1212h. Further, in the Laws 731d, 791d, the mss. are in favour of the form in a. '
'
dv
'yvjxvao-TiKTj. 'If
of gymnastic
work
a man, on the other hand, in the way and live very generously, he is
hard,
'
'
The Republic of
262 filled
man
'
with high thoughts and he was.
avTos
aiiTov.
For
this
spirit,
Plato,
[book
m.
and becomes twice the
well-known idiom
op. 421 d.
If we keep this we must render with Stallb., "But he carries out his end sin every concern with violence and savagery like a wild beast. " This seems natural enough, and bLairparTeadai is certainly found used absolutely, in the sense of "to manage," Hdt. ix. 41. dLairprjcrcreadaL iroLevvras rdde. There seems no need then, with Herm. and Madvig, Engel. suggests that Trpus might go. to excise SiaTrpdrrerai. So it might ; but equally it may stand, and it is there in the m.ss. Some mss. give bLaTdrreraL, which Madvig rather E.
SiaTTpcLTTCTai.
approves. €1
jji-f)
€1
irdpepYov.
'
Except perhaps incidentally.
412a. tov tolovtov tlvos del eirio-TaTov. Will always need For rod tlvos, Stallb. just some such an overseer as this.' compares Soph. O. C. 288, orav 5' 6 Kvpios Traprj tls (be he who he may), where see Hermann's note. The well-known boast of the great eTrLardrr]? Pericles was, that the Athens of his day had realized this happy tempering of the hard and soft elements, (fyCKoKokov jjiev juer evreXeias koI (pLXoaocpoCjuiev avev '
aaXa/ci'as, €l
win,
Thuc.
ii.
40.
jj.€\X€i...o-w^€o-0at.
M.
'
If the state is to
be preserved,' Good-
T., § 25, 2.
The regular well-known rule is never found with the optative, except in orat'io obli<i'iia, where in or alio recta the subjunctive with orav would have stood. Even of this examples in good authors are very Madv. G. S., 132, 3 Bern., calls it a rare anomaly. Here rare. the construction is helped out by attraction to (J riyolro supra. V. Goodwin, M. 7"., § 61, 4; and § 64, 1, on assimilation. Herm. however excises, suggesting that the phrase may be owing to a slip of the copyist, whose eye was caught by y av Stobaeus quoting the passage reads 6tl fidXio-ray (pLXoT above. which it would simplify matters to adopt. Kal [Srav jxaXwrra].
D.
that
oTOiv is
E.
€mXav0avdjJL€voi.
(Cobet would excise this word.)
'Does not it appear 413a. to tcL ovra 8oJd^€Lv dXi^Gevciv. to you that to have an opinion based on reality is to be in the truth
?
'
'
Notes.
411-414]
Tpa^iKcaS-.-KivSwcvcD X^^civ. poetical obscurity.' Cp. infra, ...TTOLrjTLKWS, 1. 332B. o.
TovTo ws
must do
TToiTiTeov.
*
263
'I fear I'm speaking with 545e ; and supra, yvi^aTo
viii. p.
Of the opinion, namely, that they
that,' etc.
•irpo0€|i€vois ^pvct.
set before
(We must keep a watch upon
'
them tasks
them, and)
in which, etc.
€7KpLT€ov...d'TroKpiT€OV.
See note on 377c.
And we must
test them.' ^daavos, the The word touchstone, on which gold is rubbed to test it. eastern origin. foreign and word, palike one of looks shanas, is found in Sanskrit, meaning a stone ; but it is uncertain whether this again is not as foreign to SanBenfey compares the well-known skrit as (Sdcravos to Greek. Hebrew Bashan, the land of Basalt. See yani9ek, FremdThe Latin worter im Griechischen und Lateinischen, sub voc. name significantly is Lapis Lydlus, Pliny, xxxiii. 126. Wharton, Etyma Graeca, puts ^daavos down as a Lydian word. E.
Pao-avCtovTas.
*
A
A
good historical in414a. Td(|)<ov.,.T«v dXXwv |j.v'r](i.€L<ov. stance of this is to be found in the well-known instance of the honours paid to Brasidas at Amphipolis, Thuc. v. 11 ; cp. Ar. Eth. Nic. 1134, b. 24, showing how these honours were kept up in later days.
And that he should receive the highest reXa-yxdvovTa. wards in the way of burial, and of other tributes to his The return from the dative strictly grammatical memory.' *
after doreov to the accusative
is
quite Platonic.
What plan, then, could we find dv p.T])(^av'?|...'Tr€Lo-ai. for those necessary falsehoods of which we spoke just now, to tell some single noble one, and persuade first and foremost our rulers ; or, if not our rulers, then the rest of the state ? Again we have a Platonic change of case, rj/iup ^evdo/u^evovs.., B. Tis
*
ireTcraL. ' 76vvat6v Ti iv \|/€\)8op,€vovs. Telling some one single noble falsehood.' As Stallb. points out, there is a play on the double meaning of yewatos, noble, generous ; and excellent, splendid, appropriate. See note on Book i. 348d, yevvala " Nimirum locum habet hie quoque facetus amphievrjOeia. boHae lusus, quo veteres mire delectantur. " Jowett's *'just
The Republic of
264
[book m.
Plato,
one royal lie" gives the spirit very well. We are naturally reminded of the famous '' splendide mendax." c. [itfikv
Katvdv.
'
It
must be nothing new
'
(/-t'?}
marking an
implied imperative). <i>oiviKiKov TO}js
The
Ti.
xpevdos ^OLVLKLKov
<py)<jiv
Scholiast has a good note here.
dirb
To tQp Kara rov dpcLKovra Kai rovs ^irap-
Kai Kad/uLoif xpevdQs Xeyofxeucju.
ovros yap, Ayrjpopos rod llo-
Such a national x^P^legend, or lie, is exactly what Plato means. Stallbaum thinks he also chooses the Phoenician legend, because the expression xpeudos ^olvlklkjv was proverbial. But though Punica jides was among the Komans, it is a question whether this was so among the Greeks. In the Laws, 668e, Plato calls it to tov UlScovLov jULvdoXoyTjjuLa. G. crecdQuos Kai Ai^vtjs
rju,
r/s
i]
^olvlktj
—
Every Greek State had similar lies about its origin and ethnology. Notably the Athenians had one about their being ai^rox^oi/es— more specially alluded to by Plato a few lines lower down. o)S
<(>a(riv.
'
ucio-at 8€ <rvxvf]s iretOovs.
commendation to commend.' (OS
^oiKas. .oKvoOvTL X€7€tv.
to tell
.
'
But requiring a great deal crvx^^os, see note on Book
On *
'
How
of ii.
reluctant you seem to be
it.'
[J.irjTT]p. They are in very fact E. [Kai] T| 7fj ians boasted themselves to be, Autocthones. in the mss., but cannot stand. .
.
.
what the AthenThe Kai is found
Kai rpo^ov. This collocation forms a regular phrase, Soph. O. T. 1092, irarpLLOTav 'OidLirov Kai rpocpbv Kai jmarep av^€Lu, and Plat. Legg. 91 8e, ev firjrpbs av Kai rpocpov (7%77^art TL/uicpTO ra TOLavra iravra. Cp. inf. 471r>. [XT]Tpbs
cp.
The oracular aorist 415c. xpT]<rfjLov ovTos ... Sta<f)0apf]vai. Goodwin, M.T., § 23, 1. 2. after xpv^^/^od is worth noticing. D. Kai TovTo (Ji€v 81^ '^^€1 SiTTi &v, ctc. ' This point will be settled by the direction, be it what it may, in which the should expect ottws, but birrj general voice may waft it. suits better with aydyy. '
We
which there is no exact equivalent in Mr. Purves well puts it, the vox popuii, which is the vox dei, the voice which is in the air, which is not the deliberate utterance of any one individual, but comis
English.
a
It
word is,
as
for
;'
Notes.
414-417.]
265
itself to all ; so that it may sometimes be a special See L. &; S., sub inspired application of a casual utterance. voc. ; and for the best account in their connection of this and KXrjdwp, 6cr(7a, see the kindred Myers' Essays^ ofxcpy]^ (pvimr}, Classical, p. 13, or Helleiiica, p. 433, on Greek Oracles. An oracle [oraculum) may, of course, be found in a (prjimrj, but the special sense of oracle is out of place here, so that Ficinus' Quo oraculum perducet is wrong.
mends
Also this appears to be 416a. [KaKovpYciv] is not wanted. the only place where it is found with the dative whereas e-mx^tpijaaLf with dative in sense of to attack, is quite common. ;
B. *'
TTjv fjL€7i<rTT]v Tfjs €v\ap€Las.
Dictum pro
rrjU fieyio'Trjj/
6 TToXvs rou xpovov, Crat. c.
mss.
•n'av<rot...jj.^|
ctrapot.
eirdpoL,
iravaei,
*
The
evXd^eiav, ut
391b
;
The
eiraLpei,
i]
greatest precaution. opdoTdrrj etc."
Symp. 209a, Par.
etc.
rijs aKexpeajs
— Stallb.
A has iravaoL, iirdprj: some There can be hardly any
Stallb. we should read as here, the optatives following after the optative, du cpai-r}. Cp. 398b. Otherwise the fut. indie, would be the regular prose construction. Goodwin, M. T., § 65, i. R. 1(a).
doubt that with
D.
dOXriTal TToXep-ov.
E.
Talajxevovs.
*
0^3.
403e.
By arrangement between
themselves and
the other citizens.' The accusative follows on del ^rju supra. ra^dfjL€vovs is of course middle, and not to be taken in a passive sense as Ast. unnecessarily supposes. Stallb. quotes several good instances of this use of the middle. Hdt. iii. erd^avro i. avri tQ)v Thuc. veCov ...dvdXojjxa 97; 99, 3, xPVf^^'^^
—
<pep€Lv.
ov8€ 5cria. For plur. Purves quotes Thuc. iv. 1,3; but the use is not uncommon, cp. Iliad, xvi. 128, etc. It is found in Latin too, perhaps in imitation of Greek Verg. Aen. i. 669,
—
yota
tihi.
41 7a. ircpictxI/ao-Gai. Lit., Ho put round them,' so *to wear' especially of rings, bracelets, anklets, crowns. Cp. next book, iv. 420e, xpucrdz/ irepidevTes, and irepicLirrov with its differentiated use, 426b. * B. 9€ovT€s. .€YY^'''a'Ta oXeGpov. Running onto the very verge Exactly like our idiom, running risk, running into of ruin.' danger. So deeiv Kivdwov, Plut. Fah. 26. .
The Republic of
BOOK 419. of this
[BOOK
Plato.
IV.
IV.
Kal
These opening words 6 'A8€L|xavTos iiiroXaPwv. book again may be noticed, as showing, if any proof
were needed, that the division into books is purely artificial and arbitrary. Yet scholars have based arguments on the division. Cp. Introduction, p. xi. note 1. rC o^v diroXoYTio-et. [ki\
irdw
Tt
What
*
defence will you
'Not
€v8ai|Jiova$.
make
,
:
j '
'
?
so very, not particularly,
happy.'
\
i
Kal Tavra
8i'
lavrovs.
'
And that too through their own fault.
' |
i
Hireling mercenaries. Badliam, one of those scholars who made a reputation by trenchant See Badh. ad handling, condemns juLLadcoroi as a gloss. Phaedr. p. x. liriKo-upoi [xio-GcDToi.
420a. Ka0f]o-0ai. Kal Tavrd ye iiTLcrLTLOL,
'
'
Sit idly,' 'sit stock
eiricrtTioi.
oi Tpo(j>rjs x^P'-^
^
'
'
!
^
still.'
Yes, and are paid in kind at that.'
ipya^SfiepoL
'
:
— Scholiast.
Iraipais 8i8dvai. Here the best mss. all agree, and the sceptical scholars raise no objection. Some inferior mss., however, change into erepois. The question, otherwise not worth noticing, is of interest as bearing on the vexed passage ii. 373a.
i
i
j
i
!
Cp. supra,
B.
^0vos.
c.
dv8pLdvTas.
—
'
i.
p. 351c.
When we were painting statues.'
*'
Pictae
imagines " Stallb. after Schaefer. The extent to which the painting of statues was common in Greece is a moot point, But that they were painted not seldom is pretty certain. On this question see some excellent remarks by Mr. C. Waldstein, Essays on the Art of Pheidias, Introduction. E.
|\)o-TL8as.
Fine robes, robes of state, gala dresses. The garment of fine stuff, as the Scholiast
^varis was a long trailing says, ^varis €(Ttl Xeirrbv
v(pacFfJLa
irepL^oKaLov,
i)
xiro;?'
irodrjpTjs
i
i
j '
,
'
'
Notes.
419-421.] yvuaLicelos.
It
267
was worn by men on
state occasions, like the
robes of our judges and bishops, e.g., Ar. Nub. 70, orav ujeyas Sov ap/x' eXavvrjs rrpos ttoKlv
A
good instance
\
of its use is Theocr.
eyw
(jv
ibairep Meya/cXeT^s ^varid^ '^X^^ii.
73,
5e ol a fieydXoLTos
(hfJidpTevv ^vacroLO KoKbt^
avpotaa xirwi/a rdv KXeapiVras.
KdfJL<pL(TT€L\ajJi€ua TOLV ^vaTidoL
is the Latin Palla, the " sceptred pall " of tragedy, as Milton calls it. Crowning with gold. Xpvcrbv TTcpiGcvTcs.
It
'
' Bid them till the irpbs TiSov^iv €p7d^€o-0aL kcXcvciv ttjv ^fjv. land at their own sweet will, i.e., as much or as little as they
please.' eirihi^ia. The common reading was eTrt de^id in two words. This would of course mean toward the right, and must be dLamvovras, drinking round from left to right. with taken The question however is not as to the Par. A gives einde^La. form but as to the meaning. kinM^La may equally mean rightwards. Cp. Odyssey, xxi. 141, opvvad' e^eitjs einde^La, and Eupolis Frag. Incert. iriveLv rrjv einde^La, which favours that interpretation here. But eViSe^ta may be adverbial, equal to eiride^Lios, and so Casaubon interprets it, and is followed by Stallb., who says, "Significat scite et eleganter." So Engelm.. "Die Topfer ganz hiibsch am Feuer lagern Jassen." So also D. and v., '* Stretch our potters at their ease on couches before the fire." Jowett appears to adopt the first, "Passing roun(/ the glittering bowl." o^Jt' dXXos ovSeis ovhlv 'i\(av (r\r\[La. ^x^^ will any one else of those who make up a city proper character.'
421a.
'
Nor B.
€1
(i€v
o^v
T|(i€LS
p.€V.
"Locus ad explicandum
Stallb.
is
'^crTai.
keep
his
justified in calling this
difficillimus, " especially as
he keeps
the reading of Par. A, eandropas evdai/mopas. The difficulty is very much lessened by reading, as in our text, with Madvig's emendation, iandTopas evdai/iov dWo. The passage then runs, If then ive on our part make guardians in very truth as little injurious as possible to the state, whereas our opponent makes only a set of husbandmen, banqueters as it were at a festival, not citizens of a city, then he would call something else than a city happy. The grounds on which Madvig bases this emendation are these (1) evdal/uLovas is redundant ; (2) &\\o
—
The Republic of
268 di^
TL
Tj
ttoKlv XeyoL
is
meaningless
;
Plato.
(3)
[book
iv.
aKeirreov ovu, the apo-
awkwardly from ovv, without any show of an The error which gave evdaifMouas for €v8aL/jLou is anacoluthon. dosis begins
a very natural one, an instance of accommodatio ad proximum, the word being wrongly made to agree with iarLaropas. The prior question, however, ought to be, Can we make anything of the mss. reading evdaifMouas ? The main difficulty is as to the apodosis after ei...TroLodfiev. (1) Hermann begins the apodosis at (TKe-rrreov, understanding apparently thus If then we make... but our opponents were to speak of... something else than a city, (if that be so) then we must consider. But this seems hardly Greek: el olv Xeyoi, 'if he were to speak,' is surely impossible. (2) Stallbaum's own rendering is in English 'If, therefore, while we are anxious fco make our as follows guardians in very truth the best friends of the state (expressed /)er /uL€LCtj(7Lv), he who takes the opposite side wishes these same guardians to be a kind of husbandmen, intent on business and gain, and finally enjoying themselves in conviviality, a festive gathering, so to speak, and not in a state, then he will certainly be speaking of something else than a state.' To get rid of the awkwardness about the apodosis, other means have been proposed. Orelli would read elev ovv, thus Ast boldly omits ei jxh^ and reads 7]iJieh /nev getting rid of ei.
—
—
m
ovy. E.
StSdcrKTi
ox>s
x^cCpovs
sons and any others he
may
8T]}iiovp7ox>s
StSdfeTai.
'
His
become inferior The middle is usu^iSa^erat. "get taught by another," not teach, will
woi'kmen under his teaching.' ally explained as signifying to to be the teacher oneself, as Ammonius put it, edida^e ijl€v Cobet, Varr. 6 KadrjyrjrrjSy edLdd^aro de 6 iraT-qp (TvcTrjaas. Lectt. p. 310, asserts that there are only two places in Attic where this rule is violated, and that both ought to be emended this passage, where he would read 5t5d^et, and Aristoph. yub. v. 783, vOXeTs' direpp^ ovk av dida^aifJLTjv d' 6TL, where he adopts Elmsley's correction, ovk av dLda^ai/M' dv (t' €tl. The use of the middle as active is frequent in :
—
Nihil horum Lucian indeed, as Cobet unsparingly puts it, Lucianus moratur, sed suo arbitratu didder koj et diddaKOfMai temere confundit, ut magister saepe diddaKeadaL dicatur."
But Riddell, *
Digest, § 87, denies the distinction altogether.
422b. tov TTpoTCpov del 'Trpoo-<|)€po|X€VOV dva(rTp€<j)OVTa Kpov€tv. If he were allowed to run away, and then with a sudden turn
pummel
the
change of
269
Notes.
421, 423.] first to
case,
from
come up every
tiuie.'
N'.B, the Platonic For intran-
v7ro(p€uyoprL to duaarpi(povTa,
sitive use of dpa(TTpe(p€Lu cp. Riddell, Digest, § 104.
The Scholiast, ov TToXis, rh twv irai^dvTwv. the commentators naturally quote, says, iroXeis irai^GLv eWos €(ttl weTTevTLKrjs TraLdids, [xerriKTaL de koi els irapOLThat the expression 7r6Xets wat^eLP, to play cities, meant fxiav. to play some game like chess, is certain. Beside the Scholiast, Schneider cp. Suidas, sub voc. ttoXls, and Julius Pollux, ix. 98. quotes Eustath. ad Oclyss., i. p. 291, 13. But the application here is not very obvious, "Cities, not a city, as they say in the game," and it is possible that the old interpreters were misled by the word irai^bvTwv and the well-known game, and that a merely general expression is intended, *' Cities, not a city, as they say in jest," " Ut more loquar iocantium." Ficinus (Engelm.) Cp. note on i. 333. For to tCjv irai^ovTUiv as a regular phrase, cp. 574c. E. iroXcis,
whom
all
—
dX\Tj\aLS. The title of Disraeli's well-known or the Two Nations, and still more the story itself, afford an excellent commentary on this text.
8vo
story,
iroXcfJiwa
Sybil,
Kdv oTiovv
in'
'Small as
it
may
be.'
*Be
it
what
it
mav
be.'
A
423a. xiXicDV Tcav irpoiroXeixovvTwv. city with a thousand capable of serving in the field, would belong to the but not the smallest type of Greek cities. Our information as to the actual population of the various cities and districts of Greece is very imperfect. Dr. Julius Beloch, whose recent work, Die Bevolkei^ung der Griechisch-Bomischen Welt, Leipzig, 1886, is now the best authority, considers that our estimates can only be approximate, and notes that the different calculations for the free population of Greece vary within a limit of 25 per cent, and those for the slave population by as much as 50 per cent. Making this allowance, we may say that it is pretty certain that at Athens the number of citizens, i.e., roughly speaking, males above twenty years of age, was in round numbers, all through her best days, never less than 20,000. Dr. Beloch estimates the total population of Attica at the time of the Peloponnesian War thus: citizens, 35,000; metoeci, 10,000; total free population, adding to these women and children, 135,000. Slave population, 100,000 ; grand total, about a quarter of citizens,
smaller,
-
— The Republic of
270
Plato.
[book
iv.
a million. Athens, however, is said expressly to have been the most populous city in Greece Xen. Hell., ii. 3, § 24 Thuc. i. 80 ii. 64. With regard to Sparta, Herodotus states that in his time the number of Spartan citizens was about From this total it declined, as is Hdt. vii. 234. 8,000 notorious, in a most extraordinary manner, till in the days of Aristotle, Pol. ii. 6, § 11, 1270a, it barely amounted to the Platonic ideal of 1,000, and eighty years later sunk as low as Plut. Agis, 5. Corinth, one of the most populous of 700 Greek towns, is estimated by Dr. Beloch to have had 12,000 <3itizens. Plataea apparently had about the Platonic number,
—
;
;
—
!
—
A
1,000.
afforded
good rough calculation
by the
Herodotus,
list
of
comparative
size
is
contingents against Mardonius
of
ix. 28.
&v k^i\r\ av|o(Ji6VT| €tvat fxia. Plato makes possi[jL€XpL bility of unity the determining limit of size. He does not very definitely, however, state in what unity consists. With this limitation it is interesting to compare Aristotle's more detailed remarks on the same point, Pol. iv. (vii.) 4, p. 1326; cp. also Pol. ii. 4, 1267. B.
kclWicttos
opos
...
6o-r]v
Sci
to
}I€7€6o$
tt|v
iroXtv
The best limit as to how large in size we ought to make our city.' The construction perhaps is not at first sight natural. But it is equivalent to koXKktt^ hv bpi^oLfjuev oarjVf which would present no difficulty. E. fJidWov 8' clvtI |X€7a\o{) iKavdv. Or rather not so much
•7roi€i<r0ai.
*
*
a great point as a sufficient one.' 424a. Kara T-fjv •irapoi(x£av...Koivtt tol <()(X(ov. The sentiment, common and natural enough at any time, was ascribed to Pythagoras, with w^hose name were connected certain coenobitic, semi-monastic systems. Cp. Introduction, on Plato's debt to previous systems, pp. xxi.-ii., and infra, 600b. The maxim appears in so many words in Eur. Orest. 735, kolvo, yap ra tCov (piXojp.
Goes on, like a circle, ^pX^erai coo-irep kvkXos av^avo\k4vi\. growing larger and larger. This is the natural interpretation of ibairep kvkXos, and is the rendering of Engelmann and Fiihse and virtually of Stallbaum. Jowett ingeniously renders, *Like a wheel with accumulating force,' but kvkXos is rare in Plato in the sense of a wheel, and it is doubtful if av^avofx^vr} scould bear Jowett's meaning. D. and V. are not happy, It '
'
*
—
"
Notes.
423, 424.]
271
exhibits a kind of circular progress in its growth.' Ficinus is neat as well as correct, Bene progreditur tanquam circulus semper augescens. The metaphor may be from a circle formed by a stone thrown into water. Tpo<(>'?|
yap
Kttl
iraCSevo-is
The very opposite by Horace
x.pT]<rTiii.
the progress so famously described
" Aetas parentum peior avis
to
tulit
nequiores, mox daturos Progeniem vitiosiorem.
Nos B.
TO
(l-fl
principle
V€(OT€pCj€lV TTCpl 'yVJJlVaO-TtKTjv T€ Kttl
JJ-OVO'lK'/jv.
This
was one of which the ancients thoroughly believed the
importance. Cp. Aristoxenus a]), Athen. xiv. p. 632, a touchAristotle, Pol. v. 5, 1339, passim. ing and pathetic passage. Cic. Legg. ii. 15, 38, *'Assentior enim Platoni, nihil tarn facile in animos teneros atque molles influere, quam varios canendi sonos ; quorum dici vix potest quanta sit vis in utramque partem. " In modern times it has been more felt than expressed, though taking ixovaiK-r) in its widest sense it finds expression in the famous saying attributed to Fletcher of Saltoun, "Let me make the songs of a country, and I don't care who makes its laws." As to its real truth and practical importance, see the excellent and sensible language of Mr. Mahaffy, Greek Education, chap, vi.; and also Bambks and Studies in Greece, chap. xv. With regard to gymnastic, Plato himself is not so precise. Yet who is there in England, at any rate, who doubts the enormous and real importance of gymnastic, in the sense not only of parallel bars and trapezes, but of games and field sports, toward the formation of individual and national character ? Cp. Introduction B, pp. xxxix., xli., xliv. dvd€KT€ov, as
According to Stallb., loosely constructed after though we had had dvrex^Lv dei, but it seems
more natural
to
<}>'uXdTT€iv.
make
it
parallel to to
/jltj
veojTepi^eLu,
despite
the repetition of the word (pyXdrreLv. i.
ri\v
yap
352,
are—
doi8'f|v, etc.
TTjp
yap
The
actual words of our
Homer, Od.
doidrjv fxaXXov eirLKXeiova^ dyOpcoiroL,
T]TLS dKOv6vT€<T(7t, VeOiTdTIf) d/ULCpLTT^XrjTaL.
Plato then again is quoting more suo, he omits one word, alters two. See Nitzsch ad loc.
and
The Republic of
272
TroWaKLS
oi're viroXaiJ.pdveiv.
words
iv.
'Lest perchance.' Cp. Thuc. ii. 13, and is similarly used after ei, eav,...dv.
[L^ TToXXcLKis.
c.
other places.
[book
Plato.
'
Nor ought we
so to understand the
of the poet.'
jiCTapdWciv. To adopt in exchange a This use of ixera^oXKeLv with an adjective implying change is quite common. Cp. Phaedr. 241a, fiera^aXCov elSos
c.
new
Kaivbv
'
kind.'
aWov
dpxoura, and infra, 535d, 6 ravavTLa ro^rov
paSitos Tavrr\ Xav0dv€i. avTT} of Par. A, etc.
D.
iraiSids
'By way
p.€p€i.
the head of pastime.'
and
348, iu dperrjs
of pastime or
Cp. supra,
|vfip6Xaia TTpbs
425a.
i\
o-i^ds
€K€ivots.
Twv
i.
amusement,'
347,
cos
iv
*
/uLicrdov
under /mipei,
fjLepei.
dWriXovs.
ments between man and man.'
B.
iuL€Ta[3€(3\r]KU)s.
ra^rn, Madvig's correction for
'Covenants, contracts, agreeCp. supra, i. 333a.
Those others,
v€a)T€pcDv.
i.e,
(the badly educated).
Thcrc were three special ways
in
which the young were taught to show respect to the old, in keeping silence, in giving way to them in the street, and in rising up from their seat at their approach. Every one is familiar with similar rules in modern days, with their exaggerated observance beginning, as commemorated by Mrs. Markham, in feudal times, and lasting down to the last generation ; as well as with their equally exaggerated neglect today to be seen only too commonly in English, and also American youth. They were specially observed at Sparta, the ideal city of conservative discipline. Stallb. cites Xen. Mem. ii. 3, 16 Hiero. vii, 2 ; de Rep. Lac, ix. 5 ; xv. 6, etc. ;
down, or reclinings.' If so, the of so doing must here be implied, whether in the observance of precedence in sitting down, as Engel., "die Rangordnung im Sitzen"; or, more generally, as Schneider, who thinks the young are to assist the old to a D. and seat. Stallb. gives "Loci cessiones honoris gratia." Aristotle V.'s, " Stooping to them," seems without warrant. uses the same phrase, Eth. ix. 2, 1164, iravTi 8e r<T: irpealSuTepii) The TLfMrji/ T7]v Kad^ rfkLKiav diroboreov vTravacrrdaeL kol KaraKXLaeL. use of the plural substantives is a frequent affectation of KaraKXto-cis.
method
or
Lit., 'sittings
manner
Platonic style, cp. infra, 443a, Moixemi Kal yovewv
and supra, 387 c, with note.
dfieXeiai
273
Notes.
424-426.] Xo-yo) T€ Kttl 7pd|i[ia(ri.
In so
*
many words and
syllables
The general principle is 'in precise verbal legislation.' trated by the well-known maxim, De minimis non curat c.
Cp. sM/jra,
'Grand.'
veavLKov.
ii.
*
;
illuslex.
363c, with note.
A prosecutor at Athens began his suit D. 8iKwv X-fi^cws. thus he cited the defendant before the magistrates (usually the Archons) and entered his accusation. If it was in due form the magistrate accepted it, and lots were then cast for the order of precedence between it and other suits. The magistrate then held a preliminary examination {dvaKpLcns), and Hence either dismissed it or referred it to the biKaarai. XayxdvcLv bU-qv tlvI, lit. = to cast lots for precedence in legal proceedings, i.e., to accuse; Xti^ls ^lkCov, similarly 'accusation.' See Meier's Attischer Process, new ed. (Calvary), pp. 193-5 and p. 791 f. with notes. :
'The
KaTa<rTdo-€a)s.
constitution
"impanelling"
or
This was done by the magistrate after the
oLKaaraL
of dvoL-
KpL(TLS.
T€Xoi)v...'irpd|€is
"ii
A 'PlsitomG vaTcpop
0€O-€LS.
IT porepov
.
not being usually exacted before they are imposed. exaction or imposition of taxes.' 426a. koX
hoping
;
'
withal.' notes.
Not
IXttl^ovtcs.
cL€l
as Ast,,
'
*
'
t68€ a^T(ov...irplv &v
'
'Is not this a charming ceases to drink, etc' The of Plato's lax or
jjlcGvwv, k.t.X.
trait in them...ih3it until a
man
marked instance
'
although always
or ever hoping and that always hoping, Like /cat ravra, supra, 341c and 420a, w^here see
but,
change of number here '
Taxes 'The
is
a
colloquial " construction. B.
€ira)8aC.
•jrepiaTTTov.
'Incantations.'
An
amulet;
Cp. supra, 364c.
lit.,
something worn round (the
Stallb. quotes the instance of Pericles' neck, or arm, etc.). amulet, from Plutarch, Pericles c. 38, voaCbv llepLKXrjs einaKoirovfievu) TLvl rdv ^iXcou dei^eie TrepLairrop virb yvvaiKUP rw rpaxv^cp TrepLTjpTrjfjLevov. Cp. note on TrepLaxj/ao-daL, 417a. c. cos
supra,
For that they'll be For the pendent accus., cp.
diroGavovjievovs os dv tovto 8pa.
put to death whoever does i.
345e,
vTTorpiyjav.
(hs
this.'
ovxl avrolaLv w^eXiau
'Fawning upon.'
J.
'
icro/uLevrjv e/c
rov dpx€LP.
and D. and Y.
The
The Republic of
274
word is not infrequent 923b,—
Plato.
in this sense.
[book
Stallb. quotes
iv.
Laws
xi.
edv TLS
vjuids
dcjireias virodpafjLUJV ...weLdrj.
Aesch. adv. Ctesiph. § 50, oSros top 'AXe^avdpbu vworpexcL Kal irXrja-La^eL avrw. Cp. also Eur. Or. 670. Stallb. explains as meaning only " se insinuare, sich einschleichen." The use seems to arise out of the more simple meaning, to steal secretly upon." Vide L. and S. In this passage generally, commentators see a special hit by Plato at the Athens of his day. '
'
E.
The
story of the Lernaean Hydra, like the of Hercules' labours, has become so place of literature as to need no note. Hor.
"Y8pav.
Augean
and others
stable
much a common Od. iv. 4, 61— *' Non hydra
secto corpore firmior, Vinci dolentem crevit in Herculem."
Plutarch, speaking of the attempted reforms of Agis and Cleomenes, quotes this very passage. Plut. Comp. Ag. et Gleom. cum Gracch. p. 844b. 427a. to ToiovTov
*Such a
cISos.
species,
such a kind
[i.e.,
of legislation).' B. 'AiroXXcovi
TO)
Iv
A€\c()ois.
Nothing could emphasize
more
forcibly the fact that Plato's ideal state is at first spoken of as a possible state and presumably a Greek state, and one of the comity of Greek states, than this incidental acknowledgment of its relation to Delphi. Cp. Introduction, p. xxv.
'The tornhs of the dead.' 6r]K7]^ a place to put 6f]Kau something in, a repository; e.g., x/)i7(rou dy]Kri, a money box. So the actual sepulchre or tomb, as in Hdt. iii. 130. Hdt. i. 67, rather than, as some interpret, the act or mode of burying. D. and V., the mode of burning (sic)=burying (?) wrongly.
Engel., **die Grabstaller," burying-places, loosely. article, cp. note on aiyd's, 425b.
For the plurals without the
The national interpreter or exponent. irdiTpios IIt^yiittis. Apollo was specially worshipped by the Athenians under the This must not, however, be confounded with title Trarpwos. e^rjyrjrrjs has, of course, a irdrpLos. Cp. Soph. Phil. 933. peculiarly strong significance of a professional exponent in Cp. Euthyphro, 4d., Cp. Hdt. i. 78. matters spiritual. Laws, 759c, e/c AeX0a)z/ XPV vbfJLovs irepl rd deia iravra KOfitaaIjAvovs
Kal Kara(7T7)(TavTas
e7r'
avrois €^7)yr)rds
toijtols
xpTycr^ai.
'
Cp. 775a. reiigionum.
whole
275
Notes.
426-429.]
Liddell and Scott compare the Latin
Interpres
who
quotes a
See also Kuhnk.
Tim.
p.
109,
among them Pausanias,
series of parallels,
v.
p. 438,
Engelmann's note is €V |Ji€o-a)...€'Tri Tov 6(x<|)aXov Ka0i^jj,€vos. good, " Delphi was considered by the Greeks as the central point of the inhabited world, and the dome- shaped stone of white marble in the shrine there indicated the spot, and was For djmcpaXos, cp. Soph. O. T. 480 called specially 6fjL(pa\6s." and 899, with Jebb's Notes ; Aesch. Fjum, 40 ; Livy, xxxviii. 48. 4, in the secondary sense, " Delphos umbilicum orbis terrarum." D. wKio-iAcvT] fi^v Toivvv. The foundation of position.
N.B. the emphasis given by your city
is
now
completed.
Tov d8€X<()bv irapaKaXci. Again a Platonic colloquial construction, or rather change of construction.
avTos T€
Kttl
Heindorf's correction for the ^ovXevo428c. PovXevojievTiv. The correction is a very slight one. The of Par. A. mistake in the mss. is a natural and easy one; and the accusative agreeing with eTrto-rrjiuLrju seems required, when we go on a few lines and find rj ovx virep tQ)v kv rri iroKeL tlvos ^ovXeverai. So that virep here is in favour of the accusative ^ovKevofxev-qv. Translate then with J., "Then a city is not to be called wise because possessed of knowledge which counsels for the best about wooden implements." Schneider, however, defends the mss. reading, and is followed by Hermann, and recently (JL€V7)
by Engelm. COS
'^^
^X^*"
(TKeTjr),
*how they may
be.'
On
the
Goodwin, M.7\, § 45, note 1, p. 76. D. 6|iiXoi. So Par. A and most of the good mss. Stallb. and many editors with one ms. read bixiKoit). The form in ot is found again and again in good mss. of Plato. See Schneider ad loc. On the fact that the genuine Attic form was that in
constr. see
ot77,
see Rutherford, iV.P. cccxxv., esp. p. 446; Cobet,
N,L,
p. 362. E.
ovofiaJovTaC rives ctvai. 'Are called named to be so and so.
by
particular names.'
Lit., are
•o-(iiKpoTdTa)
part of 429a.
dpa
^Ovci.
'
In virtue of this smallest
class,
and
itself, etc. i^v
p.6vT]V
T«v ilXXwv
Ittio-ttiixwv.
A
common
idiom.
*
The Republic of
276 avTo
(t€).
€ls
dXXo
B.
KvpLoi
'
In
nature
its
.
/i]
struction of
'in its essence.'
*
*
.
it
over its being such or such. This conis an extension of its ordinary usage, and
lit.,
KijpLos
seems without
'
IV.
Looking at anything else except/ Toiav. .clvai 4] Toiav. Have power to make
Tt...dX\' ^.
such or such';
;
[book
Plato.
parallel.
o-«o-€i. Which will keep quite secure throughout (everywhere and always) the opinion about what things r\
8lol
iravTos
'
are terrible.' c.
'Courage, then, I call a
o-a)TT]piav...X€7a)...Tfjv dvSpcCav.
kind of conservation.' 8td -rravTos 8€ 'ikeyov [avri\v o-tor-qpiav] to t€.. 'And by "throughout" I meant that a man should keep it, both in sorrow and in pleasure, and in desire, and in panic, and not cast it out.' Our edd. here follow Hermann, in obelizing avT7]v (TcorripLau, and correcting of Par. A, etc., into to, on the ground that avrjjv (rojTTjpiav has been added by some who .
did not understand that the phrase §ia iravrbs itself could be the object. This seems probable ; but the mss. reading is good enough for Stallb. and Engel. who renders ' I called it, however, a conservation throughout, because a man keeps it in sorrow and pleasure," etc. ,
'
D. hXovpya. 'Purple.' The colour indicated is described by Plato himself in the Timaeus^ 68c, as that produced by mixing red {epvdpov) with black (fjAXav) and white [XevKov). Etymologically, of course, the word means sea-wrought ; so sea Both aXovpyos and dXovpyrjs are found purple, cp. aXLTTopcpvpos. in good authors, e.g., ejm^alvovd^ akovpy^GLv, Aesch. Ag. 946. On the colour cp. Arist. Color, 5.
TO &V0OS. ' The bloom, brilliancy, or gloss of the purple dye,' The purple hue in full perfection. die Farbenpracht. " E. J. avdos naturally, like flos, is used for the perfection, acme It seems to be used specially of brightness or of anything. splendour of colour, e.g., Theognis, 450 et seqq., where it is said of gold, rod xpot?}? KaOvirepde fi^Xas ovx dirreTaL Ids, ou5' evpLbs, alel 5' dvdos ^x^l KdOapov.
—
' *
—
'
seems to have come to be used specially of purple. Fast or fixed, i.e., dyed with a fast colour, 8€\)(roTroi6v. from bevoo (drench). The form of the word points rather to It
E.
—
"
Notes.
429, 430.]
277
' fast dyeing. " And if we may trust the Scholiast devcoiroLdv ^/jl/jlovou, bvaairbirXvroVy ws also this sense. very interesting collection vvv' (T-qixaLveL be Kal rbv ^a(p€d. of passages illustrative of this word and its uses will be found in Ruhnken's Tbnaeus, p. 75 sub voc.
the meaning, it
had
A
prj/JLfJLa, a generic name for any detergent, soap, Scholiast, pvjjbixdrwv, rpLixixdroov, (TfjLrjy/uLdTcou, to 5^
p-ufjLixcLTwv.
lye,
etc.
A
ecrrt (nrodSs. few lines below the Scholiast gives c-juLrjy/uLd the following note Kouia, a/JLijyfjLa, (nrodos. 'VTufifJia^ Tp7fXfj.a, derived from pijirru, rpilSco, (t^ct^xo;, are then all crfJLrjy/uLa, In KovLUf o-ttoSos, vLrpov, generic names for any detergent. XCLXcLcrrpaLou, we have names of special substances used for detergent purposes. The two great alkalies, the basis of soaps, The ancients were acquainted are of course potash and soda. with substances containing both these, although soap'3 in Potash, HKO, our sense of the word were unknown to them. as its name implies, was originally made by treating the ashes
of wood with water (lixiviation). wood ashes, are used in sense of
Hence
airodos, Kovia, really
lye, or potash,
vlrpov (Hdt. the ancient nitre, was probably neither saltpetre, potassic nitre, KNO3, nor our sodic nitre or Chili saltpetre, NaNOs, but Carbonate of Soda. This vLTpop is the nitre of the Bible, Prov. xxv. 20, Jer. ii. 22 (the Hebrew nether). On the whole subject see a very clear and interesting passage combining ancient and modern science,
and Attic our nitre,
Xirpop)^
i.e.,
Roscoe and Schorlemmer, Inorganic Chemistry, sub voc. Soda proper is the protoxide of sodium, Na^O soda in the commercial and ordinary sense, the carbonate of soda, This was formerly prepared by the lixiviaNa.2Co3(10H2O). tion of the ashes of sea-weed, but is now of course made from common salt, NaCl. It is also found in a native state in some lakes and goes by the name of Natron. ;
^KirXvTa Kal yiKoltk. Stallb. suspects yeXola, but surely it quite natural, as J. very well renders, " They have a washed out and ridiculous appearance. is
430a. x°'^0'<'"''pO'iov, scil. pvfxfjLa or vLrpov, was native nitre or probably rather Natron, from the lake of Chalastra or Chalestra in Macedonia. XaXdarpa irSXts Kal XipLvrj, evda to 'KaXaaTpaiop virpov yiyvofxevov did ivvaerrjpLdos TrrjyvvTaL, 6fJLol(t)S de Kal Xuerai, Schol. Cp. Plin. N. H. xxxi. 107, Optimum (nitrum) copiosumque in Clitis Macedoniae, quod vocant
The Republic of
278
Plato.
[book
iv.
Chalestricum, candidum purumque, proximum sali." The spelling of the mss. varies between - xaXecrpa, x^^^^^'^P^^ XctXearpaloy, B.
and
xaXacrrparoj/.
aWov
iravTos
polationem. "
pvfi(jLaTOs.
— Badham.
*'Apage putidissimam
Cp. note on
eiriKovpoL
inter-
/zicr^wrot,
p.
419. D. TTpaYjiaTcvwfjieGa.
'
Bother, trouble ourselves.'
Kal ws 7€ €VT€v9€v iSciv. * Viewed at least from this side, from our present point of view.' E.
ws
<|)a<rL,
KpeiTTw
<f>aivovTa. Our editors here folThe reading of Par. A is kpclttcj cpaivovraL. A hand equally or almost
hi\
avrov
low Madvig's correction.
St] avTou [avrov A') equally old in the margin gives [yp. X^yovres). 1. Taking Madvig's emendation and our text we must render, Temperance is then, as I take it, a sort of order and control of certain pleasures and lusts, as they say, in so far as these display a man master of himself in some way or other, and a variety of other things of the same sort are similarly spoken of as indications of it {i.e., a variety of other expressions are used, like master of himself, etc., indicating that this is its nature).' The neuter participle (paLuovra refers to both Kbafxos and eyKpareia "quae dicuntur hominem KpeiTrw iavrov ostendere." Madvig. The infinitesimal correction of Madvig, involving the dropping of only one letter, has the merit of making the passage barely intelligible, though even as altered the expression is very awkward. The general sense is plain. 'That temperance is an ordering and controlling of the lusts, and that many popular expressions such as KpeLrrco eavrov, master But in the expression we of oneself, testify to this truth.' have a plusquam-Platonic laxity of connection. 2. Other editors are obliged to have recourse to greater changes. Stallb., on the ground that (paivovrai is marked as spurious in Par. A itself, and Xeyovres given in the margin, and in the text in other mss., boldly brackets (pabovraL, and introduces X^yovres and renders, as people say when they talk of a man as in some way or other master of himself.' There still remains a Platonic "saltus" of construction in the rest of the sentence, but the sentence on the whole is much simpler as The choice seems to lie between these two. Stallb. gives it. Rettig, Hermann, Schneider have each their own emendanor tions, but all take great liberty with the mss. text '
—
'
;
" '
Notes.
430-432.]
279
need their proposals, thus rendered highly improbable, be Cornarius' a7ro(paLvovTai is an emendation here considered. now forgotten but clever. 481b. toOto
86.
*
This on the other hand.
TO dfJL€tvov, ctc. ' If iudccd that thing of which the better part rules the worse, is to be called temperate and master of itself (Stallb. introduces an unnecessary awkwardwhere). ness by rendering €t7r6p
A
Par. has iraaL, but has been adopted by all editors, and by J. and it seems settled by a comparison of 433d. then, if proof were needed, that Par. A is not C.
€V iraKTi jxdXioTTa.
iraLdL
the correction
and D. and V., This may show immaculate.
Given in two forms eiriTev^eL, eirLrev^rj, by Par. A. condemned by the Zurich editors as a " supplementum minime necessarium et structurae verborum infestum." It is certainly simpler to find the government of the accusatives in yudAto-r' dv tls evpoL, if the simpler construction were always the more Platonic. iirLTvyxdueLVj as Schneider points out, is found €irtT€v|€t.
It is
with the accusative, Xen. Hell. iv. 5, noted that it is a neuter plural r5\Xa
ment
but
19, ;
it
should be
so also Eubul.
,
frag-
14, drra.
432a. 8ia
irao-cav.
'
But extends throughout the whole abproducing a unison between the
diapason,
in
solutely,
The full phrase is said to be i} did iraaCov xop^^ov etc. The question is whether did iraaQu cvfKpwvLa, i.e., the octave. D. and V. is to be taken with reraraL or with irapexofievr). ' Spreads throughout the whole in follow the former course. literal diapason ; but the latter seems correct, and so Stallb. and Engelm., etc. The use of did in dtd iraaCov is not the weakest,
'
'
same as in 5t' 6X775 reraraL, but is that by which it expresses an interval. Compare the other musical terms, i) did reaadpwv, the fourth, i) bid irevre or 5t' o^eiwvy the fifth, and for the ordinary usage, 5ta 5e/ca eirdX^eiav at every tenth battlement, at intervals of ten battlements, Thuc. iii. 21, or the phrase did xpo^ov supra^ 328c, with note. With the somewhat general use of bid TraaCov here, it may not be inapt to compare Dry den's splendid application of the phrase, ' '
Through
all
the compass of the notes
The diapason
—Songclosing for
full in
it
ran,
Man.
St. Cecilia\'i
,Day, vv. 14, 15.
— The Republic of
280 B.
ws 7€
least. '
Cp.
o{iTO)o-l Sojai. (hs
KWT|Y€Tas.
— Stallb.
Stallb. gives
kvkXw
y
ovrojs
*
Plato.
[book
IV.
According to present judgment at At first hearing, Euthyphro^ 8b.
d/coOorat,
'
'
Suavissima allegoria a venatione sumpta." Cp. supra, 365d, and Politic, p. 258e, p. 284b. * *
more
parallels.
For this process
ir€piio"Tao-0ai.
indagine cingunt." 6ti TavTY] irp
Aen, *
^o-ti.
cp. Virgil's
" Saltus
iv. 121.
That
it's
somewhere about
here.'
—
7dp d5(()€\ov, ^<t>T]. N.B. The tense, *I wish I might.' Glaucon gives up hope of doing it. €l
D. lov lov.
Halloo
€K<|)€v|6i<r0ai.
See Yeitch,
(pevyoj,
!
—
J.
We
ought perhaps to write eKcpev^eadai. sub Jin., and Rutherford, New Phryn. p. 94.
' Fatuous. ^XaKiKds, like jSXd^, originally a physias a mental epithet, stolid, stupid, e.g., /3\d^ tVTros, a sluggish horse, a slug, as we say, opposite to dvfjLoeidrjs.
pXaKiKov.
cal as
'
much
Xen. Eq. ix. comment.
—
12.
Cp. also Timaeus ad
voc.
with Ruhnken's
K-uXivSeicrGai irph iroSwv, 'lying, lit. tumbling, kicking about at our feet.' The words KvXLud^cx), KaXivdeoj are constantly used in a metaphorical sense, something like Latin versari, voluPlat. Theaet. 172c. ev djiiadlq. tari, €v dtKaarrjpLOLs KvXLvdeLadaL. K. eV ttotols Kal yvvai^lv, Plut. ii. Plat. Phaedo. 82e. Hdt. iii. 52. ev didaoLS Kal 184f. T\i<n (TTOLTjCFL eKokivbeeTo. fiediJOvcTLv dvdpdoTTOLs K. Dcm. 403, 19.
— —
—
—
wcnrep oi €V rais x^P°"^v ^x^^'^'^S. the familiar instance of spectacles. E.
dKOvovT€s...ov jjiav0dv€tv
have talked about
it
T|fj.wv
avTwv.
and heard
it for
understood ourselves.' Cp. may be helped out by aKovovres.
—
Plato did not
*We seem
to
know
me
to
ever so long and not
394:C, ei /xov fxav 6 dveLs.
The
geni-
tive here
Bk. ii. p. 370. The prin433a. 8 7dp €| dpxtis €0€>€9a. ciple there stated as the economic basis of society, the division of labour, now becomes recognized as the definition of justice, the moral basis, the principle on which the ideal state is to be organized, rb rd avrov irpdrreLu Kal jXT) iroXvirpayfJiove'Lv diKaio(TijVT], that each man should do his own duty and not be a busybody. In other words justice is oiKeioirpayla. Cp. Introduction A, p. xxxi.
Notes.
432-435.]
281
B. Tpdirov Tivd 7i7vo(X€vov. * This, then, when it takes place in a certain way, is what justice is like to be, namely, doing " Fic. fit quodammodo." one's own business.'
—
Cum
^(oo-TTcp
dv
*So long as
€vfj.
it
(justice)
remains in
it
(the
state).'
'Would E. ovKOvv SiKaiocrvvTiv TO 7€ TovTois IvdfiiWov. justice to be that which competes with these as regards the excellence of the state ? Yes, certainly.'
you then consider
' If all these were 434a. irdvTa ravra |X€TaX\aTTd|i6va. interchanged, do you think they would greatly hurt the state? Certainly not.'
D. \i.r\^iv .ira-yCws. ' Don't let us as yet say it quite positively, but if we find that this conception (of justice), when applied to each individual man (as well as to the state), is admitted in that field to be justice, then will be time for us to agree.' .
.
K'al €K€i, i,e., ev evi eKaarco.
The investigation as to which we thought, endeavour to contemplate justice in one of the larger bodies which contain it, it would be easier r\v (pT|0T]jjL€V, K. T. X.
that
if
we were
*
first to
for us clearly to discern its character in a single individual.'
*As though out of fire sticks.' 435a. wcTTrep €K irvpdoiv, This pretty metaphor seems to be original, irvpela or irvprjla
two or more pieces of wood for this purpose. Of the very ancient, prehistoric method of producing fire by the friction of two pieces of wood, there are two varieties, (1) the drilling one piece of wood by another, (2) the rubbing one piece backwards and forwards so as to make a groove in the These very ancient methods are still practised by other. some savages, while amid civilized people they survived as pieces of ritual and ceremony long after they ceased to be necessities. Thus the Brahmans still use the fire-drill for religious purposes ; it was used by the Vestal Virgins of Rome, and for the need-fires of Sweden and our own country. See a most interesting passage in Tylor, Anthropology^ ch. xi. p. The actual practical use of irvpeia in Greece is naturally 260. relegated to heroic times, e.g., Hom. Hymn to Hermes, 111. Soph. Ph. 36. Theocr. xxii. 33. [Dioscuri) irvpela re xepo-ti' €vib/jLcov. Cp. Latin Igniaria. Pliny Ap. Rhod. i. 1184. xvi, 207. (Ionic), naturally in plural, as
were used together and,
indeed,
—
'
The Republic of
282
TavTT] ^ TavTov TTpoa-ayopcoiTdi. dicatur. " Stallb.
—
iv.
" Eateuus quatenus ravrbv *
'Tis a very ordinary we've stumbled upon.' <pav\os, Sansk. sphal, whence c^dXXw, <pa\, (pavXos, (pXavpos, (prjX, ^rjXos,
€is <|)avXov...crK€|X|JLa ejiTTCTTTtoKajiev.
C.
[book
Plato.
(easy) inquiry Grk.
cr0a\,
Latin, fal, fallere, falsus, etc. <pavXos, originally easy, then poor, paltry, trivial. (pavXcos ^x^lv, to be poorly, Hipp. Aph. 1245. F. L. and ^S'. sub. voc. Cp. supra, 423c, where Timaeus explains as airXovv, pabiov, evreXes. (prjXTjTTjs
slight,
;
lighfc,
This proverb, a natural and doubtless D. xaXeird to. KaXd. old one, is often quoted by Plato. Cp. infra, vi. 497d, Cratyliis, 384a, and Hipp. Maj. 304e, where the Scholiast ascribes it to the invention of Solon.
^aKpoT€pa Kal Plato calls it.
irXeicav 68os,
The
i.e.,
the path of dialectic, as postponed is attacked
difficulty here
again, infra, p. 504. E.
come
ov 7dp irov d\Xo0€v €K6i<r€ d<j)tKTai. For they did not into the state from any other source than from our own '
breasts.
Kara tov dvo) tottov. avo), literally up, upwards 7} avuj odos, Rep. 621c, the upward road, in a geographical sense, generally means inland, i.e., up from the sea. Thus Hdt. iv. 18. anro 8^ ravTTjs oLPco olKedvai "ZKudaL and so again, rd dvo) 'AaLrjs, opposed to rd KCLTU}, upper and lower Asia, ib. i. 95. Cp. the In Greece, familiar instance of the 'Avd^aais, or march up. to go inland would usually be to go up, and indeed such is generally the case everywhere. 6 dvco tottos then would naturally mean, the upper or upland or inland countries. But (2) the word is also used in another sense, that of northward, northern, dvio irpbs ^operjj^, Hdt. i. 72; perhaps also oaaov Aicr^os dv(x)...€€py€L, II. xxiv. 544. And so all commentators explain it here. How the north came to be identified with the upper side it is difficult to say. For the general statement about the characteristics of different countries, cp. Ar. Pol. vii. 7, 1327, rd ji^v yap ev tols xf/vxpoTs tottols 'iOvj) koll rd ire pi ;
;
''Evpwirrjp dvfjLov
etc.,
etc.
It
jUL^v
is
"hardy north,"
ecrrt TrXrjprj,
of
dtavoias 8^ ivdeiarepa Kal r^x^V^y
course a commonplace to speak of the
etc.
TO (|>i\o}ia0^s. For this as an Athenian trait cp. the famous speech of Pericles, Thuc. ii. 40. 44.
'
283
Notes.
435-437.]
436a. #oivtKas...Ai'7V'jrTov. Cp. Plat. notes on ^olvlklkov \f/€v8os, supra, 414c. B.
'
Tpo<(>i^v
inversion
is
Legg. v. p.
A
747c.,
Such an
varepov irporepov. T€ Kal •yevvqo-i.v. part of Plato's style. Cp. Kiddell,
Digest,
§
and supra, 425d.
308r.,
Ka0' ^Kao-Tov avrwv irpaTTOjiev. Or whether with our whole soul we discharge each one of these functions whenever we are started.' '
It is evident that one and the same StiXov 6x1 ravTtJv. thing will not willingly at one time do things contrary, or suffer things contrary, in the same part of itself and relatively to the same object.' *
IGcXTjorei.
edeXeLv,
than
it
Cp. supra, p. 370b. If we press the meaning of signifies 'to will,' 'to wish positively,' stronger
^oijXojuLaL,
'
to be ready to.'
6tl ov ravrbv
€l(rdjJL€0a
^jv.
Cp. infra, 437b.
For the imperfect
fjv
see note
on 335 E. D.
^dXXov
^Ti
€t
carry his pleasantry
xoipi€vrLlono...KO\L}\fcv6\i.€vos» still
farther,
and
Kara Tavra lavrwv rd roiavra,
refine
and
AVere to
'
say.
In the same parts of them-
'
selves as aforesaid.' E.
mostly intransitive in Attic use, and so For they do not lean away to any side.
aTTOKXivcLV is
here.
'
€7kX£v€lv, on the other hand, is usually transitive, and so here. But when anything, while in the act of revolving, inclines its axis, etc' '
A
7roiTjo-€i€v. Here again Par. the mss. of any value it gives ttclOol a reading which no one defends.
437a. irdGoi ^ koX
down. Kai
With
iroLTjo-eLey,
all
The combination with the
XeXvjieva ^o"€o-0ai.
making an analytical
inflexion is noticeable. in the case of the perfect. '
common
'
t)
breaks Kal
clt]
auxiliary
It is especially
' B. TO IGeXcLv Kal to PovXeo-Gai. Willing and desiring. supra, 436b, and Buttmann, Lexil. sub voc.
'
Cp.
,
c.
Imveveiv tovto irpbs avri\v.
and v., taking rovro as cognate seems to be, 'Grants this to Engelm.
'
Assents inwardly So D. but the better rendering 'dieses bei sich genehmige,'
acc.
itself,'
,
'
;
— The Republic of
284 D.
ImOvfJiia Iv rfj
^pib/xaros,
is
v|/\jxxi
Plato.
/c.r.X.
cl't] ;
quoted by Athenaeus,
iii.
[BOOK
This passage, p.
127, to
the ancients used cold water in their potations
IV.
down
to
show that eiriaTavTai
§' OL iraXaLOL /cat to ttclpv \pvxpov vdiop kv rats Trpoirbaicnv. It is interesting to notice that the mss. of Athenaeus agree with the mss. of Plato in one or two readings which scholars have yet had the boldness to pronounce corrupt. At the same time they give a text which cannot be very strongly relied on as a check to Plato, for it has to be corrected in four places from the text of Plato as we have it. Cobet, Nov. Led, 249, remarks on the badness of the texts used by Dionysius of Halicarnassus.
The
Ivl Xo-yo).
of Plato
The mss., both The corruption is a
correction of Cornarius.
and Athenaeus, give
h
dXLycp.
natural one, easily fallen into, and ej^ dXtycp could hardly stand. Further, evl Xoycp is confirmed by 439a, where the plirase recurs. T^jv
Tov
0€,opiov €iri6v[jLiav...TTiv
much more
Tov y\rv\pov.
Our
serious question of reading.
We have here a
text follows the corrections of Hermann, who makes the adjectives coincide with the nouns the epithets of the object with the epithets *' of the desire, thus Or if heat be added to the thirst, will it give an additional desire of hot drink, but if cold (be added, then) a desire of cold drink? The mss. however, both of Plato and Athenaeus, l.L, give the epithets in a different order, making them inverse to the nouns ; thus, eay [xev tls depfjLdrrjs Tip 8L\f/€L irpoarj, tt^p rod xpvxpod. Jap de xf/vxporrjs, rrju rod depfj^oVf * If heat be added to the thirst, then desire of cold drink... but if cold (be added, then) desire of hot drink.' This seems true to nature, and for a long time the reading passed muster, but Hermann contends that, though specious, **quoniam qui calet frigidam, qui friget calidam potionem desiderare solet," it is contra pliilosophi sententiam, qui attributa a notionum consortio derivat, ut mox ttoWou sitim a TrXT^^et." Hermann's emendation then has found favour. Stallbaum calls it "palmary," though he forgets to adopt it, and it is adopted by the Zurich edition and by Engelmann. But it may be questioned whether it is not supersubtle. simple or absolute The general proposition is obvious. desire has a simple or absolute object, a qualified desire a Add something to one side of the equation qualified object. and you must add an equivalent to the other. Tlie question ;
:
.
A
'
;
Notes.
437-439.]
285
whether the natural
illustration does not satisfy the equaas well as the more mechanically exact formula of Hermann; {The feeling of) thirst = the desire for drink, {The feeling of) thirst + {the feeling of) heat the desire for cold drink. It must be borne in mind that the old reading is confirmed by Athenaeus' text, which is not likely to have deliberately transposed the epithets unless corrected at a late is
so to speak,
tion,
—
period from a similarly corruptly transposed Platonic text and further, we have Plato's language below, 438e, where he says of a similar illustration, "I don't mean to say that the science of health is healthy, or the science of evil, evil, and of good, good ; but as soon as science became related to a particular object, ...science came to be qualified in a certain manner, so that it was no longer called simply science, but by the addition of a qualifying epithet medical science." This seems to show distinctly that he wanted only a natural illustration. E.
TO. irpoo-YL'yvofJLcva.
'
The
accessories.
Toiavra oia cIvaC tov, etc. An excellent 438b. instance of the simple and concrete way in which Greek expresses relations expressed in English by technical philosoRecollect however that in the phic terms, e.g.^ D. and V., case of all essentially coi^relative terms, when the first member of the relation is qualified, the second is also qualified ; when the first is abstract, the second is also abstract.^'' ()o-a 7' €o-tI
text, we must render will you not put it in the class of those things which are what they are in relation to I think is thirst in relation to anything ? something ? This is fairly so, said he, (I think it is in relation) to drink.' simple; it rests on two corrections (1) the introduction of OLUjv before tlvos ; (2) the alteration of d-qirov of A into 577 rov. (1) is justified by Madvig on the ground that there is no conEven with it there is not too much. struction Avithout o'iwv. Eeading with mss. Orjaeis Stallb. finds an interpretation thus tG)v tlvo^ eXvac, etc., he takes eZVat with 6ri<Teis rQu tlvos as ' meaning relatival things, quae ad aliquid referuntur ; rovro 6 irep '^(jTLv, 'ipsam per se,' * Will you not lay it down that thirst is in its essence of the number of things relative to something Then going on and keeping StJttoi', ' Est enim (absolute) else ? sitis, relatione autem accedente, sitis potus,' * For it is
439a. to 8€
with Madvig,
S-^i '
8t\|/os,
But
etc.
Taking our
for thirst, said
I,
Now
:
:
'
'
'
The Republic of
286
Plato.
[book
IV.
absolutely, in its essence, thirst, but relatively thirst for drink. J. somewhat slurs over the constructional difficulty of first part, but ingeniously makes a sort of aposiopesis of '
the the
—
—
second "Thirst being obviously Yes, thirst is relative to drink." D. and V.'s "Assuming that there is such a thing as thirst " seems very otiose. Engelm. follows our text and renders as above.
The avrou is really redunB. Tov To|dTov...oTi avTov, * dant. Of the bowman it is not right to say that the hands (of him).' dircoGovvTai Kai Trpoo-eXKOvrai
rj dirwOovo-a x^^p. .t] irpoo-obvious, but the change of voice, oLTrcodovvraL dircodouaa, is curious and hard to explain. The middle seems almost necessary in 'irpo(T^\KovraL...'n-poaa'yoix€vr}, of drawing towards oneself, and this use of the middle voice But it is not easy to see why in the one is well established. instance, t] dirLodovaa, Plato passes into the active. Is it that the active would be more natural than the reflexive in the case of diruideiv ('to push away a thing'), which therefore, when detached, appears in the active, but that, when conjoined with irpoaeXKovraL^ which equally naturally falls into the middle (draw a thing towai^ds oneself), dirujdovvTai becomes, so to speak, relatival to the secondary object, and falls into The subtle sensibility of Plato to such the middle too?
ayo\i.ivr\.
The meaning
minute changes
is
.
.
.
is
very noticeable.
dXXas
Is set in a flutter Stallb. compares Phaedo, 68c. ovkouu /cat i] au}<ppoavv7]...Td irepi rds iiridvpiLas dXcycbpajs Kal (JLT] tiTTorjadaL, dX\' KOO-fiLcos. ^xetz^ D.
ircpi TOLs
about,
is
'Satisfactions.'
•irXT]pwo-6wv.
E.
*iri
eiTLGvji.Cas cirroTiTai.
*
excited about, the other lusts.'
irio-Tcva) tovto).
'
—
J.
Having once heard,
I still believe
Madvig's correction for tl of Par. A. This would seem better, I believe this from something I once heard.
this. '
is
'
dvCcov.
*
Coming
(up) to
town (from the harbour). '
Cp. ra
dvu, supra y 435 E. liriGvjj.oi, etc.
term aKovaas,
I
The optatives heard
that...
really follow after the scondary (and I believe it).
'Under the north wall.' Cp. viro TO Popeiov T€i\os. 496d. There were at first two walls, one north to Peiraeus and the other south to Phalerum. Then a vTTo
TELxiou diroardSf
— ;
Notes.
439, 440.]
287
middle wall, parallel to the northern one, was added, called TO Slcl fieaov or to votiov tclxos, and the Phaleric wall was abandoned. The two Peiraeus walls were finally destroyed What is meant here is the outer north wall and 262 B.C. the outside of that.
With the executioner,' i.e., irapa tw Siijiio). custody.' The executioner's abode was outside the the deme Ceiriadae, near the Peiraeus. *
riois jxdxoiTO, k.t.X.
'
'in his
town
For a while he fought against
in
and
it
covered his eyes.' Finally being overmastered.' 440a. KpaTov[j.6Vos 8* oSv. the optatives present here representing imperfect, see Goodwin, M.T., § 70, note 1 (6). *
On
* Opening his eyes to mouth,' Diog. L. vii. 20.
SteXKtlcras tovs 6<|)9aXp.ovs.
aTOfxa 6l€\k€lv,
'
wide
'
;
so
o-Tacria^dvTOLV. 'As though there were I see another law in members, mind, and bringing me into warring against the law of members." St. captivity to the law of sin which is in Paul, Bp. ad Bom. vii. 23. B.
two
ajo-irep
Svoiv
my
"But
factions.'
my
—
my
alpovvTos \6yov
now
[ki\ Seiv, avTiirpdrTciv olfiai o-e. to adopt this punctuation, and to render,
It is usual
*But that
it
make common
cause with the lust, when reason decides it ought not, and fight against reason, (this), I fancy, you would deny that you had ever witnessed occurring in yourself, or indeed I take it in any one else.' So Stallb. and variation of this is to put the comma after Engelmann. cLVTLTTpcLTTeLv, aud rcudcr, When reason says it is not right to act against reason.' So D. & V. and J. and so Ficinus rendered But the difficulty here is that the sweeping statement so it. made is apparently contradicted by Plato himself, who says in 441a that the spirited element is the ally of the reasonable, except it be corrupted by evil training, and later on seems to speak more than once of the dvfjios doing this very thing namely, making common cause with the lust and fighting against reason. In 550 the OvfiSs itself takes a middle course in 588 and 590 the spirited element to dv/uLoetdes is made sub ject to the anarchical monster; in other words, the Ovjulos to the iirLdvfjLLa. The Scholiast seems to suggest quite a diff'erent interpretation. He writes as follows Tals 8e 6 5e povs odTos.
should
A
'
,
:
iindv/jLLaLS
ae KOLvuivqaavTa
Tah
—
evXoyiaTOLS,
/cat
yiyvibaKovTa ae
The Republic of
288
Plato.
[book
iv.
h
Tovro €K
rrjs ireipas, ovx vTroXa/JL^dpuj ae eiire^v otl ija6r)jUiaL rals ToiavTaLS dyadats ijdovaLS rbv dvjuLw avTLirpaTTOvra rats eindvfjLLaLSy cbcrirep eiri rats tov Xeovriov oXbyoLS ijdovaLS cLvreirpaTTev. This note is not of the clearest, and is obviously elliptical. It seems to mean, I understand you (to say that you have seen '
joining with the desires which are approved by reason, and that you know this by experience but I do not understand that you said, that I have perceived the Ovi^ws, in the case of these good pleasures acting against the desires, as in dealing ^vith the unreasonable pleasures of Leontius it The point then is, there are the three acted against them. When \6yos and e-mdvixia are at factors X670S, dvjjLos, iirLdv/jLLa. variance, dvfxos the third factor takes sides with \6yos, as in the case of Leontius; but where the pleasures are good, and where reason says it ought not to oppose the desires, then it it,
the
dvixbs)
;
'
never does oppose them. In other words, dvfxbs never opposes the desires of its own motion; but only at the bidding of \byos. At this bidding it often does oppose them; indeed, not only often, but always, unless perverted by evil bringing If we are to explain our text in this sense, we must up. understand KOLPcovijo-avra to mean, not making common cause with," but "having dealings with," "in dealing with," cp. 343d and KOLvoovrj/JLara, 333a, with note ad loc. ; and we must render, But that dealing ivith desires it should, when reason says it ought not, oppose them, this I imagine,^ etc. This The tense kolvi^vt]would appear to be the true explanation. (xavra is noticeable in any case. ^
atpovvTos X070V
jji-fj
Seiv.
Scilicet dvr litparr eiv.
6 \byos alpei,
Reason decides or dictates,' is a phrase pretty common in Herodotus and Plato; e.g., infra, 604c, ott?; 6 \byos aipei Some inferior mss. giv^e fi-rjdh, which the (S^Xtlctt hu ex€Lu. '
older editions followed.
avTo
avrh P170VV...K&V viKarai, ov for the sake of what appears to him just) enduring hunger, and for its sake cold, and all such sufferings, even if he be conquered, he does not cease from noble conduct, until that he either accomplish his end, or perish in the attempt, or be called in and quieted down by This is his indwelling reason, as a dog by a shepherd.' simple enough; but the text is not that of the mss., but of Kal dtd Treivrju rh Madvig's emendation. Par. gives teal did This most editors rb piyovv .. vTToiJij^vbjv Kal viKq, Kal ov X'qyei. C.
Kal
\'/i7€i.
81'
'And
ireivfjv
for its sake
Kal 8l [i.e.,
A
440-442.]
before Madvig keep; famem per frigus, per
Notes.
289
Stallb.,
who renders, **atqiie per dum fortiter perseverat,
e.g.,
alia id genus,
neque prius a generoso opere desistit," etc. The diffiStallb. boldly says, is as to the interpretation of dcd. " Ceterum did patet hie non significare propter, sed accipienut modo indicavimus dum esse sic, " ; but he adduces no reason, nor can I find anything to justify such an interpretaEng. who writes ptyCop, renders tion of did with accusative. in same way, *'Siegt durch Hungern und Frieren," etc. Jowett's rendering is safer, though somewhat loose, "And he is only the more deterbecause he sufi'ers hunger," etc., mined to conquer." vincit,
culty
,
E.
aXK
irpbs tovtw.
rj,
Ast.
's
Par. A. has
correction.
ei.
tov Xoykttikov. That in the civil strife in the soul it much more readily ranges itself under the banner of the rational element.' The expression rideaOaL ret 57rXa is used generally for taking up a position, drawing up in Then simply serving or fighting, e.g., Legg. order of battle. 753b, birbaoL irep hv oirka iinrLKCL ^ we^LKa TidCovTai, 'who serve on horseback or on foot.' It is usually used metaphorically as here. See Shilleto's note on Thucyd. ii. 2. Liddell and Scott distinguish three meanings, but with doubtful accuracy. Cp. also Arnold, ad Time. 1. 1. rCOccrOai to. iJirXa Trpbs
441b. dvo) irov 390d.
o^0os
*
'Above somewhere back
cKct.
Hom.
8€ irXTjJas.
there,'
Od. xx. 18, quoted above.
We have swum
through (and reached The metaphor is often thus used by Plato, cp. v. dry land). 453 and 472. Stallb. compares Farm, 137a. ttcDs XPV rrfKLKovb^ c.
8iav6V€vKajJL€v.
*
6vTa dLaveOaat roiovrbv re Kal tocfovtov 264a. Protag. 338a. E.
TO
|ji€V
liriTcCvovo-a
fostering the one
[i.e.,
'
irXrjdos \byu3v.
Kal Tp€<|)ov(ra.
*
Phaedru-s,
Heightening and
the rational element), but lowering the
other with soothing words and taming rhythm.'
it
by harmony and
This is Bekker's emendation for * Will of Par. A, now adopted by all editors. rule the lustful element.' irpoar-qaeTov must be transitive, which would not suit here. 442a.
'rrpo<rTaT'f)(r€Tov.
Trpo(7T7](TeTov
T
'
'
The Republic of
290 B.
(Sv
those
it
ov Trpoo-riKov avTw
Some mss.
rule.'
•yevct.
ought not on account of give,
it
[book
iv.
Will endeavour to rule
its race, i.e.,
and Bekker and
ought not (to dv8p€iov TovTw T(3 jjiepci.
*the classes
'
Plato.
naturally, to
Stallb. adopt, yevCiiv,
rule).' '
Courageous in respect of that
part. TTT] D. -qpiiv dirap.pXvvcTai dXXo ti SiKaiocvvT) Sokciv; Does justice become at all dimmed in our eyes (in the case of the individual), and so seem to be something else than what it appeared to be in the state ? Surely not. yu,?7, like num, expecting a negative answer. *For we might in this way thoroughly <S8€ 7dp...dv, etc. confirm ourselves if there is still any lingering doubt in our minds, by the comparison of commonplace instances. 'Vulgar,' 'commonplace,' perhaps orig. E. rd <j>opTtKd. burdensome. Cp. (popTiKQs, 367a. Would repudiate,' D. and V., but wrongly. diroo-Tspfio-ai. The word is used in its strict sense. Would keep back from,' would defraud another of.' 443. ws €v0vs dpxofxcvot, etc. 'That when we started to found our state, led by some divine guidance, we must have reached a certain principle and type of justice.' This seems the most natural rendering, and is that of D. and V. Stallb., |iif|
*
'
*
*
*
for, however, understands a>s as since, Nam statini ut incepimus," For immediately we began.' d/)x6/Lt6i/ot r?}s Tro'Xews oid^eLv. Lit., 'Beginning our state, to found it, that is to say.' OLKileLUf epexegetic, a common construction in Plato. '
'
'
'
'
'
'
Now this was really a sort of shadow of T|v dpa. the principle, and herein indeed lies its utility yc namely, that the shoemaker by nature,' etc. For to The principle is in so many rju dpa, cp. first note on book ii. " words Ne sutor supra crepidam." Cp. Introd. p. xxxiv. c.
TO hi Y€
justice,
'
;
Madvig condemns as otiose, but frankly 8i' 8 Kal a>(|>eX€i. confesses, " Sed nihil probabile extundere possum." 'But the truth really was that rh hi ye dX-qOe's, etc. was some principle of this sort, but such a principle applied not to the external performance of a man's duty, but applied to the inward performance, having to do truly with the man himself and his duties, (the principle being) that he should not allow that each several part of himself should do justice
'
Notes.
442-444.]
291
its neighbour's work, or that the classes in the soul should intermeddle like busybodies with one another, but that he should really and truly set his house in order, and be lord of tiimself, and be his best friend, and bring into harmony these We have /lere Plato^s real definition of principles,' etc. N.B. justice. Cp. Introduction, Name and Aim, p. xxxii. oiiro) hi\ construction after •jrpdTT€iv carries on the sentence and 'Justice was something of this sort, that a man ^daavra. thus in fine come to act,' etc. should, not allowing, etc
—
D. w<nr€p 6povs Tpcts app.ovCas.
'
Like the three terms of a
harmony. Lit., the last or latest string, the lowest^ but in point of pitch our highest. The old form vedrr] seems to be only found here and in a fragment of It was afterwards contracted to vrp-r], Cratinus in this sense. so irapaveoLTTj Trapavrjrrjf the string last but one. V€dTT]s, v€dTT] {scH. xopSt)).
z.e.,
{sirdn].
Lit.
,
*
the highest, but in pitch our lowest.
The middle
'
string). According to the Scholiast, Plato is here speaking of the system of two complete The basis of ancient music octaves, ro 5ls did iraaCov avar-q^a. was the system of the tetrachord, i.e.y four notes, the extremes The octave, bid TraaQv, was being at an interval of a fourth. considered as being made up of two tetrachords, the double octave then of four tetrachords. But it seems more likely that Plato is really speaking of a system of th7Y^e tetrachords, or eleven notes, which is supposed to have been in use in the time of Pericles. These tetrachords would be called respectively T€Tpdxopdop virarQp, r. jjAaojv^ and r. die^evyiievov, the lowest note would be virdrr) virdrcov, the highest of the second tetrachord /mo-t], the highest of the third prjrr] die^evyfjcepcov. See Diet. Antiqq., article on Music, p. 775. [U<rr\.
(note or
The names of the other eight E. €l &XXa drra jierajv. notes of the hendecachordal system will be found in the article just quoted. 444a. SiKaioo-vvnv, 8 Tvy\dv€i Iv avrois ov. 'And justice, it is found to be and is, in them.' Contrast the words here with those which conclude book i. o ro irpwrov eaKOTrovfxep evpelv TO SiKaLOP 6 ri ttot' iarb. The point is here declared to have been reached, which there was declared not to have been reached. 6 rvyxdvei 6V, * that which it is, 'not the same as the
what
—
'
'
The Republic of
292 simpler
[book
Plato,
ri rvyxcLPei, but, as Stallb. says,
iv.
equivalent to tov6' 5
B. liravdo-Tao-iv fxepovs rivbs tw 6Xo). * The uprising of a part against the whole. The verbal substantive is made to govern the case of the verb, Cp. ra Trap' ijfxQv dQpa rols deois. '
Euthyphro, 15a
;
and
also infra, 47 Id.
A
SovXeueiv tw tov dpxiKoi) ^evovs ovti ; Par. has dovXeveiu ToO 8' dv dovXeveiu, with several of the other mss. Madvig suggests that the true reading is dovXevetv, rep 5' ad jjltj dovXevcLv, dpxf'KoO yevovs 6vtl, explaining "cum tale sit, ut id servire deceat, illud contra alterum non servire." But Stallb. is very likely right in pointing out that the whole passage is one of great laxity of construction, that dXXa tolovtov 6vto^ is an anacoluthon after ov TrpocrrjKov, that olov irpeireLv is equivalent to (oare Trpsireiv avr^, and that tQ) tov apx^Kov yevovs ovtl, is " ei parti animi quae est generis imperatorii, h. e. \oyi(TTLK(p,^^ He goes on, " Inde igitur natae sunt turbae scribarum in Parisinis aliisque libris conspicuae, quibus maiores etiam excitarunt nuperi critici, scilicet istis scribarum erroribus Illiquid reconditias subesse suspicati."
In short, all wickedness. |vXXtiP8t|v iracrav KaK^av. There is an obvious allusion to the well-known gnome of Theognis '
iv
dtKaLoavvr} avWrj^drjv
Tras 5^
so
ttSo"'
apery] ^ariv^
T dvrip dyaOos, Kvpve diKatos
eLov
"
—Theognis 148, Bergk, often quoted by Greek moralists, and notably by Aristotle
in the c.
golden passage on justice,
TavTci
you
say.' ovv ravra.
N.B.
Mh.
Nic. v.
1.
15. (1129b).
Yes, indeed, all these are even as o^v TavTtt. Before Bekker the vulgate reading was ravra fxev Yes, that's exactly so. \i.\v
*
*
—The whole of these words mark a central and dividing
passage in the argument and construction of the Republic.
It
may be worth while to give the gist in a brief paraphrase "We have now arrived at the definition of Justice and Injustice. :
Order in the Body, whether the Human Body or It It is the due subordination of parts. Injustice is Disorder, and the the due Division of Labour.
Justice
the is
is
Body
Politic.
Notes.
444, 445.]
Confusion of Labour. (which in every form (TvXk'Tj^drjp
Slightly changing our language, Virtue is
embraced
dperri '(ttlv) is
Trao"'
293
in Justice, ev de dLKaioaijvri
Health, and Beauty, and
Condition or Habit of the Soul.
Vice
is
Good
Disease, and Ugli-
and Weakness of the Soul. Then remains the question, Does Justice profit a man? Does it pay? Is it the best
ness,
policy
?
Yet
^^what shall his
own soul?
pays,
if
it
is
not ridiculous to ask this question,
it
profit
"
a
man
if he
gain the whole world and
Health pays,
It is ridiculous to ask if
Yet though
Justice pays.
really ridiculous,
as
still,
it is
we have now
if
for,
lose
Beauty
obvious that
it
is
travelled to a point
from which we can overlook and descry the whole truth, it would be faintheartedness to stop here. Let us rather climb the brow of the hill, and, from our specular mount,' look down and consider the one form of virtue, the many forms of vice, and, among that many, four in chief. For there would appear to be of the Body Politic, as of the Soul, one perfect form and four in chief that are imperfect. The one perfect and best form is the rule of the best, be it the one best or the many best, be it called Monarchy or Aristocracy. Thus *
again,
by a
graceful,
artistic transition,
does Plato pass to
another main section of his discourse, and once more the question,
What
is
justice
?
is
identified
with the depiction in
a more detailed manner, in a deeper, as well as in a wider, spirit, of
the Ideal State."
Op. Introduction,
Name and Aim
of the Republic, pp. xxxi. to end.
444d. to Se is,'
v<$<rov, scil. ifiwoLeTv.
'
But
to produce disease
etc.
445b. IvravOa 6(rov oidv re. Stallb. takes the whole phrase, oXov re aa^ecrrara KarLdeiv, as epexegetic after evravda. have reached there, namely to see, as clearly as possible,' 6(Tov ol6v Tâ&#x201A;Ź aacpeaTara, have reached the point of seeing as clearly as possible,' and so Engelm. D. and V. however take oaov olov re, etc. with ov xpV cLiroKaixveLv. Since we have arrived at this point, we must not lose heart till we have ocrov *
We
*
,
We
'
"
The Republic of
294
Plato,
[book
iv.
ascertained in the clearest possible manner.' Stephanus proposed to read odev olbv re. Ast. oirov oXov re. The point to notice is that oaov 6l6v re forms one phrase.
A
gives diroKj/rjTiou. Bekker corrected order that it might harmonize with dTTOKOLfxueLu abovc. Such an obvious emendation is one to tempt and delight an ingenious schoolboy, nor could Plato, ^"ith his predilection for verbal play, have been blind to the beauties of diroKixfireov^ had the word been known to the (Ireek language before Bekker's time. The despised diroKv-qT^ov is well established, 372a. So is oKv-qreov, but neither aTroKfjLrjr^ov nor KfjLTjreov are found. diroKvy^r^ov is further better suited to the sense. See Schneider, ad loc. Yet Stallb. calls the emendation **egregius." Schanz writes diroKviqTeoifj Legg. i. 638e. diTOKfJiT]T€ov.
into
Par. in
diroKfjLrjreov,
,
(TKOirid is essentially a poetic term found c. dirb o-KOTTids. again and again in Homer, also in Theognis, Simonides, Sophocles, Euripides, and in a beautiful chorus in the Clouds have of Aristophanes, but curiously rare in prose. therefore possibly here too a quotation from some poet. (TKowLd is just the Latin specida. Cp. Milton's well-known
We
* '
€1'8t]
Look once more ^xovt€s.
'
ere
Having
we
leave this specular mount. —Par. Reg. iv. 236.
distinctions,'
*
having distinct forms.'
rots dp^ovori 8ia(|>epovTos |3ao-iXeCa dv kXt]0€it]. The first hint in so many words of the famous doctrine of the Philosopher-King, to be developed in the next and later books. Cp. infra^ v. 473d, and see also Introduction, Name and Aim, xii, and xiii. , with note. D.
€7"Y€vofj,6VOD
dv8pb$
Ivbs
Iv
Twv d|Ccov vj$jJL(ov. Would disturb (any or aught the important laws of the state.' The genitive here is partitive. Stallb. compares Gorgias, 514a, dTj/jLoaig, irpd^avres E.
*
of)
tCjv ttoXltlkCou irpay/JLaruv. Tpo<))fj
Kal iraiSeCa xpTl^dfJicvos
Si-^XOoficv.
The
Intellectual
education of the Ideal state is still to be considered, but the Moral education of Music and Gymnastic, which is its basis, has been fully discussed, nor is it added to in the later part of the Republic. See Introduction, Education in the Republic, esp. pp. xlvii
and
1.
'
'
Notes.
445-450.]
BOOK 449. &v8pa tov toioOtov,
295
V. ayaBbv koI opBbv koXCj.
sell.
+vxT]s TpoTTov KaTacTKCv/jv. ^vxv^ as Ast. suggests, have arisen from a gloss. ircpl ISiwTcov
B.
possibly,
*Was going (on to be about) to speak of.* origin of analytic tenses, our * was going to say.'
v^a €pwv.
Shows
TOV i[LarCov. Cp. 327b.
*
•irpocrT]7d7€To,
prepositions, c.
may
Taking hold
The
etc.
of
him by his cloak from
above.
delicate graphic minuteness noticeable.
of
Trpoo", tt^o, Trpocr, is
tC jidXio-Ttt ; ^Ti ky<a, ri fidXio-ra ; I said, Yes, but what especially ?
Again
'
'
What
ri
especially
?
might be either
what or why,' but here the same question
is repeated if we reading of Par. A and all mss. except Ven. SJ. Stallb. follows Hermann in introducing the formula, on tl. Cp. 343a, 6tl bri tl fiaXLara, 9jv 5' eydo, lit. our vulgar because why then specially, said L' '
'
'
keep
'in is
^TL.
*
diroppaGvixciv. padvfios, lit.,
of.
*To be shirking,' lit., shirking off or out *easy tempered,' so 'slack.'
oltiOfivai, scil. doK€Ls. <J>avX(os.
*
In an offhand,
trivial,
tIs 6 Tpoiros, after \6yov belrai,
to
what
is
the manner.'
b\T]v TavTT^v
notion in D.
way, superficially. Requires explanation as
*
Xe^cis. *
fivrjcrdrio-eadaL,
[Liya. ..KOI 5Xov.
'
The
accusative after the verbal
you would
explain.'
We think it of great (importance), nay
indeed of every importance, or all importance.' Cp. infra, Tzavri^ contrast Apol. 23a, dXiyov koI ovbevos a^ia.
469c, 6\(p Kal
450a. d^airaiv d tls Idcroi. 'Satisfied for my part that, quite agreeable that the thing should be left alone.' irapttKaXovvTCS €o-)jid$.
6(7)^6?.
'Calling up.'
'A swarm.' Two forms
The
latter
are found in mss., eafxbs and seems more correct, being supported by the
296
—
—
The Republic of
Plato.
[book
v.
derived form d(f)€(TjUL6^, a swarming off ; and both the derivations suggested, whether that from root id of e^ofxai (cp. Aesch. Supp. weXeLCidcou e^eade, also ibid. 31), or that from i-qfii., 223, eo-yLWS something sent out, a gush, a jet, favour the rough breathing. The word is sometimes metaphorically used e.g.^ Eur. Bacch. 710, yaXaKTos iafiovs ; Aesch. Supp. 684, vovaojv eaixos but properly in the sense of a swarm" of bees, wasps, or hornets. Cp. Ar. Vesp. 1107, ^vWeyevres yap Kad^ eafiovs, (hairepel Tdvdprjvia. Cp. use of (Tiult]vos, e.g. infra, 574d, ttoXv 5k -fjdri ^vveCKeyfJihov €v avT(} y to tQv rjdoi/Qv crfJLTjvos.
—
B. xpvcroxoT|o-ovTas ol'ci rovo-Se vvv ^vGaSc d<|>ixOci<'9 olXX' ov \6yu)v oLKovo-ofxevovs ; * Do you think our friends came " here to hear a discussion, or on a fool's errand ? '
XpvcroxoTj(rovTas. The plain meaning of the word xp^(^oxoe?v follow the trade of a goldof course ' to be a xP^^^^X^^^y' smith, but it is said to have a derived and proverbial meaning, viz., to do or suffer anything rather than the matter in hand, to go wool-gathering, to embark on a wild-goose chase, so here, *' came to idle away their time," "and not to argue in real earnest." The traditional explanation is found in the lexiis
con of Harpocration, sub. voc. xp^(^oxo€lu. He quotes from the orator Deinarchus. Aeivapxos ev rtp Kara IIi'^^oi', irdXip irap' kiaxi-^W cL7ro(pOLTr)(Tas wapa rouTCp 8rj\ou otl xpucoxoerj' efiavdavev^ ov TO TTpoKeLixevov avTo irpaTTeLv t) Trdcrxfti/, and then expressly states that Plato uses this proverb in this passage h TrefXTTTio TroXtrei'as. He explains the origin of the proverb by the following quaint story ETreo-^ tls (f)^^ ttote els to irXijdos tQv ^Adrjualcxjv, a;? iif 'TiULr)TT(^ (paveLij xpfcroO ypTjyfxa iroXv Kal
dW
:
(pvXdiTTOLTo vTrb
e^^deou drjKOTes,
eir
tQu
—
/uLvpjii7)KU}v,
jxcLX'^IJ'^v
ol
dk dvaXa(36pT€S oirXa
avToifS, dirpaKTOL 5' viroaTpexpavTe'S Kal fxaT-qv K€KaKoira-
^(TKOJiTTOu
dXXrjXovs
av 8k
XeyovTes'
aij
dk <^ov xP^^^X^'^(^^^^->
avXXk^as Kal XP^^^X^V^^^^ TrXovT7]<T€Lv. Thcro may be an allusion to the golden honey of the bees of Hymettus, and we are reminded of course of the gold-guarding ants of Herodotus. Harpocration finally quotes the comic poet Eubulus as using the joke in the Glaucus, frag. 20 (Kock) iirep
drjXoLy
(^ov
^f/ijyfia
ttoXv
:
T)ixets TTor'
Xa^bvTas Kal (TltC
&v8pas KeKpoirlSa^ kirelaaixev el^'TfMrjTTOif e^eXdelv 6'7r\a
eirl /jL^pjuLTjKas ijfJLepQv
TptQv
'
297
Notes.
450, 451.]
However the proverbial or cant usage arose, it is evident it was in vogue then about Plato's time, so that some general rendering, to come on a fool's errand (Gray), to find an Eldorado,' *to embark in a bubble speculation,' represents the Jowett's "to find the meaning better than a literal one. *
'
'
Schneider philosopher's stone" is perhaps the best of all. quotes the passage given above, on Xenophon de Vectigalihus, 4-15, and thinks there may be an allusion to some unsuccessful workings of the silver mines at Laureium. c. Tpo<j>T]s v€cov, etc., a hyperbaton, 'And the nurture of our children while still young, that nurture which belongs to the period between their birth and their education.
TToWds doubt, D.
YOLp dirioTTLas ^X^*"
lit.,
many ^
cvx'H-
499c, €vxols
d7vc6[xov€s. '
Hard upon
^
6fJiOLa
*
contains
many
reasons for
doubtings.'
(mere) dream.'
Votum
irritum.
Cp. infra,
Xeyovres.
'Stupid,' D. and V.; ' Unverstandig,' Engelm. you,' J. The fact is the word naturally varies
between the meanings of wanting judgment and feeling,' but usually inclines to the latter. '
'
'
wanting
*Falleretur vehementer qui KoXws €tx€v T| irapafJLvGta. KaXQs av scribendum putaret.' Stallb. Cp. Goodwin, M. T., § 49, n. 2.
Kal o-<|)aX€p6v, k.t.\. The construction here '(This) is a formidable and slippery business, the fear being not of my being laughed at, for it would be childish to fear that, but lest I stumble and miss the truth ; and not only (stumble) myself, but be found to have dragged my friends down too in my fall, and that in a matter wherein one ought least of all to stumble.' E.
is
(|>op€pdv T€
somewhat "ad sensum."
K€i(ro|xai. The future with <|>oP€pbv {id est, (fyo^ov/jLac) verbs of fearing is a regular, though rare construction. The future seems to represent the vividness to the mind of the result as a possibility = I fear lest then I shall be on the ground.' Cp. Goodwin, M. and T., § 46, note 1, p. 32. '
451a, TTpoo-Kww hk *A8pdo-T€iav. 'I deprecate Nemesis.' homage to Nemesis, praying that she may not
Lit., 'I do visit me.'
The Republic of
298 *A8pd<rT€ia. as
sometimes *
Necessity.
'
crreiav (to^o'l.
[book
Plato.
v.
The word is used sometimes alone as here, adjective with Ne/^ea-ts The Inevitable,' Cp. Aesch. Pr. 936, oi irpoaKwovvre^ rm 'ASpdThe Scholiast here says, ^Abpaareiav koXovctlv;
=
oTLirep ovK dv tls avrrju
dirodpaaeLev,
8pQaa rd KaO^
?)
otl
*
deLdpcLcrreLd
tls
oloir
iroKvbpdareLa [iroXKd yap 8pg^) rod dX(pa wXijdos dyjXovuros tus eVi rrjs d^vXov vXijs. The true derivation would seem to be either as from dLdpda-Koj or from dpdo: ; cp. dirprjKTos dvir), Homer, of Scylla, Od. xii. 223. Cp. "Adpao-ros, who was said to have erected an altar to her. She was held to be especially the power that avenged murder and homicide, hence the allusion here. del
^(TTLv, Cos
Xaptv
rj
cos
'For the sake
fxeXXo)
what I'm going
eavTrju^
of, ^.e., in
respect of
to say.'
eX'TTi^w yap oSv. For I expect (or I opine) it's a less crime unwillingly to become the murderer of anyone.' eXirLs and eXwL^eLv are, of course, used indifferently of a mental attitude towards the future of expectation or opinion, as w^ell as of actual hope. Plato himself notes this of iXirLs Plato, Legg. tovtolv djitpoiv ad do^as fxeXXoi^rtov oiv kolvov fxev 644d, Trpbs ovojjia eXiris. It should be noted that this meaning naturally accompanies a construction of eXirl^eLv with a present indicaWhen tive as here, or in the quotation 383b, or again 573c. the sense is that of * hoping, the proper construction is the infinitive future, or inf. aorist with dv. For a full discussion see Rutherford's Bahrms, note on ix. 2. Spero is used in the same double way, or even more strongly, of expecting evil; and so is our own hope.' L. and S. quote Chaucer, 'I hope he wol be ded' (*.e., I expect). '
:
'
'
The Vulgate reading was koI Kal [SiKaCwv] vofxijjicDv Trepi. but the Kal is wanting in Par. A, and the rest of the good mss. That being so, various methods have been adopted (1) Keeping mss. reading, to take pofxificou as substantive, and make the three adjj. parallel "about good and excellent and just institutions "; (2) This seems well enough, but Stallbaum, thinking institutions premature here, separates the three adjj. from vojdfxwv^ and joins them to dirareCova thus, Thau if one should deceive about what things are beautiful, He good, and just, where the question is about institutions. justifies this genitive by the use of /cX^Trriys, xpevaTrjs, etc., with genitive simple way of cutting the knot is, with (3) vofjLL/jLuu;
—
—
'
;
A
'
'
'
299
Notes.
451, 452.]
Schneider, to pronounce biKaloiv a gloss, and excise it or it Two is as easy, with Engebnann, to do the same by vofxifxijov. passages, however, below, 479d and 484d, seem to show that all the words should be kept. Cp. also Cobet, Var. Lect. 357. ;
irapapivOei. So Par. A. A negative is wanted and must either be found by taking the words ironically. "So that it's pretty comfort you give me, my friend"; or else must be deliberately inserted, as it is by the Herm. ingeniously, inferior mss. and Stallbaum, ovk ed /jl6. but too ingeniously, corrects ev into oi), So that your consolation is none at all. a)o-T€
jx€
€{»
in the sense,
*
B.
KdOapos 7€
6
Kttl €K€t
d(|>€0€LS.
iK€L,
evOdde,
'
In that case
*Ubi caedes commissa est,' Stallb. So Engelm., Rein ist auch dort der Freigesprochene, wenn dort, dann auch hier.' D. and Y., however, 'in the next world and in this a pretty meaning, possible in itself, but somewhat abruptly introduced, and inappropriate here, for the ...in
this,' J.
€K€L,
'
'
law, c.
vojULos,
has nothing to say to the next world.
TovTov
op[ki\v.
;
7' ^v€Ka.
*
As
far as that goes.
'Start.'
TjScis Tf|v o^iv. 'Wrinkled 452b. pvo-ot Kttl attractive in appearance.' On oxpLv see note on 376b. [JL*?)
Tw irapco-TWTi. Twv xapi€VTcov
and not
In the present state of things. and infra, d, tois rore dorTciois The wits of Plato's day were mainly irdvTa TaCra kwjjlwSciv. an obvious instance of such turning into the comic poets, and comedy as he indicates is afforded by the Ecdesiazusae of Aristophanes. Such passages however do not prove that the Republic was first published and that then Aristophanes wrote the Ecdesiazusae expressly against it. Indeed the latter seems to show that the comic poets were already in the field. See Introduction, Name and Aim of the Republic, p. ix. The feud between philosophy and the comic poets had certainly to some extent an historic basis, as we see in the Apology, where the Clouds of Aristophanes is definitely credited with a fatal €V
TO,
'
o"Kw(JipiaTa
misrepresentation of Socrates.
Cp. Politicus, p. 266.
iropCDTcov TTpbs TO Tpaxv Tov v6p.ov. the rougher ground of our law.' c.
8€if]6€io-C
T€ TOVTwv
fJL'f|
TO.
avTwv
'
We must go on to
TTpaTTCiv.
'
We must ask
'
The Republic of
300
[book
Plato.
v
these witty people to give up the practice of their lives ; not to do what is natural to them, but to be serious. ra avTQjv wpoLTTeLv is of course Plato's definition of * to do justice, but of the phrase here merely the use is probably a coincidence. '
'
'on ov irokvs XP^^^S, k.t.X. All commentators, of course, i. Kal irapa. 10, Trapa yap tolctl AvdoLat cxcSor TOLCTL dWoLO-L ^apjSdpoLaL Kai dudpa 6(j)drjvaL yvjjivbv es aiax^vr^v
quote Hdt.
and on the next passage about the Cretans and Lacedaemonians, Thucyd. i. 6, eyv^xvojOrjadv re irpCoToi Kal is to
/jLeydXrjv (pepet,
cf)av€pdv
dirodvvres Xiira jxerd rod yvfxpd^eadai rjXeLxf/avTO.
Cp.
Plat. TheaeL, 162b. * D. d\X' lireiS'?! xp(»)\i.ivois, k.t.X. When by actual practice (use of gymnastics) they found ... and when the ludicrous effect to the eye vanished before that which reason told them
was
best,
then this too showed them that he
is
a fool who,
etc' IveSeCgaTo.
For the middle, see L. and
oTi jxaraibs 6s 7€Xoiov
dXXo
S.
sub voc.
evdeiKuvfjiL.
A
ti Ti^ctrai, etc. great deal of discussion has been raised as to the best readings and explanations of this passage. Cobet, like a modern "slashing Bentley with his desperate hook," leaves very little intact; he excises from 6s yeXo'iou to to KaKov Kal, and again cos yeXoiov. Hermann, on the contrary, lets the first words stand, but cuts out from 6 yeXojTOTroielv to Kal KaKov Kal. But it seems quite possible to find a meaning without all this butchery. This, too, showed that he is an idle fellow, who thinks any'
thing ridiculous but what is bad, and (the same is) the man that tries to raise a laugh, fixing his eyes on any other appearance as an appearance of what is ridiculous, than the appearance of what is silly and bad. Kal KaXoO
o-irovSd^ci
itXXov tlvol
o-kottov
<rTT]<rdfJL€vos.
And he who again is in earnest, setting up for himself any other standard of the beautiful than that of the good.' Here again there is a question of reading. Our text is that of the Zurich edition. Par. gives irpbs dXXov tlvol (tkottov aTtjadfjL€vos. The omission of the 7rp6s was first proposed by that beautiful Platonic scholar, the late Master of Trinity, W. H. *
A
Thompson,
(Professor Cantabrigiensis, editor Phaedri et Gorgiae clarissimus, as the Zurich preface calls him), in some remarks in the Journal of Classical and Sacred Philology,
'
Notes.
452, 453.] iv.
p.
147,
301
For the phrase
148.
Thompson quotes
(tkottov
cTT'qcraffdai,
Dr.
A then.
xv. 666b, 6u (tkottov eh XardyLov rb^a KadiardfJLeda, and Plat. Legg. xii. 961e, (tkottov In any case he says irpbs cannot stand. Madvig d^adai. omits it also. In the rare case in which an English emendation is approved by both Madvig and Baiter, we might find pleasure in following; and if Plato were never redundant, Critias ap.
if he were never ungrammatical, we should agree with such great authorities. But such redundancy is quite common in Plato, and we cannot doubt that Stallbaum is right in maintaining the reading of Par. A, and interpreting, 'By any other standard (of the beautiful), having set it up It may be noted that for himself, than that of the good.' Stallbaum (ed. 1868), however, omits koKov, which is wanting in some mss.; but supported by Stobaeus, who quotes this
much more
passage.
A
<j)iXo'ira((r}JLa)v.
number
of
the inferior mss.
give the
form (pCkoiraiyixuv, but the best, Paris A, upholds its credit by preserving the truer Attic spelling with cr. The question Vide Schanz, Praef. ad Euthyd. of the spelling is an old one. vii. § 5, and Rutherford, N. P., p. 313. Undefended.' 453a. ^pT]p.a. ^prjfxos is specially used in this sense, as for instance in the famous *
ojs
ovd^u eariv oijre Trijpyos o^re vavs dvbpCov fxr] ^vvolkotuvtlov '4au}.
^prjfjLOS
—Soph.
0. T. 57.
The
legal application to an undefended case, or one goes by default, is well known. B.
ovSev 8€i vpitv fiXXovs d(x<(>to-pT]T€iv. else to raise a doubt for you.
*You
which
don't
want
any one
KaToiKio-ccds,
into
T^v oIki£€T€ TToXiv.
the
case of Hadley, Gr, Gr,, 1003.
TrdXews
Thc
the relative
inverse attraction of is noticeable. See
D. ov p.cL Tov Ata, ^<|)T], ov YOLp cvKoXo) ^oiK€v. Stallbaum makes a difficulty here, on the ground that the words could only be suitable if Glaucon were to deny what Socrates thought ought to be denied. He would therefore omit yap and apparently take ov fid ovk together. So, too, Groen van Prinsterer transposes and writes Tpo(f)7}v ov yap evKoXct) eoLKev. Ov fid TOV Ala ^(p7]. But the ordinary loose rendering; Why,
finds or
'
'''
The Republic of
302 no, certainly
apparet
')
KoXv[jLpif|0pa.
meaning
not easy
it's
seems
'
(Ficinus'
Plato.
[book
v.
Profecto non leve istud
*
sufficient.
'A
plunge,
i.e.,
swimming
a
bath,' KoXvfjL^dco
to dive rather than swim.
8€X<|>tva. ojs roV 'Apiova drfKovon tov 'MtjOv/ulvoloj/, k.t.X., There is an obvious allusion, as the Scholiast Schol. ad loc. points out, to the well-known story of Arion, Hdt. i. 24, but
other stories of the kind were common, the dolphin being a sort of merman of Greek fairy tale. Cp. Pliny, H. jV. ix. 8, Aelian, H.N. 2. 6, 6. 15, 12. 45. § 7. diropov.
*
Some
Cp. 378a, diropov
other impossible means of preservation.
dvfxa.
TOLS 8^ AXXas <|)i;or6is to, avra k.t.X. But now we say that the different natures ought now to perform the same func"AWos here preserves its independent meaning though tions. joined with the article, rets dWas would usually mean rest The of the natures.' '
'
'
454a. dvTiXo7LKf]s.
With
'
Disputation lit. Sophist. 225b, c. '
;
,
'
contradiction.
compare
this passage
'Dividing according to species.' Kar' €i8t] 8iaipovp,evoi. Op. Sophist. 253d, where the function of dialectic is said to be TO Kara yhi) dLaipe'iadaL /cat /jLrjre tclvtov eXbos erepov ijyrjaaadai IX7}T€
erepov bv ravrbv.
dWd
Kar' avrb to ovojia, k. t. \. But rush after opposition, pursue their opposition, looking merely at the words (and etdr} they may cover). not what different '
'
That B. TO T^|v d\XT]v <f>vo-iv 8tl ov twv avTwv, etc. different natures ought not to engage in the same pursuits. and the next best mss. have dWrju is Baiter's conjecture. avrrjv, some inferior mss. /jlt] rr]v avTi]v, which of course gives same sense as dWrju. If, with Ficinus, we could allow ourselves to render dtdoKoiuLep, insequimur, 'we attack,' we could keep the reading of A. '
A
What is the species of the different and the and with what meaning we then defined it. It was 7wt in an universal sense.' Emphatic.
rC €t8os K.T.X. identical nature, TrdvTCDS.
laTpiKbv |JL€v and a man who I).
and Engelmann.
'
'
A
physiciaii, IttTpiKov Tf|v xj/^X'^l^ SvTtt. * 'So Baiter is in his soul like a physician.' Tr)v iaTpiKTju laTpLKou Kal has Par. fx^u Kttl
A
'
'
'
303
Notes.
453-456.]
i^vxw ovTa. Baiter pronounces larpLKiqv to be the result of an accommodationis, the copyist making it agree with Hermann however adds a s, and reads iarpLKTjv rrjv ^pvxv^' \pvxw ^vTas, 'both a man and a woman who are physicianlike in soul,' and so Jowett, and this seems to give most point.
error
The
inferior mss. show iaKTpiKrfv rrju ^xo^^ra ; illustrating the rule that the readings of inferior mss. have the value, or want of value, of corrections. Finally, Stallbaum finds an antithesis by reading larpov fiev Kal iarpiKov rrju ^vxw <^vTa, in which he is following Ficinus' medicum et hominem habentem animum medicinae studiis aptum'. D. and V. render, *Two men who were mentallj'' qualified for the medical profession.' '
455b. €dv
note kv
uws
€v86t5co|x€0a.
<a
o
'
JJL€V.
^(Jia0€
jj.T]8' cl
In so far as the one
cw^oiTo.
'
5e ^arij^ 6 evioL tpaiov Ka\ov<TLv,
The word
iroiravov
71,
§
Kal
D.
— ei h
tlvl 6 fiev
— Stallb. learnt.
oi
de
yXvKv
irepLcpepCov,
— Schol.
derived of course from
is
/cat
diacp.
Treirro},
ad
loc.
exf/Tj/ma
It seems to be rare.
^xpo).
beaten,
'
Did not even keep what he
TrXaKOvvTCou irXar^oov Kal XeirrQv
iroirdvcDV.
*€\l/7}/jLa
from
ALT,
^ after comparative notion in
Sia<|>€povT(os ^x^*" ^* Cp. infr., 538b. C.
See Goodwin,
1.
it is
KaraYcXao-TOTaTov,
most
/c.r.X.
'In which
field,
if
ridiculed.'
7watK6s p.€VToi iroXXal iroXXwv dvSpwv PeXrCovs ds TroXXd TO Se 6Xov ^x^i ws <rv X€7€is. Plato in these words sums up the practical answer to the question as to the equality of the sexes. Cp. infra, 456a. E.
7vjivao-TiK^|
8'
dpa
ov, ov8^
TToXcfiiKT],
k.t.X.
'And
is
not one athletic, ay, and warlike, but another unwarlike and not fond of athletics ? The readings of this passage vary greatly. '
456a. 0.
irX-fiv 6<ra.
€vxa.is ^JfAoia.
6Xkr\
.
.
.
Except
TTOiiricrei, scil.
irapaXaPo€(ra.
does so connection. TTCLLbeia
'
;
in so far as.
Cp. note on 450d.
'Visionary' (merely). (pvXaKtKovs.
'When it takes in hand,' i.e., when the irapaXafi^dveiv is the regular word in this
D. ircos o5v ^x^'-s 8d|T|s Tov ToiovSe ir^pt opinion as regards such a point as this ?
;
'
How
are you in
"
The Republic of
304
Plato.
.
[book
v.
Tov viroXap.pdvciv, k. r. X. I mean as regards the conceiving your own mind one man to be better and another worse.' *
in
457a. €Tr€C'ir€p ap€ri\v olvtI IparCwv d^j.<|)i€<rovTai. Cp. Tennyson's Godiva, *'Then she rode forth, clothed on with chastity." Ast. compares the contrasting passage, Hdt. i. 8, a/xa 6^ klBCovl eKdvojUL^vu} (TweKhveraL /cat rrfv aidQ yvprj. are reminded by the collocation of Horace's famous virtute me involvOy Carm. iii. 29. 54, though the application is of course different.
mm
rats yvvai^iv ^ tois dvSpdcriv. to
The
the men.'
ij
is
*
We
!
|
j
\
\
To the women rather than
after the
comparative eXa^pcorepa
(Stallb.).
6 Se ^eXwv dvT]p. As Stallb. points out, this passage shows that this subject had been ridiculed before it was introduced by Plato, and is so far evidence against the theory that it was Plato's Republic that furnished the theme for the ridicule of Aristophanes' Ecclesiazusae. Cp. Introd., Name and Aim, p. ix., and 452b, supra; and on whole sentiment cp. Eur.
Andr. 590, B.
dreXf)
i
^
j
et seqq.
TOV ^cXoCov
o-o(f>Cas
Spcirwv
Kapirov,
etc.
The
words without the rod yeXoiov are, according to Stobaeus' Florileg. Ixxx. 4, from Pindar, who is speaking of the men of The meaning of Pindar's words science, ot (pvaLoXoyovvres. Plucking an unripe fruit of wisdom.' Cp. Plat, is clear, The words rod yeXoiov, however, complicate Theaet. 173. 4. They may have crept into the text from a the passage here. On the other hand, gloss, as Engelmann's editor thinks. the great authorities, Cobet and Badham, would excise aocpLas, supposing that Plato substitutes rod yeXoiov for the <TO(pias of Pindar, which is very plausible, ** Plucking an unripe fruit from his laughter." But the text may perhaps stand in toto. " Plucking from his ridicule an unripe fruit of wisdom," i.e., overhasty to laugh, as Pindar's physiologists are overhasty to So Davies and Vaughan say, **His ridicule is but be wise. unripe fruit plucked from the tree of wisdom. XeXe'lcTai. Is said and will remain said, the fut. perf denoting the permanence of the results of the action in future time. See Goodwin, M. T. § 29. n. 2. '
|
i
,
i
j '\
|
'
i
j
8La<|)€iJ7€iv.
TiBevras.
*
*
That we are escaping.
When we
oiioXo-yeio-Gai.
lay down.'
Infinitive after
* i
Accusative of attraction.
(pujULey,
Stallb.
'
;
305
Notes.
45G-459.]
X€7€ 8^,
See Goodwin, M.T.,
l'8«.
% 85,
note
1.
*]N arras sermonum conspiraX6761S X07WV Jvo-Tao-iv. tionem,' Stallb. "You speak of a combination of discussions," E.
"What you
i.e.,
v^iKriov
say implies a combination,'
must submit
*I
8lkt]v.
etc.
to the penalty.'
* ^acrdv ji€ loprdo-ai. Allow me to keep a holiday or feast eoprd^eLv from eoprri, sl festival holiday or holyday day. Jowett renders somewhat loosely, a jour de Jete. Let me feast my mind." The poet Gray says of this passage, with what is doubtless autobiographical melancholy, "It is so just a description of the usual contemplations of indolent persons, especially if they have some imagination, that I cannot but transcribe it." '
'
'
458a. ol
dp7ol
disposition are feast on their
T-^jv
wont
own
8Ldvoiav. People of a do-nothing to be feasted by themselves' {i.e., to thoughts when w^alking alone). Cp. *
Theocr. 15. 26, depyois aiev eoprd.
Supposing or assuming their 66VT€s «s iiTrdpxov dvai. wish already realized.' The etvaL is wanting in some mss., but it is found in Par. A and (as Schneider points out) adds additional force, the literal meaning being, " Assuming that it is realized, that that should exist which they desire." *
B.
i§
Stallb.'^
8waTd. reads
So
all
the mss. and most of the editors, but
ei.
Kttl OTL -TrdvTwv |v(JL(()dpa)TaT' it
would be
best.'
dv
The verb by a
cl'i].
sort of
And will show (that) zeugma from <TK€\//ofjLaL. '
By necesov 7€a)jjL€TpiKats 7€, dXX.' IptoriKats dvd^Kais. not the necessity of geometry, but the necessity of love.' This striking phrase may possibly be borrowed, as Schneider suggests, from some poet, but Plutarch quotes it as Plato's. Plutarch, Lycurg. 48c. D.
*
sity,
459a. 7€vva(a)v opviOwv. * Well-bred fowl. Here, no doubt, fighting cocks are meant, perhaps also quails, which were used for the same purpose of sport. See Becker's Charides. Glaucon is supposed to be a young man acquainted with sport. He is the " juvenis qui gaudet equis canibusque et aprici gramine campi. " G r. van Pr. '
||
B. rC Se of horses. '
ol'ci But what do you think (in the case) For construction see Madvig, Syntax, § 53 R.
tir-Trtov
'
;
u
The Republic of
306
[book v
Plato.
;
Cp. 86lD.
(SaPat.
j
(OS &pcL <rc()o8pa
dvai twv dpxdvTwv. our rulers consummate
Set dKpcov
T|}xtv
emphatically must
we have
*
How
ones.'
i
Matthiae explains this as a confusion of two constructions, i.e., del aKp'^v apxovru^v and bel oLKpovs rovs apxopras elvoLL. Stephanas' correction for the ideXourcov of
€9e*\ovo-LV.
C.
which may have arisen accommodationis errore ad
Par. A,
(pap/uLCLKooy,
as
Hermann,
all
the Zurich
keep Par.
TiYovjieGat.
Stallb., D.
Iv
\
editors
Schneider,
say.
Stallb.,
|
edeXovro^v.
A
has
7]y ovfxeda
which again Schn.,
eXvai,
\
Herm. keep. (|)ap[j.dKov
el'Sei.
^
Berne dii
'Used
loco^^
as physic'
Cp. supra, 389b. |
Most legitimately so. And this legitimate use (to opdov rovTo) would seem to come in specially in the case of marriages and births.' 460a. to h\ ir\fj9os, /c.r.X. *The number of the weddings, Kal 6p9cas 7€.
'
'
'
\
,
'
;
|
we
shall
make
to be under the control of the rulers.' |
KO(j.\|/oL. 'Ingenious Cp. notes on 408b and 405d.
KXfjpoi
lots.'
'
Schlaue
Loose,' Eng. j
* At each coming together. €<(>' €Kdo"T'r]S o-vvep^ews. For eiri used with genitive, of occasions, see L. & S., and cp. Theaet. '
\
'
159c. B. 7€pa 8oT€ov Kal dOXa dWa t€ Kal t| c^ovo-ia For the construction of the nominative with
verbal, cp. 403b, irpoaoLaTeov avr-q c.
o-T^Kos.
The word
i]
(scil. doreov).
the
neuter
7]8op7].
no doubt used advisedly. 'The young animals. See L. and S.
is
especially for rearing Cp. TTOL/JLULOU, dy^Xrj, supra.
fold,'
dvdinipov.
'
Deformed,'
'
crippled.'
* ,
t€
Kal d8if)Xa> KaTaKpvil/o-uo-tv cos irpeirei* The question has naturally been raised as to what Plato really means with regard to the so-called "exposure" of sickly or deformed children. According to Plutarch, Lycurgus actually enjoined it as a regular part of his social constitution, Plut. Lye. xvi. The whole passage, indeed the whole life of Lycurgus. is a comment on Plato's doctrines as here given. Cp. Introd., Name and Aim, p. xxii. Cp. also Ar. Pol. vii. 16. €V
diroppTiTa)
j
j
1
i
j '
,
|
:
307
Notes.
459-461.]
What we set before us. The reading D. 6 irpovOcfJieGa. restored from Stobaeus, Par. A, has TrpoOvfiov/xeda, which "The next object of our interest," Stallb. and others keep. D. and V., but Madvig, " neque de studio neque de providendo agitur, sed de absolvendo quod supra proposuerant, itaque subiicitur ^(pafj^eu yap drj,^' k.t.X. '
'
When he has passed E. T-^iv 6|vTdTT]v SpdjAov cLKjiTjv TTaptj. the sharpest burst in the race of life.' Stallb. and Engelmann think the words borrowed from some poet but Plato is poet enough to serve his own turn. Schneider has a long but good note here. The question of the ages suitable for husband and wife is a very old one. Perhaps the earliest Greek precept is the famous passage of Hesiod, WorJca and Days, 693, who fixes about thirty for the husband and apparently about twenty for the wife. Aristotle deals with the point in the Politics, vii. 16, fixing thirty -seven for the husband and eighteen for the wife. Cp. also Plato, Laws, iv. 721 A. B. and vi. 785b. With these comments we may compare Tacitus' famous "Sera juvenum Venus eoque iuexhausta pubertas," Germ. 20. Ancient civilization did not apparently suffer as much from late and deferred marriage as modern does. *
;
461b.
C.
*
jj.T]Tpos.
and
is
all mss. except one have preserved by Eusebius.
The mother's female
relations in an
line.'
Kal TavTCL
we
A
The true reading
Tats dvco
ascending
indeed
Par.
d<|)T|(rofj.€v.
<pri(To/j,€y.
"y'
^St] irdvTa,
shall allow
scil.
cL<f>r}<TOfjL€u.
'And
all
them, after enjoining them to take
Idv hi Ti Pid(rT]Tai,
k.t.X.
'But
if
this
care.'
something compel
them
(if they cannot help it), (so) to arrange on the understanding that there is no rearing for such a child.' The object to TidevaL may be ro Kv-qixa or rd Trpdy/xara suhauditum.
D. TT]0ds. The word seems to have 'Grandmothers.' been confused by copyists with rLrdr} (a nurse), and used in the sense of a nurse. So here, inferior mss. read rirdr), though TTjdds is obviously required to balance TrdTnrovs. See Lobeck, Phryn. 133-4. E.
TTpoo-avaipfi.
'
Also prescribe
(PePatwo-ao-Oai) irapd tov
\6yov.
^
it.
As we
say,
'out of 'or
from the argument,' i.e., by the argument. " Von der Untersuchung bestatigen lassen." Eng. Stallb. compares Go7^g. '
—
'
'
The Republic of
308
489a, Lva ^€^aLU)(T(i}/uLaL ijdrj irapa aov. explains it as a pregnant construction. 462a. ov\
TjSe apxtj. *
Kiddell,
Digest.
Is not this the beginning
*
ctra cTTio-Klil/ao-Oau
[book
Plato.
Then the next thing
is
v
126,
?'
to inquire
whether.' B. ISttoo-LS. * Isolation in the matter of these feelings. dividualism,' opposed to KOLVLovia.
'
'
In-
rj KOtvwvia rj Kara to (rwfJLa -n-pbs t^|v vI/^X*^^ T€Ta|JL€VT], 'The whole fellowship which extends through the body up to the soul, and forms one constitution, that of {i.e.
iracra
C.
K.T.X.
that under) the governing principle.' irpbs rV ^^xnK^ " Nach der Seele hin," E., so 'looking to towards the soul the soul,' 'centring in the soul.' On the whole passage cp. Introd., Name and Aim, p. xxxiii. ;
dpxovTos
D.
€V
CLvrf]", soil,
Kttl T|
.
TovTo o €pwTas.
. .
TToXis oIk€i.
TO.
&
'
And
"^vxv-
aorists.
to return to your question.' state is arranged in a in this sense, a regular idiom,
For oUeXv
suh voc.^
S.,
t\)
The best ordered
'
very similar way.' see L.
ev
Gnomic
fj(r06TO, |vvTjX7'r]<r€.
ii.
2.
Tov \6^(ov 6(xo\o7Tjp.aTa.
'
The
points agreed on in the
discussion.'
463a.
^cTTi [kiv irov...&pxovT€S.
compares 363a,
For the construction
Stallb. fact is the cononly one more instance of
The
q.v., tva yLyvrjraL apxal.
struction is common enough, and is Plato's indifference to strict grammatical sequence. D. ^cr€(r0at. uofjLodeTTjo-eLs
is
Here too the construction
TrpdrreLv^
infinit.
is
somewhat
Platonic.
constructed with the accus., then with then ^crecrdaL follows as though (prjaets or
first
some such word had been interposed, or else The change of number, avrois, avr(}, is worse. '
'
{that) it will be also noticeable.
{»p,VTi<rovcriv, here intransitive, Ad aures puerorum circumpersonalmnt.^^ Ficinus. Will resound in the ears,' etc.
—
E.
8id Twv o-Top.dTa)v.
'
'
Ore tantum.
utter family names with their
464b.
we
'
If
they should only
Kal tols 7rpdo-9€v 76 6|jLoXo7ovfi.€v. are quite consistent with what
Kttl fi^v 8^1
over in this above.
'
lips.
Morewas said *
Notes.
461-465.]
309
Either after eXKovras, i.e., D. yuvaiKO. T€ Kat iraiSas erepovs. acquiring, as Ast. and D. V., or more probably after dyo/uLCL^ovTas, as Stallb. and Engelm. iSCoiv 6vTa)v IStas. children, being their
And creating, these, own joys and sorrows
i.e.
*
the wives and
of their own.'
elvai, after iroLet.
alK^as, SiKai. Technical PiaLcov, forcible seizure and assault.'
'Actions for
terms.
Putting force upon,' forcibly regulating their care of their bodies= forcing them to take care of themselves. Par. has eTTiyueXetat, other mss. eTri^ueXetas, which Stallb. and the majority of editors adopt, =imponentes iis necessitatem corporum curandorum, "Making the protection of the person a matter of necessity " J. E.
*
dvaYKTiv
coercing,'
(TcofittTwv iTrijjLcXeta ti0€vt6S.
*
i.e.,
A
—
8ti 76 v€(OT€pos. clear that,' etc. Kttl
\i.i\v
After
drjXov.
*
And
further
it is
465b. 8€os 8^ tov tw irdo-x.ovTi, ac.t.X. *And for fear, the fear that all the rest will come to the aid of him who is hurt.' ToG, Madvig's slight correction, makes the passage much has to. Those who, like Stallb., keep this, simpler. Par. ' explain it as accus. after notion of fearing in Beos. He fears that,' etc. It might possibly be explained as being in apposi-
A
tion.
Ast. was the first to c. KoXaKcCas t€ irXovo-Cwv irevnTcs. point out the extreme awkwardness of the word irev-qres here, " Vocem irevrjres orationis cohaerentiam turbare ideoque videri insiticium censuit. " He has been followed by all the reforming editors. D. & V. and J. however keep it, rendering loosely, " The flatteries paid by the poor to the rich," ir&rjTes supplying the subject to k. ttX. The full construction in Plato's
mind would seem
ir^vTjres to be KoXaKeias re irXovanbv " The smallest however of the evils T am ashamed to mention on account of their mean character, of which they would be quit, the poor, that is to say, (would be quit) of the flatteries to the rich, and the poverties and the
{aTrrjWayiJUEvoL
eUv).
pangs," etc. TO.
8av€i^<)fi€voi,
etc.
*Now
borrowing,
pudiating, now acquiring in any and every way, ing (their acquisitions) to women and slaves.'
and
now
re-
entrust-
'
'
The Republic of
310
[BOOK
Plato.
V.
D. d7rT]\\d|ovTai. So Cobet from diraWd^ovraL of Par. A, for he says, "Non Uberabuntur his molestiis quas nunquam senserunt sed vacabunt ; but Engelm. ridicules this. OL oXufXTrioviKai. These words are a passing and indirect indication of the extreme honour and substantial rewards accorded to the Greek athletes. It is often said, with a sneer at modern practices, tha^t the only prize given at Olympia was a wreath of wild olive. This is true,- but the winner's countrymen took care to supplement the distinction by granting immunity from taxation, the best seats at festivals, sometimes also, as at Athens, a lump sum. An instance of their position may be found in the history of Dorieus of Rhodes,
was spared by the Athenians on account of his eminence (Pausanias, vi. 7). A still more striking example is the strange and affecting story of the beautiful whose
life
athletic
Philippus,
^OXv/JLTTLOvLKrjs /cat
KdWLaTos'EWrji^oju rQu
/car' iojvrov,
and the divine honours paid to his tomb, Hdt. v. 47. Plato may have thought of such cases when he wrote racpTjs d^las, Cp. also story of Diagoras, Plut. Pelopidas, sub. Jin.
infra, E.
€K€ivoi, i.e. oi 0\vfjL7rLou?KaL. E.
dvaSovvrai.
'
Are crowned with.'
The position of these words is curious. It JwvTcs T€. serves no doubt to emphasize the contrast to reXevrrio-avres.
Who
when they might.' For 466a. oIs €^6v = oi avTOLS e^bv. case of oh see Madvig, Uh. Synt., § 195e. *
These are Madvig's corrections for are demanded, he says, by grammar. But, as we have seen, Plato does not always, indeed very often does not, comply with the demands of grammar, and it may be doubted whether grammar here does make any such demand. See Goodwin, M. and T., 74, note 1. <rK€\|/oC|j.60a,
iroioiiiev.
They
B.
(xifj
irT]
Kara rbv twv
(rKVTOT<J(ji<ov, k. t. X.
*
Does
it
seem
at all on' a level with the life of cobblers or any other artizans, or with the life of husbandmen ? |i.€ipaKi(o8T]s-
'
Puerile.
8id Svvajjiiv.
*
By
C.
irXcov dva.L
Hes. Works and Days, 6<T(i3
ttX^op
TjfJLLav
Madvig suggests SiaSumi. The expression occurs in 40, and is in full, v7]'inoL oi)5' 'icaaLv
force.'
-irtos rifiLo-v
iravrbs.
v.
Travrds.
'
Notes.
465-467.] |v|i<{>vXdTT6iv 8€iv.
them.'
The
'
311
So that they ought to guard along with
infinitives are epexegeticals.
You have anticipated D. ^<|>0Tis, ^<))'n, clircov, etc. speaking as I was about to take you up.' *
me
in
This is another E. xpbs 8^ TT] Qia SiaKovciv Ka\ wTjpcTciv. admirable instance of Plato's superiority to strict grammar. After Lva OeCovrai we should expect tva dtaKovQcrL. The infinitive can be explained as following by a sort of attracted construction on derjaet, derjaeL de biaKovelv. or else perhaps as following after d^ovai, d^ovaL dtaKovelv, a very loose construction.
The sense
is
quite clear.
467a. Oepaircvetv iraTcpas, etc. mother. B.
dvaXaPciv.
find sometimes oneself.
Absol., 'To pick avoKa^elv eavrov,
'To wait upon father and
up
again,' 'to recover.'
pick oneself
up,
We
recover
Toiis ^vSpas TroX€(xiKovs €0"op.€Vovs. Lit., 'Those who are Germ., " die kriegerische Manner werden be the fighters. soUen," Stallb.'s rendering adopted by Engelmann. c.
to
'
An instance of the quantitative accusative. 6<ra dvOpwTTOi. See Eiddell, Digest of Idioms, § 5. And yet we must admit. This is D. dWd 7dp, <|)Tio-ofj.€v. a good simple instance of the elliptical force of this phrase. See Madvig, Gh. Synt § 279. The sense of dXXd is completed by the sentence below, wpbs roivvv, k.t.\. '
'
,
E.
8€8L8a|ojji6VOTJS
lirirevciv.
Par.
A
here has
biba^ofievovs,
which has been condemned on the ground that the tense ('when they shall be going to be taught') is impossible, even if the middle could be made equivalent to the passive future.
The
fut. participle is
commonly used
to express a purpose, like Latin supine
and that as a rule with a verb of motion, um. See Paley, Joiirn. PJiil. viii. 15.
in
p.
79.
Herm.,
Bekker, Stallb., therefore correct one letter, keeping the This may then be taken with middle voice, dtda^afieyovs. " dAcr^o?/, quod idem est atque dyeiv Set." Cp. Goodwin, M. T., % 114. 2. 'We must, having had them taught to ride, bring them on horseback to the spectacle.' Stallb., however, would make it equivalent to didaxOevras, " ea quidem sensus discrimine ut dtdaxO^vres sint ab aliis edocti, dLda^dfjievoL autem sue ipsorum studio edocti." The only parallel, however, he .
— The Republic of
312 adduces
Soph.
is
Kal d(TTVv6/JLovs
354, Kai
A7it.
opfxds idLdd^aro,
il
'
[book
Plato.
(pdeyjuLa
/cat
dvefjLoeu
(ppovrj/xa
The
with Jebb's note.
q.v.
v.
ingenious correction adopted in the text, Schneider's, is very slight, and gets rid of one difficulty by introducing the passive voice, '*When they shall have been taught." On dibdaKw and dLbdaKOfxai cp. note on 421 E. 468a.
which
'iroX€(ACovs
own
prisoner quotes Xen, Hell. '
A
aXovra. condensed expression explanation on its face. Being taken (having fallen) into the hands of the enemy. Stallb. Tovs
els
carries its
'
23, ypdfxfxara ire/uLcpdevra edXujaav
1.
i.
eis
Ad-qvas.
SiSdvai Tois 9e\ovo"i xP'n^'^Q''' ^li ^7P?" Several commenThe tators seem to have missed the construction here. infinitive is really epexegetical. To give him as a free gift to any who wanted him, to use their booty as they will.' *
c.
and
TdpicrT€ia
irapa tovs
dWovs.
comparison with
all
Tois Toioio-8€.
'
*
off the palm.' used in this sense.
Beyond
all
(p^peiv
the others,' or simply *In
the others.'
With somewhat
Kal 7dp"0(J.iipos.
D.
Both
*To bear
<|)€p€iv.
4>^p€adaL are specially
vibroLCFLv 5'
//.
vii.
Xtavra
the following honours.
321. dLTjueK^eajL yipaipev
ijpus 'ArpeLdrjs evpvKpelojv ' Ayafx^ixvuiv. E.
^Spais, /c.r.X.
*
Seats of honour.
'
11. viii.
162.
ixh ce riov Aavaoi raxviruXoi T€ Kp^aaiv re ide irXeioLS deirdeaaL.
iLvheld-q, irepl
^dprj
The second
xii. 311. line occurs again in so quotes as to destroy the scansion of the line.
Tov
N.B. Plato
The reference here is proximately to in Book iii. 414, 415, about the splendid especially 415a, 6<toi fxeu vfiCov iKavot &px€Lv,
xP'^tJ'o^ 7€vovs.
what was
said
Phoenician
lie,
Xpvo-bv iv rrj yev^aei (Tw^fiL^ev
passage quoted below,
Works and
avrols did TLfxubraToL elaiv.
^ih balfxoves dyvoiy Days, v. 121. Hesiod gives
rot
fjikv
ot
dacjLiouis elai
is
The
from Hesiod,
Al6s fxeyaXov did ^ovXds
iadXolf iiTLxBSvLoi, (pijXaKes Ovy^tCov dvdpuircjp.
— Notes.
467-470.]
313
In the Cratylus, p. 397e, Plato himself quotes the passage, with some verbal difference avrap
eTreLdr)
tovto yevos Kara fxoip^ €Kd\v\pev ayuoi ettlxOovlol KaXeourai,
oi fxev dai/JLoves
eadXol, dXe^iKaKOL, cpvXaKes dvr^rCov dvOpdoircoif.
We
have thus once again an instance of Plato's manner of quotation, careful of the spirit, but careless of the letter. See notes on 364d, 379d, etc.
'To bury.'
469a. TiGevai.
Cp. note on
^^/cat,
427b.
"EXXT]vas 'EXXT^viSas iroXets dvSpairoSC^eo-Gai, etc. A noble historical comment on this passage is to be found in the sentiment and practice of that model of ancient chivalry Callicratidas, Xen. Hell. i. 6. 14, ovk ^cprj iavrov ye dpxovros B.
ovdiv av ^WSXrjvujv
to €K€lpov dvvarbv dpdpaTrodLadrjvaL. Ibid, iiifr.
eis
Even
he however sold the Athenian guards. c. 5Xa) respect,'
The
Kttl
iravTi 8ia(f>ep€i,
'
Differs
wholly and in every
A
absolutely and entirely proverbial expression. Scholia enter into an elaborate logical explanation. .
*
'
Tov
TTpbs
jjLax.d[JL€vov
't€vai.
'To go to the front'
(lit.,
to
meet the enemy). K-uTTTa^wo-i. 'Grub about.' Kvirrd^eip, a strong word; to keep stooping, and so poking and peering. Cp. Ar. l^ub. 509, tI KVTrrd^eLS ex^^^ ^rept rrju dvpav ;
D.
lit.,
E.
Twv
Kvv(av.
happy instance iii.
4 (1406
Aristotle quotes this in the Rhetoric as a an image or eUcbi^. Ar. Bhet.
of a prose use of
b. 32).
The prevention of the ras Twv dvatp€<r€<ov 8iaK(oXv<r€ts. taking up of their dead by the enemy.' 'Eariov here, 'We must let alone (not we must permit '). '
'
'
'To dedicate them.'
ws dva0TjcrovT€s. 470a.
So Par. A. The inferior mss. give 0Oj8?7But these forms are not good, and are to be See Rutherford, New Phryn. p. 189. The better
c|)opT]o"d[X€0a.
d-qcrojjLeda.
eschewed. the ms the less they appear. yf[s
T€
Tji-Zjcrctos.
Cp. note on
('With regard
ecopdKrj,
32Sc.
the ravaging of land.' de lttttcov oiet, 459b, with the to)
For the genitive cp. note on ri reference to Madvig, G/c. Synt. 53, Pem.
—
—
The Republic of
314 B.
Tov lireTetov Kapirdv.
8ia(()opaiv.
This use
*
common
is
'
The crop
Disagreements,
for that year.'
'discords,'
'
A good
in Plato.
[book v
Plato.
differences.
lit.
instance
is
the famous
TraXaid tls diacpopa (pCkocrocpLa re Kai TroXiTLKy, irifra, 607b.
'Out of the way,' 'inappropriate.' Cp. dwo 'beside the mark,' Thecet. 179c. Note the accent diro. has diro, and the form diro seems now to have been given up by the best editors. diro TpoTTOv.
cTKoirod,
c.
irpos
TTpbs Tpoirov.
'To the
Gorg. 459c.
\6yov,
point,'
Cp.
lit.
'in the way,' so also Soph. 0, T. 1014,
irpbs dtKrjs,
with Jebb's note.
'We
p.axop.€Vovs t€.
'iroX€|j.€iv
when they
light,
shall say they are at ivar
and are natural enemies.'
With the attitude toward barbarians here, we Pappdpois. may compare and contrast St. Paul's famous words, "Where neither Greek nor Jew, circumcision nor uncircumcision, Barbarian nor Scythian, bond nor free, but Christ is all, and in all." Ep. to Colossiaiis iii. 11. Both Aristotle and Plato failed to recognize the slave or the barbarian as a " man and brother." Cp. Ar. Pol. i. 6 (1255). Cp. Prof. Butcher, Lmugural Address (Edinburgh, 1882), pp. 8 and 9. is
'Civil war,' as opposed to irSXefios, 'internaD. CTacriv. tional war,' (TTd(TLs being used of intestine warfare, or faction fight between parties within the same state. d\LTT]pLw8T]s.
'Sinful,'
Cp. use and connotation of
'
abominable,' a very strong word. dXLrrjpLos.
For this phrase, cp. 414e, with Kal fJLT]T€pa. Isocrates in the Panegyric uses the phrase of Athens much as it is used here Paneg. 25 = 45c, /jlopols yap ijfup rwv '^Wrjvuju T7]P avTT]u rpocpbv Kal iraTpLba Kai fJLTjr^pa KaX^aat Tpoc|>c)v
note.
irpO(J7]K€L.
E. 8iavo€i(r6ai ws 8ia\\a7T]<rojJL€V<ov. and Ci^atylus, 439c.
Cp. supra, 327c. last
note,
'E\\t]vCs ^o-rat. The best comment on this will be found in the admirable language of Prof. Jowett's general introduction, ?;d. 2, p. 3, " Or a more general division into two parts may be adopted the first books, i.-iv., containing the description of a state framed generally in accordance with the Hellenic notions of religion and morality, while in the second books, ;
315
Notes.
470-471.]
v.-x., the Hellenic state is transformed into an ideal kingdom of philosophy, of which all other governments are the perThese two points of view are really opposed, and versions. The the opposition is only veiled by the genius of Plato. The higher Republic, llTce the Phaedrus, is an imjierfect ivhole. light of philosophy breaks through the regularity of the Hellenic Cp. also temple, which at last fades avmy into the heavens.^' our own introduction, pp. xxv.-xxvii.
471a. o-wc|>povi<rTaC.
'Censors,' 'moderators.'
Correctores
Hesych. gives vovderyjTrjs as an equivalent Pcrhaps the best illustration of its general of (TU)4>povL(TT7]s. meaning is to be found in the famous passage, Thucyd. viii. 48, where the Samian allies uphold the democracy of Athens as their refuge and the only check on their oppressors,
non
hostes, Stallb.
their
own
aristocracj^ rov de
drj/mov a<pujv
re KaTa(pvy7]v eXvai Kal
Technically it signified the ten annual officers who undertook the moral surveillance of the Athenian young men during their period of public probation. the ^<p7)l3oL, The (jLocppovLdrai then were the proctors of the Athenian undergraduates. Capes' University Life in Ancient Athens, p. For the best account see A. Dumont, Essai sur VKphebie 19. Attique, p. 200, and Boeckh's Staatshaushaltung der Athener, 3te Aufl. i. 304 with note. Cp. also Plato, Axiochus, 367a. €K€Lvujv
(TOj(ppovL(TTr]v.
'
'
drj and governs e'xeii/. c. 0WJJ.6V both takes up ndCoixev ' Let us lay down (enact) such a law, and let us lay down (pronounce) that both this and our former enactments are right,' TidevaL passing through two slightly difi"erent shades of meaning, both of which are quite well established. See L.
and
S.,
sub voc.
-ye etc. olSa 6TL...dtfJLaxoi ctv cicv. According to Stallb. the construction, as so often in Plato, is to be understood rather than mechanically complete; 6tl, etc., depending on the notion of agreement or concession implied in the parenthetic eyCo Xeyco ... ol8' 6tl ... opCo and, so to speak, assumed as having been given in the ojnoXoyovvTos of next sentence. Taking it thus, the sense is, Since that, were it possible, all things would be for the best in the state where it was possible, and I am saying what you pass by that they would fight most excellently... ft ad, as I well know, would be absolutely invincible.... all this consider me to admit and don't dwell upon these points." D. and V. however render the first ort 'In proof that,' and
CTTel
6x1
'
—
—
The Republic of
316 take
/cat
with &
Xeyeis,
"
I can
[book
Plato.
v.
adduce facts which you omit, as
that, etc." D. Tois cx®P°^s. Cp. supr.
(jyb^bjv.
The verbal ,
dative after the substantive
444b with note.
472a. crrpayyivo\iiv(o. All the mss. give aTparevofxepcpy going a soldiering, and this seems to follow naturally upon the paragraph before, which is full of fighting.' You won't allow me to strut in arms a bit, " shoulder my crutch and shoiu how ^fields were ivon.'^ Interpreting thus, there is no need of Stallbaum's saying that ^'arpaTevoix^vi^^ militiam facienti, lepide ac venuste dictum est pro vulgari ; de re militari disputanti eamque illustranti," and comparing the scarcely parallel ot p^ovres, the Flowists, i.e.^ "those who talk about Mowing." Stallbaum seems however right in saying that KaTadpofjL7]u iiroL-qaiJi} iirt tov \byov fxov obviously suits arpaDown you charge upon my argument and won't TevofievLi), The arpayyevopi^vi^ of let me take up arms for a moment." our text is a pretty but perhaps not unobvious emendation. It was the conjecture of Orelli, who was led to it by Ficinus' rendering, Neque mihi ignoscis militiae laboribus iamdefesso; but, according to Schneider, had been long before anticipated l)y some ancient corrector of the Codex Vind. F. STPAFF for STPAT involves of course no great change, and it is therefore natural that as a matter of fact aTpayyevofxai should often by illiterate copyists have been confused with and replaced by arpaTevoixhi^, vld. Kuster ad Suid. s.v, rj del Cp. also Aristoph. Ach. 126, with notes. Anyhow, XeXc6^/77s. the correction has found wide acceptance, Orelli being followed not only as was natural by the later Zurich editors, but by Hermann, Schneider, by Engelmann's editor, by Davies and Vaughan, and even by Prof. Jowett, most conservative of all, and were ffrparevopAvo) externally less universally supported by the manuscripts or internally less probable, much more less explicable, there could be no doubt as to admitting it. *
'
'
'
'
,
TpiKvfjiCa.
For
this
"pleasing
image" compare Aesch.
Prom. 1015— 0165 (76 X6tyLtc6l^ KOi '^ireLCT
With us not the wave is popularly
KaKQu
TpLKVfJila
d<pVKT0S.
third, but the third third, considered the largest.
i.e.
the ninth
— Notes.
471-472.]
317
And then the two Dropt to the cave, and watched the great sea fall, Wave after wave, each mightier than the last, *
Till last, a
And
one gathering half the deep, slowly rose and plunged
nintli.
full of voices,
Roaring, and
all
the
wave was
in a flame."
Tennyson, Coming of Arthur,
The Romans spoke of the decimus or decumanus fluctus in the same way, counting in the first before the nine '* Vastius insurgens decimae ruit impetus undae," Ov. Met. xi. 530; so Ov. Jrist. i. 2. 50, with ingenious periphrasis
—
"Qui
venit hie fluctus, fluctus supereminet omnes. Posterior nono est undecimoque prior."
Cp. also Lucan, Pharn. v. 672, etc. Decimanus, indeed, seems had the derived (?) meaning of large "Decumana ova dicuntur et decumani fluctus, quia sunt magna," Paul, ex Fest. p. 71. 5. Cp. Lucilius, ap. Cic. Fin. 2. 8. 24— "AciPlato uses pensere cum decumano." 8o also decies, decern. rpLKVfjLLa in exactly the same way in the Euthydemus, 293a.
—
to have
N.B. The whole
of this section as to the practicability of
Plato's Ideal State requires careful attention.
Fahse
says, should
we
note Plato's
value of an Ideal as such
is
own
Especially, as
position, that the
largely independent of the possi-
bility of its entire literal realization in practice.
and 473a.
See also our Introduction,
p.
xxv.
Vid. 47 2e
et seqq.
cl -ycvoiTo, olos av el'r]. 'If he w^ere to come into being of sort he would be.' So our text after Madvig, but Par. has Kai olos. Stallb. and others keep this and render, Whether he would come into being, and of what sort he would be when he did,' but this seems very strained grammar.
C.
what
A *
A
Par. has eKeivrjs, a rarer but quite D. ri]v €K€ivois. legitimate construction which Schneider rightly keeps. E.
olKT](rai.
ttolXlv
grant,
if
[Loi
you
*
To be
Trpbs
constituted.
tt|v
please, the
demonstration.'
'
Cp. supra, 462d with note.
'Then aTToScL^iv, K.T.X. same concession with a view to this toigvtt^v
'
The Republic of
318 473a. ^vcriv
*
Is it natural
?
Plato.
[book
v.
Cp. ivfra, 489b, so
'
TovTo avdyKa^e *Do not force (on) nie this duty.' Madvig comments on this double accusative, Gk. Synt, § 25, R. 2. [x-fj
jj.€.
<()dvai T|(xds €j€vpT]K€vai. The infinitive here is equivalent to the imperative, a regular use, but much rarer than is generally imagined. Goodwin, M. and T., § 101. B.
jierapaXovTos.
Intransitive.
C.
irpoor€LKd^ofX6v.
The reading
*
Changing.
of Par.
A
is
irpoeLKd^ofjiev,
which might stand.
The phrase affords a good instance of the Cp. note on 330e, viroxj/ias 8' ovv.
€lpT|(r€TaL 8' o5v.
use of
5' ovi/.
(xe'Wei 76\a)Ti, etc. The subject is avrb. Expressions like yeXdw, yeXaafxa, cachiiinus, 7-idere, whether in sense of dimpling to the eye, or laughing to the ear, are constantly found applied to waves. Here the metaphor is a little extended. 'But said it shall be, even though literally like a loud spluttering wave, it is like to wash us down in a tide of laughter and shame.' It is noticeable that yeXdo), y^Xcos apparently referred originally to sight rather than sound, ' smiling rather than cachinnation '; but eKyeXQu would seem There is a very curious and striking to be rather of sound. metaphorical use in Euripides, Troad. 1176, '^vdev iKyeXq, || '
'
ocrriuv payevTOJv (pbvos.
Idv
jx"?!
^
ol <(>LX6(ro(|)oi
Pao-i\€V(r<oo-iv
"i^
vw
ol Pao-tXfjs t€
8vvdo-Tai <|)iXoo-o<|)T|(r(0(rL ... ovk ^(ttl KaKwv iravXa. Until the philosophers shall be kings or those who are now called kings and potentates shall be philosophers there can be no stay of ills.' This is of course one of the most central passages in the Republic^ and became one of the most famous. Ruhnken ad Rutil. Lup. I. vi., has been at the pains to collect a large number of authors from Cicero to Themistius and Boethius, who reproduce it in various striking ways. The same sentiment is found in the well known seventh of the doubtful EpMes of Plato, p. 336a-b. See our Introduction, Name and Aim, p. xii., and also supra, -1:45d with note. It was reserved for the most exalted disciple of Plato, Marcus Aurelius, in the fulness of time to put it to liistorical test. That he does so makes a part of his singular fascination.
Kal
X€70fj.€V0t
'
.
.
.
'
Notes.
473-474.]
319
The acute perception of Bernays has noted 8vvdo-Tai. here that Plato in introducing this word into the second clause of the sentence intends to include not merely legitimate kings, (SaaLXds, but also de facto rulers, whom however he will not call either 'kings' or 'tyrants.' The Herrscher.^ term bwdar-qs is a vox media, the German So again Plato uses dpx^J', infra, 502d ; Bernays' Phocion, Berlin, 1881, pp. 34 and 113. ^
at
D.
those
iroWal
who
<j)vo-€LS.
'
The common
or vulgar natures conj. at x^Xat.
'
(of
Madvig,
follow either apart).
ovK^o-Ti KttKwv iravXa. On the tense, equivalent to a future for the purposes of the apodosis, see Goodwin, M. T. § 50. The phrase KaKwv iraiiXa is a natural one, but has a poetical Cp. Soph. Phil. ring. It is found in Soph. Track. 1255. 1329 and O. Col. 88. That KaKuv is neuter, not masculine, is shown by the passage 501 E, infra. ,
ovhk avrr] rj iroXnda (jltJ ever grow into a possibility
*Ko, nor will this state
ttotc.
and see the
light of day.'
'Just as they are'; i.e., without more ado, frequent Platonic use. Cp. Phaedriis, 272: Theaet. 147c. So too we find ourws i^aicpprjs, and ovrojs eUrj, with which we may compare Horace's Sic temere, Od. ii. 11. 14. *
vvv ovTcos. straight off.'
A
It was the custom of the Greeks, when pi\|/avT6s TcL ipioLTia. they prepared themselves for sudden action, to throw off the pallium. Cp. Ach. 626, etc. [Gray].
474a.
'In their shirt sleeves,' in the xiro)?/ only; well-known " Nudus ara, sere nudus,"
•yufivoTJS.
as nudus in Virgil's Oeorg. i. 299.
*At full speed,' 'with might 501c, ovs dtaTerafJLevovs i(p' rjfjLds ^^rjada Uvat.
SiaTCTajjievous.
Cp.
vi.
TwOa^oHi'Svos.
'
Being jeered
at.'
and main.'
The word seems
to be a
very strong one. c.
a|xrj
sumptive a}iov, a/jLou
TTT).
d/z6s,
afjLoT,.
ye
a/x^ an adverbialized case form, from a prew^hich has only survived in the similar forms, afiQs, always found in Attic in the combinations
yi
irov, a/xQs
irus, etc.
,
and
word = our some, and according identical. D.
in the Homeric afxodeu. The to Curtius is etymologically
Gothic sums, suman.
SdKVOvcri T€
Kttl Kivovo-i.
'
Sting and
stir.
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; The Republic of
320
Like Socrates himself.
(Tijios.
de
(Toi
;
!
T7)v re
cn/MOTrjTa /cat ro
[book
Plato.
Cp. Theaet. 143e,
e^w tQu
rjTTou
dfjLfJLdrcju'
y.
irpocreoLKe
de
7)
aij
ravT^ ^X^'* 7pv7rdv. 'The hook,' of a beak, Plut. ii. 994f.
an aquiline nose. ypvTroTTjs, used Cp. ypv\pf 'a Griffin,' also iiriypvirosy
i.e.,
ypvirderos.
\evKoC. XevKos is used in a good sense = white,' i.e., 'fair,' being a sign of youth: also in a bad â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 'pale,' i.e., blanched hence weakly, effeminate. *
|jL6\ixXwpovs.
'Honey-pale.'
A
'hypocorism' for
(hxpos.
Here the Paris A with its //,eXa7xXc6poi;s, in first hand, is obviously wrong; nor can there be much doubt that fxeXixXdopovs, found in the margin of Par. A, is what Plato wrote. Theocritus' imitation quoted below gives yaeXi'xXcopos On the other hand Plutarch, who twice quotes the passage, de Audit. p. 44f, and de AduL H Amic. Discr., p. 56d, in both places gives /jieXcxpoovs, and the same word is found in Lucretius, iv. 1153, vide infra. Stephanus accordingly introduced ^ceXtxp^^oi^s But it is not so much of a hypocorism. here. Cp. Tennyson " 0 sweet pale Margaret 0 rare pale Margaret " '
'
!
viroKopt^ofJievovs.
'
Calling
by pet names.'
viroKopi^eadai,
properly 'to play the child,' 'to use childish, baby, diminuHence (1) to use endearing titles, pet names, tive talk.' especially diminutives, as in the often quoted instance, vrjTrdpLov Slv Kal (parTLov vweKopL^eTo, Ar. Phit. 1011; (2) to gloss over, to disguise under a mild name, e.g., Plat. Eep. swpra, 400e, fiv dpoLav ovaav inroKopL^ofMevoL KoXov/uLeu cos evrjdeLav; (3) Reversely, to call by a diminutive, slighting name, to belittle, though this sense is not sufficiently distinguishable from the previous. See L. and S. The practical use of diminutives in Latin excellently illustrates the meanings of viroKopL^eadai ; the first meaning or application being specially exemplified by the often noticed use of Catullus, turgididi ocelli, lacrimulae, etc. The whole of this passage of the Republic has, as was natural, been often quoted or imitated. The most striking echo is to be found in the very quaint macaronic passage in Lucretius, on the blindness of love, bk. iv. 1153
(Munro)
et
seqq.,
— — Notes.
474-476.]
321
" Nigra melichrus est, immunda et fetida acosmos, Caesia Palladium, nervosa et lignea dorcas Parvula pumilio, chariton mia, tota merum sal, Magna atque immanis cataplexis plenaque honoris," etc.
Cp. Theocr.
18—
vi.
97
TroWcLKLSf
and
X.
yap
S) Ilo\V(pafJL€, TCL
^pojTi fJLT]
KaXcL KaXoL TTecpaPTaL,
26— ^vpav Kok^ovri tu laX^^^ oXioKavarov, eyu) de
Am.
Ovid, Ars.
TrduTes,
fxbvos fieXixXujpov.
657
ii.
Nominibus mollire
licet mala, fusca vocetur Nigrior Illyrica cui pice sanguis erit."
Moliere,
le
Munro, ad
Misanthrope, ii. 5, has translated Lucretius. Cp. also Horace, Sat, i. 3. 38.
Se«
loc.
'To speak from my own example 475a. eir' IfJtoO Xe^ctv. *To base your statement on my case.' Cp. 597b, j^ovXei ovv '
eir*
avrCov tovt(j}v ^rjrrjauiix^v top
fjLLfjLTjTrjv
rovrov.
They become rulers of rpLTTvat or rpirrijes.'' TpiTTuapxovcrt. According to the Scholiast here, these were the three divi'AdrjurjaL deKa fxev i^aau (f)vXai, dLyprjro d* sions of the tribes ^KaaTT] TOVToov €LS Tpiaj rds rpLrrvas, els edvr), els cfparpias. oi ovv eKaarrjs Tpirrvos apxovres rpiTTvapxol re KaXovvrat Kal Julius Pcliux states in his Ovovta-sficon viii. rpLTTvapxouat. 109, that there were originally four tribes, then ten, th€n finally twelve. Cp. Boeckh, Stoatshaushaltung. When there were four tribes they were divided into three parts each, and each part was called a rpirrvs. lingelmann thinks that here there is reference to some military connection of the w^ord. ^'They become divisional leaders." '
B.
<j)JtGi
ws
^
[IT).
7' €v
down among
'
Answ^er yes or no.'
^LXocro<()ois Ti0€vai.
phi os iphers goes.'
ToiavTTiv SiaTpipTjv. Tois AiovvcrioLS. festivals, ret Kar
The
dypoifs,
*
Such
'
As
far as setting them § 151.
Madvig, Gk. Synt.
like occupations.'
Scholiast quotes the three well-knowi)
rd ArjpaLa, rd
ev "Aaret.
KOLVwvLa. The general meaning of is obvious. Take the eWos, general notion or Justice, TO dLKULOP ; Injustice, to dbiKov Goodness, rh dyaObv
476a. Kal the passage
aXXr\Xiov
;
X
;
The Republic of Plato
322
[book
v.
Badness, rb KaKbv. Each of these is in itself one, and one only, and so with all etbr). But these el'S?;, single in themselves in the abstract, are in the concrete as they appear up and down the world united with various actions and bodies, and with one another, and so they each appear many. Literally, 'but appearing as they do everywhere in union or participation with actions, bodies, and one another, each seems many.' The question is as to how these pure abstract etb-q can be said Stallbaum considers or supposed to unite with one another. this question answered V)y a reference to the Sophist, p. 250a, Mr. By water's very but the passage is hardly sufficient. dWcoj/ kolvcovlo., with its very slight textual ingenious
dW
change, absolves the passage from making the statement, and keeps the union simply between abstract and concrete, one abstract idea combining with one concrete thing, another with See Journal of Philology v. p. 123. another. y
6 o5v KaXcL [ikv â&#x20AC;˘irpd7jJLaTa vofxCjcov. believer in beautiful things.' G>
*He then who
is
a
These two words occur mostly together, and {Jirap. the same connexion as that in which we have them The here used, that is to say, adverbially and undeclined. Cp. Od. 19. 547, contrast is between dreaming and reality. virap looks as if it was ovK ovap d\y virap eadXdv, and 20. 90. Vani9ek gives Skt. vapas = species, connected with virvos. a (real) appearance. 6vap ^
in
much
* Knoidedge, because he ^vcofiT^v. here slightly strained in meaning to suit its etymology and make it correlative to yLyvibaKetv. It does not knowledge but rather 'opinion based on usually signify knowledge,' 'judgment.'
u.
cos
knows.''
^L-yvwo-KovTos
YvdiixT) is
'
477a. elXiKptvws.
haps
â&#x201A;Źl\lkplv7)s
derived from
'
Purely,'
'
absolutely.'
eiXt/cpti'T^s,
or per-
Herm. and Schneid. eiXLKpLvQs), if the sun's warmth, and Kpbcj, though this
(so liere eiXr),
tlerivation is scarcely well founded. Paul's lip. to PhilipjJ. i. 10.
Cp. Lightfoot on
St.
'Cor'Correlative to existence,' D. and V. Iv.l Tw ovTi. Bei dem Seienden,' E., i.e., 'in respcmding to being,' J. The shades of meaning of iiri with the field or range of.' dative are very numerous, from the simple upon,' over,' or Here, as we might say, *at,' to 'on the condition of.' 'over,' or 'in the range, region, sphere of.' '
^
^
'
'
Notes.
476-479.]
323
dWrjv, Hermann's corr. for t^|v &\Xtiv Svvajiiv. Some edd. prefer to omit avrrju. Perhaps Par. A. According to the same (abiding) it might stand and mean, With ttju cLWtjv faculty, that each has, namely, its own.' compare supra, 453e.
Kara
B.
avTTiv of
*
Tw
kirX
6vri
*
ir€<|>vK€.
Is naturally fitted for teing.'
Eur. Med. 928, ywT] 5e drjXv 478a.
&pa ^T€pdv
€T€pa)
€<))'
Cp.
Kairl SaKpijoLs e<pv,
TL 8wafj.€VT], etc. is fitted
then having a different capacity
Each of them by nature for a '
different field. 8c|tt Se,
knows
And opinion, is it not opining ? opining the same thing which science
8o{a^€iv.
(|>a[Ji€V,
Do you mean
Yes.
'
'
?
h\
8vvdp.€ts
dji<|>dT€paC
€o-tov.
*
Let both be considered
faculties.' B. '^v
Kttl 8oJd<rai.
yi
quodcumque phrase.
*
Even
to
illud sit," Stallb.
Ar. Thesmoph. 430,
D. otov dp.a 6v T€ Kal
Madvig, G.
have an opinion about.
Some one thing or another.
*
Tt.
aS'.,
§
166
jj.t|
rj
* '
'
Unum certe aliquid
Cp. vi. 485d, ds /xtd ye rup rexvrj.
6v.
tls,
a regular
Equivalent to tolovtov
olov,
c.
'The am479b. Tois Iv rats €(rTid<r€<rtv €'irap.<|)OT€p{Jovo-iv. the equivoques [i.e., the words of double meaning proposed) at banquets. '^iraixcpoTepl^eLv means naturally to be ambiguous,' 'to be both the one an(^ the other.' It is thus used of persons or things, of amphibi, >us or ambiguous animals, like the seal or the bat. Aris/cotle, P. A. 4. 13. 28 biguities,'
'
'
'
So Plato, Phaedr. 349c, lises it of an undecided 1). and Thucydides (8. 85) of TissAphernes as a politician playing fast and loose. Finally it is used as here of ambiguous (697 b. lover,
or riddling phrases, e.g., Xo^a /cat eiralKpoTepi^ovra irpbs eKarepov T^s €pu)T7}aem diroKptPofievos, Lucian,' Dear. Dial. xvi. 244. iraL^ojv eirajJicpoTepL^bvaas Xe^ets ed7)K€i^,\ Scholiast ad Aristoph. Plxd. 635. The word equivoque, an ex^oression used by Coleridge, was suggested to me as a rendeling by friend Mr. Case. Stallb. introduces an unnecessar^y difficulty by quoting Timnnis, Gloss, p. 107, iiraimcporepL^eLU est els diJL<pL(3o\iav dyayelp tov \6yov, and then adding "Hie videtur esse intransitivum." The fact is the intransitive is the natural and
my
'
The Republic of
324
Plato.
[book
v.
prevailing use. ^AfjLcpoTepi^eiv is naturally intransitive, and for the force of tin in composition compare iiraWdacreLv (also iinvo/JLia, eiTLya/uLLa,
eirepyauia).
o5 avTov avrfjv aiviTTOVTai PaXeiv. With what and (sitting) on what they say in the riddle he shot at her. C.
Kttl
<S
ira^iws.
*
€<|)'
'In a hard and fast way,'
e.^'.,
'certainly.'
Cp.
mpra, 434d. *To understand.' The Scholiast gives the riddle two forms as follows Uciiduju aivLy/uLaTi] KXedpxov ypicpos'
vof]0"at.
in
:
alpos TLS ecTTiv ws dvrjp re kovk dvrjp,
6pvLba KOVK 'opvid^ ibibv re kovk ibojv ^vXov re kov ^vXov KadrjfxevTjVf Xidcj} T€ KOV Xidu) ^dXoL T€ kov ^dXoi. eirl
dXXics'
&vdpu}7ros ovk dvOpcoiros, dvdpujTros 5*
6fi(jj<:
6pPLda Koi'K 6ppi6a, bpvida 6' bjxw's iirl ^vXov re kov ^vXov KaByjfxevrjv Xidup paXdov re kov XlOu) dicoXeaep. vvKTepiba, 6 evvovxos, vdpOrjKOS, KLarjpeL. D.
held
TO.
Twv TToXXtov iroXXd
by the majority
vc|ii(jia.
*
The majority
of men.'
KN1>,
EOBRRT MACI.KnORF., UNIVKRSITY PRESS, GLASOOW.
of opinions